NODAL ANALYSIS Objectives In this training medule, you will learn to do the following: + Identify equations for the ideal bottom hole lowing pressure, the teal bottomhole pressure, the pressure drop due to the skin effects, the Hawkins” formula, and Darcy's Jaw. + Determine when the critical matrix is considered undamaged. when it's considered damaged. and when it’s considered stimulated. © Identify causes of formation damage. * Identify the location of important nodes in a production system. + Identify equations for Darcy's law (oil wells), Productivity Index (PD), Vogels inflow performance relationship (IPR), composite (PR, and flow efficiency factors (FE). «Identify the positive and negative slopes and the inflection point on the tubing intake curve. Interpret parts of the tubing intake curve plotted with the IPR curve. Identify reservoir, perforation, and other input parameters in the PERFORM system. Disesiminate between the different reservoir IPR types in the PERFORM system, Identify equations for reservoir shape factor, BackPressure, time required to surpass the transient period and reach pseudo steady state, and fracture penetration ratio, Discriminate between the different completion types. Discriminate between the three categories of gradient components to vertical multiphase flow correlations. Discriminate between different correlations. Interpret graphs generated in the PERFORM system. Introduction ‘The NODAL production system analysis uses reservoir parameters obtained from well test data, along with the production string configuration, to optimize production rates and minimize the pressure drop in the producing system from reservoir boundary to separator. ‘A wide range of completion questions can be answered by the analysis, for example, choice of tubing size or results of changes in wellhead pressure. NODAL, analysis can also be used to optimize a drilling profile for a well. The optimum Jength of a horizontal weilbore, for example, can be determined using this technique. The concept of a reservoir model will be introduced. Near wellbore damage and the concent of reservoir skin will be desoribed. These are important concepts used witen preparing a reservoir model to match existing data using PERFORM. This model is used to predict well performance based on existing data. The Darcy mode! of flow through & permeable medium, the basis of flow in all oil wells, will also be examined. The limitations of the Darcy model are givenThe NODAL analysis program, PERFORM, is used to analyze the many variables required to determine the optimum performance of the well based on the formation characteristics, well path, and completion used. The uses of PERFORM to analyze the reservoir and completion components of a system are discussed together with the input data required. The correlations incorporated within PERFORM that allow it to be used in a wide range of reservoir types are described. The construction of Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) curves and tubing curves is shown, ‘These curves form the basis of analysis using PERFORM. Examples are given of a few basic situations. Well and Reservoir Mode! If there is no damage to the near wellbore permeability, the ideal bottomhole flowing pressure for an cil well can be given by this equation: qu, re Qakh rw Pe-Puf ,ideal ps is the pressure of the outer reservoir boundary If the near wellbore permeability has been altered to ks, then the real bottomhoie pressure is given by this equation: ig 2nkjh rw Pe-Puf ideal ‘The pressure drop due to the skin effects is given by this equation: APs = Puf ideal ~ Pwf,realWell and Reservoir Model Legend for well and reservoir model [Re Wallbore rac HY i ® Radius of altered aone [fe Drainage radius (F) pe Reservoir pressure at re (psi) js Permeability oF altered zone | (md) | E Formation permeability (mid) th Reservoir thickness (ft) ‘There are three main zones’ * the wellbore, the altered zone, damaged zone, or critical matrix, and © the reservoir (undamaged bulk formation) ‘The wellbore vicinity is termed the eritical matrix because most of the reservoir pressure drop during production occurs in this near-wellbore region of the reservoir. ‘The damaged zone (of radius +s) has suffered a reduction in permeability from k to ks. The s signifies skin. If how through the critical matrix has been altered by either natural or induced materials that reduce the permeability, the net result is a damaged zone defined by a number called "skin," Damage and skin will be discussed later in this section. The effect of skin can be presented graphically. ‘The reservoir may also present a boundary. This boundary may be "no flow," which can be caused by 2 sealing fault, or may be artificially induced. Artificial inducement can be accomplished between the dividing line of the