LICH s a - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU

NHU'NG NHflN TO TRC DONG DN SU CRN THICP CUn MV VnO HV LHP

TirSflUNnA/\1947
PGS.TS. Dao Tuan Thanh
Ha Thj Hue
Khoa Lich sw - Bai hpc Sir pham Ha Npi
1. Dat van de
Trong sudt tien trinh lich sir ciia minh,
ban dao Bancang ludn chiu sir chi phdi va tac
ddng manh me eiia eae cudng qudc chau Au.
Ngay khi Chien tranh the gidi thir Hai chua
ket thiic, mdt trat tu the gidi da dan hinh
thanh - Trat tu hai cue lanta (Yalta). Viec
tranh gianh va phan chia khu vuc anh hudng
sau ehien tranh giira cac cudng qudc ndng
edt ciia khdi Ddng minh chdng phat xit ciing
da dien ra (Lien Xd, Anh va My). Thuc trang
nay da tac ddng tdi ban dao Bancang. Theo y
kien cua Barbara Jelavich, mdt ehuyen gia
ngudi My chuyen nghien cim ve lieh sir ban
dao Bancang thi "do sic thieu vdng bdt cii
mpt thda thuan ndo trudc chien tranh, cdu
triic chinh tri cita ede qudc gia Ddng Au vd
Trung Au se dugc quyet dinh bdi lice lugng
chiem ddng"\ Ngay tir thang 4 nam 1945,
ngudi dimg dau Lien Xd Stalin da khang
dinh vdi Tito - nha lanh dao Nam Tu sau nay
- rang: "Cude chien tranh ndy khac vdi cae
cude ehien tranh trudc day; bdt cic ai chiem

ddng mpt viing lanh thd se tie dp ddt dugc he

thdng xd hpi cita minh. Bdt eu ai cung cd the
dp dgt duge he thdng xd hpi ciia minh d
nhieng nai md qudn dpi eiia minh thiet lap
dugc quyen kiem sodt. Khdng the khde nhu
vgy" . Trong sudt the ky XIX den tan nam
1947, anh hudng va sir chi phdi cua Anh ddi
vdi ban dao Bancang ndi chung va Hy Lap mdt qudc gia nam phia nam ban dao
Bancang - ndi rieng la rat Idn. Ngay tir thang
12 nam 1944'', Chinh phii Anh da quyet dinh
thuc thi nhieu bien phap nham tiep tuc duy
tri anh hudng d Hy Lap, nhat la trong bdi
canh Dang Cdng san d cac qudc gia lang
gieng vdi Hy Lap d phia bac (Bungari,
Anbani, Nam Tu) dang tang cudng anh
hudng va kiem soat dugc chinh quyen. De cd
the tiep tuc duy tri uu the ndi trdi cua minh d
Dia Trung Hai, Anh quyet tam bien Hy Lap
trd thanh eir diem cd vai trd quan trpng hang
dau. Vi vay, Anh da theo ddi sat sao mpi
dien bien tren chinh trudng ciia Hy Lap, trg
giiip Hy Lap khdi phuc lai cac the ehe tai
chinh, he thdng tu phap va chinh tri, eiing

' Barbara Jelavich, Istoria Baealnilor secolului al

XX-lea (Lieh sir Bancang thi ky XX), Vien Chau Au,
lasi, 2000, trang 273 (tieng Rumani).

2 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 273.

3 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 277.

Qlltuntf. nhdn

t(% tde

43

itfutg^.

nhu thuc hien mdt sd du an nhim khic phuc

nghia sdng cdn ddi vdi nude My" . Vay, dieu

hau qua chien tranh, han gan nen kinh te. Dai

gi da khiln My thay ddi thai dp ddi vdi Hy

dien cho the luc ciia Anh chinh la tudng

Lap tir sau Chiln tranh the gidi thii Hai? Vi

Scobie va Dai sir R. Leeper, hp la nhiing

sao My lai quyet dinh can du ngay cang sau

ngudi ed anh hudng rat Idn "ho da dicgc hdi

vao ndi tinh ciia Hy Lap? Phai chang su phan

y kien ve viee thdnh lap tdt ed 8 chinh phii

chia anh hudng giiia cac cudng qudc trong

ndm quyen d Hy Lgp tie thdng 01 ndm 1945

trat tu hai cue lanta va tham vpng ciia My va

den thdng 04 ndm 1946""^. Ndi ve sir can Lien Xd deu cd lien quan chat che ddi vdi
thiep ciia Anh ddi vdi chinh trudng Hy Lap,

nhirng sir kien xay ra d Hy Lap sau nam

cd y kien eho rang "Cho den ndm 1947,

1945. Trong khudn khd cua bai viet nay,

chinh phu Anh da etc, edch chiec Thit tiedng,

chiing tdi mudn gdp phan lam sang td nhiing

coi Hien phdp cht Id edi binh phong. Cdc

eau hdi tren.

chuyen gia Anh dua ra moi quyet dinh lien

quan den Chinh sdch kinh te, chinh sdch

2. Nhii'ng nhan to tac dong den su can

thiep eiia My vao Hy Lap tir sau nam 1947

phdng thit vd ddi ngogi, an ninh, tu phdp, vd

cd vdn de cua cdc cdng dodn, that nghiep" .

Sau nam 1945, nhung bien ddi to Idn

van de dat ra la tai sao Anh lai khdng tiep

ciia tinh hinh the gidi da cd tac dpng khdng

tuc thao tiing ddi sdng kinh te, chinh tri cua

nhd tdi muc dp quan tam ciia My tdi Hy Lap.

