The International Review of Ancient Art & Archaeology MINERVA MAY/JUNE 1997 PUBLISHED IN GREAT BRITAIN £3.50/$6.00 USA VOLUME 8 NUMBER 3 TREASURES FROM ANCIENT PERU ANTIQUITIES LOOTED FROM IRAQ THE MYSTERIOUS CULT OF ISIS ALEXANDER’S CITY IN PAKISTAN NEW MONEY GALLERY AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM ARCHAEOLOGY, ART, & PHOTOGRAPHY IN ROME ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS FROM NEW YORK THERMO- LUMINESCENCE: A NEW LOOK ll TT 025 il olrrossr Precolumbian ceramic portrait vessel with birds in headdress, Moche culture, ¢. AD 0-800. H: 32 cm. Museo Arqueolégico Rafael Larco Herera, Lima, Peru.502 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10022 ANTIQUITIES Piesast pe ren en tes unea a NCO SAA Lee Ente PUT MCEe eon Estimate: $40,000-60,000. AUCTION: New York, 30 May 1997 at 10.00 a.m VIEWING: 24 ~ 29 May 1997 ENQUIRIES: New York, G. Max Bernheimer or Elizabeth Katz on (1212) 546 1075 oNU URerel a om Or SR CUAL) LEO ors ore EAD EO CHRISTIE’S Internet: http://www.christies.com CIP RUE TCL OR WET a}MINERVA VOLUME 8 NUMBER 3 Treasures from Ancient Peru An exhibition of pieces from the Museo Arqueélogico Rafael Larco Herrera, Lima Robert Cohon The Mysterious Cult of Isis Artefacts from the cult of Isis throughout | ebTOR the ancient Mediterranean world isa” ASSISTANT Daria Luisa Patan? “EDITOR Sophia Wilberforce EDITOR Anna Lethbridge, M.A. CONSULTING EDITOR Looted Sculptures from Nineveh John Malcolm Russell Archaeological News from New York: The annual meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America SA, Londo Jerome M. Eisenberg. os) Miche age, BOARD, Archaeology and Art in Rome aoe sn Nineteenth-century photography and coe convents painting and its role in archaeological —_ sittin’ reconstruction Dalu Jones seating, ensoiem Slee, ep ‘Sey The New HSBC Money Gallery “a ee at the British Museum Joe Cribb Maid Stephen cos, “lr aly Alexander's City on the North- hiWyanlinioo” West Frontier: Excavating Charsadda °"" in Pakistan Robin Coningham —"“yyinc propor Thermoluminescence Revisited (ir as 506 A new look at the ceramics dating method — >i. o7a.ssn0 ‘Anne Handberry 2 News 54 Numismatic News 47,55 Book Reviews 60 Calendar IN FORTHCOMING ISSUES Egyptian Art in Swiss Private Collections * Greek Vase Forgeries * Angkor: Ten Centuries of Khmer Art * MINERVA 1Important sculpture uncovered in the Nile Delta ‘On 2 March a magnificent New King- dom limestone statue was discovered ‘during the excavation forthe founda tion for a house at Zagazi, eighty five kilometres north-east of Caito, close to the site ofthe sixth dynasty temple of Pepi I [ti a seated male igure, 95, fem in helght, perhaps a royal nurse, holding a large seated child in his arms, which are resting on ils lap, Three smaller figures of children, each with a sidelock of youth and his fin ger to his mouth, stand side by side fon his lap behind the seated figure. ‘On one side of the chair is depicted a figure of a baboon holding @ mirror, Unfortunately this important sculp: ture lacks an inscription, The quality of the work, the claborate collar, and —$<_—— News kK = the many stone inlays point to a royal workshop, A careful survey is being made by archaeologists of the sur- rounding area in case it may be part of a larger cache, Meanwhile the statue has been removed to Caieo ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION (issues) Uk £18; Europe £20 est of worl Ar 627108844; Surface £20/USS33 Court sentences twelve people for snuggling antiquities Ina ease which has been in til since last summer a Cairo court finaly sen tenced twelve individuals for smug: London of New York offices below. sling Bgyptian antiquities. They included five senior antiquities - inspectors employed by the Supreme Council of Antiquities, the manager of an import-export company, a sculptor, a tourist gulde, a taxt driver, and three Britons, who were sen: tenced in absentia, The Egyptians were given sentences of from five to fifteen years hard labour and small fines, while the Britons recelved ten to fifteen years with hard labour. ws Swaanne Verdugo, Suite 20, 153 Rast 57th St, New York, NY 10022, Tel: (212) 355 2033, Fax: 212) 688 0412 Published bi-monthly. Send subscriptions to either the ADVERTISEMENT SALES (Worldwide except US) ‘Emma Beatty, 14 Old Bond Steve, London, WIX 3DB, Tel: (171) 495 2590 Fax: (0174) 491 1595 TRADE DISTRIBUTION United Kingdom: USM Distribution, 6 Newman Street, London WIP SLD: ‘Tel: (0171) 396 8000 Fax: (0171) 396 8002 US & Canada: Distieor, Toronto Expt & the Near East ‘American University in Cairo Press, Cairo, Egypt Printed in England by Simpson Drewett, Richmond, Surrey. A sighs reseed no at this publi thon may be epee stored in eral ‘yer ernst any fm oy 7 eas, etonterechial,to copying coding. oer bout titer he poe waten persion of the ubinerora cece prong ete copying sts bythe Copyright ceasing gsey It, 23-4 ed Mc, eon, WCIETDP Ison 0057 78 Rpts Chairman ‘ofthe Supreme count of aig ties, Dr Alt a mista Egyptian sculpture discov ‘rt March, Phot: Aladin Abdel NabyiPop- pert Reuters is rnin please send change of| des to Roya Mal ln lo Vows nttnatona 7 Bees ‘aur, Hace 8 6760 MINERVA 2 thaloe pi of Asien aiscor re pi atest ad wld be fnced to serve Sti ih Welt sentence, The previo maxi wlailpetay umm sentence for this crime ha "fetes been just five years. Three others Egyptians were acquitted. The smug. sling ring operated for about one and 4 half years. About three hundzed antiquities, primarily from Saggara and Luxor, have been recovered. In a Telated case being tied In England at it, 2 British antiques restorer was charged with three counts of dealing In stolen goods, inchiding large limestone false ‘oors from the tombs of a noble of the court of King Pepi Land Hetepka Many of the antiquities were coated , with a gold-leafed plastic glaze to take them appear as souvenir copies, The glaze was removed following thelr receipt in England. Some were then cut of altered to prevent experts from identifying them. The restorer actually told one of his accomplices that he was “doing the Fayptians favour by restoring these antiquities Knightsbridge Crown to thei former glory.” Compensation proposed for return of antiquities by Egyptians An amendment to the Antiquities Protection Law 117, passed in 1983, to compensate dealers and collectors for the return to the State of any antiquities has been proposed by Dr ‘Ali Hassan, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of Antiquities. In an attempt to minimise both theft and Smuggling, a survey has been made of the antiquities presently in the pos session of 47 dealers and private col- Iectors, totalling 60,325 items, not including 33,777 objects which have already been presented to the Supreme Couneil of Antiquities. Jerome M. Eisenberg, PhD. LETTERS TO THE EDITOR A few more letters have been received con- cetning Dr Eisenbery’s article ‘The Ludovisi ‘and Boston Thrones: their nineteenth-cen- tury origins’, which appeared In the July/August 1996 Minerva (see also Letters to the Bator, November/December 1996, and. the report on the Venice symposium on the Same subject in that issue) 1 wanted to let you know that Ihave been fascinated by the controversy in Minerva Surrounding the Ludovisi and Boston. ‘Thrones, 1 found your arguments that the ‘wo works were fakes to be very compelling, 5 it appears did many others from reading Should they ever try to return to Egypt they would be placed under the letters inthe November/December issue (One wonders whether the Museo Nazionale Romano and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, will now display these in a manner similar to the Gelty Kouros, with the pros, and cons om wal panels and the viewers left to make up thelr own minds about the authenticity of the works, Anyway, keep up the good work on the magazine. Joseph E. Bothwell IRS Art Appraisal Services Department ofthe Treasury ‘Washington, DC «Great artile, I remember F, P. Johnson hhassling the thrones in class In the 'S0s. They've been tender in my Imagination ever MINERVA 3 since, The Ludovist collection has been the source-venue for some problem pieces ‘through the years. Fascinating that you've sticred the pot again, Good looking maga- zine. Congratulations Seymour Howard Professor Emeritus of Art History University of California, Davis (Congratulations on your recent Jectute in Venice and brillant essay in Minerva about the Ludovisl and Boston Thrones which, as ‘our friend Federico Zetl says, are ‘bellissimt ens. Carlo Searsind Rome, Italythat the ety deg, amd ott Ue four teenth-centiny writers ibn Battuta and Mustawfi described Merv as still almost entigely @ ruin more than century after the sack. However, unpublished Turkmen excavations have documented considerable post Seljuk occupation both inside and out side the city wall A preliminary map of the citadel prepazed fzom a combination of geo fectified satellite imagery and acrial photographs, was taken to the site for Verification, For this task Glynn Bar- ratt used a former military survey tool, a pair of Leica laser binoculars, gener- ously lent to us by Leica UK, and a conventional EDM, Fig 2iustrates for the firs time the layout of the streets and buildings In the citadel, as well as the fortifications. The aerial photo- igraph, Fig 1, demonstrates that much the same could be done for large areas of the medieval city Meanwhile the wall team’, consis ing of Pierre Brun and Akmohammad Annaey of the Merv Archaeological Fig 1 eft) Aerial photograph of the ‘medieval city of Mery, Stan Kala. ig 2 (blow). Pla of Sharia Ark “The aera photograph ofthe medieval city, Sultan Kala (Fig 1), made evident the importance of an observation rade by Diere Bran in 1996, Brun isa French archaeologist studying the walls of the medieval and post- medieval citiss of Metv in Turk menistan as part of the work of the Intemational Nerv Project (a British Turkmen collazoration) ~ see ‘Merv, ‘Queen of the World" In the Novem bor/December 1996 issue of Minera His study formed part of a new pro gramme focused an 'Shahriyar Ark, fhe citadel of the great Seljuk city of Merv a8 Shahan ot Royal Merv: this veas made possble thanks (0 genet bus grant by the Max van Bereiern Foundation of Geneva Seljuk Merv is vast, one of the largest cities of its time, with walls enclosing an area of some 630 hectares, The ctadel offers a manage able aea in which tostar a plot peo ject, although according to the medieval recoris it was only divided fiom the city ty Sultan Sanjar (1118 87: Figs 1 and 2), who built & wall across the north-ast come “The problems we wished to address were two-fold, One was the obvious tone of trying to record as much 3s possible of what zemained on the sur- 10300 face forthe standing remains of Merv are disintegrating at a frightening rate Sections of the medieval walls have fallen each time we return to the sit. The other was to conuibute to the 49200 understanding of what happened after the sack of Mew in 1221 and 1222 by the Mongols. The standard istry’ s 10400 “2780048000 «B00 820048300 «840048 ooaey MINERVA 4srk, were surveying the walls, mex ant amd recording each sector and sang ig 2), Although there were sewer ior repay they noted that saan) ee two taih pecs of cone thes inthe eat, the walls were ‘ow with ner comin in the ee aay chambers in the towees tai si ecard walls nace Arnese comigors were used as aa i ales 0 mee tne towers sent would have been bot from eta te wal an from the upper Mitton nthe later pase the wal a rowers were blocked and made Rha wah aces fo the waloay at the OP proviged. by staircases. The Scfaters could only fight fromm the caper platform and irom an outer glo wih sown defensive wal fue chunge in mitary reer Important, for Ie reflects + radical hang in seatey. The fotcatons tiuy nove been changed to compen sate foram enemy using new tech ice, such atl, mob tower, tnd sp undermining) “ine east and South was and the southern section of the west wall wee allow walls of Group 1 ype, subse tuenty led into steve a Group 2 Malls However, the north wal and the nother scion of the wet wl wafer they bad bee Dut Group 2 vals. Looking atthe atl photograph, the strange salen tp Iecton onary formed byte north wall andthe norttern gat of the western wall the Sold walls = 8 topaent. futher work needed to we when salient wes ult ‘Andrew Petersen, who Is conduct ing excivations in the Ark aswell preparing» gacetteer of the early Eiamie standing monuments tn the cst adept of bldg Inthe sitadel by scraping the surface to reveal the wall Hs fs constated n'a low rectangular mound, which mesures 38% 26 mete, and fas a hon This imposing residence was baitton typcally ae lnes, ath a belnial Inner courtyard with vans Eid'a secondary ave, sso probably around anuter courtyard the wes To shed ight on the occupation his toty of the citadel, we began an exca- vatlon inthe notihest cornet tnd have oa astnguse tee pases, Al of wich are post Seljuk ict This ares with fle recovered by out Taramen colleagues eerie In Saltan Kata, We plan to continue caatons i 1997 Medieval accounts of the Mongol devastation of Mery (nine tllion oa ‘were sald to have been stacked ‘'P Within the walls) were clearly exag- fer, particu when we cosier celience for posrsack occupation AC the city, It is perhaps time to begin. L New: to reassess the historical and archaco= logical evidence to see whether there has been an element of deliberate demonising of the Mongols in the medieval records, pethaps to account for the comprehensive defeats inflicted by them on both the Islamic and European worlds. Also to be con- sidered isthe viewpoint of the writers. Other work undertaken by the International Mery Project in 1996 Included excavations ofa ffth-century house and an early Islamic workshop in the adjacent city of Gyaur Kala, The latter revealed some furnaces for the production of steel, Work in the Wolf son Archacologieal Selence laboratory in the Institute of Archaeology, Unt versity College London, by Ann Feu bach and John Merkel has suggested that these were used for producing ‘rucibe steel by the co-fuston of high and low carbon iron, the earliest known excavated remains of such workshop and a major contribution to the history of technology. We hope to return to Merv In the autumn of 1997 to complete recording the walls of the ‘medieval city and to continue exeavat- Ing the houses in Shariyar Ark and Gyour Kala Georgina Herrmann, of the Institute of Archaeology, University College onion, is co-Directr of he Intemational Mery Project. MINERVA 5 WORLD'S OLDEST SPEARS REVOLU- TIONISE THEORIES ON EARLY MAN orca ne se ea Sseasess gestae Tt oe ca en Stace sr ‘The discovery of 350,000-400,000- ‘year-old spears in. Germany has revo Iutionised theories on ently man and his ability to fashion sophisticated tools Some of the most stunning archac- ological discoveries are made in ‘waterlogged peats and muds because these often preserve wood and other perishable materials. Most of those we know about belong to the present Interglacial period and are Tess than 10,000 years old. Almost nothing is known of the organic equipment used Dy our Stone Age ancestors of the last million years in Burope and Asia, and up to two million years ago im Africa, Finds in waterlogged deposits around 350,000- 400,000 years old from Schéningen, Germany, have given us an extraordinary glimpse of the ‘wooden technology and lives of the earliest inhabitants of northern Europe. What [s truly sensational is ‘that these people were skilled hunters, ‘who used spears over six feet long, “The finds were made at a brown coal mine at Schéningen, northern Germany, by a small team directed by Hartmut Thieme of the Institut frDenkmalpflege, Hannover, The dis ccaveries Were made in 1595 and have Just been published for the fist time in Spring this year. Schoningen is one ‘of many open-cast brown coal mines in the region, and the mining is con- ducted by monstrous mechanical excavators with a cutting wheel over 30 feet in diameter. Fortunately, Thieme's small team sas able to work In front of the mining, and excavate waterlogged deposits by the edges of former streams and smell lakes that were between 350,000-400,000 years old and contained