drainage areas of two adjacent producers. ‘Another type of boundary is the constant pressure boundary, which ean appear either because of the presence of 2 large aquifer or because of an injector/producer couplet. Damage When a well is not producing as expected, the formation may be "damaged." If an evaluation indicates the reservoir can deliver more products, stimulation may be needed, ‘The weil may be a candidate for stimulation by hydraulic fracturing if the reservoir permeability is low. Matrix stimulation is often the appropriate treatment if damage has reduced the well's productivity. Damage is typically associated with a partial plugging of the formation around the wellbore. This reduces the original permeability in the damaged area, Either this damage must be removed or new bypassing channels, such as wormholes, must be created.Fluids are injected into the natural porosity of the reservoir at "matrix" (sub-fracturing) rates and pressures. These relatively low rates and pressures are necessary to remove or bypass the damage located close to the wellbore. The flow rate and pressure are also jimited to prevent fracturing of the formation, which would result in uncontrollable stimulation of only part of the reservoir Skin ‘The damaged critical matrix is defined by a number called "skin." Skin damage is often the result of decreased permeability in the critical matrix and perforation tunnels. Skin can also be caused by an insufficient number of pecforations, tubing that is too small, or any of a number of mechanical conditions that can cause pressure drops from the formation to the sales line, Skin is used to quantify changes in permeability of the critical matrix. Other termns are required to properly define skin: «Kis used to define native, unaltered reservoir permeabitity. + ks js used to define the altered permeability of the critical matrix. In general, when the skin equals zero (ks =k), the critical matrix is considered undamaged. [fk is greater than ks, then s is greater than 2ero and the critical matrix is considered damaged. If k is fess than ks, then s is less than zero and the critical matrix is, considered stimulated, “The altered permeability can be calculated using the Hawkins’ formula: 1a mw where, = skin (dimensionless), k= formation permeability (md), ks = altered permeability (md), 15 = radius of the zone of altered permeability (ft), and nw = wellbore radius (ft). Certain. weil logs allow the calculation of the damage radius, whereas pressure transient analysis may provide the skin effect and the reservoir permeability.‘The critical matrix is the area where most of the permesbility damage occurs from mud filtrate, adverse oil or water saturations, and clay migration. The radius of the critical matrix extends out 3 10 5 ft from the center of the wellbore, and permeability damage in this area can significantly reduce production because 30% t0 50% of the reservoir pressure drop that occurs during production occurs in this aree. This graph illustrates the large production increases possible if the damage in the critical matrix is removed, Por example, if the critical matrix permeability has been reduced to only 30% of its natural permeability for a radial distance from the wellbore of $ ft, the skin damage will allow only ebout 55% of the original flow. This graph also shows that a permeubility increase near the wellbore, above that of the natural permeability, does not significantly increase production. Theretore, although a matrix treatment can provide a measure of stimulation to an undamaged well, a damaged well will benefit considerably from a matrix treatment that removes damage from the critical near-wellbore area, Darey's Law Fluid tlow through porous media has been described by a number of classical mathematical solutions. The radial nature of the well drainage action results in logarithmic relationships of pressure and flow profiles; one foot away from the wellbore has the same importance as the next 10 ft, the next 100 ft, and so on. Therefore, improving the condition of the reservoir or preventing damaging effects in the near~ wellbore zegion can have a major impact on well production or injection. This teads to matrix stimulation, where the purpose is (o remove the near-wellbore damage. Hydraulic fracturing is an alternative procedure that cannot remove the damage but bypasses this region by creating a highiy conductive conduit that connects the well with the undamaged reservoir. Darcy's law describes well production or injection (in pseudo steady-state flow). The relationship between a dynamic variable (flow rate) and a potential variable (pressure gradient {pressure drawdown)) is described by Darcy's law. The proportionality is the penneability/viscosity ratio (mobility). Darey’s law is often used as the basis to decide on the appropriate