Hy Lap tir sau nam 1947, ma th"ay the cho

Trude tien, do ehinh la sic cdng (hdng,

anh hudng eiia Anh lai la anh hudng cua

ddi ddu trong quan he giira Lien Xd vd

My?; Dau la nhirng ly do can ban/nhan td

My. Sau Chien tranh the gidi'thii Hai, My

chii yeu khien eho My, vdn chu y it den Hy

vuon len trd thanh cudng qude hung manh

Lap quyet dinh can thiep manh me vao qude

nhat trong the gidi Tu ban chii nghTa, day

gia Nam Au nay? -Sau Chien tranh the gidi

manh viec hien thuc hda muu do ba chu the

thii Hai (1939 - 1945), thai dp cua My da cd

gidi eiia minh. Tuy nhien, My cd mgt ddi

su thay ddi, tir chd khdng tim thay Igi ich

trgng la Lien Xd. Dudi anh hudng va vdi su

eiia minh d khu vuc nay, den chd "coi Hy

trg giiip tich cue ciia Lien Xd, d Trung va

Lgp la mpt qude gia cd tdm quan trong cd y

Ddng Au, hang loat nha nudc dan chu nhan

dan da duge thanh lap dudi su lanh dao eiia
cac Dang Cdng san. Ben canh dd, su suy yeu

" Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 277.

5 C. M. Woodhouse, The Struggle for Greece, 19411949, Hart-Davis, MacGibbon, London, 1979, trang
149.
* Ban dao Bancang noi chung va Hy Lap noi rieng,
cho dgn truoc khi Chign tranh thS gioi thu Hai kk
thiic chua thu hiit dugc su quan tam ciia IVIy. My rk it
can thiep vao khu vuc nay, chu yeu la do chii nghTa
biet lap My va viec My danh su chii y nhieu hon din
khu vuc Chau A - Thai Binh Duong. _

eiia ehinh phii tu san d cae nudc Tay Au va

vai trd ciia nhirng ngudi Cdng san d Phap,
Italia ciing thuc sir la mdt m.di lo ngai vdi

Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment

Greece during the Cold War, Pennsylvania State
University Press, U.S., 1989, trang 63.

44

NGHIEN COU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N02 n 2 5 ) . 2 0 n

My. Sau chiln tranh, Lien Xd mong mudn

cdng sdn - nhu quan niem eiia phuong Tay -

tao ra mdt viing dem chien luge bao quanh

ed thi nhin thiy ro rang chinh tir nhiing

bien gidi eiia minh. Nhirng nudc lang gieng

phong trao each mang xa hdi dudi anh sang

phia Bic ciia Hy Lap diu trd thanh ddng

ciia chii nghTa Mae. Dang Cdng san Hy Lap

minh ciia Lien Xd va Hy Lap la qude gia

(KKE) ra ddi tir rit sdm, ngay tir nam 1918.

Bancang duy nhit "khdng bi ddng hda trong

Trong nhirng nam giira hai cude chien tranh

khdi Xd Viit thdi ki phdi thai"^. Ddi vdi cac

thi gidi Dang Cdng san Hy Lap ludn tich

nudc phuong Tay, Hy Lap la mdt bd phan

cue nang cao vi the chinh tri ciia minh. Tii'

cua vanh dai chiln luge, trong do bao gdm

nam 1945, Dang Cdng san Hy Lap la chinh

ca Thd NhT Ky va Iran. Khu vue nay khdng

dang manh nhat d Hy Lap .

ehi quan trpng vdi nhiing suy tinh chien

Sir troi day ciia phong trao du kich do

luge, ma cdn bdi vi nd la vimg dem bao ve

Dang Cong san Hy Lap lanh dao da dugc

eae viing diu md d Trung Ddng. Do cd vi tri

diy nhanh hon sau chien tranh, va nd trd

quan trpng nhu vay nen cac nude phuong

thanh mdi ban tam Idn cho chinh quyen tu

Tay tim mpi each dl kiem soat Hy Lap, Thd

san Hy Lap va cac ddng minh ciia nd d

NhT Ki va Iran^.

phuang Tay. Vao thang 4/1946, lire lugng du

Viec Anh va My tang cudng sir hien

kieh da cd khoang 950 ngudi, thang 5 la

dien ve quan su va can thiep vao ddi sdng

1300 ngudi, thang 6 la 2700 ngudi. Cho tdi

chinh trudng ciia Hy Lap ciing da gap phai

thang 12/1946, eon sd da tang len 9.285

su phan ling cua Lien Xd. Ngay 21/1/1946,

ngudi'''. cae nhdm du kich, trong mdt sd

Andrej Vishinsky, dai dien ciia Lien Xd d

trudng hgp hoat dpng mdt each dpc lap vdi

Lien Hgp Qudc da td cao su hien dien ciia

nhiing chi thi ciia Dang Cdng san, thuc hien

quan dpi nudc ngoai tren lanh thd Hy Lap -

hang tram hoat dpng thanh edng chdng lai

mdt dat nudc khdng cd chien tranh - da tao

Chinh phii va lire lupng ban quan sir eanh

ra mdi de dpa cho hda binh ciia khu vuc .

hiiu''*. Chinh thuc trang nay da khien cho

Mac dii Lien Xd khdng can thiep vao cdng

phuong Tay ndi chung va My ndi rieng lo sg

viec ndi bd ciia Hy Lap", nhung mdi de doa

^ Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 61.
' Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62.
' Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62.
' I Trong thap nien 40 cua thg ky XX, Nam Tu lai la
qu6c gia c6 anh huong va vai tro a Hy Lap Ion hon ca
Lien Xo. Dg trg giiip cho Dang Cong san Hy Lap,
Nam Tu da cho phep nhung nguai Cong san Hy Lap
CO thg tu do qua lai duong bign gioi giu;a hai nuoc.
Ben canh do. Nam Tu con thanh lap nhigu trai huan

luyen nSm bgn trong lanh tho ciia nuoc nay nham
giiip da nhung du kich Hy Lap, tham tri ca huan luyen
quan su cho ho. Phai dgn thang 7 nam 1949, nha lanh
dao Nam Tu Tito mai ra lenh dong cua bign gioi, cat
dut duong tigp tg ciia luc luong du kich canh ta do
Dang Cong san Hy Lap lanh dao (Ngu6n: Barbara
Jelavich,'^^^', trang 278, 284).
'2 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 278.
'3 Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 62.
''t Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopn-ent
Greece during thp Cnld War '^M trano 67

Qlkdnq, nhdn to^tde itettg..