archaeological material Tt was already known that these sites contained the remains of large And small animals, and tresh-looking Stone tools of the kind used for scrap ing or cutting. Many of the bones of Tagger animals such as those of horse hhave cut-marks on them, showing. that the meat had been aut away from the carcass. What wasn’t known was whether these animals hid been scav tenged or hunted. Find:ng out how animals that had been batchered had actually died is surprisingly hard to Answer by examining only the animal bones and stone tools that are nor ‘ally all that survive on atchacologi- cal sites of this age. As wood is so rarely preserved, archaeologists have never been certain whether humans at this time had the necessary skills 0 make an effeetive hunting technol- ogy, such as spears, harpoons, or bows and arrows, In 1995, three complete spears were found. Each was 6-7 feet long, pointed at both ends, axel made from Spruce trees around 30 years old. In each ease, the front end was made from the bottom part of the tree, Where the wood is hardest As with a modern javelin, the marimim diame- ter is around one-third of the way along the length, so that the front ‘end plunges downwards, and the ‘tal’ ensures some sort of flight stability. Lest there Is any doutt that these spears were used for hunting, they were found in a layer containing sev eral hundreds of horses’ bones and stone tools. ‘These are not the ealy wooden artefacts from this extraordinary site. In 1985, a complete spear was found ‘that was pointed at both ends, and around three feet long, This may have been thrown, or used for stabbing wounded animals at close quarters ‘There are alsa some short notched pleces of wood that may have been handles, used for holding stone tools in conjunetion with some kind of mastic. These are the earliest known examples of composite tools (those Involving more than one compo: nent), and show careful plapning of tool use, rather than the simple manufacture of a stone flake as and ‘when needed. The Schoningen spears are all the more remarkable for being unex: pected. This is because Stone Age archaeologists have been very cau- tious indeed about claiming that peo ple hunted until very recently in human evolution, or even had the ability to plan ahead by making the appropriate tool for future use According to many, even Neandertals (who died out only around 35,000 Yeats ago) lacked the ability to plan ahead and hunt systematically Instead, they and their predecessors hhave been seen as scavengers, who made their tools at short notice in response to immediate situations. The reatons for such low opinions about ‘our remote ancestors result simply from the poor quality ofthe evidence. ‘Animal bones are often poorly p served, and have often been gnawed by carnivores such as lions, wolves and hyaena; the stone tools and remains of animals have frequently been distuched and moved around by — I The tip of one of. the spears, made From the bottom part of the tee where the wood hnondest Photo graph veprinted by ‘permission from Ratu, Vo 385, stream action and other geological agencies, In short, there have been very few hints that humans at this time were more than tool-making scavengers. One such hint came from Clacton, eastetn England, where the tip of what may have been a spear was found in 1911, in deposits roughly the same age as those of Schoningen, In recent years, other alternatives have been offered that It was part of a digging stick, or even snow-probe for locating frozen car “The spears from Sch6ningen com: plement the recent discoveries made at another extraordinary site, of Box grove, also in southern England. Box ‘grove Is around 500,000 years old, and one of the oldest sites in north fern Europe. Preservation is truly remarkable: many of the flaked pieces of flint can be reassembled Into their ‘original nodules, and many of the cut marks on the animal bones have microscopic splinters of flint still fembedded in them, left by the £0015, that cut into them half a milion years ago. Doxgrove shows two butchery events, af a horse and a rhino; each had been carefully and thoroughly defleshed, and without Interference from other predators. Remarkably, the shoulder blade of the thino has a cit cular hole, consistent vith the impact point of a spear. Schoningen thus confirins the case that animals were killed through systematic hunting with spears carefully made well in advance Schoningen may also help to explain the earliest colonisation of horther Europe. Evidence from Spain shows that southern Europe ‘was occupied by a least 800,000 years ago, and possibly earlier; the oldest sites in northern Europe (such a5 Box: grove) ate no more than 500,000 years old. Life in northern Europe fvoud always have been tough, espe- ally given the cold winters, and the short daylight hours in winter in whieh to locate, kill, and obtain meat Plant foods would also have been scarce, especally In the glacial condi tions that usually prevailed, Hunting may well have been the key to sur- vival in northern Europe, and it is Sites like SchOningen and Boxgrove that show us how this was done. We may have gravely misjudged the eae fest Europeans; far from being oppor: tunistic scavengers incapable of planning in advance, they were Skilled hunters, and also craftsmen, capable of devoting considerable time fnd skill to making the wooden items they needed for survival Professor Robin Dennell Department of Archasology ard Prokstory, The University of Shefel Yorkshire- _ News 1 Panty ofthe Left couneil have deemed : ‘A NEW SETTING FOR ROME'S ARA PACTS {hls structure inadequate, Hence, : chard Meyer, who is tesponsible for : the design of the Museum of : ‘The city of Rome has engaged the Ara Pacis in 1568 and the first ele- Barcelona and is also at work on the ¢ Amesican architect Richard Meyer to ments that came to light were total redevelopment of the Getty ' develop a new enclosure for the Ara promptly purchased by the Medici Museum, was called upon by the s Pacis Augustae. The monument, 4 family Romans to create new, more worthy t Tmatble altar surrounded by a wall, Hovever, the definitive excavation setting forthe ancient monument ‘ vias dedicated in 9 BC by the emperor and reassembly ofthe monument had The entire plazza around the Ara t Augustus fo celebrate the era of peace (0 walt until 1938 when a new tech- Pacis, which includes the Mausoleum : and stabilhy enjoyed by Rome and lgue that permitted fering the sll of Augustus, i scheduled to be reno the Empire a result of his vitory at of the marshy site was employed to vated ata cost of 21 bilion Talla Ie Actium in 31 BC. The walls ae deco- recover ll possible fragment, {approximately £8.5 million) and fated In high rele with scenes ius The building that currently shel- should be ready in time for Rome's ‘ trating the founding of Rome and the ters the Ata Pacis, am airy plas and millennium celebrations. According tise of the Jullo-Claudian dynasty. travertine structure in te Ventennio’ to the projec, the Ara Pacis will not ——thecaneent tide ‘The monument is generally Consid- (Ge. Fascist) style, dates tothe comple- be moved from its location. Instead, a , — hughoung he” cred one of the best examples of tion of the 1938 excavation, The new suucture with space for a small aac los), ugusan casscsm Current administation of the munich museum designed to conserve and yt atom a Workers digging the foundations pality of Rome led by Mayor present in their context 600 objects : ee for'a palace rediscovered parts of the Francesco Rutell and bis Democratic. ftom the site and an auditorium for 4 200 people will be built up around ‘ ‘he monument, Me Meyer nas spp tently studied the site and its long bis: tory in depth anc! we ean assume that 6 his project will Improve the public : understanding of this important y building. ‘The city of Rome Is to be 4 commended for underwriting such y costly project; one hopes that suffi ¢ cient additional funds have been © allotted to keep the new buildings " staffed and opened as much as possi- : bie. For while the existing structure s may be stylistically objectionable to ¢ the gentlemen in power in Rome, it must be kept in mind that ts large n windows made possible the observ tion of the Ara Pacis from the outside. 0 An important feature inasmuch as f this writes, for one, has never found : the structure open to the public on ¢ ‘numerous visits over the yeas, t Stephen Rossi 0 MINERVA 7SPINK ACQUIRES SEABY NUMISMATIC TITLES Seaby Numismatic Publications are now part of the Spink imprint, We have plans to reprint and revise many of these books.An exciting series of new titles is planned, Full details can be obtained by contacting Douglas Saville on (tel) 00 44 171 747 6825 or (fax) 00 44 171 747 6920, ‘This is a complete list of all in print and available titles. Ancient Greek Coins Kenneth Jenkins, 1990. 182 pages, 439 coins illustrated, 35 in colour £35.00 Byzantine Coins and Their Values David Sear (with Simon Bendall and Michael O'Hara), 1987. 526 pages, ‘over 600 coins iliustrated. Valuations v9.95 Coinage in the Greek World Jan Carradice and Martin Price, 1988. 154 pages, 254 illustrations, 24 plates vf I7.99 Coins of Medieval Europe Philip Grierson, 1991. 248 pages, 478 illustrations, 8 pages of colour plates £35.00 A Dictionary of Ancient Roman Coins Jobn Melville Jones, 1990. 330 pages, 204 coin HUStratiONS on £30.00 English Silver Coinage Since 1649 Palan Rayner, 1992. 252 pages, over 400 coins illustrated Rarity giutde 0.22.50 Greek Coins and Their Values 1: David Sear, 1978. 318 pages, 4 tables of ancient alphabets, 11 maps, 3,395 coins listed, with 1,500 coin Mustrations, Valuations so. £30.00 Greek Coins and Their Values 2: Asia & Africa David Sear, 1979. 446 pages, 4 tables of ancient alphabets, 11 maps, 4,500 coins listed, with 2,000 coin lustrations. Valwations w£30.00 Greek Imperial Coins and Their Values ‘The Local Coinage of the Roman Empire David Sear, 1982, 636 pages, 10 maps, 6,000 coins listed, with 1,750 illustrations, Valuations ... sus 40.00 Identifying Roman Coins Richard Reece and Simon James, 1994. 48 pages, line drawings : £9.99 S KING STRESST JAMES LONDON SWIY 6QS. THL0171 930 788 FAXO171 8394853 hnp/wwwspneandson co uk Pictures + Jewellery» Fusicure » Oriental Asan and Islamic Ar » Meda » Coins» Bulion » Rankaotes + Stamps Jetons, Medalets and Tokens. Volume 1. ‘The Medieval Period and Nuremberg Miebael Mitchiner, 1988. 704 pages, illustrations throughout. Valuations 1869.95 Jewish Ghettos’ and Concentration ‘Camps’ Money (1933-1945) Zvi Stabl, 1990. 104 pages, 194 illustrations £17.99 Medicine on Ancient Greek and Roman Coins RG Penn, 1994. 186 pages, 126 illustrations w.u.n£22.50 Roman Coins and Their Values David Sear, 1988, 388 pages, 12 plates, 900 illustrations. Valuations £35.00 Roman Historical Coins Glive Foss, 1990. 336 pages, 341 ilustrations £30.00 Roman Republican Moneyers and Their Coins 63 BC to 49 BC Michael Harlan, 1995. 208 pages, 95 illustrations ... £22.50 Roman Silver Coins II: Tiberius to Commodus HA, Seaby, 1979. 255 pages, 573 illustrations. Valuations £22.50 Roman Silver Coins 1: Pertinax to Balbinus and Pupienus HLA Seaby, 1982. 162 pages, 382 iMlustrations. Valuations. £22.50 Roman Silver Coins 1V: Gordian THI to Postumus HA Seaby, 1982. 136 pages, 253 illustrations. Valuations. £22.50 Seaby World Coin Catalogue: 20th Century Gunther Schon, 1988. 1,633 pages, ‘over 300 illustrations. Valwations . £15.99 Seventeenth Century England: Traders and Their Tokens George Berry, 1988. 168 pages, illustrations . SPINK founded 1666| Precolumbian At fp TREASURES FROM ANCIENT PERU Highlights from the Museo Arqueol6gico Rafael Larco Herrera Located within Lima’s sprawling Pueblo Libre district, the Museo Arqueolégico Rafael Larco Herrera is normally a quiet and majestic haven for the study of pre-Hispanic Peruvian art, But in San Francisco, a selection of 160 of the museum's finest treasures is the focus of a special exhibition and catalogue. Kathleen Berrin Fig, Detall ofa logical past. The strength of the came wool mar. ction Is he cranes, for hese we ‘es Paracas, 100, Pe Paracas 4 speciality of ancient Peruvian cul 200, tures love of Larco Fig 2. Panel of cor also outstand: ton and feathers 7 : mand aller. ing textiles, wood sculptures, and afael Larco Hoyle (1901- museum just as Larco Hoyle Tong nr2iim, gold and silver regalia In the storage 1966) was a proncering intended; the installations have ‘raga afewic, alles, atranged thematically with Peruvian archaeologist, retalned the same since his death In Special emphasis on the art of the Passionately dedicated to 1966, Moche cultuze (AD 50-800), It Isa the study (his countiy’sth past. A The Lareo Muscum consists of af “, rewarding experience to see 1ow ‘multifaceted man who also made setles of wonderful display spaces in tipon row of pleces, as varied in Important progress in Peru's sugar which the visitor Is guided chrono: Meio, theme as portal vesels, mountain Industry on the Novth Coast, uring logically through Peru's rich archaeo- sacrifices, sea lon of potatoes. his tfetime he amassed over 45,000 preparing for the San Francisco exh: Dre-Hispanie objects. and developed bition, we were able to choose what Imany influential theorles about the ever we wanted from the display ronal galleries and the storage collections The Muscum Is. remarkable cd the Museo Argue SSN VES because ts holdings are at once vast ldgico Rafael Larco Hettera, naroing oN “ and accesible, There Is the oppor iin honour of his father. The Aa BME nity to see any number of examples ‘museum today ~ the largest private i | BEE ona given theme, and to understand ‘museum of pre-ispanie Peruvian aft : . how Larco Hoyle pondered these 'n the world — isa dazzling tribute to y works which ultimately gave rise to She enthusiasm of Fane Laco Hoyle on theorles on divination, stisrup-spout ind to his exacting standards of forms, customs and bellef systems, Scholarship. One experiences this, and a variety of other subjects. MINERVA 9ig (right). Ceramic grtratt vee with bist icaddress Moche culture Fig 6 (right below). Cvsmte vessel: hed of ‘apt, Mache, AD 480-890 43 om delightful digressior. is the so-called gallery of "Frotica’, which consists of Ancient Peruvian ceramics with sexu: ally-explicit themes, This part of the collection has been developed into a separate exhibition which is now touring Europe. Although Larco Hoyle fs responst- ble for over thirty publications in which he illustrated works from his collection to emphasise his points, these publications are not readily available and their photographic {quality is uneven, The Larco Collec tion, however, has always had the highest reputation among connois seurs and scholars. The collection has assumed an jeon-like quality as many ‘works are unique or considered the best of ther type, ‘Until now, I was usually only pos sible to see the Larco collection in Lima, Very few of tiese outstanding works were ever lent, and in those rare instances, left Lima for a very Imited period of time, This year, however, thete are not one but two exhibitions of the Larco Collection to be seen in the United States and Europe. The exhibiton entitled “The Spirit of Ancient Peru: Treasuzes of the Museo Arqueolégico Rafael Larco Herrera’, which will be seen in San Francisco, Califernia, and in Knoxville, Tennessee, was organised by the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, The timing of the exhibi: tion has coincided with Peru's desire to promote the country and to make Peru's magnificent cultures better known abroad, Peruvian civilization began over 11,000 years ago, and culminated In the defeat of the powerful Inca Precolumbian Art _ } 4 dt :mpise which the Spaniards plun- Ceramic ese gered for gold, Hut well before the ae aca Empire (1438-1554), peoples pau Meche ap such as the Cupisnique, Chavin S800. 