stimulation treatment (r0sx107 Ye Pops} “ so }-o75-03)Darcy's Law equation: Where ‘ge production rate (bbl/day), k= formation permeability (md), j= net pay thickness perpendicular to the bedding plane (ft), pr = average reservoir pressure at drainage radius (psi), pws = bottomhole flowing pressure at the sand face (psi), 1. viscosity of producing fiuid (cp), fi = formation volume factor (res bbl/STB), re = drainage radius (10, tw = wellbore radius (ft), and s= skin (dimensionless). Example The example well is an oil well. Using Darcy's law, consider the following data: b= 50, pr= 3000 psi, pws = 1000 psi, K=07 op, B= Ll res BSTB, rw = 0.328 ft (7-7/8-in. well), and 0.75 = Darey's Law constant for a well under pseudo steady-state conditions.‘Inipact of Drainage Radius ‘The impact of the drainage radius is shown in this table: ‘Spacing ‘Drainage Radius of re Rate Decreases | (acres) | 18) i 3=0% W } 745 y 793 80, t 1053 f 8.07 a% 160 | 1489 j B42 ca ‘ i | 640 : 2980 i 9AT 16% | Increasing the drainage area by a factor of 16 resulis in a maximum rate decrease of 16%, Drainage does not pley an important role in production but is an important factor in the ultimate cumulative recovery of the well Impact of Permeability For the given variables, and Skin 919K TH-O7S48 is the equation for calculation of permeability and skin for this example. This table shows the impact of permeability and skin: a0 310 q @ § a (md) (woiiaay) (md) (bbiiday) i yao) THs 120 aa a} 131 i} 3a BL 3 at xe ‘oar 1 ‘aor ose Ifk = LO md, reducing the skin from L0 to 0 will result in a 770 bbl/day increase (a good candidate for matrix stimulation). [fk = 0.1 md, reducing the skin from 10 to 0 will result in an 8 bbliday increase.Well Performance {In the peeformance of a well the drainage volume of the reservoir draining into the weil plays an important role, A well, combined with the reservoir draining into it, is normally tallied an “oil or gas production system.” A production system is thus composed of the following major components: porous medium, «completion (stimulation, perforations and gravel pack), «vertical How (flowing on its own or under artificial lift), and «horizontal flow lines with chokes and other pipe components; for example, valves, elbows, etc. Well performance can be defined simply as the ability for a wel! to produce reservoir fuids to the surface by either natural flow or by artificial lit. The physical description of atypical well is shown in this graphic. This graphic also illustrates the pressure losses that can occur from the reservoir to the separator. This table provides an explanation of the various terms used in the graphic. Pressure Loss Component | Ap= Pr- pwfs (reservoir) ‘Bpo = pw par Explanation Loss in porous medium Loss across completion Pr= Average reservoir pressure pwis = Flowing BHP at sand face pwis = Flowing BHP at sand Tace pwi = Bottombole flowing pressure Comins 7 ApS = put ade Toss across restriction ‘pur = Pressure upstream of restriction pdr > Pressure downstream of restriction “apt spas pdev Loss across safety valve pusv = Pressure upstream of salety valve pdsv = Pressure downstream of safety valve | Aps = pwh- pase 1 Toss actoss surface choke pwh ~ Wellhead pressure pase = Pressure downstream of surface choke psep = Separator pressure Apo = pases peep | Loss in flow Tine pase = Pressure downstream of | | surface choke | | sep = Separator pressure pts pwh pwh —) Total loss in tubing pwi= Bottomhole owing pressure | pwh = Wellhead pressure Ape =pwkpsep | Toial loss in flow Une pwt= Wellhead pressureWellhead Separator Drainage boundary In an oil or gas production system, the fluids flow from the drainage in the reservoir to the separator at the surface. The average pressure within the drainage boundary is called the average reservoir pressure. This pressure controls the flow through the production system and is assumed to remain constant over a fixed time interval during depletion. ‘When this pressure changes, the well's performance changes, and thus, the well must be re-evaluated ‘The average reservoir pressure changes because of normal reservoir depletion or artificial pressure maintenance with water, gas, or other chemical injection. “The separator pressure at the surface is designed to optimize production and to retain the lighter hydrocarbon components in the liquid phase. This pressure is maintained by using mechanical devices, such as pressure regulators, As the well produces or injects, there is a continuous pressure gradient from the reservoir to the separator. Tis common to use wellhead pressure for the separator pressure in NODAL calculations, assuming that the separator is at the wellhead or very near it. Such assumptions imply negligible pressure (oss in the flowline.Wellhead Separator Put Bottemhole ‘A node is any point in the