45

Hy Lap se khd diing viing trudc su lan tran

eae khoan tham hut ngan sach tang len miic

eiia chii nghTa cdng san.

khiing khiep: tir chi cd 4% trong nhung nam

Thi} hai, dd Id su khiing hodng trdm

1938 - 1939 len 7 1 % nhimg nam 1941 -

trong ve kinh te, chinh tri, xd hdi eiia Hy Lap

1942, 82% nhung nam 1942 - 1943 va 94%

sau ehien tranh da day nudc nay roi vao tinh

nhung nam 1943 - 1944'^ Thii tudng Hy

trgng hdn logn. Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai

Lap Tsaldaris da canh bao vdi cac ddng minh

cimg vdi su chiem ddng ciia quan dpi phat

phuang Tay cua Hy Lap trong mdt cude

xit va sir phong tda eua lire lugng ddng minh

phdng van tai Paris rang: "...Trie khi ddng

da de lai nhirng hau qua nang ne eho nen

drachma Hy Lgp dugc hd trg bdi ngudn vien

kinh te, ehinh tri, xa hdi Hy Lap. Ve kinh te:

trg tie Anh, Phdp, My, neu khdng nd se sup

Viee Dire yeu eau Hy Lap phai tra nhirng chi

do vdi hdu qud la tinh trgng Igm phdt tai

phi cho viec chiem ddng da dan den su sup

hgi" . Trong nhung nam 1945 -1947, tuy

dd khdng the cim van ciia tien te va toan bd

da cd su hd trg tir ben ngoai de giai quyet

nen kinh te''. Ca san lupng ndng nghiep va

van de khiing hoang eiia nen kinh te Hy Lap

cdng nghiep deu giam manh, co sd ha tang

nhung tinh hinh gan nhu khdng cd ehuyen

eiia he thdng giao thdng (sd dau may va toa

bien gi theo hudng tich cue. Den thang

xe lira, nhiing cay cau, ham dudng bd va

12/1946, toan bd san lupng edng nghiep udc

dudng sat, cac cang va kenh dao) bi tan pha

tinh van ehi dat mirc 67% mirc trudc chien

gan nhu toan bd'^. Sir chiem ddng eiia quan

tranh'^. Thu nhap qudc gia nam 1947 ehi dat

dpi phat xit Diic va hau qua tir sir phong tda

62,6% miic trudc chien tranh va thu nhap

ciia quan Ddng minh da tach Hy Lap khdi

binh quan dau ngudi dat 52,8 ddla My/nam

nhiing thi trudng qudc te quan trpng, dan den

(1947), so vdi miie 90 ddla My nam 1938

su mat mat ve doanh thu ciia ca xuat khau va

(do theo gia tri nam 1938). Ddng drachma

nhap khau. Hon niia, phat xit Diie cdn budc

mat

Hy Lap phai cung iing cho chiing luong thuc

20.000/bang Anh^. Gia ban le d Hy Lap

va nhiing nhu yeu pham can thiet, dua den

dugc ghi nhan tang len 100% vao nam 1946

tinh trang thieu luong thue va khan hiem

so vdi mire tang 30% trudc chiln tranh. Cac

hang hda. Ciing vdi nd la sir tham hut ngan

chi sd gia sinh hoat tai Athens da tang tir

gia tir

600/bang

Anh

rdt

xudng

sach khdng the tranh khdi trong thdi chien,

day Hy Lap vao nhirng khd khan Idn ve tai
chinh. Trong sudt nhiing nam chien tranh.
'^ Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 67.
'^ Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek
economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the
Truman Doctrine, University of Misouri Press,
Columbia, 2002, trang 39.

'^ Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek

economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the
Truman Doctrine, sdd, trang 41.
'8 Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 55.
" Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek
economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the
Truman Doctrine, sdd, trang 190.
20 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve, Background to
contemporary Greece, The Merlin Press, London,
1990, trang 55.

46

NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N02 (125).2011

19,0 nam 1945 len 145,2 vao nam 1946^'.

lugng ehinh tri dan din su thay ddi lien tuc

Du trii vang ciia Ngan hang trung uong Hy

ciia chinh phii. Kl tir khi kit thiie sir chiem

Lap ehi eon 4 trieu ddla My, du trir ddla ehi

ddng eua Due d Hy Lap thang 10 nam 1944

dat 150.000 ddla My. Mae dii Chinh phii

cho den nam 1946, ehinh phii da thay ddi 16

Anh da cho Hy Lap vay 2 trieu ddla vao

lan^''. Nhiing ehinh phii nay deu rat yeu kem,

thang 4/1947, nhung nd ciing khdng du de

cd mdt bd may "tham nhiing, khdng hieu

can bang han sir suy giam ve tai chinh eiia

qud, vd ngdy cdng mdt ldng ddn" ^. Su tranh

qudc gia Bancang nay . Su bat lire eiia cac

chap giiia canh ta va canh hiiu da dan den

chinh phii Hy Lap trong viec giai quyet

nhirng cude xung dot vii trang hon la hda

nhiing ddi hdi cap thiet nhat cua nen kinh

giai, quyet liet nhat la cude Ndi chien vdng

te da tao them trd ngai cho sir phuc hdi.

