Endabeni

THE
PSYCHOPHYSICS
by Fechner

Isandulela.
Well, emva kwami, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1860 "Imisuka
Psychophysics", ngaphandle nje amaphuzu ambalwa, okuyinto
mhlawumbe kabavumelanga ushesha okuyothi, kusukela kuzo
zonke izinhlangothi kwenzeka, ukuhlaselwa kubhekwe
uyiphebezile ukuthi isinxephezelo wethule imibono kodwa by
absentmindedness yabo gwema izimbangi kuyinto Uhlolojikelele
kancane futhi ukuqhathanisa, ngixoxa nabantu folgends efanayo
kangaka futhi lakhiwa enjalo, ukuthi sikhethe phakathi kwabo
ingenziwa behufs isisekelo esisha psychophysics; Nokho,
ngesikhathi esifanayo abheke in the ikhono lokubonelela ukuthi
choice emkhatsini ezininginingi kanjalo, ayiphikisani komunye
nomunye esingaphansi ukuthi imizamo yokuqala, imibono
kuyoba nzima ukukhuthaza kuhlolwe ukuthi kwakungeke
ekugcineni kube akukhetha ukubuyela emayini, futhi ngibhala le
ngingenasiphambeko emva izinhlangothi wonke. Lokhu,
ngamafuphi, uma kukhona wazwakalisa sakuntela, kodwa sina
kuqondwe okuqukethwe kanye ngenjongo kulo mbhalo. Closer
ukhuluma lapha mayelana input ezilandelayo kusuka, kodwa
baphinde okuqukethwe kanye nemiphumela kufinyeta kafushane
lokho I ambalwa nje, ifonti umbuzo, externals vorzubemerken
ukuthola lapha.
Mhlawumbe kakade kunalokho kuyoba, ngo abaningi
kangaka amadlingozi ezizayo kunika kule dokhumenti, kuphela
hhayi ekubhekaneni ukushicilelwa omunye umagazini (presobuhle bayo), Wabe esephinda ukuhlehla isimo ngeso
kuvimbela it. Ngisho kwamanje, Nokho, ngemuva kokuhlinzwa
ezinye happy consummated iso baye bavumela kimi isiqalo
esisha umsebenzi tetemibhalo, kumele balandele nobunzima
ngamehlo kodwa ezibuthakathaka futhi sicasuke esisele
nomthelela lapha izincwadi, ukufuna izaba uma mina
ukunganakwa lokhu noma lokhuya kufanele yini kwadingeka

kucatshangelwe. Amaphuzu Okubalulekile akufanele ngisindile

kimi, futhi manje ukunganakwa kungenzeka kube kwelinye, le
omagazini bokuqala namanje nachzuliefernden, igqubu yesibili.
Nakuba nombuzo wokuthi ngabe it sondela isimo,
iminyaka yami yobudala kanye isimo amehlo ami kuze kube
onjalo. Kufanele kube icala, bese okufanayo uyodala ngaphandle
nezichibiyelo of the uhlobo iinthombe counter-ababecabanga
ngokumelene ncwajana bekhulume amazwi, lokho kuyoba nzima
kungenele izimbangi, abanye, kusukela ekuqaleni lihlehliselwe,
izilingo ngokusebenzisa uzwela olunzulu futhi isisindo amazwi
on the izindlela nesilinganiso sipho.
Ngokusho lokhu, kuphela okulandelayo kwi ukusungulwa
umbhalo ifonti lwamanje.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezithile, okuqukethwe akunakuba
ngokusho abalobi, okungazange reference kwaba kuwo
ukuthatha, ihlelwa, ngakho kwezihloko on kwesigaba ngasinye
futhi kurejista igama kuyofika ndawonye ekugcineni ukwenza
kube lula uma kuziwa ngakunye. Lokhu kwakunzima
ukwamukela umlingisi umfaniswano yonke imiBhalo, njengoba
kuveza ngempela, mina am sorry; kodwa pha it enjalo,
ngingathanda umane ube isitha noma ukucabangela enkulu
ngokumelene. Ngokusho kwabanye, emBhalweni phakade
yokungenisa, izingxenye enginakho kuhlolwe ukuphikisa
ngokuphuthuma ayevumela prefixed ukuxoxisana in the izigaba
kamuva nezitha mayelana imibono yabo siqu (e kude kangaka
hhayi kakade esigabeni 4 kwakuthiwa yayibonakala ngokwanele)
futhi isimo samanje yokulinga of Law Weber sika ukuchaza.
Abakaki ngaphakathi izingcaphuno ongokoqobo asho
folgends activations ingxenye abalobi ngokwabo, Square lezo
ifakwe kimi. - With k. I ubheke izinombolo page emibhalweni
abalobi, kanye S. kulabo kulomculu wena -. Ngokuphathelene
Paginaverweisungen amagama abalobi ngaphandle befaka
isignesha yabo noma indatshana cabanga wena okuphathe
eSahlukweni II -. "Imisuka ye Psychophysics" My Ngibiza
ekubhekiseleni by "Elem." - "Psychophysical" ungaphakathi the
text kaningana ps.-ph. futhi "ukuzwa" iye esifushanisiwe ukuba E
..

Okuqukethwe

I. input
II. Ibhayisikobho kimi esungulwe imithetho psychophysical futhi
amafomula ummeleli yabo kuyoba, ngilapha kanye Ngakolunye
uhlangothi, wabeka phansi ukuphikisa main
III. Literature of folgends okungcono kubhekisiswe ukuphikisa
akhawunti kanye engqubuzanayo
IV. Sula ukuboniswa abaphikisi
Helmholtz and Aubert
Mach
Amber
Plateau
Brentano
Delboeuf
Herring
Langer
V. ukuphikisa ukuthi umthetho Weber lalingekho kahle bazinqumela
kusukela ucwaningo (Brentano, inhlanzi, Langer)
VI. Ukuphikisa esekelwe ngeziphambeko yokulinga emthethweni Weber
sika (Aubert, Delboeuf, inhlanzi, Langer)
VII. Ngeseteleology. Amazwi mayelana emizweni olunzulu (Hering)
VIII. Ukuphikisa Aprioristic [Mach, inhlanzi, Classen, Ueberhorst,
Bernstein)
IX. Umbuzo we transferability of the embundwini psychophysics
elingaphakathi
X. wenqaba ukuba ongemuhle imizwelo amagugu. Amaphuzwakhe
Ngaphezu kwalokho embundwini (Delboeuf, Langer, Preyer)
XI. Amazwana on Qhathanisa ukuzwa (Hering, Mach)
XII. Umbono umehluko ukuzwa (Schneider, Delboeuf)
XIII. Oscillations and amakhemikhali mbono (Hering)
XIV. Mayelana ratios lokujabulela black and white, kanye isithasiselo on
isijobelelo theory umbala Hering Hering on umbala theory kanye
umbono wami
XV. Umthethosisekelo Bernstein sika psychophysical
XVI. Ukuhlanganiswa owedlule, ikakhulukazi nezintsha yokulinga
imiphumela maqondana noMthetho Weber sika

1. amandla Light (ngaphandle umbala ushintsho

2. Sound amandla (ngaphandle kokushintsha pitch)
3. Taste
4. Isisindo
5. Temperature
6. Izinguquko umbala noma iphimbo
7. osayizi Olubanzi

XVII. Delboeufs ucwaningo ukukhanya

XVIII. Hering isisindo ukuhlolwa
XIX. v. ucwaningo izinyo umbala inhlanganisela
XX. Umbuzo we izilinganiso eziyisisekelo umsebenzi psychophysical
XXI. Ukuqhubeka
XXII. Afterword.

I. input.
Kuye ngaphambilini ayekholelwa ukuthi nakuba ingatholakala umehluko
ngamandla emizweni ngokusebenzisa okuqonda elingaphakathi ukuthi kwakungekho
isimiso kodwa empeleni level ngokwengqondo, okuyiqiniso kangangokuthi omunye
angasho umuzwa; waba ngcono noma njengoba kaningi njengoba
omunye. Khonamanjalo, ngangifuna ukubonisa izakhi zami of psychophysics (I. 54
kanye jikelele II. 191) ukuthi, nakuba kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuba ukunqoba
kangangokuthi by superposition sangaphakathi emizweni ngendlela efanayo njengoba
wena ngaphandle ubude isiqeshana ithoyizi izinyathelo ngokwengalo
yendoda; kodwa ukuncika kangaka isilinganiso amandla umuzwa amandla
ashukumisayo ukuthi kubangela lokujabulela awusekela; futhi ifomu enjalo ukuzwa
elingaphakathi an Elle yangaphandle lingalinganiswa.Kwakuyoba lokhu kube ngisho
lula ngempela uma nje ukuthatha amandla ezilinganiselwe ze umuzwa of the amandla
ashukumisayo, kodwa okubonakala kungenakwenzeka phezu examination; Nokho,
kwanele ukuba wazi ubuhlobo phezulu phakathi ezimbili ukucacisa lokujabulela
emva ratios mass of the umfutho. Lona Cardo rei okuqeda isici ngokwengqondo.
Enginakho izimiso nemithetho kuxoxwa umzamo, okungase kuholele lokhu
isilinganiso ukuncika ukuba anqume, futhi ngokwengxenye ngemithetho angaphandle
futhi ngokwengxenye siqu, eziphathelene ucwaningo wenza amafomula, phakathi
lapho kungaqondakala lokhu ubuhlobo ukuncika, elamiswa.
Manje inikeza, kalula yokubuka wukuthi yangaphandle umfutho, lapho kubangela

umuzwa, lokhu akulungile, kodwa ngokwenza ukuthi yena umsebenzi ngokomzimba,

I basibiza ngokuthi psychophysical, ngo izinhlelo sethu sezinzwa kubangela,
okuyiqembu umsebenzi ngengqondo lokujabulela in the ukwencika
ngokushesha. Kungenzeka yini enye ngisho wafaka esibangelwa the umfutho
umsebenzi psychophysical degree yabo emva ezintweni Ubukhulu bayo ngokusho
ezilinganiselwe ze manje, noma ezinye ukulinganisa kunaleso proportionality elula
phakathi kokubili wathola isebenza, labo imithetho kanye namafomula belungafica
icala kuqala ngqo ngesikhathi esifanayo for the isilinganiso nokuncika isicelo
phakathi ukuzwa kanye nemisebenzi psychophysical, kwesibili, uma eduze kakhulu
imvume efanayo, ngalokhu, ngaphandle degree of lokujabulela, sandla lesibalulekile,
ngakho target lokuqala isifundo olunembile okusobala phakathi umzimba
nomphefumulo by side ambalwa bunikezwe ngayo, futhi lokhu ukuba kubaluleke
kangaka futhi ngokujulile kuhlanganyele kwengqondo kusukela kolunye uhlangothi,
physiology kusukela phesheya, futhi ngisho ifilosofi lapho edlulisela labo imithetho
kanye namafomula, okuyizinto ezizwakalayo zokuba ukubona izinkanuko
maqondana nomsebenzi ecashile, ukusebenza kwabo kuze ephakeme kufanele.Futhi
like okusezingeni kangaka enyuka a umsebenzi ngokwengqondo, kodwa ukushuba
umsebenzi ukwazi, okuyinto elake lasetshenziswa kanjani ukukhanya izithombe
ngazo ngisho Bewustseinsttigkeit esiphezulu usenayo i iphuzu ukuhlasela
sokukhishwa ubudlelwano ntathu phakathi engqondweni nasemzimbeni ikhasi uye
waphathwa ngenhlonipho ukuba izenzakalo of inkumbulo nokunaka kuze
imikhawulo ethile ngami.
The nenhlalakahle odlule wathi: Ngiyaqonda by "psychophysics" ngaso sonke
isayensi esiqondile ubudlelwano, okungcono ubudlelwano ntathu 1) phakathi,, side
ngokomoya, ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba ngokomzimba ngokomzimba khona,
olunembile maqondana njengoba okusekelwe observation, UCWANINGO logic
zezibalo amaqiniso okusekelwe, short indlela efanayo ngaphandle ncamashi
kusebenza, ukuhambisana izimfundiso. Yiqiniso, imiphumela yabo bathuthuka kude
kangaka ukulondeka efanayo njengoba Mechanics, physics, chemistry, njengoba
okulandelayo kuyomane ukufakazela kakhulu, futhi ngisho physiology yena uthanda
kunabaphostoli kule ndaba, okuyinto zincike ezihlahleni ezinkulu, izinkinga eziyizici,
kodwa kunalokho ngakususi indlela ngqo, kodwa wonke amabutho nenselele efanayo
ukuze banqobe Nokho, it has kusukela ngempela ahluke ukwelashwa yefilosofi
endaweni efanayo indlela enjalo.
Ubudlelwane phakathi izinga imihlola ezingokwengqondo ifomu akuzona
ngokomthetho bangafakwa psychophysics, kodwa kancane esezihloliwe kuze kube
manje.
1)

Nokho, uhlanganyela psychophysics ukuze kuqondwe zibe izingxenye ezimbili

eziyinhloko, iyiphi I ukuhlukanisa njengoba psychophysics yangaphandle
elingaphakathi, owokuqala, iphatha ubuhlobo phakathi izenzakalo ngemilingo futhi
evuselela yangaphandle efanayo, okuthiwa ezintweni, kodwa abanye ubudlelwano
imihlola ngemilingo the, okuthiwa imisebenzi elingaphakathi psychophysical,
ngokomzimba, okuyizinto ezithoba kubo ngokushesha. Esokuqala kusekelwe

ngokuyinhloko ucwaningo, enye udonsa ngaphansi Mitzuziehung yokwakheka,

imiphumela bokuphila nezingokwengqondo amaqiniso kuqala.
Imikhiqizo lakhiwa kimi kusukela micabango jikelele "izakhi" izimiso, imithetho
kanye namafomula wafunda bebonke ube nalesi siphetho. You sicunule kabanzi
ukunakwa, futhi, ngaphandle kwezinye izazi zefilosofi, lapho isimiso psychophysics
akakwazi ukubikezela, une it wanezela yakwamukela ukuthi okwafinyelelwa wazama
ukubhekana izindlela exakterem kunakuqala inkinga ubuhlobo umzimba
nomphefumulo , Futhi, angazi ukuthi engqondo ami esungulwe ngesilinganiso
isimiso ngenxa ubuhlobo functional phakathi umfutho kanye ukuzwa, futhi ajulile
phakathi umsebenzi psychophysical kanye ukuzwa, zalabo abaye benza ucwaningo
olunjalo kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, inselele njengoba Kunalokho ngisho nalabo
abangamkhonzi noma avumelane isikhundla ezathathwa imithetho yami futhi
amafomula ngokwengxenye kuphela, kodwa ulethe ekubhaleni kwabo Maformeln
siqu isimiso esifanayo ngo application. 2) Futhi kusukela esisekelweni kungenzeka
ngezinga elithile enjalo, kungenzeka psychophysics ngokwayo, igama kwaqubuka
lesi isayensi kuphela ukuze futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iyasebenza lalivamile,
ngisho kwengqondo zezibalo, ngaphambilini ulahlekile isici ngokwengqondo
sinikezwa, ngangingakwazi kakade nisuthe uma becabanga psychophysics yami
yonke nje lesi simiso ngazo Zizihlanganise nabantu imikhawulo ngenxa processing
izindlela yokulinga abengakwenza; okwenza kodwa anisoze lonke kugcinwe.
2)

ungathanda ukuba enze okuhlukile kulokhu kodwa herring; ngoba isimiso nakuba
Usivezele kude kangaka akukho ukuphikisana ngemilingo ngami ngesilinganiso
esungulwe ngqo, livela kanye kodwa munye wakhe, ami ezahlukene ngokuphelele,
wasungula umcabango eziyisisekelo izimo psychophysical ngokungaqondile, futhi
ngendlela aye wasebenzelana ngayo umbono ukukhanya kakade ukukhuluma
ngaphandle Nokho, le, olunikezwa kuye ngombono ngaphambi ncwadi, lets bheka
ukuqhutshekiselwa phambili izifundo zakhe psychophysical ngokucacile kule
ndaba. Emibhalweni zefilosofi cishe like aphikisayo abanye Maprinzip
ngokomzimba yami ukuba icala, okuyinto lost on me, ngoba Ngithathe kancane
walandela izincwadi zamuva yefilosofi.Ever awe abacwaningi kodwa zefilosofi
psychophysical kuze kube manje ndawonye kancane.
Balivumile semthethweni omisiwe by Maprinzipes engqondweni, okungukuthi
ethatha ngesilinganiso ngokwayo simise ehlukene kanye value ehlukile, kuncike
underlaid imithetho noma omunye ehlukahlukene kanye namafomula for the
ubuhlobo functional phakathi umfutho futhi umuzwa in the psychophysics
elingaphandle, ngemfanekiso ubuhlobo phakathi side engqondo ngokomzimba
ehlukene kithi ngokwaso, kuncike ekutheni omunye tifinyeto ubuhlobo functional
phakathi ezimbili ezahlukene, lapho ngidlula ngezindlela ezehlukene kusukela
olungaphandle psychophysics elingaphakathi. Kuzo zombili ubuhlobo kodwa mina
kufanele sikhulume kahle ezingaphezu kuka ephikisanayo ukuhlolwa lokulungisa
omisiwe ngami ukubukwa, imithetho, imisho kanye namafomula; Yebo sebuqoqiwe
kusukela engele eziningi kangaka futhi kusukela eziningi kangaka, ngokwengxenye

theory, ngokwengxenye imibono yokulinga ukuphikisa ngokumelene lokuthi ukusho

lonke yami, wazikhandla elalizokwakhiwa, uhlelo psychophysical kanjalo ke sihlale
singeyona itshe phezu kwetshe.
Ngaphandle eyodwa, kakade ekupheleni izinto ami Rage kubhekwe ebusuku,
ukuphikisa ka Helmholtz kukhona kimi ngazo zonke ucishe profound ukuphikisa
Yaduma by Aubert, Mach, Bernstein, Plateau, Delboeuf, Brentano, inhlanzi, Langer. I
isiyaluyalu enemisebenzi kakhulu futhi mhlawumbe ayevumela kakhulu noma
kunjalo of herring edlule, futhi akayekanga ukwenza ngokwengxenye ngenxa
yegunya negama lombhali yabo, ngokwengxenye ngenxa acumen yabo,
ngokwengxenye ngenxa izinqumo ngazo kuthiwa, ukucabanga enkulu. The izinhlelo
olungiselelwe kimi njengoba imithetho eyisisekelo kukhona ngesikhathi esizayo nje
kuphela priori engenakwenzeka kodwa futhi waphetha ngokungeyikho kusukela
amaqiniso, kukhona kusobala bamanga, yebo, baqinisile, babeyothola kuphakame a
teleology ekukhulelweni bedidekile futhi enengqondo ziyangqubuzana emhlabeni
ngaphandle. Into Ngokuyinhloko ezahlukene touch. Langer; ehlanganisa inani
labamelene eyaziwa kimi, inhlanzi kubonisa ukugcwala futhi nokucija ukuphikisa
kancane; futhi Delboeuf Nakuba ekugcineni efika omunye awami ngesimo
alinganayo ngokuphelele, ngo ukubaluleka; kodwa ehlukene kakhulu, formula
yokukala, futhi ifingqa, ngo indatshana yakhe yokuqala (the Etude) ephakanyiswe
eliphikisayo wesithathu (the Revue p 241st) ngokwaso kanje: The law Fechner
(Magesetz) kuyinto untenable ngokombono nezibalo umbono. It kuholela iziphetho
okungenangqondo nabo, kanye nendlela lapho butholakala (tablie), akanikwa umoya
umbono ocacile of kungenzeka lokho nenani elikhulu isasasa, ngalokho, indlela
abangasinda ngayo omelelwa inombolo "njll
Phela 'Angikwazi nje kumelwe sibonge labamelene nami main, futhi ifakwe kuzo
lokhu ngalokhu ukwabela noma ngabe nokho insgemein ejuba aphikisayo ezwini
lami ngamazwi nonomusa; futhi ikakhulukazi ngizizwa Brentano futhi Hering kube
sithembisa ukuthi, isifiso sami ukugcina ingxoxo phakathi kwemingcele impikiswano
kuphela wezobusayensi, kuthiwa angafika ngendlela enomusa in singesihambelanayo
ukuba ngiqhube nabo mayelana ukuphikisa kwabo.
Kodwa kanjani mina ngizibeke khona ingxenye yami lonke ibuya ngokwengxenye
ukuphikisa akanamali okubhubhisayo ayevumela enhlanganweni Ngimelela
imfundiso ngokumelene? - Angiqondile okwamanje ukuthi kamuva okubi kangaka
mayelana efanayo njengoba kulindeleke bavele phambi kuqala. Yebo, ukuzimisela
labamelene nami eyodwa, nakuba into bescheidnere ukuba baphikisane
ngokuzimisela, ngakho ngicabanga ngemuva kokucubungula yonke ngibe ukuphikisa
eyaziwa kule mfundiso kukho konke amaphuzu ayisisekelo kangaka abaqotho lapho I
kakhulu cishe ukubona ukuthi usubekwe blank, futhi ubambe ngesikhathi esifanayo
ukuqinisekisa thatthe kusazoqhubeka ngeke kushintshe imali. Ngikuveze ngisho
nzima ukuvimbela nobunzima obukhulu of the imfundiso; kodwa mina bakuthola
umbono at zonke ezahlukene amaphuzu ayisisekelo kunelawo emayini, futhi
ukuqiniseka kule self selingaphezu nami ukuthi ngikuthola; okuyinto asivimbeli,
aqaphele ukukhalipha ngezinto - abanye abaningi abaye babhekana ukucabangela
abanye angasindisa wena nami - nokwenza ezivuna emva ubuhlobo ngamunye.

Kodwa sibeka esimweni imfundiso yami, ukukhuluma kabi lapho namanje pretty
okuningi esibhekiswe wonke ehlome njengoba ukuqala konke impikiswano kuze
kube manje, ngabe ngempela kubhekwe ngokuphambene, wenqaba, lapho kungaba
umphumela? Izitha manje balwa more kangaka ngokumelene nomunye, kusukela
izimfundiso zabo ngisho ngaphezu kwesami kungqubuzane cishe, kodwa cishe yonke
ucishe alizange ezindaweni ezahlukene. Kudingeka nje ufunde ingxenye
yesine. Ngakho psychophysics ubeyoba sengozini ngemuva nje okuphambene nje
eqhosha okuthiwa imfundiso esiqondile ifilosofi ukwabelana ogama Ukungezwani
lula. Manje kuyoba nice uma ingxabano entsha engadingekile kungaba ukuthi
wokuqala eyenzeka njengoba engadingekile, ukuthi kungashiwo kuboniswe ukuthi
akukho sizathu more ngokwanele ukuba ashiye imibono eziyisisekelo isakhiwo
lokuqala imfundiso uye wabasekela.
In isiqondiso ke lokhu script kulotshiwe futhi kulo mqondo I thatha ingxabano
kanye nezitha, kodwa lokhu kokudela ukuza emuva isinyathelo engiyakhayo noma
mayelana amaphuzu jikelele imfundiso ubuhlobo phakathi umzimba nomphefumulo
nalesi ukuthi isiqondiso zefilosofi futhi ikakhulukazi akhiwe ngayo umbono
linqoba.Kunomkhuba ukungavumeli izithombe kwi abantu nezilwane futhi. Chaza
imisebenzi yengqondo esithile uya kusukela base ngokomzimba. Kucatshangwa
ukuthi umphefumulo abahlezi amaphuzu elula zobuchopho. I am in yonkhe
lemikhakha yezinye umbono; kodwa bakholelwa kwezinye izahluko amalungu ami
futhi imibhalo yami zefilosofi usunayo wathi ngokwanele ngakho, ngokwanele futhi
ukufakazisa kude kangakanani imibono yami ihluke izinto ezibonakalayo futhi
irreligious. Ububanzi design of psychophysics neze ezimele imibono ngala maphuzu,
kodwa kunalokho; kodwa ungajahi for manje, angena imininingwane, kusukela le
mfundiso asicimi of the ezivamile, kodwa abanye amaqiniso eyinqaba kakhulu
nemithetho.
Against ezinye nezitha indlela ngenhla, Engiye ekuqaleni obala noma ngasese
uzwakalise ngedwa ngokuphawulekayo kangaka ngokuningiliziwe ngokumelene
Aubert in the imibiko Saxon. Soc. 1864 1 et seq., Okwesikhashana ngokumelene
Delboeuf in a ukubonisa of Etude wakhe psychophysique in Jen. Ubuso bamakherubi
babubheke-time. No. 1874 28; Imininingwane Ngaphezu kwalokho ngokumelene
Brentano futhi herring in singesihambelanayo engazenza izincwadi eziningana nabo
ngasese ukuba uxhumane nami phambi ingxoxo emphakathini ngangokunokwenzeka
nabo. Nokho, ngoba saholela asikho isivumelwano wamemezela, ngakho mina
kufanele baphendukele manje counter yami ukuphikisa ukuphikisa yayo
umphakathi; futhi ngiyethemba ukuthi abalobi okukhulunywa ngeke asithole
engacabanganga, uma ngithatha lowo folgends esifanayo ziwagcina engabantu
ezinye, ukuqeda ukuphikisa kwabo, izitatimende ezibhaliwe ngenhlonipho.
II. Ibhayisikobho kimi esungulwe imithetho psychophysical futhi
amafomula ummeleli yabo kuyoba, ngilapha kanye Ngakolunye
uhlangothi, wabeka phansi ukuphikisa main.
1) embundwini umthetho (e Elem. I. 238 ngokuthi iqiniso kancane
efaneleka embundwini) sibalula ukuthi umuzwa njengoba umehluko

phakathi imizwa kungabonakali akukhona nje for ukwazi, uma umfutho

noma umfutho umehluko, abathembele kuzo, kwi a value zero isenzo
wehla, kuthathela namagugu ezilinganiselwe efanayo for the ukwazi
ibisinyamalala. Lokhu value ezilinganiselwe of the umfutho noma
umfutho umehluko, okumele eqiwe ukuze umuzwa noma umehluko of
emizweni zenzeke, Ngibiza embundwini; ngokulandelana umehluko
embundwini. Kodwa ngaphandle ngemva eminye elandelayo imithetho
hhayi kangako kubalulekile ukuthi umehluko ethile ngokuphelele
ezintweni, kodwa ukuba ezintweni in a isilinganiso ukuma, short
umehluko isihlobo, noma ukuthi uya nalo, isilinganiso ezithile
yayikukhumbula uzobe lidlule, kanjalo umehluko ezintweni ephawuleka,
umuntu angakhuluma a kombundu isilinganiso ezintweni futhi
esikhundleni kombundu umehluko. Where manje umfutho, isihlobo
umfutho umehluko, imali umfutho ukuze incazelo odlule, singaphezu
noma ngaphansi umbundu, kuthiwa naye umuzwa ezihambisanayo
olulodwa noma umehluko ukuthi ayehlale, ngenhla noma ngezansi
umbundu.
2) Law Weber sika (Elem. I. 134 ff., In II. 9 ff. Ngokuba nomehluko
omncane by the formula ayisisekelo imele), ngashayela kanjalo ngoba
okokuqala uzwakalise in a jikelele ethile by EH Weber, libhekisela Kuye
umehluko, izinguquko noma Zuwchse umuzwa zazo kubo kwaqala
umfutho, kanti uthi ukuthi umehluko, izinguquko noma Zuwchse
ukuzwa akukashintshi, hhayi lapho ngokuphelele, kodwa uma isihlobo
umehluko, izinguquko noma Zuwchse the umfutho akukashintshi, by
bazithobisa anyuswe isihlobo the anyuswe ngokuphelele zihlukaniswe
ubukhulu umfutho ukuze lapho anyuswe kwenziwa, of
course. Mathematics incike By umthetho odlule kanye okulandelayo,
futhi ngaleso sizathu angaphendula sisebenza ngokufanayo liphinyiselwe
njengoba uMthetho Weber sika: Umehluko phakathi ezintweni ezimbili
bavele ilingane for lokujabulela, lapho isilinganiso ezintweni lihlala
okufanayo, kokubili ongama noma bawe value ngokuphelele lapho
kuphela nje kwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo.
... 3) Magesetz of ukuzwa (in Elem II I2 ff by imele formula
yokukala), elisuselwa izibalo kusukela imithetho Weberian nemithetho
abasafufusa, libhekisela ukwencika ubukhulu lokujabulela ngisho
ubukhulu umfutho futhi uthi: ukuthi Usayizi ukuzwa kuyinto wakhona
logarithm of, dlividierten by embundwini yayo umfutho, noma, uma
omunye uthatha value umbundu njengoba unit umfutho, umane wakhona
logarithm of the umfutho, yini lokujabulela kuncike, ukhula. Kunciphisa
umfutho ngezansi umbundu, kanjalo lokujabulela (emva formula
yokukala) negative, bachaza kimi njengoba amagugu ngaquleka.
.. 4) Magesetz umehluko lokujabulela (e Elem H. 89 ff, le formula
umehluko amelwe), libonisa umphumela emsulwa yomthetho odlule
ukuthi ubukhulu umehluko phakathi emizweni amabili ke wakhona

umehluko isilinganiso logarithmic kokubili emizweni, - njengoba

umehluko we logarithms ngobuningi ezimbili elilingana logarithm of the
quotient kokubili eziguquguqukayo kuyinto - ukuthi logarithm of the
quotient of the ezintweni ezimbili ezilinganiselwe lapho emizweni
zincike.
Manje kufanele kuqashelwe futhi Elem. ll. 82 kuxoxwa kabanzi,
ukuthi umehluko phakathi emizweni okubili kungenzeka, ngaphandle
kokuba nokho waqonda njengoba umehluko, ngakho uma emizweni
awela abantu ezahlukene, noma ukuwela abantu efanayo ezikhathini
eziningi ukuze sokuqala ukhohliwe uma omunye engena, noma
iqondiswe kuphela omunye ukunakwa ezimbili, noma, ekugcineni, uma
umehluko phakathi ezintweni ezimbili ezincane kakhulu. Ukuze
ngempela ngokuthi njengoba ukungezwani okucatshangelwayo noma
njengoba umuzwa umehluko, futhi ngokungafani lokujabulela kimi
ukwenza, kanjalo izimo ezikhethekile ukuba kugcwaliseke akudingeki
ukuba kugcwaliseke for the umehluko nje phakathi emizweni ezimbili,
kafushane ukuzwa umehluko yini imithetho elandelayo kanye bayaxoxa
efanayo kukhona formula isikhala.
5) Magesetz umehluko noma Ngokuphambene ukuzwa (e Elem. II.
96 ff. By the Unterschiedsmaformel amelwe), uthi ukuthi ubukhulu
noma amandla lokujabulela umehluko, njengalokhu incike ubukhulu
eyisihlobo ezintweni, ngakho ukuphumula akhiwa, kuyinto wakhona
logarithm of a quotient ogama numerator ukuba ngumtshina by the
isilinganiso eziguquguqukayo ezimbili umfutho ogama zifana kodwa
ngenani embundwini lokhu isilinganiso, okungukuthi ukubaluleka lapho
umbono umehluko ubalekela, futhi ngaphezu which they avele iDemo
ngokuphawulekayo by embundwini isilinganiso lukhonjisiwe.
Hot ngokuvamile umuzwa usayizi , ubukhulu umfutho, ngalo
kuncike , ,
,b, futhi ake K, K constants,
okuyizinto ezimele ubukhulu lokujabulela futhi umfutho , Lapho
kubalulekile ukuba ukuhlukanisa emizweni ezahlukene
nokushukunyiswa, kwenziwe by uyilahla linamathele. Iba futhi
kafushane ubuhlobo phakathi ezimbili ezintweni, embundwini lokhu
umfutho isilinganiso v kanye ubukhulu lokujabulela
umehluko futhi, njengoba imithetho emidala ukuveza amafomula
ezilandelayo:
1) embundwini amafomula:
b == const. ; V == const.
2) formula Esiyinhloko ukubonakaliswa kwamakhono umthetho
Weber for umuzwa umehluko, kushintsha Zuwchse yobukhulu

encane:
ngemuva uhlobo nkulumo yomthetho lapho , kakhulu asho
izinguquko ezincane; noma ngokuvamile, nganoma yisiphi umfutho
sezinzwa nobukhulu

lapho f jikelele umsebenzi-izindlela ngezindawo uhlobo nkulumo.

3) Mass formula mass yobukhulu lokujabulela :

noma uma lokho okungase kwenzeke ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, k = 1

kanye b = 1 lishona, elula
= log

4) umehluko formula, ukuze mass ubukhulu umehluko isasasa

*) The njalo k kuvumelana njalo K kanye formula ayisisekelo, kodwa,

uma omunye logarithms yemvelo isebenzisa, lapho usebenzisa
logarithms abajwayelekile
kulapho kanye M ubizwa ngokuthi
wemfihlo kohlelo ezivamile logarithmic. Ibhayisikobho iqiniso lokuthi
logarithm a break weqiniso kuba negative, kulandele amagugu
ongemuhle for namagugu , okuyizinto ezincane kunenani
embundwini.

5) Unterschiedsmaformel, degree of Ngokuphambene ukuzwa

Umehluko noma u

Ngokuphathelene bheke futhi ubuhlobo mutual imithetho emidala

futhi amafomula kungenzeka waphawula ukuba, ezinikezwe izakhi,
kodwa ezilandelayo izincazelo. Law Weber okubonakala maqondana
umehluko e ukuzwa, kodwa ucwaningo, ogxile umthetho Weber sika,
ukuya ngqo kuphela umehluko okucatshangelwayo noma umehluko
emizweni ngaphakathi okushiwo umehluko ngenhla (bheka
ngenhla). Nokho, omunye kuthathwa ilungelo ukuthi umehluko
lokujabulela akukashintshi lapho umehluko ziqondakala akukashintshi
futhi konke co-inquma emizweni umehluko ngaphandle umehluko
umfutho, uhlala okufanayo, yini okufanele igqoke ucwaningo ukusekela
umthetho Weber sika. Ngaphandle lokhu imfuneko okungokwemvelo
esigabeni 5 ngeke zikwenze mayelana nokubuya Mgomo ngeke
bakuthole kusukela ukuhlolwa kusukela umuzwa Magesetze. Ngakho
uma umthetho Weber sika maqondana ukuzwa umehluko (e nkulumo
yayo by the formula ayisisekelo) kanye nemithetho embundwini
ndawonye isisekelo zezibalo for the bheke of the ezinye amafomula,
kuba maqondana layo umehluko emizweni ngesisekelo yokulinga yayo
ilemuko lomsebenzi wakhe Ubuqiniso has ukuvala ubuhlobo last
ngokwayo kuphela semthethweni yayo in the ubuhlobo lokuqala.
Kuye ubuhlobo eyodwa noma manje ungakwazi kuwo by
kuboniswana imithetho abasafufusa ukunikeza kokubili formula
nesilinganiso futhi kanjalo solidary umehluko formula njengoba
Unterschiedsmaformel kanje ufika.
The formula eliyisisekelo
kungenziwa esichazwa ngokuthi
ukubonakaliswa komthetho Weber kungakhathaliseki kokubili izindlela
sobuhlobo, futhi ukubhala

kuncike ekutheni yimuphi usayizi, kuhlanganise , ingase ikhishwe

izibalo salandelwa umehluko ezimbili wakhe ezinobukhulu
efanayo. Lokhu kunikeza logarithms yemvelo:

Kodwa ungakwazi const. izimo ezimbili ezahlukene anqume ezahlukene,

okokuqala, by the embundwini elula kusikisela imithetho = 0

uma SS ezithile value ezilinganiselwe b ine, lokho formula nesilinganiso

kukhona, futhi uma kwalokho

futhi, kukhona

umehluko
formula, okubhekisele ngonya on
ukuqhathanisa emizweni ezimbili for umehluko zabo
zangempela; okwesibili, by ngoba icala lokuthi ubukhulu bayo
ngokuqhathanisa zombili emizweni, ukuze Ungafaka isenzo
esisha ukwazi, lapho kusikisela imithetho Umehluko noma
isilinganiso embundwini ukuthi - = 0, uma
value ezilinganiselwe v ine, lokho

othile

Unterschiedsmaformel
kukhona. By ezivamile
ukwedlulisela kusukela logarithms zemvelo ze uphendukela
(emva Schol. Ngakho) K e k.
Nakuba imithetho emidala futhi amafomula for the ubuhlobo phakathi
lokujabulela futhi umfutho, ngakho ngoba psychophysics elingaphandle,
kuthiwa, is kodwa ngokucacile ukuba uqaphele ukuthi zingabantu, ngoba
lokhu ubuhlobo, kungaphandle kombundu komthetho yonke indawo
awubufakazi, kuphela approximation elikhulu noma elincane
okungcono, zifakazela ngaphakathi kwemingcele ezejwayelekile
umqondo ukusetshenziswa; yezinto ngami njengoba ngokuqinile
sisebenza ubuhlobo;phakathi ukuzwa kanye nemisebenzi
psychophysical, - ukuze wesibili substitutable for the ugqozi imithetho
emidala futhi amafomula - ngalokhu kubhekwe kuyisisekelo ngenxa
psychophysics elingaphakathi. Lona omunye ezihlobene psychongokomzimba umsebenzi, ukubheka embundwini njengenhlangano njalo
ngokuphelele uhlobo owanikwa emizweni in the psychophysics express
kodwa, ezihlobene embundwini umfutho kuphela kangaka njengoba
njalo njengoba nokucasuka esikhundleni njalo, ie njengoba sinengiso
ngamandla efanayo nani kubangela umsebenzi ofanayo
psychophysical; kanti ngokuhambisana, njengoba siyazika ukucasuka,
ukhathele, ngakho umsebenzi belulaza psychophysical kubangelwa the
umfutho, kombundu umfutho ukwanda, inqobo ukuthi sesikhalo
ngokwayo kumele ukwandisa ngokwengeziwe ukuze alethe umsebenzi
psychophysical on umbundu wabo njalo, okuvumela ukusebenzisa
formula nesilinganiso, zisetshenziselwe ukuhlola izinguquko
excitability. Izizathu uhlobo mannichfacher ezingasetshenziswa

ukuboleka ukuphambuka emithethweni amiselwe ukuhlolwa ezindaweni

psychophysics zangaphandle, lapho babe ithuba elanele lokukhuluma
liyisici ukuba bawe phakade ozohamba psychophysics elingaphakathi.
Kulokhu, I Manje qhubeka ngaso sonke lokwenza umehluko phakathi
sokusebenza yokulinga ayingqalasizinda kwemithetho kanye
namafomula, umehluko okuyinto ngeshwa ngokuvamile azinakwa,
kumelwe kuqondwe njengokusho ukuthi yiqiniso express ngomqondo
ngowokuqala corroborability ngokubukisisa noma ucwaningo
psychophysics, ingatholakala ngomqondo wesibili nokunemba for
psychophysics elingaphakathi.
The degree of umuzwa akufanele kudidaniswe a degree of
sensitivity. Njengoba elithile sensitivity uhlobo owanikwa ezintweni
kusebenza emva izibhelu e izakhi (I. 45 ff.) Of ukubaluleka
okuhambisanayo of the umfutho, lapho luhluke avele for lokujabulela
kuyafana elithile umehluko ngokuphelele nozwela ngokuphelele
umfutho umehluko, okufanayo luhluke livela, njengoba elithile
umehluko isihlobo uzwela, kuncike ekutheni umuntu ofuna
ukuyikholelwa, lo okuhambisanayo umehluko isihlobo noma isilinganiso
ezintweni ogama umehluko livela ngokulinganayo zile.
Nokho, In waze ukuqinisekisile umthetho Weber sika, azwela
ngokuphelele kanye nokukhula ngokuphelele umfutho umehluko
kunciphisa more and more, isihlobo uhlala okufanayo.
The ukuphikisa main eziye becela ukuvimbela ukwakheka imithetho
emidala futhi amafomula, kumele kugcizelelwe okulandelayo:
1) Ukuthi lezi imithetho kanye namafomula namaqiniso alivumelani,
kuba ukuthi zihlobene kusukela enganembile ofanayo (Abschn.V)
elapho ukuthi ucwaningo anikeze kunalokho ngeziphambeko njengoba
lezi ziqinisekiso for lokhu (VI. XVI). Ikakhulukazi uye wabhekana
nezinselele kulezi relations uMthetho Weber sika; kodwa lo mthetho
uwela, kanjalo uwela imithetho elisuselwa.
2) ukuthi usengakhuluma of an isiqinisekiso yokulinga imithetho
umbuzo, ngalokho, ngokuba psychophysics yangaphandle kangaka
njengoba efanayo basaqhubeka ngocansi untriftig in the psychophysics
elingaphakathi a ukwencika logarithmic of the lokujabulela umsebenzi
ngokushesha eziyimbangela psychophysical, njengoba Unjalo formula
nesilinganiso for umuzwa emva ngokuphathelene umfutho, a priori
akwamukeleki. Kunalokho, njengoba kwenziwa yithi, lokujabulela the
psychophysical log umsebenzi ukucabanga lokhu kusukela ezintweni in
a ukulinganisa elula incike, kunalokho, okuphambene nalokho
ukwamukela (VIII).
3) Lokho imithetho yethu kanye namafomula zihlanganisa lomqondo
kanye zezibalo Untriftigkeiten, futhi ikakhulu esibi lokujabulela

amagugu, okuholela nesilinganiso formula yethu ngoba umfutho

amagugu ngezansi embundwini kukhona inadmissible (X).
4) ukuthi umbono ocacile izimo zezwe ngaphandle futhi teleology
enengqondo akwazi ukubekezelela nemithetho yethu (VII. VIII.).
5) Ukuthi emva kwalokhu, ukushiya kimi nkulumo zezibalo
kwemithetho psychophysical esungulwe amafomula noma noma
uyishintshe, noma uma ifomu yabo ukuze balondoloze, okuningi
ezahlukene kunalokho kwenzeka kimi ukuba ahumushe, babe (IV.).
Ingxenye, nezitha ukuhlanganyela kulezi ukuphikisa, ngokwengxenye
behlangabezana kuwo ngaphandle Nokho (ngaphandle mayelana Plateau
kanye Brentano) ukuhlangabezana in the emihle counter ukubukwa
kusungulwa.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

III. Literature of folgends okungcono kubhekisiswe ukuphikisa akhawunti

kanye nemibono ephikisanayo.
Lapho esizayo ngeke lebhalwe igama umbhali, a Paginaverweisung, lisho folgends
Ophawuleka indzabambhalo nobe ikhophi, ngoba inhlanzi ikakhulukazi bakhona yini
ukukhishwa kwakhe is ikakhulukazi okukhulunywa ukuba, ngolokuqala wabuza,
ikakhulu ukucabangela mbhalo.
A ethile kanye izingcaphuno amaphepha kusukela Vienna imibiko emhlanganweni
wukuthi amakhophi elihlukile lezi amaphepha, ayothunyelelwa abalobi ukuba
ozakwabo, kukhona paginated yonke 1 kuya, emva kwalokhu singavumelani inani
amakhasi jikelele kanye nemiqulu ye Icala, zibe which they zihlanganisa, ethile
okungase kugwenywe ngombono wami. I ngeke ukucaphuna emva ezibanjwayo
ngokwehlukana, ngemva kwalokho Yiqiniso, lapho kuphela imiqulu imibiko
ayatholakala imiyalo lapho Paginaverweisungen akakwazi ukuthola ingqondo.
Helmholtz, "physiologist. Yokukhanya" p. 312 et seq. Kuleli, kuphela J. emisebenzini
1867 eshicilelwe kwaba kimi ticale ukucabangela lapha kumagazini wokuqala kakade
1860 J. kuqhamuka umusa lombhali. Kungani mina lapha ngenhla iphuzu isikhathi
emva.
Aubert, "Physiology of the retina", 1865. p. 49 ff.
Mach, akukho. 1. "Cishe umqondo nesikhathi indlebe 'in the Vienna Sitzungsber. 51.
Vol 1865th; futhi akukho. 2. "Mayelana umphumela bokuphila spatially basakaza
ukukhanya ezintweni" ebendas. 68. Vol. 1868th

Bernstein, No.1 -. 'On the imfundiso yokuziphendukela umthetho Fechner sika

ukuzwa' in the archive Reichert-Dubois'schen, 1868. p.388 ff futhi No.2, font
ekhethekile "Izifundo inqubo excitation in nerve futhi kwemisipha izinhlelo" 1871
k. 166 ff.
Plateau, Bulletin de l'Acad. de Belgique. T. XXXIII. 1872 therefrom e Poggendorfs
Ann. CL. St. 3. 1873. p. 465. - An inothi ngasekuqaleni Comptes
rendus. T. LXXV. k.677th 1872. - A umbiko kamuva Delboeuf sika tude
psychophysique in the lokuqala Bulletin 2nd Ser. k. Ff 250.
Delboeuf, akukho. L. tude psychophysique, Bruxelles, F. Hayez. 1873. (T. XXIII
futhi MEM. De I'Acad. Roy. De Belgique). - No 2. Theory January, de la
sensibilit ..Bruxelles, Hayez. 1876.- akukho. 3. A indatshana "La loi
psychophysique, inhlanzi contre Fechner" in the Revue philosophique de la France et
de I'Etranger par Ribot, Paris.Bailiire. 1877. p. 225 ff -. Ngokushesha ngizobuya
osekushiwo azibhala ezintathu njengoba Et, Theor .. Quote and Rev ..
Brentano, "Psychology kusukela iphuzu enokwehla umbono." Th. 1. 1874. p. 9, 87 et
seq.
Hering, "Mayelana umthetho Fechner sika psychophysical" eVienna. Imibiko 72.
BD., 1875. Lokhu emuva kwalokhu kutuswa ukuba kucatshangelwe mbhalo. .
Ngaphezu kwalokho, Kodwa, woza ucishe e Mitrcksicht kulandela, umlobi
njengoba nezokuxhumana "-mbono yokuziphendukela ngomqondo ukukhanya"
Ophawuleka yabala ngokusho ngohlelo lokulandelana kwazo, azibhala yonke
eziqukethwe Vienna imibiko emhlanganweni: akukho 1 "phezu ngokulandelana
ukukhanya lokungeniswa" 66th band .. 3. Abth. 1872.- No.2 "From kanyekanye
ukukhanya Ngokuphambene."
68. band. 1873. - No 3 "On lokungeniswa ukukhanya kanyekanye.".
68. band. 1873. -. '.. Mayelana umfutho okuthiwa lokujabulela ukukhanya kanye
lokujabulela the Black "akukho 4
69. BD 1874. - .. No 5 "ucacisa of umbono ngomqondo ukukhanya."
69. Vol. 1874.-no. 6 "ucacisa of a theory umbala okuqonda."
69. Vol. 1874th
Langer, "Kubaluleka psychophysics, uphenyo esibucayi." 1876. Jena, Dufft.

IV. Sula ukuboniswa abaphikisi

(Helmholtz, Aubert, Mach, Bernstein, Plateau, Brentano, inhlanzi,
Langer).
Ngemva close esigabeni sesibili sibukeza INTO main eziye aqondiswe
labo lapha ukuze kuthathwe imithetho kanye namafomula, ngivumela
Uhlolojikelele labamelene, zazo lezo ukuphikisa zibhekwa, kulandele
oda isikhathi. Ngokwazi kungenziwa a ngokulingana ngokushesha, I

ukwabelana lapha umbhali ngamunye ngqo kulokho okufanele kokubili

izejwayezi njengoba imibono emihle, futhi impendulo, lapho ngithola
ngithi lokho; e kude kangaka njengoba kudinga izincazelo okunye,
ukuba ubheke Chile. Inqubo, enganikeza isitha for imayini abalulwe
activations.
Ngaphandle uma ngokucacile kuqashelwe, degree of emizweni yonke
indawo kanye , ngokuthi,
futhi c, k, K ukuqonda ezintweni constants ozimele. Kunoma
esetshenziswa abalobi in amafomula abo kukhona
Buchstabenbezeichungen ichitshiyelwe izikhathi eziningana (nge
inkomba).

Helmholtz and Aubert.

Helmholtz futhi Aubert bagomela ukuthi ngeziphambeko yokulinga
emthethweni Weber ezindaweni of ukuzwa ukukhanya emva
kwemizamo yabo ukuba bahambe kakhulu ngaphezu I emva ucwaningo
lonke egameni elandulela wayenezizathu ukwamukela lokho Helmholtz
asivimbeli, umlingisi eseduze yomthetho, ukuze ngalo in the
psychophysics express yedwa ifika wamisa izifunda for zangaphakathi
lona bona; kanti Aubert umthetho phakade wamemezela
alusebenzi. Khonamanjalo, mina kakade ezindaweni ezibalwe ngenhla
ukuthi Auberts ungumnikazi ukuhlolwa noma ezifakazela approximation
yomthetho on the kwemingcele Ukujwayela ngokomzimba amehloukusetshenziswa kwalokho, futhi ngeke ngibuye engxenyeni le-16
nemininingwane letsite kuso. Mayelana nemibandela ezabekwa
Helmholtz futhi Aubert amafomula okulandelayo yokungenela
aziphendulela.
Helmholtz okokuqala (p 313th) ukumboza phansi, ie, ngokusho
ezincane umfutho amagugu sengqondo ukuthatha indawo, ukuphambuka
yokulinga komthetho Weber omunye nalabo okuvela ngedwa ngoba kule
formula njongo formula elimetjhako (Elem II 195th.); ukumboza kodwa
phezulu, ngokusho ezinkudlwana umfutho amagugu sengqondo
ukuthatha indawo, kuhlanganise umehluko, kunikeza njengoba formula
umehluko (kuphela ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izincwadi) on the
formula elandelayo:
(1)
okungawo c, A, A by ezintweni kukhona constants
ezimele, a ikakhulukazi zenani elincane, elinganisa ezizimele ezintweni
ezishukumisa isasasa elingaphakathi, futhi ngokumelene amagugu
okuphawulekayo luhluke iphele, A a value enkulu kakhulu, emelene

lapho uyazisa of , (
aanyamalale). Where manje a ku ,
, ngokumelene A iphele, kule formula uya Welela formula yethu
elula lasisekelo by yethu K umele. Uma ucabangela kuphela
ukuphambuka ephansi, dengwane ie ukuba A, sifika omele yethu
oshiwo ngenhla, lokhu formula ukuphambuka in Elem. II. 195th
Through ukuhlanganiswa is etholakala (1) isilinganiso formula
elandelayo

Ukuze amagugu enkulu kakhulu , lapho nje kuphela a kodwa A

ubalekela ngokumelene const kwenzeka. lokujabulela njengoba
esiphezulu of on; okwathi ngemva kwalokho, uma lo
esiphezulu G kuyinto,

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ake g ukubaluleka ,

A okwenzeka, ngakho
omunye has Ngakolunye uhlangothi, njengoba mina uqaphele edlulayo,

Yini

ngemva kwalokho kukhona inkulumo umehluko kunemibono phakathi

esiphezulu kanye miminum

Coefficient

kodwa a ngokumelene A kungenzeka zinganakiwe.

Inani esiphezulu umehluko isihlobo uzwela zingatholakala

ngokuhambisana ngenhla
phakathi a no A by isilinganiso
(1)
seqiwe.

amafomula, ie kusho Jomethri

ngalo, ngokusho

kuyinto, enza, futhi yalo ngezindlela aziwayo efuna

P Aubert. 68 Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwakhe wafuna empirically

ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile ukumela by kucatshangwa ukuthi

amagugu
(of Aubert njengoba okukhulunywe ngaso) okuyizinto
nje obonakalayo, isilinganiso inverse we logarithms of kuthiwa, lapho
logarithm of at a tekuphila ophansi SS,
njengoba nenani of
lishona; futhi, kusukela kulesi amagugu ophansi ,


100 ocebile, ne amazwi umehluko
phakathi observation and calculation, imingcele ukuze singeqi atholele
uphela amaphutha obubonakalayo. Nokho, umuntu angabona ukuthi
lokhu kuqhathanisa umehluko by an ngendlela cishe njalo kanye
okwandayo kusukela negative kuya soguquko emihle, futhi ngezinga
eliphakeme kunawowonke kushiwo ,

esikhundleni edingekayo

by the bill, amagugu

ukuba
kwenzeke. Ekugcineni kufanele
kuphawulwe ukuthi kule, ezamukelwe ngu Aubert njengoba unit,
nokwengeza ukuhlelwa kwekambiso yesisekelo
ezibuthakathaka akunakwenzeka njengoba kwenziwa nguye,
ukugqama wangaphakathi amehlo amnyama babengase dengwane 1),
zazifisa ukuba beze formula enengqondo. Futhi Aubert ngokwakhe iyavuma (p.
56) ukuthi ukucabangela yayo for amagugu eliphansi kakhulu ayisekho
zureicht, ngakhoke ziyefana ngokucacile eyodwa kuphela, ngoba lokho
kuyisabelo elilinganiselwe ucwaningo lwakhe empirically ewusizo.

1)

Eqinisweni, kwelinye amatafula amabili

in the kwamanye

njengoba iyunithi nje lubonakale wasamukela bazothola at

ukukhanya intensities ,
, 2
.