production system between the drainage boundary and the separator, where the pressure can be calculated as a function of the flow rates. This ‘graphic shows the location of various nodes in a producing system. The two extreme nodes in the complex production system are the reservoir drainage boundary and the separator Two other important nodes are «The bortomhole, where the bottombole flowing pressure, pwf, is measured by @ downhole gauge © The wellhead, where the wellhead pressure, pwh, is measured by a gauge attached (0 the Christmas tree of the flow arm, Iris important to understand the components of the production system, because different pressure-loss relationships are used in an analysis method for designing and optimizing the total system. “The systems analysis fechnique analyzes the entire system by focusing on one point within this series of components. This one point is generally referred to as the "node hence the term “nodal analysis.” “The location of the node within the system is independent of the final solution. Ft is generally dictated by the primery interest of the application. In other words, ifthe main interest is an investigation of the effects of the components near the surface (Glowline, choke, ete.), then the node is chosen at the weilhead or separator. Similarly, ifthe effects ofthe downhole components are of concern, such as the bottomhole flowing pressure, then the node is chosen downhole.Downhole is usually the location of the node that Dowell uses to evaluate the pressure drop through the reservoir and completion Since computers can use a sensitizing technique and allow the user to see the effects of changing parameters. the node is usually chosen at a point inside the wellbore directly adjacent to the perforations, and is designated as bottemhole wellbore flowing pressure (wh), The producing system is divided into two segmenis at the node. The upstream, or “inflow,” segment is comprised of all components between the node and the reservoir boundary, The downstream, or “outflow,” segment consists of the components between the node and the separator. Afier isolating the sode in the system, two fundamental requirements at the node must be met. + Only one pressure exists at the node at any given flow rate (Pinflow = Poutflow). © Only one flow rate exists through the node (Qinflow = Qoutflow). Since the producing system is comprised of interacting components (each conteibuting pressure loss independently as a function of flow rate), the procedure necessary to Sod the unique flow rate that satisfies the two requirements at the node becomes iterative. In order to simplify this inherent complexity, the PERFORM software incorporates graphival solution in which the pressure at the node is shown as a function of the producing rate for both the inflow and the outlow segments Inflow Performance Relationship ‘The flow through the reservoir is known as the inflow performance relationship (IPR) of the well, It is a measure of the reservoir's ability 10 produce a fluid as a result of a pressure differential. This ability depends on many factors, including the reservoir type, the producing drive mechanism, the reservoir pressure, the formation permeability, the fluid properties, and other factors. A typical IPR fora single-phase liquid is shown in this graphic. Darcy's law for radial flow is used to oblain the Flow rates necessary to construct this [PR.Productivity index= |m AOF Absolute ‘open flow | potential ° a a(t /D) — mat Using re = 1466 ft, nw = 0.583 ft, s=0,and tno turbulence, Darcy's law (oil wells) simplifies to 7.082107 hl qo= ul nfo in“ 0.155] ne ‘This equation is often used for the estimation of flow rates from oil wells. The IPR shown in this graphic is a straight-line relationship based on Darcy's law, and. the AOF is the maximum flow rate with the atmospheric pressure at bottomhole. The productivity index (Pf) is the absolute value of the slope of the IPR straight line. ‘Therefore, a simple equation for PI can be written as follows: 1 PrIn the case of two-phase flow in the reservoir, where the Pr is below the bubblepoint pressure (the pressure at which the first bubble of gas occurs inside the liquid), the ‘Vogel's inflow performance relationship can be described by this equation: . : on at-0ef Bt -os BE) gomax \ Pr Pr ‘The PI concept cannot be used in two-phase systems (gas/liquid), because Darcy's equation can only be used to construct the portion of te line where the pressure is above the bubblepoint pressure (Pb) for a single-phase liquid system. The portion of the curve below the bubblepoint pressure must be corrected (Vogel's equation) for gas. ‘The composite IPR is a combination of the Productivity Index based on Darey’s law above the bubble-point pressure and Vogel’s IPR below the bubble-point pressure. This IPR is particularly