ba, bat dau tir nam 1946 va keo dai cho den

Khac vdi tinh trang ciia phan Idn cac qude

nam 1949. N exd hpi: Cude khiing hoang ve

gia chau Au, tinh hinh kinh te eiia Hy Lap

kinh te va chinh tri da keo theo nhirng bat dn

khdng nhiing khdng dugc cai thien khi chien

ve mat xa hdi. Sir thieu thdn ve ngudn luong

tranh cham dirt, ma ngugc lai ngay lai mdt

thuc, thuc pham da day ngudi dan Hy Lap

tdi te hon. Hau qua eua cude Chien tranh the

vao tinh trang thieu ddi. Ap lire ve ngudn

gidi thii Hai that nang ne. Ben canh 500.000

cung cap thi trudng chg den da day gia ca

ngudi tren tdng sd 7 trieu dan bi giet ,

vugt xa thu nhap ciia mdt cdng dan binh

nhiing ngudi sdng sdt ciing khdng cd mdt

thudng. Gia ca leo thang da dan tdi nhiing

cude sdng de chiu, ddi va ret day hp vao

sue ep khdng the tranh khdi ve tien

bude dudng cimg. Ve chinh tri, nhiing nam

luong. Ddi mat vdi nhiing siie ep dd, nhiing

cudi va sau Chien tranh the gidi thir Hai da

chinh phii bii nhin lien tiep da thue hien

chimg kien hang loat bat dn Idn d Hy

chinh sach cung cap viec lam va tien trg cap

Lap. Trong nhirng nam Hy Lap bi chiem

nhu mdt hinh thirc phuc Igi, khien cho bien

ddng, cd hai chinh phii dugc hinh thanh, dd

la chinh phii luu vong va chinh phii bii nhin
trong nudc. Chinh phii luu vong da khdng
kiem soat dugc tinh hinh chinh tri trong
nudc, nhieu lire lugng khang chien dugc
thanh lap vdi nhieu dudng hudng chinh tri
khac nhau, song Idn manh nhat la lire lugng

che nha nudc tang len mdt each dang bao

ddng. Do dd, cho tdi thang 11/1944, sd
lupng lao ddng nha nudc va ngudi dugc
hudng trg cap da tang len con sd la 72.000
va 117.000 (con sd tuong ung cho nhiing
nam 1938 - 1939 la 53.000 va 87.000).
Chinh phii ciing nhan trach nhiem cho hang

Cdng san. Cude dau tranh giiia cac lire

2' Jon.V. Kofas, Inten'ention and underdevelopment

- Greece during the Cold War, sdd, trang 55.
22 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve (1990), sdd, trang 55.
23 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 279.

2't Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An

examination of American 's first Cold War victory.
Center for Naval analyses, 2003, trang 6.
25 Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An
examination of American's first Cold War victoiy,
sdd, trang 6.

QVtunfj,

ithdn

te tde

47

itdtiq,.

nghin ca nhan trong tinh trang bi pha san va

trong cdng ddng cu dan ndng thdn, khien

ca nhiing ngudi cd kha nang roi vao tinh

khu vuc nay trd thanh manh dat mau md eho

trang chet ddi, do dd bd sung them 80.000

cac cude ndi day .

lao ddng va 55.000 ngudi nhan trg cap vao

Thic ba, su riit lui ciia Anh da tgo ra

bien che nha nudc. Tdng sd ca nhan true tiep

khodng trdng quyen lice a Hy Lgp. Tuy Anh

nhan hd trg ciia nha nudc nhu vay da tang tir

da can thiep vao cae van de ciia Hy Lap

141.000 trude chiln tranh len 324.000^^

trong sudt hon 130 nam, song vao nam 1945,

Trong tat ea nhirng ngudi ed tien luong,

sir can du ciia Anh bi kim ham bdi nhieu vat

cdng chirc la nhirng ngudi bi anh hudng Idn

can Idn, lam tieu tan mpi tham vpng va tinh

nhat bdi lam phat. Cude dau tranh de duy tri

toan ciia Anh. Anh budc ra khdi cude chien

mirc sdng tdi thieu dua den sir sao nhang

tranh vdi su ngheo ddi va gan nhu pha san.