203m. Moche, Nasa, Hari, and Chim rep MINERVA 10 resented some o' the richest and most diverse civilizations in the ‘world. Although the Inca are the best known and admired, their civillza tion was very shert-lived and built pon the cultural riches of past civ lations, The animated and vivid arts of all of Peru's ancient civilizations arose out of some of the most extreme envieonmental conditions in the world ~ conditions which chal- lenged human resourcefulness to the fullest. If one traverses the rugged and dramatic terrain of Peru today, one tunderstands frst Hand that the chal: lenge of Peruvian peoples throughout he ages has been to master the var fed environmen:s of mountains desert coasts, jungle, and forested lowlands, and to provide a stable basis for supporting human life. The central Andes includes some of the world's highest mountains, driest coastal deserts, ard densest tropical forests. These landscapes are packed into a relatively small are, so that, according to Yale expert Richard Burger, in some places a travelle moving east {rom the Pacific can encounter 20 of the world’s 34 life ‘zones in less than 200 kilometres arly Peruvian peoples developed crops that could grow on steep slopes, in poorly developed soll and cold temperatures. Llamas ‘and alpacas helped provide food, fibre Teather, and bone. These animals also served important ceremonial func: tions and helped move trade goods over the mountains, Through a com- bination of skilful terracing and irr gation, it was possible to grow fragile crops ike malze in higher altitudes. Down at sea level and on the arid coast, numerous sivers flowed from Fig 7 (blow). Came vessel with furgucise or jade man with coca ‘Mache, AD 0-0. 1: 17.7 em- = — Precolumbian Art } ~ 7 ‘ When wacmer cutents fom Feuador many Peruvian ceramics. U-shaped : vertodially shifted to the south, « stivrup-spouts oF beidge spouts on t fingelous phenomenon known as‘E1 double-chambered Whisting vessel Nino! wou mt it fori that had 4 fans tas fmontal and aesthetic sigoll vl ance, Important caltual the S Heru is subject to serious earth- dualism, eejprodty, and interdepen 4 quakes and tectonic fores have mae dence ae formally expressed by the q Giatsof Peru the viclim of repeated opposition of shapes, colours : Moleanic cptions Throvghout the themes, of textzes: Most of the ; ages, Peruvian peoples have had (0 her composed of clay sites, perature chan lite burial goods tha y had an association with e En afterlife. Exact provenances fo : be. The spit of ancient Pers : ne ability to continve to prevail a the face of tremendous le admirable fcet of Peru f ancier tembodied in the Lazco Collection are inparalleled in beauty and unsur many of these works, the 1 world is portrayed as dynam: alive, natural m and clay are juxtaposed for maxi: jum effect, and the worlds of humans, plants, or animals often merge within a single work, Ceramics are often sculpt plex, and many of them were made with moulds. Distinctive spouts and spout forms are an interest the Andes into the Pacific, Clever use ig 8m of these waterways, particularly on Corn ese: he north coast, ‘productive th anthro tem of hydraulic eh sup 1 lege Moche AD 450.580. 280m 4 Fig 9 (above) ms, massive P nl Ceramic sess plex societies, Hilo what The Humboldt Current flows from Nasca, 40 0.650. he Antarctic up the coast of western Ms 25:8cm, South Ame ‘the coast of Peru, tts frigid waters have created one of the world’s richest areas for fishing and marine life. Th righ Fig 11. Ceramic belie system i este cone with am ance te lamas: Lima, AD MINERVA 11‘Precolumbian Art most of the works ate not known but t would be Interesting to re-evaluate che Larco collection in light of the many recent archaeological finds on the North Coast. Z “The Spirit of Ancient Per: Treasues from the Museo Arqueoliico Rofl Memorial Sa Francis Knowille, Tennesse, 27 September, 1977 -4 January, 1998. The catalogue features essays by Elizabeth P. Benson, Richard 1. Burger, Christopher B. Don an, Clifford Evans, sther Paszoy, ‘and Maria RostWorowsKI de De? Canseco. It has 216 pages, 210 Us trations, and features catalogue enties ‘on 160 works inthe Larc Collect Distributed by Thames & Hi Fig 13 (ey ood gourd, iv em. Fig 1 (above). Ceramic jar with feline and Insets Inc, AD 1380-1882. 1.245 en, ptian Amara sandstone sunk reli oR) Seno ee ee Exon Sere Cece ul enced ecto Mer nbn anit aanics Send for our complimentary antiquity catalogue 14 Old Boné¢ Street, London W1X 3DB — Tel: (44) 171 495 2590 — Fax: (44) 171 491 Open Monday to Friday 10 am to 5 pm MINERVA 12 i ®- | Museum Exhibition |-_— — THE MYSTERIOUS CULT OF ISIS A major exhibition in Milan has drawn together over 700 objects from all over Europe to demonstrate the extraordinary spread of the cult of the Egyptian goddess Isis throughout the ancient Mediterranean world and beyond. Daria Luisa Patané AML mortals dwelling on the infinite wth, Tincians and Greeks, even barbarians, by the fourth century BC Isis was wor. shipped in the Piracus, by the second century BC she had a shrine on the "Pronounced thy blessed name, honoured sacted Island of Delos, then from yal, Magna Grecia she reached Rome and Bach in his own tongue anu in his own by the end of the Republic there was a 5 and temple and an altar to Isis and Serapis he Syrlans address thee as Astarte, Oras Nanaia, or as Artemis, Thy subjects of Lycla cal thee Leto; he men of Thrace: ‘Great Mother ofthe fon the Capltoline Hill, Het cult was #0 last another four centuries in Rome, often enjoying Imperial patronage, and it was the rife between the Goats descendants of Augustus and those of 1 Greece they call thee Hera thraned on Mark Antony and Cleopatra that gov high, teed the fortune of her temples. Or Aphrodite, or welswishing Hestia, hes or Demeter too, But the Egyptian Give thee the name Thiow, for thou at And thou alone, al of the goddesses Which divers people call by divers Caligula (AD 37-41) was the first Roman emperor to be initiated in the Isis mysteries, and he even toyed with the idea of moving his capital to Alexandria, Nero introduced the Isiac festivals with processions and mas- querades into the official Roman cal endar and by Domitian’s time there were Roman coins minted with the representations of those festivals and the image of the goddess, very important Roman city had Its oven Tsiac temple and many were her shines in the countryside a5 the ‘goddess became assimilated with the fother gods of the Roman pantheon, Like Demeter and Ceres she was linked to mystery cults, and statuettes of Isis-Fortuna Were worshipped in This is how Isis was described in the In the first-century BC Fist Hymn of Isidoros from the small sanctuary of Mealinet Madi in Egypt. She is eepre sented as almost all her many diffe. ent identities in more than 700 objects gathered together in a major thematic exhibition In Milan entirely devoted to the goddess of the count less names and attributes, Tsis-Themmuthis, Isis-le, Isis‘Tyche Protogeneia, Inis-Sothis, IsiPanthes, the goddess was una quae es oma. A E everyday life thoughout the oman banger of vies she was a ns ST world feminine, a faithol wife and a perfect promise of afterlife and of a rebicth Fig Ligptian The temple to Isis which Is best Mother, responsible for preserving after death lastaueof preserved italy 4s that at Pompell Iustice and the law, protecting agricul- As many of her titles imply, not !i8,26th dynasty. and in the exhibition in Milan there ture, the ats, and medicine. It35 she only was Isis the only one of the 22m From is virtual recreation of thls Impor ‘ihe heated all human ineses Lady Egyptian gods to have been wor, Metall tant sanctuary. The visitor has the Of the shy, the earth and the seas, she shipped outside Egypt, but her cult flow Museo’ illusion of entering the temple and Protected mankind from the dangers spread throughout the whole of the Atchelarko” —_secing It as It was before Vesuvius 9f sailing and warfare, Goddess of Mediterranean and beyond, from tame’ buried it, and recognise the wall (ove, she protected women and pro- Classical Greece to all the nations paintings of which the surviving frag- Moted fertility, She guided those who which were to belong to the Roman ‘ments are on show. Equally important had faith in her towards happiness empire, It even got as far as india and ancient were the temple of the 2nd salvation. She triumphed over where, according to some traditions, Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste and estiny and although she watched she became Mota, the mother of the the Iselon of Campus Martius in ver death she was the cartier of 4 Buddha and Lady ofthe Ganges Thus Rome and that at Benevento from MINERVA 13 _A Roman mosaic glass Patella Cup, 1st Contry B,C.IA.D., 13/4 in (4.5am) high, 3.5/8 in (9.2) diameter, Exuimate: £3,500 - £4,500 Fine Antiquities Auction: Tuesday 10 June at 11.00am ‘Viewing: ‘Thursday 5 June 9am - 4.30pm Friday 6 June 9am - 4.30pm Sunday 8 June 11am - 4pm Monday 9 June 9am - 4.30pm ‘Tuesday 10 June No Viewing Enquiri Joanna van der Lande or Georgina Whiteman 0171 393 3945, Catalogue Enquiries: Helen Grantham ~ 0171 393 3933 (Catalogues are £15 plus post) ‘We are also collecting entries for our forthcoming. sales, dates af which are as follows: Antiquities ~ Tuesday 7 October Fine Antiquities ~ Thursday 11 December BONHAM "AUCTIONEERS 8 VALUERS SINCE 1792 Montpelier Street, Londow SW7 1HH, Tek: 0171 393.3900) Fax: 0171 393 3905. Interet: htp://svww.Bonhams.com/ [ Museum Exhibition _ Fig 2. Kgyptian faience amulet representing Ise muring her son “Harpocrates, late period. ig 3, Marble statue of ss Dem ter, Second half of the nd century ‘Bc. Te 8S em. Berlin, Staatliche ‘Museen Agyptsches Museum MINERVA 14 i which huge fragment of an obelisk was brought to Milan, The exhibition begins chronologically with objects from pharaonic Bgypt ~ the importance of the artefacts coming from the Medinet Maadi sanctuary shown for the first time to the general public is stressed. There are models of the temple of Iss ‘Theemutis in the Fayum and of the Isis temple at Philae, which was already in exis tence in predynastic times and was the last of the pagan | temples to be closed when Christianity took over. How: ever, It was the Intention of the organisers of the exhib tion to concentrate above all on the spread of the Isis cull outside Hgypt and to explore those aspects of the Isis cult Which were best exemplified by objects found in Hurope, and specifically in Italy This was an ambitious endeavour and explains the {great number of objects on display, many of which, lke the numerous stelae, are important ‘mainly as documents and have litle ck aesthetic quality. th It is often the small unsophisti- Fa cated objects of everyday use which Ni are the most rewarding as examples of the complexity of the interpretations ra and variations of the Isis and Osiris myth and which tell us most m about the popularity of the PI goddess and the diffusion of w her cult. A terracotta lamp ca from Ostia ofthe fist century, Pb for example, in the shape of = ta boat with the goddess being w tuansported on the bridge as IsisPelagla, protectress of the ur sea, and Euploia, of sailing, th ‘was probably used ducing the E ceremony of the Navigium — M Isidis described by Apulelus, Ins Which a boat filed with offer. ¢ ings was launched in the th Spring to celebrate the fact C ‘that navigation had resumed in after the Winter and that com Pt hhad safely arrived from Egypt {0 feed the city si There are aso, however, on 38 display some artefacts of out- = standing beauty and sophisti; 5 cation amongst the objects. These are in a wide range of | materials ~ from gold and sil- ver to clay, glass, and hard- Ie stones — and sizes, from 8 minute amulets to large stat- les, such as the sumptuous Firstcentury headless statue of Isis in black granite from the Staatliche Sammlung Agyptis: .from recent excavations, half forgot- and esoterica fans, lured by the magie ten storage rooms or discovered and the mystery of the title of the amongst incorrectly labelled artefacts exhibition, wil appreciate the stagger or hidden in museums never open to Ing number of disparate versions of the public, Is one of the metits of — the same subject is questionable. The ‘exhibitions of this kind in Italy. They catalogue is exhaustive but as is so provide an excuse to exhibit objects often now the fashion, unnecessarily, that for various reasons cannot be _ bulky. It so heavy that itis impos seen by scholars and laymen alike, ble to consult it unless one has a spe part of the immense untapped cial stand to support its weight. The resources of Italy's artistic patrimony small guide to the exhibition is more so often under-estimated by Itallan rewarding for the uninitiated. politicians. For the specialists such a compre ‘The theme of the exhibition con- hensive gathering of objects refering tinues beyond the fourth century into to Isis will certainly constitute a land: the Christian Middle Ages and the mark. They will appreciate the won. Renaissance through to modern derful opportunity to compare the times, when the esoteric nature of the minute iconographieal differences in Isiac cult meshed with Catholicism, the details of the many statues and neoplatonic philosophy, astrology statuettes of the goddess whose and the Tarot cards. There are also ref mythology Is fundamental for the ferences to Mozart's Zauberflote and understanding of our own culture ‘masonic iconography and it is hoped Whether it was absolutely necessary that Lully’s Isis will be heard again to bring to Milan, from all over Ital, three hundred years after is first per- the great number of votive altar, ste- formance in Paris in 1677, inthe ite lae and stone fragments to represent theatre espectally bullt within the — almost each and every Iseion in Italy us exhibition space for musical enter- is debatable, For specialists and ay ne tainments inspired by Isiac themes. men allke however the fascination of 8 The panels reproducing Pinturie- the veiled goddess stil lingers. ce thio's fescoes in the Vatiean, where nt the pope Is seen as the son of the sun le cher Kunst in Munich, at one time at _-Fg4. Roman it. association with the planets is ‘ls, the myth, the mystery and the the Villa Albani in Rome. The Tazza imperial dark anotier example of a later transposi- magic at the Palazzo Reale, Piazza | Faimese atthe Museo Archeologico in. remit ead ton of the Iiac myth in a Christian Duomo 12, Mila, tay, ntl 1 ure, Naples is another masterpiece. A sare FTES em context fel, 39.2-8321590875672, | ddonyx cameo of 6175 BC, its conog- —“Sammisng-agyp, ‘How much the general public, 4 catalogue, published by Electa, | raphy is multi-layered: itis at the iherkunse other than the mystically inclined accompanies the exhibition. same time a representation of the myth of Osicis, a celebration of Pharaoh Ptolemy V Bpiphanes (to ‘whom the Rosetta Stone was dedi- cated) and his son, Ptolemy. VI Philometor, and a symbolic zepresen- {ation of the constellations associated vith the Nie Mood. The choice and number of muse- ums that have loaned objects, more than one hundred, Is impressive; in Europe this includes the British Museum and the Louvre as well as such museums as the Archaologis- chen Institut der Universitat In Got tingeo, the Ny Carlsberg Glyptoek in Copenhagen, the Musée d Aquitaine tn Bordeaux, the Museo Arqueniogico Provincial at Seville, and ofits from Belgum, Bulgari, Hungary, and Rus- sia, The st of Tlallan museums alone is endless and comprises virtually all archacologcal museums inthe penin- Sula, from the world famous eollec- tions of the Egyptian Museum in Turin and those of the Museo Civico Acheologco in ology ape. lester Known ones like the Giviehe ‘eam 4th accolte Archeologiche ¢ Numis- ener bis ace Ia Milan; teeter a fag” Pen pn Ment ofa clay lamp from the Museo iy Honus. lt Teatrale of La Scala Opera Housel The Smury AD. H: 72 ‘act that so many objects have been NAPE Musen Sathered together, often originating “Nustonale: MINERVA 15 LLooted Antiquities =| |-————_— LOOTED SCULPTURES FROM NINEVEH John Malcolm Russell 151617, Room V “Ay END 100 feet MINERVA 16 ig 4 (bow. Nineveh, South west Palace lan, Fig 2(batow. Nistevl, Sut 7 Stab 45 oot fragment offered fon the market. oO 1 1847 the young British ace of the Assyrian king (704-681 BC) across the Tigris River from modern Mosul In northem Iraq. The palace's interior walls were panelled with huge stone Slabs, carved in relief with images of Sennacherib’s victories. Here oF could see the king and army, foreign