used when the reservoir pressure, Pr_, is above the bubble-point pressure, pb, and the bottom hole flowing pressure, pw, is below the bubble-point pressure. This is showa in the following equations. Flow above the bubble-point pressure: qo = PI(Pr— pu), for pw 2 pb Flow below the bubbie-point pressure: PLS pb put) f =qb+| 1-02) 4 |- 0. eee ( 18 (#) where, . for pw < pb Pi = qolPr- pd) = flow rate at (pw = pb)This graphic shows an example of a composite IPR and ow the maximum production would be overestimated if Vogels IPR was not applied. wo qmaz Vogel's IPR does not consider a skin factor and, therefore, is only applicable for undamaged wells. Standing’s extension of Vogel's IPR uses the concept of a flow efficiency factor (FE) to extend the effect of skin on Vogel's equation. If p'wf is defined as the bottomhole flowing pressure for an undamaged well and pw] and pwf2 are the bottomhote flowing pressures for damaged and stimulated wells, respectively, then the flow efficiency factors (FE) become Damaged well: FE Undamaged well: PEs Stimulated well: Pre 2 FE = Etat gg Pr Puj* ‘These three factors for pressure in the wellbore are for the same flow rate. The flow efficiency FE for a damaged weil is <1, and for a stimulated well is >1‘The FE can be calculated using well-testing methods. Vogel's IPR curves for different values of FE are shown in this graphic. Using well test data, FE can be defined as the following: Pal pea liso In(t, )- 0.80907 Paj ~ Tale, )— 0.80907 + 2s Is Where, pa = HApin put) 141.2qup and where t= time, porosity, and Ct = total system compressibility ‘The values for PD and tD are obtained from appropriate type curves or well-test information, such as “* and s, ané other available well reservoir parameters. Hu Tubing Intake ‘The previous section discussed the concept of using Darcy's equation, and modifications, to construct IPR plots. Obviously, the characteristics of an IPR curve are sensitive to the variables used in the equations, and each change in any variable will produce a new IPR curve. The nodes examined so far deal with the actual reservoir variables. This new topic Geals with the effect that the tubular configuration has on the production, Gradient curves are used to generate a plot of flow rate versus bottom hole flowing pressure, Gradient curves are available for a wide range of flow fine or tubing sizes and a fet of fixed flow and fluid parameters. This graphic is an example of a gradient curve for 3-7/8-in. tubing and 1000 bbl/day of liquid production at 30% oil. A particular set of conditions is chosen (wellhead pressure, tubing diameters, and fluid type).Note: The gradient curves in this graphic arc for illustration only and should not be used in any calculations. Published books of curves should be used for that purpose. The gradient curve is then used to obtain different rates versus bottomhole flowing pressure, and the tubing intake curve is constructed, as shown in this graphic. Additional comments concerning this graphic are: +A negative slope at low rate is indicative of unstable flow in the pipe. + An inflection point in the curve is the critical rate below which the gas will slip by the liquid and the well will load up. Any rate below the critical rate will kil! the well + The positive-sloge portion of the curve shows the conditions where the velocity is, high enough to move the fluids to the surface. fm Tubing intake Pui \ curve (4) Slope q1 qertical 43 q ———+ The tubing intake curve plotted with the PR curve is shown in this graphic, The intersection of the two curves determines the deliverability of the producing system, ‘The inflow curve is shown bending downward, This illustrates that as flow rate is increased through the inflow segment of the system, pressure loss is increased, and less pressure is available at the node (or the downstream side of the inflow segment) Conversely, the outflow curve is shown bending upward indicating that, for a fixed separator pressure, the pressure required at the node (iniet to the outflow segment) increases as the flow rate is increased. “Although each segment is exclusive of the other at varying flow rates, the two requirements listed previously (only one pressure and flow rate exist at the node) dictate that only one solution exists for the system at 2 particular set of conditions. This solutionis shown on the plot as the intersection of tie inflow and outflow curves. This intersection indicates the producing capacity of the system and provides both the flow rate (Q) and the corresponding bortomhole pressure (pw). Tubing intake curve Inflow performance curve Deliverability > Although some values are fixed and generally do not change during the well's fife (reservoir thickness, permeability, total depth, efc.), many are variable and subject to change. The ability to change the