trach nhiem va sir tham nhiing thudng

De duy tri cude chien tranh, 36% vdn tu ban

xuyen. Ket qua la, nha nudc dan sir Hy Lap

cua Anh d nudc ngoai da phai ban trong

sau chien tranh d trong tinh trang tdi te hon

nhiing nam 1939 - 1945, va chi tieu 33% du

bat cir thdi gian nao trudc dd. Vdi con sd

trii vang. Gia tri xuat khau da giam den 40%

khdng Id trong bien che nha nudc, hau het

mirc trude chien tranh . Mac dii cd chuang

ngudi lao ddng khdng cd viee de lam va chi

trinh vay mugn va cac thda thuan khac, song

nhan tien luong. Ti le that nghiep da tang

tdng can can thanh toan eiia Anh trong sudt

11% trong khu vuc dd thi trong nhirng nam

thdi gian ehien tranh van tham hut tdi 10 ti

1945 - 1947^^. Ddi vdi nhirng ngudi cd viec

bang Anh, dua tdi nhirng khoan ng qudc te

gi dd de lam, hp thue hanh cdng viec it hang

tri gia hon 3,5 ti bang Anh vao eudi nam

hai hon. Vao cudi thang 7/1947, thdi gian

1945. Day la mdt khoan ng Idn nhat trong

lam viee trung binh mdt tuan la 25 tieng. Do

lich sir, vugt xa bat cir nhiing gi phat sinh

dd, rat nhieu ngudi lao ddng da dimg tat ea

trong bat cii eugc chien nao khae ma Anh

phuang tien de lam tang sd tien luong it di

tham gia, va du trir vang va ddla chi cdn 600

eiia hp. Tinh trang tham nliiing tran lan va

trieu bang . Chinh phu London bat dau dam

kieu kiem tien bang mpi each da gay sir bat

phan vdi Washington cho mdt khoan vay vao

man Idn trong xa hdi. Cude sdng eiia ngudi

thang 9/1945 va da dat duge mdt thda thuan

dan sdng d ndng thdn va mien mii vdn da

vao cudi nam nay. Khoan vay nay la 3,75 ti

khd khan lai cang them khdn cimg. Su ddi

ddla, mien lai suat cho nam nam dau tien va

ngheo, mit ve sinh va gia tang sir bat binh

lai hang nSm la 12% cho nam muoi nam tiep

26 Athanasios Lykogiannis, Britain and the Greek

economic crisis 1944-1947: From Liberation to the
Truman
Doctrine,
University of Misouri Press,
Columbia, 2002, trang 4 5 .
27 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve (1990), Background to
^Q,,(^,^op/ii-v Crpprp sdd- trans 55.
, ,,

28 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 2 7 9 .

29 Jon.V. Kofas, sdd, trang 51.
30 Athanasios Lykogiannis, sdd, trang 78.

48

NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N02 (125).2011

theo^'. Nhiing van de kinh te Idn trong nudc

thang 3 nlu My khdng chia se ganh nang vdi

va sir

thay ddi nhanh chdng trong ddi

hp". Trong nira diu nam 1947, ngudi Anh

sdng chinh tri (sir that bai dang kinh ngae

eat giam su hien dien quan sir eiia hp d Hy

ciia Dang Bao thii ciia Churchill), da lam

Lap tir 15.000 ngudi xudng cdn 5.000

giam bdt sire manh kinh te va quan sir ciia

ngudi . Sye rut lui cita Anh tgo ra mpt

Anh d nudc ngoai. Anh khdng cdn dii kha

khodng trdng quyen lice vd ciing lan a khu

nang de giii' vi the ciia mdt cudng qudc de

vice ndy, la ea hdi eho Lien Xd md rpng

qudc va duy tri nhirng vi tri chien luge tren

phgm vi dnh hudng cita minh, vd day thuc sic

toan the gidi cua minh, chdng lai nhiing

la dieu khien My gia tdng sir lo nggi.

thach thirc ciia Lien Xd. Dieu dang chii y la

trude khi Hpc thuyet Truman dugc cdng bd,
Anh da san sang chia se "ganh nang Hy Lap"
vdi My. Thang 12/1944, Thii tudng Anh
Churchill da giri mdt thdng diep cho Tdng
thdng

My

Roosevelt

thdng

qua

Dai

sii MaeVeagh: "Hay ndi vdi dng ta rdng dng

ta cd the giiip dd chiing tdi bdng mpt vdi
cdch ndo do. Chimg tdi khdng mudn gl tie Hy
Lgp... Chimg tdi den ddy do Hiep udc vdi
ede nudc Ddng minh de ddnh dudi qudn Diec
vd sau do thdy rdng ehiing tdi phdi ddu tranh
de bdo ve ngudi ddn Aten khdi su tdn sdt...
Tdt cd dieu ehimg tdi mudn bdy gid Id bien
khdi nai chet tiet ndy" . Cho tdi nam 1947,
ngudi Anh da vd cung that vpng vdi tinh
hinh ngay cang hdn loan ciia Hy Lap va lo
ngai rang mpi viec se trd nen tdi te hon neu
Anh tiep tuc cac chinh sach d dd. Thang
2/1947, Anh giri cho My mdt tdi hau thu,
ngudi Anh se riit khdi Hy Lap vao cudi

Nhu vay, bdi canh lich sir trong va

ngoai Hy Lap sau Chien tranh the gidi thii
Hai da ed nhiing bien ddi manh me. Mdt dat
nude vdi sir yeu kem ve kinh te, bat dn ve
ehinh tri, hdn loan ve xa hdi, lai nam d mgt
vi tri chien luge, rat de bi cdng san tan cdng
da de dga true tiep den Igi ich cua My va cac
nude ddng minh. Thue te dd bupc My phdi
thay ddi cdch nhin ve tdm quan trong eua Hy
Lgp vd cd nhicng dieu chinh ve chinh sdch
cua minh a khu vice ndy. Cho tdi nhiing nam
trude khi Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai ket
thiic. My khdng thuc su quan tam tdi khu
vuc Bancang ndi chung va Hy Lap ndi rieng.
My chi thuc hien mdt chinh sach can thiep
han ehe. Trong bdi canh Chinh phii tu san
Hy Lap phai ddi phd vat va vdi phong trao
du kich dudi su lanh dao eiia nhiing ngudi
Cdng san, ngay cang gap phai nhiing khd
khan Idn trong cude ndi chien, tuy nim giu
quyin lue, song hp lai khdng phai la lire
lugng nim uu the, ma ngugc lai hg d thi hi

3' Jon.V. Kofas, Intervention and underdevelopment Greece during the Cold War, Pennsylvania State
University Press, U.S., 1989, trang 52.
^" Paul T. Calbos, Cold War conflict: American
inten'ention in Greece, Indiana University, 1993,
trang 65.