Ukuze ukusungula kwabo (kwalandela Aubert hhayi wavuma),

uyobeka:

futhi by const. by, nge const. c iphindaphindwe amancane, ngisho njalo

nje lubonakale ukuzwa umehluko njengoba of , futhi log. Kuye
kwafakwa,

yalo, ngaphansi ukuncishiswa

,
Ukushiya eceleni isimiso umbundu isicelo, owawuthi , == 0,
ilingana ezilinganiselwe imibundu b, omunye ekugcineni ethola
formula Mass
.
lapho iyahluka kusukela ngesilinganiso formula yethu (bheka ngenhla)
uyahluka kuphela ukuthi log. bese ungena. b avuselwa esigcawini. The esiphezulu enokwehla umehluko isihlobo uzwela kuphakama emva
formula Aubert sika yimuphi ngaphezu kwethu.
Mach.
Mach kwenza amafomula yami eyisisekelo for psychophysics
elingaphandle ezindaweni emizweni okukhulu ikakhulukazi zisebenza,
futhi ngisho iphamfulethi kancane ekhethekile (Izinkulumo
psychophysics. Vienna, Summer, 1863) wathola ingxoxo eningiliziwe
efanayo, kodwa uyakuphika e akukho. 2 of I transferability of the
amafomula yokutholwa psychophysics elingaphakathi ngenxa
nokucabanga theory, okusho kodwa ngemva kwezingxoxo kanye VIII
abakwazi ukuthola esihlala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yena akusho ukuthola
indaba yakhe ayikho. 1 ngesisekelo ucwaningo siqu Law Weber ukuba
nesikhathi ebanzi emizweni kusebenza Nokho, kodwa into efanayo emva
olandelayo 16th esigabeni ukuhlanganisa Vierordtscher yakhe futhi
ezama okungukuthi maqondana nesikhathi emizweni kahle njengoba nje
mayelana bonke emizweni , a ephansi yokulinga ukuphambuka subject,
phezulu kodwa eseduze weqiniso ngokwanele ukuba umuntu neze
ehluleke sokunikeza ukubaluleka owumgogodla umthetho kulo
mkhakha. - Izimo babeka phansi No 2, ukuba okuzoxoxwa ngayo
esigabeni 11, amafomula of the author mayelana Ngokuphambene
emizweni Ngiyavuma okuthandile, uma bengakhubekisanga zifakazela
ukuthi akukho amaphutha yokulinga for the provability umthetho Weber
sika uyesabeka emiphumeleni umehluko ...
Bernstein.

Nakuba Bernstein amukela ukuma yokukala formula yami, kodwa

emnika incazelo okushintshiwe ngokuphelele. Kunalokho
lokujabulela umsebenzi logarithmic of the amandla umfutho noma
psychophysical umsebenzi ukusetha, usibeka umane wakhona isibalo
ubuchopho ganglion cells okuyothi ngalo njengoba ukusebenza vibration
isasasa iplanethi kusukela emnyango umfutho ebuchosheni ukuze
asakaze, noma, enomuzwa distribution umfaniswano lezi cells, umane
wakhona ubukhulu isikhala S, lapho lezi cells ziqukethwe,
iphindaphindwe kwabantu ,
; by enomuzwa wokuthi ethile isikhala ukuze iphuzu ukungena
isasasa, akukho ukuqhubeka, kanye ukusabalala kanye by the resistors
uya buthaka, ukuyaluza senzeka, ngakho isikhala S,
amuncwa. Irradiationsraum, njengoba wokubuka elinganiselwe. Kodwa
kuxhomeke for ebanjwayo yakhe S ngokusho indlela efanayo phezu
ubukhulu umfutho , ,
b ngaphakathi okushiwo umbhali., With ngalo uphetha
emkhawulweni Irradiationraumes, kusukela lapho emva us
lokujabulela kanye b ngokusho version yethu, okuyinto ifomu efanayo
yokukala formula eyasungulwa.
Ngakho une ngaphakathi okushiwo umbhali.

lapho k a, we ukumelana ethize, amaseli ganglion of the Lokusakaza

excitation abaphikisa kuncike, kuye nozwela ngabanye ezahlukene
ezintweni ezahlukene njalo.
The bheke yokukala formula Bernstein ukanye ezinye izimo ezingekho
okusobala; Kodwa ngenxa yokuthi ayikwazi ukukhuluma kafushane, I
ubheke lapha ngenhla, ikakhulukazi eziphathelene nalokho, 18
kwesigaba. Mina, mina sikhuthazelele umbono wombhali ikakhulu
angahlanganyeli izizathu ezimbili ezilandelayo. Okokuqala, ngoba mina
abe degree of isasasa by the Lokusakaza inqubo excitatory kusukela
lapho lokujabulela kuncike ngaphandle kuhlanganise nenani isasasa
ngesikhathi zonke iphuzu ngesilinganiso kanye , abakwazi ukuya
ngaphesheya grant; okwesibili, ngoba angikwazi ukuthola izizathu
ezanele ukuze umkhawulo ezilinganiselwe of Irradiationsraumes by the
ebanjwayo lembhali. not. Nokho engenayo lapha phezu kwesigaba 15
futhi a namazwi ambalwa ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18.
Plateau.
Plateau ngaphandle kokwenza ukuphikisa eziqondile kimi oletha uthi
(p 471st): "formula Fechner sika kuholela esiphethweni sokuthi, uma
ukukhanyisa Community kuyehluka, umehluko okuqonda ahlale njalo,
kube anginike yona ukuba achaze njalo of the jikelele. ukucabanga i

umbhalo ngokwemvelo yayibonakala priori ukwamukela njalo lezi zimo

hhayi umehluko phakathi emizweni; " futhi wenza iqiniso okulandelayo
agomela kule maqondana Eya: "Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi umbhalo
uhlala pretty okuningi okufanayo, ungase ucabangele naye emini, by
gaslight noma ngisho kwelanga Lezi ukukhanyisa ezahlukene ukuze
oyoletha ushintsho olukhulu ubudlelwano phakathi. the egqamile futhi
izingxenye emnyama out. "
Esebenzisa i analysis, lapho ngidlula phezu ke ithafa oza
okulandelayo, isimo sakhe ezifanele. Formula Kukhuluma
lapho k and p kukhona constants, okuyinto p by phawula Plateau zingase
esingaphansi 1, futhi kufanele kwamukelwe indisputably amancane,
kufanele wachaza ukuthi lokujabulela in kancane izimo ukwanda
njengoba umfutho. Ibhayisikobho formula odlule kanje, emva kokuhlela
of kp = K,
lapho formula yethu ehamba Besizokujanyiselelwa, futhi

Helmholtz ahumushe iqiniso enombono ngokungenzeleli njalo i

umbhalo in ukukhanyisa degrees ehlukahlukene kunokuba e incazelo
ithafa yami; Nokho lutho kuyonqunywa by kunemibono ezikhathazayo
kanye neziphathimandla; kodwa kukhona Mtttel inhloso ngesinqumo
ucwaningo, ezifana nalezo ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola uMthetho Weber
sika. Futhi Plateau obon kahle kakhulu, futhi, indisputably izindlela
ezisetshenziswa ngaphambilini noma imiphumela yabo mistrusting
nginikeze entsha (ngezansi ngokushesha oqokiwe) inqubo examination,
okuyilokho, eqinisweni, izindlela psychophysical bangabhekwa
njengoba gugu, Ubuye practical zayo ukwenzeka kanye usability ihlolwe
futhi kungase kutholakale okwesikhashana wathola; kodwa kusukela
yena (ngokucabangela iso enkingeni yakhe) ukuhlolwa umthetho
ngokwawo akubanga zikwazi ukugijima, wenza ukuba kwenziwe on
izindlela kuphela Delboeuf lokhu kuhlolwa indlela, ngemva kwalokho
uvala yayo phezu eseyi ahlobene ngala mazwi alandelayo: "Uma
imiphumela izoshicilelwa, ukwazi ngalo of the amafomula ezintathu.
Fechner eyenza by Delboeuf [ngalo ngaphansi Delboeuf elibangise],
noma ngikhetha "
The Plateau ehlongozwayo, kamuva wabulawa Delboeuf, indlela,
kubalulekile ukuba ziqhubekele, ukukhanya ezindaweni ezintathu
ezincikene A, B, C ukugqama kwabo ngokomzimba njengoba ebangeni
kuze namuhla, ukuthi emva izinqumo lokujabulela umehluko ukugqama
phakathi C no B ncamashi flat bukhulu njengobubanzi

phakathi Ano B lizovela, futhi lokhu kwenziwa ngezinga elikhudlwana

intensities ukukhanya; okwathi ngemva kwalokho lo mthethosivivinywa
has ukwenza ingxenye yabo ukuhlola ukuthi izimo lezi intensities
wengeze formula ukuba ihlolwe ngokwanele. Ukuthi ukuhlolwa iphuzu
lapho nokulingana umehluko ezimbili phakathi A no B, B kanye Cengena
endleleni, lungekho ngaphansi ukungaqiniseki okukhulu, kuba Plateau
wayesenqumile kakade wakholisa at abahlolwayo eziningana, futhi
kungatholakala sigcizelelwe ucwaningo Delboeuf sika. Futhi zenzeka
kakade ubukhulu star nezilinganiso ngokuyisisekelo ngaphansi kwalesi
simiso.
Well, emizamweni indlela Plateau BakaJehova baye kusukela
sekwenziwe futhi enyatheliswa Delboeuf. Ukhetha hhayi formula
Plateau for Law Weber sika; futhi uma Delboeuf e indatshana yakhe
yokuqala (Etude) kunfanele ukuba bakwazi ukumela ngesisekelo lezi
ucwaningo ukuguqulwa koMthetho Weber, okuyinto kahle ngokufanayo,
kodwa hhayi kangcono ukwedlula umthetho ngokwawo ngempela
kuyiqiniso nemizamo yakhe, kanjalo amukela it in Izindatshana azibhala
mayelana yakhe kamuva okuhlanzekile umthetho Weber ngokwenza
inkambo ezinye nencazelo eliyisisekelo, njengoba mina kwenzeke
kuye; kukhona.
Ekugcineni ithafa usisusile ngisho kombiko tude Delboeuf womuntu
ngenxa ucwaningo yayo formula yayo ngala mazwi alandelayo: "Quant
ma Umthetho ofingqiwe par naseCela seul qu'elle differe de Celle de M.
Delboeuf il is kusobala qu'elle is inexacte. "2)

2)

I ngicaphune lapha emva kwami enikeziwe umyalezo ephelele

leliphuzu ngoba angizange ukufunda umbiko Plateau ngokwalo.
Khonamanjalo uhlala umbono Plateau sithakazelisa, wanikeza nezinye
(Brentano, Ueberhorst) bafikile kuphela bakwamanye ezinhlangothini
ezicini okuholela emuva formula ithafa sika njengoba ukuxoxa
okudweba nombhalo othi "Brentano".
Azinakwa kungaba uphawule formula ukuthi Plateau sika ingenalo a
embundwini, ngemva kwalokho konke ukhuluma ngekulandzela Sigaba
IX of the sengqondo eziyisisekelo kanzima-efanayo, futhi ukhuluma
ngokumelene formula Plateau sika.
Yini INTO bakhathazekile, lo Plateau muva liphuma indatshana yakhe
"Sur les Couleurs accidentelles ou a subjective" (Bruxelles, Hayez 1875)
ngokumelene imibono yami umbala ezikhathazayo, kanjalo ingxenye
ukucabangela kwabo hhayi lapha, futhi mina kuphela kafushane ukuthi
mina efanayo ezicini ezilandelayo hhayi kwenezele vermchte: I sisho

ukuthi Nachbildsversuchen hhayi nje othulini ukukhanya kanye nezinye

izenzakalo ukukhanya ukuthi kwenzeke le admixing Black ngokwayo,
kodwa ngokuyinhloko ukukhanya elingaphakathi (elingaphakathi the
excitation psychophysical), by lo mkhuba ebusweni Eye black ngisho
amelwe, is ukucabangela ukuthi lokhu kungehlisa izinga ngenxa
yezizathu zangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi kwesiyingi emva-izithombe
izinto ezikhanya a emhlabathini emnyama, ukwandisa ukugqama yayo
ngal abaxhumanisi yayo value, kuphela amandla i idivayisi eziphilayo
akuyona ngezansi a embundwini ethile, nokuthi ngomqondo ofanayo
wokuthi umuntu angakhuluma ngokuhlukana of the ngaphandle isicelo
futhi ngaphakathi ezazivuswa ukukhanya efanayo e umbala, akukho
kancane yawa ukuliqaqa lokhu kufanele kubhekwe kuphi ucwaningo on
ezikhathazayo imibala aphelele kanye. Futhi, bengilokhu e indatshana
yami phezu ezikhathazayo imibala ekuqhakambiseni
Pogg. Ann. XLIV. S. 517 ff. Okuphawulekayo liphinyiselwe Ngalo
mqondo, khona kuphela ohlangothini olulodwa njengobufakazi bokuthi
kungakhathaliseki express ukukhanya ezintweni okungenzeka kube
elingaphakathi ukukhanya ukuthuthukiswa subjective, ukukhanya
izenzakalo ezingahleliwe more ngazo kungase the Black okufakwe,
wakhomba, yini enye Ngokuqinisekile ngeke ngokwanele ukuba
ukuchaza izenzakalo eziningi; nakulesi ngangibona Nokho ukuthola i
eliphikisayo amalungelo. Nokho, mina nginakho. Kokubili Elem.,
Njengasekhulwini, ngo Ber d. Sachs. Soc. 1860 oluqukethwe, Treatise
on Ngokuphambene ukuzwa licace bh on the value ukukhanya ukuthi
mina lokubonakala Black ngokwakhe uyachaza. - That, ngephepha test
red and green ezikhokhelwayo p ogama ithafa. 10 uhlose kuphela into
kungasho lapho ebomvu kanye green of eyohlobo elula emvelweni
kungaba, kufanele kucace; kwakungeke ibe eshaya ukuze leli cala, uma
kuthathwa ukuthi ngomqondo ovulekile elula ink-jet ngamunye laqanjwa
imibala imisebe ngaphakathi kubangela umbono Helmholtz
ngenhlonipho uYoung hypothesis phimisa Nokho, mina uhlobo, kuphela
ngomqondo ohlukile, . amele Isigaba-14.Izizathu Zikhona, kunjalo.
Brentano.
Brentano liphuma (P 90) A, ukuze kubhekwe ngami V, ukuphikisana
yokucabanga yami ngendlela uMthetho Weber, lapho wahlangana
nabanye abaphikisi. futhi salandelwa omunye, emayini ezahlukene,
umbono we emaqinisweni okungasekelwa kuwo I basekela Mthetho,
okufanayo okulandelayo:
Nokho, ngokomthetho Weber sika, anyuswe of ukuzwa ngamunye
akukatjhuguluki luhluke lapho ukukhula lokujabulela umfutho unawo
silingane efanayo ezintweni, ngokusho Brentano, anyuswe of ukuzwa
ngamunye ngokulinganayo obonakalayo, lapho uyaligodla ukuba
ukushuba lokujabulela, yena wanezela kwenzeka, i ratio alinganayo futhi
ukwanda isihlobo lokujabulela lapho ukukhula isihlobo of the umfutho

ngokomzimba siyafana efanayo.

Kuningi into efanayo kodwa ephuma lapho Ueberhorst encwadini
yakhe: "Ukuvela ezibukwayo okuqonda Gottingen 1876th" ngenxa
izingxoxo luyingxenye ngokwengqondo, futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi
emizweni injabulo sezinzwa hamba umane ezilinganiselwe udela
isigwebo: "emizweni afanayo, okuyizinto namanje nje distinguishable,
njalo ziyehluka by an ingxenyenamba alinganayo amandla ayo nomunye.
"
Brentano engazange uzwakalise umthetho wakhe benze amatshwayo
zezibalo; Nokho, yenziwa ukungenela ezilandelayo kimi, futhi ngeposi
naye Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi naso umqondo lapho uyakuqonda umthetho
wakhe, empeleni wenza. It kuvela ukuthi lokhu formula ngakhoke
umthetho umbhali. Ngokuphelele formula Plateausche okuyinto abuyise
Plateausche umthetho, ngakho konke wathi ngokumelene nabo,
bayakuba ziyasebenza isicelo Brentano sika, ngaphandle engangiyidinga
ukuze abuyele kulo.
Yiba njalo ukuncinza, the umfutho, p owenziwa njalo, ukuze lokhu
umthetho eyisisekelo author:

okuyinto nesilinganiso formula

log = k log + const.

kuholela. Uma thina manje = 1 lapho = B, lapho log. = 0, sithola

const. = - P. Ungene B, kanjalo bebonke:

futhi therefrom

lapho

isethwe.

Ukweseka umthetho wakhe Brentano asipheli amaqiniso efanayo

ekhuphukelayo, kodwa amaqiniso kuphela uyagomela ukuthi
ngokuvamile ngenye ngokuhunyushwa esivuna umthetho Weber,
njengoba enjalo: "Iqiniso lokuthi ukwanda ngamasentimitha ukuba line
ngaphandle obonakalayo ukwedlula ukwanda unyawo mayelana sinye.

"Yiqiniso, kumelwe ngivume ukuthi mina bethola indlela umthetho

wakhe isibe sacaca neither isignesha yakhe noma kusukela run naye
izincwadi ezivela amaqiniso anjalo, futhi angathanda ukubona kuso futhi
avele okufanayo kwabanye Amazwi 3) ukuthi umbono ovela
ukuhlukanisa lapho eziguquguqukayo ezingokomzimba
nezingokwengqondo e psychophysics ngesandla esisodwa, ubelokhu
ekhona kanye andrerseils Akucaci ukubeka ndawonye zibe nobuhlobo
functional kuye. Nazi mayelana kwamanye imibono.
3)

Ngakho uma k. 91 wagomela by indlela yami ngeke kangaka a

zengqondo into ngokomzimba kulinganiswa.
Ngokombono wami, umehluko, kudingeka senze kule ndaba, ngisho
wenze aphume psychophysics tacitly kuphi, lokhu: ezinobukhulu
abonakalayo ngqo kukalwa izinyathelo zangaphandle, noma lapho
ubunzima ukulinganisa ngqo abakhona, kodwa isimiso, ezibangelwa
enjalo ngezinga ibuyiselwe ; eziguquguqukayo ngokwengqondo
ngokuqondile kangaka ngama, kodwa ngaphakathi kuphela ukulingana
nokungalingani, ukungalingani okukhulu futhi oziphatha njengomncane,
engaqhathaniswa, kodwa benza psychophysically njengoba umsebenzi
lucobo, lapho kuxhomeke ngesisekelo imithetho ezikhona kulolu
ukuncika, ngisho Ubukhulu subject, lapho, nakuba ezingavamile
experimentally nokwenzeka, kodwa isimiso nasesibhakabhakeni.
Ukuze sifanekise umahluko ukuba eyenziwe isibonelo okungenani
esisodwa, ukukhonza okulandelayo:
Ngemva phawula ezithakazelisayo herring kubonakale amabili
iphepha ibanga elithile eqondile ukusuka ngamunye amaphuzu
Inappropriate lapho amaphuzu amaningana phakathi kwabo ukufaka
kuka uma uvumela igebe phakathi kwabo ezingenalutho, njengoba
wonke umuntu angakwazi ngokushesha ukukholisa lapho olungenalutho
futhi ngamaphuzu okufakwe ibanga evundlile nge circle ububanzi
efanayo inamathela nomunye. Kuncike ukuthi ukwanelisa circle zobude
obulinganako, zingabantu ngokomzimba okufanayo Nokho, bona
ngokwenqondo ayilingani.
Ngemilingo usayizi ukucabanga nge izilinganiso ngokomzimba
ngaleyo ndlela ayifake ubuhlobo functional, ukuthi lakhulisiwe ibanga
ezingenalutho inqobo noma nge amachashazi agcwaliseka eside kangaka
kungancipha kuze kokubili iso ngesikhathi esisodwa washaya, futhi
kanjalo bayakusuka babe nobuhlobo functional phakathi ukulingana
engqondo Manje ungase, ezingasetshenziswa wahlulelwe
nasengqondweni, futhi ukungalingani ngokomzimba ukuthi kungenziwa
kulinganiswa ngaphandle.Kuye ubude elikhulu noma elincane

ngokuphelele emigqeni, inombolo elikhulu noma elincane amaphuzu

ubungeke ukuthola izinto esivumelana ngazo kule ndaba, izimo
ezahlukene; futhi ukuze umuntu athole ngisho psychophysical uphenyo
umahluleli it, ngaphansi kwaziphi izichibiyelo, izimo, ngokomzimba, di
ngaphandle ngama, amagugu, yokulingana kuncike amagugu ngemilingo
ngokuqhubekayo uthola noma uyalulama (njengoba ngempela ukuhlola
Law Weber iyenziwa), lokho akulona iqiniso nje level ngokwengqondo,
kodwa kunalokho ubuhlobo functional phakathi bangamathe, kusukela
lapho ngezinga elithile enjalo isimiso deducible.
. Lo mlobi wabuye kwenza imibono elandelayo jikelele yokulwisana
Malehre yami psychophysical:
"Once - uthi (P 90) - Ingabe limited, kungenzeka yokukala intensities
by indlela echazwe by Fechner ngokuphelele izenzakalo ezinjalo,
akhiqizwa stimulation zangaphandle izinzwa for bonke izenzakalo
ngokwengqondo, okuyinto in izinqubo zemvelo ngaphakathi. umzimba
babe eziyisisekelo zazo, ie elithile umfutho namanje ulahlekile us. " Kodwa kukhona ukuntuleka, thina kanjalo hhayi derivable ezindaweni
elingaphandle psychophysics isimiso yokukala eziguquguqukayo
ngokwengqondo ucwaningo ngokusho athembele functional tintfo
lucobo, okuyinto nasengqondweni into ebaluleke kakhulu ngalokhu
akulona kungenzeka psychophysics elingaphakathi, lapho umlobi
waphika. kubonakala ukubuza.
"Kodwa ngisho nangokwengeziwe - unezela umsunguli (p 91)
wanezela -. The imizwa ngokwabo ungenciki kuphela amandla umfutho
kwangaphandle, nabo zincike ezimeni ngokwengqondo, ezifana
ngezinga ukunakwa kuyo .. Ngakho kuyodingeka ukuqeda leli thonya,
ngenxa yami, ngokuphoqa esimweni ukunakwa kakhulu futhi iningi.
Kodwa ke kuphakama, ngaphandle uma inconvenientes, okungenani
imincele entsha futhi okuphawulekayo. "
Kodwa akulona iqiniso ukuthi amandla in a mkhuba evusa inkanuko
kuvela, namanje kwakuxhomeke degree ukunakwa, uma lo mkhuba
akukhona nje ngokulambisa ngaso sonke ukunakwa. Nakhu mayelana
Elem. H. 452 ff. Enough wathi, futhi wonke umuntu angabona
ngokushesha ukuthi iphepha elimhlophe noma grey kodwa ayikhanyi
kakhulu, umnkenenezo hhayi avele kunakuqala, like omunye ukunakwa
ucishe okukhulu lokho. Kodwa kungani zinyamalale ngempela aphume
ukwazi lapho kungukuthi okuhloswe? Well, incazelo yami unayo for the
section yama-42 izakhi, futhi ngokushesha Ngizobuya ngaphansi
IX. Indlela yokuthola incazelo nezitha, bangase bazibone.
Delboeuf.
Delboeuf ithatha e bakhe abathathu, (s. Ngenhla) okhethwe kafushane
njengoba Et., Theor. futhi IsAm ukuba azibhala ovelele 4) a isikhundla

eyinqaba noma ukuguquguquka ngokumelene nokufundisa yami. Emva

mazwi angenhla (s. Ngenhla) kufanele afune omunye izimbangi nekhono
lokukhuluma kakhulu ukuba okufanayo kuye. Nokho, imizamo yakhe
kukhona (in the Et.) Kuphela isiqinisekiso wamukelekile kakhulu
uMthetho Weber sika, in an approximation, lapho uya kakhulu okunye,
njengoba ngokusho ucwaningo Aubert, indlela, ucwaningo lwakhe
kuzoxoxwa kusukela esigabeni 17 kungaba ukukholisa. Futhi
uyakuqaphela Delboeuf e indatshana yakhe yokuqala (Et. P. 22, 46)
uhlamvu cishe Law Weber, futhi akholwe kuphela, ngokwengxenye
ngezizathu theory, futhi ngokwengxenye kuya, ngo ucwaningo lwakhe
njengoba yonke indawo abasasele ocwaningayo ukuphambuka aphansi
ukumboza emthethweni Weber, it kokuba ukushintsha lutho, kodwa,
yena lehla eseyi yakhe kamuva, lokhu ukuguqulwa 5).

4)

Ngaphezu kwalezi amaphepha, eziphathelene nathi lapha

wedwa, Delboeuf, omuhle kakhulu ucwaningo yokulinga
nefilosofi e Belgium, futhi izifundo ukwelashwa ngezinkinga
ngokunengqondo-IiMbalo, ishicilele njengoba kanye via zalabo
optical. Incwadi yakhe last enyatheliswa unesiqu esithi: "Logique
algorithmique Essai sur un Systeme de signes appliqu la
logique avec une isingeniso ou sont les traites Imibuzo gnrales
izihlobo l'emploi Dans les sciences of netinkhomba .." Bruxelles,
Muquart ,. 1877
5)

Uma Delboeuf e indatshana yakhe yokuqala (Et.) Kungenzeka

osolwa efanayo umphumela ucwaningo formula yami umthetho
Weber sika, kuphambuka ephansi, okuyinto alinikezi ukuguqulwa
yokutholwa nguye khona yomthetho, imane ngoba indiva has
ukuthi kungilethela ukumela lokhu umehluko, ngoba ezincane
zenani c lapho yena SS njengoba i Ngaphezu umfutho bill,
ukubaluleka ukukhanya emehlweni Black kuza kanjalo bill
eyengeziwe, lo Delbeouf ngokuqinisekile ngeke kuqondwe c
yakhe ngalokho Kodwa sokubalwa nandaba.

Futhi ngokwabo efanayo futhi ngenxa, owasungulwa ngaye izimvume

Magesetze ogama formula ngesimo ngokuphelele uyavuma kanye
nesilinganiso formula yami logarithmic. Nokho, owasungulwa kwami
kule embundwini luthathelwa value ehlukile baqonda, which they
Nokho, futhi isicelo ehlukile kakhulu (bheka Fig. Ngezansi).The nguye,
ngisho azibhala yakhe kamuva aphethwe, ukuphikisa ezicatshangelwayo
isho kakhulu ukulungiselela yami futhi nokuchazwa amagugu emibi
futhi umuzwa wobunye ukuze umbundu, Ngingumfana ngaphansi IX

kanye X. Ngoba manje Delboeuf ngokunembile ukuhlangana herring

ukuphikisa Weber Law and logarithmic nesilinganiso formula yalo
engaphansi kunjengokungathi mina ngeke Delboeuf ngisho kusukela
nesitha tude for umbimbi Revue in inqobo kimi lapho, ngaphandle
ukuphikisa kwakhe siqu ngalokho shiya, kodwa inhlanzi ukuphikisa
baphikiswa ubuhlobo last, nakuba bebonke, kusukela amaphuzu
umbono, njengoba kuzokwenziwa ngami.
Ukuze ngumnikazi umbono oqondile ukuze uqoke Delboeufs short,
lapho yena ngo-eseyi yakhe yokugcina (Theor. Futhi IsAm) emayini
hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi uye wayeka kuye ekuqaleni (in the Et.)
Ilungiswe ngokumelene, kanjalo kwafunwa kwakhe lapho, njengoba
inqubo oscillatory sethulwe, umsebenzi, lapho izinzwa sezinzwa kuthiwa
wakhulelwa, futhi ubukhulu it p okukhulunywe, kanye athile imisebenzi
ngaphandle, yayikukhumbula, ubukhulu lapho yena kanye p ukusetha
ngokuthi 'kwawo;sekwenzekile ukuzwa, njengoba nje esele hhayi
kufinyelelwa, umuzwa omuhle (njengoba ukushisa, ukukhanya), eside
kangaka kude umfutho, ongemuhle (of kubanda, dark) esimweni
okuphambene. Kunoma ikuphi, lokujabulela siyehla by the isenzo ukuthi
ukulwela for ezintweni njalo walondoloza kuze balance kufinyelelwe,
ngemva kwalokho lokujabulela aliyinikezi njengoba nje ukudlulisa
akashintshi.
Ngemva kwalokho Delboeufs kuyinto Umthetho ofingqiwe
eliyisisekelo

lapho isilinganiso lokujabulela, p 'izwi umfutho, p ukuthi umsebenzi

owangaphakathi (theor. p. 26, 30).
. Nokho, akulona isikhashana static, kwalandela lokujabulela Delboeuf
incike, kodwa uma Ngiyaqonda ehlukile umbhali ngokusho kimi lokhu
kuthathwe ndawonye izindawo eseyi yakhe yamuva kunalokho, isimo
lokhu:
The izinhlayiya of emsipheni isikhundla obufanele kubo ngokwemvelo
(IsAm p. 246) futhi in a Yebo kuthathwa uthi vibrational kule ndawo
(theor. P. 25-26, IsAm p. 245). Futhi, umfutho kwangaphandle
ngokuvamile (okungenani ngokucacile by IsAm p. 246) ithathwa
njengoba zicatshangwe uthi vibrational. Ngaphansi kwethonya
kanyep 'amandla afanelekile (force) 6) of the umfutho kwangaphandle
kushintsha isimo elingaphakathi vibrational futhi ashintshe isikhundla
izinhlayiya. Ushintsho of the state vibrational yangaphakathi iya,
ngumlobi. (Theor. P. 27) zavela imithetho 7) eside kangaka waqhubeka,
kuze kube, kanye p Ophawuleka ukuphoqa p kuyinto 'isimo express
vibrational phathelana lingana, futhi kushintsha isikhundla izinhlayiya

yokulwisana aphikisayo ukuthi uzohlangana uma ushiya isikhundla sabo

yemvelo, kuze zikhula ngaphandle ukumelana ufikile equilibrium
ngamandla kokushintsha. In theory kusebenza umbhali. Ukuze ushintsho
of the state elingaphakathi vibrational, ngo Revue (p. 246) on the
ushintsho isimo. Kunoma ikuphi, isimo imizwa ngaphansi kwethonya
umfutho ngazo iye equilibrated, isimo voltage emadanisekako. The
lokujabulela Nokho, kuyinto wakhona umsebenzi (sokubeletha) T,
nalokhu ukushintshwa isimo elingaphakathi vibrational kanye
isikhundla izinhlayiya lwenzeka (theor. P. 47, IsAm P.246), futhi lo
msebenzi T kuyinto (theor. P. 47), engaqhathaniswa ngazo ushintsho
ingcindezi p futhi umthamo v a, ebiyelwe isilinda kanye piston
ezithathekayo, igesi mass lwenzeka ngesikhathi lokushisa njalo lapho
ingcindezi p in the ingcindezi p 'futhi v e V is' kuguquka by icala

lapho c owenziwa njalo. 8)

6)

Ngo kangaka njengoba enginalo umbhali. Ingabe ulandela,

libhekene alethwe lapha ezihilelekile force kuphela imiphumela
ngalo yena attributes kuye, futhi by nekucatsanisa. Ukuthi
uyakuqonda energy kinetic of kunyakaza kuhlanganise,
angisho; kodwa kuhamba kahle ukucabanga lutho okunye.
7)

Yiba p 'njalo, futhi p njengoba ibutho buthaka ekuqaleni

= p kwaba ke isikhathi t, lapho P P sesinyukele,
ukuba

lapho k njalo.

8)

Ukuze wit: "Yiba p ingcindezi, v kuyinto ivolumu (esashiwo

ukuphakama gas uma ebiyelwe a cylinder), bese omunye has
[ngokusho Mariottischem Act]:. PV Yiba = const T umsebenzi,
kanjalo kube "

livelaphi udonsa:

futhi by v maqondana umsebenzi walo p kwafakwa:

Ngaphandle isenzo umfutho p 'kuyinto (by theor. P. 31), izidalwa

esinemizwa esimweni yemvelo ka equilibrium (quilibre naturel),
engaqhathaniswa lapho a, eyeluliweyo on a violin, string uma it is
kwesokunxele kuya uqobo. Lokhu isimo string kodwa kuyinto
okumelwe ahlukaniswe kusukela isimo ukungezwani kanye esele
(quilibre de ukungezwani), lapho string itholakala, uma kugcinwa kude
by an force zangaphandle esikhundleni salo zemvelo kanye kanye
wombuso letzterm iyona isimo esinemizwa yokuba ngokuqeqesheka
uma P by the isenzo p uzibekele 'nale zilingana. Manje kukhona
esiphezulu futhi okungenani p, lapho angeke eqiwe ngamunye
ngakolunye uhlangothi ngaphandle komzimba lihlupheka, njengoba
amakhefu string lapho basuke kakhulu kwagcizelela ukususwa
esikhundleni sabo yemvelo. Uhulumeni equilibrium yemvelo ophakathi
phakathi kwemingcele ezimbili. The ukuzwa izinkanuko kuyinto (by
theor. 31 34. 43 ff) ephelezelwa kungaba umuzwa ukukhathala,
ukukhathala of ubuhlungu, noma umuzwa wokuba kahle, injabulo,
kuncike ekutheni umuntu owenza omunye wabo kwemingcele, noma
yemvelo izindlela isimo. Lokhu amamiksi muzwa (.. Emva theor p 32)
njalo lokujabulela futhi ngokuvamile ngempela isifihlwa yibo, kodwa
lapho umuzwa yangaphambili unamandla kakhulu, kube isifihlwa
ingxenye yayo, lokujabulela; lokhu ubalekela ke kangaka ukusho futhi
kwenza indawo ubuhlungu. Yasungulwa lunga umuzwa Ed. By theory
ukubukwa amafomula (k. 32 ff.), Yikuphi Angazi Nokho, ufuna ukuya
zibe lapha.
Ingabe ezakhiwa wesentlichst Delboeufs umbono oyisisekelo kanye
formula eziyisisekelo iqiniso uqobo, ukuthi ukuzwa ngaso ezintweni
njalo is sancipha, futhi lokhu kungaba ngisho ukuya ukushabalala
lokujabulela 9), wachaza, noma kunalokho ngokwemvelo ihlanganisa lokhu qiniso
omuhle, kodwa wahlangabezana Yebo omunye umyalelo ubunzima.

9)

Ngokusho us leli qiniso kuncike ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya

umfutho okuqhubekayo kulowo ongumthombo walokho ngaleyo
ndlela kwabangela imisebenzi psychophysical more futhi
ekhathele kakhulu, bangase, -. Ngoba bebonke, isibonelo
Lichteinpflndung, kuba ngisho akunjalo - singacindezelwa
embundwini ngisho ngaphansi okufanayo.
An nokusebenza Delboeufs umbono kanye formula on the
psychophysics elingaphakathi kubonakala a priori wawususa isimiso,
ngoba zonke mbono izinguquko ingaphakathi p by an
wangaphandle p kufanele uncike '; futhi engazange asabele isicelo

esinjalo Delboeuf; kodwa like angabaliwe lapha inqobo azikho

nobunzima ezinkulu, njengoba wena ukuze, ngaphandle khona ezintweni
inhloso ezivukayo, imizwa ezikhathazayo futhi kuncike ukucasuka
kwangaphandle isimiso sezinzwa ngaphakathi emzimbeni wethu,
okungukuthi, ukukhuluma nezinye izinhlelo organic nasemuva, futhi
yalapha z. B. angenza. Ngokuphambene, lets Delboeufs formula miss
umbundu, kanti ubona asengxenyeni IX. - It futhi kuletha lokushisa
emizweni ukukhanya futhi umsindo emizweni ngaphansi iphuzu
okunjalo umbono wokuthi okulandelayo, phakathi mayelana-making,
umehluko akezi amalungelo akhe. Phakathi lokujabulela amakhaza
nokufudumala, kukhona isimo zero ka lokushisa ukuzwa, hhayi nje
phakathi lokujabulela black and white isimo zero ka umbono ukukhanya,
noma phakathi lokujabulela uthule futhi nihlabe isimo zero ka
sensorineural. I mean, ukuncika lokushisa ukuzwa kusukela lokushisa
express bahlukile de empeleni waba ukuveza ukukhanya futhi zizwakala
ezintweni ukuphoqelela kusukela ratios ukuncika ukukhanya futhi
sensorineural zazibezwa indlela efanayo.
Nokho, lo ukuphikisa main ibonakala angilandele. The Grey njalo
usinikeza umbono omuhle ukukhanya, singadlulisela kusukela
wokubuka eside mhlophe noma lube mnyama kuso, futhi ngempela,
ngaphandle iqiniso ukuthi icala lokuqala iso ekhathele kuka Icala lesibili,
umbono ofanayo omuhle ukukhanya. Ngemva isiphelo sesimiso
Delboeufs umbono kanye formula kodwa kusinikeza grey kuqala uma
lokujabulela umlingisi okuphambene njengoba icala lesibili, uma kuqala,
okwesibili, uma umuzwa emihle negative. Ngoba ukuze babe
lokujabulela white, lokhu p of the iso babe p 'we ndlela White,-ke eside
White lalibhekwa; ukuze phezu last p kumele enyukele 'ukucabangela
kamuva Gray, siyini isimo nombono ongemuhle grey. Ngesikhathi
ingucuko kusukela black grey Konke kolunye uhlangothi. Manje
ngokuqinisekile uzizwe ngempela izinguquko kusukela white grey,
ompunga ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ukukhanya ngokumelene white, futhi
kolunye uhlangothi yoguquko ukuthi has a plus esasisikhulu
ngokumelene black; kodwa ukuthi nje indaba izizwa umehluko. The
mbono ukukhanya grey ngokwayo uhlala efanayo 2 inombolo efanayo
ahlale, like omunye 1 noma 3 uqhubekele, nakuba bathola ngalo 1 in
Plus, ngokumelene 3 elibomvu. Manje Delboeuf Ungaphendula ukuthi
wake nje kodwa usethe Ngokuphambene emizweni;Khonamanjalo I
mean, kwaba umuzwa ngamandla abo siqu, futhi ukuhlukanisa ubuhlobo
plus futhi lokususa amandla ayo kwezinye emizweni. Ngokuba lapho
iyona isilinganiso phakathi emihle nemibi zenzeka uma omunye ehluleka
emizweni wena a amandla; kuba ke lutho khona ukuba. Empeleni,
kubonakala sengathi Delboeuf kimi ukuthi yini nje indaba for
lokujabulela umehluko, ne ukumshaya ngokuphelele ukuzwa ukudida,
noma azihlanganise. I ezathi aziwuthandi ukuthi

Unterschiedsmaformel, ngoba lokhu yokukala formula elula. Delboeuf

has kokubili formula nje.
By izici odlule ixhunyiwe: Kusukela kungekho ukukhanya namanje
empofu baphakathi blackest black, iyiphi yayikwazi ukuhamba kusukela
lapho, njengoba kungaba njalo lokujabulela Okumsulwa Okumnyama,
lapho ukhona, ngokusho Delboeuf phakade kuphela uhlamvu ongemuhle
ngokusebenzisa ubuhlobo bawo lokujabulela a Ukukhanya okukhulu
ukuthi uye wakuphatha ngokushesha babe; kodwa ngalokhu
ibuthakathaka kakhulu, kodwa okungenani emihle, ukubaluleka
lokujabulela ukukhanya, the black ekupheleni esikalini amabhizinisi has
emizweni ukukhanya kanye nalesi okuqhubekayo ngokusebenzisa
ompungana mhlophe, hhayi ngoba amalungelo akhe.
Omunye nobunzima ngifumana lokuthi ngiyakwazi ukunikeza kimi
umqondo Okuynqo kanjani phakade kungaba ukuzwa phakade black
ukuba Delboeuf, futhi lokujabulela black namanje umuzwa elikhethiwe
engelutho. Ake kuba kimi dark ebusuku; I ukuvala amehlo ami,
ngaphezu kwalokho, umfutho ukukhanya ezweni ngaphandle akuyona
khona; Nokho, mina engenza lokujabulela black noma bancike
elingaphakathi p apparatus yami ezibukwayo kusukela p 'in the imvelo
ayehlukile futhi ukuhwebelana kusuka p ukuba equilibria kanye p'
wafika lokujabulela black. Kodwa kungaba phakade kodwa kuze kube
eyenzekile; kungani mina ngikhipha kodwa njalo waqhubeka ebheke
black, kungani lokujabulela efanayo kusukela hhayi okungenani ngenxa
emva eingetretenem balance ayeke lokujabulela futhi ukunciphisa in the
ukuhwebelana. Delboeuf course unikeza izibonelo ukuthi ekugcineni
umsindo umfaniswano okuqhubekayo njalo saqhubekela uyayeka ukuba
wazizwa; Kodwa incazelo yakhe kufanele kubo ngokwanele, ngakho nje
uvumelane kokubili ukukhanya futhi umsindo.
Yebo kuziwa lapho evela, ukuthi singaba nomuzwa ukukhanya yayo
for usuku lonke? Delboeuf uyachaza it, ngiyaqonda yona theor. k. 39
ilungelo ukwenza kanjalo.Kukhona elisizungezile ngomqondo ovulekile
Brighter futhi mnyama; sithi observation elula isigamu abamhlophe
nabansundu. Ingabe iso immobile ngokuphelele maqondana efanayo
kuwo, futhi akazange ashintshe izimo ukukhanya express ngokwabo,
ngakho lokujabulela white njengoba Black ngabe kancane kancane
ayeke usebenzisa P yingasiphi iso nge p yahlala 'izwi owela phezu
ukukhanya kwawo , Kodwa iso uyashintsha ukuba black and noHezekeli
kusukela white nasemuva, noma ushintsho black and white ngaphandle
ebuhlotsheni bayo kanye izingxenye efanayo retina, ngakho akuyona
equilibrium unomphela futhi izinguquko bemvelo emihle nemibi of the
lokujabulela ukukhanya endaweni efanayo. Kodwa lokhu akufanele kube
kungenzeka, ukuze besizoba in the shintsha phakathi isimo emihle
nemibi ngokuphindelela lutho noma cishe lutho nabo futhi ubone lezo
zingxenye retina; Nokho, thina namanje usuku lonke ukuze ubone

iphuzu ngalinye into retina. (Bheka. Futhi lokhu XII Isigaba.)

Ekugcineni ngithola nalokho Delboeuf kuphela umuzwa kanye
lokujabulela eyedlule njengoba kubhekwe by ithonya ukubaluleka
lokujabulela; Nokho, le Ngokuphambene, okwenza ngokwayo z. B.
phakathi White bokwakhelana kanye Black wagomela, ngombono wami,
ngeke kucatshangelwe kakhulu ngokunembile.
Lezi izinkinga I ngonya on Delboeufs izimo theory, engithe kuphela
nje ongasho ukuthi ngithola lutho esihlala Empeleni ungavinjwa
nesilinganiso yayo formula kanye nokuxhashazwa indlela yabo
bayahambisana.
Kusukela Delboeuf has nemizamo yayo estimable kanjalo okuzobe
bakhumbule esigabeni 17, saxoxa ngokubhekiselwe umbono walo
ngasekuqaleni tude, ngakho kuyoba esingenakugwenywa, ngisho
ingxenye yethu okubhekiselwa kubo, okulandelayo kungenzeka
okukhulunywa mayelana kafushane ,
Futhi in the tude eqala Delboeuf ukuthi ngamunye organ sezinzwa,
kungaphandle i ezintweni express, kakade ngaphakathi nginomdlandla,
kodwa ishiya le ukuyaluza engaphakathi, ubukhulu lapho
naye c ngokuthi, ukudlala indima ehlukene kakhulu, njengoba ngokusho
zamanje yayo nombono p nemidlalo. On uqobo lokhu ukuyaluza
elingaphakathi anikezwe c emva kwakhe akukho ukuzwa, kodwa inikeza
nje "ukuze uyakuthanda Vivant et ezinengqondo" for the ukuvela
ezinjalo lokho naye c hhayi, njengoba kwenzeka ngo lokujabulela
ezibukwayo ami, kanye ukukhanya Black, lelo ufuna ukwazi ngaso
sonke izifushaniso akhonjwe. Esikhundleni ukuthi p umbono wanamuhla
ezintweni express kuyinto mutable kakhulu, futhi ungacabanga kanjalo
kuze kulingana emiholweni, Delboeuf kuholela kunalokho c njengoba
omunye encane njalo esele njalo amafomula yayo, kanye ukuvuma
ukuthi njalo in Zama hhayi Zibonakalise ngokuphelele.
Ukuze athobele nokuvinjelwa abasafufusa kanye inhliziyo negative
uyayazisa ngekucaphelisisa ngangokunokwenzeka, kuba emva kwalokhu
Delboeuf (tude p 34, 35) .:

lapho K kuyinto njalo.

Hering.
Ukuphikisa Hering sika kukhona ezihlukahlukene, ukuthi emva
summary jikelele kakhulu okokugcina (bheka ngenhla) ukuba umbonise
othize yalo uyodlulisela kuphela zingxenye ezilandelayo - futhi cishe

kuka futhi ngamunye kubo uzothola igama lakhe - kokuya

imininingwane. Ngokuvamile, unawo wonke ukuzwa psychophysical
yokufundisa - kude kangaka, ikakhulukazi maqondana ensimini
emizweni ukukhanya, kodwa nethemba ukukhulisa wabuza - uzama
ushintshe ngokuyisisekelo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela futhi positiverseits
wangena ukungqubuzana imibono yami. In imibi yayo 5 and 6. yena
omisa theory amakhemikhali ukukhanya emizweni; futhi ngempela uma
brand namanje kahle emelelwe izingxoxo ngaphansi XIII, kimi,
Oszillationsansicht ukubekezelela, akusiyo by the way okufushane
yombhali. Nokho, Ikakhulu, ukuphikisana imibono yakhe ngokumelene
imayini ngendlela uveza njengoba (in s. 4. Umbiko.) Le isilinganiso
emizweni of ekhululeka black and white, uma lokujabulela black kuye
nje omuhle njengoba lowo of White kuba, futhi ngamazinga ahlukene
ukukhanya ukuzwa kukhona representable by ukubunjwa ngamazinga
ahlukene lokujabulela black and white.
In waze herring ngaso sonke umqondo okujula usalokhu ekutheni
bazibheka ukukhanya kanye nezinye emizweni esebenzayo, uzibeka
(ngokusho p. 21 folgends ngokuyinhloko kubhekwe indatshana), umane
ezilinganiselwe ze ngokuhambisana Mach kanye nabanye abaningi
kangaka, umsebenzi ecashile psychophysical esikhundleni, njengoba
kwenzeka ngo ukwencika logarithmic ngami.
On the, iqondiswe ngqo ngokumelene imibono yami futhi amafomula
ukuphikisa Herings ngiya iningi zingxenye ezilandelayo (V. VI VII
VIII ..) A; imibono yakhe phezu emizweni of black and white ngaphansi
XIV, isisindo sayo ukuhlolwa ngaphansi XVIII. The izici ezivame
kakhulu Hering chemical theory ingatholakala emazwini akhe siqu
ukungenela elandelayo, ngo isithasiselo Spezialeres XIV, kanti mina
ukunikeza phansi ngaphansi XIII yami futhi XIV, kakhulu ezingafani,
umbono. Own amafomula psychophysical has olwazini lwami
asilungisiwe, uma ungafuni ukuba sikulindele formula yayo ekahle
ukubunjwa lokujabulela grey kulezo black and white njengoba herring
enjalo.
"Izimfanelo ezimbili ukuzwa, eyibiza ngokuthi white noma ukukhanya
kanye black noma emnyama ukufanisa (5 emva Hering sika Mitt. P. 9)
amamaki ezimbili ezahlukene izenzakalo kwamakhemikhali into
ezibukwayo, futhi olinganise ezahlukene ukucaciseleka noma ngegalelo
ngazo labo emizweni amabili e nalesi ngabanye phakathi okuhlanzekile
black white and okuhlanzekile ziyaphuma, noma izimo lapho zivela
kuxutshwe, ukuhlangabezana ratios efanayo intensities yalezi zinhlelo
ezimbili psychophysical. " , , ,
"Kudingeka ukwamukela into in the Sehapparate nervous lapho
sibhekana ushintsho ngaphansi kwethonya ukukhanya sigameko, futhi
lolu shintsho, bangase ingachazwa ngokomzimba, njengoba ayefuna,

kodwa njengoba physiology nerve kumelwe aqale kokubili inqubo

amakhemikhali. Ingabe ithonya ukukhanya wayeka, kanjalo elungisa
ushintsho ("" kuyakhathaza "ucishe") into ngokushesha noma wabuyela
kamuva esimweni saso sokuqala. Lokhu ukubuya angaphindze lutho
okunye kunokuba ushintsho kwamakhemikhali kolunye uhlangothi. Uma
umuntu efuna the ngaphansi ukuqonda ithonya ngqo ukukhanya
okwenzeka amakhemikhali ukuguqulwa into abangothathekile njengoba
ukusetshenziswa ngokwengxenye, kanjalo kubalulekile ukuba uqoke
ukubuya isimo sokuqala ngokuthi umhlaba, kuyoba yangaphambili
njengoba inqubo ukuqoqwa, kufanele kube okokugcina ithathwa
njengoba zokwenziwa inqubo; inqubo last , indawo yilokho ophilayo
udaba eziphilayo ukulahlekelwa wahlupheka isasasa noma umsebenzi
futhi, wena Wont ukuba ubheke njengoba nokwenziwa, futhi ngifuna
ukuba balondoloze leli gama. Manje Uma ukuqhanyelwa noma
umsebenzi wonke ophilayo noma abangothathekile into organic
ngokuvamile bazitshela yakha ezinye imikhiqizo
yamakhemikhali. Ukuvela mikhiqizo ngifuna uqoke njengoba inqubo
fanekiso of dissimilation. "...
"I lokujabulela ukukhanya white noma manje sifana dissimilation,
lokujabulela nokwenziwa black noma emnyama into ebonwayo .... Yini
umuzwa ezibukwayo kuza ukuqaphela kwethu, uwukubonakaliswa
engqondo noma correlate abazi umzimba into ezibukwayo."
Mayelana ukukhishwa phambili kulemisho ivuliwe 5 futhi 6th Mitt
insindiso Hering ngokwalo kanye ukubhekisela isijobelelo ukuba Ihlelo.
XIV.
Langer.
Langer ijoyina nande ukuphikisa Helmholtz, Aubert herring, ukhipha
labo emva ezinye ubudlelwane eminye futhi unezela ukuphikisa ayo,
ikakhulukazi umcabango wami imizwa engemihle futhi amagugu
abasafufusa, wanezela; Nakuba lokho kungaba asasebenza yokukala
formula logarithmic, kodwa lokhu okuningi ehlukile eyenzelwe,
njengoba osekwenziwe kimi.
Kuncike bengena ezigabeni kamuva (V. VI. X) anjalo ukuphikisa
Langer, lapho uhlangana ucishe nabanye abaphikisi, ngithatha ngoba
manje kuphela labo iso, okuyizinto eyinqaba kuye.
1) Njengoba ukuphikisa eliyisisekelo kakhulu yena kuphakamisa
ngokumelene, uvela yokukala formula yami, inhliziyo negative ukwazisa
nangenxa umfutho amagugu ngezansi umbundu okulandelayo:
"I negative inhliziyo amagugu kumele lezo additively ahlanganiswa
enkulu ngokulinganayo emihle, faka value 0 kuzo zonke izimo ;. Lokhu
oluhambisana yedwa nemigomo bokungafani emihle nemibi - kufanele
ucabange ubheka ezilinganiselwe umfutho isasasa projecting

lwasolwandle, futhi omunye umfutho, esingaphansi umbundu,

lokujabulela - imibukiso Babembiza, kufanele sibe nomphumela
ngesikhathi esisodwa kokubili ezintweni ukukhiqiza lokujabulela 0 uma
ubuhlobo kufanele ezikhona konke futhi bonke abamelana lalokho ndlela
engena yayo, ngoba ncazelo. akha upholavuthondaba ngobuningi emihle
nemibi. "
Manje kuyiqiniso uma ezintweni ezimbili I = nb futhi =
lapho n ezinqumela, b umbundu, ake isenzo ngokwabo, banikela
(ngokwesilinganiso yami

formula) emizweni + futhi

- ; uma mina kodwa ndawonye njengoba nb +

esikhundleni sokuzizwa 0, kodwa lokujabulela

ukushiya isenzo,
lapho mkhulu

kunalokho ngamunye emizweni ezimbili k ngemvume n and k ungene

ngokwabo. Kodwa akulona funa ongaziwa ukuthi kwakufanele anike
zero ekwakhekeni imizwelo engemihle amagugu okuphambene emihle
umsebenzi ukuthola kuyafaneleka. Not uma kwencazelo efanele
bokungafani emihle nemibi (e value ngokuphelele elinganayo) osayizi
ukuthi bobabili kanyekanye ukunikeza zero, kusobala kodwa, ukuthi
ngayo ukwencika ukusebenza okufanayo ezinye amagugu, umsebenzi
isamba lezi amagugu ilingana zero kwaba. Ngokwesibonelo:
The trigonometric Imisebenzi cos. 0 , futhi cos. 180 basesimweni
bahlukene zezibalo njengoba +1 and - 1, ngokuya kanye 0th Manje wena
wengeze angle 0 1800, futhi uthathe cosine of the yalokho, ngakho
akudingeki 0 njengoba Langer ubiza, kodwa
-. 1 Ngakho omunye angase futhi ungaceli,
ngakho

are ngaphakathi phikisa zezibalo

ukuthi umfutho nb ne ezintweni

lokujabulela zero.

ezithathwe ndawonye ukunikeza

2. Long cindezela (p. 58) ukuthi, by formula yethu ehamba (bheka

ngenhla)

wazwakalisa umthetho Weber kuphela nezinye izimpawu kanye

nakwezinye isikhundla kuyafana kusuka
u=k

lapho u the nje lubonakale umfutho umehluko , k le, ngoba

njalo

value njalo imele formula yethu, futhi wathola umthetho

singenele, kokubili ngenxa ukubaluleka

ngokuvumelana ucwaningo,
ikakhulu Aubert, kanye okwandayo for ezingeni elithile a value
okungenani (ngalokhu umehluko isihlobo uzwela has a seqiwe)
eyatholakala, okwesibili, "ngoba umthetho kuphambene neqiniso
kombundu, njengoba nje lubonakale umfutho umehluko kufanele
ludlulele umbundu, uma kuyinto encane nje lubonakale umfutho
umehluko u ukwakha ezintweni. "
Manje Yini efika Erstres, kanjalo Yebo akuhlanganisi umthetho Weber
sika, owasungulwa njengoba kuyisidingo psychophysics engaphakathi,
okuvela ukuthi value okungenani; kodwa phambi kwakho ukwenza
lokhu nesenzakalo ngokwayo ngokuyisisekelo ngokumelene noMthetho
Weber sika uthi ukuthi yimuphi umcimbi sihlole kuphela ukuthi akukho
omunye ukuhluka yokulinga ukuthi ngeke ukuhlangabezana
emthethweni oyisisekelo. Against inzalo yami amelwe phezu Isigaba 6
kubhekwe ukuthi kungokwalabo, kungaba uxabana Yebo. Manje uma
Langer ngokwakhe nje kwadingeka ngenhloso ukusetha i formula
weqiniso ocwaningayo, ngalo omunye uhlala ungabaza, kodwa
lwalungaba kakhulu ngaphezu ukuqopha lelo qiniso kungokwalabo e
formula yayo kubo ukuba bathethelele ngisho ocwaningayo, njengoba
nje kodwa ngisho nangokwengeziwe kuka butholakala eside, ukuba
bakwazi ukwenza lo non-iinthombe ukuthi simo enokwehla lapho,
njengoba ngokuyinhloko esungulwe, umthetho Weber sika ngakuwo
ugomela.
Njengoba yesibili, bese iqiniso embundwini kwakuphikisana
ngumthetho Weber kuphela emva umbono embundwini okuwukuthi
ezibonakalayo nobethu, walandisa ukuphikisa Langer ukuba inhliziyo
negative amagugu ethu, lokho ngamazwi ambalwa ukusebenza
ezilandelayo.
Isidingo Langer ukuthi for = 0 ukubaluleka u linganisa ngeke
iThreshold, kungenxa ukuthi akazange, njengoba kwenzeka a value zero
ka umbono wethu, at a value ezilinganiselwe of ,
ithatha, ngakho ngo nencazelo yakhe Nokho, ngebanga-statuiert
ngaphezu kwanoma iyiphi negative ukuzwa amagugu, ngombono wami,
ephethe embundwini inhliziyo negative zinqubo wobunye. Yini ngokuthi
Langer embundwini futhi indlela esibhekana ngayo b lisho, okungukuthi
umhlalaphansi emva kwakhe abazi imizwa equlekile, kodwa emizweni
equlekile kukhona kuye kodwa futhi emizweni kancane kakhulu, futhi
umehluko wenza phakathi imizwa yakhe oqotho futhi equlekile (p. 54 )
akuyona Kucacile ukuba ngibe; ungase ufunde ngisho mayelana

Langer. Okunye ukuphawula bheka kuSigaba 10 mayelana.