variables that directly affect system performance and swell productivity provides the opportunity to achieve complete well optimization One of the underlying advantages of the systems analysis approach is the ability to predict the result caused by changes in these variables, The alteration in well performance is seen directly on the systems piot through multiple inilow or outflow curves (each at a different set of conditions) and multipie intersection points. The Q and Pwf values at each intersection represent the producing status at that particular condition. The simplified systems plot in this graphic illustrates a typical scenario with muhtiple inflow curves at Gifferent reservoir pressures and multiple outflow curves at various tubing diameters.Input Data Types of parameters to be input in PERFORM inciude + reservoir parameters + perforation parameters ‘+ other input parameters Reservoir Parameters Reservoir parameter inputs include radius, pressure, temperature, height, bubbie-point pressure, permeability (there is no correlation between porosity and permeability; permeability from a core or a fog is no more than a guess), gas specific gravity, gas/liquid ratio, vwater cut, and skinPerforation parameters inelude ‘+ perforated height (perforated height is got always less than the reservoir height; in the case of a horizontal well or a vertical well in aa inclined + zone, the perforated height may be greater than the reservoir height), + perforation length and diameter, shot density, and thickness and permeability of the crushed zone Other Input Parameters Other parameters include wellhead temperature, wellhead pressure, measured dept, ‘true vertical depth, wellbore radius, flow rates, end ubing diameter (inside) Reservoir Component - Inflow Performance Relationship Correlations ‘The reservoir component of the system is composed of the low between the reservoir boundary and the sand face at the wellbore. This component will always be upstream of the node and is combined with the completion component to form the entire inflow segment. ‘The flow through the reservoir is known as the inflow performance relationship (PR) of the well. [t is a measure of the reservoir’s ability to produce a fluid asa result of a pressure differential. This ability depends on many factors, including «the reservoir type, the producing drive mechanism, the reservoir pressure, the formation permeability, the fluid properties, and other factors. When using PERFORM, the user has the option to choose one of several reservoir IPR types from the Set-up Page, These are discussed below.IPR Type, User Enters PL This can be chosen when the PI for the reservoir is known. It simplifies the data input sequence, It is based on the productivity index (PI) where the inflow is directly proportional to the pressure deawdown, This is shown by the following equation. Constant Productivity Index: Pr Pus where PI = Productivity Index (stb/day‘psi), Q= total liquid flow rate (stb/d), Pi average reservoir pressure (psi), and put = bottomhole flowing pressure (psi). ‘This is the straight line IPR curve that you saw earlier. IPR Type, Darcy ‘The Darcy equation describes the flow of fluid through a permeable medium. Flow through the reservoir depends on pressure differential, cross-sectional area, fluid viscosity, flow distance, and permeability. The assumption is made that the fluid is single phase, moves in laminar flow, and is essentially incompressible. The original Darcy equation for vertical flow has been modified to allow for radial flow from the reservoir into the wellbore. Here is the Darcy equation for aa oil well: qo 708x107" koh\Pr— pwfs_ sop y+] mewhere =Total liquid flow rate (stb/¢), m= Average liquid viscosity (cp), k= Effective permeability (md), pws = Flowing sand face pressure (psi). h= Net formation thickness (ft), = Skin effect, Pr = Average reservoir pressure (psi), b= Average formation factor (rb/sth), d—Non-Darey turbulence factor (1/stbvd), re = Reservoir radius (ft), rw = Wellbore radius (ft), and “The Darcy equation fore gas well is stightly different due to the dynamic behavior of gas properties as a functios of rate and pressure, where pscudo-pressure (Y ) is used. This is shown in the following equation: 7.08x107 kohlyr — yrwfs) atin }es dg rw where ag = Gas flow rate (Mscfi4), T = Average reservoir temperature (R), yr = Reservoir pseudo-pressure (psi2/cp), kg = Effective gas permeability (md), and ‘yws = Sand face psendo-pressure (psi2/cp).Summary The NODAL analysis program, PERFORM, is used to analyze the many variables required to determine the optimam performance of the well based on the formation characteristics, weil path, and completion used. ‘The NODAL production system analysis uses reservoir parameters obtained from welt test date, long with the production string