33 Martin Eve, Anti-communism

and American
intervention in Greece, trang 102.
3t Paul Olkhovsky, The Greek civil war: An
examination of American's first Cold War victory^
Center for Naval aLiiu'viSf;. 2003, ,/;.,;aK 5,

49

QfUuinf^ nhdn t/i^td^ ttmig,.

ddng, phai phdng thu trudc cac cude tin

My da trich dan mdt danh sach dai nhirng

edng ciia lire lugng eanh ta, ddng thdi su bit

hanh ddng chdng Hy Lap do Lien Xd va

lire cua Chinh phii Anh va sir riit lui ciia Anh

ddng minh thue hien de chirng minh rang Hy

khdi Hy Lap da budc Chinh phii Hy Lap phai

Lap va Thd NhT Ki tao thanh "chuang nggi

cau eim sir trg giup eiia My. Sir can du ciia

vgt duy nhdt cho su thdng tri eiia Lien Xd

My vao edng viec ndi bd cua Hy Lap leo

phia ddng Dia Trung Hdi" va khuyen nghi

thang ciing vdi thdi gian. Bude di dau tien la

Washington nen san sang "dua ra cdc bien

su tang cudng giiip dd ve kinh te. Chinh phii

phdp thich hgp" de bao ve "todn ven lanh thd

My "bdt ddu cho rdng nhirng su kien dien ra

vd chinh tri cua Hy Lgp, bao gdm su iing hp

d Hy Lgp la mpt vi du cu the eho thdy su gdy

ve ngogi giao vd tinh thdn, su hd trg thiet

hdn vd xdm luge cita Lien Xd ddi vdi nhieng

thiec trong cdc hinh thiec tin dung vd trang

qudc gia nhd be vd bdt dri'' . Thang 2 nam

thiet bi qudn su" . Den dau nam 1947, tinh

1947,

Lincoln

than ciia nhung edng van do nhung ngudi

MaeVeagh, da giri bao cao ve Bd Ngoai giao

My sdng d Aten giri ve da gieo' hoang mang

My, trong dd da canh bao rang: "Neu Hy Lgp

thue su cho gidi chirc My. MaeVeagh ehi ra

rai vdo tay ciia Chii nghia Cpng sdn, todn bp

rang sir ket hgp cua siie ep ben ngoai va tinh

Can Ddng vd mpt phdn Bde Phi chdc ehan se

trang bat dn ben trong ed kha nang dan den

ndm dudi dnh hudng ciia Xd Viet" .

cude each mang va "su kiem soat ciia Lien

Dai

sii

My

tai

Aten,

Trong sudt nam 1945 va dau nam 1946,

bat chap ldi keu gpi khan cap ciia MaeVeagh
va sir thue giuc tir Anh de chia se "ganh nang
Hy Lap", chinh

sach

chinh thiic

eua

Washington van "... de trdnh khdng can

thiep vdo edng viee npi bp Bancang, vd
khong tham gia bdt ky hogt dpng qudn sie
ndo ed the, ngogi trir lien quan den cuu trg
vd tdi thiet" . Tuy nhien, nhirng bien ddng
nhanh chdng ciia tinh hinh qudc te va khu
vuc da budc My thay ddi each nhin nhan ciia
minh. Sir phat trien trong nhan thiic ve de
dpa eua ehii nghTa edng san ca trong va ngoai
Hy Lap da ehiing td tim quan trpng eiia viee
dinh hinh lai thai dp cua My. Bd Ngoai giao

Xd"; trong khi Mark Ethridge, dai dien cua

My trong Uy ban Dieu tra Lien hgp qudc, so
sanh Hy Lap vdi mdt "qua man chin" cd kha
nang rai vao tay Lien Xd chi trong vdng vai
tuan^^. Nhiing tin hieu tran day sir hoang
mang nay budc Washington tien gan hon tdi
hanh ddng cu thi. Ngay 21/2/1947, Thir
trudng Bd Ngoai giao My, Dean Acheson,
da canh bao ve nhiing hau qua cua viec cho
phep Hy Lap roi vao sir thdng tri ciia Lien
Xd ehi dan gian la do "thieu sir hd trg day
dii" tir phia My va Anh. Dean Acheson eho
rang do Anh da khdng the cung cap trang
thiet bi quan sir can thiet trong ke hoaeh, nen
My can md rdng hd trg cua minh trong ITnh
vuc dd. Tren het, dng ta keu ggi mdt du luat

35 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 282.

36 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 2 8 2 .
" Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 9.

38 Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 4 3 .

39Athanasios Lykogiannis (2002), sdd, trang 212.

50

NGHIEN CLfu CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N02 (125).2011

dac biet can dugc nhanh chdng thdng qua d

cho sir phuc hdi kinh tl d Hy Lap. Trong hai

Qudc hdi, cho phep cho mdt khoan vay true

nam dau sau chiln tranh, da ed rat nhieu nd

tilp danh cho Hy Lap''". Vdi y thuc cap bach

luc cim trg nudc ngoai ddi vdi Hy Lap

da bao triim Washington, trong vdng vai

nhung tinh hinh ngay cang them tram trpng,

tuin, Hpc thuyet Truman dugc hoan chinh va

nhu A. W. Sheppard da khang dinh trong

bien phap dde toan lue cho chinh sach ngan

nghien eim ciia dng ve Hy Lap . Trong sudt

chan chii nghTa cdng san, bao vay, cd lap ciia

thang 3 va thang 4, ke hoaeh trg giiip eiia

Lien Xd da dugc thue thi. Theo Tdng thdng

Chinh phii My danh cho Hy Lap va Thd NhT

Truman "Neu chimg ta that bgi tren the gidi,

Ky gay ra nhieu sir tranh cai trong chinh gidi

nhicng khu vice nhie Hy Lgp, bi suy yeu vd

My, bi nhirng ngudi chdng ddi chi trich

phdn chia nhie Id mpt ket qua cua chien

manh me. Tham chi hp eon cho rang:"Chii

tranh, se rai vdo quy dgo Lien Xd md khdng

nghia cpng sdn nhic mpt con ngcia pp, nhicng

can nhieu nd lice cita ngudi Nga. Su thdnh

chiing ta dang dtegc yeu cdu gid lien cua

cdng cita Nga a nhicng khu vice dd vd su

ehiing ta den mpt Id hdng - Hy Lgp" .