3) On k. 21 inikeza ukucabangela eside, kusukela lapho siyaphetha:
kufanele nje lubonakale umehluko emizweni ngempela efanayo
umehluko emizweni bangabanye, omunye kuzodingeka ukuba ucabange
ukuthi "ukungaqiniseki ngazo omunye ukhumbula usayizi ukuncinza
esidlule, lemali ngalo omunye ekuhloleni zingahluka esabonwa
inkumbulo lokujabulela weqiniso; ubukhulu emizweni ozimele
ngokuphelele kuyinto "yini ngempela ukwamukela imfundiso
yokuziphendukela uthando hypothetically kungenzeka, kodwa lutho
ngaphansi cishe ukwedlula lezo esasizihambisa. - Well, I mean, kodwa,
kusukela umehluko emizweni emizweni elula psychophysically zenzeka
njengoba umsebenzi umfutho umehluko nokushukunyiswa ukuthi
ingxoxo ithonya efanele kwimemori hhayi njengoba kwenziwe by
Langer, owawuse-emsulwa ukuzwa ezindaweni, kodwa ngenxa
yokucabangela the izintelezi kumele kube, futhi ucele ukuyihlangabeza
ukucabangela ezilandelayo emfushane.
Ukushiya eceleni umthetho ukuthi umfutho umehluko kulinganiselwa
emazingeni ahlukene esikalini umfutho ngokusebenzisa ukuzwa
alinganayo uma sibe nebudlelwane balingane izintelezi wakhe, kanye
amaphutha kusho wena nezinye izinto ekubeni alinganayo (ngenkathi
ngokugwema noma ekuqedeni iphutha njalo) kube ziye bajeziswe kanye
ukulinganisa okunqophileko ezintweni ezimbili emazingeni ehlukene
sesikhalo esikalini, i silingane ilingane izintelezi zalo (kwalandelwa
indlela labalamuli iphutha okusekelwe), futhi kuba ke lokhu futhi
zisebenza kusukela amaphutha ukulinganisa ukuthi uzibophezele for
khumbuzo engalungile, uma nje kukhona, ngaphandle ubukhulu
ezishintshwe of the ezintweni, izimo asele, okuyinto kuncike the ukuqina
inkumbulo, wagcina okufanayo; Ngakho ukunakwa njalo, noma izilingo
eziningi for umfutho ngalinye level ngokwesilinganiso, zigcinwe ngaso
ezingeni elifanayo, kanti nesikhawu phakathi umthelela umfutho uhlale
isilinganiso isihlobo, wagcina okufanayo. Nokho, Phakathi kwalezi,
kubalulekile, futhi ngokwami njalo walondoloza, kodwa isimo
kungathatha indawo ngesiphambeko ukulinganisa ngekhanda
okuyiphutha phutha of the Act ngenhla, ngoba bona ngokwabo balandele
umthetho ngenhla.
4) Ukuze afeze lokhu, izinto ezimbalwa kancane. Indlela Langer (p 4)
uthi, "ukuthi Yimi engiwenzile ngeziphambeko izinombolo kusukela
umthetho Weber sika [isisindo] ucwaningo lwami ochungechungeni
amaphutha of observation," Angikwazi ukuqonda, ngoba yami akuzange
kwenzeke, eqinisweni, lokho ingxoxo lezi ucwaningo kule
Elem. angashiya Akungabazeki. - Langer No kancane eyiphutha uma
ethi (p 35.): "Of the ukusebenza Fechner umthetho wakhe
psychophysical sho nezalo emizweni olunzulu ngendlela efanayo zonke
ezinye ezintweni" ngenxa Elem. II. 336 (Bheka Futhi folgends Ihlelo.

VII) ukuthi nje esho Kunalokho. - Ekugcineni, angazi yini yami ukuntula
isisindo ezama Langer (P 84.) Wabhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi kufanele
kwamvimbela herring.
Yini amafomula bakhathazekile, lapho ukufaka endaweni Langer
emayini, kuyakuba lizwi labo izimo ezimbili,
1. ukuthi nje lubonakale isihlobo umfutho umehluko
has a
okungenani at othile ezilinganiselwe umfutho amagugu, futhi
2. ukuthi for = 0 ukubaluleka u ilingana embundwini b (e umuzwa
Langer sika) ngeke, futhi lishona njengoba nkulumo elula kokubili izimo
(58 p.)
u=k+b
lapho k kuyinto njalo; njengoba elula kungenzeka kucatshangwa
ukwencika engqondo kusukela ushintsho ngokomzimba kodwa (p 60.):
"ukuthi ushintsho lokujabulela umehluko yobukhulu bawo ngokusho
ubukhulu ezintweni ezakha nje lubonakale umfutho sokuphumula
kuyinto ithunzi elehlayo". Ngenxa yalezi zimo it is ababulawa by an
analysis of the nesilinganiso formula elandelayo (p 62.):

lapho ezihlobene le ndlela elandelayo ayisisekelo:

Kulapho, b embundwini njalo Langer sika ngomqondo, k, k ezinye

constants.
Course Lezi amafomula amele imibono ezincwadini umbhali.
Kubandakanya iqiniso yokwenza esincane ngaphandle basuke isekelwe,
ngaphandle ubufakazi bokuthi labo izimo ezinzile, nokuthi lokhu qiniso
njengoba nje for psychophysics zangaphakathi, lokho formula
ayisisekelo ukusebenzisa has, njengoba kuyinto for the psychophysics
elingaphandle. Ezinombolo iqhathaniswa ngekucaphelisisa, bengebona
umlobi ..
Noma kunjalo, akekho cishe ukubona kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi
ezifana amafomula eziyinkimbinkimbi abe ingqondo esiyisisekelo
ubuhlobo phakathi amagugu ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba.
Ngaphandle nesilinganiso formula ngenhla athuthukiswe Langer (p.
65) kusho demgemer yokunquma njalo ukuhlanganiswa nanoma iyiphi
enye esimweni esisodwa emizweni nje abazi ngizoya e umqondo wakhe,
lapho umfutho idlula Langer sika umbundu b, zibe ukucabangela,
owawuthi eyodwa ine

Ukuze <0 kule formula negative, ngalokhu engenamsebenzi by

Langer, namagugu .

V. ukuphikisa ukuthi umthetho Weber lalingu engalungile

bazinqumela kusukela ucwaningo (Brentano, inhlanzi, Langer).
With the imithetho abasafufusa kanye nemithetho Weberian uhlelo
yami psychophysical uyoke awe, njengoba nje omunye imithetho main
balo okusekelwe kuso. Manje ngeke experimentalerseits neze wenqaba
ngokumelene yangaphambili umthetho okuthile, the more liye uphikise
yesibili, futhi kanjalo umbuzo eliyisisekelo ukuze UKUQINA lonke
uhlelo itholakala ukuthi lo ukuphikisa lo mthetho zilungile.
Ngemuva dictum ekuqaleni umthetho Weber fana esekelwe lokuthi,
umehluko umfutho unikezwa, Reizzuwchsen ukuzwa ezihambisana
umehluko Empfindungszuwchse ahlale ulingana nomunye lapho
umehluko umfutho, Reizzuwchse ukuthi ubuhlobo efanayo ezintweni
phakathi lapho, umehluko yilokho ukukhula senzeka, reserve, iDemo
uma isihlobo umfutho umehluko akukatjhuguluki, noma ngisho nalapho
ezintweni ukugcina ubuhlobo efanayo nomunye, ngaphandle kwalo
ukusoka kuyadingeka ukuze ubukhulu ngokuphelele umehluko umfutho
nokushukunyiswa.
Kodwa, it phikisana (Brentano, inhlanzi, Langer), kwemithetho enjalo
ukukusho kodwa, ngokuvamile ezihlobene umehluko omncane e
ukuzwa, Empfindungszuwchse, amaqiniso lutho ngalo umthetho
okufanele lithathwe. Zimane zithi umehluko ukuzwa uhlala flat njalo
ngokuphawulekayo lapho isihlobo umfutho umehluko uhlala
okufanayo; kodwa ukuthi nje lubonakale ukuzwa nomehluko for
Emazinga lahlukene umfutho njalo bayalingana nomunye, kuba
isiphetho ngempela ngokungenasizathu, kodwa formula eliyisisekelo
kusekelwe ngokuthi ukubonakaliswa umthetho Weber, futhi ngenxa
yalokho formula nesilinganiso kule kucatshangwa.
Ngase ukuphendula okulandelayo:
Uma uvivinyo kanye umehluko nje lubonakale ngokuqondile ukunaka
ukuthi avele njengoba ezifanayo ngangokunokwenzeka umuzwa, unjalo,
Yebo, Yebo, ukuthi ngeke kube icala; kodwa kubonakal kimi
kuyabonakala ukuthi akufanele yikho. Khonamanjalo, nginalokhu
kakhulu ngisho nangokwengeziwe ngokucacile kuka in the izakhi lapho
ngicabanga izindlela silinganiso kafushane izinkulumo zami ngalezi

zindlela kanye umusho olandelayo:

"Okuhlangenwe nakho usifundisa ukuthi ukuxhumana imizamo
ukukhuluma nawe mayelana bazizwa encane, kodwa namanje ephephile
okucatshangelwayo, umehluko, lokhu, uma kungenjalo ngokuphelele,
kodwa nokuzala close ngaso kwemizamo ezihlukahlukene, futhi
ukuphindaphindeka ukuhlolwa ungathola onokwethenjelwa Chile
isilinganiso. "
Manje Angikwazi ukukuqinisekisa ukuthi zonke izinqubo
izingqapheli uvivinyo kangaka, kubonakala kimi ukuthi ukuqhubeka,
akuyona indlela ngaso sonke sibe kohliso. Hering wangiqinisekisa Yebo
amafayela agcinwe phakathi kwethu ukuvumelana ukuthi yena kanye
ucwaningo babethuthele kuye ukuze abafundi musa uqhubeke, futhi
ungabi ukuhlolwa ukulingana okucatshangelwayo umehluko omncane e
umfutho amazinga ehlukene kungenzeka; nakuba Ngicabanga futhi
bacabanga kimi ukuthi nokho kungenzeka kuze imikhawulo ethile, futhi
yilowo nalowo kumelwe sivume ukuthi ukungalingani of ukuzwa
nomehluko ngisho emazingeni ehlukene umfutho imikhawulo ethile
ngeke yeqe without recognized njengoba mpikiswano. Kodwa
kungakhathaliseki ukuthi sibalulekile kancane; ngoba uma ngisho
ukuphambuka omunye kusukela lokujabulela zero umehluko usebenzisa
amazinga ahlukene ukushukuma ngempela kufanele azame ukugcina
umbono wami, uma besebenzisa indlela ezifanayo
ngangokunokwenzeka, kungaba lula ngempela ukukhombisa ukuthi
ukungalingani yalesi ukuphambuka ukuthi ukuba inferentially
emthethweni ucwaningo asipheli kungaphazamisa kakhulu, isikhathi
eside kangaka njengoba uhlala ngisho nje encane kakhulu 1), njengoba
kuba ngokoMthetho indlela umehluko nje zile. Ngoba ke kuphambuka
kungenzeka kube kabili njengoba enkulu njengoba ezinye izikhathi
ngisho, futhi uyokwenza iziphetho ukuthi uyosondela okufanayo in
version yami kusukela ukuhlolwa on the semthethweni yomthetho, lutho
asho kancane ngaphezu ucwaningo kwezinye izindawo limelela kabili
observation okungahleliwe amaphutha; kodwa ngaphandle Iphutha
observation ukuze uthole kuphi away.

1)

Phakathi encane kakhulu Ngiyaqonda amancane ukuze

ukuphambuka of the umehluko ukuzwa ezihambisana kusukela
zero umehluko ukwandisa umehluko umfutho ingxenye encane
ukuba umehluko umfutho ngokwabo, elihambisana ngqo zero
umqondo umehluko has.
Futhi lokhu ngempela iphuzu eziyinhloko indlela. Empeleni,
sisebenzisa, isibonelo, kube nginyamalale aphinde uma isisindo Zama

umehluko 5 amagremu, ngesinye isikhathi, ezinesisindo kunamandla 10

grams, kanti kungenzeka ayeba bezimo impela lokujabulela, futhi
bayakugeza bobabili esifanele indlela nje umehluko appreciable babe
umehluko ngokomzimba ukwandisa kancane ukuba usazokwazi
ukuthola kuye ngokuphawulekayo, futhi ningamniki ukuhlala
ezindaweni of the imperceptible, nokho ukuwela ukuba ziphathwe
ngendlela ehlukile indlela amacala okulungile
nokungalungile. Kungakhathaliseki lokhu ngoba ngisho yimpumelelo
ukulingana bala by 0.1 amagremu, ngesinye isikhathi ngo-0.2 noma 0.3
grams, ngakho kodwa nje bophezela kuphela isiphambeko omunye
umyalelo yesiphambeko observation, uma omunye uthi: ngezwa
umehluko luhluke lingana kuze fike e 5.1, ngezinye izikhathi at 10.3
amagremu, ngoba omunye engenzi ngakususi uvivinyo ngezinhloso
washo ubukhulu isilinganiso 0.1 kuya 0.3, kodwa kusukela 5.1 kuya 10.3
amagremu, futhi omunye bangase bacabange, ngaphezu kwalokho,
ukuthi isiphambeko ukulinganisa umehluko nje lubonakale zona
ngokwazo ngaphansi kwethonya umthetho Weber sika. Kungenzeka yini
nawe qiniseka ukuhlangabezana embundwini umehluko lonke uvivinyo
ngokunembile, kungaba kangaka ngcono; manje besondela indlela
umehluko nje zile Kulokhu.
Ngokuba konke lokhu ndlela inembe kakhulu, kodwa ukhululekile,
futhi enye izindlela ubuhlobo lokuqala emva ngaphandle Ngakho wonke
imiphumela etholakalayo ngokusebenzisa okufanayo kufanele alahlwe,
engizibeke usekhulumile out in the izakhi. Nokho, incike ekuqondisweni
uMthetho Weber sika neze yedwa on the indlela umehluko nje
obonakalayo, kungaba kunalokho okokuqala nje esimisiwe ezindaweni
ukukhanya emizweni ubukhulu star izilinganiso. The magnitudes
lezinkanyezi luchazwa ngegama integers kodwa kukhona kude, kuphela
umehluko nje lubonakale kusukela ngamunye lisuka ukuthi izazi
zezinkanyezi ngisho ukuvula eshumini osayizi phakathi. On isimiso
analog kuza ithafa indlela entela. Nokho, In generality okukhulu,
uMthetho kusekelwe imiphumela indlela iphutha avareji kanye
nelungelo futhi amacala okungalungile, lapho, iziqhathaniso base kude
kangaka kungenzeka nalabo indlela umehluko nje lubonakale ziye
zabonisa ngazwi linye, futhi ngaphansi Elimination Iphutha njalo
izinyathelo ezifanele kakhulu ekhululeke kakhudlwana of subjective
ukulinganisa amaphutha, njengoba indlela umehluko nje zile. The
ukuphikisana bheke ngomthetho Weber kusukela imiphumela indlela
umehluko nje obonakalayo, kufanele walondoloza, ngakho kwakusazoba
kungabi nazithelo, njengoba nje abakwazi ukuba sifinyelele ezinye
izindlela.
Manje lets Nokho ngokumelene zonke izindlela, ukukhulisa kanye
iinthombe indlela umehluko nje obonakalayo, i ukuphikisa kusukela
omunye umbono, the (p 88.) Brentano ayicabangayo 2) obonakalayo

lokujabulela uma evuma khona ukuthi Zuwchse nje esikufezile

ngokulinganayo Ngako-ke, kodwa hhayi ukuthi bayalingana, uveza leli
herring in the singesihambelanayo nami besonderm izisindo, futhi phezu
(njengoba amandla inkumbulo) futhi Langer (k. 23 ff.) iza ukukhuluma.
Kwangathi kungaba ukuphikisa lapha ukuchaza isisindo ukuhlolwa.
Man ephakamisela a isisindo; kuletha umqondo ethile, luphakamisa
emva isikhathi isisindo; kuletha isasasa kunamandla. Lezi emizweni
banikezwa; umehluko lezi emizweni unikezwa, kuyinto ethize kakhulu
futhi fixed, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kubonakala kimi, uma ngahlulela
kuye ngokuvumelana hhayi ngaso sonke inkumbulo ephephile
ngokuqhathanisa isisindo yesibili waphakamisa zokuqala. Kuye kusho
eziphakeme, ngokusho ukunakwa ukuthi engiye isicelo kuncike
okunamathiselwe, izisindo kuye izimo ezikhathazayo, ngisho nangemva
ehlukahlukene bezimo ngizobuya umehluko ehlukile, kungaba null
ukuthola ecacile noma ongaqondakali, ngenkathi Kodwa omunye in a
usayizi ethile futhi ayiguquki, futhi ngabe yikuphi umehluko
wangempela emizweni kuyinto (ukuzwa umehluko mina) kudingeka abe
usayizi ethile kuphela ukuze ziqashelwe njengoba ekhona (njengoba
beqonda umehluko noma umehluko ukuzizwa kwami) ngaso sonke,
kuyilapho kakhulu nomehluko omncane zikhona kakade.
2)

ukuthi lokhu kunjalo, Ngiyabona ngokucacile kusukela

izincwadi naye, njengoba kusukela yakhe isebenza ngokwabo.
Manje ubuza, okungenani ngingasho kancane uzwakalise ngaphansi
ngokucacile ukuphikisa ahumushe njengoba nje: ungasho kanjani ukuthi
umehluko wangempela phakathi emizweni ezimbili, imizwa yakho
umehluko, bayalingana komunye nomunye, lapho umehluko Engahleki,
umehluko yakho waqonda ncamash, kanti kodwa lezi kungenzeka abe
usayizi ehluke ngokuphelele ngesikhathi umehluko efanayo
Okuynqo? Kodwa formula yakho psychophysical wonke kusekelwe
kulesi sakhiwo hhayi kuphela unproven, kodwa zazo kwesisekelo
bamanga.
Against leli: Ngicabanga, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kungcono
kucatshangwa sasivumela kusobala ukuthi ubukhulu, okubonakala babe
ukuhlolwa kwami umehluko ezimbili kuncike okokuqala ubukhulu real
lokujabulela umehluko, okwesibili yezimo side njenge okungenhla
kuhloswe. Lapha I ukuxhuma isimo yesibili, lo godu zemvelo kakhulu
ukuthi angikwazi ukwenza lokho, uma umfutho variable osayizi izimo
isikhonzi kukhona ucwaningo wayelokhu okufanayo, lo njalo we sobala
ukuzwa umehluko kungaya kuphela on a njalo beqiniso, ngamafuphi,
ukuthi real uhlala ukuzwa umehluko njalo lapho sobala noma
okucatshangelwayo alushintshi futhi lapho izimo isikhonzi ahlale njalo,

futhi wenze Eqinisweni, lokho okungenzeka nakakhulu noma yimuphi

omunye isimo I kufanele acele ngaso sonke. Task kwanoma iyiphi
uchungechunge ezinhle ucwaningo kule nsimu, Nokho, izingqinamba
ezingase zinethonya nokuchitshiyelwa ukungezwani okucatshangelwayo,
lonke uchungechunge ucwaningo. Izimo umfutho ichitshiyelwe njengoba
njalo ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze uthole ngokusebenzisa, noma
ukungalingani ukuthi akunakugwenywa, ukuba inzuzo ukuphikiswa e
ucwaningo equinumerous, futhi ngalokhu ukuqeda iphutha njalo; futhi
unga out of element yami Th. I. p. Ziqinisekise 99 ukuthi ngangenza
ingxenye yami, ongayicabanga ukukhuthala kilokhu ukuhlolwa
isisindo; Nokho okungenani zikuvumela ukuba nibukele daba Yebo
ezithathwe maqondana lokhu kanye nezinye izingqapheli, izinyathelo
ezisobala.Kodwa uma kungenjalo kuzo zonke izingqapheli ngilugcinile
yonke izinyathelo ezidingekayo kule ndaba, futhi ikakhulukazi kusukela
kolunye eyodwa emaceleni ucwaningo iphutha njalo kuncike hhayi
yonke indawo ngokwanele kugwenywe, noma imizamo iziphi baqashwe
ngendlela efanelekayo ukuqedwa, ngakho ngicabanga ukuthi lokhu
kunalokho kuphela the ngeziphambeko enokwehla emthethweni,
njengoba kuze, kodwa lonke, thoroughgoing, isiqinisekiso eseduze
soMthetho endleleni yokulinga bekulokhu ukwazi ukusiza.
Wonders uma kungenjalo lapha ngokumelene ukuphikisa ezintsha
ahlale. Yebo ungabona ubukhulu modified isisindo main hhayi yona
njengoba iqiniso side ugomela ngokuthi nokuhlolwa elidala barrier
ukuzwa umehluko uma ngempela nje kusebenza sihlole ukwencika
okuqonda umehluko izimo umfutho modified. Hering isikisela ukuthi
isisindo sangempela ukuzwa ngobungakho ukhule nge izisindo, futhi
ngenxa yalokho ukwanda izisindo 1 1, lokujabulela isisindo 1
1; Ukwenyuka izisindo 1 kuya 2 lokujabulela 2 ukhule 1 ushiye
godu. Ekuhloleni kanye Gewichtszuwchsen encane ngaphansi
ukuchitshiyelwa isisindo main lo mthetho hhayi ukuqinisekisile yizilingo
Hering siqu (s XVIII.); futhi ufuna ukuthatha manje, lokhu kuncike
ubukhulu nesisindo ubudala barrier isahlulelo ubukhulu umehluko
lokujabulela, omunye kwakuyohlanganisa ukubuza ukuthi kungani lokhu
akuyona kuhambisana Zuwchsen ezinkulu 1 1, kusukela 1 ukuya ku-2
of the icala kwaba, kanjalo kanjani bangaba khona ukuthi umthetho
Hering ukuze, kafushane, endaweni engaphakathi ukuphikisana
geriete. Khonamanjalo, ukuthatha nokujikijela-in, the herring kimi
ngokwengxenye emsebenzini wakhe, ngokwengxenye eyenziwe
incwadi, kodwa inkulumo yonke izinguquko isisindo main isisindo
izivivinyo, umfutho ukukhanya ucwaningo ukukhanya,
ngokuyisisekelo; Izinguquko ngaphezu izimo ukubala ngempela kanjalo,
kuthiwa conjured up, okuyinto ngeke wenza njalo imfuneko
walondoloza Ngaphezu izimo naphezu kwalo ukunakekelwa ahlobene,
futhi achaze ukuphambuka of the imiphumela yokuhlolwa kusukela

imithetho proportionality njengoba nje indlela sobala kuze umthetho

Weber kulungile.
Mayelana nalokhu, inhlanzi waphawula lokuqala bonke ngenhlonipho
ucwaningo ukukhanya ekuphishekeleni ezinye, hhayi nomthelela
nokucatshangelwa lapha wokuqala (p 28.): Okokuqala ukuthi kuba
umfundi kanye okwandayo ukukhanya izinto ezibonakalayo ushintshe
njengoba nifunda ukuba ompetha kanye nokuncipha, kanjalo isihlobo
ukukhanya ukufinyelela ezimbalwa noma ngaphezulu imvume, kodwa
okwesibili futhi apharathasi sezinzwa iso, the ukukhanyisa modified
Sebentisa, ie nozwela okufanayo nge ukukhanyisa anda sithathe
njengokungathi kudala kufakazelwa eshaya amaqiniso uhlolisisa muva
by Aubert futhi ekugcineni equliswa yedwa futhi incazelo bokuphila
ayengamasela; futhi uphetha (p 29.) kanye kuphawula okulandelayo: ".
Fechner, lapho kuxoxwa ubuqiniso umthetho wakhe for the emizweni
ukukhanya, wenza ukuba lithathelwe kungoni Umfundi noma retina
ukuthi edingekayo ukucabangela"
Lesi sakamuva manje sengiyakwazi nangayiphi indlela siyavuma
Kunalokho Ngiyabona ukuthi akekho Aubert namanje herring kulokho I
esigabeni 12 izakhi zami (Th. I. p. 300) on lithathelwe (uma kungenjalo
ngaphansi ukuthi igama) by Jehova, usebenzelan angaphandle kanye
ucwaningo lwabo siqu, baye bathatha ukucabangela edingekayo
kusukela lapho ingxoxo kukhombisa ukuthi ucwaningo ekuqhathaniseni
sensitivity, njengoba basonta yokucabanga ngomthetho Weber sika,
okuthiwa. lithathelwe njengoba eziphazamisayo kuphela kangaka
ezibuthakathaka ukuveza ithonya ukukhanya bacabangele ukuthi
ukukhanya elingaphakathi amehlo Black ingxenye enkulu nalokho
kwi 3), lapho angene abaphumelela okuthiwa. ukuphambuka aphansi
kusuka umthetho Weber kanye is on okufanayo wecala. Kungokufanayo
nangalabo yezinguquko ngobukhulu Umfundi; futhi iphuzu ezivamile
wukuthi izingxenye ezimbili ogama umehluko uyabonakala ethonyeni
abalwazi noma oqeda amandla lithathelwe noma ukuguqulwa umfundi
(ngokulandelana ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle) ayaphazamiseka ukuba
izimo ezifanayo.
3)

Auberts ucwaningo kwi lithathelwe bezokudayisa eqinisweni e

ongaphakeme kakhulu ukukhanya nethonya.
Ngokuphambene ezahlukene kunjalo ucwaningo nozwela
ngokuphelele; lapha lithathelwe ufeza indima ebalulekile, kodwa
kubonakala kimi ukuthi nobabili musa ngokucacile ukuhlukanisa
ukuqinisa kokuphikisana.
Uma indlela lithathelwe akuyona ukukhanya buthakathaka kakhulu
intensities ithonya elikhulu ucwaningo nozwela umehluko, lapho Aubert

herring onqenqema wakhe, kanjalo yebo Aubert has in the, onegunya

aphethwe kuye, zama ukuthonya kubo ngangokunokwenzeka
bacabangele futhi kuqedwe lokho kuyinto p , 68 umsebenzi wakhe
uthola inkomba, futhi akakwazanga ngisho babiza amagugu amatafula
test yayo ukubaluleka anamathela kubo, uma futhi engeke njengoba
enjalo, okuyizinto okunengqondo khulula kusukela ithonya lithathelwe,
obungenza. Pho kodwa, Yebo, ka Aubert hhayi kuqokonyiswe, kodwa
okulandelayo kusuka ucwaningo lwakhe, approximation esikhulu
imiphumela uMthetho Weber, okuyinto Ngibala esigabeni 16, imizamo
yakhe uma nje intensities hhayi encane kakhulu phakathi ezejwayelekile
amehlo ukusetshenziswa zilandelwa phansi, ukucabangela lolwengetiwe
ungaqiniseka umthetho avele ngempela eyiphutha.
Ngokuphathelene isisindo izilingo imibono evela herring incwadi
bangase bakuthole nami ongokoqobo reproduction space.
1. "Lapho sibuyela kubo ngenjongo yokuthola kokubandlululwa
iphakamisa izisindo ezimbili ezahlukene okufanayo, kanjalo simnike
imisipha yethu kokubili usishukumisele umuzwa ofanayo intando,
ngoba thina angazi kusukela ekuqaleni yini isisindo kuyodinga umzamo
kwemisipha more. Isisindo lighter manje ngokushesha kunokuba
olunesisindo esikhudlwana lwaluba emoyeni, futhi thina ukuhlukanisa
kahle kakhulu ukuhamba ngokushesha ingalo engenhla kancane.
Ngokuba yonke into eyenziwa ingalo kusinika lahlukene okuthiwa
motion emizweni manje ukulandela ngokushesha izisindo lula kunalokho
in the schwerern . Sine for umsipha ngamunye motion umuzwa control.
Ngokuba imisipha wemikhawulo, control umlamuleli by the emizweni
motion lapho njengoba abanye izingxenye ajulile kuphakama emizweni
yemizwa kwesikhumba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ngokuhlanganyela. "
2. "Sizizwa umzamo wokuthi sidinga ukugcina isisindo ngaso sonke,
ngoba nje thina kudingeka bayibambe ngaphambi singakwazi
abaliqukulayo. Siphinde bazizwa umzamo kwemisipha ukuthi
kuyadingeka ukuba aphakamise ngokwabo, ngesinye last lapho kumele
achithe ukuze silondoloze ukulinganisela wonke umzimba, noma
ngesikhathi ehlezi okungenani umzimba engenhla ngesikhathi
bephakamisa. "
3. "akhiwa Kukhona isisindo ephakamisa emizweni ingcindezi futhi
isitimela ukuba isikhumba, ngazo umthwalo ligcinwe futhi lapho
esebenzisa efanayo njengoba. Lezi imizwa yonke kunamandla kanye
more besakaza, aba maningi isisindo. Bathi ukushintsha ngenkathi
ukhulisa indlela ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ashintsha ezinesisindo esindayo
a andre kuka lula. "
"Lokhu kumane emfushane ezinkingeni emizweni ezihlukahlukane
lapho nifika ukucabangela lapha. Manje yonke incike ubukhulu izisindo,
uhlobo nokukhuthaza, isikhundla umzimba, njll, uma senza ukunaka

kwethu lapho ephakamisa ngaphezulu eyodwa noma elinye iqembu

emizweni vula. Kunoma ikuphi, yonke eyinkimbinkimbi emizweni njalo
eziningi membered futhi Ukusakaza, aba maningi isisindo waphakamisa.
"
"Qhubekisa sasivumela summarily by ukuziqonda konke lokhu
ezihlukahlukene esikhulu emizweni summarily ngaphansi kwemigomo
umfutho kanye kanye izinguquko ezihlukahlukene kakhulu
eyinkimbinkimbi lokujabulela ukubunjwa, ngesikhathi uchungechunge,
kokwabiwa, njll summarily wachazwa ngokuthi izinguquko ngegalelo."
"Ngoba, njengoba ngishilo, njalo ngeza ukujoyina emizweni entsha
lapho isisindo kuba nzima ngokwengeziwe, futhi umuzwa jikelele more
and more xaka futhi ngokuya usebenzisa isikhumba esisha futhi
kwemisipha nezifunda, kubonakala kimi phambi kakhulu kungenzeka
ukuthi kunjalo ukusho ukucaciseleka imizwa kanye nombono
okuphephile, ukuhlupheka efanayo more and more, futhi ziyanda
umehluko we eyinkimbinkimbi emizweni futhi umehluko alifani
okukhulu isisindo kudingeka ukuba bathole ngezinga elifanayo
noticeability ukwahlukahlukana kanye nenombolo efanayo isihlobo
izinqumo ezilungile. Ngakho, uyachaza ukuthi more olunzulu
isisindo emizweni ngisho nangokwengeziwe Inlensittsunterschiede
"" isicelo, uma noticeability of the umehluko ukuhlala okufanayo. "
Against izici.
Ibhayisikobho ingxenye, yimuphi ephakanyiswe, izimo odlule
ngephutha siqu yami, okukhulunywe ngaye izakhi, ukuhlolwa isisindo
kungukuthi kuthathwe noma kunjalo.Enginakho isisindo olunesisindo
esikhudlwana lwaluba waphakamisa hhayi kancane ukwedlula lighter,
kodwa isikhathi kanye nenani Keying enqunywe isikhathi delimited
kanye azithandayo wagcina okufanayo, hhayi izisindo kuphela aphethwe
okwesikhashana, ngaphambi kokuba ngiphakamisele, kodwa ngamunye,
by the counter esithile waphakamisa ngokuqondile
emhlabathini. (Ungabona lapha izinto zami.) Yini Hering kuboniswe
ngokuhlukile ngokuvamile sibhekisela ukwakheka emizweni ezikhulisa
ngayo izisindo ngesikhathi esifanayo ngoba, ngesikhathi esifanayo
ukwandisa izinguquko ezingokomzimba, lapho kuxhomeke. Ngakho
uma umthetho Weber sika has a jikelele ezithile, kuba kusukela kulesi
inkinga phutha ezingavela yalo, kuyoba nje luhlanganise lonke
inkinga. Lapha akukho eziphazamisayo side izimo for Konstatierung
yomthetho nhlobo, kodwa kuba kuphela lunye ezivimbela for indawo
ngayinye. Kodwa ngiyavuma ukuthi, nakho konke okuyinto akunjalo
ngokungakhethi ukuba aqondise ukucabanga kwami, njengoba kwenzeka
of herring lihlala ongazicabanga ukuthi izimo emphases lakhulisiwe
ngempela side ukushintsha, ngaphandle ukuthi umuntu angabona nazo
zonke ukunakekelwa ukukuvimbela lokhu shintsho futhi bami kuphela

ukuthi njengoba iphutha izindlela handling kungaba kunalokho wusizo

ngokuqondile, imithetho efanayo njengoba isiqinisekiso eseduze ukuze
achaze ukuhluka yokulinga by ukuhlolwa.
Manje Hering Kuyavunywa okholwa by ucwaningo ngqo ezinesisindo
ukukwazi ukufakazela Untriftigkeit koMthetho Weber sika; ke kodwa
mina nginamahloni esigabeni 18 a ikakhulukazi.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

VI. Ukuphikisa esekelwe ngeziphambeko yokulinga emthethweni Weber sika

(Aubert, Delboeuf, inhlanzi, Langer).
Uma imithetho esigabeni 2 zithathwa njengoba ngokuqinile njengoba
ngokuyisisekelo, phezu ukwencika lokujabulela umsebenzi psychophysical
ukuqedela, it kungaqinisekiswa ngokuthola ucwaningo kwi ukwencika lokujabulela
ezenzeka ngaphandle kuphela waze sikwamukela may,
1. ukuthi umfutho kwangaphandle kukwenza ezilinganiselwe ze kwakhe umsebenzi
psychophysical;
2. ukuthi akuyona kakade ngaphakathi isasasa ethile psychophysical ubunjalo
esibangelwa the umfutho izimele kwangaphandle umfutho isenzo Kukhona ngabe
empeleni sithi lokhu.
Empeleni, kodwa uthole impambaniso ngamabomu corroborability yokulinga of
umthetho Weber esikhundleni izimbangela ezimbili.
Uma umphumela umfutho unamandla ukuze isitho libhujiswa, noma unesifo
endleleni kusukela proportionality phakathi umfutho futhi excitation psychophysical
ingasakwazi kulindeleke; Yebo, ngoba umthombo force psychophysical ukuthi
kuyingxenye ukugcwaliseka umuzwa, ngokungangabazeki nje okulinganiselwe
kumuntu, njengoba umthombo wamandla kinetic, oyingxenye ukuvela kwemisipha
ukunyakaza, ukuze ungakwazi cosha it ngajwayelekile ukuthi ngisho namanje
ngaphambi isitho lihlupheka, senziwa amazinga ekuphumeni umfutho umsebenzi
psychophysical lags ngemuva proportionality ne ezintweni. 1) Kusukela phesheya
sizibonakalisa amaqiniso amaningi ukuthi imbangela ukuphambuka yesibili hhayi
ulahlekile. Kuwo wonke umqondo izifunda ukuhhema singenzeka kuye excitation
yangaphakathi; kuba okungenani kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu inzuzo yabo
bonke kakade ekhona e degrees ezibuthakathaka (ngezansi embundwini) ngaphakathi
kwaba nje isasasa. The Black Eye Ukubona ekupheleni noma ephelele ebumnyameni
ebusuku (ihluke hhayi ebona umunwe), azibonisa iso ngisho evamile ekhona kakade
isasasa elingaphakathi, lokho kwakusondela izingxoxo Elem. I. p. Bheka 165
ff .. Futhi kungokwalabo lapha ukuthi upscale kanye izisindo ingalo kakade,
ngaphandle izisindo, isikhashana isisindo has.

1)

In the Elem. I nje wakhomba iphuzu lokuqala (ukuhlupheka organ), kodwa

owesibili, okuyinto cishe uthole ngisho ukucabangela ezibaluleke kakhulu, in
the indatshana ngokumelene Aubert (1860) wagomela.
Isizathu lokuqala ukuphambuka kumelwe ube namandla kangaka luhluke e
izivivinyo ezintweni zangaphandle, lowo ephakeme inyukela isenzo umfutho, I
simchazele kafushane njengoba ukuphambuka elingenhla emthethweni, owesibili,
kujula omunye sehlela nalokho I njengoba ukuphambuka libhekisela aphansi Nokho,
ngisho nazo omkhulu umfutho degrees ukuveza elingaphakathi sokuyaluza
ezibuthakathaka ngokumelene elingaphandle kubhekwe cishe azinakwa.
Ngenxa kuphambuka aphansi eqala obonakalayo nje, ngezinhloso esigabeni
sangaphambilini alinganayo appreciable, isihlobo umfutho umehluko ukuze more, the
more ubuka umphumela umfutho umkhawulo engezansi, lapho kuphela usizi lihlala,
osondela esenziwa engenhla, kuye omunye ephakeme enyuka kanye nomphumela
umfutho;lokho ithwala ukuthi sifuna abalamuli enciphisa okungenani nje lubonakale
umfutho isihlobo umehluko, ngalokhu, emva (ngenhla) incazelo unikezwa, lungene
umehluko isihlobo uzwela senzeka, emhlabeni lapho approximation ukuba umthetho
Weber azihambayo ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka; futhi kuba maqiniso
ababevumelana ngomqondo, kungenjalo ukuba kugujwe umzimba, bakwazi
ukuthambekela ukuthi sithola lokhu approximation kunabo ukuziphatha zomthetho
kanye kunabo isihlobo umehluko sensitivity ngaphakathi nokuzabalaza ongavamile
umqondo ukusetshenziswa. Uma uMthetho Weber for the psychophysics
elingaphandle ezikhona ngaphandle izizathu kuphambuka, kanjalo kwakungeke
okungenani nje lubonakale isihlobo umfutho umehluko, kodwa esifanayo sihlale
njalo kulo lonke umfutho esikalini; omunye has kodwa okungenani yokulinga ngenxa
ledzingekako isiqondiso kokuba kuphambuka yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi
ukubukela.
Ngaphandle okhethiwe lapha wenza, kubonakala kimi, bha samanje, kubangela
Deviation kungenzeka kungase kube nabanye ukuthi aphephile kuphela
kancane. Isikhalo bebengaba kungenzeka kuphela ukunqoba Inertia ethile
amangqamuzana nervous ngaphambi kwalo kukwenza vibration efanayo, ngakho
embundwini ukuthi izenze wazizwa ngisho ezindaweni ngokomzimba phakathi
ezinye izimbangela nemiphumela, udlale indima lapha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngeke
akhunjulwe ngaphansi VIII (p.77) esimweni lapho, ngaphandle ngaphansi noma
ukuphambuka eliphezulu noma kokubili, kungase kudingeke ukwabelana.
Ekugcineni se abakwazi yekwenta, kunengqondo e ibonakale mzamo ratios,
ngeziphambeko bathembele ukuthi ayetfulwanga okungafaniswa ezintweni in the
efanayo esikhaleni noma ngesikhathi indawo, noma ukuthi lesi sifaniso njalo senziwa
ezincane, noma okuphambene nalokho a isiqondiso eyodwa emaceleni kusukela
ezinkudlwana, phezu kwaziphi izimo zisekelwe okuthiwa. isiphambeko njalo ukuthi

kumele inzuzo nganoma iyiphi eliphikisayo umzamo imibhalo, indlela yokuhlola

ekulingweni okuphindaphindiwe noma kuyoqedwa invoyisi, ngaphandle
ukuphazamiseka elikhulu semthethweni ukuphuma kuso.
Konke kuxoxwa kakade izakhi. Manje kungaba kuphela uvume ongaziwa uma
isandla eziningana indlela kancane ethile noma akukho kuhlukaniswa of Aubert,
Delboeuf futhi Langer, phakathi izimfuno njengoba izimo psychophysics
elingaphandle futhi elingaphakathi, uphikiswa njengoba lasisekelo, esibonakala by
kokucubungula ukuhluka ezidingekayo noma esiqondile noma ingabe ukuthola
ngokucabangela kungenzeka emijondolo kungenzeka, amafomula ngaphandle
incazelo zibekwe, kude kangakanani isicelo psychophysics elingaphandle noma
elingaphakathi. Hering kodwa ubona kuphela idabula, kufanele ngaso sonke babe
munye, ngaphandle kokubona esweni lami, ugongolo olusesweni lakhe siqu; lapho
ethi (p 38.): "Nokho, umuntu angabona uthole umbono wokuthi ngeziphambeko
emithethweni Weber, okuyinto ezindaweni eziningi ngempela zinkulu kakhulu,
kuphela izici okhethekile izinzwa ezahlukene ukuxolelwa walandisa umthetho nokho
ngokuvamile kusebenza . Kodwa njengoba nje noma izimbangela lezi ezith
kungukuthi wachaza ngokucacile, noma isidingo umthetho ngokucacile wabonisa
ngezizathu theory, inqobo kunalokho ngaphandle baningi kakhulu ngaphezu
isiqinisekiso kokubusa wagomela: njengoba nje can ibinzana Weberian kuphela
zibhekwa mbono engaqinisekile kakhulu. "
Konke herring abasolwa kulesi maqondana umbono umthetho Weber esisebenza,
ngisho umbono wakhe siqu proportionality okulula ukuzwa kuze ezintweni noma
umsebenzi psychophysical in degree kakhulu ephakeme; yebo I mean it ncisheka
nanini ukuphoqelela noma yimuphi umbono elula, okuyinto hhayi uthinteka degree
ephakeme kwalo. Kodwa ukuthi (ucwaningo the Aubert sika hhayi ngaphandle),
kanye ezith, lapho Hering ayicabangayo, hhayi ezimbi kakhulu, uzocela ukubona
isigaba 16.
Hering lenza ngezizathu eziningi sesikhalo, okungase babandlulule yimpumelelo
oluhlanzekile ucwaningo (bheka Isigaba V ..); kodwa yena abukakasunguli futhi
kuyoba nzima ngaye ukuba afakazele ukuthi approximation kuze kuphikiswana
nguye umthetho Weber esikhundleni okubangelwa ezifana ukuthi
kungaphazanyiswa. Kodwa sizwa ngaye nokungaphezu kwalokho lapho ethi (p 38.):
"Futhi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi abasebenzi nje ekhonjiwe ezizindeni
ezihlukene sezinzwa [for luhlolo Law Weber BakaJehova] uvivinyo bodwa akuzona
ngempela emadanisekako. The emizweni kuqhathaniswa ezase spatially eduze
komunye nomunye, ngokushesha kade spatially futhi temporally ucishe kude .. The
Kusolakala Insensittsverschiedenheiten ukuzwa vela ukubukisisa eduze ngesikhathi
esifanayo njengoba umehluko qualitative 2)] Lowo ezijulile lingena singene daba, lo
ezingabazisayo more kubonakala a kangaka usindwa ithephu efanayo ukubona ibhizinisi ezinye; uma
umuntu efuna ukuba bavume ukuthi kusukela ukwehluka colorful amaqiniso bayawaphika, mhlawumbe
ngisho umthetho jikelele kungenziwa adonswa, ngakho kuthanda kodwa Weberian isethi isikhathi
nenhlalakahle akufanele kuthathwe njengoba kuyafaneleka ngempela. "

2)

Lokhu kubhekisela izinto esivumelana ngazo, ezigabeni 14 ukuba kuxoxwe,

indlela Hering ekhululeka umehluko ukugqama ezindaweni lokujabulela
ukukhanya.
Kodwa nje iqiniso olwenzeka ngaphansi ngamunye ezahlukene ukuze bodwa hhayi
ayevumela emadanisekako, izimo, ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ezifana oyedwa
engxenyeni 16, umthetho Weber kwakuhamba eseduze sobala futhi, kubonakala kimi,
uma kukhona, ngoba ukukhuluma, limelela core ezivamile eziyisisekelo iqiniso
phakathi naphakathi bonke ngeziphambeko therefrom; futhi ngiyavuma hhayi
ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kungaba isizathu ukwenza ngakho uzithoba umthetho
njengoba isizathu.
Uma ukuphikisana nomthetho Weber ukuzuza ukubaluleka ngenxa ngeziphambeko
ngaso sonke, kuzodingeka ukuba kube nobufakazi bokuthi Kusolakala ngami
kubangela ukuphambuka engenhla nengezansi abavunyelwe, noma labo ashiwo kubo
ngami isinyathelo akakwazi babe, futhi ukuthi approximation eziphawulekayo
umthetho Weber, eye yabizwa wabonisa for isikhawu enkulu intensities in a iningi
izindawo, incazelo izimvume ezingaphezu cishe, njengoba kuba approximation a,
izimo of psychophysics elingaphandle nomsindo kuphela emthethweni oyisisekelo
we elingaphakathi. Kuzo zonke akukaze kwenzeke lutho kuze kube manje.
Mhlawumbe omunye kungaba agcine ukuthi, njengokuba sinesibindi neze ngqo of
observation and isiphetho kuphela ucishe engaqinisekile lisho ukukuqaphela
ubuhlobo phakathi imisebenzi yengqondo kanye psychophysical kanye track, kodwa
izindlela kunalokho ukuqapha ukugcina ithrekhi ubuhlobo phakathi umfutho
kwangaphandle kanye ukuzwa, naso wedwa interest esiwusizo kuncike, futhi kwaba
engcono anakekele ubuhlobo, eyafakwa i psychophysics elingaphakathi, hhayi ngaso
sonke; futhi umbono onjalo ubonakala vorzuschweben ezinye izimbangi, lapho babe
wokuqukethwe nemithetho kanye namafomula, lapho, njengoba kanye kungase nje
hamba manje, ukuthatha ngeziphambeko yokulinga ovela imithetho emsulwa elula
njengalezo psychophysics ngekani for izisekelo umuntu esinguye Ukucinga and
cover; Futhi kungani kufanele yini ukwamukela amafomula enjalo, e kude kangaka
njengoba afeze injongo yabo, futhi njengoba azihloselwe esikhundleni amafomula
kuyisidingo psychophysics engaphakathi noma zahlangana nalabo ingqondo
akucacile. Kuyoba kodwa walala isisindo encane efana amafomula enokwehla,
njengoba kufanele baphume kudingekile ezahlukene ngokusho umehluko
abahlolwayo, izimo test futhi umqondo izifunda. Noma kunjalo engena nesithakazelo
esiwusizo kulokho omunye angase buyela the psychophysics yangaphandle efanele
aguqulelwe kubo amafomula, kude emuva ngokumelene kakade emnyango,
ngazazisa ngokujulile ngokwesayensi wathinta lokho psychophysics elingaphakathi
kwengqondo, physiology nefilosofi uzuza in ukuthi amalungiselelo Basic for the
ubuhlobo umzimba nomphefumulo inikeza; futhi imizamo psychophysics
yangaphandle can lesi sithakazelo kuphela ngokukhonza ukuthi akha ematfuba

eziphethweni sokusungulwa la malungiselelo, lapho icala Yebo, kuyadabukisa ukuthi

ukuphepha nezifunda ezinjalo engavimba ukuhluka yokulinga of the uhlobo
okuxoxwe.

VII. Ukuphikisa Teleological futhi abakusho on the emizweni olunzulu (Hering).

Hering kwenza izindawo eziningana (k. 12 13. 23. 24. 30) njengoba resoundingly
wagomela cishe iyodwa ngokumelene izikhundla esithathwe kimi imithetho
psychophysical ayisisekelo eyalandela ukukhulelwa ngengqondo ubuhlobo phakathi
ezimbili ngokomzimba, kwaba ebanzi, kwaba okukhulu osayizi , , kumele
ushintshe uma bobabili yobukhulu bawo ngokulingana, futhi kanjalo lakhulisiwe
nobe kwehliswa inani elifanayo, engesiyo empirically okungalungile kuyomane,
kodwa futhi ideologically inadmissible by uma bekunjalo, ukudideka ungachazwa
umbono wethu wayeyofika izimo zezwe ngaphandle. "Kufanele - uthi, phakathi
kokunye (p 22.) - Umphefumulo ukuqonda izimo zezwe ngaphandle ilungelo uma
kungekho proportionality phakathi kwezinto kanye nezenzakalo zezwe ngaphandle
nalabo zezwe lethu elingaphakathi, lapho ngesilinganiso, okubhekisele umphefumulo
izinto ngaphandle , okungukuthi ubukhulu noma amandla imizwa yabo,
bengakwamukeli lokhu izinto elingaphandle? "
Manje lokho ngokuqondene emizweni ebanzi, ngakho, angikwazi ukwamukela
emva amazwi namanje ukuba kwenziwe ukuphikisa ke ukuba lisuswe front; kodwa
herring usinika ukuphikisa ngemizwa okukhulu; futhi lapha ngokuyinhloko
okulandelayo.
Kakade inani ukuzwa ukuthi olulodwa umfutho siphaphama, empeleni nje
ngumuntu maqondana umfutho ngokwayo, kodwa ngumuntu isilinganiso okufanayo
ukuba kuzamazame imibundu yakhe b enqunywe ngokushesha emva khulula
yami 1) = k log. Kunokuba umbundu ukubaluleka b kodwa kungaba emva
ngendlela bheke ngokwayo zonke umfutho value ezinye , faka formula. In short,
bacabanga ukuthi imali umfutho
kwenza emizweni ngeke, by k log =
kulinganiswa. Ingabe manje bobabili ezintweni isihlobo m rise noma ukuwa, ngakho
ukucabanga kuyinto kwalokho by
kokucabangela lokho kanye k log
lulingana; Ngakho uhlala unaltered. Bengicabanga amazwi lapha the Hering sika
wahlangana elula ngokwanele okungenani elilodwa ohlangothini. Ukuze avimbele
kodwa abanye ukudideka noma ukungaqondi ezingaholela kalula ukwenza kube, I
wengeze kucashunwe ezengeziwe i ukungenela ekupheleni kwalesi sigaba wanezela.

1)

Ngezikhathi ezithile le phawula ukuthi mina nangayiphi indlela, ezifana

inhlanzi (p. 19) uthi, wanezela ngesilinganiso umthetho logarithmic njengoba

'ocatshangelwayo "nemithetho Weberian wadlula kwami, kodwa ngathola
umphumela nezibalo imithetho Weberian nemithetho abasafufusa.
Ngokuqinisekile kuyohlale kuyiqiniso ukuthi akekho umuntu ngamunye noma
emizweni izinguquko ukuzwa ngokusho ezabekwa imithetho yami futhi amafomula
ezintweni futhi ushintsho umfutho bamane ngobungakho; kuphela wokuthi
ubudlelwano of ezintweni ukwenza umcabango ezivamile okufanayo, bese uhlala
okufanayo lapho ezintweni ayahluka ingxenye efanayo, okuyinto ukugcina kokubili
ngaphandle ngempela. 2) Kodwa ngabe izimo ezabekwa kwami imithetho khona
noma ukungabi khona, ngakho kukhona nabo noma ngaphandle kwabo cishe akukho
proportionality phakathi ezintweni futhi emizweni, izinguquko ukucasuka futhi
izinguquko ukuzwa, futhi teleology wenze kanjalo ukuzwana; ngakho kungani
ukugxekana imithetho yethu ukuthi teleology kanjalo wahluleka ukuzwana; kungaba
mayelana icala uma proportionality fictitious, okuyinto eqinisweni abekho?