configuration, to optimize production rates and minimize the pressure drop in the producing system from reservoir boundary to separator. A wide range of completion questions can be answered by the analysis; for example, choice of tubing size or results of changes in wellhead pressure. ‘Nodal analysis can also be used to optimize a drilling profile for a well, The optimum length of a horizontal wellbore, for example, can be determined using this technique.NODAL ANALYSIS TEST “Match each equation with its name. Use the drop down menu before each equation name to select the tuumber that corresponds to its equation. Wen you are finished, cick on the Submit Answer button, |, fdeai bottom hole flowing pressure 2, Reat bottom hole pressure 3, Pressure drop due to the skin effects 4, Hawkins’ fornuta 5. Darey's fav (208x107 {Pe wn 8 gsm val (22) -028 ws re. 3. APs = Pf ideal ~ Pwf,real ey P 2. Pe Pu ideal = BE tn 6 ~ Pap ident = Oe With skin damage, what does it mean when k is equal to ks? The critical matrix is considered stimulated, ‘The critical matrix is considered damaged. + The critical matrix is considered undamaged.‘With skin damage, what does it mean when k is greater than ks? Select all the correct, answers, The critical matrix is considered undamaged. + The critical matrix is considered damaged. + Sis greater than zero, ‘The critical matrix is considered stimulated. sis less than zero. With skin damage, what does it mean when k is less than ks? Select all the correct answers, S is greater than zero. The critical matrix is considered damaged. The critical matrix is considered stimulated. Sis less than zero. ‘The critical matrix is considered undamagedIdentify the important nodes in a production system. Use the drop down menus beside cach node to select the number that corresponds to it on the diagram. When you are finished, click on the Submit Answer button. i 22 33 44 1, Reservoir drainage boundary 2. Separator 3. Bottom hole 4, Wellhead Match each equation with its name, Use the drop down menu before each equation name to select the number that corresponds to its equation. When you are finished, click om the ‘Submit Answer button. 1. Darey’s law (oil wells) 2. Produetivity index (PD 3. Vogel’s inflow performance relationship 4. Composite IPR (flow above the bubble-point pressure) 5, Composite IPR (flow below the bubble-point pressure)Identify the negative slope, inflection point ia the curve, and positive slope on the tubing intake curve, Use the drop dowa menus beside each description to select the number that corresponds to its part on the diagram. When you are finished, click on the Submit Answer button, Identify the negative slope, inflection point in the curve, and positive slope on the tubing intake curve, Use the drop dawn mentis beside each description to select the number that corresponds to its part on the diagram. When you are finished, click on the Submit Answer button. 2. Critical rate below, which the gas will slip by the liquid and the well will load up 1. Unstable flow in the pipe 3. Conditions where the velocity is high enough to move the fluids to the surface Here is the tubing intake curve ploveed with the [PR curve. What does the downward bend of the inflow curve indicate? As flow rate is increased through the inflow segment of the system, pressure loss is decreased. + As flow sate is increased through the inflow segment of the system, pressure loss is increased. As flow rate is decreased through the inflow segment of the system, pressure loss is increased, Here is the tubing intake curve plotted with the IPR curve. What does the upward bend of the outflow curve indicate? For a fixed separator pressure, the pressure required at the node decreases as the flow rate is increased. Fora fixed separator pressure, the pressure required at the node increases as the flow rate is decreased + Fora fixed separator pressure, the pressure required at the node increases as the flow rate is increased.noo feof geiadeey] 198 (paw boo ble 2 Krodactwe |wde x sue pant pes cperiems) WR owt pore BYBIE por pass 1 go Zigsto7 Fe = pw wan“ —0.75+5] Dore YS 3, =1-0e{ 2} 0 BY vogels gomax Match eack equation with its name. Use the drop down menu before each equation name to select the number that corresponds to its equation, When you ate finished, click on the Submit Answer button. 