landscapes, and conquered enemy cities, In the 1960s, because of the palace’s historical importance and ique preservation, the Iraq Depart ‘ment o° Antiquities consolidated the walls and seulptures and roofed the site over as the Sennacherib P: Site Museum at Nineveh, where visi- tots could tour the ren ne of only two preserved Assyrian palace in the world, (The other isthe p of Assumasirpal If at Nimrud, also restored asa site museum) our restored rooms of the oom sulte contained some ptured slabs in various states of preservation (Fig 1. In two of these rooms, parts of nearly every slab sur making these the y preserved lec never been published, As a member of the Unversity of California, Berkeley, team at Nineveh in 1989 and 1990, 1 ‘00k roughly 900 photographs of the remains of the throrie-room suite with the objective of recording the surviving sculptures in detail. My book 0’ these photographs, together with drawings, pl ‘omen: tary, tentatively entitled The Discovery of Senmacherb’s Palace ublished by cand Destruct 2, will be versity Press a photograph of an feat for sale on the antiquities market (Fig 2). There is no doubt that it cam? from Slab 43 in Room V, which was intact in the Nineveh site ‘museurt in 1990, but which has since evidently been broken up by looters (ig 3, Tig 4). Soon thereafter, I was if.Rn ne _ | __ Looted Antiquities a Nineveh in 1990, but which w fon the art market. One, from Hall XLIX of Sennacherib’s palace, shows Tabourers towing a load to the right he other, which is more yows two dead sheep and a floating in water (Fig 6) These fragments would be poor investments. Since they are docu mented as belonging to a museum in permits, Iraq ‘would have clear legal grounds to reclaim them from any purchaser. Furthermore, possession of these fag ments is a violation of the United Nation sanctions against Iraq, whieh ‘means that they could be confiscate by customs authorities. In November 1996, I was con. tacted by a lawyer acting on behalf of 4 prospective purchaser who hi Photographs of ten more Assyrian, Sculptures that were said to be on the Tarket. One ofthese fraginents is ev fig $ ef). Nw. dently from the palace of Sargon 1 at eh, Southwest Khorsabad, and was being stored at alae, Roam V. Nineveh in 1990 (Fig 7). The other Fig (betw tep Nine, Sout We Stan 43 etal Fie (tow righ. ‘ine, Sout west Paice, oom "LT, tote fae ment showing laborers howing ‘heavy obec. Each fragment came from a difer Fic6 (orton), ent slab, and most of them had been Nineieh South- proken froma the male of a slab, sug west Palace, West gesting that the looters destroy Tacene (), ooted stoyed facade Heated ingle slabs to extract the best ‘Mad sheep! preserved bits, In cases where the sur anda dead hmon —Tounding. surface was not well ‘nthe water. preserved, these parts were broken Away to create a well-preserved frag. ment, as om slabs V:15 (Pigs 16-18) MINERVA 17and \39 (Figs 19-21). A similar case is figure, is mounted so that the man is, 4 fragment, IVe4 (Figs 22-24), that oriented as If standing, with the result show: small figures behind a city wall, that the mountain pattern angles to The large figures directly above the the left, Fragments V:39 and [:16 (Figs city were completely broken away, 28-30) are also titled. The most dra- evidently so that their large seal matic example of this is fragment ‘would not distract trom the imterest of Vi16 (Figs 31-33), which showed a ‘a miniature scene below. pair of archers shooting toward a city In several cases (1:24, V:1, V39) on top of a mountain. ‘The piece was fragments were squared off to give the — mounted so that the archers shoot Impression that these are complete, horizontally, with the mountain pat- self-contained compositions, All of tem almost horizontal behind them, the fragments were mounted verti- All of these examples of trimming, cally on bases, in some cases without and reorienting show how important respect to the scalpture’s original ori- context isin understanding the signif- entation. Fragment V:1 was squared — icance of each fragment, and how off diigonally and then mounted ver- much crucial information is lost in tically, so that the figure now seems the breaking up of a sculptured slab to be falling forward, quite unlike its into fragments for the antiquities, otigital position on the slab, Who: market. Not only is 2 unique cultural fever mounted the fragments knew so artefact destroyed, but even the fag- Iitde about Assyrian art that they die ments that remain are reduced to not eealise that a lozenge pattern in incomprchensible ciphers, the mean- the background, which represents ing of which is lost with the destrac- ‘mourtains, is always oriented verti= tion of the full composition. cally. Fragment V:17 (Figs 25-27), Why is this happening now? In Which shows a cowering Crouching 1994, a large Assyrian sculpture froma P47 (lef). Khovsabad, Sargon’s palace (2), looted fragment showlns the head ofa camach, 9818 P48 etow). Nineve, Southwest Palace, Room 1, Slab 7, lew of fll lab before loots, Fig9 (bottom), Nineveh, Southwest Palace, Room 1, Sab 7, etal Nimrud sold at auction for $12 mil lion, by far the highest price ever paid for an antiquity. The story of that sculpture Is told in my new book, From Nineveh to New York: The Shane Story of the Assyrian Reliefs in the Metio~ politan Museunn and the Hidden Master piece tt Canfond School (Vale University Press, 1997, £25). Assyria is In fashion and ‘its sculptures are bringing lunprecedented prices. In the recent past, very few antiquities left Iraq because every Iraqi carefully guarded the national heritage. Now, under the United Nations sanctions against Iraq little money is avaiable for the preset: Yation of entiguitics at the same thme as impoverished Iraqis, squeezed between ruinous inflation and critical shortages of basic necessities, have been forced to seek new sources of MINERVA 18Pe | __ Looted Antiquities |— subsistence income, For antiquities 10 (tg snd heritage, the combination of Meoted fragment, focal desperation and international wire Sout Yomand is a recipe for disaster, as “tsuo 9sonmar” Some trgis with nothing let to sell sting atone ve evidently tured to selling off 20821 om thts of Irags rich heritage. Such tage Aig 14 (oto Bemts ate very likely sold for a pite Nineveh, South tance, since such well-known pieces Mest Palace, Roou {aive'no vatue om the international 24 mnarket efor toting Toray the Sennacherib Palace site "Ww" 220m museum at Nineveh represents 4 Fig 12 (ott. Ton heritage disaster of the Iirst_ Love fragment agnitude, Unfortunately, the same Nineveh, South United Nations sanctions that have WE! felace oom contributed to the destruction of the "in a chariot. palace museum also prohibit any 67x#2em form of outside cultural assistance to Iraq, This hostility reflects @ wide spread perception in the West that tod Iraq Iias 0 sighificant her itage, even though the West claims lent Iraq, the ‘Cradle of Civiliza tion’, as the foundation ofits own heritage. This disaster also highlights the role of the West asa myoplc con sumer of heritage, rather than cher ishing i as a vanishing Ireplaceabe sharet resource The present location of these fag ments Is unknown, Anyone who is offered hem for purchase Is requested torotty the seller thatthe sculptures tvere removed illegally from Nineech, an to ask the seller to turn them over to an agh embasey or interests see tir, tnterpo, of to 8 customs agency so that they may be rtwened to 104 Potential buyers of Sennacherib fag tnents should be aware that very few Such pleces appear legitimately onthe tharket, and that many more frag ments may have been smuggled out of rag, either from elit slabs known to have been broken up, or from other slabs in the palace museum Any Sennacherib relief fragment Stud be treated with great eation, There continue to be efforts from a number of quarters to ster the flow tf antigities fom Iraq and thle sub- Sequent trade in the market. Ainong hese efforts isthe plan to document abjects stolen fron Iraq's regional ‘museums inthe aftermath of te Gulf War, To date, three volumes have appeared in the Lost Heritage series, wich is expected to be several fac cles seeking to document materials Tooted from a number of aqi muse tums during and after the Gulf War, They ate available, for a limited period, free of charge, by waiting to the publisher of each fascicle, Details fom the first three volumes areas fo lows Gibson, MeGulre;_ MeMahon, Augusta, Lost Heritage: Antiquities Stolen from Iraq's Regional Museums, Fascile 1. Chicago: Atnerican Associa MINERVA 19qi 1993. One volume (il + lustrated)). ISBN: 0. ?, Available from: The British School of Archaeslog MINERVA 2018 4 Laned fragment, nr, Sut Deleted soldiers. 18x Works cited Madhloom, Tariq, Nineveh (Historl= Antiquities, 1976. Russell, John Malcolm, ‘Sennacherib’s Palace Without Rival ‘at Nineveh, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991 Strange Story of the Assyrian Hidden Masterpiece at Canford School, has jst been published by Yale University Pres. MINERVA 21MINERVA 22MINERVA 23Looted Antiquities MINERVA 24~ Looted Antiquities ———_—_—_ MINERVA 25Looted Antiquities -— —— MINERVA 26APOLLO THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE OF ARTAND ANTIQUES Save 25% off the cover price with an annual subscription ‘Annual subscription (12 issues): UK £70,00; Overseas £75.00; USA (a spesded $1250 single copes ine. pp. £1000 najorc 1-2 CASTLELANE, oI LONDON SWE 6DR CALIFORNIA 91 mL ov7 Tels 618-7 FAX 0171289 7193 FAX 18.75 MINERVA can be bought at The British Museum, The Louvre, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Sackler Gallery (Smithsonian), and many other fine museum shops and bookstores. —+44— If your local shop or newsagents does not stock it please ask them to order it. This special issue stil avilable on request 6 £10 ine. p&p CHINA ARCHAEOLOGY AND ART DIGEST * al eferonce ui for scholars, tudo, curators, calectors tein he ast aelopments in Chinese archawobogy, China Archaeology and Art Digest isan ilusrated quarerty in Engish hat abticts aries on archacoo 47 nd artistry fom one hundred newty publishes Chinese academic Journals, slmost hat of which specialise in the feds of archaeology and euural aes. Synopses are aio made of aries in callecors and atonal academic journals and those produced by uriverstios whore archaeology, aniothistory and art history aro estabshod aisepines, ‘All synopses feature koy words, turer references, and Chinas characters afer proper names and specials tems. achive aso coniains original articles by Chinese scholars \ransate nto English andl hese China Archaeology and Art Digest ‘Tou esuos (vl, sues 1-4) for 1995 10 now avaiable fr US$160 (brie include sirmal postage) CChina Archaeology and Art Digests prepared in conjunction with ‘att mambers of Peking Universtys Archaelogy Department, ‘Annual subsortion rate (our sues, plus arma postage: USS 160 “Toplace susrptions, oor futher information contact: ‘Art ton (HK) Lid, PO Box 20746, Hennessy Ros Post Otc, Wanchai, Hong Kong somal access: text @ publics blanet en[Conference Report | ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS FROM NEW YORK The 98th Annual Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, cerhaps the most significant paper presented at the 1996 ‘meeting was a preliminary report on the Roman marble sculptures excavated at Caesarea Philipps in Israel. This and several other papers of interest are sum. Imarised below. The writer's paper on “the Rubens Vase’ was presented in Minerva, March{Apail 1997, pp. 20-25 The following colloqula were hele: New Research at Aphrodisas in Cari Cult’ Statues of the Ancient World: Image and Medium in Ancient Art and Coinage; House and Status in the Ancient City; Water Use In the Anclent City; and Critical Issues for the Internet: Discussion Lists and the ‘Worldwide Web. Joint colloquia were held with the American Philological Association ot Culture Change in Early Greece, and The Social Life of (oman) Things. The regular sessions included: Bronze Age Studies: Thera, Greece, Fgypt; Minoan and Mycenacan Econ omy and Society; Greek Architecture and Topography; Greek Sculpture; ‘Vase Painting and Iconography: Eig raphy and Numismatics; Italy and North Africa; Roman Sculpture; The Roman East; Roman Architecture: Symbolism and Controversy; Reman Puncrary Imagery and Practlecs) Ana tolia in the First Millennium BC; Reports from the Field; Geomorphol ogy, Coastlines, and Harbours: "Gar dens Galore’ (ancient gardens); Hydraulics and Industrial Processes; Revivals and Reworkings: Antiquarians and the Late Antique; and Archaeol ‘ogy on Flim and Televison, ‘Workshops were held on the fol lowing: Ancient Sardinia; The Greco- Roman Hydraulls; The Athienou Archaeological Project: A Multi-isc plinary Investigation of Culture Change in Central Cyprus; Publishing Pottery: the Catalogue, Boon or Bane? and The Developing Law of Cultural Property, & joint workshop was held with the American Philological Assoc ation on Small Classics Departments and Programmes. December 1996 Jerome M. Eisenberg, Ph.D. SCULPTURES FROM THE ANCTUARY OF PAN AT \ESAREA PHILIPPI (eis Piedland, University of Michigan) (ver twa hundred marble sculpture fiagments have recently been exca vted at the Sanctuary of Pan at Cae sarea Philippi (Banlas) in Israel, the ‘pital of the Herodian dynasty. In the Roman peviod a natusal grotto, dating fram the Hellenistic period, evolved into a well developed cult site dedi cated to a large numberof deities. The ‘many sculptures found there renge in date up to the fourth century AD and Include lifesize representations of the Caplioline Aphrodite, Athena, Dionysos, a nymph, a near-lifesize Aatemais Rospigllos), and small coples ‘ofthe Herakles Famese and the Borgh: fee Faun. Since there was no local scurce of marble anywhere in the Lev ant the marble was imported, a5 were tte statuary found at Beth Shean and Caesarea Maritim. Isotopic analysis, technical features, and stylistic charac: teristics point to a south-west Anato Tian origin, very probably in Cara ‘THE SCULPTURE OF THE BOULEUTERION AT APHRODISIAS. (Cloistopher H. Hallett, University of Washington) Ten mazble statues and some other fragmentary figures, all of the early third century AD, were found inside ite Bouleuterion, a small theatre-tke balling on the ee of the agora, ive fof these were standing figures of priests and priestesses of important Jocal cults, two Here Seated literary fig tues, probably poets or philosophers, This unusual survival ofthe buildings’ saulptural omamentation gives us new insight into the display of honorific and: decorative statuary in public ed fices, The range of portraits Is also an indication of the values and self-image of the provincial aristocracy at Apho: ‘islas during this period, All of the statues had been badly broken, per haps due to an earthquake. The series ‘of substantial repairs undertaken were MINERVA 28 obvious. The entire building and Its statuary were carefully re-ereeted in the fifth century AD. Itis a sign of the hhigh value given to the old civie mon- ‘uments by the ctizens of Aphrodlsias in Late Antiquity BLACK-AND-WHITE SCULPTURE FROM THE SCULPTOR’S WORKSHOP AT APHRODISIAS (tie A. Var Vooris, Institute of Fine Ans, New York University. A group of fine black-and-white mar bile seulptures have been associated swith the ‘Sculptor’s Workshop located north of the Bowleuterion, The marble fs from a local quarry which exhibits the dark blue-grey and white layers meeting in a single seam, Stone-car Ing tools and statuary in different states of completion, including ant unfinished statuette of Europa in the two-toned technigue, as well as the physical facilities to produce them, have been found at this building which was destroyed in the fourth century AD, The author links two other unprovenanced statuettes, a black-winged Eros and a partially ‘raped Aphrodite, similar technically to the Europa, to this same workshop, Various two-toned sculptures from other parts of the site, ae well ge from ‘ifferent museums are discussed with, possible links to the same quarry These finely worked statuettes were produced primarily for the decoration Of Late Antique houses, DIVERSITY