2)

I isilinganiso emizweni lapho bevuswa by ezintweni ezimbili, okungukuthi

nje kudidaniswe okuncane ukuzwa, lapho evuswa isilinganiso the
ezintweni; kuka umehluko emizweni lapho bevuswa by ezintweni ezimbili,
kanye lokujabulela umehluko lezi ezintweni (s.Vorh. futhi abakusho ephetha
yalesi sigaba).
Uma mina ukuletha ukukhanya egumbini elimnyama, lokho ukwanda omkhulu
ukukhanya ukuba iso lami; Ngiletha yesibili wanezela, kanjalo redouble ukugqama
ngokomzimba, kodwa ukugqama akusho kabili ngeso lami, kodwa uyakhula
kukuncane kakhulu. Lokhu kuhambisana nemithetho yethu; kodwa ngisho noma
bengavumelani nalo, ngakho kwakuyiqiniso nje omncane proportionality. A
ukukhanya esibukweni Ngiyabona cishe njengoba bright njengoba ukukhanya
phambi kwesibuko, naphezu ukulahlekelwa eziphawulekayo kakhulu
Lichtverschluckung uye eyaqanjwa ngokusebenzisa esibukweni. Just bheka Auberts
ucwaningo ezindaweni ekukhanyeni nobani sicabanga ungakwazi ukuwunqoba
uMthetho Weber, uma bedelele ishaye hhayi ngokungafani teleological more
proportionality edingekayo.
Lokhu manje ngempela esobala ukuze Hering ngokwakhe iphuzu lakhe teleological
ngokucacile asisebenzi intensities ukukhanya, kepha emva ezinye izingxoxo
zokukwazi mayelana nalokhu (p. 26) uphawula ukuthi "kubonakala kusukela
ekuqaleni ngempela eqhubeka ukuthi thina nenani ukukhanya, lapho of izinto
ezahlukene uphonswe emuva yokucacisa ezahlukene zezinto ezifanayo ngezabelo
zabo efanele, okusho ngokomthetho ka proportionality phakathi umfutho futhi
umuzwa ungaqonda, "kanti" the proportionality phakathi osayizi ekamelweni
yangempela futhi ekamelweni osayizi of ukuzwa, futhi phakathi izisindo langempela
nobukhulu isisindo emizweni zibonakala esisemqoka uma kungenjalo siqonda nezwe

futhi ngempela kusho nokunyakaza yethu kufanele linqobe. "

Well, ukuthi imithetho yethu ngabe akufanele kube ivikeleke kancane emizweni
umsindo ngaphambi ukuphikisa teleological at emizweni okungenani okukhanya
futhi.Kodwa manje uyabona herring siqu isisindo uvivinyo ukuze ngidlulisele
esigabeni 18, bayavuma noma cha kangcono ukwedlula imizamo ukukhanya
imithetho proportionality. Gewichtszuwchse ukuthi kufanele emva okufanayo,
baziphathe ngisho like 12: 28, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho njengoba 0.7: 25,5. Kodwa
lokho kusho ukwenza claim teleological ngokumelene umthetho bese bekhetha
omunye umthetho uyagomela ukuthi uma eqinisweni akulona iqiniso manje.
A usozigidi iyona ukwazisa asset ayo ukuze dollars elibiza akukho ngaphezu
umuntu ompofu 1 Thaler 100. It ukala engasekho yena, ungakwazi ukusho
iDemo. Uma ufuna ukuphikisana ngisho noma lokhu ubuhlobo phakathi yenza imali
futhi bala layo kwaba ideologically ofanele, noma cha, nakuba Ngicabanga ukuthi
kuyoba lula isinqumo yangaphambili the kakhulu kunasekuqaleni, kuba yimuphi
umcimbi in the world; ngakho kungani ayikho manje abafanelana phakathi ezintweni
kwangaphandle, kungaba ukukhanya umfutho noma isisindo umfutho, futhi ukwazisa
yayo by isasasa. Umngane ezinkulu ungase ube of teleology, futhi angisho
ngokwami lezi abangane, njengoba kuba kodwa ukulandela izindlela zabo kunokuba
udinga enjalo.
Kukho konke 'lapho ngokuzithandela bayavuma ukuthi ungacela, bahloniphe
nozwela isisindo eziguquguqukayo Empeleni kusukela ekuqaleni, ukuthi imithetho
efanayo silisebenzise, njengokungathi uzwela ezinesithakazelo luyingxenye, ngoba
kwezinye izindlela, kukhona nezinye izimo izinto eziningi lokhu field ngaso sonke
namanje uhlala omnyama, ngemva kwalokho ngibuya izigaba 16 nele-18. Yebo,
ngingathanda ngizibheka happy kakhulu ukuthatha imithetho efanayo eyisisekelo le
ndawo kunokuba ukukhanya futhi uzwakale e claim, ngaphandle uvivinyo Hering
ngokwayo (esigabeni 18th), kuze kufike bangathembela lapha, akukho ngaphansi
kuka owedlule yami, by an indlela esihluke ngokuphelele abaqashiwe, kwakuba
sengathi ukukhuluma ngoba. Ngokuphathelene isici teleological kodwa cabanga lena
kodwa, zingxenye ezilandelayo ukuze kwenziwe, phawula. Noma kunjalo, awukwazi
ukwenza esiphethweni ngaphandle ndaba of an endaweni ehlukile, ezinye izimo,
izindawo kukhona; futhi ngalolo inothi I aphenduke emizweni okukhulu, lokho konke
odlule kwaba imizwa olunzulu ukuze ukushukumisa isitatimende yami ngenhla
ukuthi ngeke ngikwazi ukwamukela ukuphikisa Hering sika maqondana labo phambi.
Ubani ongafaka lokuqala konke sithi asazi ukuthola indlela yethu emhlabeni
izilinganiso ezintathu, nokho, ukuthi bonke ubukhulu kwendawo avele sigudluke
kithi, futhi ziyahlukahluka izimo ngemibono in exchange ngendlela ngokugcwele
kusukela proportionality ukuba olinganise wangempela isikhala, kanjalo ucezu
ngalunye umugqa banana, okuyinto hhayi kufakwe indiza perpendicular ukuba eksisi
indiza iso, lokhu proportionality iyaphikisana ezinye izindlela. Ngakho ngisho
kumele ezidingekile futhi lapha proportionality okuyinto edingekayo ukuze lula,
hhayi yakhe; kuba kunalokho kuphela ukuthi Nichtproportionalitt wayengekho
zokweqa umthetho. Nokho ngonya kuwo wonke teleology, Sitsandza bashiye; Uma

kuwukuthi herring ukuphikisana umbuzo okuyiqiniso.

Ngaphansi kucatshangwa buthule isikhundla iso esinqunyiwe kanye nesikhundla
elimisiwe umugqa iqonde phambi kwamehlo, lapho ungakwazi ngempela
ukukhuluma of proportionality ngomqondo kwabonisa, liphetheni inhlanzi (p. 12)
babeka phansi imithetho yami Kunalokho ukuthi "ubude sobala a line silingane
Ubude bayo uqobo likhula, lokujabulela lokhu usayizi ngobungakho ubukhulu
umfutho landa, "umugqa kabili inqobo kuhlanganise kabili inqobo
kwenkanyezi; lapho eqinisweni ezabekwa imithetho yami njengoba kuphambene
kakhulu kunalowo zikhuthazwe Hering, ohambelana imithetho proportionality; futhi
wakha it in ukubhalelana nami umbuzo, akazange azi ukuthi kungani kufanele
baziphathe ngendlela ehlukile ezindaweni emizweni okukhulu kulawo ubudlelwano,
njengoba kanye olunzulu.
Lokho kungaba kuhle kakhulu, ngakho, ngoba siyinto kodwa ehlukene kakhulu,
ngifuna umthetho uma kwenzeka ukuthi umfutho is kuqiniswe okufanayo nerve
amaphuzu noma ukuthi sisakazeka iningi enjalo. Kuphela by Isifaniso lusobala kukho
omunye icala omunye, ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isiqinisekiso sokuthi segciwane
izimo ngokuphongoza ezikhona; futhi kumele mina ke, emva I in the izakhi (II. p.
336) wake waba ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo owenza Hering uyagomela waqaphela
ukuthi ukusebenza koMthetho Weber sika emkhakheni emizweni ebanzi
zazingaphephile, ngitsheleni Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthi i semthethweni
yomthetho kule nsimu ukuthi mina ogunyaziwe ngangokunokwenzeka kakhulu, i
ukuphikisana ukumelwa yami efanayo kwenye, kakhulu ukuphambuka, izindawo
ngeke hergenommen, nokuthi kukhona ukuphikisa maqondana zombili izindawo
axutshwa. 3)

3)

Delboeuf (IsAm p. 250) ngisho ebona "ukudideka ngokulwa okuyiqiniso

namalimi" iwukukhuluma of emizweni isikhathi kanye ukunwetshwa, futhi
"kudingeka uqoke inkulumo efanayo ukuzwa olunzulu". Lapha kodwa
ngingathanda, ngoba ngisho ngidinga le nkulumo, kuphela bese emvivinya
sokunene, uma kungenjalo ezicace (njengoba Elem. I. 15) ukudideka
kugwenywe. Nokho, le mizwa ebanzi, engikubiza ngokuthi kangaka, ne
emizweni okukhulu ngaphansi nkulumo evamile ukuba afingqe futhi
ukuhlukanisa kuphela by the epithet kuba, ngabe yikuphi ngaphambi subject
main, ukuthi uma kungekho ngesilinganiso common, kodwa kuvamile
Maprinzipien nezindlela for kukhona, owawuthi ngokuvamile kuyadingeka
ukuba bakwazi ubheke ngokushesha ezivamile kokubili. Futhi Delboeuf
ngokwayo efuna emva kwakhe kusola nje ukusetshenziswa ezivamile
lokujabulela izwi for emizweni olunzulu futhi olunzulu, kukhona ashiwo onjalo
uma kungaba njengoba nje wahlanganyela ngesilinganiso a kanjani ukuthi
abanye ngalokuyincenye in a kuzodingeka ukuba akhulume psychophysics
yalo.

Wena nje kufanele sihlole endaweni ngayinye uqobo kule ndaba. Lokho abaye
bathola kodwa ukusebenza koMthetho Weber awabhalela emizweni ebanzi, naphezu
kwalolo sobala ukuphikisana Ngokuphambene, kodwa eyingozi kuphela, ngaphandle
isinqumo eyithola, ngesizathu ezilandelayo.
Kuye (by Elem. II. 336) a lot ngokwabo, ukuze ucabange ukuthi, uma inani
tindilinga sezinzwa emizweni olunzulu ukumela amandla umfutho for olunzulu,
umfutho ezincane futhi emikhulu hhayi ingxenye ezincane kanye emikhulu of the
ukunwetshwa retina; Nokho, kungaba amelwe kodwa ngumuntu wonke retina
ezincane kanye emikhulu, kodwa asikwazi uveze ucwaningo lwethu, ubunjalo balabo
uye wenza emehlweni izilwane ezahlukene. Lokhu bekungaba kubekezelelwe kahle,
ukuthi zonke ingxenye retina okufanayo kubonakala enkulu ngoba inani for the
isilinganiso sangempela engenayo kuye tindilinga sezinzwa, ngakho kwakuyovela
eziphikisanayo zingaxazululeki ngempela lapho ubukhulu izenzakalo of the
izingxenye retina hhayi Summa ubukhulu ukubukeka wonke wiedergben
abuthakathaka. Ngisho kusukela okukhulu ekukhanyeni umfutho othwala
ngokwemvelo ingxenyenamba ngamunye maqondana lonke ukushuba ukucacisa
ubukhulu lokujabulela inani - noma kanjani wena bawuqonde ngenye - ngaphandle
ngalokho lokujabulela inani ngisho in a ratios elula ngegalelo inani; kuba umehluko
endabeni emizweni omkhulu lutho olufana noluka-emizweni ebanzi ngokwehlukana
auffabare ukungena izingxenye umfutho olunzulu ngokunembile kuphela. Ngakho
Ngiyacabanga ukuthi izilwane ezimbili ogama retina like a ku a 'ukuziphatha, babe
amasimu umbono wokuthi kukunika isilinganiso log A ukungena a' zibukeka
okukhulu, kodwa bona ingxenyenamba ngayinye retina yabo emva ubuhlobo bakhe
lonke retina avele enkulu ; kodwa bayavuma ukuthi lo mbono ndlela yezinto. Yini
kuyiqiniso olunzulu emizweni ezibukwayo, ngabe lasakazekela ebanzi zezandla
emizweni.
Uma inhlanzi (. P 22) uthi: "Ngingathanda okwenzile iso, umbono asizayo ukuthi
efanayo esenziwa idivayisi ekhethekile, ukudideka engakwenza umthetho
psychophysical embonweni, ngeke eyayivimbela" kanjalo kuyoba lapha ukuqaphela
kalula ukuthi kanye umbono wami hhayi "isikhungo engavamile" iso, kodwa
kungenzeka ukuthi umthetho Weber sika maqondana iso ukuqonda indlela besondrer,
kwaba inkulumo.
Okokuqala, of course, kungaba siqu umbono wami wangaphambilini futhi
Augenmaversuche Volkmann sika (Elem. I. 211 ff.) Kubonakala kuphambene,
njengoba nje akuthathi uMthetho Weber waphelela retina lonke, kodwa imigca
lecondzile retina. Lokhu probation eqinisweni, kakhulu yanquma, futhi angeke
kuyoqedwa ukuphikisa Hering sika. Ukuze aphakamise kodwa ukuphikisa ukuthi
ubonakala ezikhona lapha kithi, incazelo kabili kungenzeka.
Nokho, Once Ungacabanga ukuthi thina kulezi ucwaningo ngomehluko encane
emigqeni kuqhathaniswa kokubili imigqa amandla Angeke uqhathanise demgemer
isiqondiso atten-tiveness eqinisweni lonke retina, kodwa kuphela komunye nomunye,
thina asikho isizathu ukuqhathanisa okunjalo yonke ingxenye bayakwazisa retina
njengoba encane lonke retina; Okwesibili, Nokho, ukuthi lemizamo, njengoba in

Elem. I. 234. H. 336 uyakhumbula, kunalokho, icala muscle engasetshenziswanga

noma ukunyakaza ukuzwa beka njengoba Maempfindung olunzulu ngqo. Lesi
sakamuva ke beba semathubeni, ngoba enhle kangaka ngesikhathi
Augenmaversuchen, probation komthetho Weber ngokwalo, hhayi kubonakala
ngokuhambisana abasebenzi kimi Tastversuchen esikhumbeni, umqondo ukunyakaza
engasetshenziswa (Elem. II. 353 ff.) ,

Phawula engeziwe. Ngo kokucubungula nomthelela lapha ubudlelwano umuntu

kufanele aqaphe ngokumelene ubukhulu isinyathelo lapho isilinganiso ezimbili
iqhathaniswa nomunye ezintweni , , kusenza kudidaniswe, hhayi ehlanganiswa in
the izimo okwashiwo emizweni ezimbili ezintweni sivuse, uma kungukuthi
iqhathaniswa nomunye. The isici enombono sokuqala k log, inani isilinganiso
wokugcina, uma ufuna ukhathazeke okungukuthi, lokho akusho luqondane
yangaphambili. Kuphela umqondo yokugcina angena herring ukuphikisa Nokho, lesi

sifaniso akwenziwa emibonweni ngenxa emva enjalo.

Omunye amandla kawakho phawula: "Angikwazi ukubheka ezimbili ezintweni
yedwa, mina imprimieren ubungako bawo ukucabanga bese uqhathanise emizweni
ukuthi banayo kimi siphaphama ngokwabo, kanye nomunye, futhi nokho kimi
ubukhulu kuwe isilinganiso uzovela efanayo lapho ngisebenzisa genteel
kuqhathaniswa ezintweni ngokwabo. " Kodwa emizweni, zanyatheliswa futhi
kwimemori, qhathanisa umphefumulo ngaphandle alifani yakhiqizwa imisebenzi
psychophysical, akayi, futhi kanjalo libhekene icala lokuqala eyake, kuphela, ngoba
imifanekiso hhayi ngokwanele olunembile ratio original yi nkumbulo, hhayi
ncamashi; Ngakho amaphutha of ukwazisa in the memory zingenzeka.
Ukuze lokhu kumele kube okulandelayo, lapho mina ukucaciseleka lighter kube
sezingeni ukuzwa lula = ngemvume isethi by Mina
constants k and b njengobakunqunywa ucabanga ukuthi = 1, nakuba kukodwa akukho
ayeke ukubavumela amagugu ngaphandle kokubonisana nomkayo.
Omunye can njengoba engavamile e mathematics yaphawula ukuthi umehluko
phakathi logarithms ezinobukhulu ezimbili, , , ne logarithm isilinganiso kokubili
luqondane. Lapha sithola akukho zezibalo ngakhoke akuphikisani enengqondo, futhi
kanjalo ungakwazi futhi awekho ukuthi uzophawula in the ngesilinganiso
ubudlelwano logarithmic izizwa okufanayo. Umehluko phakathi ngesilinganiso
logarithmic of lokujabulela ezintweni ezimbili = ngemvume - log , umentshisi
izilinganiso lokujabulela ubuhlobo kokubili ezintweni
umdlalo. Futhi akukho
ukuphikisana kwangempela noma ukungqubuzana kodwa amanga. Ngokuba
njengalokho kancane njengoba isilinganiso izilinganiso emizweni ezimbili

ubukhulu umuzwa, onikeza isilinganiso kokubili Taken uma eqhathaniswa ezintweni,

di WITH
kudidaniswe, kungenzeka ukuthi, ne-yokugcina oluhambisana
degree of the umehluko we emizweni ezimbili ubukhulu umuzwa lapho umehluko
phakathi ezintweni ezimbili anikezwe, kudidaniswe, okuyinto
kunalokho, kulapho kanye v embundwini isilinganiso ngokuthi. Ngakho umuzwa
weqiniso, onikeza isilinganiso ezintweni ezimbili, hhayi lokujabulela lapho anikezwe
umehluko phakathi ezintweni ezimbili, nalokho, ngabe Nokho, uma kufanele kube
icala bathethelele kuwukuziphikisa. Umehluko ngokuphelele njengoba isilinganiso
ngokuphelele emizweni ezimbili kodwa akuyona into of observation.

VIII. Aprioristic ukuphikisa

(Mach, inhlanzi, Classen, Ueberhorst, Bernstein).
Deeper kwalokho, ngokuba ulimi ufikile izingxenye odlule, i psychophysics
elingaphandle angawokudabuka, ngabe lokujabulela kuyinto wakhona ezintweni,
lapho esebenzisa elingaphakathi psychophysics angawokudabuka, ukuthi kuba
wakhona umsebenzi psychophysical. In kude kangaka manje ngeke ucwaningo
kungaba ukufundisa ngqo mayelana tiphetfo ucwaningo kodwa musa babonakala
ebalulekile ukwenza yokugcina a proportionality kangaka ukusho umbono priori
uyagomela ukuthi ayizange abasa ambalwa kusukela ekuqaleni. Asazi kusiphuce
recital yakhe.
Kusukela umbono ezintweni yomsebenzi psychophysical kuncike ngokungaqondile
kuphela, ngokushesha; iziyaluyalu yokulinga of semthethweni, okwakuhilela
ukudluliselwa ukucasuka uhlelo psychophysical in the psychophysics elingaphandle
liwe mayelana okusobala phakathi ukuzwa futhi umsebenzi psychophysical; the
psychophysics elingaphakathi lets labo emva kwakhe. Manje uthi kungcono into
engokwemvelo kakhulu, umuzwa ethile, Yebo, ukuthi phakathi imbangela kanye
kuncike ngaphandle eziphakathi umphumela isenzo ukhona proportionality wakhe
elula, ie kuhlanganise inhlanganisela phakathi umsebenzi psychophysical nokuthi
ukuzwa zabo ngokushesha kuncike, phakathi umehluko in the psychophysical
umsebenzi kanye nasekuthengeni umehluko emizweni. In kude kangaka kodwa
abonakala ekhuluma amaqiniso psychophysics lwangaphandle lokhu ngeke ingqondo
Weber Law and kulandela Magesetz logarithmic kwakumelwe vuma ekude kangaka
an approximation yokulinga kule mithetho ngaso sonke, ngokuba psychophysics
elingaphandle, di Relationship nje kuphela ukuthatha phakathi umfutho kanye
nemisebenzi psychophysical ukuqedela, kodwa hhayi, njengoba kwenziwa yithi,
ukudlulisa singene psychophysics elingaphakathi, akusho olimini imithetho for the
ubuhlobo phakathi umzimba isasasa psycho.
Uthi Ngakho Mach (akukho 2 P 11 ..): "The last isasasa sezinzwa futhi
lokujabulela ngalo njalo uhambe zifana kanye nomunye, cishe ngeke kube sihluke

nomunye ngokulingana."
Hering (p 21.): "A proportionality kwembangela nomphumela, oyibamba futhi
wathungela saqonda ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni, umthetho verwickelteres of
ubudlelwano phakathi ezimbili kodwa kunzima ikakhulu ukuqonda lapho, indlela
ngqo kuleli cala, Ukusebenzelana kanye wathungela kanye ungenciki by izakhi
Lesisemkhatsini ngamunye kodwa ithemba okunjalo simo setfu by phakathi izinqubo
ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba ;. ngoba esikubiza okokugcina kuphela labo
izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo, ngazo inqubo ngemilingo inikezwe ngokushesha konke
lokhu kuyiqiniso umzimba ngisho noma oyedwa. futhi umphefumulo njengoba
nezidalwa amabili abahlukene juxtaposes kangakanani-ke lapho, njengoba Fechner
eqala single-sinyathelo futhi Crocheted, inqubo psychophysical kanye psy-trian
ngokuyisisekelo futhi into efanayo, izinhlangothi ezimbili kuphela noma eyodwa
ukubukeka ohlakaniphe okufanayo ngokuba. '
Classen (.... Z Physiol d uhlelo visual p 17): ". Uma isipiliyoni lutho kodwa nerve
umsebenzi into ngakho ayizange iqondakale njengokungathi ukwanda kwe-umfutho
akufanele imbangela njalo nokwanda esihambelanayo in lokujabulela"
Ueberhorst (Ukuvela ezibukwayo okuqonda Gtting 1876 P 90 ...): "Angikwazi
ukholo ngeke bazitike ukuthi, njengoba Fechner once uthi disproportionality phakathi
isasasa wethukile futhi ukuzwa" emva umehluko kubalulekile phakathi izindawo
ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo ngempela icatshangwe kwaba. ""
Bernstein akusho ongoti kwezempilo abathi zihlobene S. 20 nakuba
proportionality of isasasa ubukhulu, kodwa lowo yokutholwa nguye njengoba
ukusabalala elilinganiselwe umsebenzi psychophysical. Mayelana cf. imibono yakhe
nomthelela lapha. Abanye amezwabo ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ahlobene
uqhubeke (bheka ngezansi).
Manje isimiso proportionality kwembangela nomphumela ngempela uthanda ukuba
njengoba esemthethweni kakhulu njengoba nomphumela umphumela eqondile
imbangela, futhi ngeke usaphinde resistors noma izingqinamba, alwa
umsebenzi; futhi mina Foot kwalo ngokwami by ahluke zinkinga, ubukhulu
ukuhamba psychophysical ubukhulu set umfutho, ezilinganiselwe ze. Kodwa
ukulandela-ithemba ngempela ubuhlobo phakathi ukuzwa futhi umsebenzi
ngokomzimba akuyona ingqondo. Uma ehambisana lokujabulela umsebenzi
kukhona, umuzwa Kukhona noHezekeli. Kunalokho, kuba isilinganiso kanyekanye
noma kushintshana kuye ukuze kuyini lapha, futhi izitha ngokwabo bakholelwa
ukuthi insgemein indlela. Kodwa manje, enza iphutha elikhulu futhi ukudideka
mlando zangePhentekoste; uma umuntu efuna lokho kulabo abalandela-ukuncika
kusebenza le, kanyekanye noma kushintshana kuye idluliswe, njengoba udaba
Yebo; ngoba kunalokho iqiniso for labo azisebenzi nalokho. Futhi angikholelwa a
priori, kodwa bagomela ngumuntu Umblick ezindaweni ubuchwepheshe, nezitha
yemibono yami.
Empeleni, kuze kufike ngibheke azungeze, ngithola ukuthi amalungiselelo
modifiers Derun Isakhi, okuyizinto kuncike kanyekanye nomunye, kuphela esimweni
single, ukuthi kukhona bemvelo efanayo, hamba wakhona nomunye, futhi uchaze

lokhu ngokulandela me ukuze bajabule kube sekupheleni, izibonelo.

Uma nokusakazwa iplanethi ezungeza ilanga ibanga amaplanethi ukusuka elangeni,
speed, ngokusebenzisa isikhala zanqwabelana futhi siwela isikhathi ushintsho
(esilinganisiwe esivela yingasiphi) e ithemba kanyekanye nomunye, kodwa akekho
lezi zinguquko iya omunye ezilinganiselwe ze. - The ukukhanya ezingokwenyama
endaweni esikhanyayo ibanga umthombo wokukhanya ubude pendulum kanye
isikhathi an oscillation yalo e ithemba kanyekanye nomunye, kodwa esikhundleni
elula, kukhona ubuhlobo quadratic phakathi. - Izitho nasemilenzeni ombungu sikhule
ithemba kanyekanye nomunye, kodwa lutho esingaphansi wakhona nomunye.
Uhlelo ezivame kakhulu umsebenzi onjalo, kumele ubude abscissa ngesikhathi
ekhishwa amaphuzu efanayo isilinganiso ubude ijika. Esimweni kuphela lapho ijika
nje line siqondise lezo njengoba abscissa, noma ijika jikelele kanye abscissa
okufanayo nature Curves, kokubili ukuya wakhona nomunye; kodwa lokujabulela
engqondo futhi elihambisana inqubo yemvelo njengoba ezingafani
ngangokunokwenzeka, kude kangaka kwenzeke konke dissimilarity phakathi izinto
noma izinqubo wokugcina, kukhona ngempela sonke kuphela amalungiselelo ngalo
awele ukuqaphela kwethu characterizable. Umbono esikabili udela i dissimilarity
isimiso ebalulekile; ngoba mina umehluko sincike base ngokuphongoza,
ngokulandelana wangaphakathi bese elingaphandle, ngokombono observation, futhi
baziphathe ngendlela efanele umphefumulo nomzimba njengoba ncwadi ngaphakathi
nangaphandle essence efanayo. Hering uhlose ngisho yilokhu engicabanga ngakho,
njengoba babiza ngokwemvelo proportionality; kodwa kunalokho, kuba isiqinisekiso
esisha Nichtproportionalitt. Ngoba ake sithi wena z. B. isiyingi futhi phakathi noma
ngasiphi iphuzu ngaphakathi esifanayo ebona nxazonke iso, ngaphandle okufanayo
nganoma yingasiphi esinye iso enjalo, kanjalo kokubili olwalukhulunywa pursuance
of the selilonke, izingcezu efanayo selilonke ngaphansi imibono ehlukahlukene,
ehlukene kangaka ngobukhulu, avele, futhi ubukhulu belanga okufanayo is hhayi
ukushintsha ngokulingana nomunye. - The Kunjalo nangabaningi ukubukeka
Copernican kanye Ptolemaic Weltsy-sifanamsindvo, kuye ngokuthi isikhundla
heliocentric kanye geocentric.
Kungakhathaliseki lokhu akusho ukuthola ezith kusukela ukwenqatshelwa lapha
isimiso Nichtproportionalitt phakathi amalungiselelo esehlukene, izinguquko ukuthi
sincike kanyekanye nomunye, ngo-search okunye, angazi waranti, kodwa ngabe
yiliphi icala ezith kuphela eyayingeke sithethelele isimiso Kunalokho ,Mhlawumbe
owayengangena uveza liphi iphuzu okwehlukile ukuthi ukuya uhlasela omunye
komunye umfaniswano motion space kanye nesikhathi; kodwa thina ukukala
isikhathi ngokwaso kuphela motion umfaniswano. Njengoba lokhu circle
ukubaleka? Ngiyavuma zuhaben efumana incazelo zulngliche mayelana; Kodwa
uma Angisiye oyiphutha, isitatimende okulandelayo kwanele ukuba bakhumbule
lapha ezihambela. Uma amaphuzu amabili speed ukungalingani, di ibhekane
ukungalingani e alinganayo izikhathi Facilities, Ukuthutha ukuze kokubili
(amaphuzu) wafaka ohambelana, di phakathi efanayo ekuqaleni kanye ekupheleni
amaphuzu, isikhathi ngezikhathi njalo zidlule izikhala ukuthi athobele ingxenye
efanayo nomunye big noma encane oyithandayo ukuthatha isikhathi ngezikhathi,

bobabili ngesivinini kukhona njalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuhamba kokubili

umfaniswano. Ngokungafani ngesivinini amaphuzu amabili kumele kuthathwe,
kungenjalo isitatimende odlule angena hhayi kuphela umfaniswano, kodwa ngaso
sonke nokuhamba efanayo. Lokho kunjalo isikhathi nendawo ukuya e motion
umfaniswano wakhona nomunye, eyahunyushwa iqiniso ukuthi ngokulandelana
kwesikhathi ehambisana ngezikhathi izikhala ukungalingani kodwa ezilinganiselwe
ze basuke siwela ngamaphuzu amabili, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise ngokuyisisekelo on a
proportionality phakathi izikhala, hhayi phakathi izikhala nezikhathi, ngaphandle
lapho yokugcina kungalinganiswa ngisho by izikhala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umuntu angalimisa ngesihloko elokuthi, njengoba
okwehlukile, ukuthi ubude intambo nobude i oscillation yalo iya wakhona
nomunye.Kodwa omunye ongasho ukuthi ubude intambo kanye nenombolo ye
oscillations kwesikhathi ukuya kwamanye ezilinganiselwe ze ngamunye inversely
kanye nje;Ngakho kukhona i emagama lapha. The mode wesibili nkulumo kodwa
ubonakala bakhetha ku waze sikwazi ukulandelela inamba kunyakaza ezimbili strings
engalingani e ohambelana izinkathi ngokushesha, isikhathi kunyakaza kodwa kuphela
abathola therefrom noma esebenzisa isilinganiso express isikhathi, ekugcineni
okuholela bathembele ncazelo engenhla uye, kumele azimisele.
It is kalula lokho, kuye ngokuthi ukwehluka endaweni, lapho ukwencika
kanyekanye lehla, kungenzeka kwenziwe ukuze ratios ezahlukene kakhulu ambalwa,
futhi lokho, akukho isithiyo aprioristic liqukethe in the engenakwenzeka ukuba
anqume lobu buhlobo ukuze ubuhlobo phakathi umzimba nomphefumulo a priori
ukuthi kungase kube ukuthi ngokuqondile lokho okuhlangenwe nakho Kuye
kwaphawulwa kakhulu. Futhi lokhu namanje kushiya wengeze izici.
Ngokuvamile, kodwa imithetho eyisisekelo babe ubunjalo inkimbinkimbi ethile
noma kusikisela okungenani kwaba ukuthi icala. Kodwa manje, umthetho elula
sokuncika phakathi izinguquko ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo ngempela
okwakungaba proportionality elula; kodwa okungenani uma izizathu odlule futhi
isipiliyoni sikhulume bit efanayo umusa ofanayo, bese uMthetho Weber, okuyinto
ubeka izinguquko ezingokomoya wakhona izinguquko ezingokomzimba
proportionate, elula ukuba ezingasetshenziswa wacabanga emva kwalokhu, futhi
ngokuqinisekile lula kunabo bonke ukuhlela kabusha ukuthi omunye owakholwa
ngesisekelo ucwaningo ukuze bakwazi bamelele ngoba.
Yini uvivinyo lalingase lisho okokuqala, Yebo, kungaba umthetho, lapho
micrograph iqiniso enokwehla kukodwa ukuthi njalo okwandayo ezintweni nje
lubonakale umfutho isihlobo umehluko at a amagugu umfutho ezithile okungenani
kanye nangale liyaphuma futhi; futhi sibonile ukuthi Langer uye ke osungulwe
ngempela umthetho, okuyinto kakhulu more xaka kodwa, njengoba neyethu, futhi
ngalokhu a priori has a namathuba aphansi, kufanele kuthathwe njengoba
eliyisisekelo.
Ibhayisikobho phesheya, kukhona iqiniso enokwehla ukuthi lokujabulela
ngokwayo kanye nokukhula the umfutho angeke lenyuka ngenhla umkhawulo
ethile; futhi Wundt kuba kahle lapho kule ndaba (in s Broad physiologic psychology

p 282 fu 293rd ..) ngaphandle kokuba kungesandla embundwini futhi ukhuluma non
bersteigbaren umfutho level; kodwa akazange ukuhumusha ezingeni isikhalo a
alifani ukuyiqonda ezingeni lokuzivivinya psychophysical njengoba enjalo, okuyinto
a non berschreitbares isasasa esiphezulu, wathi ngokuhambisana umbono wami
siqu: "Amandla supply of the izakhi nerve sincane; at a amandla athile Ngakho
inhlamvu umfutho yimuphi ngaso sonke amabutho alahlwayo, ukuze ngaphesheya
emsipheni inqubo ingasakwazi anda ", ngazo Ngivumelana ngokuphelele. 1) Ingabe
inqubo ezinzwa (umsebenzi psychophysical) anda ngaphesheya, kanjalo lokujabulela
kanjalo sisanda , Empeleni kungaba engajwayelekile ngemilingo ukusetha i
emthethweni oyisisekelo emalini umsebenzi ngokomzimba, ezimila lokuqala ne
yokugcina kuze imikhawulo ethile kuphela, kodwa ngaphezu ngabe wehlise; futhi
lokhu Ngithatha isandla sami a improbability priori bafune.

1)

Angifuni nje uvume uma Wundt p. 287 umsebenzi wakhe uthi:

"Akungabazeki We can ezimbili emizweni qualitatively coincident zithi
namandla kwaba okufanayo lapho kungaba embundwini ukuzwa noma
umuzwa level [njengokuthi imaphi ngokulandelana basonta embundwini
futhi umfutho ukuphakama] umdlalo." The emizweni ukuzwa kombundu
ohambelana emhlabathini efanayo common, njengoba nje benjalo nje
ulingana zero; kodwa lokujabulela ukuphakama kungehluka kuye
ngokuthi isimo ngabanye kanye nemibandela kulandela of the
ukuphambuka yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi emthethweni Weber
sika ngombono wami luhambisane amazinga ehlukene kakhulu umfutho
emizweni.

Deep engagingly umbono a proportionality elula phakathi izinguquko

ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo, ikakhulukazi iqiniso lokuthi kanjalo
eseyiqedile transferability yomthetho abasafufusa kusukela olungaphandle
psychophysics elingaphakathi. Ngoba ngokuvumelana nomthetho proportionality of
the weakest inqubo psychophysical kanye Ngokuphambene umpofu ezimbili
izinqubo enjalo, umthetho abasafufusa kumele kakade sibizana uma ngakhoke waba
buthakathaka, kodwa okuphawulekayo ukuzwa ngokuphelele noma umehluko zibe
ukwazi Nokho nalena, engeqile value zero e degree ezilinganiselwe, elula noma
umehluko value umsebenzi psychophysical ubiza ngezansi lapho ngisho nemisebenzi
psychophysical ungaya kusukela Sihlomise izinguquko ngaphandle kokushiya
imihlola ngemilingo in ukwazi kuzozwakala ukuthi bayakwazi ukunikeza okweqa
umbundu. With the umbundu elingaphakathi, ngalokho, yonke ukuthuthukiswa
psychophysics elingaphakathi uwela umfanekiso yonke psychophysical ubuhlobo
phakathi ubuthongo futhi angavaleki, abazi futhi equlekile ukuphila ngokwengqondo,
ngalokhu nhlobo, enginiletha wathola ingxenye 2 izakhi, ngaphandle ukuthi ngiyazi
yini kuvala ukumela ratios esihambelanayo wayengasiqonda ukuze umbuzo wami
phezu transferability yomthetho abasafufusa psychophysics elingaphakathi umbuzo

obalulekile hhayi kuphela amalungiselelo okuba ngibulawe of psychophysics

elingaphakathi, kodwa ngoba kungenzeka anjalo kubonakala phakade. Njengoba nje
nami ngokwami akhiwa futhi kuboniswe le mfundiso, okungenani udlala umthetho
embundwini indima ebaluleke kakhulu kangakanani njengoba uMthetho Weber
sika; futhi lokhu liyafuna ukuba Nokho, ukuze psychophysics lutho zizoshintsha
umbono wami wezangaphakathi, usakujabulela umthetho umbundu, kube lula
ukususa yonke isibonisi. Kuyinto Fulcrum wabo bonke iziyisikhombisa ukuthi adlale
kulo.
Yiqiniso, of course, akwanele lokhu kudingeka embundwini elingaphakathi
psychophysics elingaphakathi ukuba bathethelele eqinisweni yabo. Well; Ngiya
zingxenye ezilandelayo omunye phezu izizathu ukuthi akhulume iqiniso efanayo.
Nakuba ngineminyaka yayikukhumbula ukusetha nje umsebenzi psychophysical
noma ukuvukwa amadlingozi ezilinganiselwe hhayi akhona ingabe e kangaka
njengoba izimbangela ukushintshashintsha, kodwa lokujabulela nokucabanga
umsebenzi logarithmic of the ezintweni Nokho, nezitha, lapho nje abeke lokujabulela
ngokulingana umsebenzi psychophysical, ukucinga yokulinga ukumela
approximation ukuba imithetho emisiwe ngami ngokuthi bathathe imithetho efanayo,
okuyinto I cabanga lwamukeleke ubuhlobo phakathi umzimba ukuzwa psycho,
kodwa ngoba ubuhlobo phakathi umfutho kanye nemisebenzi psychophysical
ukuqedela. Manje kungase kubonakale kuyabonakala emva isimiso siqu labamelene
ukuthi akukho zithiyo noma izimo nokukhawulela of ukudluliselwa umfutho on the
izinzwa, futhi ngaphandle ukumelana in the nerve noma ubuchopho umphumela
ngokomzimba kwezitho umuzwa imbangela ezingokwenyama ezintweni kunalokho
lula go ezilinganiselwe ze lapho emi impendulo logarithmic naso; Manje nezitha
owufunayo kodwa nje ukwenza izicelo ezifana izimbangela lapho ukuguqula
proportionality kude ukuze zabo kunalokho ziyanakekelwa njengoba umbono
wami. Angikwazi Nokho, kulokho wagomela kule ndaba, kukhona kuphela
ngokwengxenye engacacile namathuba ngokwengxenye angamanga nomthetho
phambili by me on the Ihlelo 6. Izimbangela ukuphambuka.
Ngiye Kakade babekholelwa kulesi sici, amanye amezwi herring. Mach kwenza
ezifana herring, ushintsho ububanzi Umfundi emva ushintsho umfutho ukukhanya
kanye etholakala kusuka kuye Qhathanisa umthetho ezithi excitation psychophysical
akakwazanga ukuya amandla umfutho ngenxa ezilinganiselwe ze uyamelana
izimbangela. Futhi eqinisweni, kumele kube NANTU lwakha ukuphambuka
enokwehla kusukela Magesetze okuhlanzekile for psychophysics
elingaphandle; kodwa imithetho psychophysical ayisisekelo lutho neze okusekelwe
ucwaningo kwi Magesetz kodwa ngoMthetho Weber sika; futhi ngoba ucwaningo
ngomthetho ngokusho ekuqaleni (bheka ngenhla) wenza kanye Weber
sika 11. umphumela kokubili ezintweni liguqulwa yilabo izimbangela esigabeni
esifanayo isilinganiso (via Ngokuphambene ukuzwa) umphelelisi-ka, phawula,
kungase ke lutho nencazelo nezitha zibaliwe.
Langer uthi: "Ukwamukelwa Fechner [of proportionality phakathi umfutho futhi
umsebenzi psychophysical] kuyinto esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka ngokwedlulele

futhi ine amaqiniso enokwehla ngokumelene kunalokho engenakwenzeka, kuba

kunalokho kwemukelwa kuyafaneleka kude ukuthi non-ngobungakho kusukela
ezintweni ezinkudlwana kufana e (P 68.) umsebenzi psychophysical uyoshintshwa,
kodwa ezincane, futhi ngenxa esifanayo njengoba okwenzeka ne izintelezi
ukunyakaza reflex, lapho ukuvikela umzimba ngokumelene ezintweni kunamandla.
In the iso z. B, lokhu nomphumela in ukusikwa we Umfundi ekhuphukela izinsuku,
lapho eqinile Reizen ingxenye ifiphele; kwamanye ezintweni eziqinile kwezinye
izindawo sezinzwa kwenzeka Analogue cishe futhi, kunoma yisiphi icala, ematfuba is
hhayi waphika ukuthi kwenziwe ".
Ngakho Again unikeza ushintsho ngobukhulu Umfundi, esesikhundleni lutho lapha,
isibonelo esiyinhloko, futhi Analog naye kusolakala ngenye ezindaweni umqondo,
kuthiwani uma kuthatha indawo, ukukhanya njengoba ukuswela kancane ukuba
abakushoyo.
Nokho, lapho mina in Elem. II. 429 bathi "ubuhlobo phakathi umsebenzi
ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba bekuyobhekwa njengento kahle kakhulu umehluko
kubalulekile phakathi izindawo ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo ngaphakathi
incazelo okuyisisekelo formula kanye nesilinganiso formula, kanti ithemba elinjalo
phakathi imisebenzi emibili ngokomzimba, njengoba eyasungulwa Ukucasuka , kuba
ngakolunye uhlangothi emelelwe umsebenzi psychophysical, mayelana nemithetho
bokuphila nangokomzimba engacabangeki kwaba ", - ukuze ngiphuze labavusiwe:
kunalokho nje ezikhona ezindaweni nerve physics nemizana phakathi imisebenzi
yemvelo Convention okungenani zazikuphi logarithmic of the formula yokukala,
futhi cishe kuphela ngempela ukuqinisekisile formula nesilinganiso kule
psychophysics elingaphandle. Ngakho kungani, omunye angase abuze, akufanele
kushiya umsebenzi psycho-ngokomzimba lesi simo, lapho kuphambuka
proportionality ngokuphelele, bese umsebenzi ngemilingo kwalokho kwabangela
imisebenzi psychophysical nje hamba kulingana futhi Badonswa yini?
Kungaba mnandi ngempela uma kuphela kulokhu othi kwenziwe amacala necala
lethu ukudluliselwa zokusimama on ezinzwa nemibandela okuvunyelwane, okuyinto
kude icala lokuthi bakwazi ukubamba evumayo kuka wayephikisa umbono wethu
Kunalokho.
Ngemva icala lapha Ezenye.
A ebiyelweyo sesimweni mpo ngenhla imisipha ubude l intando by an stimulation
kagesi umfutho q tetanisiert. It uyagijima ngaphansi kwethonya njalo umfutho ukuze
osayizi abathile okuhamba kuyo ukuphakama bephakamisa h luchazwa. The
ukusikwa iqala eminyakeni ezilinganiselwe umfutho amagugu s, kanjalo lapho uba
embundwini ngokuba at lizwakale. Manje Preyer uye 2) okhethwe i inhlanganisela
yobungoti yazo ucwaningo kanye iziphetho ezilandelayo umthetho, njengoba
myophysisches ngaye, ngoba ukwencika isihlobo bephakamisa ukuphakama
the amandla umfutho q maqondana imibundu s wathola:

of

.
okukuyo k kuyinto njalo.
Lokhu formula sifana ngokuphelele yokukala formula yethu, kuphela ukuthi ikhona
phakathi osayizi luyingxenye ngokomzimba.

2)

"Le myophysische umthetho" Jena, Mauke, 1874. I ucwaningo

owaziwayo the fucking "Lehrb. Anatomy kanye physiology kwezitho
umqondo" in 1864. Th. 2. p. Ngakho 349 eze lapha ngaphansi
acabangele ngoba ezihlobana kwemisipha twitches, lapho libangelwa
ezintweni zamanje.

Ngokungangabazeki, lokhu formula kungaba nzima approximation, okuyinto

isebenza emazingeni aphezulu umfutho, kusukela emva kwakhe h kanye okwandayo
Ukuqinisa the umfutho ekugcineni okukhulu kunalokho l, Nokho, the ezilinganiselwe
Zama esiphezulu hhayi attainable of kungaba, h esingaphansi
kuphela l kungaba.Kuphindwe engavuswanga ngokumelene yokucabanga, i formula
ukuphikisa eziningi, futhi ingxoxo sekukhona mayelana engininika asilandelwanga
ngokuphelele.Kodwa konke okufanayo, sishiya kithi ezingezinhle kokuvela futhi
mhlawumbe namanje lesifanele, enomuzwa wokuthi noma kunjalo lowo eseduze
ngezinga elithile, ukuba yiqiniso kwalesi formula khona ukuba, okulandelayo kumele
kucatshangelwe.
Isikhalo Ekuqaleni enza emsipheni, emsipheni imisipha. Manje zibuze: kulandelwa
excitation of the nerve by the umfutho a maqondana logarithmic ukuphakama
bephakamisa a wakhona nerve excitation noma okuphambene nalokho? Lo mdlali
kungaba mayelana ababephikisana, lona wamuva e ingqondo yami. Kodwa
yangaphambili akunakwenzeka, ngoba ngokuhambisana, njengoba kanye okwandisa
umfutho, ukuphakama ephakamisa ukhula, kukhona ukumelana ukhulele
nokukhuthaza eminye, ukuthi ngezinye othile umkhawulo stop othuthukayo,
ngakhoke, usayizi nokukhuthaza engakhuli uhlasela kanye isasasa sezinzwa, kanti
lutho isimiso evimbela excitation nerve eside kangaka ukucabanga ukhula
umphumela sinengiso ngokwesilinganiso, njengoba umthombo amandla ophilayo
yomsebenzi sezinzwa ukusondela ukukhathala, noma ukumelana efanayo njengoba
kuyinto detectable imisipha, we okungenani kuze kube manje lutho ibanjiwe.
Futhi ungakwazi basisize of the isiphetho owedlule engaqondile by a ngqo
okuningi. Ngemva, kwangenza ngokugunyazwa abanekhono, ukukhulula kwenza in
ucwaningo ngokuqhathanisa on the izimo ukusikwa a muscle ngaphansi kwethonya
umfutho mehluko ukuthi imisipha esuka imizwa by ukucasuka yayo noma
ngokushesha ngemva poisoning by curare, lapho nerve eyize, kulapho
ucasukile. Manje uma excitation Izinzwa hhayi wakhona ezintweni, ngakho-ke

babehluleka imibandela umphumela on the kwemisipha ukuhlala akufani ezimweni

zombili.
Ngokwazi umthetho myophysische umentshisi ngempela Magesetze
psychophysical, uyokwazi ukusho, ngokusho kucatshangwa zethu ukuthi lokujabulela
okuyinto esibangelwa ugqozi emizweni amandla, lapho kubangela ezinzwa imisipha,
kulingana ubukhulu. Ngemva imfuneko abaphikisi ukuthi umuzwa wokwesasa in the
nerve ukumane wakhona ukwanda mbuso wawuyoqhubeka akulona neze ukwanda
lokujabulela.
Ungakwazi Nokho isicelo kuphawula okulandelayo eyenziwe Hering ngokumelene
ukwencika logarithmic of the lokujabulela isisindo sezisindo (8 p.):
"Uma lowo enekhono kakhulu Simoni, eziningi imikhakha sinye, kodwa izinsimbi
ezahlukene kakhulu ngesikhathi uphawu cast, kuyilokhu kwamuva kahle kangaka
ukuhlangana nezikhonzi lighter ukwedlula amabhola olunesisindo esikhudlwana
lwaluba. Ngaphambi ngamunye nangezinhlaka yena ukala ibhola ngesandla sakho
futhi kukalwa emva ubukhulu ngokungenasizathu amandla izindleko. Kodwa ibhola
njengoba kunzima by amagremu noma Lothen owazi thrower ngokuvamile akusho.
yena nokho kuphakamisa ibhola ngalinye ngamandla elihambisana izisindo zabo ,
kusobala ukuthi anakho isisindo sabo basiqonda; anakho, njengoba besho,
kwadingeka isisindo umuzwa ".
Herring alithathe kuhambisana kucatshangwa ukuthi inani isisindo ukuzwa
wakhona izisindo okhulayo, nakuba yena uyavuma ukuthi abukho ubufakazi
zamandla itholakala lokuthi, njengoba ongazithola ukumazi in ubuhlobo ezahlukene
phakathi ukuzwa futhi umfutho ngokuzibonela, lapho degree force
ngokungenasizathu umzamo sidinga noma isisindo ethile. Futhi ngempela umntwana
ongaqeqeshiwe ufuna ngokuqinisekile miss the balance ilungelo. Kodwa ungabona
manje observation odlule ukuthi ngaphansi isimo Preyerschen umthetho lokujabulela
namandla imisipha, lolucikelela ngayo nangezinhlaka, hamba uhlasela, ngaphandle
ukwencika logarithmic of the lokujabulela beliyophikisana izinsimbi
libhekene. Indlela ababengakwenza Delboeuf (IsAm p. 233) kafushane yaphawula
ukuthi "uma omunye eqala umthetho logarithmic, Akukho okudlula, bwa imvume
ezimbili", kanti ukukhalipha ukuphikisa Hering sika uyakuqaphela engikwenzayo
kancane.
Ngemva komunye ukucabangela lapha sokuhoxiswa icala. I "Nature" uletha
akukho yayo. 193 of 10 July 1873 a Communication on isifundo by Dewar futhi Mc
Kendrick, okuyinto yakhiqizwa kule elihunyushwe ngokuthi "isazi semvelo" 1873
akukho. 37, futhi ngibutha operation kuboniswe ngezansi. Uma ukhanyisa, off a
esanda wabulala frog, isilwane esihuquzelayo noma inhlanzi fresh-Imi
iso 3) ngaphansi izinyathelo ezidingekayo njengoba sisebenza Dubois ukumela
muscle yemvelo noma nerve zamanje, kanjalo multiplier lowo komunye umkhawulo
yesaha ngamafutha cornea, the ezinye baxhumana cross-ingxenye emsipheni optic,
njengoba ezivezwa amandla yokugcina ukuqubuka on the multiplier, lapho,
esebenzisa idivayisi mirror ifundwa, wahamba ukuhlolwa mayelana 600 degrees of
the esikalini. Emva kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi kuka ebumnyameni kuyinto njalo,

ovunyelwe zutreten ekukhanyeni ilangabi gas. Ngaleso sikhathi, kuka

kushintsha. "Ekuqaleni, okubonisa ukwanda ke ukwehla, futhi uma ukhipha
ukukhanya, uyaphinda ukwenyuka [by kuka ukhonjiswe] force electromotive.
Kwesinye isikhathi omunye ubona ngenxa lilokhu away of the izinzwa kuphela
ukwanda kancane bese wehlise, Kodwa ukwanda kokukhipha ukukhanya njalo njalo.
Ubukhulu of the ushintsho of the force electromotive [di kokuthikamezeka] by the
isinyathelo zokukhanya 3 k. C. wenani. "

3)

Esebenzisa ezifanele, esibalulwe esazisweni okukhulunywa ngawo,

ulinganisa imiphumela ehambisana njengoba ngenhla futhi kungaba th mlindi,
lapho excitability we izinzwa ngemva kokufa ucime lokusinda izinyoni
nezilwane ezincelisayo ngokushesha kakhulu iso, iso njalo izilwane lapho
behlaba isicelo.

"Lolu shintsho ngeke wakhona inani ukukhanya kwezibani ezahlukene ngegalelo,

kodwa logarithm of the quotient, ngakhoke uyavuma nemithetho psychophysical
Fechner."
"Ushintsho kwenzeka ngenxa kakhulu retina edlule, lapho lesi sitho sisuswa, kanti
kwezinye izakhiwo iso lihlala, akukho uzwela zikhanyise khona, nakuba namanje i
force electromotive elikhona." "Lolu shintsho usukela kule thalamus."
Umyalezo, kusukela lapho odlule iphumele kuphela kwesikhashana; Angazi uma
kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yakhipha akhawunti enabile uphenyo uye; odlule
kodwa namanje kwelokuthi namanye amaphuzu akucacile. Uma ukuqubuka lokuqala,
kulindeleke ukuba Positive kusukela ukushintshashintsha original on, ngemva
kwemvume ukukhanya ngokushesha endaweni ongemuhle, noma ukwanda wokuqala
omuhle siyehla kuphela kancane kancane, ngaphandle iza emuva ukuphambuka
kuqala? futhi kanye nenani ushintsho 3 k. C. inani ushintsho lokuqala emihle emva
imvume ukukhanya noma umehluko phakathi efanayo kanye nokunyakaza retrograde
kwakusho? Noma kunjalo, okungenani elibonakala ngqo wafakazela ukuthi ngeke
umane ezilinganiselwe kodwa ubuhlobo logarithmic obukhona phakathi ezintweni
ukukhanya futhi umphumela wawo izinzwa, okuyinto kunalokho ngokumelene kuka
ngacabanga yilezi imizamo.
Kodwa sibona eduze, lokhu okulandelayo kuyasebenza kuleli cala waphawula
okufanayo ngokuqondene lowo odlule. Ngakho Ngokusho ulwazi lwethu samanje
yemvelo nerve wamanje wanyakazisa ngaphandle yokwamukelwa umfutho
ngesikhathi sokuvalwa chain, lokho kukodwa kagesi differents molecule sezinzwa
ezibekwe waphansi efanelekayo ekwakhekeni isimo samanje. Uma wamanje
ngokusebenzisa ukungena ukwanda umfutho noma kuyancipha, okuyiqembu
yokugcina ukuba ngokuthi uma ucwaningo egcinwa. Makes ukushintshashintsha
negative uyagomela ukuthi lokhu kungaba kuphela ngenxa ezinika amangqamuzana
ezinzwa ifomu efanelekayo okhulisa noma attenuation of the isimo samanje, futhi

Kungenzeka ukuthi ukumelana lolu shintsho esimweni lapho basuke aphethwe izimo
zemvelo, kwenzeka, lapho lukhula ubukhulu ushintsho, ngokusho kanjani ushintsho
isikhundla amangqamuzana kwemisipha, okuyinto ukusikwa kuncike esimweni
sangaphambilini , kwakunjalo, nokuthi kuleli cala aphinde isilinganiso logarithmic
izenze wazizwa. Kodwa lokujabulela kuncike voraussetzlich ukuba kunyakaza nakho
engavela ushintsho isikhundla amangqamuzana 4), futhi kuba neze kuyabonakala
ukuthi namandla, noma yini ngezinga okungenzeka bazitshela for the umsebenzi
psychophysical, ngokulingana ushintsho isikhundla amangqamuzana
Izinguquko; nakuba kungase kube ukuthi ithonya elithile phezu kuthatha indawo,
okuyinto enomthelela isimo kule elingaphandle psychophysics outcropping
ngeziphambeko. Kunoma yikuphi, ngokusho ababecabanga eyedlule, imizamo Dewar
futhi Mc Kendrick phezu umbuzo wethu lutho ukunquma.