1. Flow efficiency factor (FE) for damaged well 2, Flow efficiency factor (FE) for undamaged well 3. Flow efficiency factor (FE) for stimulated well 4, Flow efficiency factor (FE) using well test data _ ln) 0.80907 Inf, )— 0.80907 +25Identify each of the following parameters to be input in PERFORM as being reservoir, perforation, or other input parameters. Use the drop down menus beside each parameter to select the number "I" beside each reservoir parameter, the number "2" beside each perforation parameter, and the number "3" beside each parameter that's another input parameter. When you are finished, click on the Submit Answer button, 33 1 Skin 2 Shot density 1 Gas/liquid ratio 1 Bubble-point pressure 1 Gas specific gravity 2 Perforation length and diameter 3 Wellhead pressure | Permeability 3 True vertical depth 1 Water cut 3 Wellhead temperature 2 Perforated heigit 2 Thickness and permeability of the crushed zoneNODAL ANALYSIS PROJECT #5 CRITERIA You are competing with another competitor who has recently launched the most advanced stimulation vessel to sail the North Sea, according to the customer. They are skeptical that recent fracs were properly achieving the objectives and wish to give Dowell and this other group an opportunity to bid on this well.RESERVOIR DATA: NODAL PROJECT #5 Permeability: Porosity: TVD Res. Top: Net Height: Gross Height: Water Cur: Formation Type: Formation $. S.C. gas: OWLAPI: GLR: Gas Saturation: Young's Modulus: Poissons Ratio: Frac Gradient: Pags (Current Prod: Nodal Provnet 45 2.0md 10% 8572 ft 150% 1908 12% ‘Clean Sandstone 26 0st 35° API 15000 scf/bbt 0% 5.6 B06 psi 02 0276 psisft 250 psi. 18000 Mefd DEC Fracturine Pe. 3/3© eee eee NODAL ANALYSIS PROJECT # 6 CRITERIA The customer has big time reserves and deep pockets but is particular in how they spend their money. Your particular contact is a former Red and Gray man and really would rather not waste his time talking to you. However, his boss says he has to. They are committed to technology. The gas market is hot and they want to get at it!! Noviat Proiect #6 DPC-Frncturing Po. U3RESEI IR DATA: NODAL PROJECT #6 Permeability: 0.05 ma Porosity: 65% TVD Res. Top: 63508 Net Height: 70 Gross Height: son ‘Water Saturation: 2% Water Cut: 5% Formation Type: ‘Clean Sandstone Fonmation 5.0: 2.68 8.G. gas: 0.66 OMAP: 32° API GLR: 9500 set Frac Gradient: 0.82 pitt Area: 80 Actes 8.G. Water: 107 ‘Youngs Modulus: 6.0206 psi . Poissons Ratio: 02 LLeakoft Height: 708. Noval Peniert 6 DEC Reactnrine Pe 38NODAL ANALYSIS PROJECT # 3 CRITERIA Dowell is asked to prepare a proposal to hydraulically fracture the following well. The client is concerned about the cost. The client is very concerned about spending money, having a bad experience with other service companies that have pumped fracture treatments that did not achieve the forecasted production.RESERVOIR DATA: NODAL PROJECT # 3 Permeability Porosity: ‘TVD Res. Top: Net Height: Gross Height: ‘Water Saturation: Formation ‘Type: Pormation $.0.: GLR: it Gravity: SG water: SG gas: Bub, PtPres: 4 md 10% Toot 4B 0k 15% Dirty Sandstone 25 2500 sefibbt 30° API oT on 2100 psiNODAL ANALYSIS PROJECT # 6 CRITERIA The customer has big time reserves and deep pockets but is particular in how they spend theit money. Your particular contact is a former Red and Gray man and really would rather not waste his time talking to you. However, his boss says he has to. They are committed to technology. The gas market is hot and they want to get at it!!RESERVOIR DATA: NODAL PROJECT #6 Permeability: Porosity: TVD Res. Top: Net Height: Gross Height: Water Saturation: Water Cue Formation Type: Fornation §.G. S.G. gas: Oi AP: GLR: Frac Gradient: Area: S.G. Water: ‘Youngs Modulus: Poissons Ratio: Leakoff Height: 0.05 ead 65% 63508 Tor 908 12% 5% (Clean Sandstone 2.68 0.66 32° API 19500 sete 0.82 psi/ft 80 Actes 4.07 6.0 E06 pai , 0.22 708.EEN NODAL ANALYSIS PROJECT #5 CRITERIA You are competing with another competitor who has recently jaunched the most advanced stimulation vessel to sail the North Sea, according to the customer. They are skeptical that recent fracs were properly achieving the objectives and wish to give Dowell and this other group an opportunity te bid on this well.RESERVOIR DATA: NODAL PROJECT # 5 Permeability: 20 md Porosity 10% TVD Res. Top: ast Net Height: 150% Gross Height: 1908 Water Cuts ne Formation Type: ‘Clean Sandstone Formation 8.6. 26 S.G. gas 067 Oi APE: 38° API GR: 15000 seen . Gas Sataration: 0% ‘Young's Modus: 5.6 B06 psi Poissons Ratio: oa Frac Gradient 0.76 psivte Pa 250 psi Curreat Peed! 18000 MefdNODAL ANALYSIS PROJECT # 6 CRITERIA The customer has big time reserves and deep pockets but is particular in how they spend their money. Your particular contact is a former Red and Gray man and really would rather not waste his time talking to you. However, his boss says he has to. They are committed to technology. The gas market is hot and they want to get at it!RESERVOIR DATA: NODAL PROJECT #6 Peameabiicr Porosity: TVD Res. Tos: Net Height: Gross Height ‘Water Saturation: Water Cot Formation Type: Formation S. SG. gas: OWAPE: GER’ Frac Gradient: Area: S.G, Water: ‘Youngs Modulus: Poissons Ratio: Leakoff Height: 6.05 ma 65% e350 oR oof 2% 5% ‘Clean Sandstone 2.68 0.66 32° APL £9500 seffbbt 0.82 pail 80 Acres 107 6.0 B06 psi ‘ 0.22 08.