IN HAIR AND PORTRAIT STYLES OF JULIO- CLAUDIAN WOMEN (Nancy Thompson, Metropolitan Museum of Art) The dating of private female portraits based upon the hairstyles worn by ‘members of the imperial court can be ‘considered reliable only after the mid= lle of the fist century AD. In the AAugustan and Julio-Claudian periods, however, there is a much greater siversity in harstyles and facial fe tures than 1s shown in the imperial female portraits, such as the variationsof the nodus halrstyle, which, for example, the empress Livia wore with just @ few variants (Figs 1,2,3). The author argues that this diversity is due to the continuation ofthe freedom of halesyles prevalent in the late Repub- lican petiod. By the mid-first century [ND there was a far greater adherence to the prevailing imperial hairstyles Daughters and other younger women are usually depicted in por- traits with an idealised beauty, while adult women may be shown either ‘with idealised or realistic features, or a mixture of both ~ a generalised upper face and an individualised lower face. OH, STATUE, SPEAK! DIVINE AND ROYAL IMAGES IN ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA (Karen L. Wilson, Unversity of Chicago) In Mesopotamia sculptural images ‘were tvansformed Into living manites- lations of a divinity oF ruler through complex rituals. The image was ere- ated in a special workshop, then it ‘went through an elaborate and highly secret ritual of consecration, a process designed to endow it with ‘life’ and ‘open’ Its eyes and mouth so that it might see, speak, and eat. In fac, the verb used for the making of statues vas nat the usual one for the making of other cult paraphernalia, but one that indicated “birth. Also, the Baby. lonian word for ‘temple’ was "house After theie ritual installation in the temple, the states Were provided with regular meals, carcied in festival pro cexssions, brought to other sanctuaries, to visit other deities, and received vis its from lesser deities as well as the prayers of supplicants. ‘Golden gar- ‘ments’ were provided for the deities and garments were lent from one god to another, There ace ancient texts regarding the renovation of these stat- tues, however the sculptuzes them: selves have not been found at any temple sites. I is presumed that most, if not all, had been smashed in course of conquest or carried off as spoils. ANCIENT ANTIQUARIANS: REVIVALS IN BABYLONIA, (rica Ehvenbers, National ig 1,2 (fu te san cat). st ofa youngtooking oon wit thre. Deutsches Archi piches Institute Fig 3, Portrait of via rom the Fayunn NY Carlserg Giyptotek 815. the Gallery of Art) Im the first half of the sixth century BC the Babylonians developed a strong antigua Jan spirit as witnessed in both archaising texts and in the Inscriptions of King Nab: fonidus which record the dis: covery of ancient teinple foundations. Since there Is a Jack of monumental represen: tational works, past investiga- tions have not included visual imagery, To fill this gap the author has examined numer fous stamp and cylinder seal Impressions from the Ishtar temple archive at Uruk, many ff which were newly made but copied ancient motifs, and ‘were not created by the ase of venerated ancient seal. Morover, the largest number of these archaic impressions occur during the reign of Nabonidus. This corroborates the evidence found in the texts and on inscriptions that in the sixth century. the anciert heritage ofthe Babyio- rhians was enthusiastically commemorated ze Copies ofthe 120-page ‘Abstract’, summaries ofa of the papes presented atthe meeting, may be obtained for $8.50 from the Archaeological Institute of America, 675 Com: ‘menvseath Avenue, Boston, ‘Massachusetts 02215, MINERVA BINDERS VOLUME 8 NOW AVAILABLE We are offering dark blue rexine-covered binders with the Minerva logo and volume number on the spine. 4, 5,6, 7 & 8 are available. Please state which volume you require. OFFER PRIC! UK (ine VAT) £5-50 USA & rest of the world £6-50 US$12-50 Prices include postage and packing Please allow 28 days for delivery Send your order to: Volumes 1, 2, MINERVA 14 Old BondStreet, London W1X 3DB Tel: 0171 495 2590 Fax: 0171 491 1595 MINERVA 29Exhibitions ARCHAEOLOGY AND ART IN ROME Dalu Jones looks at current and recent exhibitions in Rome which show the importance of nineteenth-century painters and photographers in the reconstruction of archaeological sites. he Antiche Stanze, ‘Ancient Rooms’, currently on view in Rome in the huge halls of the emperor Diocletian's Baths, are those of an imperial villa, a luxuri fous bath house, and other buildings, part of an “insula” of the second cer tury AD which was destroyed after hhaving been hastily excavated, In tially In the 1860s to make room for Rome's railway station, the Stazione Termin, and again, after World War Two, when the station was enlarged and modernised in. 1950. Most of the exhibition focuses on the computer reconstruction of the damus and the balnea and on the frescoes and mosaics which were salvaged. There are also on show a few of the many ‘objects excavated in the area, as well as the eighteenth-century drawings hich record the frescoes found in 1777 in the grounds of the nearby Villa Moptalto-Negront (Fig 2) and detached and sold to Frederick Her vey, Count of Bristol and Bishop of Deny, and later lost, apparently in a fire at Downhill in Ireland. The dis- covery of the frescoes was sensational at the Ume ~ It preceded that of the Wall paintings in Pompeti~ and theit reproductions were much sought aftet by amateurs all over Europe, inchad- ing Empress Catherine of Russia, Te Is. pity that most visitors to the exhibition are not aware that next ‘door, in what is called the Av ott ‘oma, 8 eautiful octagonal room also, part of the Baths, can be seen some of the outstanding Roman sculptures found in Rome in the Baths of Dio. letian, Caracalla, and Trajan, These are mainly copies of Greek master pieces including te famous bronze of 4 silting boxer and the superb Aphrodites from Hadrian's Baths at irene, Libya. These statues were pre viously kept in the Museo Nazlonale delle Terme which has now been rehoused in the Palazzi Massimo and Altemps as part of the overall ‘museum reorganisation to prepare for the Millennium in the year 2000, Alas, Palazzo Massimo Is only half MINERVA 30. ‘open and Palazzo Altemps still closed, Both in this exhibition and in that recently held at the Museo Civico Archeologico in Bologna, ‘Storia di tuna ricerca archcologica Ii sepolcreto villanoviano Benace, which recanst tuted for the frst time the location of the 991 Villanovian, Gallic, and Roman tombs excavated in 1873 and 1876 at the famous Benacei site, the Importance of detailed photographic campalgns to record archaeological work and monuments was evident. Had it not been for the existence of a setles of photographs taken in the last century, the accurate reconstruction ofthese sites would have been impos sible, It is therefore noteworthy that 3 number of exhibitions and books hrave revealed, in the last few years, ‘the wealth of Htalian archives of early photographs and the exceptional skill and enterprise of Malian photo- graphers of the nineteenth century, Quite apart from the internationally known brothers Beato or the sculptor, collector, and confectioner to the ig 1. View ofthe Monte deta ue slid before was ‘demolished to ‘make roo for Rome’ ratheay station: The ange ‘Statue of Roma seatens sl v3 ‘ein sit before prince Massimo, "eho owned the Tana took 10 Arsols Parkers Photograph 3245,viceroy of India, Federico Pelitt, avhose sophisticated compositions were recently seen in London at the Italian Culttcal Institute (‘Federico Peliti, an Italian photographer in India at the time of Queen Victoria’, catalogue in English, Corner House, 1996). There is, for example, at the Ist tuto Centrale peril Catalogo e la Do: ‘camentazione ~ Gabinetto Nazjonale {1 Roma, a group of more than 602 photographs known as Fondo Tuminello which was acquired in 1906. The Fondo comprises the pho- tographs of members of the Scuola Romana di Fotografia founded around 1850 with works by photographers such as Caneva, Tuminello, and oth rs, and reprints Tuminello made of the photographs of the British archaee ologist John Henty Parker whose col lection was destroyed by fie in. 1893 (fig. Parker had founded in Rome in 1868 the British and American Archaeology Society which published the thinteen volumes of The Achaea gy of Rome from 1874 to 1883 with Mustrations commissioned from a group of photographers working in Home at the time and thus initiated the fi1st photographic campaign aimed specifically at systematically documenting archaeological work, It is Parker's photographs, incidentally, that were mostly used to document the 1862 excavations of the area of the future railway station. (L'immag. ine di Roma 1848-1895', an exhibi- lUon at the Istituto Centrale per i Catalogo in 1994, catalogue published by Electa). The discovery of early photographs in Taly, their cataloguing, and above all thelr painstaking conservation, Is the result of amongst others the pio neering efforts of Marina Miraglia and of her staff working at the Istituto Nazionale per Ia Gratiea, Caleografia, ‘n Rome. To them goes the cxedit for having found in the Important hold- ings of the Accademia di Brera in Milan Luigi Sacchi’s 1852 and 1883, serles of the Monument, vedute e cos ‘unt dala (Monuments, views, and costumes of Italy) (Fig 3), the first albums to contain views of Malian monuments, and restored them Luigi Sach, lucigrafo a Milano, 1805-1861", ‘Rome, Calcogratia Nazionale ~ catalogue published by Motta) Like many nineteenth-century photographers Sacchi was originally & painter and it shows in his careful Choice of the angles of his photo: graphs and in the light and shade effects. Roberto Guastalla Was also a Painter, but he, like bis contemporary Alberto Pasini (Fig 4), prefered orien tal themes for his work, Pasinis ren- derings of the ruins of Persepolis and ig 2, Picture I fom Carlo But’ Piture ig 4. Lull Sacchi: View ofthe Porta Asinaria, the Roman walls famtiee dela Vila Negron, Roma 1778." aid the busi of St Jot tn Rome, 1892, from Monument, 18s "Venu ea tee it sll vedute ¢costunl d'Italia, salted paper from caltype, ult (rom CY rts School Rome 34S 27-A.cm Milan, Accom Helle Arti Boer MINERVA 31Exhibitions Lore tne ieeiguing rem of maps, ats lobes, and charts in Mercators World ‘Whether you're an experienced collector simply have a passion for maps, every issue of Mersaors World will intsigue, \ inform Call to start ription today. nd delight you \ your al subs nthe US and Canada 1-800-840-3810 UK and Rest ofthe World “44 1-952-200-207 Fig 4 Alberto Pasnis ‘Classical ruins 2 the desert, oll on wood, 264 48.9, signed and dated 1864. Parma, Galleria ‘Nactonale ig 5, Prancols Maris Granet: ‘Imperial Palace om the Palatine’ ol om paper mounted om canvas, 215 28.5 em Al ‘en Provence, Musée Granet of Cirus' tomb at Pasargade have some of the haunting quality of Shel ley’s poem Ozymandias. Guastalla’s paintings and photographs mostly record exatic people and places ~ North Africa, Serbia, Montenegro, Herzegovina ~ but he travelled also to Sicily and Greece, and his view of Syracuse beautifully conveys the vist tor’ delight in the evocative power of ‘monuments standing alone in an “unspoilt landscape, the subtle ‘plea- sure of ruins’. (Alberto Pasink: da Parma a Constantinopol’, ‘Roberto Guastalla, pellegrino del sole’, both 4 Risparmio of Parma, accompanied by catalogues) One finds the same capacity for evoking the past in the work of the Provengal painter Frangois Marius Granet (1775-1849), who lived in Rome from 1802 to 1824 and drew and painted {ts ruins (Fig 5). His Sketches, watercolours, and paintings show a clty that has become a back: ‘water, but what beauty there sil is and what a sense of mystery sur- rounds the still to be excavated dark and powerful remains of ancient monuments. It is therefore appropr ate that the American Academy ia Rome should have hosted an exhibi- tion of Granet’s work ~ the fourth such exhibition in a series of views of Rome by different artists, including Piranesi (Paesaggi perduti, Granet a Roma 1802-1824", with a beautiful catalogue published by Elects with text in English, French, and Italian, edited by the curator of the exhibi- tion Caroline Bruzelius who is also the director of the Academy) That there were bucolle settings within the city in Rome until recently and that our contemporary percep Hon of how ancient monuments should relate to urban developments has evolved, i brought about by the first of the events leading to the cele- bration of the Millennium, an exhibi- tion based on the material provided by the Museo della Fotografia Fratellt Alinatt tn Fotene, the famous photo- graphic house still in private hands Since its fourdation in 1852 and the fone with the largest archive: ‘Daght Anni Santi al Glublleo del Duemila, Storia di un evento in 130 anni di fotografia’ at Palazzo Braschi in Romeel Fig 1 iver demartus of the Roman Republic, 45 BC, with image ofthe god ‘dss Juno Mona, whose temple was ‘used asthe Rome mint. The mer English words'omey” and int are ‘erved from het name. (23) ‘ig 2 Silver demarius with fet por tral of fullus Caesar, as perpetual die "ato of Rome, #4 BC: (22) iq 3 iver demariu of Roman Repub, 4342 BC, with a design commemorating the date (Ides of arch) and the assassination of Julius Caesar ised by Brut, one of the assassins. The daggers ofthe nsassins flank the cap of tert. Fig 4 iver tetradrachan of Selins, Greek ety ‘in Sicily, with Image ofthe river {od Selina mak Inga sacrifice, 6450 80. 3) New Gallery lectronic systems. Money speaks sense in a Language all Nations understand. Aphra Belin, The Rover, 1681 ‘money alone was able to perform all these feats. Jonathan Swift, Gulliver’ Travels, 1726 ns are among the commonest objects surviving from the ancient world. They provide a tangible direct Link with the ancient peoples, cities, and rulers who issued them, Many are miniature works of art in themselves, as well as providing Important evi dence for historians of the civi- izations which they served Whether It bears a contempo- rary portrait of Julius Caesar, reveals the name of an otherwise unknown nomad king of ancient Afghanistan, or provides evidence for the architecture of the ‘Temple at Jerusalem, every coin tells a story of interest to all who study the past, Remarkably, the same can be said of more modern coins, such asa sev ‘enteenth-century Spanish piece-of- eight from Mexico, stamped with marks by a Chinese merchant who had received it in exchange for silk, ot a copper cent, depleting a froed slave fon the shore of Africa, made for the new independent state of Liberia in 1833, or the new bimetallic £2 coin with a design referring to the inter: net, to be issued in Britain later this year. Each of these examples, along with another $000 monetary objects, are now on show at the British Museum in its new HSBC Money Gallery. Coins, together with paper money, ingots, and other less famillar forms of money, drawn from the Museum's collec tions, are presented in this new per- manent gallery to tell the story of ‘money in human history from the earliest evidence provided by records MINERVA 33 —_ THE BRITISH MUSEUM'S NEW HSBC MONEY GALLERY Joe Cribb introduces the latest British Museum gallery, devoted to the history of money, from the eurliest forms in Mesopotamia and ancient China, to today’s ‘of payments In silver and grain on ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform tablets down to the latest develop. ments in money today. The new HSBC Money Gallery, devised by the British Museum's Department of Coins and Medals, was ‘opened by HRH Prince Richard Duke of Gloucester in January this year. Located close to the top of the Museum’s main stairease, on the main route around the top floor of the Museum, the HSBC Money Gallery presents treasures from the Museum's collection of coins and bank notes. Thanks to a generous donation from HSBC Holdings ple, the Museum has been able to mount this new permanent display in a.com pletely restored mid-nineteenth-cen- tury gallery. The neo-classical gallery was built in about 1841 to the 1820s design