4)

Lesi ukushintshashintsha negative, lapho ophakamayo emva umhla

ucwaningo physiologists by umfutho tetanising nerve is kusobala ephelezelwa
kunyakaza zishintshe.

Manje ongasho ukuthi Duboissche umbono yesimo kagesi Izinzwa molecule

esinakho lapha gefut, nje mbono. Kodwa nganoma iyiphi enye mbono, omunye
angase azame umisele lokhu, kuzodingeka imali efanayo for nokuchazwa amaqiniso
futhi umhlabathi ngalokhu evamile nokuba incazelo icala lethu. Kodwa Ever abasa
priori ukuthi izenzakalo static noma equilibrium, ezifana nenkundla ukusikwa
muscle, futhi ukuguquguquka negative wamanje, lapho eze ngaphansi kwethonya a
umfutho kwangaphandle okuqhubekayo khona asihambisani bacabanga elikulo i
umsebenzi okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo ngokwengqondo; kodwa ngoba lokho
kunyakaza ngaphansi ogama ifomu esinawo kodwa ucabange umsebenzi
psychophysical cishe, ratios logarithmic yezinye kunyakaza - and the umfutho
ukukhanya kodwa kuyinto oscillatory - zincike kwami, akukho isibonelo waziwa
ngisho kwamanje.
Uma omunye base nokho hypothesize ukuthi umuzwa kunalokho kwakuxhomeke
ushintsho isikhundla amangqamuzana njengoba kunyakaza, kanjalo wazibuza yini
ukwenza nge umbono onjalo? Ngokusho umbono ka oscillations sicabanga
izimfanelo ezahlukene lokujabulela ne periodicity ezahlukene kanye uhlobo
oscillations ebuhlotsheni; kodwa ngokusho umbono ngalolu shintsho
isikhundla? Ngemuva isimo lokuqala zangaphakathi lokujabulela elingaphandle
impela ezanele, ngempela singenele emva last.
Ukuthi umfutho ukukhanya ehluleka ukusebenza yayo ucwaningo odlule, lapho
retina isuswe, kanjalo kuvumelana neqiniso lokuthi umfutho ukukhanya, nazo
izidalwa empeleni ngqo kwi ezinzwa ophilayo ngaphandle kwakho nekhotho of the
lishona eyinqaba esigungwini kwenza retina akukho lokujabulela, njengoba ibala

blind emnyango emsipheni optic, lapho lezi ekupheleni-izitho ulahlekile,

efakazela. Ngakho Ngokungangabazeki ukukhulisa kunyakaza ukukhanya
zangaphandle kuphela ukugcina ubeka eyinqaba (amakhemikhali) izinqubo bemvelo
oscillatory (bheka Isigaba XIII ..), ngawo asakaze kunyakaza kudlula
nezinzwa; kodwa lutho evimbela, ngisho nangemva lokhu ukusebenza kunyakaza
yangaphandle ukucabanga ukuthi ngaleyo ndlela ukuvuswa elingaphakathi
ezilinganiselwe ze.
Bernstein isikisela ukuthi kuncike umfutho ukuqhanyelwa Nakuba unimpaired
Ukhuthaza ngokusebenzisa izinzwa sezinzwa, kodwa amangqamuzana ganglion
ebuchosheni of zokuzala sipho ukumelana, esenziwa ngazo zonke inciphise amandla
kinetic of the air engena kubo isasasa ukuba ngezinga injabulo ngobungakho
okuyingxenye , - Yiba khona; kodwa lokhu angeke ukuma proportionality
wezindleko, okusakazwa ngokusebenzisa isasasa ubuchopho kanye ezintweni; the
umfutho kabili ngeke baphathe isasasa kabili lokungena nobuchopho kuyadamba
kabili oqhubekayo ngokufanayo, triple a kathathu; ukuthi asishintshi proportionality.
Bernstein ijula nakakhulu umbono wakhe lapho (akukho. 2 p. 177), ukuthi
ngokuyisisekelo ukubhujiswa the force eziphilayo excitation by the ukumelana
amaseli ganglion zobuchopho kuba, lokho lokujabulela kuncike. Nakuba Angazi
ngempela sasiyoba lo mbono, futhi singasilingisa phela lapha. Kodwa manje,
ukusetshenziswa konke ayeziphilisa force, lapho engena ezintweni ngobungakho
ebuchosheni, ubukhulu bayo ngokusho enikezwa ubukhulu abaphilayo force
ngokwayo iyoba, ie ngifuna nezitha ukwencika logarithmic of the inqubo
psychophysical ezintweni njengoba iyaqhubeka kancane, uma une inqubo
psychophysical in ukusetshenziswa lokuphila force, sengathi ufuna kuye self enjalo,
ubheka kafushane isitha funa aphinde wasiza. Ngisho Bernstein ufika kwakhe, sethu
uhluke ngendlela eyinqaba, buka kuphela ukuthi kunalokho kuphela executive
njengoba elithile umbono ngaye njengomahluleli ongenamizwa kuvinjelwe inombolo
elihlonishwayo, ukusetshenziswa energy kinetic, amaseli kune isamba
ukusetshenziswa ngokwalo amaseli bheka. (Zwa mayelana nombono Bernstein
ngaphansi XV.)
Ngiyasola kahle ukuthi ezindaweni physiology zanamuhla yokulinga namanje
kakhulu abakhona, okuyinto ngokuphathelene, kwaxoxiswana kulesi sigaba, umbuzo
ngabe kunjalo kodwa oyakungivuma eside kule ndawo isibe ngempela eziyinqaba,
futhi mina kuboniswe, esandulelweni , izizathu kude futhi ejulile nezanele hhayi
kuwo ukuba ngempela ngamakhasimende kuwo. Khonamanjalo, kufanele
ukucabangela kube isixhazululo njalo kuze kube seqophelweni odlule. Ngakho
okungenani kubonakala kimi nezilingo ezilandelayo, okusenzeka namanje
uzokhumbula kafushane, ngaphandle Yebo kahle ngokwanele ukuba akwazi ukubona
kufanele kube kabusha lesifanele isiqiniseko.
Exner udonsa kusukela uphenyo ebanzi 5) Abanye (p 24) Chile okulandelayo .:
"Uma ukushuba ukukhanya into a weJiyomethri kutfutfuka [yingakho logarithms
of the intensities in inchubekelembili arithmetical] ukwanda, kanjalo thatha umbono
ofanayo izikhathi kudingekile kutfutfuka arithmetical kusukela."

5)

Ngo s. Anh. "Mayelana ezidingekayo ukuze abhekane ukubona

isikhathi" in the umthamo 58th of the Vienna. Sitzungsber. 1868th
Wamukela ukuba yiqiniso kwalokhu isiphakamiso sokuba intensities ukukhanya
musa singeqi ethile (mayelana ukushuba a yisiphepho kwelanga ngqo white paper),
ukuqeda; futhi kuqashelwe p. 22 ukuthi kusobala elilingana ingxenye yokuqala
ukukhanya sigameko elihamba nethonya retina.
Manje ake amandla umuzwa, , ukushuba umfutho ukukhanya, ngokusekelwe
ngenani umbundu njengoba unit, t lapho, kusukela ekuqaleni isenzo ukukhanya
kwesikhathi, k owenziwa njalo, ukuze Kunoma yikuphi sifana ezothando
okulandelayo ngendlela elula, ngenhla isipiliyoni siphakamiso ngaphandle Yebo
ngokujwayelekile abonakale nguye, njengoba sonke izinguquko ezenziwe
ukuba t futhi nje njalo ngomqondo kuboniswe for the value efanayo
owanikwa kuyagcinwa:
= kt log
Okungukuthi, lapho lokujabulela y kwenzeka ngokuqondile umbundu, ukuthi iqala
abe sisifishane, kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele alinganayo, futhi yini
uyazisa tfuthi kungaphela; ngokusho isimiso umbhali. Kodwa ulwazi ingxenye
kulungiselelwa lokhu ukulingana ukuthi t ngokulingana inverse log ushintsho.
In an semthethweni eqhubekayo unomphela of the formula odlule ngaphezu
embundwini ngaphezu kwalokho unomphela kanye t sikhule kumele, kumele
angalindeli, kanye akukho Exner kudinga isigwebo sakhe ukuqedela. Ngoba once
yokwanda kanye isikhathi buthakathaka umfutho ubukhali is hhayi ngayo
formula;okwesibili, nezimangaliso uma proportionality of kanye t hhayi nje encane
kangaka t, woza kuka uvivinyo abafanele kuhlasela, kodwa linembile lapho
likhuluma. . Ake sithi, isibonelo esikhundleni t kwadingeka empeleni abeke
1- e - t, lapho e inombolo phansi logarithms yemvelo, kanjalo uya 1 - e - t for
amagugu encane kakhulu t zibe t, ngoba okukhulu ngeke lidlule Inani njalo 1.
Ngokuvamile, okungukuthi
okukuyo at amagugu
encane t sidebeselela kwamandla ombuso, Nokho, iwukuba amagugu enkulu t
kuyinto. Umphumela nesilinganiso formula yethu okuhlanzekile
sokufinyelela isimo sokugcina Yini ngabe.
Darin manje ukuthi in formula langaphambilini ratios logarithmic of incike,
kulingana ngabe yikuphi yokukala formula yethu, kodwa ekuqaleni ushiya ehlukile
ukuthi anazo us, in a draw; Kungenzeka ke in ingxenye psvchophysischen elula
yomsebenzi elingaphakathi, kodwa lokhu zincike logarithmically on the ezintweni,
futhi omunye angase acabange ukuthi emva kokuvumelana nezinye imizamo

iqhubeke Baxter 6) kwaba ukuba anqume ukuthi umphumela ngempela. Lezi

izivivinyo zithinta Okwamanje, lapho kudlula kusukela mzuzu lapho umlenze frog is
egxilile hlambulula sulfuric acid, futhi okwamanje lapho reflex esibangelwa
kushukumisa acid engena kwemisipha ukudikiza. Kwatholakala ukuthi ukwanda
interline in a kutfutfuka Jomethri, kanti amazinga iphesenti acid siwe i kutfutfuka
izibalo. Ngakho lapha umthetho ofanayo for the entry imisipha ukudikiza yini Exner
ezitholakele ukungena lokujabulela. Futhi ukuze ungase uthi: Kungakhathaliseki
ukuzwa, okuyinto ingekho ukuvela ucwaningo Baxter, the excitation nerve kumele
lenyuke ngamaphesenti umphumela yokugcina umfutho up kuphela iphuzu elithile
phambi ukusikwa kwemisipha iqala, futhi lezi nerve excitation kuyinto lokhu kuncike
logarithmically ezintweni ezishukumisa. Kodwa isasasa sezinzwa has kuphela
adlulisele kuze kube kwemisipha kushiya ukudikiza, futhi uma inhlonipho
Preyerschen ezama observation ezikhokhelwayo ilungile, kuyoba njalo lapha
usetshenziswe njengoba okusho ukuthi kwemisipha ukudikiza, akukho ngaphansi
kuka lokujabulela in ratios logarithmic ukujabula sezinzwa, kodwa emva kwalokhu
ukulinganisa elula kuncike ezintweni.
6)

kubika Saxon. Soc. d. Wiss. 1871 k. 31 Off.

VIII. Aprioristic ukuphikisa
(Mach, inhlanzi, Classen, Ueberhorst, Bernstein).

Deeper kwalokho, ngokuba ulimi ufikile izingxenye odlule, i psychophysics

elingaphandle angawokudabuka, ngabe lokujabulela kuyinto wakhona ezintweni,
lapho esebenzisa elingaphakathi psychophysics angawokudabuka, ukuthi kuba
wakhona umsebenzi psychophysical. In kude kangaka manje ngeke ucwaningo
kungaba ukufundisa ngqo mayelana tiphetfo ucwaningo kodwa musa babonakala
ebalulekile ukwenza yokugcina a proportionality kangaka ukusho umbono priori
uyagomela ukuthi ayizange abasa ambalwa kusukela ekuqaleni. Asazi kusiphuce
recital yakhe.
Kusukela umbono ezintweni yomsebenzi psychophysical kuncike ngokungaqondile
kuphela, ngokushesha; iziyaluyalu yokulinga of semthethweni, okwakuhilela
ukudluliselwa ukucasuka uhlelo psychophysical in the psychophysics elingaphandle
liwe mayelana okusobala phakathi ukuzwa futhi umsebenzi psychophysical; the
psychophysics elingaphakathi lets labo emva kwakhe. Manje uthi kungcono into
engokwemvelo kakhulu, umuzwa ethile, Yebo, ukuthi phakathi imbangela kanye
kuncike ngaphandle eziphakathi umphumela isenzo ukhona proportionality wakhe
elula, ie kuhlanganise inhlanganisela phakathi umsebenzi psychophysical nokuthi
ukuzwa zabo ngokushesha kuncike, phakathi umehluko in the psychophysical
umsebenzi kanye nasekuthengeni umehluko emizweni. In kude kangaka kodwa
abonakala ekhuluma amaqiniso psychophysics lwangaphandle lokhu ngeke ingqondo
Weber Law and kulandela Magesetz logarithmic kwakumelwe vuma ekude kangaka
an approximation yokulinga kule mithetho ngaso sonke, ngokuba psychophysics
elingaphandle, di Relationship nje kuphela ukuthatha phakathi umfutho kanye

nemisebenzi psychophysical ukuqedela, kodwa hhayi, njengoba kwenziwa yithi,

ukudlulisa singene psychophysics elingaphakathi, akusho olimini imithetho for the
ubuhlobo phakathi umzimba isasasa psycho.
Uthi Ngakho Mach (akukho 2 P 11 ..): "The last isasasa sezinzwa futhi
lokujabulela ngalo njalo uhambe zifana kanye nomunye, cishe ngeke kube sihluke
nomunye ngokulingana."
Hering (p 21.): "A proportionality kwembangela nomphumela, oyibamba futhi
wathungela saqonda ukuthi kusukela ekuqaleni, umthetho verwickelteres of
ubudlelwano phakathi ezimbili kodwa kunzima ikakhulu ukuqonda lapho, indlela
ngqo kuleli cala, Ukusebenzelana kanye wathungela kanye ungenciki by izakhi
Lesisemkhatsini ngamunye kodwa ithemba okunjalo simo setfu by phakathi izinqubo
ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba ;. ngoba esikubiza okokugcina kuphela labo
izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo, ngazo inqubo ngemilingo inikezwe ngokushesha konke
lokhu kuyiqiniso umzimba ngisho noma oyedwa. futhi umphefumulo njengoba
nezidalwa amabili abahlukene juxtaposes kangakanani-ke lapho, njengoba Fechner
eqala single-sinyathelo futhi Crocheted, inqubo psychophysical kanye psy-trian
ngokuyisisekelo futhi into efanayo, izinhlangothi ezimbili kuphela noma eyodwa
ukubukeka ohlakaniphe okufanayo ngokuba. '
Classen (.... Z Physiol d uhlelo visual p 17): ". Uma isipiliyoni lutho kodwa nerve
umsebenzi into ngakho ayizange iqondakale njengokungathi ukwanda kwe-umfutho
akufanele imbangela njalo nokwanda esihambelanayo in lokujabulela"
Ueberhorst (Ukuvela ezibukwayo okuqonda Gtting 1876 P 90 ...): "Angikwazi
ukholo ngeke bazitike ukuthi, njengoba Fechner once uthi disproportionality phakathi
isasasa wethukile futhi ukuzwa" emva umehluko kubalulekile phakathi izindawo
ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo ngempela icatshangwe kwaba. ""
Bernstein akusho ongoti kwezempilo abathi zihlobene S. 20 nakuba
proportionality of isasasa ubukhulu, kodwa lowo yokutholwa nguye njengoba
ukusabalala elilinganiselwe umsebenzi psychophysical. Mayelana cf. imibono yakhe
nomthelela lapha. Abanye amezwabo ukunakekelwa okukhethekile ahlobene
uqhubeke (bheka ngezansi).
Manje isimiso proportionality kwembangela nomphumela ngempela uthanda ukuba
njengoba esemthethweni kakhulu njengoba nomphumela umphumela eqondile
imbangela, futhi ngeke usaphinde resistors noma izingqinamba, alwa
umsebenzi; futhi mina Foot kwalo ngokwami by ahluke zinkinga, ubukhulu
ukuhamba psychophysical ubukhulu set umfutho, ezilinganiselwe ze. Kodwa
ukulandela-ithemba ngempela ubuhlobo phakathi ukuzwa futhi umsebenzi
ngokomzimba akuyona ingqondo. Uma ehambisana lokujabulela umsebenzi
kukhona, umuzwa Kukhona noHezekeli. Kunalokho, kuba isilinganiso kanyekanye
noma kushintshana kuye ukuze kuyini lapha, futhi izitha ngokwabo bakholelwa
ukuthi insgemein indlela. Kodwa manje, enza iphutha elikhulu futhi ukudideka
mlando zangePhentekoste; uma umuntu efuna lokho kulabo abalandela-ukuncika
kusebenza le, kanyekanye noma kushintshana kuye idluliswe, njengoba udaba
Yebo; ngoba kunalokho iqiniso for labo azisebenzi nalokho. Futhi angikholelwa a

priori, kodwa bagomela ngumuntu Umblick ezindaweni ubuchwepheshe, nezitha

yemibono yami.
Empeleni, kuze kufike ngibheke azungeze, ngithola ukuthi amalungiselelo
modifiers Derun Isakhi, okuyizinto kuncike kanyekanye nomunye, kuphela esimweni
single, ukuthi kukhona bemvelo efanayo, hamba wakhona nomunye, futhi uchaze
lokhu ngokulandela me ukuze bajabule kube sekupheleni, izibonelo.
Uma nokusakazwa iplanethi ezungeza ilanga ibanga amaplanethi ukusuka elangeni,
speed, ngokusebenzisa isikhala zanqwabelana futhi siwela isikhathi ushintsho
(esilinganisiwe esivela yingasiphi) e ithemba kanyekanye nomunye, kodwa akekho
lezi zinguquko iya omunye ezilinganiselwe ze. - The ukukhanya ezingokwenyama
endaweni esikhanyayo ibanga umthombo wokukhanya ubude pendulum kanye
isikhathi an oscillation yalo e ithemba kanyekanye nomunye, kodwa esikhundleni
elula, kukhona ubuhlobo quadratic phakathi. - Izitho nasemilenzeni ombungu sikhule
ithemba kanyekanye nomunye, kodwa lutho esingaphansi wakhona nomunye.
Uhlelo ezivame kakhulu umsebenzi onjalo, kumele ubude abscissa ngesikhathi
ekhishwa amaphuzu efanayo isilinganiso ubude ijika. Esimweni kuphela lapho ijika
nje line siqondise lezo njengoba abscissa, noma ijika jikelele kanye abscissa
okufanayo nature Curves, kokubili ukuya wakhona nomunye; kodwa lokujabulela
engqondo futhi elihambisana inqubo yemvelo njengoba ezingafani
ngangokunokwenzeka, kude kangaka kwenzeke konke dissimilarity phakathi izinto
noma izinqubo wokugcina, kukhona ngempela sonke kuphela amalungiselelo ngalo
awele ukuqaphela kwethu characterizable. Umbono esikabili udela i dissimilarity
isimiso ebalulekile; ngoba mina umehluko sincike base ngokuphongoza,
ngokulandelana wangaphakathi bese elingaphandle, ngokombono observation, futhi
baziphathe ngendlela efanele umphefumulo nomzimba njengoba ncwadi ngaphakathi
nangaphandle essence efanayo. Hering uhlose ngisho yilokhu engicabanga ngakho,
njengoba babiza ngokwemvelo proportionality; kodwa kunalokho, kuba isiqinisekiso
esisha Nichtproportionalitt. Ngoba ake sithi wena z. B. isiyingi futhi phakathi noma
ngasiphi iphuzu ngaphakathi esifanayo ebona nxazonke iso, ngaphandle okufanayo
nganoma yingasiphi esinye iso enjalo, kanjalo kokubili olwalukhulunywa pursuance
of the selilonke, izingcezu efanayo selilonke ngaphansi imibono ehlukahlukene,
ehlukene kangaka ngobukhulu, avele, futhi ubukhulu belanga okufanayo is hhayi
ukushintsha ngokulingana nomunye. - The Kunjalo nangabaningi ukubukeka
Copernican kanye Ptolemaic Weltsy-sifanamsindvo, kuye ngokuthi isikhundla
heliocentric kanye geocentric.
Kungakhathaliseki lokhu akusho ukuthola ezith kusukela ukwenqatshelwa lapha
isimiso Nichtproportionalitt phakathi amalungiselelo esehlukene, izinguquko ukuthi
sincike kanyekanye nomunye, ngo-search okunye, angazi waranti, kodwa ngabe
yiliphi icala ezith kuphela eyayingeke sithethelele isimiso Kunalokho ,Mhlawumbe
owayengangena uveza liphi iphuzu okwehlukile ukuthi ukuya uhlasela omunye
komunye umfaniswano motion space kanye nesikhathi; kodwa thina ukukala
isikhathi ngokwaso kuphela motion umfaniswano. Njengoba lokhu circle
ukubaleka? Ngiyavuma zuhaben efumana incazelo zulngliche mayelana; Kodwa

uma Angisiye oyiphutha, isitatimende okulandelayo kwanele ukuba bakhumbule

lapha ezihambela. Uma amaphuzu amabili speed ukungalingani, di ibhekane
ukungalingani e alinganayo izikhathi Facilities, Ukuthutha ukuze kokubili
(amaphuzu) wafaka ohambelana, di phakathi efanayo ekuqaleni kanye ekupheleni
amaphuzu, isikhathi ngezikhathi njalo zidlule izikhala ukuthi athobele ingxenye
efanayo nomunye big noma encane oyithandayo ukuthatha isikhathi ngezikhathi,
bobabili ngesivinini kukhona njalo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuhamba kokubili
umfaniswano. Ngokungafani ngesivinini amaphuzu amabili kumele kuthathwe,
kungenjalo isitatimende odlule angena hhayi kuphela umfaniswano, kodwa ngaso
sonke nokuhamba efanayo. Lokho kunjalo isikhathi nendawo ukuya e motion
umfaniswano wakhona nomunye, eyahunyushwa iqiniso ukuthi ngokulandelana
kwesikhathi ehambisana ngezikhathi izikhala ukungalingani kodwa ezilinganiselwe
ze basuke siwela ngamaphuzu amabili, ngaleyo ndlela anciphise ngokuyisisekelo on a
proportionality phakathi izikhala, hhayi phakathi izikhala nezikhathi, ngaphandle
lapho yokugcina kungalinganiswa ngisho by izikhala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umuntu angalimisa ngesihloko elokuthi, njengoba
okwehlukile, ukuthi ubude intambo nobude i oscillation yalo iya wakhona
nomunye.Kodwa omunye ongasho ukuthi ubude intambo kanye nenombolo ye
oscillations kwesikhathi ukuya kwamanye ezilinganiselwe ze ngamunye inversely
kanye nje;Ngakho kukhona i emagama lapha. The mode wesibili nkulumo kodwa
ubonakala bakhetha ku waze sikwazi ukulandelela inamba kunyakaza ezimbili strings
engalingani e ohambelana izinkathi ngokushesha, isikhathi kunyakaza kodwa kuphela
abathola therefrom noma esebenzisa isilinganiso express isikhathi, ekugcineni
okuholela bathembele ncazelo engenhla uye, kumele azimisele.
It is kalula lokho, kuye ngokuthi ukwehluka endaweni, lapho ukwencika
kanyekanye lehla, kungenzeka kwenziwe ukuze ratios ezahlukene kakhulu ambalwa,
futhi lokho, akukho isithiyo aprioristic liqukethe in the engenakwenzeka ukuba
anqume lobu buhlobo ukuze ubuhlobo phakathi umzimba nomphefumulo a priori
ukuthi kungase kube ukuthi ngokuqondile lokho okuhlangenwe nakho Kuye
kwaphawulwa kakhulu. Futhi lokhu namanje kushiya wengeze izici.
Ngokuvamile, kodwa imithetho eyisisekelo babe ubunjalo inkimbinkimbi ethile
noma kusikisela okungenani kwaba ukuthi icala. Kodwa manje, umthetho elula
sokuncika phakathi izinguquko ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo ngempela
okwakungaba proportionality elula; kodwa okungenani uma izizathu odlule futhi
isipiliyoni sikhulume bit efanayo umusa ofanayo, bese uMthetho Weber, okuyinto
ubeka izinguquko ezingokomoya wakhona izinguquko ezingokomzimba
proportionate, elula ukuba ezingasetshenziswa wacabanga emva kwalokhu, futhi
ngokuqinisekile lula kunabo bonke ukuhlela kabusha ukuthi omunye owakholwa
ngesisekelo ucwaningo ukuze bakwazi bamelele ngoba.
Yini uvivinyo lalingase lisho okokuqala, Yebo, kungaba umthetho, lapho
micrograph iqiniso enokwehla kukodwa ukuthi njalo okwandayo ezintweni nje
lubonakale umfutho isihlobo umehluko at a amagugu umfutho ezithile okungenani
kanye nangale liyaphuma futhi; futhi sibonile ukuthi Langer uye ke osungulwe

ngempela umthetho, okuyinto kakhulu more xaka kodwa, njengoba neyethu, futhi
ngalokhu a priori has a namathuba aphansi, kufanele kuthathwe njengoba
eliyisisekelo.
Ibhayisikobho phesheya, kukhona iqiniso enokwehla ukuthi lokujabulela
ngokwayo kanye nokukhula the umfutho angeke lenyuka ngenhla umkhawulo
ethile; futhi Wundt kuba kahle lapho kule ndaba (in s Broad physiologic psychology
p 282 fu 293rd ..) ngaphandle kokuba kungesandla embundwini futhi ukhuluma non
bersteigbaren umfutho level; kodwa akazange ukuhumusha ezingeni isikhalo a
alifani ukuyiqonda ezingeni lokuzivivinya psychophysical njengoba enjalo, okuyinto
a non berschreitbares isasasa esiphezulu, wathi ngokuhambisana umbono wami
siqu: "Amandla supply of the izakhi nerve sincane; at a amandla athile Ngakho
inhlamvu umfutho yimuphi ngaso sonke amabutho alahlwayo, ukuze ngaphesheya
emsipheni inqubo ingasakwazi anda ", ngazo Ngivumelana ngokuphelele. 1) Ingabe
inqubo ezinzwa (umsebenzi psychophysical) anda ngaphesheya, kanjalo lokujabulela
kanjalo sisanda , Empeleni kungaba engajwayelekile ngemilingo ukusetha i
emthethweni oyisisekelo emalini umsebenzi ngokomzimba, ezimila lokuqala ne
yokugcina kuze imikhawulo ethile kuphela, kodwa ngaphezu ngabe wehlise; futhi
lokhu Ngithatha isandla sami a improbability priori bafune.

1)

Angifuni nje uvume uma Wundt p. 287 umsebenzi wakhe uthi:

"Akungabazeki We can ezimbili emizweni qualitatively coincident zithi
namandla kwaba okufanayo lapho kungaba embundwini ukuzwa noma
umuzwa level [njengokuthi imaphi ngokulandelana basonta embundwini
futhi umfutho ukuphakama] umdlalo." The emizweni ukuzwa kombundu
ohambelana emhlabathini efanayo common, njengoba nje benjalo nje
ulingana zero; kodwa lokujabulela ukuphakama kungehluka kuye
ngokuthi isimo ngabanye kanye nemibandela kulandela of the
ukuphambuka yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi emthethweni Weber
sika ngombono wami luhambisane amazinga ehlukene kakhulu umfutho
emizweni.

Deep engagingly umbono a proportionality elula phakathi izinguquko

ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo, ikakhulukazi iqiniso lokuthi kanjalo
eseyiqedile transferability yomthetho abasafufusa kusukela olungaphandle
psychophysics elingaphakathi. Ngoba ngokuvumelana nomthetho proportionality of
the weakest inqubo psychophysical kanye Ngokuphambene umpofu ezimbili
izinqubo enjalo, umthetho abasafufusa kumele kakade sibizana uma ngakhoke waba
buthakathaka, kodwa okuphawulekayo ukuzwa ngokuphelele noma umehluko zibe
ukwazi Nokho nalena, engeqile value zero e degree ezilinganiselwe, elula noma
umehluko value umsebenzi psychophysical ubiza ngezansi lapho ngisho nemisebenzi
psychophysical ungaya kusukela Sihlomise izinguquko ngaphandle kokushiya

imihlola ngemilingo in ukwazi kuzozwakala ukuthi bayakwazi ukunikeza okweqa

umbundu. With the umbundu elingaphakathi, ngalokho, yonke ukuthuthukiswa
psychophysics elingaphakathi uwela umfanekiso yonke psychophysical ubuhlobo
phakathi ubuthongo futhi angavaleki, abazi futhi equlekile ukuphila ngokwengqondo,
ngalokhu nhlobo, enginiletha wathola ingxenye 2 izakhi, ngaphandle ukuthi ngiyazi
yini kuvala ukumela ratios esihambelanayo wayengasiqonda ukuze umbuzo wami
phezu transferability yomthetho abasafufusa psychophysics elingaphakathi umbuzo
obalulekile hhayi kuphela amalungiselelo okuba ngibulawe of psychophysics
elingaphakathi, kodwa ngoba kungenzeka anjalo kubonakala phakade. Njengoba nje
nami ngokwami akhiwa futhi kuboniswe le mfundiso, okungenani udlala umthetho
embundwini indima ebaluleke kakhulu kangakanani njengoba uMthetho Weber
sika; futhi lokhu liyafuna ukuba Nokho, ukuze psychophysics lutho zizoshintsha
umbono wami wezangaphakathi, usakujabulela umthetho umbundu, kube lula
ukususa yonke isibonisi. Kuyinto Fulcrum wabo bonke iziyisikhombisa ukuthi adlale
kulo.
Yiqiniso, of course, akwanele lokhu kudingeka embundwini elingaphakathi
psychophysics elingaphakathi ukuba bathethelele eqinisweni yabo. Well; Ngiya
zingxenye ezilandelayo omunye phezu izizathu ukuthi akhulume iqiniso efanayo.
Nakuba ngineminyaka yayikukhumbula ukusetha nje umsebenzi psychophysical
noma ukuvukwa amadlingozi ezilinganiselwe hhayi akhona ingabe e kangaka
njengoba izimbangela ukushintshashintsha, kodwa lokujabulela nokucabanga
umsebenzi logarithmic of the ezintweni Nokho, nezitha, lapho nje abeke lokujabulela
ngokulingana umsebenzi psychophysical, ukucinga yokulinga ukumela
approximation ukuba imithetho emisiwe ngami ngokuthi bathathe imithetho efanayo,
okuyinto I cabanga lwamukeleke ubuhlobo phakathi umzimba ukuzwa psycho,
kodwa ngoba ubuhlobo phakathi umfutho kanye nemisebenzi psychophysical
ukuqedela. Manje kungase kubonakale kuyabonakala emva isimiso siqu labamelene
ukuthi akukho zithiyo noma izimo nokukhawulela of ukudluliselwa umfutho on the
izinzwa, futhi ngaphandle ukumelana in the nerve noma ubuchopho umphumela
ngokomzimba kwezitho umuzwa imbangela ezingokwenyama ezintweni kunalokho
lula go ezilinganiselwe ze lapho emi impendulo logarithmic naso; Manje nezitha
owufunayo kodwa nje ukwenza izicelo ezifana izimbangela lapho ukuguqula
proportionality kude ukuze zabo kunalokho ziyanakekelwa njengoba umbono
wami. Angikwazi Nokho, kulokho wagomela kule ndaba, kukhona kuphela
ngokwengxenye engacacile namathuba ngokwengxenye angamanga nomthetho
phambili by me on the Ihlelo 6. Izimbangela ukuphambuka.
Ngiye Kakade babekholelwa kulesi sici, amanye amezwi herring. Mach kwenza
ezifana herring, ushintsho ububanzi Umfundi emva ushintsho umfutho ukukhanya
kanye etholakala kusuka kuye Qhathanisa umthetho ezithi excitation psychophysical
akakwazanga ukuya amandla umfutho ngenxa ezilinganiselwe ze uyamelana
izimbangela. Futhi eqinisweni, kumele kube NANTU lwakha ukuphambuka
enokwehla kusukela Magesetze okuhlanzekile for psychophysics
elingaphandle; kodwa imithetho psychophysical ayisisekelo lutho neze okusekelwe
ucwaningo kwi Magesetz kodwa ngoMthetho Weber sika; futhi ngoba ucwaningo

ngomthetho ngokusho ekuqaleni (bheka ngenhla) wenza kanye Weber

sika 11. umphumela kokubili ezintweni liguqulwa yilabo izimbangela esigabeni
esifanayo isilinganiso (via Ngokuphambene ukuzwa) umphelelisi-ka, phawula,
kungase ke lutho nencazelo nezitha zibaliwe.
Langer uthi: "Ukwamukelwa Fechner [of proportionality phakathi umfutho futhi
umsebenzi psychophysical] kuyinto esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka ngokwedlulele
futhi ine amaqiniso enokwehla ngokumelene kunalokho engenakwenzeka, kuba
kunalokho kwemukelwa kuyafaneleka kude ukuthi non-ngobungakho kusukela
ezintweni ezinkudlwana kufana e (P 68.) umsebenzi psychophysical uyoshintshwa,
kodwa ezincane, futhi ngenxa esifanayo njengoba okwenzeka ne izintelezi
ukunyakaza reflex, lapho ukuvikela umzimba ngokumelene ezintweni kunamandla.
In the iso z. B, lokhu nomphumela in ukusikwa we Umfundi ekhuphukela izinsuku,
lapho eqinile Reizen ingxenye ifiphele; kwamanye ezintweni eziqinile kwezinye
izindawo sezinzwa kwenzeka Analogue cishe futhi, kunoma yisiphi icala, ematfuba is
hhayi waphika ukuthi kwenziwe ".
Ngakho Again unikeza ushintsho ngobukhulu Umfundi, esesikhundleni lutho lapha,
isibonelo esiyinhloko, futhi Analog naye kusolakala ngenye ezindaweni umqondo,
kuthiwani uma kuthatha indawo, ukukhanya njengoba ukuswela kancane ukuba
abakushoyo.
Nokho, lapho mina in Elem. II. 429 bathi "ubuhlobo phakathi umsebenzi
ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba bekuyobhekwa njengento kahle kakhulu umehluko
kubalulekile phakathi izindawo ezingokomzimba nezingokwengqondo ngaphakathi
incazelo okuyisisekelo formula kanye nesilinganiso formula, kanti ithemba elinjalo
phakathi imisebenzi emibili ngokomzimba, njengoba eyasungulwa Ukucasuka , kuba
ngakolunye uhlangothi emelelwe umsebenzi psychophysical, mayelana nemithetho
bokuphila nangokomzimba engacabangeki kwaba ", - ukuze ngiphuze labavusiwe:
kunalokho nje ezikhona ezindaweni nerve physics nemizana phakathi imisebenzi
yemvelo Convention okungenani zazikuphi logarithmic of the formula yokukala,
futhi cishe kuphela ngempela ukuqinisekisile formula nesilinganiso kule
psychophysics elingaphandle. Ngakho kungani, omunye angase abuze, akufanele
kushiya umsebenzi psycho-ngokomzimba lesi simo, lapho kuphambuka
proportionality ngokuphelele, bese umsebenzi ngemilingo kwalokho kwabangela
imisebenzi psychophysical nje hamba kulingana futhi Badonswa yini?
Kungaba mnandi ngempela uma kuphela kulokhu othi kwenziwe amacala necala
lethu ukudluliselwa zokusimama on ezinzwa nemibandela okuvunyelwane, okuyinto
kude icala lokuthi bakwazi ukubamba evumayo kuka wayephikisa umbono wethu
Kunalokho.
Ngemva icala lapha Ezenye.
A ebiyelweyo sesimweni mpo ngenhla imisipha ubude l intando by an stimulation
kagesi umfutho q tetanisiert. It uyagijima ngaphansi kwethonya njalo umfutho ukuze
osayizi abathile okuhamba kuyo ukuphakama bephakamisa h luchazwa. The
ukusikwa iqala eminyakeni ezilinganiselwe umfutho amagugu s, kanjalo lapho uba

embundwini ngokuba at lizwakale. Manje Preyer uye 2) okhethwe i inhlanganisela

yobungoti yazo ucwaningo kanye iziphetho ezilandelayo umthetho, njengoba
myophysisches ngaye, ngoba ukwencika isihlobo bephakamisa ukuphakama
the amandla umfutho q maqondana imibundu s wathola:

of

.
okukuyo k kuyinto njalo.
Lokhu formula sifana ngokuphelele yokukala formula yethu, kuphela ukuthi ikhona
phakathi osayizi luyingxenye ngokomzimba.

2)

"Le myophysische umthetho" Jena, Mauke, 1874. I ucwaningo

owaziwayo the fucking "Lehrb. Anatomy kanye physiology kwezitho
umqondo" in 1864. Th. 2. p. Ngakho 349 eze lapha ngaphansi
acabangele ngoba ezihlobana kwemisipha twitches, lapho libangelwa
ezintweni zamanje.

Ngokungangabazeki, lokhu formula kungaba nzima approximation, okuyinto

isebenza emazingeni aphezulu umfutho, kusukela emva kwakhe h kanye okwandayo
Ukuqinisa the umfutho ekugcineni okukhulu kunalokho l, Nokho, the ezilinganiselwe
Zama esiphezulu hhayi attainable of kungaba, h esingaphansi
kuphela l kungaba.Kuphindwe engavuswanga ngokumelene yokucabanga, i formula
ukuphikisa eziningi, futhi ingxoxo sekukhona mayelana engininika asilandelwanga
ngokuphelele.Kodwa konke okufanayo, sishiya kithi ezingezinhle kokuvela futhi
mhlawumbe namanje lesifanele, enomuzwa wokuthi noma kunjalo lowo eseduze
ngezinga elithile, ukuba yiqiniso kwalesi formula khona ukuba, okulandelayo kumele
kucatshangelwe.
Isikhalo Ekuqaleni enza emsipheni, emsipheni imisipha. Manje zibuze: kulandelwa
excitation of the nerve by the umfutho a maqondana logarithmic ukuphakama
bephakamisa a wakhona nerve excitation noma okuphambene nalokho? Lo mdlali
kungaba mayelana ababephikisana, lona wamuva e ingqondo yami. Kodwa
yangaphambili akunakwenzeka, ngoba ngokuhambisana, njengoba kanye okwandisa
umfutho, ukuphakama ephakamisa ukhula, kukhona ukumelana ukhulele
nokukhuthaza eminye, ukuthi ngezinye othile umkhawulo stop othuthukayo,
ngakhoke, usayizi nokukhuthaza engakhuli uhlasela kanye isasasa sezinzwa, kanti
lutho isimiso evimbela excitation nerve eside kangaka ukucabanga ukhula
umphumela sinengiso ngokwesilinganiso, njengoba umthombo amandla ophilayo
yomsebenzi sezinzwa ukusondela ukukhathala, noma ukumelana efanayo njengoba
kuyinto detectable imisipha, we okungenani kuze kube manje lutho ibanjiwe.
Futhi ungakwazi basisize of the isiphetho owedlule engaqondile by a ngqo

okuningi. Ngemva, kwangenza ngokugunyazwa abanekhono, ukukhulula kwenza in

ucwaningo ngokuqhathanisa on the izimo ukusikwa a muscle ngaphansi kwethonya
umfutho mehluko ukuthi imisipha esuka imizwa by ukucasuka yayo noma
ngokushesha ngemva poisoning by curare, lapho nerve eyize, kulapho
ucasukile. Manje uma excitation Izinzwa hhayi wakhona ezintweni, ngakho-ke
babehluleka imibandela umphumela on the kwemisipha ukuhlala akufani ezimweni
zombili.
Ngokwazi umthetho myophysische umentshisi ngempela Magesetze
psychophysical, uyokwazi ukusho, ngokusho kucatshangwa zethu ukuthi lokujabulela
okuyinto esibangelwa ugqozi emizweni amandla, lapho kubangela ezinzwa imisipha,
kulingana ubukhulu. Ngemva imfuneko abaphikisi ukuthi umuzwa wokwesasa in the
nerve ukumane wakhona ukwanda mbuso wawuyoqhubeka akulona neze ukwanda
lokujabulela.
Ungakwazi Nokho isicelo kuphawula okulandelayo eyenziwe Hering ngokumelene
ukwencika logarithmic of the lokujabulela isisindo sezisindo (8 p.):
"Uma lowo enekhono kakhulu Simoni, eziningi imikhakha sinye, kodwa izinsimbi
ezahlukene kakhulu ngesikhathi uphawu cast, kuyilokhu kwamuva kahle kangaka
ukuhlangana nezikhonzi lighter ukwedlula amabhola olunesisindo esikhudlwana
lwaluba. Ngaphambi ngamunye nangezinhlaka yena ukala ibhola ngesandla sakho
futhi kukalwa emva ubukhulu ngokungenasizathu amandla izindleko. Kodwa ibhola
njengoba kunzima by amagremu noma Lothen owazi thrower ngokuvamile akusho.
yena nokho kuphakamisa ibhola ngalinye ngamandla elihambisana izisindo zabo ,
kusobala ukuthi anakho isisindo sabo basiqonda; anakho, njengoba besho,
kwadingeka isisindo umuzwa ".
Herring alithathe kuhambisana kucatshangwa ukuthi inani isisindo ukuzwa
wakhona izisindo okhulayo, nakuba yena uyavuma ukuthi abukho ubufakazi
zamandla itholakala lokuthi, njengoba ongazithola ukumazi in ubuhlobo ezahlukene
phakathi ukuzwa futhi umfutho ngokuzibonela, lapho degree force
ngokungenasizathu umzamo sidinga noma isisindo ethile. Futhi ngempela umntwana
ongaqeqeshiwe ufuna ngokuqinisekile miss the balance ilungelo. Kodwa ungabona
manje observation odlule ukuthi ngaphansi isimo Preyerschen umthetho lokujabulela
namandla imisipha, lolucikelela ngayo nangezinhlaka, hamba uhlasela, ngaphandle
ukwencika logarithmic of the lokujabulela beliyophikisana izinsimbi
libhekene. Indlela ababengakwenza Delboeuf (IsAm p. 233) kafushane yaphawula
ukuthi "uma omunye eqala umthetho logarithmic, Akukho okudlula, bwa imvume
ezimbili", kanti ukukhalipha ukuphikisa Hering sika uyakuqaphela engikwenzayo
kancane.
Ngemva komunye ukucabangela lapha sokuhoxiswa icala. I "Nature" uletha
akukho yayo. 193 of 10 July 1873 a Communication on isifundo by Dewar futhi Mc
Kendrick, okuyinto yakhiqizwa kule elihunyushwe ngokuthi "isazi semvelo" 1873
akukho. 37, futhi ngibutha operation kuboniswe ngezansi. Uma ukhanyisa, off a
esanda wabulala frog, isilwane esihuquzelayo noma inhlanzi fresh-Imi
iso 3) ngaphansi izinyathelo ezidingekayo njengoba sisebenza Dubois ukumela

muscle yemvelo noma nerve zamanje, kanjalo multiplier lowo komunye umkhawulo
yesaha ngamafutha cornea, the ezinye baxhumana cross-ingxenye emsipheni optic,
njengoba ezivezwa amandla yokugcina ukuqubuka on the multiplier, lapho,
esebenzisa idivayisi mirror ifundwa, wahamba ukuhlolwa mayelana 600 degrees of
the esikalini. Emva kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi kuka ebumnyameni kuyinto njalo,
ovunyelwe zutreten ekukhanyeni ilangabi gas. Ngaleso sikhathi, kuka
kushintsha. "Ekuqaleni, okubonisa ukwanda ke ukwehla, futhi uma ukhipha
ukukhanya, uyaphinda ukwenyuka [by kuka ukhonjiswe] force electromotive.
Kwesinye isikhathi omunye ubona ngenxa lilokhu away of the izinzwa kuphela
ukwanda kancane bese wehlise, Kodwa ukwanda kokukhipha ukukhanya njalo njalo.
Ubukhulu of the ushintsho of the force electromotive [di kokuthikamezeka] by the
isinyathelo zokukhanya 3 k. C. wenani. "

3)

Esebenzisa ezifanele, esibalulwe esazisweni okukhulunywa ngawo,

ulinganisa imiphumela ehambisana njengoba ngenhla futhi kungaba th mlindi,
lapho excitability we izinzwa ngemva kokufa ucime lokusinda izinyoni
nezilwane ezincelisayo ngokushesha kakhulu iso, iso njalo izilwane lapho
behlaba isicelo.

"Lolu shintsho ngeke wakhona inani ukukhanya kwezibani ezahlukene ngegalelo,

kodwa logarithm of the quotient, ngakhoke uyavuma nemithetho psychophysical
Fechner."
"Ushintsho kwenzeka ngenxa kakhulu retina edlule, lapho lesi sitho sisuswa, kanti
kwezinye izakhiwo iso lihlala, akukho uzwela zikhanyise khona, nakuba namanje i
force electromotive elikhona." "Lolu shintsho usukela kule thalamus."
Umyalezo, kusukela lapho odlule iphumele kuphela kwesikhashana; Angazi uma
kusukela ngaleso sikhathi iye yakhipha akhawunti enabile uphenyo uye; odlule
kodwa namanje kwelokuthi namanye amaphuzu akucacile. Uma ukuqubuka lokuqala,
kulindeleke ukuba Positive kusukela ukushintshashintsha original on, ngemva
kwemvume ukukhanya ngokushesha endaweni ongemuhle, noma ukwanda wokuqala
omuhle siyehla kuphela kancane kancane, ngaphandle iza emuva ukuphambuka
kuqala? futhi kanye nenani ushintsho 3 k. C. inani ushintsho lokuqala emihle emva
imvume ukukhanya noma umehluko phakathi efanayo kanye nokunyakaza retrograde
kwakusho? Noma kunjalo, okungenani elibonakala ngqo wafakazela ukuthi ngeke
umane ezilinganiselwe kodwa ubuhlobo logarithmic obukhona phakathi ezintweni
ukukhanya futhi umphumela wawo izinzwa, okuyinto kunalokho ngokumelene kuka
ngacabanga yilezi imizamo.
Kodwa sibona eduze, lokhu okulandelayo kuyasebenza kuleli cala waphawula
okufanayo ngokuqondene lowo odlule. Ngakho Ngokusho ulwazi lwethu samanje
yemvelo nerve wamanje wanyakazisa ngaphandle yokwamukelwa umfutho
ngesikhathi sokuvalwa chain, lokho kukodwa kagesi differents molecule sezinzwa

ezibekwe waphansi efanelekayo ekwakhekeni isimo samanje. Uma wamanje

ngokusebenzisa ukungena ukwanda umfutho noma kuyancipha, okuyiqembu
yokugcina ukuba ngokuthi uma ucwaningo egcinwa. Makes ukushintshashintsha
negative uyagomela ukuthi lokhu kungaba kuphela ngenxa ezinika amangqamuzana
ezinzwa ifomu efanelekayo okhulisa noma attenuation of the isimo samanje, futhi
Kungenzeka ukuthi ukumelana lolu shintsho esimweni lapho basuke aphethwe izimo
zemvelo, kwenzeka, lapho lukhula ubukhulu ushintsho, ngokusho kanjani ushintsho
isikhundla amangqamuzana kwemisipha, okuyinto ukusikwa kuncike esimweni
sangaphambilini , kwakunjalo, nokuthi kuleli cala aphinde isilinganiso logarithmic
izenze wazizwa. Kodwa lokujabulela kuncike voraussetzlich ukuba kunyakaza nakho
engavela ushintsho isikhundla amangqamuzana 4), futhi kuba neze kuyabonakala
ukuthi namandla, noma yini ngezinga okungenzeka bazitshela for the umsebenzi
psychophysical, ngokulingana ushintsho isikhundla amangqamuzana
Izinguquko; nakuba kungase kube ukuthi ithonya elithile phezu kuthatha indawo,
okuyinto enomthelela isimo kule elingaphandle psychophysics outcropping
ngeziphambeko. Kunoma yikuphi, ngokusho ababecabanga eyedlule, imizamo Dewar
futhi Mc Kendrick phezu umbuzo wethu lutho ukunquma.

4)

Lesi ukushintshashintsha negative, lapho ophakamayo emva umhla

ucwaningo physiologists by umfutho tetanising nerve is kusobala ephelezelwa
kunyakaza zishintshe.

Manje ongasho ukuthi Duboissche umbono yesimo kagesi Izinzwa molecule

esinakho lapha gefut, nje mbono. Kodwa nganoma iyiphi enye mbono, omunye
angase azame umisele lokhu, kuzodingeka imali efanayo for nokuchazwa amaqiniso
futhi umhlabathi ngalokhu evamile nokuba incazelo icala lethu. Kodwa Ever abasa
priori ukuthi izenzakalo static noma equilibrium, ezifana nenkundla ukusikwa
muscle, futhi ukuguquguquka negative wamanje, lapho eze ngaphansi kwethonya a
umfutho kwangaphandle okuqhubekayo khona asihambisani bacabanga elikulo i
umsebenzi okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo ngokwengqondo; kodwa ngoba lokho
kunyakaza ngaphansi ogama ifomu esinawo kodwa ucabange umsebenzi
psychophysical cishe, ratios logarithmic yezinye kunyakaza - and the umfutho
ukukhanya kodwa kuyinto oscillatory - zincike kwami, akukho isibonelo waziwa
ngisho kwamanje.
Uma omunye base nokho hypothesize ukuthi umuzwa kunalokho kwakuxhomeke
ushintsho isikhundla amangqamuzana njengoba kunyakaza, kanjalo wazibuza yini
ukwenza nge umbono onjalo? Ngokusho umbono ka oscillations sicabanga
izimfanelo ezahlukene lokujabulela ne periodicity ezahlukene kanye uhlobo
oscillations ebuhlotsheni; kodwa ngokusho umbono ngalolu shintsho
isikhundla? Ngemuva isimo lokuqala zangaphakathi lokujabulela elingaphandle

impela ezanele, ngempela singenele emva last.