thieu quan tdm da dtegc thica nhdn ciia

Tuy nhien, vdi viec vien dan rang an

chimg ta se ddn den su phdt trien cua cdc

ninh ciia My phu thupc vao viec tang cudng

Ddng Cpng san ben trong cdc nudc chdu Au

cho Hy Lap, Thd NhT Ky va My can gin giir

nhic Phdp vd Y, nhieng nai dang bi de doa

dde lap dan tdc ciia cac nudc nay, Tdng

nghiem trong"'^\ Dieu nay da eho thay sir

thdng Truman da thanh cdng trong viec

kien quyet ciia chinh quyen Truman trong

thuyet phuc cac nha lanh dao Qudc hdi My.

viec giai quyet cac van de lien quan den Hy

Dd thue sir la mdt budc ngoat trong chinh

Lap. Ngay 12/3/1947, Tdng thdng Truman

sach ddi ngoai ciia My. Thugng nghi sT

giri den Qudc hdi mdt thdng diep ma sau dd

Arthur Vandenberg, Chii tich IJy ban Ddi

dugc biet den vdi ten gpi la Hpc thuyet

ngoai Thugng vien va la ngudi theo chu

Truman. Ong keu gpi 400 trieu ddla hd trg

nghTa biet lap trudc day, da trd thanh mdt

kinh te va quan sir eho Hy Lap va Thd NhT

ngudi iing hd vd dieu kien cho chinh sach

Ky, trong dd 300 trieu ddla dugc danh cho

mdi va da giup gay anh hudng den hanh

Hy Lap'^'. Tuy nhien, nhiem vii khd khan

ddng ciia Qude hdi. Trong mdt la thu eho

ciia Truman va cac cd van ciia dng la phai

mdt ddng nghiep tai thdi diem dd, dng ta da

thuyet phiic dugc Qudc hdi. Su phan ddi den

vilt "... vdn de cita Hy Lgp khdng the bi cd

tir nhimg nha lanh dao My theo chii ngliTa

lap. Ngugc Igi, nd ed le Id bieu tugng cita

biet lap. Dieu nay la hoan toan cd can cir, bdi

xung dpt y thiec he cpng sdn tren loan the

vi hp khdng nhin thay bat cir trien vpng gi

gidi giica chit nghia cpng sdn phia Ddng vd

40 Paul T. Calbos, sdd. trang 6 8 .

"1 D i n theo, Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 68.
42 Paul Olkhovsky (2003), sdd, trang 5.

43 Marion Sarafis, Martin Eve , sdd, trang 56.

44 Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 70.

QfUtu-iifj^ nhau tfitde

51

itanei..

nen ddn chit phia Tdy ... md yeu cdu chimg ta

nam 1948, My da cung cap cho quan dpi Hy

thue hien mpt sd quyit dinh mang tinh dinh

Lap 140 may bay, 3.890 khau phao cac loai,

menh vd vuan xc/""*^. Cudi ciing, dudi su

97.000 khau sung trudng va 10.000 xe dtd

cheo lai ciia Vandenberg, Qude hdi My da

cac loai"*^). Dieu dang ndi la, mac dii Lien Xd

img hd ke hoaeh ciia Tdng thdng Truman.

phan ddi manh me su trg giiip tren ciia My

Ngay 22/5/1947, Thugng vien My da thdng

danh cho Hy Lap, song Lien hgp qudc lai

qua de nghi vien trg cho Hy Lap ciia Tdng

iing hd hanh ddng eiia My .

thdng Truman. My da bat dau chuyen tir mdt

Sir trg giup kinh te, quan su cua My

chinh sach can thiep han che va mang tinh hd

danh cho Chinh phii Hy Lap da ed vai trd

trp la chii yeu, sang ehinh sach can thiep mdt

quan trpng trong viec quyet dinh sir thanh

each manh me, toan dien va cd chii dich vao

bai ciia cude ndi chien d Hy Lap. Dang Cdng

Hy Lap. Chinh phii My da thay dan vai trd

san Hy Lap (KKE) da khdng the ddi mat vdi

ciia Chinh phii Anh d Hy Lap vdi tu each la

thach thirc den tir phia My va quan dpi ehinh

the lire nudc ngoai ed anh hudng chii yeu d

phii. Tuy lire lugng du kieh do Dang Cdng

Aten. cac phai doan quan sir va chuyen gia

san lanh dao cd nhan dugc su trg giiip ciia

eua My da dam nhiem nhii'ng sir menh va

Nam Tu va Bungari, song nd khdng dang ke.

trpng trach d Hy Lap ma trudc day ngudi

Trong khi dd, chinh phii Lien Xd da khdng

Anh da lam . So vdi ngudi Anh, each lam

danh cho Dang Cdng san Hy Lap bat ky sir

ciia ngudi My cd nhieu diem khac, "khdn

trg giiip nao, cdn ban than nha lanh dao Lien

kheo han, hieu qud han, linh hogt han,

Xd, Stalin, lai mudn cham diit cac cude ndi

khdng de chdp nhgn ngogi le, ludn dp ddt

day do nhii'ng ngudi Cdng san Hy Lap lanh

cdch ldm ciia ngudi My, khdng quan tdm den

dao vi lo sg sir tac ddng tieu cue ciia nd den

cdc dgc trung ddn tpe"'^^. Nam 1948 la mdt

ehinh sach ciia Lien Xd d cac khu vuc khac

nam quan trpng ddi vdi cac phe phai trong

tren the gidi. Stalin da td rd thai dp phan ddi

cude ndi chien d Hy Lap, mdi ben deu chuan

ciia minh trong cude gap mat vdi cac nha

bi tung ra nhii'ng ddn danh quyet dinh trong

lanh dao Nam Tu va Bungari nhan dip hp

cac cude dimg dp sap dien ra. Vdi su trg giiip

vieng tham Matxcava khi khang dinh ring:

tich cue ciia My, quan dpi chinh phii Hy Lap

"Nhieng ngudi ndi day khdng ed bdi cic ca

da duge tang cudng khdng chi ve sd lupng

hpi thdnh cdng ndo. Cdc anh lieu cd tin rdng

ma ea kha nang tac ehien va trang bi vii khi

Anh vd My - nhicng cudng qudc mgnh nhdt

(sd quan tang tir 132.000 len 232.500; ben

the gidi Igi cho phep viec cat did mdt cdc

canh quan dpi Hy Lap cd su hien dien ciia

con dudng huyet mgch a Dia Trung Lldi? Dd

nhieu cd vin quan su My; tinh din thang 9

la sie ngd ngdn. Vd chiing la khdng cd hgm

45 Paul T. Calbos, sdd, trang 69.

46 Barbara Jelavich, .sdd, trang 282.

48 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 282 - 2 8 3 .

47 C. M . W o o d h o u s e . sdd, pp. 2 3 5 .

49 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 283.

52

NGHIEN CGU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N02 (125).2011

*53

dpi (a do). Cupe ndi day a Hy Lgp cdn phdi

ddng ve ehinh tri va tinh chat khde liet

ngdn Igi nhanh nhdt cd the" .

cude npi chien Hy Lap (mdt qude gia ed vi

3. Ket luan

ciia

tri dia-ehinh tri quan trpng tren ban dao

Bancang, qudc gia tiep giap true tiep vdi khu

Sau Chiln tranh the gidi thii Hai, tinh

vuc anh hudng eiia Lien Xd) da khien cho

hinh the gidi da ed nhiing bien ddi quan

My quyet dinh can thiep vao ndi tinh ciia

trpng, trong do ndi bat la su ddi dau giira hai

qudc gia Nam Au nay, hdng lap di chd hdng

cue Xd - My vdi sir chi phdi ciia nd tdi toan

ve quyen lire do sir riit lui eiia Anh de lai,

bd quan he qudc te nira sau the ki XX. Tham

bien Hy Lap trd thanh mdt mat xich quan

vpng ciia hai cudng qudc trong viec md rdng

trpng trong chien luge toan eau eiia My

pham vi anh hudng eiia minh da keo theo rat

nham chdng lai chu nghTa cdng san. Sir can

nhieu qude gia vao vdng xoay ciia nhung

du ciia My ngay cang manh me vao Hy Lap

xung dot, tranh chap. Hy Lap la noi ehimg

ke tir nam 1947, nai My chua timg quan tam

kien sdm nhat ciia xung dot giira hai phe

cho den thdi diem dd "ddnh ddu mpt budc

Ddng - Tay. Sir bimg nd cude ndi ehien Hy

ngogt trong chinh sdch ddi ngogi eiia My.

Lap trong nhirng nam 1946 duge md ta nhu

Nd la mpt su bd sung cho ke hogch Marshall

"ldi tuyen bd chinh thiec ciia cude Chien

ve giiip dd kinh te cita My ddnh cho chdu Au

tranh Lgnh" giiia "the gidi tu do" va luc

dugc cdng bd vdo thdng 6 ndm 1947, trong

lugng edng san^'. Ddi vdi My, trong cude

do bao gdm ed Hy Lgp"^ . Cd le, chinh tham

chien chdng lai sir md rdng anh hudng ciia

vpng ba chii the gidi ciia My la nhan td quan

Lien Xd d chau Au va the gidi, Hy Lap da

trpng khien My quyet tam the hien vai tro

trd nen rat quan trpng. "Tdm quan trong

ciia minh d nhiing nai dugc My coi nhu tien

ehien luge ciia Hy Lgp ddi vdi an ninh eiia

ddn trong cude chien chdng lai chu nghTa

nude My tren thiec te, a chd, ddy la qude gia

cdng san, ma Hy Lap la mdt vi du tieu bieu,

Bancang duy nhdt chua rai vdo tay Lien Xd.

trd thanh nai md dau cho sir xung dot, cang

Hy Lgp vd Thd Nhi Kl hinh thdnh nen trd

thang cua cude Chien tranh Lanh.

nggi duy nhdt eho sic thdng tri cita Lien Xd d

phdn phia Ddng Dia Trung Hdi - nai chiem
vi tri vd ciing quan trong ve mat ehien luge
vd kinh te ^ . Nhirng bat dn ve kinh te, bien

50 Dan theo, Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 283.

51 Lt. Col. Robert W. Selton, U.S. Army, "The Cradle
of US Cold War Strategy," Military Review (August
1966), trang 6 8 .
52 Jon.V.
Kofas
(1989),
Intervention
and
underdevelopment
- Greece during the Cold War,
Pennsylvania State University Press, U.S., 1989, trang
64-65.

53 Cuoc noi chign a Hy Lap kgt thiic nam 1949, vai su

that bai cua luc lugng du kich duoi s u lanh dao ciia
Dang Cong san, thuc s u la m o t tham hoa d6i voi dat
n u a c Hy Lap. U a c tinh so nguai chgt phia quan doi
Chinh phu Hy Lap la 70.000 nguai, phia luc luong du
kich ch6ng Chinh phu la 38.000 nguai; thigt hai kinh
tg con Ion con h a n ca trong Chien tranh thg gioi thii'
Hai. Bgn canh do, viec Chinh phii Hy Lap thi hanh
chinh sach khiing b6 cac lang mac trong thai gian
diin ra cuoc noi chign da lam tang nhanh s6 nguai
chay ti nan, tang Ign gn 700.000 nguai vao nam 1949
(Ngu6n: Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 284).
54 Barbara Jelavich, sdd, trang 2 8 3 .