by Sir Robert Smirke, the Museums architect, The donation has aso enabled the Museum to set up a continuing pro- ‘gramme of work felated to the gallery into the next millennium, HSBC Holdings plc has helped the Museum put together the display by lending material from HSBC Group Archives to illustrate aspects of the recent his- tory of money outside the scope of the Museums collections, and by arranging for a display of the com- puter-based payment system, known, as Mondex, currently being tested by ig. Electrum third-state of kingdom of “pila, west Turkey, 973 BC: The Accra coins Sued ite king of Lydia andthe Greck ities of coastal wea ‘fn Turkey are the earlest coins known It the westera tradition (23)ANTIKE-KUNST ROSWITHA EBERWEIN GmbH PUES Rete ral Limestone figure of a standing woman on original base. Height 24cm, height of base 4.3 cm. iddle Kingdom 12-13th Dynasty 1800-1700 BC. Provenance: private collection. US$ 28,000 Telephone: 0049 - 551-47083 Fax: 0049 - 551-415 43 NOS Ceea consortium including Midland Bank. Objects have also been lent or donated to the Museum for inclusion in the gallery by the Royal Mint Thomas de la Rue (bank note print. ce), the Bank of England, and various private collectors. Money through the Ages The gallery is arranged to ezeate a sense ofthe historical development of the forms and uses of money. itis dives into three broad time 7ones (1) 2500 BG - AD 600; (2) AD 600: 1700; (3) AD 1700 to the present day. Within these zones the displays pre- sent cross-cultural themes in the his- tory of money. ‘The first section, for example, has a case examining the earliest forms of ‘money. The objects on display range from a crude lump of sliver f20m Ur and cowie shells from ancient Chin, to the use of tools and jewellery as ‘means of payment in ancient India, pre-Roman Britain, and the Crimea, and of bronze ingots in Italy and Republican Rome. The case concludes with a display of coins in a ‘family tree’ showing how quickly the idea of coinage spread throughout Europe, North Africa, and Asia after its simtul- taneous invention in Lydia and China about 600 BC The other themes inthe history of money explored in the ancient se tion are: hoarding: trade and the use (of coinage as international bullion; fncient banking: ancient price sys tems; the establishment of coinage systems, based on different weight standards and metals; the organ- { New Gallery -«-— Pig 7 (ht top. Siver dracto of Trabeus (Tret- snd), Greek ety "in northern Turkeys 6.380 BC, showing banker's table (Greek trapeza) covered in “coins. (3) ig 8 (ight centr) oid Stater of Keo king oF ancient Afganistan and India AD 108 131, showing the King wearing trad ‘ional nomadic boots trousers and "rian iseiption ‘ertton using “Grek eters Pig 9 (right bot tom). Brome ses- torts of Roman ‘omperor Titus, wit image of the pleted AD 80. ig 6. Pot hoard of lectrum cols, found ‘inthe excavations of the Temple of | Artes, Ephents 600 BC, the word's arlest known coln hoard. Isation of minting and sources of raw materials for coinage; the use of colnage by anclent states for taxation, largesse, and public expenditure; pro- aganda messages on coins; the sym- Dolic and spiritual role of money. A special feature is also made of the technology of anclent coin produc- tion, both the traditional hand- striking methods of the Greek and Roman worlds and the less farlliar casting systems used in China, ancient India, the Black Sea, and briefly at Rome. ‘The concluding display of ancient coins highlights the artistic quality of ancient coinage, ranging from the mote familiar sculptural designs of Greek coinage and the eloquent por traits of Roman Imperial coinage through to the less familiar spread and adaptation of Greek designs in Central Asia and India and the ele. gant calligraphies of early Chinese Colnage. Alongside examples of the high-classical coin designs of the Greek citles of Sicily (fifth century MINERVA 35 BO), signed by the artists who created them, can be seen contemporary rep- resentations of the Colosseum, the Flavian amphitheatre at Rome (com- pleted AD 80), and the earliest named depiction of the Iranian goddess Anahita enthroned, on 2 gold coin fom Afghanistan (c. AD 290), Money from Metal to Plastic ‘The Medieval and Modern sections of the new gallery present similar the- matic accounts of major develop: ments in monetary history, but with their own emphases. The impact of the availability of the metals for make Ing coins is explored in great depth in the section covering AD 600-1700, ‘with particular focus on the move: ment of Central Asian silver into China, India, and Europe (through Viking trade) and of West African gold to Hurope and the Islamic Woeld. A whole case Is devoted to the impact fon world monetary systems of the explorations of Christopher Colum- bus and Vasco da Gama which ‘opened up world markets through the silver and gold of the New World and Asia, The section from AD 1700 down to the present day pays particular attention to the role of technology and economics on the transformation ‘of money from the age of gold and silver to the computer money of today. The latest items Include the ig 10. Copper ingot currency, aes sia: ‘um, of the Roman Republic about 300 "HC, with image of tripod. (sie)cards and machines now used to make electronic payments, both the common swipe machines and the Mondex system being used exper! mentally in Swindon, perhaps the money of tomorrow. * Two new books have heen pub- lshed: Money ~ A History (edited by Jonathan Williams, British Museum Press, hardback £25.00 and paperback £14.99) and, for children, The Story of Money (by John Orna-Omnstein, hard- back £4.50), and a CD ROM on the ig 11 Bronze Aoufeshape caln ofthe city of Gin ‘modern Shandon Province), China, 6.350 BG and “tone mould in whic uch coins were cas, sae) 3DG (0171 323 8404). The Depart- ‘ment's collections can also be con- sulted by arrangement; contact the Department for admission regulations and appointments zZ Joe Cribb is Curator ofthe HSBC Money Gallery, Department of Coins and Medals, the British Museum Fig 12. Paper money for 1000 Steel bromae ‘cs of Ming Dynasty China, [Pit issue 1375, the cartes paper ‘mom inthe itis Museum callecton. (sie) History of Money is also in prepara: tion for publication next year. A lec ture series on the Gallery and an educational programme for schools fare already in progress, ‘The displays of coins elsewhere in ‘the British Museum's permanent gal levies comtinue to be on show, includ- ing the Iranian and Hellenistic coins which were put on display last year. A summary Iist of these displays ean be ‘obtained from the Department oF Coins and Medals, British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B Remittance by cheque, demand drat EXPRESSIONS & EVOCATIONS Contemporary Women Artists of India aited by Gayate Sinha A seminal st indian women ass, this volume traces the significant contnibution of women 0 the county’ at scene rom the early presence of Amita Sher Gils the 19308 to the atts ofthe 19908 of ifieen contemporary ‘titan wih cet page CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE AND CITY FORM The Paradigm Edited by Farooq Amect, “This book explores the isms that ar shaping the New Landscape of the subeontlest, where regional traditions compete with modemity. Cotsibutions by practising architects a8 wel as scolar highlight the problems that contemporary architects must address outh Asian ‘Gotbound wih cet pages: 128 8 colour ‘a 7 back nd whee duetons, SINGLE COPY: HSA7SODI/LS $59. 00/0 & 37.00 International M.O, or VISA/ MASTERCARD, 1 any one of the following: Marg Publications, Army & Navy Bullding, cd Floor, 148, M. G. Road, Mural 400 001, India Phone: (022) 2842520, 2821151 ax: (022) 2047102, 2649522 Remitance to be made in favour of ‘Tata Limited, 18, Grosvenor Place, London SWIX 7HS, UK. Phone: (0171) 235 8281-8 ax: (0171) 285 8727 Remittance wo be made in favour of Tata Linited, Tata tacorporated, 10, Park Avenue New York, NY 10178, USA. Phone: (212) $57 7979 Pax: 12) 557 7967 Remittance 1 be made in favour of "Tata Incorporated, POSTAGE EXTHA Inland: Rs, 2000 (Overseas Sea tal Hs 100.00 (US $ 3.25) ‘Amal Rs 400.00 (US 8 1800) Subscribe to Mar: for 4 books Fncsive of paekng and ester postage: US 8 110.00 Gea 138 160.00 (ie aid, ‘A special 30 percent dct on all Mary books is offered to wun "of Minerva. For deal, plane contac the Sales Departmcot of Mars MINERVA 36An Egyptian Limestone Relief Fragment, 1th D “ of Ramesses I, crea 127 Wy xt : (00,00. Forme ANTIQUITIES AND ISLAMIC WORKS OF ART NEW YORK 31 MAY 1997 SOTHEBY'S ‘New York Enquiries in New York: Richard M. Keresey or R. Seth Bright at (212) 606 7328 ‘To order catalogues please call London on (171) 314 4444 or fax (171) 408 5909 or the USA on (800) 444 3709. Sotheby’s, 1334 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021ago eee a manned by @ garrison of Macedonian —{_ Excavation | __________| — CHARSADDA: ALEXANDER’S CITY ON THE NORTH-WEST FRONTIER Robin Coningham | é The Gandharan Region CS Nt es 25 soem Fig 1-4 map of the CGandharan relon Shorwig he loca tion of Charsadda Fig 2 The Bale Tasarof| Chara, the site of the tai city of Paukelat MINERVA 38ET so J Excavation ig 3. Whose’ defomive ditch which he of Peshawar, Pakistan, and Sratord, ted 1 Alesander’s sige of 327 BC. Uk, setup a project in 1994 to inves. Fig4 (below). Coving witha hand auger tigate the origins and development of the mound. ‘The edge of his trench the site. Our research had three main picked up a defensive ditch and aims; the fist was to date the eallest poster gate, which he presumed occupation of the mound. Using a Inatked the cy’ wall Using combi- combination of excavation trenches nation of Artian’s descriptions and and soll profiles from auger cores it cvamictypoogtes he dated the ditch Was posstbe to confirm thatthe tell is fo Alerarlers lege of 327 BC (bg 3), sited on a low natural clay mound, Iie also concluded that the city had situated on the active flood-plain, bron founded asa direct result of Per Making ian ideal locaton for settle sian colonisation ofthis region in the ment (ig 4. The earliest occupation Sixth century BC ‘on this mound dates tothe beginning Because of the clear importance of of the first millennium BC; excavated the Bala Hisar of Charsadda, and its mains appear to consist ofa defen- sive ditch and three-metre-thiek mud brick wall They indieate that there ‘was aleady an established settlement atthe site well before the expansion of Persian hegemoney in this aea in the sixth century BC. This is of inter fst as It siggests that the oxigin of turban forms inthis region, previously Seen as westen colonies, can be inte: preted as localised developments Our second aim was to date the defensive complex identified and dated by Wheeler to Alexanders eap- ture of Peukelaots, We therefore 1 excavated Wheeler's thitd trench (Ch Ii), which contained the ditch and posters, and excavated a nev trench {Ca Vi some 30 metzes Is south in order to Turther follow the ditch’s course, The radiocarbon dates from both suggest thatthe deh fils date tobetween the fourth and eighth cen turles BC, suggesting that Wheeler's interpretation of them as a Persian feature may well be correct. One of the moat exciting finds of the three seasons vas a small, black spherical objec, about the sizeof a cricket ball found atthe bottom ofthe ditch in its caliest fills (ig). The ball appeared to be completely burnt and Was cov ered in conchoidal factues. I view ferted by treaty from Alexander's suc- cessor in the east, Seleucus I, to the Ganges-based Mauryan emperor, handagupta, on the payment of '500 elephants! It continued to flour ish unde the subsequent rulers of the Indo-Greek and the Kushan dynasties, bbut, by the seventh century AD, the site had declined to a small towen and soon vanished from the records asthe neighbouring city of Peshawar expanded. ‘Archaeological interest in the north-west of the Indian subconti: nent started with attempts by army officers and governmental adrinistra- tots, who had had a classical educa- tion, to identify the historical topography of Gandhara using class- cal accounts of Alexander's conquests. ‘One such identification was made by the first Director General of Archacol- ‘ogy in India, General Sir Alexander Cunningham, who, in 1863, con: cluded that the 20-metre-high mound Iknown as the Bala Hisar of “high fort fof Charsadda was in fact the lost city ‘of Peukelaotis (ig 2). Following in his wake, a company fof Bengal sappers and miners exca vated on the summit in 1882 and recorded the remains ofa late mediae probable identification as the city of of the object's context, the base of a val fortress. Over the next twenty Peukelaots, the site represents a key ditch in front of the town wall, we years much of the mound’s periph: element in understanding the entire immediately suspected that it might fries were cut away by local farmers fultural development of the Gandha- have been an Incendiary device, per Who used the rich soil fo fertilise their ran region; however, the majority of haps of piteh ~ ‘incendiary missiles fields, The mound was selected for information for the site is derived are recorded by Arsian as having been. excavation in 1903 by a new Director from historical, rather than archaeo- used by both Macedonians and Per- General, Sir John Marshall. Marshall, logical, sources. To address this imbal- slans at Alexander's siege of the a classical scholar from Cambridge ance, a collaborative team of Mediterranean port of Tyre. We col- who had trained under Sir Arthur archaeologists from the Universities lected some tiny fragments from its wniera ty tte yo he ys aa MINERVA 39Diitle surface and brought them back +0 Bradford for further analysis, There, De Catl Heron, suspecting them to be organic, subjected them to Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) in order to identify the organic source. Prelimi- nary results suggest that the object is a form of bitumen or asphalt ~ of which there are known sources in Afghanistan and eastern. Iran “Although the results are still prelimi- nary, it appears likely that thls object represents one of the earliest archaeo- logical Incendiary missiles in antiquity, Te final aim was to recover struc tural evidence from the earlier levels of the site to assist comparisons with early urban sites in the region, We therefore excavated a trench (Ch Vill) within the defensive circuit, in. an area where later, overlying deposits hhad already been removed by farmers, Although the top three metres of the tuench had clearly been disturbed, the two metres of in silu deposits below are broadly divided into four succes sive periods. Bvidence of the earliest perlea! ig limited to a number of pits And indistinct floors cut into the nat tural clay, and dates to a pre-Persian period, The next period consists of two foundation pits, each megsuring fone metre in diameter and one metre deep, on a north-south alignment and both filled with over 700 river cob- bles. As the cobbles had been pressed Into the sides and bottom of the pits, it may be assumed that they were foundation pits for a series of wooden pillars supporting a building. The ‘hied period yielded a five-metre: wide apsidal building, built of unbaked rmiudbrick, The most recent perlod consists of two successive phases of plastered floors and unbaked mud- brick walls, one of whieh had sur- vived toa helght of three courses in places. Using this fresh data it is possible to begin to correlate the historical and archaeological records to gain a fuller MINERVA 40 4 6 Dara the Great's audience all at Perspots ‘Known asthe Apadane Patoce, ‘nate. Si Sid ne Fig 7 (het to) Medel tere Taurel wreath i72em Fig 8 (blow) Unidendfied schist picture of this prominent site. We now have clear archaeological ev. dence that the Bala Hisar was occu pied prior to the Incorporation of Gandhara into the Persian empire, refating suggestions that It was frst established as a colony. Archavologi- cal support of Persian contact may be drawn by parallels between the pil- Jared structure and examples through- ‘out the Persian empire (ig 6). Despite the presence of a Persian period defensive complex, complete