Ukuthi umfutho ukukhanya ehluleka ukusebenza yayo ucwaningo odlule, lapho
retina isuswe, kanjalo kuvumelana neqiniso lokuthi umfutho ukukhanya, nazo
izidalwa empeleni ngqo kwi ezinzwa ophilayo ngaphandle kwakho nekhotho of the
lishona eyinqaba esigungwini kwenza retina akukho lokujabulela, njengoba ibala
blind emnyango emsipheni optic, lapho lezi ekupheleni-izitho ulahlekile,
efakazela. Ngakho Ngokungangabazeki ukukhulisa kunyakaza ukukhanya
zangaphandle kuphela ukugcina ubeka eyinqaba (amakhemikhali) izinqubo bemvelo
oscillatory (bheka Isigaba XIII ..), ngawo asakaze kunyakaza kudlula
nezinzwa; kodwa lutho evimbela, ngisho nangemva lokhu ukusebenza kunyakaza
yangaphandle ukucabanga ukuthi ngaleyo ndlela ukuvuswa elingaphakathi
ezilinganiselwe ze.
Bernstein isikisela ukuthi kuncike umfutho ukuqhanyelwa Nakuba unimpaired
Ukhuthaza ngokusebenzisa izinzwa sezinzwa, kodwa amangqamuzana ganglion
ebuchosheni of zokuzala sipho ukumelana, esenziwa ngazo zonke inciphise amandla
kinetic of the air engena kubo isasasa ukuba ngezinga injabulo ngobungakho
okuyingxenye , - Yiba khona; kodwa lokhu angeke ukuma proportionality
wezindleko, okusakazwa ngokusebenzisa isasasa ubuchopho kanye ezintweni; the
umfutho kabili ngeke baphathe isasasa kabili lokungena nobuchopho kuyadamba
kabili oqhubekayo ngokufanayo, triple a kathathu; ukuthi asishintshi proportionality.
Bernstein ijula nakakhulu umbono wakhe lapho (akukho. 2 p. 177), ukuthi
ngokuyisisekelo ukubhujiswa the force eziphilayo excitation by the ukumelana
amaseli ganglion zobuchopho kuba, lokho lokujabulela kuncike. Nakuba Angazi
ngempela sasiyoba lo mbono, futhi singasilingisa phela lapha. Kodwa manje,
ukusetshenziswa konke ayeziphilisa force, lapho engena ezintweni ngobungakho
ebuchosheni, ubukhulu bayo ngokusho enikezwa ubukhulu abaphilayo force
ngokwayo iyoba, ie ngifuna nezitha ukwencika logarithmic of the inqubo
psychophysical ezintweni njengoba iyaqhubeka kancane, uma une inqubo
psychophysical in ukusetshenziswa lokuphila force, sengathi ufuna kuye self enjalo,
ubheka kafushane isitha funa aphinde wasiza. Ngisho Bernstein ufika kwakhe, sethu
uhluke ngendlela eyinqaba, buka kuphela ukuthi kunalokho kuphela executive
njengoba elithile umbono ngaye njengomahluleli ongenamizwa kuvinjelwe inombolo
elihlonishwayo, ukusetshenziswa energy kinetic, amaseli kune isamba
ukusetshenziswa ngokwalo amaseli bheka. (Zwa mayelana nombono Bernstein
ngaphansi XV.)
Ngiyasola kahle ukuthi ezindaweni physiology zanamuhla yokulinga namanje
kakhulu abakhona, okuyinto ngokuphathelene, kwaxoxiswana kulesi sigaba, umbuzo
ngabe kunjalo kodwa oyakungivuma eside kule ndawo isibe ngempela eziyinqaba,
futhi mina kuboniswe, esandulelweni , izizathu kude futhi ejulile nezanele hhayi
kuwo ukuba ngempela ngamakhasimende kuwo. Khonamanjalo, kufanele
ukucabangela kube isixhazululo njalo kuze kube seqophelweni odlule. Ngakho
okungenani kubonakala kimi nezilingo ezilandelayo, okusenzeka namanje
uzokhumbula kafushane, ngaphandle Yebo kahle ngokwanele ukuba akwazi ukubona

kufanele kube kabusha lesifanele isiqiniseko.

Exner udonsa kusukela uphenyo ebanzi 5) Abanye (p 24) Chile okulandelayo .:
"Uma ukushuba ukukhanya into a weJiyomethri kutfutfuka [yingakho logarithms
of the intensities in inchubekelembili arithmetical] ukwanda, kanjalo thatha umbono
ofanayo izikhathi kudingekile kutfutfuka arithmetical kusukela."

5)

Ngo s. Anh. "Mayelana ezidingekayo ukuze abhekane ukubona

isikhathi" in the umthamo 58th of the Vienna. Sitzungsber. 1868th
Wamukela ukuba yiqiniso kwalokhu isiphakamiso sokuba intensities ukukhanya
musa singeqi ethile (mayelana ukushuba a yisiphepho kwelanga ngqo white paper),
ukuqeda; futhi kuqashelwe p. 22 ukuthi kusobala elilingana ingxenye yokuqala
ukukhanya sigameko elihamba nethonya retina.
Manje ake amandla umuzwa, , ukushuba umfutho ukukhanya, ngokusekelwe
ngenani umbundu njengoba unit, t lapho, kusukela ekuqaleni isenzo ukukhanya
kwesikhathi, k owenziwa njalo, ukuze Kunoma yikuphi sifana ezothando
okulandelayo ngendlela elula, ngenhla isipiliyoni siphakamiso ngaphandle Yebo
ngokujwayelekile abonakale nguye, njengoba sonke izinguquko ezenziwe
ukuba t futhi nje njalo ngomqondo kuboniswe for the value efanayo
owanikwa kuyagcinwa:
= kt log
Okungukuthi, lapho lokujabulela y kwenzeka ngokuqondile umbundu, ukuthi iqala
abe sisifishane, kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele alinganayo, futhi yini
uyazisa tfuthi kungaphela; ngokusho isimiso umbhali. Kodwa ulwazi ingxenye
kulungiselelwa lokhu ukulingana ukuthi t ngokulingana inverse log ushintsho.
In an semthethweni eqhubekayo unomphela of the formula odlule ngaphezu
embundwini ngaphezu kwalokho unomphela kanye t sikhule kumele, kumele
angalindeli, kanye akukho Exner kudinga isigwebo sakhe ukuqedela. Ngoba once
yokwanda kanye isikhathi buthakathaka umfutho ubukhali is hhayi ngayo
formula;okwesibili, nezimangaliso uma proportionality of kanye t hhayi nje encane
kangaka t, woza kuka uvivinyo abafanele kuhlasela, kodwa linembile lapho
likhuluma. . Ake sithi, isibonelo esikhundleni t kwadingeka empeleni abeke
1- e - t, lapho e inombolo phansi logarithms yemvelo, kanjalo uya 1 - e - t for
amagugu encane kakhulu t zibe t, ngoba okukhulu ngeke lidlule Inani njalo 1.
Ngokuvamile, okungukuthi
okukuyo at amagugu
encane t sidebeselela kwamandla ombuso, Nokho, iwukuba amagugu enkulu t
kuyinto. Umphumela nesilinganiso formula yethu okuhlanzekile
sokufinyelela isimo sokugcina Yini ngabe.

Darin manje ukuthi in formula langaphambilini ratios logarithmic of incike,

kulingana ngabe yikuphi yokukala formula yethu, kodwa ekuqaleni ushiya ehlukile
ukuthi anazo us, in a draw; Kungenzeka ke in ingxenye psvchophysischen elula
yomsebenzi elingaphakathi, kodwa lokhu zincike logarithmically on the ezintweni,
futhi omunye angase acabange ukuthi emva kokuvumelana nezinye imizamo
iqhubeke Baxter 6) kwaba ukuba anqume ukuthi umphumela ngempela. Lezi
izivivinyo zithinta Okwamanje, lapho kudlula kusukela mzuzu lapho umlenze frog is
egxilile hlambulula sulfuric acid, futhi okwamanje lapho reflex esibangelwa
kushukumisa acid engena kwemisipha ukudikiza. Kwatholakala ukuthi ukwanda
interline in a kutfutfuka Jomethri, kanti amazinga iphesenti acid siwe i kutfutfuka
izibalo. Ngakho lapha umthetho ofanayo for the entry imisipha ukudikiza yini Exner
ezitholakele ukungena lokujabulela. Futhi ukuze ungase uthi: Kungakhathaliseki
ukuzwa, okuyinto ingekho ukuvela ucwaningo Baxter, the excitation nerve kumele
lenyuke ngamaphesenti umphumela yokugcina umfutho up kuphela iphuzu elithile
phambi ukusikwa kwemisipha iqala, futhi lezi nerve excitation kuyinto lokhu kuncike
logarithmically ezintweni ezishukumisa. Kodwa isasasa sezinzwa has kuphela
adlulisele kuze kube kwemisipha kushiya ukudikiza, futhi uma inhlonipho
Preyerschen ezama observation ezikhokhelwayo ilungile, kuyoba njalo lapha
usetshenziswe njengoba okusho ukuthi kwemisipha ukudikiza, akukho ngaphansi
kuka lokujabulela in ratios logarithmic ukujabula sezinzwa, kodwa emva kwalokhu
ukulinganisa elula kuncike ezintweni.
6)

kubika Saxon. Soc. d. Wiss. 1871 k. 31 Off.

X. wenqaba ukuba ongemuhle imizwelo amagugu. Amaphuzwakhe Ngaphezu

kwalokho embundwini (Delboeuf, Langer, Preyer).
Uma ubukhulu umfutho noma umsebenzi psychophysical, okuyinto esibangelwa
the umfutho ngezansi umbundu b uwela, owenza formula nesilinganiso kangaka
emva lokujabulela amagugu negative. Futhi ngisho ngonya on the semthethweni
yokukala formula yethu itholakala yonke indawo kwaholela kwemukelwa imizwelo
engemihle amagugu ngezansi umbundu, uma omunye evumela kuphela umthetho
umbundu ngokwalo, elalingase ngempela ahluke Magesetze Weberian futhi
logarithmic akhona; ngoba ngenkathi logarithmic Magesetz embundwini
edingekayo ukuze kulahlwe umthetho (Elem. II. 34), asisebenzi the reverse. Futhi
njengoba lokujabulela elula has lokujabulela umehluko; futhi ngamunye banamathele
umsebenzi psychophysical, umsebenzi ngaso sonke ngokwengqondo, ngoba lapho
umuntu embundwini ukhona, ziba nenani ngezansi umbundu negative. Kafushane,
umqondo embundwini psychophysical nemibi namagugu ngokwengqondo ngezansi
umbundu kukhona, okungenani mina bobabili ukuqonda nokuzwelana.
Empeleni, uma lokujabulela , ukuze Ekuqaleni banamathele kule, amagugu
abalulekile ngoba unembeza kuphela esingaphezulu ethile charm value b onqobayo
(noma umsebenzi psychophysical kanjalo kwabangela), futhi kwencika functional
ngezinga yalesi phezu ekhuphukayo ngokwayo liyaphuma unjalo kuyabonakala

ukuthi njengoba nje b is azifinyelelanga, kukhona okushodayo esiphelweni

lokujabulela, futhi, njengoba ubizwa ngokuthi sokuzika a shaft ngezansi ezingeni by
ukuphakama negative uyasazisa uma une emihle eseqile, uyobe ngokwemvelo futhi
lokho am ekufinyeleleni iphuzu kusukela lapho uthola lokujabulela kuphela
obonakalayo amagugu positive, namanje ulahlekile (akumelwe kudidaniswe nalokho
entula charm degrees adingekayo kule), kufanele nihluphe nge uphawu lokususa uma
lokho idlula kuye, igcwele isibonakaliso emihle, kufanele kube phakade, waqhubeka
ukuthola ukwencika ukusebenza lokujabulela ezintweni kulo esikalini
umfutho. 1) Manje kuba into, inani ibanga engemihle evela zero iphuzu ukuzwa noma
lushone omunye phakathi mass of the emihle ukusetha mayelana nokuqoqa in a
ithemba functional evamile amagugu okwenzekayo ngaphansi kucatshangwa
ubuqiniso uMthetho Weber sika by the formula nesilinganiso umfutho.
1)

Ngokuphambene nalokhu, uma amandla umuzwa kanye ukuphakama a wave uma

ziqhathaniswa akangaphezu ezingeni, kodwa ngaphezu komhlabathi, lapho icala
akukho umbundu, akukho uphonsa ngezansi phansi, ngakhoke kungaba akukho
emizweni negative.
A ngesilinganiso ngqo lokho entula esiphelweni sesimiso umuzwa, kodwa hhayi
ukwazi. Kodwa elithile formula yokukala siwumphumela izizathu ezibalo yokulinga
ngalo esilinganisweni emizweni lapho kahle idlule umbundu, ie zero ukubaluleka
ukuzwa esekelwe, futhi lokhu phetho ukuqonda ngaphansi. Ngakho, ukwazi
ukuwabamba futhi eqonda Inbegriffensein ongemuhle imizwelo amagugu nalo
exhunywe emihle kule formula efanayo neze qakala isipiliyoni kahle. Ngoba uma
kungenjalo kakade leyo umqondo omubi kanjalo isipiliyoni, futhi ungacacisa by
ubufakazi ngqo ukwazi nganoma iyiphi indlela, kangakanani entulekayo esiphelweni
umuzwa, kodwa emva enikezwa formula ezihlobene imizwelo engemihle umfutho
amagugu kangakanani entula amagugu umfutho okuyinto edingekayo zokuletha
omuhle, di Okuynqo, ukuncinza, kokubili okumane ezibalulekile akufanele
kudidaniswe. Kufanele ngempela senze ku psychophysics ulwazi ubuhlobo
obusebenzayo phakathi umsebenzi ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Kodwa lokhu
futhi, ukwazi ukuthi ucishe umuzwa siziswele izimo ngokomzimba khona, noma yini
okulingana okufanayo, kungakanani lesimo () kukhona, futhi yini okumele
izuzwe (b), kanjalo isimo uyaneliswa for isasasa zangempela. Uma manje formula
njengoba kufanelekile esimweni lesi sifo azifinyelelanga, njengoba ukuthi
ufinyelelwe, uthatha lokujabulela amagugu ngisho negative for the icala lokuqala,
ngesikhathi eqala positive yesibili, kanye degree of the icala elifanayo sokuqala hhayi
isimo akuphelele () ngokwayo, kodwa ungaphakathi ukwencika efanayo functional
zalo kunaleso umuzwa omuhle isimo lidlule.
Omunye akumelwe angazinaki iqiniso lokuthi ongemuhle ukubona amagugu
(njengoba nje akusiyo kuze - with = 0 droop) zihlale kuncike izikhathi emihle,
ezinika kuphela Ngokuqondene hhayi lokujabulela ngokwayo, kodwa charm noma
umsebenzi psychophysical, futhi kanjalo khona imizwelo engemihle uhlala esihlukile
ukungabikho umcimbi ukuzwa bebonke. Lokho kukhona okushodayo khona isasasa

emihle, kuncike, njengoba iye nje kwaphawulwa ezisebenza engqondweni ukuthi

kukhona okushodayo ukuhlangabezana isimo somzimba lapho lokujabulela uqala
ukubheka izinto ngombono omuhle; kodwa isimo akuphelele ukuba kodwa
kakade lapho, odinga kuphela ibhekwa nemfucumfucu imizwelo eyakhayo, kodwa
esikhundleni salokho uyakwazi ninike ozwa ibhekwa onjalo andersher izikhathi
zinikezwe, futhi ngisho ngaphandle ibhekwa isasasa abazi impumelelo ngokomzimba
e izinhlelo psychophysical ukukhiqiza onekhono, okuyizinto yesimo efanayo nalawo
enziwa yi-imigomo egcwele nemibandela emizweni bayazi. Kulaba izimo, indima
incike ukudlala imisebenzi psychophysical ngezansi embundwini okuthiwa ukuphila
lutho; Ngingathanda ke in ukucabangela imizwa nawe ezisebenza ezihambisana nako
ngokuthi yena imizwa equlekile, kulokho igama indlela ebaluleke lutho uma
kuyiqiniso, ebekiwe ukuqakatheka Inhloso imizwa engakhi, noma ngaphezulu
ngokuvamile ukumela izenzakalo negative ukwazi ngezansi umbundu ngaso sonke.
Kuphela ngesisekelo the mode of ukumelwa ukuthi ukusivumela in. uthi equlekile
yokuphila ngemilingo namanje isekhona a amasalela ngokomzimba (psychophysical) imibandela ukwazi ngezansi umbundu, ngaphandle kokuba abazi
ngokwayo, ezanele, njalo umehluko ocacile ithi equlekile of bayazi ukunqoba, kanti
Fort silondoloze ubuhlobo esiyimbangela Ngiyabona phakathi abazi ngokusebenzisa
equlekile ukuba kuqondwe ukuze kwengqondo kule ndaba zingabonisa awakwazi
ukudlula ikhiphe kanye psychophysics. Empeleni, lapho abazi umphefumulo
ukuphila okwesikhashana geschwundenen lwamazwe ukwazi (ubuthongo ithi)
wamiswa2), izimo ngokomzimba ukudlala kodwa waqhubeka okufanayo ngaphansi
kombundu ukuze asinde ubuhlobo esiyimbangela, futhi kwandisa game nokuvuka
emuva nje zibe ukwazi njengoba yawa ngezansi embundwini ngenkathi
ngilale. Kodwa into efanayo kuzo zonke ephila, kubhekwe okufanayo malungiselelo
akhethekile, njengoba zifakazela amaqiniso inkumbulo. Wonke amanye mode
wokukhulelwa, yini equlekile ithi uhlangothi abazi Ngakolunye equlekile (lapho
ukuhamba psychophysical buthule ngokuphelele), kukhona okuhlukile, kimi
kubonakala sengathi ngomqondo ovulekile akucacile.
2)

Abanye bathi Yebo, ukuthi kungenziwa ukugijima ngaphandle ubufakazi ethile

ukuthi lapho thina nje abakwazi ukukhumbula konke us) akukho ubuthongo
obungenamaphupho (. Kodwa kungaba njalo, ukuze cishe udidekile njalo dream
imibono kwakusazoba kancane ofanele fortzuerhalten ukuhlobana esiyimbangela
phakathi enengqondo ithi nokuvuka. Ngaphandle ukuncipha kancane kancane ukwazi
lapho esondela ubuthongo ungakwazi cishe eside kangaka ngisho nangokwengeziwe
bati, ukukholelwa ukunyamalala kwakhe ephelele ngamakhono full ubuthongo.
Kodwa ukuze bazibandakanye e kuwukuphikisana lomqondo, umuntfu ethi
"ukuqonda equlekile" psychischerseits hhayi isimo akuphelele yalo ukudida
ukuntuleka lokujabulela physischerseits, okungukuthi angachazwa ngokuthi umuzwa
equlekile ngokuchaza ngokwayo kunalokho yokugcina kunesokuqala ukuba kanjalo
ukusho umqondo palpable ukuba, kodwa ukuthi wayeyofika out of the umongo
lomqondo kanye ezidingekayo ukuze psychophysics umehluko phakathi side

ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba yokuphila.

By the way, lutho kuvimbela, kodwa ukucabanga equlekile for the game yomuntu
engokoqobo kahle ukwazi jikelele umoya wezwe, okuyinto at a kombundu aphansi
ukwedlula neqhaza womuntu, futhi, ngaphandle emibhalweni engiluzwayo zefilosofi,
ngiya ekupheleni izinto yami 45. Chap. ngisho imibono efanayo nature. Kodwa
psychophysics ayiqalanga nalabo ngaphambili ezikude kakhulu, imibono, kodwa
amaqiniso nakho nabantu nezinhlinzeko okuyizinto efanele for the Komuntu yokuthi
ngokwayo inkomba esiphethweni ngaphesheya umuntu futhi up ukunqoba; ngoba
abantu kodwa kungenzeka eqinisweni ukugcwaliseka ukwazi namanje into
abalahlekile, ngoba embundwini Komuntu ingakamiswa lwaluba isimo
psychophysical Nokho, lokho, ngokusho voraussetzliche izifunda, yaya embundwini
engezansi ukwazi jikelele is isipikili by. Nakhu Ngokuqinisekile ukwazi yonke
indawo amalungiselelo kuphela ngomqondo okukhulunywa, njengoba kunjalo
ukunikeza ubufakazi Komuntu.
Uma ufuna ukusho njengoba ngokwami umuzwa negative e ihlukile umuzwa zero
for the abalazi imihlola kodwa kuhlanganisa emizweni zibe yize, ukuze kokubili
kumele nombala ebekwe zero; kuba nje kokubili wazizwa uma kukhona; ngakho
lokhu untriftig njengalokhu isilinganiso ukuzwa unikezwa njengoba umsebenzi
izinga umfutho, kodwa kokubili amacala kakhulu ngokuphongoza ngokuphathelene
ubuhlobo phakathi lokujabulela futhi umfutho, ukuze imizwelo engemihle uma ngqo
okulingana kakade for ukwazi has a imizwelo zero, incazelo ehlukile for impilo
engokomoya, njengoba lokujabulela zero. Manje ungathola ezifiselekayo kuphela
uma lomehluko Maausdruck lokujabulela ngokwayo. Kwelinye phikisana
izilinganiso real, emihle, anokuhambisana ngendlela lokujabulela
Futhi, i zero value nokubaluleka omubi vector engaba a ijika njengoba umsebenzi
engela kuwo kukhona okulingana, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba babonise empeleni for
the one yimuphi ngaphezu for the abanye value appreciable, futhi kusamelwe
okumelwe ahlukaniswe. Ngomqondo ofanayo kodwa value null nokubaluleka
negative kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa umuzwa; kanye ukuphikisa zezibalo ukuba
umahluko yokugcina ayethandana naye ukuhlangabezana yangaphambili. Mayelana
nokusetshenziswa isibonakaliso negative in mathematics for an icala fanekiso,
omunye futhi lokujabulela emibi kungaba njengoba okuhle njengoba kwenzeka ne
negative engaba vector, ukuletha ngaphakathi umqondo iplanethi.
Ngokulinganayo untriftig kuka ukuphakamisa ukuphikisa kusukela vorigem izici,
kungaba ukusho esimweni akuphelele for umuzwa for me at the imizwa engemihle
akhona; kodwa lokho kwakuyohlanganisa futhi i ukuzwa akuphelele luhambisane
Nokho, ukuyihlangabeza ngemva kwami iplanethi, ukuzwa ngisho nhlobo, lowo
ngesikhathi esiphelweni sesimiso kukhona okushodayo. Khonamanjalo, kufanele
ukuphakamisa lokhu sokuvimba ngesikhathi eyedlule esifanayo isibonelo
esilandelayo elula.
The ngokomzimba emini ekukhazimuleni H ingasetshenziswa njengendlela
umsebenzi ilanga ukuphakama h yi formula isono h zibhekwa kulinganiswa. Ake
sithi kwakungeke kube umkhathi kunesimo ngabe ngisho icala ilanga eZanzibar

ngezansi emkhathizwe, noma imisebe babonakalisa phezulu, kanjalo uqale ukugqama

kuphela uma h idlula ukubaluleka zero, futhi sonke ekujuleni kwelanga ngezansi
emkhathizwe ofana nika ubumnyama ngokuphelele; kodwa ngabe amagugu H, kuye
amagugu ezahlukene - h nezimiso ezahlukene isono - h = - isono h zenzeka. Futhi
ngubani ngeke sithi, uma ilanga sesisondele kusukela ejulile yayo ukwazi ngezansi
emkhathizwe emkhathizwe, ngisho isimo ongaphelele emini ukukhanya ukhona,
ngaphandle ngisho into kancane ngokwalo ukhona ngoba namanje kunalokho at
isiphelo sako kukhona okushodayo.
Uma isitofu sensimbi uyabaselwa, ithwala yimuphi degree of bafudumale at
kancane ukuze uthole amapuleti yakhe ukuba ngokuvutha ebonakalayo, kodwa iqala
kuphela uma ethile ukushisa kungavunyelwana, bese lukhula ngamandla ne degree of
bafudumale. Again, akukho kukhanya obonakalayo more kusukela isimo ongaphelele
annealing.
Abanye uvusa imali ekwakheni indlu, kodwa nje isiqala ukuze lapho isamba ethile
ndawonye. Omunye kungaba izibonelo ezingenakubalwa kwenqwaba uhlobo, lapho
zifakazela ukuthi isimo ongaphelele into neze eyanele yonke indawo, ngisho abanye
ukuletha kusukela into into yangempela noma baphathe; Kunalokho okuphambene
kungenzeka zezibalo sifana real; futhi kanjalo kufanele sibheke isipiliyoni kanjani
isimo kwangempela. 3)
3)

Volkmann uye kakhulu cogent wenza ephepheni ukuthi Angikhumbuli ukucaphuna

Darwin wagomela ukuthi z rudiment. B. iphiko, ngoba ngalo sesifikile ngengozi once
in the course of the kwemvelo nezidalwa, izidalwa in umbuzo namanje ayengase nika
ngalutho ukulondolozwa kwemvelo futhi ukunqoba kwako emzabalazweni khona
ngokumelene ezinye izidalwa, kuhlanganise inqubekela ukuqeda iphiko enkambweni
olwengeziwe izizukulwane hhayi amandla kwakuyinzuzo elafika kuphela iphiko
ephelele kwenzeke.
Le yangaphambilini kubalulekile kuphela esonta eth ukuhluka kancane, incazelo
efana neyami izakhi zami (ikakhulukazi Ihlelo le-18.) Eminyakeni negative nombono
amagugu, futhi yini kancane mina ukuhoxisa manje namanje bengazitholi
izizathu. Nokho, umuntu kumelwe ukuba wathola ngokuphindaphindiwe
ngokomthetho ingxenye kulesi sitatimende aphumelela, ngokwengxenye kusebenza
ukuphikisa zezibalo kuso, ngokwengxenye brokered enkundleni yokulinga
yomthetho abasafufusa, yawashalazela lezi zizathu, futhi wayefuna ngenxa yalokho
nesilinganiso formula yami ukuba kubekwe ezinye amafomula okungekho equkethwe
embundwini ngakhoke bathola akukho emizweni negative. Ngakho kuyinto Plaeau,
Brentano, Delboeuf, Langer 4) kwenzeke, futhi ikakhulukazi lapho kukhona Delboeuf
futhi Langer; okuye kwakhulunywa ngaso nobunzima alale nomuntu ezithile
esithile. Lapha okushiwo kwalo Impendulo yami nalokho.
4)

Nakuba Brentano ngisho akukho formula, kodwa kulandela enjalo ngaphandle

abasafufusa kusukela imisebenzi ebekwe kwakhe imithetho. Langner formula

iqukethe ngegama (by Langner igama) a embundwini, kepha wona ayihambisani

umcabango wami we okufanayo. (vlg. O. namazwi alandelayo ngezansi).
The Ukuthinta lomqondo kanye Mathematical, Delboeuf uthi (EL P 17 ..):
"Ngemva Fechner awukghoni umuzwa ezibuthakathaka kakhulu, yimuphi has
novalo."Ukuze anikeze isimemezelo esinjalo Kusobala ukuthi kwenzeka kimi,
njengoba iqukethe mina kuwukuziphikisa ngokoMthetho. - Delboeuf siqhubeka sithi
(ET P 17 ..): "Asikwazanga ukuzibamba ukulahla imizwa engemihle, a priori, ngoba
emizweni kukhona okuthile okudingekile futhi ngoba igama elithi" umqondo omubi
"akunangqondo." Yebo, uma une umbhedo (uyaqonda, kodwa Angiqondile ukuthi
nguye, uma balithole okungenhla sense Man bephakamise kodwa hhayi amagama,
kodwa incazelo okuyiqiniso amazwi, ngalo yonke indawo. udinga kule ndawo entsha,
ukuze singathwesi kahle.
Delboeuf eliyosenza (et. P. 18) ngomqondo Yebo, lokujabulela okuhambelana a
value zero we umfutho, libhekisela zero ngoba akukho umuzwa lapha, eqinisweni,
ngokuphelele abakhona Nokho, nesilinganiso yami formula ukubaluleka zero ka
lokujabulela eqondiwe Inani ezilinganiselwe of the umfutho kuhlobene, ngoba
ukubaluleka zero ye umfutho on lokujabulela efanayo - khona. Kodwa mina mean
ke by nesigcino izingxoxo, okuyinto ekhonjiwe ukuba waphendula ngokwanele,
emva value ukuzwa okuhambelana a value zero we umfutho, okuyinto ngalokhu
ngokuphelele entula yimbangela ukuncinza, kusukela amagugu zero ka lokujabulela
in a ezilinganiselwe umfutho amagugu ukusebenza okumelwe ahlukaniswe. Delboeuf kwenza nangobudlova ngazo ungakwazi bayeke ukuqala i abscissa noma
thermometer esikalini, phikisana ngokumelene ukwamukelwa zero iphuzu umuzwa
ngesikhathi esithile umfutho amagugu; ngenkathi kodwa empeleni khona ubukhulu
lokujabulela akufani njengoba nganoma yisiphi ngokungenasizathu eziguquguqukayo
zezibalo kanye nesikali ngokomzimba, by lokujabulela zenzeka ngempela kuze othile
amagugu umfutho, di idlula value zero. Acatshangelwe mathematics okuhlanzekile
out sizokwazi njalo formula for ubudlelwano psychophysical yisiphi ngaphezu for
yimuphi lokho ezinye ratios Okuynqo noma obenze noma ukuphikisa, ngaphandle
kokuba umuntu waveza kuwukuziphikisa noma ebezibhekwa kulokho Delboeuf
Akenzanga.
Khonamanjalo Delboeuf igcina ukuphikisa yayo ukuba inhliziyo ongemuhle
amagugu ethu ayisisekelo kangaka ezinamandla ukuthi ufuna ukuba babalekele ukuze
ukusho kubomvu, kuhlanganise nokwenza umhlatshelo ngezingane embundwini, ngo
amafomula yayo; emva kwalokhu ngo indatshana yakhe yokuqala (etud ..) Formulas
sisungula esake kuholele negative umuzwa amagugu, okwesibili yayo nowesithathu
(theor. kanye IsAm) Nakuba inhliziyo negative amagugu statuiert kanye emihle,
kodwa ngomqondo ohlukile kakhulu kunami, by hhayi imaginary noma ulahlekile
imizwa, kodwa imizwa uhlamvu engemihle phezu kwalabo kwesimo emihle, ezifana
abandayo ukufudumeza, black Ukuqhathanisa white, athule ngokumelene umsindo
uyaqonda, futhi bobabili emizweni ngaphansi formula efanayo kuletha (30 theor
p..); lokho futhi ngenkathi Ngicabanga baye bazwakalisa ngokwami kakade
ngokwanele.

Ngemva kwalokho, siphendukela ukuphikisa Langer sika. Ukuthi eliyisisekelo

zezibalo ukuphikisana Langer (p. 51) ukuvukela negative imizwa amagugu yami
eliyisisekelo iphutha IiMbalo, ngicabanga ngokwanele nje ukuthi ngabe
ibonisiwe. YaKhe, ehambisana lokhu okubonakala, abheka ngayo Ukuthinta, yena
statuiert, njengoba kuphawuliwe ngaphambili, a embundwini umuzwa ayo futhi
equlekile, kodwa hhayi negative, emizweni iplanethi ngezansi
embundwini; kunalokho emizweni nje "emizweni elincane zincane kakhulu ukungena
ngqo ukwazi", kukhona "njalo omuhle umfutho futhi umuzwa kukhona zero
kanyekanye" futhi "sifana embundwini ngokwayo kuye ngezansi embundwini
umuzwa senhloko positive , kungenzeka lawo elabiza by Wundt embundwini
ukuzwa, futhi lapho uthi imizwa kumelwe ukuba lidlule lokhu embundwini uma
kukhona ukuba babe bayazi ngqo, okungukuthi, uma kufanele kungenzeka ukubeka
khona zabo ngokushesha nabanye emizweni ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi obuhlakani
ubuhlobo. " - Manje Kwangathi la malungiselelo ukuze Langers indlela ebona
abasafufusa, unembeza, kobuthongo, kufanelekile, kanjalo Nokho wehlelwe I
kungani mina kufanele give up umbono wami ngendlela imigomo efanayo, zona
zehlukile,. Kusukela I contiguously ukuthola umbono walo okuhlukile a Untriftigkeit
zezibalo, futhi lokho ezikushoyo ukuhlwitha neither ukucaciseleka ngokushesha,
ngisho nalabo e kwami elibanzi ecacile uyazi ukuthi ukuhumusha lokho I
ungaphumelela kungabikho view ngaso sonke, lapho angakhuluma ukhona emizweni
positive ngezansi embundwini ,
Empeleni, uma angikwazi ukubona lokhu ukunakekela eqondile insimu
lokujabulela umuzwa (noma ukungaboni ngaso linye okucatshangelwayo)
ngokuphelele, naphezu ukuthi izinkinga ezingokomzimba for lokhu ngoba kunjani
langempela, embundwini engqondweni yami, ngakho baqonde I, like awukwazi
ukusho ukuthi kodwa encane (owodwa noma Umehluko) ukuzwa kukhona ukuthi
ngeke ungakwazi ukuqhathanisa nabanye; kubonakala kimi imigomo ngokuphelele
ezingaqondakali. Ngokungangabazeki, kuba khona omunye zenani ngokwengqondo,
kepha kwaba khona, awukhumbuli ke ukuqhathanisa naye nabanye; Kodwa lezi
amacala lapho engazange ukunakwa sibhekiswe wokuqala noma amkhohlwe Nokho,
iqiniso embundwini umuzwa wethu uma omunye igxile endaweni umbuzo idonsela
ukunakekela, ngokushesha ibuza uma okuthile uhlobo, okungokukaNkulunkulu kule
ndawo, esiyitholayo, futhi kumelwe ngisho ukuthi ungabona lutho.Amafomula My
yilo umqondo umbundu kanye nokuntuleka lokujabulela, uma umfutho ngezansi
umbundu, cishe njengoba ncazelo ngaphansi; therefor kuthiwa
esemthethweni; Ngakho sikhuluma ngesikhathi esizayo of ukuzwa ngisho
Usekhona; lapho naphezu ke wakuqondisa lutho esiyitholayo kubo, ukuze Yebo
bengakwamukeli amafomula yami umuzwa onjalo; futhi ngabe uthole amafomula
isitha ngalo uvumelane izincazelo kanye nesipiliyoni ngesikhathi esifanayo, wenza
esingakanani labo wayefuna okungenani, babeyothola emayini akuphikisani, kodwa
kuphela nezinye kwencazelo ngokuhambisana
ngokungaguquki. uhunyushwe.Kuyinto kodwa mina umqondo ocacile khona kanye
ukungabikho ukuzwa ngaphansi ezifanele for izimo Konstatierung kakhulu
ngilahlekelwe, uma kungenjalo iphathwe ngendlela odlule, futhi kulula ukuthola

kangaka ukudideka noma akucacile uphonsa ndawonye ukuzwa engqondo kanye

ngokomzimba yayo isimo ezingase kakade kuyohlale kuntula ngoba
angegebenermaen lapho lokujabulela uqobo ngomqondo ngenhla, akukho
lapho. Futhi wokudideka okunjalo kubonakala kimi ukuba abe khona lapha
nalaphaya.
Phela, lokhu okulandelayo ukusebenza isibonelo amezwabo kungaba nomthelela
ocacile more ncazelo nekutfutfuka kwelizinga izimo nomthelela lapha mhlawumbe.
Uyazi kahle, ngoba lapho icala futhi ngenxa yalokho izici nginikela ncazelo yami
yokuntula ukuzwa njengoba eliyisisekelo futhi uthathe ukuqedela. Ngingaba
emizweni endaweni inikezwe noma ngingenalo, ngaphandle kokwazi nakanjani
kamuva ukuthi nganginakho noma cha kwadingeka, ngoba ezindlebeni zami
wawunje hhayi ngokwanele umatasa ukuze washiya nemiphumela yayo. Imizwa
enjalo futhi emizweni abakwazi ukunikeza noma yimuphi ngaphezu for the
psychophysics Anhalt ukuba amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo, njengoba kwezinkanyezi
nesayensi khona noma non-khona star endaweni akenze omunye ukwedlula isikhathi
observation sakhe ngqo. Ingabe it, kodwa, kumele kuphawulwe khona noma nonkhona kanye nemibandela khona umuzwa in a yalendawo futhi, ezimweni ezifanele,
ukubazi ukwencika umbono Kulezo zimo, kuyiqiniso ukuthi ukunakwa ngaphansi
kwalezi zimo, khona ukuba umahluleli, bese ngithi mina sengathi kulezi zimo, noma
angabi, kuye ngokuthi I lutho ngakho uphawule noma awuboni; futhi mina baphetha
ngokuthi lokujabulela ngisho uma ngikwenza ukunakekelwa hhayi ikakhulukazi
ekulahleni ukunakwa, lo ubudlelwano elingokomthetho ukuncika ukuthi
ngangingakwazi bagcine njalo, uyolandela, njengalokhu ezingeni ukunakwa alibonisi
it, ithonya, okuyinto ngokwayo kuyindaba eyakusho. Yiqiniso, manje sengiyakwazi
bengazitholi izizathu ukukhuluma khona umuzwa ngaphansi kwezimo lapho ngaleso
sikhathi wakuqondisa, lapho ngiphawula akekho lokhu uma iqondiswa, ngakho
bagxila ukunakwa, kanjalo, uma umfutho kuyinto encane kakhulu, ngakho ngezinye
zonke khona umuzwa ezimweni ezinjalo ngeke vuma.
Ngokuzimisela enjalo amagama for the ebaluleke kakhulu observation ratios
psychophysics ukuwa ukufunisela ngalokho ukwazi obizwa ingasekho nhlobo, futhi
konke kugcinwa ngaphakathi Aufzeiglichen, kude kangaka ngaso sonke ngamazwi
into angabonisa ngaphakathi. Kafushane, Ngibiza ukuzwa ngaquleka enjalo, ukuba
into ogama khona entulekayo Nokho, kuyinto isimo akuphelele ngokomzimba ngoba
lokhu kukhona. Kodwa ngabe into yaleli akupheli noma engekho, ngicabanga
kunqunywa izitatimende odlule. Ngisho kanye kokuma ezifanele umehluko
kunemibono umbuzo ukuthi onjalo izimo kukhona noma cha kukhona, ngokusho
observation zamanje kulezi zimo lapho eqondisa ukunaka ukuphendula; ngalokhu
iqiniso khona nokungabi khona enqunywe ngokushesha yalo. Khonamanjalo,
kokuma bafundisa ngokwakhe ukuthi ukuziphatha lomthetho emizweni umehluko,
kanjalo, kunqunywa Unterschiedsmaformel futhi Anhalt at isiphelo sesimiso
ukuziphatha elingokomthetho umehluko lokujabulela, ebanjwa kuphela kude kangaka
njengoba ithonya variable ukuthi ukungaqiniseki inkumbulo lubandlululo kanye
yesikhashana indawo yezingxenye umehluko babonakalisa iqiniso lokujabulela
umehluko ziyancipha futhi iqedwe uma kungenzeka esebenzisa Ecaphuna iningi

ucwaningo nokuphikiswa ucwaningo kanye okuphambene indawo kwendawo

nezesikhasana, njengoba kuxoxwa eSigabeni 5; owawuthi ukucabangela jikelele
mayelana nomphumela oqeda amandla inkumbulo on the Konstatierung imithetho
yethu, iye okukholakala lapha zaziphathelene, iyoba esiphelelwe.
Phela 'Ngicabanga ngeke ukuqoqa bonke ubunzima lomqondo noma ezibonakala
inhloso, ubunjalo engithe kuphela ongabona kusengaphambili Ngeke kuphi.Against
abanye ukuthi ezifika engqondweni ngangokunokwenzeka, I uphawule okulandelayo
kusengaphambili.
Umuntu ngeke wenqabe uma ncazelo yami ukuthi mina bayavuma ukuthi zingaba
khona umuzwa mkhulu kunomunye, ngaphandle ukuthi mina ukuphawule, uma
umehluko mncane kakhulu, ngalokhu bayavuma ukuthi kukhona kungaba into
imizwa ngoba engikwenzayo ngeke isaziso. Kodwa kukhona enye into, umehluko
phakathi emizweni ezimbili uphawule futhi babe nemizwa ezimbili
ezahlukene. Ngingasho ukuthi sengisele nezinyo elilodwa ngakho nje ukuthi mina
ezinye; kubo kodwa ukuqhathanisa, baqonde ukungezwani kwawo, isenzo esisha
ukwazi Kuyothi, the subject izimo zakhe eziyizici psychophysical; nokuthi
umsebenzi psychophysical kumele idlule ingxenye ethile ukuze imibundu yabo,
ngakho mina umuzwa elula, isilinganiso imisebenzi emibili psychophysical kumele
abe maqondana ethile yaya embundwini isilinganiso idlule ukuze ngikwazi uphawule
umehluko phakathi ezimbili wangibona emizweni.
Manje ungase uthi, kahle, uma ngingaba umehluko imizwa ezimbili kimi,
ngaphandle kokuba bakwazi umqaphele, kanjalo Ngiyazithanda umuzwa elula kimi
ungaba ngaphandle kokuba bakwazi ukuqaphela kubo. - Kodwa uma i-oda
ingasaphathwa eyabantu into njengoba ezikhona ezingasetshenziswa kuyabonakala
njengoba kukhona nhlobo izindlela ezikhona, futhi ngaleyo ndlela a ezinkulu
ezingenakuqondakala kufanele sithi anginaye ukuzwa umehluko uma ngingakwazi
isaziso esinjalo lutho, naphezu ukuthi umehluko umfutho yilo: ngizobuya futhi
bakwazi ukusho ukuthi anginazo ukuzwa elula, uma ngingakwazi isaziso esinjalo
lutho, naphezu ukuthi isicelo elula kukhona. Omunye umehluko phakathi imizwa
ngokuqinisekile icala lokuqala khona, kodwa ngomqondo Unterschiedsmaformel
njengoba negative ngezansi embundwini; futhi kanjalo icala lesibili ngaphakathi
okushiwo formula nesilinganiso umuzwa khona, kodwa liphinde nje negative
ngezansi umbundu, ekufikeni kwabo ukuze kunalokho into abalahlekile, njengoba
ukuthi into omuhle kwaba khona. Ngicabanga ukuthi konke lokhu nje enengqondo
futhi njalo ngokoMthetho enqunyiwe amalungiselelo eziyisisekelo.
Ukuze isayensi ngamunye ocwaningayo, kubalulekile ukuqala ngokushesha elula
amaqiniso observation njengoba eliyisisekelo, lezi libhekisela ecacile neqinile futhi
ukusungula e inhlanganisela yako circuiting. Kunezinguquko eziyinhloko amaqiniso
psychophysical ukubona ngqo yilezi: 1) ukuthi angikwazi isaziso reflection on a
insimu isasasa owanikwa a lutho umuzwa, uma umfutho kuyinto encane kakhulu
futhi abakwazi ukubona lutho kusukela umehluko ukuncinza, uma umehluko
umfutho kuyinto encane kakhulu; 2); ukuthi ngaphesheya iphuzu (umbundu iphuzu)
ngaphesheya lapho lokujabulela umehluko isihlobo ukuzizwa ukuba luhluke iqala,

okufanayo isihlobo umfutho ekukhuleni umehluko nge ezintweni. Ngokuba

esifushane iqiniso lokuqala ngithi, njengoba ngishilo, ukuthi akudingeki ngibe i
ukuzwa lula noma umehluko uma ngiyithanda abakwazi ukubona lutho kuwo
ngokucabanga lokujabulela insimu ezifanele; inhlanganisela iqiniso ngowokuqala
wesibili kodwa ngivumele Ukucabanga kodwa zithi umehluko emizweni kungenzeka,
yini ngiphawula lutho kodwa umehluko ukuzwa ngaphandle umphumela ofanayo
kuholela kuso, ukukhuluma ngemizwa njengoba ekhona, okuyinto uphawule lutho
ishiya. Ngoba kuza emizweni elula, esiyikho into zokucathula, last ezindaweni
ukwazi.
Uma umuntu efuna ukuba athi: Ngoba lapho Fechner ukhuluma emizweni ngezansi
umbundu, imizwa engakhi, imizwa equlekile, konke okulingana kuphela libhekisela
amabanga kusukela iphuzu lapho umuzwa uqala ukuba nemizwa encane
ngokuphawulekayo emihle kakade lapho, kodwa kuphela ngeke waphawula, ukuze
angikwazi ukuyeka it; Kuphela kimi kubonakala sengathi nje eyize njengoba
akucacile for umqondo, futhi akashintshi in the izimo okuyiqiniso njengalezo
kushiwo ngami.
(P 52.) Langer manje uthi ngempela ukuthi wenze indlela amacala okulungile
nokungalungile eqinisweni ezincane positive umehluko emizweni ngezansi
embundwini eyafakazelwa in a kancane ukwakhiwa nzima kakhulu, uthi: Le ndlela
kusekelwe eqinisweni 'ukuthi lokujabulela umfutho umehluko encane, okuyinto
ayenzeki ngqo ukwazi, neither zero noma negative, kodwa othile oqondile zenani
elincane, okuyinto kwagcizelela amathonya in the Ukubona lokhu ukucasuka
umehluko encane ngekucaphelisisa eziningi, futhi ogama ukhona ngaleyo ndlela
wafakazela in the kakhulu lokhu . " - Kodwa kanjani? Ngemva isethulo yami Elem. l.
247, lapho ngithola nilenze zibe yize by Langers ukuboniswa ebukhali, umehluko
umfutho, amathonya of observation in ukuthi indlela ngezansi embundwini ukuthi
ngeke wazizwa kanjalo, ngakhoke kungaba kungakhathaliseki ukuthi mincane
kangakanani positive umehluko ukuzwa uqobo, kanjalo iyakhula, ie umehluko
ehambisana imisebenzi psychophysical lenyuke ukuze embundwini lidlule futhi
ibizwa kanjalo wazizwa, lo kalula ezingasho njalo, lo mkhulu uyena, ngoba yena-ke
isidingo ezincane kangaka abalwazi ukukhula ukuze idlule embundwini. Indlela
kusekelwe kulesi sisekelo. Langer Yiqiniso, libhekisela namathonya in the
observation ngokushesha ekuqiniseni kakade asebezifinyelele kakade nguye njengoba
ukuzwa okwamanje kancane, kodwa engafanele uma psychophysics
ukusebenzisa. Ngoba uma kwangemva kokufa lokujabulela umehluko umsebenzi
isihlobo umfutho umehluko noma isilinganiso ukuhluthuka, ushintsho ukuzwa
kuphela ngokushintsha amathonya umfutho noma imisebenzi psychophysical
kungaba ngaphansi kwemigomo; kodwa ukuthi umuzwa encane ngezansi umbundu
ngaphandle kwethonya abalwazi of observation kwaba kakade lapho, nje kuphela
Langers imfuneko, hhayi balokhu kucatshangwa.
Ngaphandle ngokucacile eyafakazelwa Delboeuf futhi Langer, izejwayezi kungaba
ngisithande ngaleli cala elandelayo.
Kungenzeka ukuthi umuntu imizwa for the umsindo jikelele nsuku zonke ukuze

one ucabanga ngisho nalapho unezinkinga ukunakekela eziseduze ukuzwa into

oyishoyo ngokwakho: kuba ethule kakhulu kodwa uma umsindo nsuku zonke, ie
isimo somzimba yalo, akabuyi njengelungelo athule Ukwanda uzizwa. Kungenzeka
ukuthi omunye, wagcwalisa kanye izinto odorous, air uye sesinomkhuba ukuze sisho
lutho ukuhogela ngisho nalapho isiqondiso ukuliqaphela, nokho, lapho niza a khulula
kusukela izinto odorous emoyeni, njengoba lenyuka ukuhlanzeka bazizwa. Ngakho,
ungase uthi, kwadingeka futhi kuqala uma umuzwa ukuzwa, icala lesibili kwadingeka
lokujabulela iphunga.
Kodwa uma mina ukuma Isibonelo sokuqala, ababuthaka, njengoba umsindo nonakukho nsuku zonke akukho ukuhlinzekwa ukwazi kwami ukuthola kimi ukuthi mina
bona njengoba isasasa ukuzwa, ukuze mina nabo by ncazelo yami yokuqala uma nje
yesibili uma ngenxa khona inkulumo enjalo, futhi call ngempela kakhulu acabange
lokuqala njengoba isimo yesibili njengoba isimo uthule, di ukungabikho lokujabulela
sokuzwa; uma ngingakukhumbuli Nokho bazizwa umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinto
zombili ithi, ngakho akuyona umehluko phakathi imizwa emihle ukuthi akuzona
Kunalokho khona, kodwa umehluko phakathi ithi ezihlobene ukuzwa endaweni
General ukwazi, lapho akhona. Ngokulinganayo okungukuthi, njengoba nami
ngokoMthetho yokuqatjhwa ukwazi umphakathi endaweni inikezwe, ie isiqondiso
ukunakwa, uma kwenzeka ezintweni ezehlukene ngenhla umbundu lokujabulela
umehluko angaba ukuthi kusukela imizwa emibili emihle ukuthi zero, embundwini
iphuzu, ezingaphezu yokudlula kuka the Andre, - it has kuphela isilinganiso
umehluko we ezintweni ukuba enkulu ngokwanele ukuba - I can with ezintweni
ezimbili ngezansi embundwini yami, ihlobene kanjani nendaba umbuzo, ukuqwashisa
jikelele lokujabulela umehluko kufanele ukuthi ukufeza zero iphuzu ukuzwa
ezindaweni athintana umphumela elingekho ngaphezu komunye, okuyinto (hhayi
enomsindo njengoba buthaka) selivela kwathula okukhulu in Tongebiete;kufanele
njalo futhi nje kuphela ukuthi isilinganiso umehluko ezintweni ngezansi embundwini
ukuba enkulu ngokwanele ukuba benze kanjalo. Yebo, athule leli gama ngabe
esimweni sethu ngisho akukho mqondo, uma ungafuni ukuba siqonde umuzwa wethu
obucwathile. Nokho, Ngoba lutho angeke ngisho sibe sikhulu ukwedlula ezinye
izikhathi, kungase kube okuthile ngisho kunabanye izikhathi, njengoba in ingcebo
ezikweletini okukhulu, indlela yokufinyelela iphuzu uma omunye okunye abuye
kuyo.
Omunye kungaba baphikisa ngokuthi ngisho esimweni lapho sidonswa hhayi
iqondiswe Tongebiet, kodwa wazizwa kwathatha athule okukhulu, yebo, ukunakwa
kungenziwa iqondiswe by the Tongebiet. Kodwa zonke umfutho endaweni inikezwe
ikhanga akuphumelelanga, imisebenzi psychophysical ngezinga elithile; ihlukanisa
ibe umsebenzi ethile ekusakazeni ezintweni, futhi has kuphela embundwini ethile
idlule kunoma iyiphi indawo owanikwa waqonda njengoba bebheke kulo
mkhakha.Ngisho ngaphezu ezintweni kodwa ukunakwa ikhangwa by umfutho
umehluko, kokuqhathanisa, ukuze lokhu kungenziwa futhi by the soguquko athule
okukhulu.
Kulandelwe noHezekeli, kunalokho ababekucabanga, ngokusho cwaka alula
ezazikhona ngaphansi kwethonya a umfaniswano okuqhubekayo ezibuthakathaka

kakhulu ngosuku umsindo for lokujabulela, kwezinye izimo luqine, it been

ngaphandle ukuthula ngaphambilini gone futhi ngezansi umbundu, kungase kube
ukuthi ukucasuka luyanda ngokwanele kusengaphambili ukuthula odlule nje kuphela
lehla athule ibonwa, kodwa ukuthi umsindo manje waqonda ngempela njengoba
nomsindo.
Siqaphela manje bakutshele ukuthi icala uwa cha bukeka badidekile by amafomula
zethu out; kunalokho ayekuhlosile lezi amafomula icala wawuyohlala ingamboziwe
okwenzeka ngaphandle kwalo.
Empeleni, sisondela ekupheleni weft lapha Unterschiedsmaformel acabangele,
kungokwalabo kuye ukuze abone umehluko phakathi ezintweni ezimbili , ,yokuthi
isilinganiso ezintweni ukuze umehluko wabo, ngakho-ke, short-j, osayizi abathile
senhloko ukuthi isilinganiso umbundu v kabi. Ake , kokubili Ngakho bobabili
encane kakhulu futhi ngezansi umbundu, ukuze ungakwazi kodwa
ngokuvamile maqondana eziqinile kangaka abe encane, lokho kuba; futhi
isizathu Okuwukuphela bubanti empeleni hhayi enkulu ngoba esifundeni umqondo
ngamunye ukusho kakade ubhekwe umsebenzi othile psychophysical ngaphandle
stimulation njengoba icala, lapho, lapho ezibangelwa ezintweni express ngokwabo
ngezansi umbundu. An akupheli angeke kwenzeke kithi ngoba kwalokho angeke
kube null kithi. Nokho, Uma kwenzeka, akuyona umehluko isihlobo phakathi
ezintweni ezimbili ezingaphansi abasafufusa yayo enkulu ngokwanele, kuyothiwa
kancane wazizwa sengathi ingenkulu ngokwanele phakathi ezintweni ezimbili
ngenhla kombundu yayo.
Ngakho, nakuba, ukuba abe Kuyavunywa nge ezintweni elula ngezansi
embundwini akukho esilinganisweni singakanani ayinalo ukufezwa ukuzwa elula
ukuqaphela ngokwayo, umehluko phakathi ezintweni ezimbili ezilandelanayo
ungaxhumana nathi embundwini a ezindaweni isasasa inikezwe, kuba ezahlukene
ngobukhulu ngokwanele, kodwa alethe ukwazi ukuthi umuntu angabona ngaphezu
abanye ziyashoda it. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi thina ukuhlukanisa athule okukhulu e
Tongebiete lwenhlanzeko okukhulu emoyeni ezindaweni iphunga, ukuthi sizizwa
sisekhaya kakhulu, ensimini lapho ukunaka kwethu isekelwe, nakuba ucishe
esiphelweni umuzwa entulekayo kulo.
Ngo izakhi ngangiphethe umbuzo sendlela ahumushe icala , ,
kokubili
ngezansi embundwini kodwa uma esebusa embundwini isilinganiso isethwe a
ukuphoxeka ethile, lapho sengizuze lapha cogent kunalezo (Elem. II. 101) ukuba
nokholo.
On the odlule ngikholelwe Preyer Ungahlanganyeli lapho ethi (in s ukuncika "on
the imikhawulo okuqonda umsindo" p 67 ..): "Mina bazabalaze it [ie ngokumelene
Fechner] ukuthi njengoba nje umsebenzi psychophysical wokubona Icala
ngokuvamile akukho yangaphandle umsindo umfutho ngenhla umbundu, nokuthi

ukunikeza lokujabulela ukuthula, okuhambelana ngokuphelele lokujabulela

okuthiwa. Black lapho ukukhanya-uphawu iso noma ebumnyameni. Ngendlela
efanayo njengoba black Umdwebo lokujabulela esisemqoka, iyona ikhefu umculo
ukuzwa esisemqoka. " - In support yalo kwenza Preyer uthi zangaphandle
nezangaphakathi umsindo ezintweni zihlale abakhona. - Impela, I mean kuphela
ukuthi kahle kanjalo kungase kube ngezansi kuka ngenhla embundwini
esibekiwe; umthetho abasafufusa ngempela lokuthi yangaphambili kungenzeka kube
icala. - Ngaphezu kwalokho: "ukuthi umuzwa uthule [Silence] by the non-ukulalelwa
kwaba ngokuphelele ezahlukene [Eg ngomunwe.]." Kodwa umbono wami kodwa
ukuthi thina isiqondiso ukunakekela esifundeni sokuzwa kukhona siqaphele uma
ukulalela awunazo self. - Ngaphezu kwalokho: "ukuthi ukuthula kungaba waqonda
njengoba ezinkulu noma ezincane." - Kodwa ingabe esisanda kuxoxa ngazo kuphela
lapho lithula elikhulu noma elincane, njengoba esedlule; futhi kuthule is kwakusho
ukungabikho isasasa sokuzwa.
Isifaniso esiphelele umuzwa uthule ngamehlo Black Angikwazi ukuthola
lesifanele. I siyise endaweni sokuzwa, ngakho, angikwazi ukuzwa lutho lapho
kulalelwa amalungiselelo yami enempilo futhi konke umsindo yangaphandle
engekho, mina ngibiza ukuthi nje athule; I usethe ngakhangwa enkundleni, ngibona
black, futhi ngo isimo evamile, futhi uma kukhona entulekayo ukukhanya
zangaphandle. Ukuthula kungenziwa eyayihambisana umsindo ethule, like amehlo
black izintuli ukukhanya;kodwa kuze kube manje njengoba kunjalo, kuba athule
ephelele nje. Yebo sidinga ikhefu umculo, njengoba black in the Umdwebo; kodwa
kuphela ngoba kudinga zombili uma Ngokuphambene lapho Nokho, ukuthula
kungaba cishe ukungena ukwedlula black.
Kungase kube icala ukuthi umfutho idlula embundwini yayo, ngakhoke kukhona
umuzwa omuhle emva yokukala formula yethu, kodwa udlula e ingxenye encane
kangaka ukuthi Kusukela akukho mehluko ovela umuzwa zero kufanele
lubonakale; kodwa umuzwa HIV esidingekayo ukuze zero isasasa. Imizwa thina
noma sinomuzwa wokuthi lutho? Is kanjani kule mpi ukuxazulula noma ahumushe
lokhu okubonakala? Ngikholelwa kanjalo: lokuqonda akulula ukuqonda into efanayo,
khona isasasa emva izingxoxo egameni elandulela, futhi umehluko yayo kusukela
mitgehenden noma esandulele ukuzwa, noma ngabe lokhu null noma cha null. Manje
zonke kokungabaza incike ukuthi into kwakungekho noma wayengekho lapho, bonke
kusukela ukuthi etintfweni ethile kithi emva, ake abanye phesheya zivame futhi
kungqubuzana ikhona esimweni embundwini kodwa hhayi umehluko - noma
isilinganiso kombundu maqondana embundwini ufinyelelwe; ukuqaphela kwethu
kuleli cala kusukela kolunye uhlangothi andersher ezimisele of the ezinye, futhi, kuye
ngokuthi isimo kanye iqhaza okufanayo ukulandela omunye isiqondiso. Ngakho can
isikhawu lapho embundwini kodwa hhayi embundwini isilinganiso inhlonipho lidlule
ukuba lapho ebuka sokuphumula lapho ukhona kulo, wabuza umbuzo ungaqiniseki
oh unayo umuzwa nhlobo, noma akanayo, icala yebo at introspection ngokuvamile
Nokho, ekungeneni ngokwanele, owaziyo lapho engeqile kuleyo Isikhawu khona
isasasa.
Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi sinawo umuzwa ethile noma angabi, lapho sikhetha

phakathi kwabo kulinganiselwe icala elula ukuthi umfutho kungaba ncamashi

embundwini, kwakungase, kungaphandle, Yebo, ukuhlonishwa, ithonya zutretender
ngeso lengqondo izikhathi, a kanye ningaphinde ningene Esimweni esinjalo,
okuyohlala ezingavamile kuphela, di, ngoba iphuzu esiqondile embundwini
kungenziwa ngokungenamkhawulo kuyaqabukela bahlangana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i
kuncane yokudlula embundwini futhi ukuvusa kuphela lokujabulela encanyana, zazo
wahluleka ukukhuluma, kodwa kufanele emva formula nesilinganiso kakade
ukukhuluma ngakho; kodwa kuyaphikisana nenkulumo of Unterschiedsmaformel
okubhekisele iyiphi inhlinzeko ukwazi, beka ngaso sonke, ngisho overruns kahle
esikhulu, indawo vagueness lapho ukuqubuka kuyinto.
Lezi zimo Ngicabanga cogent lapha kuka in Elem. Ukuba II. 87 f. Explained.
Omunye kungaba ngisho ukukhuluma of a embundwini ngomqondo okhethekile,
lapho angizange kubonelelwe izakhi, ngaphandle kokuba lowo kuphambene nezinye
izinguqulo ububanzi.
Ake sithi violin noma umtshingo udlalwa loudly ukuthi ungakwazi ukuzwa
ngokucacile lapho udlalwa ngokwabo. Beka omunye kodwa wayezoba ukudlala
phakathi Volkstumultes omkhulukazi, ngakho kungase kube ukuthi umsindo wabo
ngokuphelele lusuka izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana naphezu ukunakwa olunembile in
umsindo abantu jikelele, futhi uqaphela lutho khona umtshingo noma violin
umsindo. Kwakuyoba Nokho, kube ngokwanele ukuba yabeka ukwandisa
edingekayo kusukela lonke umsindo ukuze kodwa ukumuzwa distinguishable, bese
uyifaka maqondana nalokhu a kombundu efanayo embundwini umehluko, kuphela
lokho lesi akusona ukuba izintelezi ngokufanayo eduze noma emva nomunye, kodwa
Izingxube izenzo ezehlukene, kanjalo omunye wayengakhuluma lapha of a
kombundu ingxube. Kuyinto kwephuzu abavumelana ngalo manje ithwala umsindo
instrument, naphezu hhayi wabonakala umsindo enkulu njengoba enjalo, kodwa
kunalokho ukuqinisa kanye ezicashile umsindo umbundu lapho, ngisho izintelezi,
ngoba phansi kombundu, angafinyelela ezintweni ngenhla embundwini for
nokuqiniswa esivivaneni futhi ehilelekile of isasasa. Ibhayisikobho ngokwayo
izakhamuzi zaseBosnia zifana, kodwa ube nesandla ekwenzisiseni i jikelele umuzwa
emizweni I bathi ngokungazi ugxile into more jikelele ukwazi. Play maqiniso
ababevumelana ngawo wonke umbuso nokuvuka ukwazi a lot of enjalo equlekile
emizweni ekuphumeni kusuka ezizindeni ezihlukene sezinzwa naphambili
phakathi. Indlela kulula ukubona kodwa hhayi kulinganiswe iqiniso embundwini
nhlanganisela abasafufusa inkolelo yokungafi kuncike negative ukwazi amagugu,
kodwa ka okuvamile kuphela.
The umbundu Umehluko ayikwazi ukwenziwa yokuthi kokubili izimfanelo ukuzwa
ukuba nomehluko yabo, usabonakala in a ingxube ka imizwa, kukhona kokubili
phansi kombundu ukuxuba; ngoba liqukethe emizweni, kokubili okumane
ngokucacile khona, ngakho ingxube idlule embundwini; futhi uma singakwazi
abasiqali niphaphame kakade, e hhayi nganoma iyiphi umphumela yangaphakathi
sinengiso, angathathwa okubangelwa, ephelezelwa ngokucasuka extraneous,
umuzwa, kanjalo uphonsa it in ubuthongo okungenamaphupho - kukhona ezahlukene

ezifana - konke ngasikhathi sinye ngezansi umbundu.