with Fineendiary’ missile, we ate as yet unable to state whether they are the defences which Arzian described. The psidal building is clearly analogous ‘with those well known in later Bud- hist monastic complexes; its early presence at Charsadda suggests a Mauryan influence. An Indo-Greck presence can be inferred by a number ff finds fzom the final period, for ‘example the class of moulded terra- cotta heads with laurel wreaths (Fig, 7). Perhaps the most puzzling find from these later levels was an intri- cately worked object of schist, whose function is still unclear (Fig 8). The three seasons of fieldwork at the Bala Hisar of Charsadda have produced important new results, helping us to produce a more detailed understand. {ng of the development of the Gand- hharan region; however, whilst the Droader atchaeological picture may be clearer, evidence for the presence of Alexander the Great at Charsadda is as illusive as it was In 1863! Wi Dr Robin Coningham is lecturer in South Asian Archaeology {nthe Department of Archaeologlcal Sciences, University of Bradford, West Yorkshire. He acknowledges the support ofthe ollowing bodies: the Anciont India and Iran Trust, the MeDonald Institute for Archacolgical Research, the British ‘Academy, and the Society for South Asian Stuis,A Sumerian Limestone Votive Plaque, Early Dynastie I, crea 2700-2600 B.C. 26cm. by 250m. ANTIQUITIES including Western Asiatic Cylinder Seals and Antiquities from The Erlenmeyer Collection (Part II) ‘The Property of the Erlenmeyer Stiftung (A Foundation for Animal Welfare) LONDON, 12 JUNE 1997 ¢ Erlenmeyer Collection of Antiquities was formed by the late Professor Dr Hans Erlenmeyer and his wife, Marie-Louise, during the 1950s and 1960s. The collection consisted of material from the Mediterranean, the Aegean and the Ancient Near East, From the collection, Sotheby's have held to date three highly successful sales. The first and second in 1990 of Cycladic and Classical Antiquities and the third in 1992, of Western and Asiatic Cylinder Seals and Antiquities (Part 1). In 1981, Marie-Louise Erlenmeyer created the Erlenmeyer Foundation for the welfare of animals and the preservation of nature and the environment. All proceeds from the sales are used for the benefit of these ci SOTHEBY'S London Enquiries in London: Oliver Forge on (0171) 408 5109 or fax (0171) 408 5935, To order catalogues please call London on (0171) 314 4444 or fax (0171) 408 5909 or the USA on (800) 444-3709. Sotheby's, 34-35 New Bond Street, London WIA 2AA.ANTIQUITIES (Sas BUEN Monday 9th June at 2pm ANTIQUITIES FAIR ‘Anclont art and objects tor sale Prehistoric + Greek + Roman + Egyptian + Mediaeval * Chinese + Byzantine + Islamic « THE BRITANNIA HOTEL Grosvenor Square, London W1, England ‘Sunday June 8th 1997 10.00am- 4.30pm ADMISSION £2.50THERMOLUMINESCENCE ig 1, Ceram por sherds from Irvine California.” Pig 2. Nok ceramic ourine, Ngerta | Scientific Methods | J REVISITED . Its significance for art and archaeology Anne Handberry tls ume to take a new look at one of the most valuable dating tools available to museum curators and archacologists today. Thermolum| nescence (Tl) testing, has a solid place within today's scientific methodology, and the following describes how i is being used cu rently in archaeology and art. It has been utilised only in the last 30 years, making ita fry rocent devel ‘opment. However, it has impacted uupon and altered our pre-existing temporal data in the study of human, history. Some examples from both archaeology and ar, such as Catalina pot sherds and a bronze Cambodian Buddha, will be shown to demon: strate reevaluation by the academic ‘community in light of new informa: tion about TL testing Developed in the 1960s and '70s, this chronometric dating method has its best application in the dating o! pottery, terracotta, and other mineral laden materials, Recent develop: ments in the related method of Elec tuon Spin Resonance (ESP) and lasers hhave added flint, loess, calcite, vol canic lava, sediments, and slags, to the list of materials. The other pri ‘mary use for TI. testing is in the art ‘world, Museums use TL routinely to separate authentic ceramics from fakes. Bronze sculptures can also be dated’ using thermoluminescence because they usually contain the remnants of the clay easting cores in small erevices, Ts the emission of light released by the application of heat: it has known for centusies that this menon is exhibited by many minerals. One ofthe first accounts of this was described by Robert Boyle in 8 paper presented to the Royal Soci- ety of England in 1663. He recounted his observation of 'a Diamond that Shines in the Dark’. He said he ‘Brought it to some kind of Glimamer- ing Light by taking Into Bed with me, and holding It a good while upon a warm part of my Naked Body’. In the last two decades, thermolu- minescence has been developed and refined as a dating tool for archeolog. ical use ~ the measured light emis sions are correlated with the age of ceramic objects. By rapidly heating a sample of ancient pottery, blck, tile Or terracotta to 500°C, there is a mea Surable emission of light. This light is produced by prolonged exposure to the weak flux of nuclear radiation from the radioactive impurities potassium 40, thorium, and ura rium, within the ceramic sample These radio isotopes have very ng half lives providing constant radiation flux, therefore the amount ff TL in a sample Is proportional to the amount of time elapsed since the last time the pottery was heated by the ancient user. The act of firing oF heating these materials in ancient times drove the luminescence out of the minerals that had been accumu lating since geological times, Now when today’s scientist again heats the sample of this same pot, the clock Is reset to zero, and in the process, the light emissions can be measured with a photomultiplier The amount of light emission, in MINERVA 43€S t Incorporating Antquiy Deolers On-ine Deal in antiquities? Can you afford not to join the Internet’s premier antiquities and collectibles information service? Promote your company to a new global market rm tradition of baying world, Co excets of 1 million bi No distribution costs Inaretrmed iste aaa! oor shave been placed on our syitem your information can fr where in the world instantly via the Internet What is the cost? fos, which varies according to the quantity information you place on our 1ystem Advertisers do not need to have Internet access Only users of our For further information contact us on 0171 370 0400 e-mail: info@desiderata.com Desidgrata is a division of Corsellis~Montford Group Ple Tew Ctr http://www.desiderata.comturn, determines the time since the vessel's last usage. TL is a destructive test - one of the problems inherent in TL testing is that It cannot be repeated with the same sample since the test Itself resets the clock to zero. TL represents the release of energy In the form of electrons which have been stored or trapped in the defects of the lattice in the crystal, These electrons are available for trapping by expasure to tonizing radiation that occurs over time. Usually buried archaeological sherds are tested long with samples of the surtound ing soll to compare their radioactive decay, The age of the sample is deter. mined by dividing the archacologi cally acquired TL by the TL per unit dose of radiation multiplied by the annual dose from radioactive impurities There have been revolutionary ‘changes In all comrnonly used chem- jal and physical dating techniques in the last 40 years, particularly in relation to dating archaeological and hhuman remains, These newer meth ‘ods have led to the revised view of evolution as punctuated equllfbrlum Tong periods of stability with rela- lively litle change, punctuated by rapid major changes Prior to TL, Scientists could obtain chronometsic, of teal time dating, only In northern Europe using Varve ‘chronologies ~ counting and compar ing the sequences of annual sedi mentary layers in periglacial lakes. These have provided important chronometrie controls for the last 10,000 years in Scandinavia. In the south-west United States, den- Grochronology, or tree ring dating, hhas been used, and has provided temporal data fr the last two thou- sand years, Unfortunately, both ‘methods are only useful in very spe: cific regions and sometimes there are problems associating the datable materials with the archaeological finds Amongst dating methods, ther moluminescenee isin the thme place- ment ot ‘real time’ dating category Time placement methods use fixed rate processes such as nuclear decay to increment time, Relative place- ment methods employ variable rate processes such as chemical reactions to provide age estimates. Bach method has its starting or zero point for measurement, Potassium-argon, fission track, and TL methods all ‘tack time from the most recent heat {ng of the material being studied, Figure § represents the time ranges for the major physical dating methods. A solid line indicates rou tine capability and the dotted line more experimental techniques. Note Scientific Methods ig 3 Bronze standing Buddha, Khomer ‘eri, Cambodia Fig 4 Bronze head frm Benn’ early period that thermoluminescence has the largest range of any method shown. tis possible to date substances up to fone million years ol New procedures closely related to TI. ate Hlectron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Optical Stimulated Lumines cence (OSL). Both of these methods are similar to TI. in that they allow testing of the (rapped electron popu Iation of the sample but without applying heat. They can be used to date bone and shell which tends to ‘decompose when heated. They are nondestructive as they do not evict the electrons of the sample and ‘therefore allow repeated tests of the same sample (OSE, while still considered expeti- mental, usually agrees with the results from TL vests. In OSL, an intense light of narrow wavelength, rather than heat, is used to release the Tatent luminescence for measure: ment, which Is proportional to the age of the sample, The electrons ae evicted with photons rather than heat, and can be applied a number of times to the same materials without seriously depleting luminescence. Using TL, there is no opportunity to replicate the results on the same material, The newest optical dating uses {infrared irradiation to stimulate light emissions from quartz grains. This new development, used by Australian geologists to date ancient sand ‘dunes, has extended the age range of these procedures substantially, and the data correlate closely to Tl. find Ings. Again, because light, rather than heat is used, this fozm of testing ‘can be replicated on the same sam ples, providing solutions for the Aestructive procedure of TL tests There are a number of problems inherent in TL testing. Because radio carbon dating is simple, relatively Inexpensive, and widely available, it remains first choice in archaeological dating, where there are suitable organic remnants, TL, on the other hand, requires meastrement of sev- eral qualities which creates greater uncertainties in the outcome. It depends heavily on localised condi. tions, often requiring soil samples of the site area for comparative pur poses, It s also expensive. Depending fon the amount of sampling, the costs vary from one hundred US dollars to several thousands. Also, a sample should be five millimeters thick ‘because the outside layer is subject to fading (loss of luminescence) and needs to be removed prior to testing, MINERVA 45OO Scientific Methods ‘The test is destructive, ‘meaning It cannot be replicated, but the sam- ple is also literally estroyed ~ itis crushed and separated into dif Tring grain sizes, a seri fous consideration when dating a priceless ceramic vessel. ‘The appearance of ron-radiation produced Juminescence (spurious luminescence) 1s prob- lematic as it can distort test results. Anomalous fading, or the loss of trapped light that occurs during storage, and the differing moisture con- tent of samples can also affect results, However, these problems can be compensated for in the ig 5. Time ranges forthe major physica dating methods. laboratory setting. Radioactive dis- Anne Handberry isan Tnsiuctor at California State Univers, Fullerton, ands curently working on Central “American ceramics from Yarumela, Honduras. ‘equilibrium, of the 1oss of radium i the sample, may disqualify the sam- ple for TL testing. Minerals can be Teached out by ground-water at the sile, and there Is no way to compen- sate for this problem, Ceramics need to have been Laboratory Ralf Kotalla sine 1979 Thermoluminescence-method for all kinds of fired clay Please contact me for a detailed information brochure Kitaing 2,D-72401 Fagesoch, Germany ‘els 49- 7414-95 460. Fax: 49~ 7474-95 36 10 Mobile: 49-171 6228521 E-mail: kotalla@gbe.de internet - Furofiletransfer 07474953616 hupdiwww.gbe.de/kotalla ) CLASSICAL NUMISMATIC GROUP Incirprating SEABY COINS 14 04d nond Steet london W1X 3D Call som 0171495 1858, fora complimentary Classical Numismatic review ax 0171459 5916, hheated to 500°C, to have driven out the original luminescence, in order to ‘obtain accurate dates. If they were originally fied at 4 lower temperature they fre ineligible for TL testing. The following are exam- ples of some of the contem- porary uses of TL testing. Fig { shows early California, coastal ceramic sherds found in the Irvine area and the Little Harbor area of Catalina. The sites were previously radiocarbon dated at 2000 to 6000 BC, Dut TL testing showed the pot sherds to be much younger, and experts have now revised their views of the arrival of ceramic forms in California, The infusion, fof ceramics from the south- ‘west via the southern Great Basin and Colorado River Is now viewed as a separate and comparatively recent phenomena ~ AD 1000, ‘The Nok culture of Nige- ria has tong been an African enigma. Because of thelr early Iron smelting, techniques, they were probably very influential in shaping the African past, ‘yet their sites seem to have Femained isolated from ‘each other, Carbon-14 dat- ing of their smelting fur MINERVA 46 +—-—___- races has placed them from the ninth to first conturies BC. The Nok are also renowned for their terracotta sculptures (Fig 2) which have come from widely scattered areas often with no provenance. The TL dating fof a large cross-section of these sculp tures proved that the culture contin- ued until AD $00. TI. has proved ‘what archaeologists had suspected ~ the Nok had a long, consistently influential, and highly technical tra- dition. ‘TL dating of bronze sculptures is possible because ancient bronzes were usually made using clay ‘moulds, and the bronzes often con- tain remnants of this casting core hidden in tiny crevices. This clay, having been heated in the casting process, can be dated using thermo: luminescence. Fig 3, the bronze standing figure of Buddha, is stylisti- cally of the Khmer period in Cambo- dla, and because of its similarity in modelling to Angkor Wat temple carvings, was originally dated to the first half of the twelfth century AD. ‘Thitesting of a core sample dated it at AD 1080'+ of 110 years. In this case, the piece was found to be older than originally believed. The African princess in Fig 4 is @ bronze head from Benin’s early period. This plece is from a private collection with no provenance, and ‘was stylistically placed in Benin’s carly period because of its simple, realistic appearanee. It is known thelr art cetained this style until the arsivat fof the Portuguese and missionaries ‘ereated great upheaval within their society. TL dating confirmed this, occurrence at AD 1500 + or - $8 years. In summary, thermoluminescence testing has considerable accuracy when properly applied to sultable materials, and the newer permuta- tions of ESR and OSI. hold even more promise, This means contemporary archaeologists and art historians how have at their disposal an {nereasing number of physical dating methods developed by colleagues in the physical sciences. Art objects that can be accurately dated give us a much clearer picture of related technologies and history. TL can pro- vide authentication for art collectors. In archaeology, increased accuracy ‘of chronological dating methods has brought up questions for considera- tion that have not been previously addressed. These broadened con- cerns about environment, technol ogy and ecology can now be pinpointed more accurately In the recovery of evidence about human development. TL will play an Increasingly significant role in these discoveriesOF MUMMIES AND MEDICINE Egyptian Medicine, by John Nunn. British Museura Press, London, 1996, 240pp, 80 ills. HB £28. Disease, by Joyce Filer, British Museum Press (Esyplian Bookshelp), London, 1996, 112pp, fonts, 8 co. pl, 68 tus, PB £9.99, Unwrapping a Mummy: The Life, Death and Embalming of Horemken- esi, by John H. Taylor, British Museum ress (Eeyptian Bookshel), London, 1996, 111pp fonts, 8 cop, 66 is PB £9.99, These three titles published close together from the British Museum Press ‘stable’ have made extremely valuable contributions to the litera ture on ancient Egyptian medicine, mummies and the information that ccan be gathered from their proper ‘examination. Dr John Nunn’s Egypt jan Maticne is a monument of schol- arship and by far the best book available on the subject, and it will remain so for the foreseeable future. Books on ancient Egyptian medicine fall into two major categories: either written by Egyptologists struggling to understand medical ancl clinical pro= cedures based on the papyri and ‘visual evidence of the mummies, or by a medic tying to work the formula the other way, from thelr medical knowledge trying to set it into an, at LUmes, incomprehensible ancient ltet- ature. Neither have been very success- ful but now the Impossible has happened ~ an author with an impec- cable medical background who is also an Egyptologist and especially conver- sant with the papyrilogical texts and the substantive material remains The initial chapters put ancient gyptian medicine into context, fest by looking at the land of Egypt ise, its geography and history in relation to food and its production, nutri- tional elements and, in such a society (based on the evidence of the musm- mies) the average life expectation which, in the Dynastic period Is around 36 years, with the occasional texceptions reaching the 6D mak, Nat urally, royalty with their better nutri- tional and habitat situation can be expected to exceed these figures; Indeed, both Pepi Tr and Ramesses Tl lived into their nineties (the former fon inscriptional evidence, the latter ‘rom his mummy). Chapter Two, on the medical papysi, is absolutely invaluable, Nowhere else in English will the reader find such an overview and authoritative discussion of the 14 principal medical papyst (four of ‘them have no English translation at Book Reviews all available). Dr Nunn’s mastery of the literature is well evidenced in his cominentary on the contents of the ‘magisterial Grundriss der Medizin der alter Agypter (I volumes, 1954-73) ‘Seven subsequent chapters take the reader carefully and cogently through the concepts of anatomy, pattem of disease, magic and religion, the heal: crs, drugs therapy, surgery and spe- cialised branches of medicine. All the while the ancient papyri sources are assessed, compared and contrasted with each other and interpreted in the light of modern medical knowl! ledge. As Dr Nun points out, there fs an element of magic and superstition present in the medical papyss, out Tandlish recipes and recommendations for cuees ancl the wheat has, literally, 1o be separated from the chaff. Doce tors were well respected In ancient Egypt, even if nowadays we cannot be sure from some of their titles exactly where their expertise lay. A most interesting concordance of known doctors (swnw) lists 150 people (including some anonymous cita tions) known from the Okt Kingdom dovin to the Late Period, ‘Ata different level and with a dif- erent approach, Joyce Filer, who Is Special Assistant for Human Remains in the Department of Egyptian Antiquities at the British Museum, in hher book Disease has taken the broad spectrum of human ailments as reflected in the abundant physical evidence from ancient Egypt and Nubia, She sets details of diet and domestic arrangements in their Egypt Jan envieonment, showing how from the Predynastic Period to eatly Chiist- lan times, dtsease and ill-health was a constant threat that had to be met by whatever means was available to the aifcted, be it by medicine or magi. Her chapters on the envionment and the soutces of the evidence give an excellent base from which to begin to lunderstand congenital and acquired disorders, tums, and dental health The latter topic especially has been the source of much controversy in the literature, ranging from the fist pos- tulated dentist, Hesi-Re, in the Thied Dynasty to the fact that the teeth of some of the royal mummies, espe- cially those of Amenophis Il, are in sich bad condition that they argue silently against there having been any ental provision. (The detailed analy- sis of this argument will be found in Dr Nunn’s book mentloned above.) The short history of modern tech- nology, ranging from the early nine. teenth-century public unwrapping of ‘mummies to X-rays, xeroradiography, CTrscanning, and the use of the endo- scope, illusteate how knowledge of ancient diseases, their cause and cffet, has leapt ahead alongside mod: MINERVA 47 crn research techniques, This book is an excellent hors d’ocuvres to Dr Nunn’s indepth study for those who would pursue the detail of matters ‘medical, and avery readable introduc: tory overview for those interested in Egyptology requiring some back ground without belng overpowered by scientific details and argument. Alter disease can come death and, if the deceased is of appropriate sta- tus, murmmification. Dr John Taylor's Univvapping @ Mummy is almost an official dossier of file on the life, work, and end of Horemkenesi, an Egyptian priest and official who lived in Thebes 3000 years ago, The ‘mummy itself is preserved in the Brs- tol Museum and its unsirapping in 1981 was pat of a programme cartied coat to combat advancing decomposi- tion observed in the mummy. For ‘once there was detailed Information available of the find, in 1904/5 at Deir el Bahari, and the mummy being teeded to the excavators, the Pgypt Exploration Society, which subse {quently allocated it to Bristol Museum for supporting the fieldwork. Horemkenest was an official of some standing in 21st Dynasty Thebes (¢. 1000 BC), a scribe and a priest Involved in rituals at both ‘Medinet Habu (the mortuary temple ff Ramesses I) and the main temple fof Amun at Kamnak. This information comes from texts on his coffin and ‘mummy wrappings and six rock- inscribed graffith in the Theban area, This has enabled Dr Taylor to utilise the results of the original examina tion of the mummy, his own noted ‘expertise on coffins, and the known eyptological background to present a fascinating and detailed account that looks at ancient Egypt in the eleventh century BG, the life and work of a Theban official, and the religious beliefs and practices of the period From here he moves to the unwrap ping of the mummy and the details of Horemkenes’s embalming. Then, to the ultimate ~ reconstructing the man himself, his physical characteristics (noting the heavy blow in life that had fractured his nasal bone and made his nose slightly twisted), to the faclal reconstruction based on the cast of the original skull. An ancient gyptian prayer runs ‘Speak my name that I may live’ ~ John Taylor has cer- tainly done more than that for Horemkenesi in a fascinating account that brings his life and death to life Peter A. Clayton Book reviews continue on page SSInternational Association of Dealers in Ancient Art GALERIE GUNTER PUHZE Ancient Art it — rz ww 17 Sheet-gold fragments embossed with gods and symbols. Ptolemaic. Height: 14cm -5.1em. Ex. collection Monnier, before Kélékian and H.C.Parker Send for our current catalogue Stadtstr. 28, D - 79104 Freiburg, Germany Tel: 49-761-25476 Fax: 49-761-26459International Association of Dealers in Ancient Art NTIKEN-KABINETT eer tenret cad Cerna Ciaest PUB eta Telephone: 0049-69-51 9015 Fax: 0049 - 69 - 519026Drea Teta Lele RU a ee ee ee eo GALLERIA SERODINE Classical Antiquities An Attic Black-figure Amphora. 2nd half of the 6th Century B.C. Height 30.5 cm Vic. S. Pietro 9 -CH-6612 Ascona » Tel.091/791.18.61 Fax. 091/791.28.20International Association of Dealers in Ancient Art DONATI ARTE CLASSICA Near Marble relief, 72x45 cm CH 6900 LUGANO, VIA NASSA 3 FAX/TEL. 091 923 38 54SORT ee Ras tee nee eRe ee rae a Ne RAce “ARCHAEOLOGIE We have a reputation as buyers and sellers of fine Classical, Egyptian and Near Eastern Antiquities. We guarantee authenticity and discretion! We also aim at broadening our contacts with the new generation of collectors. Feel confident of sending us your list of “wants”. ‘We will supply you with photos and informa MICHAEL G. PETROPOULOS Ziivichbergstrasse 26 ay CH - 8032 Ziirich yy BSS switzerland An extremely scarce, sizable and perfect Tel, +41 1 252 06 20 * Fax +41 1282 06 26 Artie black glazed aryballos. Barly 5th Century BC ‘Size: 1:1 orn Veiner CHARLES EDE LTD GREEK, ROMAN, EGYPTIAN and NEAR EASTERN ANTIQUITIES Roman bronze Lar figure Eee erty Please send for a free catalogue Pee Dae Ancient Art Kunsthandel M. Zilverberg 20 BROOK STREET, LONDON W1Y LAD TEL: 0171 493 4944. FAX: 0171 491 2548 Re aac PNG roca hy' Drege rete ma ee rea ad Greek, Etruscan, Roman, Egyptian and Near Eastern Antiquities Old Master Prints and Drawings Classical Coins Prints & Photographs of Egypt Para Te moa De eM ee Cy Oe ra Uren our 64 page catalogue illustrating 264 objects CON ee ere SHO Bee SL aL Res ee er a ets 153 East 57tb Street, New York, NY 10022 PIP Se Wee ee ey ee ed rd eae ea eee Roce Xa eR eS eae) Re Cee airy) Cer eee THE ANCIENT COIN MARKET Roman gold brings strong prices at Hirsch auction. Eric J. McFadden reports. oman gold has brought lofty price of the sale was pald for an from the German dealer Peus against prices in the last year or two extremely rare gold aureus of Aheno: an estimate of DM7,S00, despite the 2 few well-heeled collec: barbus, the admiral of Marc Ani fact that the coin was pierecd, An tors have competed for the (Bg 1). Tis plece was only the se hhureus of Pertinax Sold to the Gee best pieces, This series has always rine example of the type to tan dealer Mnzen und had is alfore. Even in Roman times, be offered publicly since the war and Stutgan for D ld coins were often mounted in hada lengthy podignee going back t estimate of D Magnificent jewellery for display by the Imhoot-lumer collection, Fst Gold of the later ernie was al the wealthy” In this century, great inated at DM100,000, it sold after ¢ strong. The highlight of the thitd Collection’ of Roman gold were spirited bidding to the Amesican Centuty offerings was a high quality formed by the likes of LP. Morgan sical Numismatic Group rus of Saloninus, » great tant and Enrico Caruso. The serious 0 pi(el-2.665 DM.) i " in exis nuh as ever stan estimate of DNIT8,000. A Myeitandel for DM9S,000, the se Hirsch Auction 193, held in headed piece of Antony and ond highest price ofthe sale. Arar Mur sted a Octavian, estimated at DM15,000, MEL Goldaureus aureus of Claudits Gothicus, th cell oman’ go rian dealer Kank apahenbinbss, Sng known of its type and the only the collection at BMZL DOO, against am estmave ot POM —SEractve sureu of the shoei interest. The general opinion prior to DM35,000, going to Classical Numi nears usurper Julian of Pannonia, esti: ‘optimist but nevertheless the coins the daughter of Titus and wife of her opening price of BM Brought good prices. The highest uncle Domitian, brought DMI2,S00 mmission bidder MINERVASPECIALIZING IN Greek & Roman Art Rate Oversized Romano-Brish Cup circa 3rd Century AD Complimentary catalog on request Variety of reference books available Gallery hours by appointment www.fragments.gosite.com FRAGMENTS OF TIME Attn: John Ambrose P.O. 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Publishing 2Hampion Court Road, 12 Issues (2 Year) INERVA 30 Issues (5 Years) 877 £87 24 Issues (4 Years) 864 £72 £72 or US $118 £92 or US $150 £87 or US $144 £110 or US $180 Circle the subscription rate you require lease print all details clearly in block capitals Enclosed £/US § cheque value. Expiry date SEND TO: Minerva 14 Old Bond Street London W1X 3DB Tel: 0171 495 2590 Fax: 0171 491 1595 or 153 East 57th Street, New York NY 10022 USA Tel: (212) 355 2034 Fax: (212) 688 0412| Book Reviews Roman London by Gustav Milne. Batsfnd/Englsh Heritage, London. 128 pp. 80 b/w illus, 12 col ps. PB £14 99, One of the most useful series to have been published in recent years Is that by Batsford/English Heritage covering sites, buildings and historical periods. This book fits neatly {nto that format, but, as so much has been published on Roman London already, the full ttle of the book Is more Informative. This is the English Heritage Book of Roman Lon- don: Urban archaeology inthe natlon’s capital. Gustav Milne ‘was a founder member in 1974 of the Museum of London's Department of Urban Archaeology and therefore has an intimate knowledge of a variety of site discovered over the last twenty years, including the urban waterfront and the forum-basilica, His book on The Par of Roman London (Bats ford, 1988) gave a detailed account of an hitherto uunkriown aspect of Londinium, This book summarises the work of the DUA, as well as Indicating the potential for further excavation; in fact one of the problems relating to London is that its archaeolog cal wealth isso great that only a fraction can be excavated before the developers move in. That being so its fitting £0 have a chapter paying tribute to those who fought hard to preserve the antiquities and sites of Roman London. ‘Archaeologists owe an enormous debt to C. Roach smith, whose premises were bulldozed by the Corporation fof London as part ofa toad widening scheme, a petty act of revenge for his criticism of the lack of interest in preserva- tion, Ivor Noel-Hume almost singlehandedly recorded the remains exposed in the bombed city. It is impossible not 0 regret the lost opportunities for excavation as a result of the devastation caused by the Luftwaffe. The photograph ‘of WE. Grimes at the temple of Mithras is @ reminder of hhow Londoners queued patiently to see the remains of another age The book begins with a chapter on the fourteen direct documentary references to the City. Even if this Is a book for the general reader, itis a pity that more detailed refer- ences to these sources are not given. After a brief look at hhow data Is recorded, the main part of the book is devoted to evidence for the development of the city, with selective consideration of the latest discoveries, such as the amphitheatre and the forum. There is some useful discus: sion on the type of structure and the site of the bridge Crossing the Thames, and a reconsideration of the evidence ‘demoting the so-called ‘Governors Palace. ‘A chapter on rebuilding Londinium provides a fascinat ing insight into how 3dimensional models have allowed re-interpretation of excavation records, Chapters on animal bones and objects relating to those who lived in Lon dinium are what might be called ‘archaeological tasters tuying to provide a picture of animal and human life in what has always been the most Important city in Britain. Some of the imaginative coloured drawings aso help to do this This book is no substitute for the pioneer works of Ralph Merrifield, in The Roman City of Landon (Benn 1965) and London, City of the Romans (Batsford 1983), and Peter ‘Marscen, Roman London (Taames and Hudson 1983). Yet re-reading those books indicates what gaps there were in the history of the city, when they were written. The pre sent book summarises succinctly what has been revealed in the City between 1973 and 1991. It should be readin con: junetion with the recent refurbishment of the Komano- Biltish galleries in the Museum of London (see Minerva July/August 1996, pp.55-58). Joan P. Alcock, South Bank University, London ROMAN GRONZE APPLIQUE OF THIE HEAD OF A GORGON, stand CENTURY AD. 930m WIDE, 9.7em HICH. RUPERT WACE ANCIENT ARI. 107 JERMYN STREET LONDON SWIY 6EE TEL: 0171 495 1623 FAX: 0171 930 7310 MINERVA SS