XI. Amazwi on Ngokuphambene isasasa. (Hering, Mach.)

Akuyona inhloso yami abzuhandeln theory umehluko emizweni lapha ngendlela
jikelele, kodwa amanye amaphuzu asemqoka kuphela ukuxoxa okufanayo,
ezinganikwa avele ngokwengxenye njengoba ubunzima ngokumelene probation
yokulinga umthetho Weber sika, ngokwengxenye le kwenye indawo noma ukuthi
umbono umunyu.
In an indaba imibiko Saxon. Soc. kusukela 1860. 71 ff. "On the ukuzwa
Qhathanisa" (Bheka futhi eseyi yami ngasekuqaleni Poggend. Ann. L. 1840, p 193 et
seq.) engiye, phakathi kwabanye, hhayi ukuba kubhekwe lapha, ubufakazi bukhomba
wazama alandelayo lapho mina ukushaya emhloleni, umsebenzi psychophysical,
okuyiqembu umbono ukukhanya incike, ukukhanya wangaphakathi, ubuso ezimbili
ezingafani ngokuhlanganyela, umkhawulo umngcele line ngiyombiza:
1. Ukuthi okuthiwa. Base of the esiqala ngokusebenzisa Ngokuphambene,
esenziwa ngazo white eduze ukukhanya black, black olandelayo white avele blacker
kunalokho ngaphezu elingumakhelwane endaweni noma olandelayo efanayo grey,
hhayi into luyingxenye ngokwengqondo, kodwa okungenani ngokwengxenye livela
iqiniso lokuthi budebuduze evele okungafani (esenziwa nokuxhumana of the
izingxenye retina noma isitho central) ukukhanya ngaphakathi the Iqinisa white, kwi
Black buthaka ngokumelene icala ngabe endaweni angomakhelwane Equal
esikhanyayo, ukuze Amandla okukhanya wezangaphakathi on ngalinye Ingxenye
retina okufanayo ezingomakhelwane ngisho izingxenye ezikude kakhulu
ungaxhomeki kuphela ukushuba sigameko ngokwakhe ukukhanya zangaphandle,
kodwa futhi by the ukushuba lokho I isigamu ngaphansi, ngeke edida isitatimende
odlule, afingqe nkulumo ngokushesha ukuthi mode distribution ukukhanya
elingaphakathi ngeke co-kunqunywa ekusakazeni yangaphandle phezu retina.
2. Ukuthi ngokuvuswa by the Ngokuphambene esenziwa eside uhla umphumela
budlulela via izindawo ezinkudlwana komngcele ezivamile by zombili, eduze
emnceleni kodwa okuthiwa. Rand uyaphawula kuthakwe ukucaciseleka lincibilika
ngokushesha. Kusukela line umngcele at ulahleke emhlabathini; may, kwezinye
izimo akuzona esicacile, okuyinto ngilandele izimo uthishanhloko imininingwane.
3. Lokho uhlangothi, anda, ngakolunye uhlangothi buthaka umuzwa sezinzwa,
okuyinto sincike ukuqiniswa psychophysical kanye buthakathaka izingxenye
Ngokuphambene, short bokukhulisa phenomenon ngokushintsha ukukhanya
elingaphakathi, ngalokhu isamba sazo emizweni eyodwa, kuncike umehluko
yokuvela, eziyizici Seelenaffektion of uhlamvu ephakeme, kafushane
Ngokuphambene ukuzwa ngomqondo ewumngcingo kufanele xosha, yaloko
umphefumulo eziqasha abasebenzi more ukuthi ukunakekelwa kungaphezu ejabulile
kuka by lenqubekela kwendawo kuba mhlophe noma lube mnyama, vele, ukuthi

white okuqhubekayo isamba elikhudlwana isasasa izinkanuko kubangela, sengathi

ingxenye White indawo black.
Hering uye, waqasha ezimele ngami imizamo (in s. 2 no 3 Mitt 1873.) Imemezele
ukuthi zangaphandle ngenhlonipho iphuzu lokuqala, kuphela ovela phesheya,
imiphumela efanayo umsebenzi engaphakathi ukusatshalaliswa ukukhanya yi
(ngomqondo ngenhla), futhi Mach uye ithuthukiswe No.2 amafomula for lokhu
kwencika, lapho, kude ngakho usukela ngekubuka ziyavumelana isipiliyoni kahle.
Manje akusona shu ukuthi ngemva kwalezi amafomula by ukwencika
elingaphakathi kusukela ukusatshalaliswa elingaphandle ukukhanya, lo
corroborability yokulinga umthetho Weber kungelona kakhulu oshintshwa ngaphansi
waiver ukukhanya engaphakathi Black, ogama khona yonke indawo i ukuphambuka
yokulinga aphansi emithethweni Weberian ukuzuza supply m -fachung ukukhanya
yangaphandle izingxenye ezimbili lapho kufanele siqashelwe khona, supply m fachung ukukhanya elingaphakathi eqhuba kokubili, kungenzeka zakhiwa
njengendawo njalo, asele ukusatshalaliswa ratios ukukhanya
elingaphandle. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kulandela kusukela amafomula ejwayelekile
Mach eye onikezwe ukwencika elingaphakathi kusukela elingaphandle ekukhanyeni
ukusatshalaliswa kubandakanya wekhasi amanothi. Easy kungashiwo wabonisa uma
kwenzeka ukuthi umuntu acabangele ithonya ephethe ukusondela enkulu izingxenye
okungafani ukuthuthukisa umphumela kanje bereinstimmuug kanye formula Mach
elula (p 3.); lapho Ngiphinde okokuqala yenza Abstraction of the, futhi of Mach
dengwane, ukukhanya elingaphakathi amehlo black.
Iba retina ogama ebusweni F, ezindaweni f , f ", f ... ihlukaniswe, ngalo isihlobo
yangaphandle ukukhanya intensities i ', i "i"'. , . Fall nalabo abancike ubungako bawo
kanye nokusakazwa Kwezimiso intensities ukukhanya kwangaphakathi ezindaweni
ezifanayo isihlobo I ', mina ", I'". , , ; kwaba W ubukhulu Umfundi, k owenziwa njalo,
kanye ukushaya emhloleni, yonke yangaphandle ukukhanya sum, oluba retina, di f 'i'
+ f 'i' + f '' i '' ... = uma isethi, kuba Njalo mina isandla esisodwa umane wakhona
elingaphandle ezihambisana i, ngakolunye uhlangothi le zihlukaniswe yonke
ukukhanya elingaphandle sum i, kanjalo:
;

Etc.

kusukela lapho ngokushesha kanje, kuphumele kungenzeka probation yokulinga

komthetho Weber sika ezweni f , f "kuyinto benxenxa ukuthi, uhlala okufanayo
uma kokubili i" njengoba i 'nge m efanayo iyanda by
ngenkathi W futhi UMA akhiwe Kushintshe, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kokubili
izingxenye umehluko waphawula ngendlela efanayo.
Kungokufanayo manje futhi sisebenza ngisho uma ukususwa izingxenye
okungafani is elibamba ngomunye e amafomula jikelele. Nokho, kungase kube
nesithakazelo ukukhombisa ukuthi amacala elula, umehluko kungase kube

okunengqondo kugujwe, kudinga kuphela formula odlule elula ngendlela jikelele.

Ngakho, umphumela bephakamisa ukungafani Kulezo zimo kuholela kancane
kanje.
Uma senza ngamehlo ebusweni retina ezingxenyeni ezimbili alinganayo,
ngamunye = 1 set, uqhekeko, futhi kokubili ukushuba lokuqala
nombala i esikhanyayo ukuze kungabikho umehluko phakathi ezimbili senzeka,
njengoba kuba uma = 2 wakhe i, ngaleyo ndlela isigamu ngamunye ngokusho
formula njengenhlangano amandla elingaphakathi I babe

Khokha manje, kanti nokugcina i isigamu esisodwa, omunye m izikhathi i, futhi

ngenxa yalokho yethulwa esikhanyayo umahluko ke, nakuba ukukhanyisa
kwangaphandle engxenyeni yokuqala ayikashintshi, kodwa umfutho elingaphakathi
omunye kukhona, okungukuthi ngokusho ushintsho formula zibe

Nokho, Kuyinto, ngaphandle ushintsho ububanzi inhlamvu W in W ', eyesibili I sibe

sikhulu noma umncane kakhulu kunalokho lokuqala, kuye ngokuthi m kuncane noma
mkhulu kunalokho 1. Okungukuthi, kuncike ekutheni omunye sithuthukisa
okukhanyisa Engxenyeni yesibili noma buthaka, ukukhanya elingaphakathi yokwehla
lokuqala noma aphelelwe; futhi ngesikhathi ngabe wehlise ekuqiniseni sikhula of m
unomphela, uma kungenjalo khona ukukhanya engaphakathi Black, okuyinto
adonswa lapha, esinqumweni Nokho ngezansi ukucabangela okumelwe sithathwe,
umkhawulo ibekwa, ngale ndlela angeke kwafinyelela ngaphansi kwazo. - Kodwa
eminye.
A ibala ebusuku noma ibala izibani naphambili emgwaqweni ewela phezu kodonga
ezimpunga indlela Egumbini elimnyama ngokuphelele ngokusebenzisa igebe
kwesihenqo efasiteleni noma esitolo selivela bright, licace ngisho nangaphezu
udonga lonke ekukhanyeni egcwele suku, nakuba akunjalo agcinwe kule ibala font
funda amandla. The Jupiter livela licace ukwedlula Himmelblau ukungalingani
ngosuku, lapho yena namanje uyaphuma ebusuku. Manje ungakwazi incazelo yalo
ukuze aveze ukuthi ebumnyameni umfundi eyandisa; Okuwukuphela variability yayo
kufakwe imikhawulo kude lincane kakhulu ukuze kwanele ukuze uthole
incazelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho: ukuthi iso in space amnyama sensitive ekukhanyeni,
okuwukuthi, ukuthi efanayo yangaphandle ukukhanya umfutho sithole ukukhanya
kunamandla elingaphakathi ngendlela engqondweni waphumula lapho Im
ukhathele; Nokho, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba omunye uye waphumula iso
ebumnyameni, once uma bephuma egumbini lighted ebumnyameni, kushicilelwa
phikisana on the wall umlingisi esibekiwe. Uma bobabili izimo ingaba kuphela
ekusizeni angabi ingxenye main lomkhuba.Kodwa sikhetha manje formula ngenhla
acabangele, it has amacala amabili ngokwedlulele kukhona, 1) lapho ngaphezu
ekukhanyeni i ', okuyinto phezu kwamanzi f' uwela, yonke imali ukukhanya ewela

phezu lonke surface, kanjalo f ' 'i' '+ f' '' i '' '+ njll kungenziwa dengwane, 2) lapho
ukukhanya ngokulinganayo okukhulu kunalokho f' phezu lonke retina uwela. Icala
Okokuqala kuyinto, icala lesibili ngaphansi ukucabangela ukuthi
ububanzi Umfundi W in the eduze 'W uguqulwa, ukubaluleka yesibili
Ngakho, hhayi kuphela ngenxa yobukhulu encane Umfundi, kodwa futhi ngoba
ukwedlulela zifana f 'e F = f' + f '' + f '' '. , , ezincane, futhi, i ezincane
ingxenyenamba kakhulu esingaphansi f 'ka yonke retina indawo imele; imiphumela
ngokushesha usho ukuthi, ukuba icala lokuqala, eseduze ukugqama ehambisana a star
njengoba Jupiter ebusuku kubonakala okukhulu kangaka. Ngakho omunye kuphela
alinaso isizathu cabanga ukuthi uyayazisa 'I ezilinganiselwe ze sengathi kunalokho
lokujabulela ukukhanya manje emva Magesetze yethu I' ukucabanga
kuncike. Empeleni, Nokho, kungaba ngempela uMthetho Weber, kusukela lapho
Magesetz incike, bathembele ngokwabo ababecabanga of star ukukhanya.
The i 'an ngokuphelele wokhela by emini Udonga ngokuqinisekile ezinkudlwana
kakhulu kunalelo inyanga patch ebodeni emnyama, futhi lokhu kungabangela kusimo
lapho mina' icala lokuqala ngokumelene nami 'yesibili icala, inzuzo futhi
predominated ezimweni kangaka lapho kunonyezi, esikhundleni isivumelwano
endaweni elincane, sonke egumbini wokhela nombala. Kodwa uma nje f ibala
inyanga lincane uma liqhathaniswa F uhlala, ubona ukuthi ukukhuluphala kalula
olunzima yakhe I phezu Ikungenzeka kube igumbi kakhulu egqamile ovuthayo.
Ngq, Yiqiniso, inzuzo for the formula, ngaphandle ngaleyo ndlela sokuqeda
simemezelo namaqiniso, lapho ukukhanya esinguye ukudonselwa, lapho wabiza iso
ngisho ngaphandle zangaphandle ukukhanya ugqozi. Black
kungokwalabo. Mhlawumbe zizoshintsha ukusabalaliswa zemvelo kwangaphakathi,
sahlala ezweni iso evaliwe nahehin nombala basakaza, ukukhanya - sikubiza
kafushane amehlo yemvelo - uma iso ivulekile ukuba ukukhanya elingaphandle futhi
lapha kokuqhathanisa yayo, mayelana ekusakazeni excitation zangaphandle balethwe
ekukhanyeni elingaphakathi, ukuthi nje ngemuva yemvelo kusho umfutho. amehlo
yemvelo Ungehleli ngaphansi umkhawulo ethile, lokujabulela black ngalokhu Ngeke
kuwele ngaphansi ukujula ethile. Yini wena oye wenza ukubuka amehlo
angokwemvelo njengesizathu njalo futhi isakhi variable, lapho ukucwila okokugcina
ngokuphambene ratios ukukhanya zangaphandle ngomqondo ovulekile, njengoba
emva-images, okuyinto incike iso ngasese egameni elandulela esiqala zangaphandle,
ukuze izingxenye njalo njengoba umngcele kodwa ongasukuma ngisho degree
engaqinisekile on the ukushuba yemvelo. Ngempela Black livela ngokungafani
ngokumelene white ngomqondo ovulekile okuhlanzekile futhi ajulile black
ukwedlula black wokukhanya iso yemvelo iso avaliwe, ezifana inhlanzi by
ucwaningo obukholisayo (in s. 4. Mitth P 13 ff. ..) Uye wabonisa. Yini afterimages
Mayelana zabantu abenza evele noma izinto eziye ngamehlo evulekile iso kamuva
avaliwe, etholakala yangaphambili futhi indlela jikelele ukulungisiswa, ukuthi lezinto
elikhanyayo a emhlabathini emnyama abamnyama ezijulile futhi ebumnyameni

ngokuyisisekelo a lichteres White in emva-image livela, uye wadlala njengoba

ukukhanya iso yemvelo ngaphandle ngaphambilini oyibamba
Ngokuphambene. Ukuthi umfutho, okuvela emthonjeni zangaphakathi, ukukhanya
wangaphakathi wavala amehlo akakwazanga ukunqoba amehlo yemvelo ngemuva
ukuqhanyelwa Ngokuphambene kwandulelwe yalo, nguye owavimba neither kimi,
noma ingabe umphumela eminye imibono yami ayisisekelo, kodwa
okuphambene; kodwa nxephezelo noma umphumela kimi ngezinye izikhathi foisted,
okwathi ngemva kwalokho kuba ke kulula amaqiniso ukuthi akhulume ngokumelene
nami futhi kwase kuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa ukuba phikisana me; kodwa ke ngiya
kule ndawo an esingashiwongo.
Lokho ayakhanya ayevumela endaweni unyezi on the ayevumela grey emini,
odongeni ngokubhala elimnyama illegible, manje futhi okudingekayo ukuze achaze
Mitrcksicht ukukhanya kwemvelo iso. Uma sibekela amandla ayo ngaphandle
oluhlukanisa njalo eziguquguqukayo isabelo ulingana a, futhi umfutho
ezibuthakathaka ukukhanya okubonakala kusukela black ifonti ludlulele iso,
ilingana a ', futhi umfutho, lapho zogange grey ukuba ifonti ziphonswe emuva,
wezwakala ilingana 29 A ,olunikezwa Aubert ucwaningo Weiss Ufaka emuva
ezikhathini 57 ukukhanya okuningi kunalokho black, kanjalo sinawo amandla (p
73.) I 'of Scripture obusebaleni ebusuku:

ngoba mina emhlabeni umBhalo

kanjalo
Ngokusho manje njengoba a 'encane maqondana a intando, okungukuthi, njengoba
kuveziwe kusukela ifonti ekukhanyeni black ubalekela ngokumelene ukukhanya
kwemvelo iso, lapho icala sisondela ezibuthakathaka ukukhanyisa zangaphandle,
uyophinde ngumnikazi 29 A' ngokumelene a shiya Noma ngabe yikuphi a abasenawo
ku-akhawunti, futhi mina "of ukulingana I 'indlela, umehluko
phakathi mina' futhi mina 'kanjalo sibe ongaqondakali; lapha ngokumelene
lapho A 'by ubukhazikhazi bright inamandla kangangokuthi a Ngokuphambene
ubalekela,
kuze seqiwe ukuba avuke, lapho uzogcinwa njalo ngaphandle izizathu
kuphambuka engenhla ngokushintsha ukukhanyisa zangaphandle.
XII. Umbono umehluko of emizweni
(Schneider, Delboeuf).

Abanye bathambekele ukuchaza yonke imizwa nhlobo umehluko

emizweni ngomqondo wokuthi sonke umuzwa kuphela umehluko
kusuka esisodwa (noma ngaphezulu), uhlobo kunamandla noma
obuthaka noma ehlukene, umuzwa obabukhona ngaphambilini noma
kanyekanye ekhona, ungaba, lapho izimfuno inkambo zenzeke
phakathi izinqubo psycho-ngokomzimba lapho baphumule
emizweni, abanye lokho umehluko.
Lokhu umbono, iDemo umehluko umbono muva by Schneider in
a iphamfulethi encane ("Umahluko, analysis, ukubunjwa
nokuthuthukiswa kwezinhlangano okufanayo, njll Zurich, Schmidt,
1877") amelwe Umbambe futhi ithuthukiswe kabanzi. Ngakho uthi,
phakathi kwezinye izinto (p 3.): "Le mizwa kungukuthi okubangwa
ngabanye nerve kwesifiso njengoba enjalo, kodwa umehluko Izinzwa
kwesifiso bodwa futhi ubuhlobo bawo ukuba isimo ukuphumula." - (.
5 p): "umehluko kuphela ithi zangaphandle ingaba njengesihluthulelo
ezintweni." - (. P 6): "Ngokuba ngempela okuqhubekayo kanye
ngokwedlulele slow nerve ukucasuka akukho umuzwa kuphakama."
Futhi Delboeuf imele e s theory ngomqondo umbono umehluko
uye waba yini wanika S. 28ff bazoziphendulela, futhi udonsa
kusukela, phakathi kokunye, nikhuluma okulandelayo .. (P. 39): "Lo
mfanekiso kuholela inkolelo yokuthi iso ngaphandle Isivalo futhi iris
[by ukunyakaza kwabo ngalesi sigameko ukukhanya amandla
angashintsha], lizungezwe indawo umfaniswano nokukhanya njalo
akukho lokujabulela ukukhanya kuzodingeka, ngoba kwakuzoba
akukho Ngokuphambene kungenzeka. nakakhulu, uma iso babe
ingenakunyakaziswa, ukuze amehlo akhe off ongadala up iphuzu
omunye, ngakho surface ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kungenzeka
kube egqamile kanye anemibala, futhi lokujabulela kunjalo kube
zero [kufanele afunde kahle: Kancane kancane anciphe] ngoba
amaphuzu ezahlukene retina, ngakunye ngendlela yako siqu the
nature ngabe accommodieren ukukhanya, ezithathwe kuwo. Iso
wayebona maqondana kule ndawo imvume in the ingxenye efanayo
njengoba wonke umzimba mayelana a okugeza kakhulu evuthayo. "
Manje kungase kube kuhle, futhi kubonakala more cishe
ngaphandle kwami (bheka Fig. Ihlelo. XX), ukuthi umfaniswano,
befaka akukho mehluko, ezihamba ngempela isimo ukwenza akukho
isasasa can. Kodwa maqondana njengoba ithi vibrational, ezifana
imizwa yethu cishe kakade zihlanganisa izinguquko okuqhubekayo,
ngiyavuma, asikho isizathu uthi okunjalo manje kufanele kube
ngisho ezahlukene, ukunikeza umuzwa ukusho kanjalo
kodwa; Lokhu akusho ukuthi uma kukhona ezahlukene ngempela,
futhi umehluko wazizwa; futhi akusho ngakususi ukuthi umehluko

phakathi ezintweni zonke ukuzwa kuqhathaniswa kunamandla noma

obuthaka kwenzeka, sengathi uvele omunye umfutho e continuo,
njengoba kuxoxwa ezigabeni 11. Yiqiniso, lokhu asikaze imizwa
oluthile noma ukushuba ngaphandle ngaphambi noma isabele
ngendlela ehlukile noma ukushuba, abasekho eliqinileyo ubufakazi
yokulinga kungaholela ukuthi, uma bengahlali eyandulela noma
waya kanye, ngaso sonke ukuzwa kwakusazoba; I nje ukuthola
neither a base theory noma isipiliyoni, okuyinto wasebenza kanzima
ukuze ukusamukela, futhi bakholelwa ngendlela efanele - ngisho
nokucabanga okuphambene, kodwa kungenziwa kuphela okusekelwe
inkolelo - ukuthi uma ingane okokuqala ngo a Light umfaniswano
kakhulu, phakathi kungenzeka kunabo ephethe zonke ezinye
ezintweni sezinzwa lapho Yebo angeke angenze ngokuphelele,
ngiphaphama, nalokho bekusayoba bazizwa ukukhanya ukukhanya,
nokuthi, nakuba ukuphikelela eside umfaniswano umfutho
isinyathelo lokujabulela ngokusebenzisa ukucasuka nokuncipha
singacindezelwa ukuze ngezansi umbundu, kanjalo lokujabulela
luphola, lutho kancane, kangaka ukuvumela imizamo a nikhuluma
ematfuba, ingaqhubeka on the ngisho nokusha okuncane-le ebangeni.
Lapha, ngikhumbula okulandelayo, in the indatshana "On
Qhathanisa lokujabulela" in the imibiko Saxon. Soc. 1860 S. 114
okuxhunywana by ngizame.
"In the hole square (6 isig. Inch ububanzi) of the yokushutha
endleleni, ekamelweni omnyama, ngavula ingilazi anemibala, futhi
abukeka ngalokhu nj uhhafu emthunzini wendlu amanga, isigamu
izibani yilanga, isihlabathi phambi ekhaya. Lokhu Ngahlala
usebenzisa ingilazi omnyama purple, okuyinto ngokuyinhloko
wabonisa Red vs Blue in the spectrum prismatic, ihora, usebenzisa
obomvu ejulile, waqhubeka imizuzu 5. Nokho, In the zikhathi
yokuqala, kwabonakala umbala ingxenye eliqhakazile indawo
kakhulu ngokucace, yayibonakala kodwa hhayi uqine kakhulu futhi
umkhawulo abathile ukuba inciphe (nomunye kanye nezinye glass)
eminye ukuze phambili eside ukuhlola babebonakala
engenamsebenzi. "
Well Yebo ungasho kungaba kwendawo ngempela nombala
okukhulu purple noma kube obomvu, futhi ukuhlola kwaqhubeka
isikhathi eside, ngakho ekugcineni lokujabulela umbala
laliyodluliselwa ngokuphelele kungacimi; kodwa uma, ngoba
akuzange kwenzeke ukusungula ngokugcwele lezi zimo, isivivinyo
akuvimbi nihlola ngokwanele imibono yami, kodwa ukuthi ukuqinisa
ngisho kancane eshaya for okuphambene.

Uma usebenzisa ingilazi blue owawungumnyaka cishe

ngokuphelele blue red okuncane kakhulu spectrum, enombono
umbala yacishe ucime ngokushesha ngemuva kokwenza sengilazi
uhlobo ukubukeka olumhlophe, futhi ngisho nangalesosikhathi
kwaba namanje ngokushesha kakhulu kube lapho ngiya elula
esikhundleni ingilazi a anwandte kabili noma ngisho kathathu
esikhulu. Yilokho umbono wami: esinayo lapha icala lokuqala lapho
saqedwa amandla by ephuza we inhloso umbala umbala ukuzwa
wahlala ngenhla unomphela umbundu, owesibili, lapho bawa
ngezansi embundwini kanye ngezansi wahlala; kodwa kungani hhayi
ke zokuqala, lapho umbono okuphambene bekungaba okulungile?
Nokho, nokuvivinywa okunjengalokho okulandelayo Ingadla
seheinbar bakhulumela abalandeli umbono umehluko.
Aubert uthi (p 61.): "Ngiyaqiniseka ukuthi ukuhlolwa grey
ehlanzekile iwukuthola a ehilelekile ukuze blue, obomvu, ophuzi
hhayi bekubona noma kunqunywa ngokungeyikho, uma ungeyena
ukukhanya gray alinganayo ukuqhathanisa olandelayo neze ine. "
Futhi Ulrici - ecashunwe lapha ovela lesisho in a font of
Ueberhorst - ("umzimba nomphefumulo" p 294th): "Umbala obomvu
emgqonyeni wamanzi, ubelokhu lapho cishe Gran 1/10 kuphela
Carmin ixazululwa, thina niqonda engakwazi Ngemuva admixture
isamba inkudlwana of carmine siyakwazi ukuzibona Nokho, kodwa
ukuthi nje uma sinemanti eceleni komunye, uncolored futhi
qhathanisa nale. "
Kodwa la maqiniso ukufakazela kodwa kuphela: okokuqala, ukuthi
umehluko omncane umfutho ababhekwa ngaso sonke ngokwabo,
uma awabonisi ngezansi umbundu umehluko, okwesibili, ukuthi
umehluko ezintweni imithetho Ngokuphambene athwala inzuzo
isihlobo kanye buthakathaka izingxenye umehluko icala lapho
umehluko akazange ezikhona, okuyinto adayiswa esigabeni odlule.
Emva Schneider futhi lokujabulela ukuzola iza kuphela umehluko,
lo Ngokuphambene ezibuthakathaka imizwelo enamandla, sidlule. (P
ogama pheshana "On the umuzwa enokuthula." Zurich, Schmidt,
1876, p. 12) Against lokhu Bengingeke baphikise. Ngaphandle isimo
sokuthula nohulumeni noma ejabulile noma qhathanisa injabulo
namanje free, asinawo umuzwa ezolile, kodwa nhlobo umuzwa
ezindaweni lokujabulela ethintekayo. Ngakho kuba umuzwa
Ngokuphambene ngempela lapho ngizizwa nokuzola, yini kusebenza
kulokho okushiwo esigabeni 10 .. Kodwa ukuthi umuzwa ukuzola
kungenziwa kuphela won by Ngokuphambene, hhayi siphoqa

kucatshangwa ukuthi akukho umuzwa ngaphandle Ngokuphambene

ingatholakala.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XIII. Oszilltions- futhi amakhemikhali mbono (Hering).

On the ukubukwa jikelele kakhulu ubunjalo umsebenzi psychophysical
noma ukunyakaza ukuthi mina in 42. Chap. amalungu ami Simis futhi
namanje manje bengazitholi izizathu ukushiya, mina ngeke ngibuye
lapha, ngoba okulandelayo alinaso isizathu versteigen ukuba izinto nje
enjalo. Kunalokho, kufanele lapha kube kuphela umbuzo ukuthi omunye
imicabango ezimbili uthishanhloko, okuyinto ikakhulukazi, akhathazeke
yesimo umsebenzi psychophysical, hhayi emhlabeni ngaso sonke, kodwa
kubantu nasezilwaneni, Okungcono omunye kufanele ugcine.
Mina, ngicabanga ukuthi cishe kuka hhayi, futhi babe nezizathu
Elem. II. 282 kuxoxwa ngokuningiliziwe, futhi Nokho ukuhlangabezana
in a esivumelwaneni kunalokho olunzulu kakhulu ukuthi okungenani
sobala ezintweni oscillatory ukukhanya futhi umsindo in izinhlelo sethu
sezinzwa aphinde kuvuse ukunyakaza oscillatory kwesikhathi yabo elula
noma kwakwakhe kuncike izinga lokujabulela, kwaba at the force
ophilayo noma ngaso sonke umsebenzi ijubane noma velocity ushintsho,
ngokuletha oscillations izinhlayiya enze akhiphe (Ihlelo. XX), kuncike
ohlangothini ambalwa of the lokujabulela. Khonamanjalo,
ezinhlangothini ezihlukene, kugxilwe ikakhulukazi nentuthuko olunzulu,
ikakhulukazi ingxenye herring, umbono esanda wagomela ukuthi
kukhona yezinqubo zamakhemikhali ukuthi libangelwa the umfutho
ukukhanya kanye cishe ngo ezintweni nhlobo izinhlelo sethu sezinzwa,
futhi ngokwemvelo yabo vivacity kuncike izinga nobungako bezithelo of
isasasa. Ngisho lo mbono wamukelwa wamuva ezibukwayo isiqinisekiso
purple of force ezibonakala esicindezelayo maqondana umbono
ukukhanya. 1)
1)

Yebo, okuvimbela efanayo futhi ezinye izinto ngazo usadinga

ukucaciselwa ngaphambi umuntu ovunyelwe ukuba kude
versteigen in the theory amakhemikhali kusukela
nganeno.Ngaphandle kweqiniso lokuthi kwabathile yellow
Natronlicht ibonakala, kodwa kodwa awukwazi bleach okunsomi
ezibukwayo, ungomunye incazelo ukuthi ngokusho lwamuva by
Khne (Unters. Of d. Physiologic. Inst. Ngokuba Heidelb. 1877, p.

17 et seq.), The pin ikhiphe in the retina okunsomi

ezibukwayo. "Nokho, kuba epithelium sezinzwa in the endaweni
yellow abantu ikakhulukazi fovea ngilungele umbono ezicacile,
ephephile futhi kungokwalabo umbala okuhlonishwayo, kuphela
Izigaxa."
Manje ngiye ngahlala at the Elem. II 283 kungenzeka umbono
chemical anikezwe engenangozi, nje ngesikhathi esifanayo waveza
ukuthi iyaphikisana Ozcillationshypothese nganoma iyiphi
indlela. 2); yebo ngombono wami, kuba zazo kuwo ukuhumusha
ngokusho izizathu ezilandelayo ukuze psychophysics ukunikeza
inkomba ewusizo, once, ngoba uhlala ubuhlobo traceable phakathi
umfutho kanye psychophysical nemisebenzi, okwesibili, ngoba
oscillations lecacile kubuye Mabestimmungen nemibono sicace subject
nhlobo, izinqubo zamakhemikhali. Asiye eduze kancane kulowo
ngaphansi nokucabangela lapha amaphuzu.
2)

"Ngisho noma umuntu efuna ukuba baqonde esiba ukukhanya

futhi izinguquko umfutho umsindo zamakhemikhali,
ayengazithola kube kuhle, noma lokho abangase ixhunywe
okungenani, kuyoba ukwehlisa ukuba izinguquko ratios
yamangqamuzana the sigigaba sakamuva, lapho, inqobo inkanuko
futhi ukuzijabulisa kunyakaza, ehlukene neze kusukela ngokwayo
wacabanga ngaphansi uhlobo iminyakazo vibrational. "
A ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngokuvamile kusekelwe ukuthi
izinhlayiya ngaphambilini ahlukene sihlanganise, noma ngaphambili
exhunywe yesehlukaniso, noma izinhlayiyana ukushintshanisa phakathi
compounds zenzeka by izinhlayiya ezithile emkhakheni ekhangayo
nomunye for owayephuma okufanayo. 3), okuyinto ngabe yikuphi
enhlangano izinhlayiya noma ezivela nomunye, futhi kuba priori
ongazicabanga kakhulu ukuthi lokhu kuhamba, uma kuba ejabule futhi
ujabula by an umfutho oscillating, kunokuba kwenziwe ngendlela
kutfutfuka umfaniswano, eqala uhlamvu oscillating ngokwayo, lapho
asivimbeli ukuthi kodwa approximation noma ibanga kube uzuza
preponderance nesimungumungwane kangaka mayelana unomphela
noma Ukukhipha.
3)

Ngisho nokwenziwa Hering futhi Dissimilierungsproze ngiyazi

kuphela kulezi zici esifanele.

Futhi, akukho lutho olusha, ukuthi yezinqubo zamakhemikhali, ukuba

ngokwabo ngaphandle evuswa ezintweni oscillatory ahambisana
Oszillationsphnomenen. Lapho umlilo ovuthayo kuhhavini, ngakho
inqubo amakhemikhali lapha ukushisa eqinile nokuthuthukiswa
ukukhanya, di sihambisana Oszillationsproze ethakazelisayo, kancane
eshubile amakhemikhali izinqubo ongenambangi ephelezelwa kuphela
ngaphansi Oszillationsvorgngen ephapheme noma izinguquko
ezikhona.
Kodwa manje, kuphakama kusukela ekuqaleni, umbuzo ukuthi
lokujabulela kunalokho of the inqubo ngokwalo, ikhemikhali in the
approximation noma ukususwa izinhlayiya komunye nomunye (ie,
izingqimba ngayo zivuleka), kukhona, noma ezisebenza ezihlobene
oscillations esihambisana ukuba kuyinto okwenza. Ngithi yokugcina
ingasebenza ngcono. Okokuqala, kusukela ngenhla izizathu ezimbili
jikelele, okwesibili, ngoba kwezinye emizweni, ezifana umsindo ukuthi
ukhona ngokucacile uthando mechanical imizwa by kunyakaza ukuba
inqubo yamakhemikhali lapha kodwa kungenziwa wacabanga kuphela
njengoba kungenzeka ezingacacile; Okwesithathu, ngoba inqubo
yamakhemikhali, lokujabulela ukukhanya ikukhumbuza kuyi-retina,
kodwa liyatholakala nje kuphela into ebonwayo retina, futhi ihlala
mnyama ngokuphelele, njengoba nomphumela walo ukunweba
ngaphandle oscillations esihambisana ubuchopho uyaqhubeka. Uma
omunye oguqula retina ngokwaso njengoba esiphathiswa emizweni kulo
isitho lokujabulela kanye wanezela (Yini umbono wami siqu phezu
sinqumo kwesokudla), ngakho kungase kube kuphela kangaka kodwa
lapho izinqubo zabo psychophysical basesimweni lenqubekela nalabo
zobuchopho kufanele sifakwe kuyi wathinta by ukuqaphela
kwethu. Yilokho kodwa kunyakaza asakaze kancane ngokusebenzisa
izinzwa njengoba kunyakaza ukukhanya ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa
ether, is neither period noma Amplitude okufanayo, kanjalo hhayi
amalungiselelo akuxhomekile of isasasa. Futhi lokho akashintshi, uma
ungakwazi ulethe okholwa of the kunyakaza ukukhanya okusakazwa
kunyakaza kunalokho ngaphansi esigabeni kagesi.
Umbuzo uwukuthi: kufanele thina ngisho bacabange ukuthi
ukugcwaliseka emizweni obuhlala ngokusebenzisa inqubo
yamakhemikhali. Ngiyabona ukuthi eside esibhakabhakeni elikhanyayo:
lokujabulela ukukhanya buthaka kancane kancane, kodwa abazi
zinyamalale emva yonke. Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuthi
kuyahambisana gehends waqhubeka eya ohlangothini olulodwa uya
phambili inqubo yamakhemikhali, kungaba inqubo, okuyothi izinhlayiya
ahlukene noma ngokuxhuma ukuba ngokuhlukana noma uxhumano
kumele kwenziwe ekugcineni; futhi njengoba nje lokujabulela
ukukhanya, uma kungenjalo ukuba kuhlobene iyinkimbinkimbi inqubo
yamakhemikhali ngokwayo, kodwa kuze kube entrained oscillations

Oszillationshypothese uphathelene umbono kwamakhemikhali ngendlela

efanayo ngokusebenzisa le nkinga, kodwa, inkambo efanayo kuyoba
engabonakali for the zangaphambili, uma oscillations engabambeleli
ayengumlamuleli iyinkimbinkimbi inqubo yamakhemikhali.Ngisho
kanye, imvume yale kucocisana, kodwa lapho saziwa njengabantu
kungenzeka futhi ngenye ngangokunokwenzeka, phela kulo mbono
wokukhanya, ubunzima aliveli njengoba enamandla; ngoba once
ungacabanga, kwakunjani nje umlilo uvutha, lapho inqubo
amakhemikhali impahla phakade entsha enikeziwe, kanti impahla
zishiswe njengesijeziso ash uwela eceleni. Ngokusho okungukuthi
kungaba emizileni kwegazi lezihlalo inqubo amakhemikhali impahla
phakade ezintsha bondliwa futhi lingashajwa izinguquko. Kodwa ke
ungakwazi ukucabanga Nokho, ukuthi, njengoba izinguquko
enezithombe ngokukhanya ngaphandle iso kuphela degrees, lowo icala
nezinguquko enezithombe purple ezibukwayo. Futhi kungenzeka
kakhulu ukuthi kokubili izici ezihilelekile ndawonye.
Mina imibono yami siqu athuthukiswe ezahlukene kakhulu uma
kuqhathaniswa nalokho Herring umise e s. 5 no 6 ukukhululwa, lapho S.
36 kwezici jikelele kakhulu azisiwe futhi iSithasiselo ukuze izigaba
ezilandelayo for abanye amakhono kumelwe aziswe, ngaphandle lapha
angene ukuqhathanisa esibucayi phakathi ezimbili;Kunalokho,
Ngangifuna ukuba ngokuvamile zibonisa ukuthi ukubamba iqhaza
iyinkimbinkimbi inqubo yamakhemikhali kuma ukuzwa sandulela
ngisho ake indlela ngaphandle nokucabanga umuzwa Hering, futhi
ucacise izizathu zokuthi kungani ngikhetha umcabango wami ngendlela.
Nokho, mina am kude kulandela izingxoxo of the kwesigaba lama-42
lithweswa izakhi zami ukuncisha psychophysical inqubo isimiso phezu
kunyakaza, oscillations, iminyakazo ngezikhathi, mina neze engangabazi
kodwa ukuthi izinqubo ngemilingo kithi, eqinisweni, ngokuvamile kuze
labo. Kodwa uma umzimba wethu ngaso sonke a nature oscillatory kahle
noma ngezikhathi, kanjani, sleeping nokuvuka, ishayela, ukuphefumula,
isidingo ukudla nesiphuzo, e motion, nokugwinya, sobs, ukuhleka, Elula
liwashi lasesiteshini umculo, ekugcineni physiologists eyaziwa
ukunyakaza oscillatory kwama-molecule kwemisipha in ukusikwa
kwemisipha ufakazela. Futhi Ukukhaphela kancane ukuze abanye
ezintweni sezinzwa ngokwakho nature oscillatory, kodwa kungenziwa
acabange kalula ukuthi uzolandela ukulungisa kakade ekhona, hhayi nje
eseqile umbundu ekhona emzimbeni, iminyakazo vibrational. Ngakho,
izisindo upper ukunyakaza oscillatory kwama-molecule kwemisipha
kwaba umcabango wabo nje, kodwa beze ngaphansi kwethonya a
kuphikiswana umsebenzi ngokulinganayo oscillatory of the nerve zibe
khona, lapho isasasa ezihambisana. The lokujabulela ingcindezi ukuze
isikhumba kungase kuphakame, ungachazwa ukuthi umsebenzi
oscillatory we emsipheni at azungeze kumkhinyabeza futhi lokhu abese

ephikisa iyakhula ebuchosheni, njengoba wayeyoba stowed; lokujabulela

lokushisa by ukunyakaza uyamelana phakathi ukushuba differents of
kunyakaza neuropathy central, esinqumweni Delboeufs umqondo
ingalingana ngendlela ngaphandle ngempela uvumelane ngakolunye
emizweni. The oscillations in ukunambitheka kanye nephunga emizweni
kungaba ngokufanayo engumngane yezinqubo zamakhemikhali,
njengoba kule emizweni ekukhanyeni. Yiqiniso, nginikela lo
ngokuphelele yezinto kuphela bonke '.
The wayesikisela lapha ukubuka ngenhlonipho lokushisa emizweni
kungase kucacise ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo; l) ukuthi amabili
ukushintshwa lezi emizweni abakhona, kuye amandla kunyakaza
zentraler- noma peripherischerseits evelele, ngakho uyavuma,
eqinisweni, ngokuphelele Delboeufs umcabango; 2) ukuthi emizweni
ukukhanya, umsindo emizweni ngaphandle zisekelwe umehluko ezifana,
hhayi njengoba kwenzeka kusukela Delboeuf, alethwa emizweni
lokushisa iphuzu elifanayo umbono, kungenziwa ehlanganiswa indlela
efanayo, okuyinto ngendlela libhekene ekuqaleni washo ngaphandle
umbono evimbela ukukhanya futhi ukuzwa umsindo Ukuqinisa the
umfutho kusuka phansi kuya amagugu eliphakeme nakakhulu enyuka
ngaphandle iphuzu nandaba phakathi kwabo, kanti Ukuqinisa
yangaphandle ukushisa umfutho kunciphisa kusukela phansi kuya
lokujabulela amakhaza futhi udabula iphuzu nandaba in okhulayo
ukushisa isasasa.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XIV. Mayelana ratios lokujabulela black and white, kanye isithasiselo on

the theory umbala Hering.
Ngaphandle umehluko ukuthi herring angeke afake isicelo psychophysics
yangaphandle noma yangaphakathi ukuthi Ngimelela uMthetho Weber, futhi
ngalokhu isakhiwo yami yonke psychophysics siphuce isizathu, kukhona umehluko
enkulu yalo kimi lokuthi ngaso sonke mayelana isilinganiso umfutho emizweni
imibono eziyisisekelo ohluke ngokuphelele ayinakekele ngesisa, uye Nokho,
ithuthukiswe kuze kube manje kuphela ngokoMthetho umbono ukukhanya. Kusukela
lo mehluko kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngokucabangela isilinganiso black ukuba
emhlophe ezigabeni wesikhashana kuya gray usuku, nganinika ukuba uqoke
imininingwane ukubukwa herring kule ndaba, yini mina kungenzeka. uyokwenza
amazwi ayo, ngaphambi ngikhuluma ngendlela I ngizibonakalisa khona.

Imibono ngale ndaba kukhona inhlanzi in s. 4. imibi. afakwe lapho Ngakho futhi
kube Paginaverweisungen isho kuphela kulesi sigaba, lapho kungekho ezinye khulula
kubizwa. Njengoba umphelelisi lokhu, nokuchaza Hering sika chemical wakhe theory
s. 5. Imibiko, zisebenza, okuyinto vele ngiye ngacabanga ngenhla, futhi inkolelombono yakhe umbala bezibona s. 6 imibi., Ngawo mina, main ubeka isithasiselo
ekupheleni kwalesi sigaba nge siqu yezinto umbono nokuzala.
Herring ukubheka untriftig ukucabangela esikalini we emizweni ukukhanya black
ngokusebenzisa grey mhlophe njengoba luyingxenye ambalwa ngezinga zenyuka
ukukhanya emizweni; kunalokho, lawa emizweni ziyehluka qualitatively emva
kwakhe ngendlela efanayo umbala emizweni, futhi azilungise Akubuyisiwe
ngaphansi term jikelele okufanayo. Black egcina grey in white kanjani blue
ngokusebenzisa violet obomvu, ezifana ebomvu ngokusebenzisa orange ukuba
yellow, njll
The emizweni we lighter mnyama ngeke lizobizwa kube zazo zibe Black
ezimhlophe more noma White-equkethe, futhi blackish more noma ngaphezulu
elihunyushwe Iqukethe umbhali. Noma ezikhonjwe nalo, futhi izinga kwasho
ukwedlulela elicwengekileyo black a real noma bh white ukwedlula black and
white Sensation seriesngokuthi.
Khonamanjalo, ebashiya kodwa ubuye determinability ambalwa of the emizweni
kwalolu chungechunge ngendlela, isikhala, ngokuqaphela (p 4.): "Noma thina kumele
igama elithi" amandla "ukuwa [njengoba isetshenziswa esikalini imizwa ingucuko
phakathi black and white] ngempela shiya futhi sithi kuleyo lokujabulela
uchungechunge isinyathelo umuzwa by step yayo izinga ushintsho, futhi ekhishwa
uhunyushwe ngendlela efanayo njengoba esikalini umbala, lelo kusukela umbala
eligcwele, z. B. okubomvu, kwenye enjalo. B. umkhondo ophuzi, noma kumelwe
lokucabanga in the black and white Sensation uchungechunge ezimbili nesikali
ngegalelo, omunye lapho white noma ukukhanya, omunye oluhambisana the
black noma amnyama ".
"Kodwa kukhona imigqa emibili amandla ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwamukela,
ngakho lokhu izindlela (ngokusho p 5.) Lutho okunye kunokuba ukuthi bonke
ukuhwebelana kusuka elimhlophe black kubhekwe njengento Izingxube of labo
emizweni ezimbili emaceleni womabili yochungechunge at elicwengekileyo yayo
phuma";futhi amagama ahlukahlukene okujula, ngegalelo, ubukhulu olunzulu
singasebenza the okuxoxwe Sensation uchungechunge kuphela ngombandela wokuthi
'ilungu elilodwa uchungechunge ngamunye uyavuma intensities ezimbili, futhi
kubonisa isilinganiso lapho intensities of the emizweni of the abamnyama
nabamhlophe nomunye kukhona, ngokuba black ukuze and white
njengoba elula emizweni ezahlukene nalesi phakathi imizwa ezimbili njengoba
exubile. "
An ngokuphelele elicwengekileyo ejulile black and bh white zihlanzekile
ngokuphelele kuhle icatshangwe, uma hhayi engokoqobo demonstrable (p 7.
8); okungenani e theory, esinyathelweni ngasinye grey kufanele emelelwe Izingxube
of lokhu black ekahle futhi white, futhi kube khona grey, okuyinto kude ilingana

ezimbili, iqukethe amabili esilinganayo. Through the aid kwencwadi namagama

kanye nkulumo ngesimo amafomula (k. 9 ff.) Esaphenya umbhali. Ukuze sifanekise
leli umcabango ekahle kakhulu ngcono, kodwa hhayi likhethe indlela ukusungula
Mabestimmungen kwangempela.
"Lo empeleni black ukuzwa iza (k. 13 14) kuphela ngaphansi kwethonya
yangaphandle ukukhanya umfutho zibe khona, njengoba nje lokujabulela white
ngokuvamile kubangelwa ukukhanya inhloso, umehluko nje ukuthi lokujabulela
white ngqo ngezansi , the black kodwa ngaphansi kwethonya engaqondile the
umfutho ukukhanya, okungukuthi okuthiwa kanyekanye by. noma Ngokuphambene
alandelanayo. "
Njengoba ubufakazi amaqiniso kuholela umlobi kanje :. A isiqeshana black velvet
phezu kwetafula avele "blacker kuka black in a iso avaliwe." - "Uma uya kusukela
ekamelweni elikhanyayo emnyama kakhulu, uyoba imizuzwana embalwa yokuqala,
mhlawumbe emnyama ngempela, nakuba hhayi black ejulile wazizwa, kodwa
ngokushesha kuyoba okufanayo ekhanyisa more and more, ngisho noma noluncane
ukukhanya Room Dark uwela, futhi ngemuva kokuhlala isikhathi eside omunye
efanayo ubona zonke izinhlobo zezinto nje okuhlanzekile black. " - "Zinike lapho
uvuka obumnyama in a Egumbini elimnyama ebuthongweni bakhe, i-akhawunti ye
ukuzwa yakhe ezibukwayo, futhi kufanele kushiwo ukuthi nguyena ngokuqinisekile
ngeke black, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi une livuliwe noma livaliwe amehlo akho." "Enough, wena lokujabulela a black emnyama olujulile luthathelwa kuphela uma has
eduze ukuthi ukukhanya noma usanda ngesikhathi iphuzu elifanayo."
"Njengoba umuzwa nje kuyinto (ngokwendlela umlobi. P. 4) Black ngempela
okuhle white, futhi uma ufuna ngempela ukuba abize omunye mizwa ezimbili
njengoba emihle, kanye nezinye njengoba negative, kanjalo unga nje kahle njengoba
black njengoba ucingo White emihle .... The ukuzwa okwakuthiwa omuhle
abamhlophe ngokumelene abamnyama kumane lokuthi thina, sibonga kwansuku
isipiliyoni kanye physi-metallic yokukhanya, positives ngaphezulu izenzakalo ukwazi
lokho lokujabulela omhlophe zazo lapho isimo black lokujabulela. "
Ukubukwa Langaphambilini ekufezeni ngithola ukwenza amazwi alandelayo.
Analogy emizweni black and white lapho herring kanye emizweni blue and red, red
yellow uthola njll, kubonakala kimi lapho kancane weqiniso munye ehlukene, isimiso
sokuthi izimo ezifanayo zivumelana okufanayo, ukungalingani imiphumela
ukungalingani noma nemiphumela (in ngaphandle izingqinamba ukushintsha Chile),
e Isicelo ukukhanya zangaphandle kubhekwe njengendlela isimo isasasa
elingaphakathi ukukhanya, lapho neze ukudideka phakathi ezimbili kanjani Hering
ukholelwa ukuthi ephawula okunjalo kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla imibala
physiology. Ibhayisikobho blue red, kusukela red omunye yellow egcina
ushintsho imvamisa vibration ukukhanya zangaphandle, kusukela black mhlophe
ngokushintsha eliningi ngenhla noma ukuphakama kwawo namandla awo
yalo; Angikwazi futhi uthole umuzwa elihlanzekile elimhlophe kuphela laqanjwa
okungenani ezimbili, kodwa futhi eyohlobo okuningi inhloso umbala imisebe,
ngakolunye uhlangothi imibala elicwengekileyo te kakhulu. Kuphela bemisebe elula

homogeneous Kungakhathaliseki thina manje ukwenza emizweni ukukhanya

emzimbeni noma (e Hering sika ngomqondo) chemical izinqubo engaphansi,
sisengakwazi izimo kangaka fanekiso hhayi nemiphumela fanekiso ngomqondo
embonweni njengoba kwenza Hering.
Kodwa kungakhathaliseki izinto kanjani ayesema ephethe izinto zibheke
umfanekiso phakathi imigqa black and white futhi ezinemibala ukuzwa ezindaweni
ekukhanyeni ngokwabo, njengoba zenzeka lapho ucabangela ezinye izindawo
ukuzwa ezilandelayo ubunzima eminye.
Hering okholwa esikalini we intensities ukukhanya emizweni in a ngezinga
ukuhumusha zimfanelo obuhlukahlukene futhi kanjalo bakwazi ukuqeda umqondo
intensities yalo. Kodwa ukuqedwa ehambisana noma kuhunyushelwe umqondo
okujula ingahambi kodwa umsindo, ukunambitheka, isisindo emizweni 1) njll; futhi
kungaba ongaziwa uma bekungenjalo kufanele kube umsebenzi amandla amandla
ezintweni for emizweni ukukhanya njengoba nje nezinye emizweni, ezimweni
ezehlukile kunalokho nabo ezihlukahlukene ukushuba kuphela ahlukene
ezintweni izinga zincike of ukuncinza, igama elithi amandla noma amandla kodwa
kufanele kwakhawuka ngokuphelele.
1)

It is not kuphikiswana, nakuba ngezinye abalwazi imbangela wangaphandle

emizweni ezifana (the umfutho) emizweni elihambisana nalesahluko
ukungena, ahlale ezintweni ongaphakeme ngezansi umbundu, futhi
lokujabulela main libhekene ehilelekile; at okhulisa enkulu umfutho
kungenzeka ubuhlungu; kodwa wena wayefuna ukuba kuncishiswe umehluko
emandleni ngenxa emizweni phakade kwezindlela izinga, lokhu kungasho
ukuthi, ngoba okungal ukusetshenziswa ngegalelo jikelele, ngegalelo,
sebenzisa izinga nkulumo; yiphi babeyothola lutho kodwa ukudideka
kwelulwimi, ngaphandle ubudlelwane okuyiqiniso phakathi ezintweni futhi
izinga kanjalo baqonda of ukuzwa ukuze amanye, njengoba phakathi ezintweni
kanye ukushuba lokujabulela ngomqondo ezejwayelekile.

Nakuba manje ivumela Hering futhi ukuthatha in the esikalini lamaqembu

azokwenza intensities ukukhanya, kodwa kuphela ngokwenza namanga ukuthi
lokujabulela okulula ezimpunga emizweni ezimbili, i black ngokuphelele futhi i
white ngokuphelele kwelokuthi ukuthi kuye ukushiyana kwezidalwa meet Grey
ezimweni ezahlukene ukwenza kanjalo. Futhi unga futhi lokhu eqanjiwe, okuyinto
yena njalo uthanda, kanjalo esikhundleni salokho, kuyinto ukumelwa analog hhayi
komunye kwezinye izindawo lokujabulela; ngoba ngubani ofuna z. B. amele
amakhono ehlukene yokulalela sensorineural njengoba Izingxube lokujabulela
obucwathile ngokuphelele futhi ngokuphelele kakhulu sensorineural. Khonamanjalo,
kungase kube ukuthi herring phakade akusebenzi izici ezivamile ukuzimisela
ambalwa ngezinhloso ezahlukene ezindaweni noma izizathu enjalo kusukela kolunye
uhlangothi, okungasekelwe ngokucacile ukwethula kimi. Ngini esiqondile mayelana

nalokhu ngabe yikuphi kuphela ekusekeleni olunikezwa kuye Ngenxa izifundo zakhe
ubudlelwane phakathi umzimba nomphefumulo ukuba kulindeleke.
Kodwa Siyini isimiso singase manje enze estimate ambalwa noma ushiye, ngakho
ngicabanga ukuthi unayo noma kunjalo izinto ezimbili ukuze yehlukaniswe, lo evusa
inkanuko ukudlala lokujabulela ukuthi White ngokuqhubekayo avuke Black kanye
nethonya excitatory on ukwazi jikelele, ukukhangana phezu ukunakwa lapho lokho
okwakushiwo amandla black in lenqubekela kwendawo noma yesikhashana uqobo,
kodwa ngokungafani white kuthathwe, ine. Ngemuva ubuhlobo wokuqala omnyama
us kufinyeleleke level ephansi ngokumelene white njengoba ezingeni eliphakeme
zithatha izinga emizweni izinkanuko omunye, kungakhathaliseki wakhulelwa kanye
noma ngaphandle Ngokuphambene, kuphela ukuthi Ngokuphambene, kudlula
ukukhazimula black (ngemva kwezingxoxo phakathi XI) noma kwehliswe lapho
ifinyelela for hhayi, ezingeni eliphansi kunawo; okwesibili ubuhlobo kude Black
ngokusebenzisa ukuphikisana kwakhe White njengoba nje White ngokusebenzisa
ukuphikisana kwakhe abamnyama kungaba maqondana njengoba nomphumela
omuhle efanayo ngimbone umphefumulo. Hering kwenza lo mehluko akuyona,
kodwa akubonakali kimi esingaphansi Delboeuf mix kuphela ngomqondo ohlukile,
okwamanje lesibili zokuqala ngokwalo nomphumela ngokulinganayo omuhle
umphefumulo zithi black lapho white. Kodwa obani ababezoba baphikisa ukuthi,
ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo nje ukuthola ebumnyameni amehlo avaliwe
noma amehlo in dark ebusuku, lapho Ngokuphambene siqedwa kangaka kakhulu
ejabule, njengoba umbono a ukukhanya umfaniswano. Uma othile ekhathele
ukukhanya okukhulu, kubukeka ngoba amehlo ebumnyameni noma ukukhanya
ngovivi lokusa "ukuphumula" Nokho, kudinga "isiphakamiso" by ukukhanya lapho
kwase kuyisikhathi eside yena washaya ebumnyameni.Lezi zinkulumo ezivamile
ukuthi ungavumelani iqiniso lokuthi black kukodwa uhlamvu ngokulinganayo emihle
ukukhipha ukwedlula white. Ngaphambi wokukhanya onamandla kakhulu uvale
amehlo akho, njengoba omunye ulokhu uvaliwe ezindlebeni phambi umsindo uqine
kakhulu; the black kungaba okufanayo njengoba emihle White inkanuko, omunye
ngenxa yalokho kuphela ngokweqile injabulo omunye.
Hering manje uthi ngeke black okuhlanzekile, yebo omunye ngaphandle
Ngokuphambene ngaso sonke, "neze" umbono black and uthole (ngokuvumelana
nkulumo ngenhla), indida ukuthi neze umuntu kodwa ukuba asayine
ngempela. Noma kunjalo, I mean, uthola ngokwanele ngamehlo avaliwe stockfinstrer
ngobusuku umbono black, ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi, uma kungenjalo okuhlanzekile
ngempela, ngoba ngisho ixubene into ukukhanya subjective uthuli, black hhayi
umphumela esifanayo njengoba emini.Lokho black ngokungafani ngokumelene white
ngamehlo evulekile elangeni black phakade msulwa futhi ajulile angase abonakale
njengoba black wokukhanya iso zemvelo ngamehlo evaliwe ukuba vuma, futhi mina
ngokwami ngasekuqaleni m. Dep. On okungafani isasasa (p. 104) a observation
okuqondene lapha kwaholela. Incazelo yaleli kuphakama ngombono wami Ihlelo.
XI. Phela, ungaya ukwencika efanayo. (P. 104) futhi baqashe ngizame ukuze of the
black in esweni ukujula axosha inzuzo ngokumelene ukujula wakhe iso evulekile
efanayo engqondo Black ijoyina isiqondiso. Ngibona, kuyilapho ugcina iso ivaliwe

njalo, kanye nezinye ukuvulwa by tube ngaphakathi amnyama on a luthungelwa by

emini ishidi buthuntu iphepha ngibhema, futhi close yanjalo lokhu iso, lapho
Ngingalutholaphi lokho kuba nobusuku esweni e waphela ngaphandle ukuqhathanisa
ezijulile ukwedlula black endaweni, lapho ngibona phambi kwami ngokusebenzisa
black tube on the black umnsalo futhi akhanyiswe imisebe yelanga kuyinto; lapho
Kuyavunywa wachaza kalula iqiniso lokuthi ndawo kunokuba ngokungafani white,
kodwa ngokuphambene akuyona ngokumelene zikhanyiswa ngokulingana emini
omnyama black tube njengoba kubonakala ngokusebenzisa black tube unombono
evulekile.
Uma unomuzwa oqinile wokuthi black eyenza ngempela ngokungafani white,
ukuba ngenxa ukuthi umphumela Schwarz ngokufanayo omuhle ngokwabo njengoba
elimhlophe, uzogcinwa ofuna ukuphumela obala ukuthi kuziwa ngalowo, uma
kukhona on a emhlabathini emhlophe ibala elimnyama noma esiqeqesha ezinye
mounts black, enombono akuwona umphefumulo kwezinye izindlela ngisho
decidedly more akujabulisi, njengoba uma emhlabathini white noma nje black
elingenalutho phambi kwakhe.Ingabe Black uhlamvu emihle elinganayo ukwedlula
white, khona-ke sum of the emihle ngokusebenzisa black spot phezu white
ngokumelene elingenalutho white aliguquki.Ngokombono wami, Nokho, sum of
emizweni izinkanuko ukugqama kanjalo ngempela uye bakhishwe, by the
Ngokuphambene, Nokho, the ephakeme (ehlukile) umsebenzi tenhloko kahle
ziyashukumiseka ngendlela sikuthole matasa kwethu kunamandla wonkana. Ngisho
Hering Akunakuphikwa ukuthi leli thonya labantu umehluko, kodwa ke cha
lingabhekisela ukuba uzicabange uhlamvu omuhle Black; kodwa lokho kungaba
kwalokho ngisho basakhuluma enjalo?

Isijobelelo on Hering sika umbala theory kanye umbono eyinqaba.

The emizweni umbala herring ngaso sonke fanekiso njengoba emizweni of white
and black and ziphathwe mayelana nalezi. Lapha like the amalungiselelo ebaluleke
kakhulu umbhali. Landela ngencazelo zabo okuningiliziwe kanye embodiments
eminye umbhali. Ngisho bheka ngokuqinisekile ngeke kokululama for perusal eduze
imibono yakhe.
Analog lifaka njengoba emizweni black and white yakha blue red, blue-green,
yellow red and yellow-green umbala emizweni. The z yangaphambili. B. Ukuthinta,
ngakho kufanele, njengoba nje kuhle njengoba Okumsulwa Okumnyama emsulwa
white, ukuba zamukele umuzwa emsulwa obomvu blue and okuhlanzekile, kanye
ukuhwebelana phakathi kwabo, lapho omunye uyakuqaphela ucishe blue noma
obomvu, njengoba kubonakala uyakuqaphela gradations of gray, black ucishe noma
elimhlophe. Ngakho, ngo ezinye imigqa.
Zikhona, ngaphandle black and white, ngisho ezine nje umbala emizweni elula
noma imibala primary, green, red, blue and yellow, ie izimpawu ngoba bangakwazi
'kwenzeke ukukhuluma ngaphandle aftertaste of lowehlukile, noma; uma onjalo
abonile, kodwa kuphela eyodwa, akasoze akwazi ukudlala nabanye ababili

ngesikhathi esifanayo ". Ngakho, "yellow singene obomvu noma oluhlaza okotshani,
kodwa hhayi blue, lokuluhlata kwesibhakabhaka, lobovu kuphela ukudlala noma Red
noma emaphandleni kuphela noma ophuzi noma blue .... Zonke ezinye imibala
singakwazi esiyinhlanganisela uma noma ushayele imibala exubile, njengoba njalo.
kungabonakala ngemibala emibili ikunika imibala ngaphezu ezimbili ezilula kodwa
okungase kuthintwe kunoma iyiphi umbala esiyinhlanganisela out "; . Futhi
"uhlangothi, kukhona obomvu kanye green, yellow futhi blue ngakolunye uhlangothi
never kanyekanye olubonakalayo owodwa Kungani lokhu kunjalo, asikho isizathu a
priori, kodwa kunjalo ... kuba okwamanje akunakwenzeka impendulo ..... Ngoba
ngokunengqondo, iqiniso angeke bathethelele, nangenxa manje kuba ongazicabanga
ngempela ukuthi siyaphumelela aphinde akha izimo a z nathi. B. of ukuzwa exubile
red and green kuphakama ngaphansi kwazo, noma ukuthi kukhona izidalwa lapho
onjalo baye isasasa ". 2) - ngobufushane ngokuthi umbhali imibala ahlobene." imibala
aphelele ".2)

Umbhali. Kungase lo mbono elula engikuzwile umuntu ukuthi

wayenobuhlobo ngezinye izikhathi lapho umbala emizweni Einschlummern
ngalo ayeyazi kubukela akukho emini qhathanisa. Lokho nombono ofanayo
umbhali luhambisane., Ngokuqinisekile ungakabi kungase kutholakale.
"Kusukela owodwa kuya umbala walo aphelele angaba akukho uchungechunge
okuqhubekayo umbala nalesi indlela uma ungathathi umbala lesithathu ukusiza. ...
Noma yimuphi umbala elula has kuphela eyodwa, umbala ngamunye ukuxuba
imibala emibili okuphambene."
"Noma yimuphi umbala owodwa nombala kungenzeka nangokuhlanzeka
ezahlukene kakhulu (noma by wesintu nkulumo saturation) ukwenzeka .... The
admixtures, okuyothi ukuhlanzeka a okucatshangelwayo umbala ukukhalayo kahle,
kukhona kuphela emizweni black and white .... Nokho, umbala can empeleni by
omunye ukonakaliswa, kodwa ukuthi ngokuvamile ngokuthi ushintsho of tone.
" , , , The izinguquko phakathi ekahle umbala elihle uhlangothi futhi imuphi umgomo
we black white Sensation uchungechunge Ngakolunye uhlangothi, libhekisela
umbhali. Njengoba shades of umbala. , , ,
Noma yimuphi okwenzeka ngempela ukuzwa ezinemibala kodwa unokuthile
Blackish noma ezimhlophe kukodwa ngakhoke ibonakala; "Uma kwakukhona
okuhlanzekile ngokuphelele umbala emizweni, okuyinto akunjalo, ngakho thina
lokhu ngabe the qwa kancane zibukeka esetshenziswa njengoba black
okuhlanzekile ... Black noma White esetshenziswa masinyane lowo, ngezinye
izikhathi ezingaphezu omunye, ngezinye izikhathi kokubili esilinganayo. " , , ,
"Ungabona imigomo ukudlala nobumnyama, okuyizinto ezifana ncimish the
emizweni kungenambala ne mhlophe noma ubumnyama, kuthuthukise okusho ukuthi
konke emizweni ezibukwayo, ngaphandle black ngokuphelele, ngokuthi ucishe
bright, futhi bonke, ngaphandle ngokuphelele White, more noma amnyama ngaphansi
.... Umbala okuhlanzekile ke kuxhopha ngokulinganayo amnyama ngoba azi kancane

kangaka linaso by Black, okungukuthi lutho 3), kanti gray hlangothi ke kuxhopha
ngokulinganayo amnyama ngoba esilinganayo emhlophe njengoba black and kuhlanganisa .... A ukuzwa
anemibala, lapho izinguquko at ukuhlanzeka njalo noma saturation licace isilinganiso kanyekanye ekwazi
zabo abamhlophe nabansundu esivuna white, emnyama, uma kushintsha ukuze kusizakale black,
ngamanye amazwi, uma lokujabulela umbala ezihlangene ukuzwa black and white ngaphandle
kokushintsha ubuhlobo babo lokuqala, ezimhlophe noma blackish kuyinto. "

3)

Ngokubona kwami kunengqondo ukusho ukuthi Kusukela umqondo

ukudlala futhi ubumnyama ngomqondo Hering sika imibala elihlanzekile
uyolithola ukusetshenziswa njengoba kancane, njengoba umqondo red yellow
on white and black, njengoba ngempela obomvu yellow "lutho" ungaphakathi
black and white.
At odlule, kwaqhubeka in the indatshana original, amalungiselelo (10 6. Imibiko, k.
FF.) Umlobi wakha. System Its abizwa kwamanani ukugqama ezahlukene kanye
ubumsulwa imibala.
Ekugcineni (12 6. Imibiko, k. FF.) Ingabe umbhali. Ngakho yawo yamakhemikhali
theory zomhlangano ogama jikelele (Ihlelo. IV) atshelwe by imishwana elandelayo
esemqoka ebuhlotsheni.
"Lo emizweni eziyisithupha eziyisisekelo into ebonwayo batihlele ukuba
amabhangqa amathathu :. Black and white, blue and yellow, green and red"
"Ngayinye yalezi amabhangqa amathathu oluhambisana Dissimilierungs- futhi
nokwenziwa [isihlobo ukuba D futhi A umbhali. Designated] besondrer izinga, ukuze
ngalokho into ezibukwayo onekhono ngezindlela triplicate ezahlukene ukuguqulwa
amakhemikhali noma umzimba."
Ngemva kwalokho, umlobi iyahluka. Ngaphansi ukubhuka ezithile "izingxenye
ezintathu ezahlukene ketshezi ezibukwayo", akhuluma ngawo njengoba black
esinemizwa, the blue yellow esinemizwa, kanye rotgrn into esinemizwa.
Ngokuba into black and white kuthatha umbhali. Lokho dissimilation
yabo D white, nokwenziwa yabo A elihambisana black. Ngokuba blue and red-green
yellow into yena angakwazi okwamanje emthumeni lapho umbala D umbala futhi
lokho A umbala.
"Lo izinto ezintathu ungabeki izingxenye alinganayo ketshezi ezibukwayo
ndawonye, kodwa into black and white ugcwele kakhulu isitho ezibukwayo
equkethwe njengoba abanye ababili, futhi lezi ezimbili azifani."
"Zonke imisebe spectrum ebonakalayo akabuswa the dissimilierend black Into
emhlophe, kodwa imisebe lwehlukene ngezilinganiso obuhlukahlukene. On the green
into blue noma ephuzi obomvu Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezithile kuphela imisebe
isenzo dissimilierend, ezinye asihlanganise ezithile, futhi imisebe ethile."
"Ukukhanya Mixed livela kungenambala uma kuba khona for the blue kanye

yellow njengoba into red-green for an Dissimilierungs- eqinile ngokulinganayo

njengoba Assimilierungsmoment ngoba ngaleso sikhathi zombili izikhathi
ukukhansela nomunye out, futhi umphumela into black and white lephuma
okuhlanzekile." u. sw
Ukuze abanye Amaphuzwakhe ayenze ukuze theory odlule, kanjalo ngabe,
ngempela Ngokuhlakanipha eyenziwa, kunalokho psychochemical njengoba
psychophysical, theory ukukhanya Hering Yiqiniso unongorwana i nencazelo ehluke
ngokuphelele lapho isicelo kucatshangwa izinto ezintathu ezahlukene ezibukwayo
futhi ngihlanganyela kuwo ezimbili chemical izinqubo ngqo ngisho
nangokwengeziwe Esekelwa enokwehla e yokukhanya bokuphila kungaba, njengoba
izenzakalo echaza basuke amukela, futhi uma ubuhlobo phakathi izimo bangaphandle
zangaphakathi ukuzwa kamuva kungaba engaguquki trackable. Kodwa ngaphandle
kakade (bheka ngenhla) kuqashelwe Incongruenzen mayelana nalokhu ibonakala
kakhulu fundumentale amaphuzu alandelayo kimi.
Black and white njengoba A kanye D of the into efanayo ezibukwayo ndawonye
ukunikeza lokujabulela black and white noma grey. Ngemva kwalokho, kufanele blue
and yellow, red and green, njengoba
kukhona A kanye D (noma D kanye A) okufanayo, kodwa sihluke black and white,
into etibonwa umbhali. Ukuwabamba, a phuzi futhi zibe bomvu-green, ukunikeza
lokujabulela white noma grey kodwa ehlukene blue , Kunalokho, anikeza isasasa
gray noma elimhlophe (ngokusho ubuhlobo babo njengoba imibala
aphelele). Umbhali. Aluthole (kangaka) ngisho okuxakayo ukuthi neither blue noma
yellow ukuzwa red-green ukhona. Kukhona nje grey noma elimhlophe
lokho.Umbhali ubonakala. Ukuze ukufuna incazelo okungenhla ukuthi
uma A futhi D nje pick up Okusizayo ngoqobo blue and yellow, noma obomvu-green,
nje lokujabulela kungenambala njalo admixed black daba white uhlala
kwesokunxele. Kodwa kusukela ukuqedwa mutual of A kanye D kule into black and
white akukho ukunyamalala lokujabulela black and white, kodwa Chile isilinganiso
ezimbili, gray, ine umphumela kufanele kube njalo blue into phuzi futhi zibe bomvugreen by umphumela zemvelo, esihambelanayo ; futhi uma kuba akunjalo, ibonakala
okuthile izidingo eziyisisekelo indima, okuyinto kimi A futhi D kufanele ukudlala,
hhayi lokuvota. Lapha bacela co-operation in the efanayo amandla ukunyamalala
njengenhlangano Chile isilinganiso nemiphumela yabo ekhethekile kukhiqizwa.
Kodwa siyavuma ukuthi Oszillationstheorie emva injalo manje namanje kuveza
ubunzima ukuzixazulula kunjengoba kuhle njengoba theory amakhemikhali zincike
imicabango asizayo, ukuthi kubonakale kulula consistently kuphela ukuqeqesha naye
futhi amaqiniso kimi enjalo. Cabangela ezinye okuqondene lapha.
1. ngokuqhubekayo wehlise Indes the amaza ka yangaphandle umbala spectrum
kusukela violet obomvu, ngakho kufanele silindele kwehla efanayo okuqhubekayo a
umbala isasasa olulodwa njengenhlangano spectrum zangaphakathi oyedwa ukwehla
okuqhubekayo kule amplitude ukukhanya yangaphandle iconsi eqhubekayo
ukukhanya uzizwa; zenzeka ngempela esehlukene umbala emizweni njengoba blue,
green, yellow, elibomvu Track uhla elingaphakathi.

2) Siyazi rotgelbe, ophuzi green, green blue, obomvu blue, kodwa emva phawula
Hering akukho green obomvu yellow okwesibhakabhaka noma emizweni, ie yiziphi
green and red, blue and yellow ngesikhathi esifanayo esetshenziswa. The manje
uyavuma noma ngokwezinga elithile kahle nge Oszillationsansicht ngaphandle uma
amaza ka ezinye imibala sehla phakathi green and red, blue and yellow, hhayi
phakathi red yellow, njll; kodwa phakathi blue and red odlulela cishe lonke
spectrum; nokho une violet, di blue emizweni red.
3) Yeka ukuchaza ukuthi kungenzeka imibala aphelele kanye nemibala aphelele
ngempela izindlela ezihlukahlukene, njalo sakhiwa unombono ofanayo the white
noma grey?
4) Yeka ngeke amele izenzakalo umbala ubumpumputhe?
5) Uma ngisho awukwazi ukubamba qualitative for ekuqedeni umehluko ukushuba
emizweni of black and white, ngeke kube ukuphika ukuthi black and white futhi
qualitatively ezahlukene lokujabulela bakha namandla umehluko ngendlela of lapho
field of sokuzwa, ukunambitheka, isisindo emizweni lutho fanekiso imibukiso; futhi
siyavuma ukuthi emizweni Nokho Izici ezahlukene show of bonke emizweni umbala
njengoba wonke bodwa, kodwa interface analog phakathi omunye nomunye
ngokusebenzisa level Lesisemkhatsini, njengoba z. B. Red and yellow, yellow and
green ngombala ezindaweni black and white,. Wenza manje futhi phezu odlule
herring chemical theory, nokho, ikakhulukazi ibalwa ukumelwa kulawa ukuze
nobunzima obukhulu mayelana amaphuzu ukuze bathumele efanayo, ngakho
kukhona kodwa futhi kunika for Oszillationstheorie lokuqala nobunzima i ukumelwa
ezanele lalawo maphuzu ukuthola.
Manje angazi bathi ukuba ayesekhulile isixazululo ephephile yazo zonke lezi
zinkinga, kodwa basakholelwa ukuthi indlela eya isixazululo ovamile kuyafana in the
kokuvumelana mbono, okuyinto I kakade Elem. II. 301 ff bazakha. Futhi ufuna
nokuzala lapha imizamo isicelo amaphuzu angenhla.
Ngokusho kwakhe zonke Optikusfaser kufezeke ngaphansi kwethonya ngisho elula
umfutho imibala ukubunjwa kunyakaza, futhi ngenxa yalokho ayikho elula in a
efanayo umthambo imibala kunendlela zingaba elibanzi by yokubola
prismatic; kodwa umbala elula inhloso nje ubiza elula subjective color mix, di
ukwakheka kunyakaza isikhathi ezahlukene, kukhiqizwa, futhi izinga lokujabulela,
okuyinto kuncike eqinisweni, kusekelwe endleleni ukwakheka kule
ngxube. 4) Voraussetzlich evelele e ingxube lapho, inhloso vibration elihambisana
ukushuba bese uphonsa omunye malungana nalokhu ngokuhambisana kusukela lapho
ziyashiyana isikhathi noma inombolo ye kunyakaza,, lapho Nokho ngoba excitability
retina ibekelwe imingcele imikhawulo ethile izinga vibration, okwehlukile e, nangale
kwemingcele obubonakalayo kumele ahlupheke spectrum ngaphesheya inhloso ray
falling. Futhi esingambona kakade esondela kwemingcele lube buthaka sibambelele
kulesi sici.
4)

Ukuze afakazele ukuthi umbono ngenhla aluhileli engenakwenzeka

ngokomzimba, Ngibala in Elem. . II 303 elandelayo izimo: "Ngisho izindawo

theory Inhloso ukukhanya, elula eyohlobo umbala vibration in a medium a
andres by esazisa sikhuthaze oluyinhlanganisela umbala vibration Lona
okungukuthi esimweni fluorescence Kuyaziwa, by izinto fluorescent, inani
vibration Breakable .. imibala phakade wazithoba, kodwa ngokuvumelana
uphenyo of Stokes Lokhu ngokuvamile akunjalo ukuthi umbala eyohlobo
ihunyushwa i ezinye eyohlobo kusukela izinga engezansi vibration, kodwa
ukuthi okubangwa eyohlobo umbala misebe bahlakazeka ukukhanya
ngokuvamile itholakala endaweni engaphezu noma ngaphansi namaculo. "
Kungase kube wakhumbula ukuthi ngisho Tongebiete an vibration elibanzi elula
akaphinda kubangela i vibration ngokulinganayo elula ezikhathazayo 5); kuphela
kungaba neze Isifaniso ephelele phakathi ratios zombili izindawo enze.
5)

Empeleni, wonke umuntu ukukhalayo ngomqondo ovulekile elula

ngokucabangela ukuze yesibili ethi zezibalo ngomphumela uveza endlebeni,
kokuhileleka yayo harmonic in the indlebe wenza kanye. (Comp., Phakathi
kokunye, JJ Mller imibiko d. Sachs. Soc., 1871 P. 115 ff.)
Kunalokho, kanti kunyakaza ehlukahlukene isikhashana esinqunyiwe bangabanye
inothi efanayo eliyisisekelo (eyisiko nokugxila), ziqondakala Akustikusfasern
ezahlukene, yilawo bangabanye efanayo Farbentone inhloso, ziqondakala
Optikusfaser efanayo; - Ngakho okungenani umbono wami okuphambene uYoung ukuchaza ukuthi Partialfarben angeke avezwe ngokwehlukana ukuze partials by
ukunakwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenkathi yonke ukwakheka, yena kubangela ngaphakathi,
kukhona njalo okwandayo ukuphakama ukukhalayo eyisisekelo partials, ngenkathi
ahlale hhayi isibalo ngokuphelele kunyakaza, kodwa olinganise elinye lelinye inothi
ayisisekelo ilingana, kufanele wamukele in the imibala shintsha in the shintsha
phakathi imibala ehlukene ngomqondo ovulekile elula, ratios ukwakheka umbala
subjective kanjalo kwabangela, ngokuletha ngesikhathi esifanayo wamemezela
ukuthi umbono umehluko umbala umehluko umsindo avele fanekiso ukuba ngaphezu
pitch umehluko, nokuthi edabula spectrum umehluko omkhulu ngempela phakathi
okuvelayo umbala kungenzeka.
Kungakhathaliseki oscillations olulinganiselwe umbala ezikhathazayo ukuthi
libangelwa umgomo umbala vibration, nje kukhona discontinuous, njengoba
eliyisisekelo futhi kokuhileleka of a Saitentons, futhi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi
ngokulinganayo phambukani kolunye uhlangothi kuphela eyisisekelo kunazo zonke,
okungenzeka ekuqaleni babebonakala okungabazekayo, kodwa obungenza ake kahle
anqume by ingxoxo eningiliziwe.
Okwalapha kule nezindaba sisalindiwe imibala elibanzi elula aphelele kuthiwa
ngokuvumelana esandulele yimuphi umcimbi labo ababangela izingoma subjective

libangelwa, okuyinto izimo enengqondo, kuthathwe ndawonye, amele ukwakheka

subjective of the white noma grey. Uma manje edabula spectrum inhloso ngasiphi
umbala elibanzi elula i ezinye umbala elula noma (njengoba ku Green, Helmholtz p.
277) laqanjwa ezimbili njengoba aphelele butholakala, omunye ukuchitshiyelwa e
ukwakheka, umbala ezikhathazayo ezihambisana isibe kangaka zicabange ukuthi lesi
simo yanelisekile ngaphandle ukuphikisana, zazo kungenzeka ngokubulawa Nokho,
usadinga ukusihlola. Ngokuvamile, noma kunjalo, lo white ezikhathazayo, njengoba
ukwakheka ingqikithi a, b, c, d, e. , , . Kubhekwe, ihlukaniswe ngezindlela ezingafani
izingoma ezimbili, futhi ngenxa yalokho futhi ihlanganiswe ezifanayo kusukela
kulabo lapho kungenzeka jikelele eyasungulwa ukukhiqiza mhlophe okuphelelisa
ehlukene kakhulu.
The ekusondeleni violet obomvu abonakala ekhuluma for a element ngezikhathi e
ukwakheka, umbala ezikhathazayo lapho edabula uhla, uma hhayi von Helmholtz (p.
234.) lokuzama incazelo by fluorescence retina Kungcono.
Ukuze umbala-ubumpumputhe iphuzu jikelele umbono kuyodingeka ukusebenzisa
ukuthi umbala-izimpumputhe, ukuphela ubeka izinzwa optic engavamile kuthiwa
asihambisani, nje ukukhiqiza ngaphansi kwethonya yangaphandle umbala kunyakaza
zonke izinhlobo Farbenschwin-izimo kanjalo, noma ngisho akamuhle bavotela
nokuzala izinzwa optic ezifana kuka in the abantu umbono evamile.
Ngokuphathelene nobunzima ngaphansi 5) kubonakala sengathi bagomela
okulandelayo.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kusukela imizamo abayitoho ngami (Pogg. Ann. 1840 L. 465)
futhi okwalandela engenayo von Helmholtz (p.233) imemezele ukuthi yonke imibala,
inhloso elula, ukuba asondele kakhudlwana white noma white yellow, kuye okukhulu
ungukukhanya zabo; futhi imizamo eyengeziwe Helmholtz (k. 234. 319), Aubert (p.
128) kanye Chodin 6) (k. 18, 30) baye babonisa ukuthi ngisho nalapho esondela
lokujabulela dark umbala tone, ukuze umbala inhloso inikezwe Izinguquko
ukuvuswa. 7)
6)

"On the ukwencika emizweni umbala umfutho elikhanyayo." ; Jena, Dufft,

1874th
7)

Uma bonke imibala ekugcineni avele kungenambala endleleni esikhulu

kakhulu ebumnyameni, nakuba namanje distinguishable by ukukhanya
emhlabathini black, kodwa emva izingqapheli esesikhulume ngazo, ufuna
umthetho ingxube kombundu (ukuze kube ngenxa), njengoba nje Black,
okuyinto ukuma umbala ine, ngokwako iqukethe ingxube yonke imibala,
umbundu for the umbono umbala kodwa akufani ngoba umbono ukukhanya.

Ngakho iqiniso ngokwalo ifakazela ukuthi ushintsho kokushintsha umfutho inhloso

(ukuphakama kwawo namandla awo) vibration the ratios abamelwe ukwakheka

ezikhathazayo okuyinto kwabangela therefrom; futhi lokho kuyiqiniso of the

oscillations elula inhloso, ngeke idluliselwe lens ukwakheka white yalo, emva
kwalokhu; lapho inhloso okuhlanganisiwe White ngokunciphisa amandla e Black,
lapho kwabangela ukwakheka ezikhathazayo kanjalo sivumele ukuba ashintshe izimo
zawo yokusungula ezazivamile izinga ezahlukene lokujabulela the Black kusukela
White is moya; nakuba kunzima ngisho ukucaciselwa kuzodinga, okuyothi ngalo
black and white ukwakheka ratios ezikhathazayo Zusammenset ngezilimi ihluke
umbala, ngaphandle odlulayo singene labo. 8)
Ngoba ngokomthetho futhi iqiniso embundwini hlanganisa (Ihlelo. X.) inhloso
WeissDirekt eliningi ethile umbala kungenziwa wanezela ngaphandle umehluko
owaziwa qwa, ngiziphi ukuhlolwa ayatholakala, njengoba kakade kanje kusukela
kulesi nalabo of inhloso kuncike subjective ingxube white imibala ngemishayo ukuthi
ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile kungaba khona ushintsho kule ngxube, ngaphandle
kokuvela njengoba anemibala, nakuba lokho akusho ukuthi bangase ahambe aze
ukukhiqiza umehluko izinga phakathi abamhlophe nabansundu. In the ekukhanyeni
ezikhathazayo iso black ngabe yikuphi kusukela ekuqaleni ukwakheka efanayo
ukucabanga ukuthi omunye osondela ngokunciphisa umfutho ukukhanya ngomqondo
ovulekile kungenambala subjectively more and more.
Emva kwalokho Yebo uhlala ngenxa umbono wethu kokuqala kodwa ukuxazulula
imibuzo eminingi ngaphambi ungenza isiqiniseko, kungenzeka ubambe ukuthi
kanjalo bonke ubunzima ukuba nazo; futhi ngiyakwazi batusa nabo kulokhu kuphela
njengoba ngaphambilini i ukusihlola engabalulekile.
8)

Ngezinye izikhathi lokhu amazwi, uma kungewona wonke umbala imishayo

ezikhathazayo lapho libangelwa ngazo, kuncike ukushintsha okufanayo
ngegalelo ratios, lokhu uma ushintsho of the ukushuba umbala inhloso noma
white inhloso kanye share the yokulinga devia ezi- emthethweni Weber sika
wayengase kwashintsha ukushuba izingxenye ukukhanya-umehluko.

XV. Umthethosisekelo psychophysical Bernstein sika.

Bernstein uye bemerktermaen (Ihlelo. IV) ishicilelwe

kumthethosisekelo psychophysical azibhala ezimbili ukuba abekele
eceleni folgends okwesikhashana l., In Reichert-Duboisschen Arch. 1868
p. 388 et seq, kanye nezinye, kanye II uqoke, ngo s isignesha: .....
"Izifundo inqubo excitatory in the izinhlelo sezinzwa futhi kwemisipha,"
1871 p 166 ff Isahluko sesibili siqukethe kukhulunywa ambalwa
imibono eminye kuqala futhi ungangeneki Izichibiyelo ngaphandle
isimiso kanye umphumela ukucabangela kakhulu ngalokho ukushintsha.
In the indatshana lokuqala eqinisweni kungagcini umbhali. ukucabangela
le Lokusakaza injabulo entry yabo iphuzu ebuchosheni at emva nje
elilodwa ubukhulu bacabangele, okwesibili wabaxosha ukuthi
ukuphishekela belungafica emva izilinganiso ezintathu kuholele kakhulu
imiphumela efanayo ngokubamba isikhala isiyingi e izilinganiso
ezimbili, kanye okuphathe (II. 178).
Njengoba kushiwo eNgxenyeni 4 kafushane ukuya inhloso yombhali.
Khona esikhundleni, bamukela ngami, ukwencika logarithmic of the
ukushuba lokujabulela ukushuba excitation elingaphakathi a
proportionality elula ukushuba lokujabulela ayikhona umfutho, kodwa .
of, ngokusho umlobi limited ukusabalala kwendawo injabulo
ngaphakathi, ukuze silungisiswe ngilungele ukungena ubuchopho, le
ndaba yasakazeka ngenani izakhi key, ganglion cells, okuyothi kuthatha
indawo, kubhekwa kulinganiswa; Nokho, ngesikhathi esifanayo
ukusungula, ukuthi lokhu ukusabalala in a ithemba ehambisana
logarithmic nokuma amandla ashukumisayo, njengoba mina kodwa
ebekwe ezintweni ngenhlonipho lokujabulela.
Lonke isikhala yindilinga okuyothi ngalo excitation kungaba asakaze
kusukela iphuzu engena ubuchopho kuze ukunyamalala namandla,
kulinganiswa ngendlela kuboniswe, ubizwa ngokuthi nguye
Irradiationskreis yini sikwazi ukumisa jikelele Irradiationsraum, uma
kuziwa kungenzeka sandile yonke indawo ebiyelwe isikhala izilinganiso
ezintathu.
Amandla isasasa lokungena ebuchosheni wako. Amandla
zangaphandle umfutho ezilinganiselwe ze noma ukukhomba nabo
bethola formula yakhe ngokulandela lemigudu elandelayo ingxoxo siqu
kanye nezinye izilingo (with ezintweni kagesi) labo ngesimo umgodi
(wave excitatory) ngokusebenzisa lokusakaza nerve, isasasa kule
imifanekiso unesifo akukho attenuation, kanti iqala onjalo amaseli
ganglion umbhali. ukwenzeka.
Amandla isasasa ngesikhathi zonke iphuzu Irradiationskreises iwukuba
umbhali. By amandla kinetic of a therethrough yokuqhubekisela
oscillation inqubo kubhekwe singenakulinganiswa, kodwa kuza umbhali.
In ukulinganisa lokujabulela ngobukhulu Irradiationskreises noma
inombolo ekuwo ganglion cells kuphela kangaka kubhekwe njengendlela

ukuqinaqina lapho bengena ubuchopho futhi, ngenxa yalokho,

ngesikhathi zonke iphuzu Irradiationskreises extension enkulu yezizathu
ezifanayo.
Ukuthi isasasa akusho basakaze ngaphezu kokulinganisa ezithile
ebuchosheni, kodwa. ukusabalala ngokuya esiwohloza ekugcineni
iphetha umkhawulo ezithile Irradiationskreises uchaza umbhali. hhayi
kuphela yilabo ngaye kodwa kubhekwe, amandla, okuyinto edingekayo
ukuze athwale yahlakazeka indawo enkulu by ngokwayo, kodwa futhi
ngumuntu eyinqaba, ukushuba ezilinganiselwe ze excitation, ukumelana
zonke esiqakatheke enalo emngceleni ngokusebenzisa ukuyaluza,
mayelana neqiniso kombundu, njengoba kuboniswe ngezansi. 1)

1)

Ukuze ukudida phakathi ezimbili ngokulinganayo kungenzeka

isethulo izindlela kumele Nokho waphawula ukuthi ezintweni
nomzuzwana nje by a suczessiven edabula izakhi central kanye
nokuncipha ukushuba excitation, inkulumo kungenzeka,
ngesikhathi nombala waqhubeka oyibamba ezintweni ngegalelo
eligcwele Ukwamukelwa Elernent lokuqala central ne
zinyamalale-wathumela noma embundwini buthakathaka in the
element last, kangakanani Ausbrei-ligodliwe uyophinde
zikhona. Nokho, kufanele lapha kube qakala ukucabangela
ngaphansi isethi eyodwa noma ezinye mode wokukhulelwa.
Lokho lokujabulela kuyinto wakhona esimweni ngokomzimba, kube
ungene kuncike enjalo, nokuthi kukhona kokwabiwa njengenhlangano
ukushuba kunalokho Kunalokho, lapho kuba ezilinganiselwe empeleni
nje nezidingo Ed., Yikuphi wenza ngezansi iphuzu a priori Nokho, ngoba
cishe ebambe kunesami, nokudoswa umbhali. go khona ngaphansi
Mitzuziehung wanikeza ukunwetshwa elilinganiselwe Irradiationsraums,
ukuze abonise ukuthi Magesetz logarithmic mayelana umfutho ukuvela
therefrom. Ingqikithi yalezi ezibanjwayo balandela lapha kuphela
ngaphandle ezincane ukuthi ngicabanga ukuthi jikelele ngokwanele
kusukela ekuqaleni kokubili ukusabalala excitation by isici (njengoba ku
I.), njengoba in izilinganiso ezimbili (njengoba in II.) Njengoba kufanele
sisekelwe ku izilinganiso ezintathu can.
In the lokuthi mina kuncane substituiere for empeleni ezilinganiselwe,
kodwa ezincane kakhulu futhi eduze nezinye izakhi ngamunye ejabulile
kobuchopho eduze elingapheli ukuthola umehluko and ezothando
ebalulekile, ngilandela nje umbhali., Futhi kulindeleke lapha lutho
olungalungile Obalulekile.
Ngokusho njengoba injabulo entry yabo iphuzu ukuze vorschreitet,

kuba omunye, kuye ngokuthi eqondile isimo, luyisiyingi noma

imbulunga isikhala s meet, futhi ngokuhambisana nokukhula s ukushuba
excitation y emngceleni waleli isikhala ukuba buthaka, ukusabalala
kodwa ngisho nomuntu othile usayizi S, lapho y embundwini bwehla,
hhayi iDemo sichuma phezu okuthiwa. Irradationsraum kwalokho.
Ngokuhambisana imfuneko eyisisekelo manje lokujabulela
kuyinto by the formula
=S

(1)

kungathathwa njengesigwebo ngesilinganiso lapho a izindlela uphawu

mass central, by nasekwandiseni excitation, ie inani izenzakalo ezivelele
iyunithi ngezinga kwendawo.
Manje ake r ibanga kunabo, kuze wecher isifika ukusabalala excitation
kusukela iphuzu ukungena, ngakho engaba Irradiationsraumes,
kanjalo S, kuye ngesimo = 2 r = r2 =, eyokuqala kuya ezothando of the
author . I. 391 (lapho s esikhundleni 2 r kuyinto), elesibili likhuluma
emuva equation II. 176. 179.
Ngokusho lokhu, kuyiqiniso, S njengoba umsebenzi
umfutho umbundu b, ngawo excitation y uvala emngceleni
Irradiationsraumes ukuveza lokho ufika umbhali. Njengoba kanje.
The ukulahlekelwa, lapho umfutho y kuyaqhubeka bonke ubukhulu of
space s, ukuze wokusakazeka awukaphothulwa kwenziwa kuze element
esilandelayo lokhu isikhala s lihlupheka, is lingasethwa kulingana:
kuqala ukukhula s ukuze s (ngenxa buthakathaka y ukusabalala),
okwesibili, ubukhulu y at the umkhawulo by s kulinganiswa isikhala,
futhi okwesithathu njalo k, elimelela resistivity izakhi key noma
ukulahlekelwa ukushuba, unit isasasa unit wokusakazeka kwendawo
uyahlabeka. Ngakho kufanele:
(2)
Ngakho
const. (3)

log. . nat y = - k s +

Uma Manje amagugu y = njengoba engena ubuchopho, ukubaluleka s

= 0, amagugu y = b inani isikhala S oluhambisana, sinazo
log. nat. = const.
log. nat. b = - k S + const.

Ngakho by lengqikithi owesibili kusuka ezothando lokuqala

(4)
futhi, lapho ngokusho (1)
=S
Ekugcineni
(5)
lapho ezothando (esikhundleni njalo
by k) ngesimo kuvumelana
yokukala formula yethu, futhi ngenxa elingaphandle psychophysics
ukubaluleka kwalo efanayo, kodwa hhayi design efanayo for the
psychophysics engaphakathi yakhelwe ngaphandle ngokulingana
Bernstein, njengoba ngokusho kithi yokukala formula yethu, ngoba
umfutho ,
.
We manje cabanga ngalokho. (I. 391) usungula umsunguli bakhetha
izidingo zakhe eziyisisekelo, futhi yini ufuna ukuba ukuphikisa.
"Isilinganiso one - uthi - esikuyo ukukala amandla yimaphi amandla,
isikhala Ukukhangwa thina ukukala by the isikhala umcimbi in a
yesibili, ukushisa thina ukukala by the ukunwetshwa (f 391.); Lapho
ehlupheka umzimba evuthayo .. . Amandla kagesi ngokusebenzisa kuka
inaliti magnetic esikhundleni salo hlangothi. A ngesilinganiso ngqo
umfutho esingenayo. "
"Njengoba nje kancane kuba ongazicabanga ukuthi sithatha ukushuba
umuzwa njengoba enjalo ngqo kithi. Sasihamba siye kuleli cala
esiphethweni okungenangqondo ukuthi sinawo umuzwa wangaphakathi
of the logarithms yemvelo, njengoba ngoba uchungechunge
lwezinombolo yemvelo . "
"Ngakho, kusukela akekho omunye ngesilinganiso esisele lapha, thina
kwaholela kucatshangwa Kuyacaca dawir balinganisela ukushuba
umuzwa endleleni, lapho excitation uhamba phakathi nendawo. The
ngokuqina excitation engenayo, kujula lihlaba singene isikhungo
esinemizwa, the central more mass unit e inqubo umuzwa elihambisana
isimo. "
Kodwa akulona iqiniso ukuthi ukushuba a force sasiba, bona wazalwa
umfutho, kuyashesha, ezihambayo noma ophilayo force, ngokuyisisekelo
kuphela isikhala bahamba the eliqhutshwa force komzimba,
ngesilinganiso, kodwa kunalokho mayelana nesikhathi , lapho isikhala
ezimboziwe; di of, ekhishwa force njengoba umsebenzi Isivinini noma

ushintsho Isivinini. Lapha, kodwa ungathola akekho ukukholelwa ukuthi

uma lokujabulela ngaso sonke sincike sandulela okuthakazelisayo in the
amaseli ganglion, kumane isikhala noma inombolo ye cells okuyothi
Ukhuthaza njengoba umsebenzi wamandla ayo original, ngokoMthetho
amandla umuzwa ifika, nakuba kungashiwo ecabanga ukuthi nge (by
summation encanyana ukuze azimisele) umkhiqizo ubukhulu
ukusabalala in the. ukusabalala kanye esenziwa ukumelana endleleni
yabo umzimba, ngegalelo ifika, balandela kodwa umbono kanye
kokubanjwa kwanoma Ed. akenzi.
Kodwa uma ayisisekelo imigomo wokwehla degree of force ukuba
isikhala, okuyiqembu umbhali eqala., Cogent, ngakho konke ukuze
walahlekelwa ukuthi umlobi. Ekukhipheni yayo kunalokho inani cells
equkethwe a esikhaleni esinikeziwe, yebo ngokuyisisekelo, yini ukuba
wehle, ukulahlekelwa amandla kinetic, okuyinto okubangelwa inani cells
njengoba look onegunya usayizi lokujabulela; ngaphandle kwakhe,
ukudansela isiginci sakhe lesi ukulahlekelwa ngaphandle inombolo,
njengoba kwezinye izimo iyaphindwa izitatimende.
Njengoba umbhali. Kwangathi ukubona yinto engenangqondo
abacabanga ukushuba umuzwa in a umsebenzi logarithmic of the
ukushuba isasasa ngokushesha eziyimbangela, akucaci kimi. Sicabanga
ngazo zonke ukuthi ngemilingo kuncike quantitatively on the
ngokomzimba, ngakho priori akakwazi ukunquma ukuthi lisekhona e
ithemba elula ezilinganiselwe ze noma logarithmic kodwa, kanti omunye
akasekho kungazwakali kunabanye. Experience kumelwe
anqume. Ngisho ezindaweni ngokomzimba, kukhona nemizana inherent,
ezifana umbhali ngokwakhe statuiert ezifana phakathi Irradiationsraum
nokushukunyiswa. Kungani kungenjalo anjalo kufanele lube phakathi
usayizi ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba.
Ngokuba khona ukumelana, lapho excitation unesifo in the amaseli
ganglion, kwenza umlobi. (I. 389) amaqiniso ehlukene kusukela
izindawo izimpawu reflex uncintisana futhi wachaza okufanayo (I. 390)
eduze by kuphawula okulandelayo.
"Ngo Mechanics ngokuvamile baqonda ngaphansi ukumelana ukuthi
abangela okubangela ukulahleka ijubane umzimba asakhasa in motion.
Esimweni sethu kumele anikeze incazelo ezahlukene ukumelana nawe,
ngoba senza hhayi omunye enomzimba esitimela, kodwa esebenzelana
inqubo phambili. "
"Isibonelo okuyinto icala lethu ngokuningiliziwe, kungaba
wokusakazeka a wave umsindo, okuyinto bakwenqaba by the friction
izinhlayiya air. Lokhu kubangela ukulahlekelwa energy kinetic futhi
ungaboniswa kanjalo by the kwehla ngamandla, lapho unesifo igagasi
umsindo."
Nokho, Akuzwakali kulungile ukuba bavote lokhu kuqhathanisa,

ukuthi wave umfutho ngokuvumelana ucwaningo umbhali. (In II.)

Sibhekana akukho attenuation umfutho in the phambili ngokusebenzisa
fiber nerve, futhi mhlawumbe ifika II. Ngalokho hhayi isitatimende
eyedlule emuva kodwa okuqukethwe uqobo (II 177th) ukusho ngemuva
wacabanga ukuthi impahla fiber nerve ukuvumela ukudlula wave
umfutho ibambene ngokusebenzisa ngokwayo, "kodwa Anders
baziphathe ngokusho isiphetho sethu, izikhungo lapho wave umfutho
kwenzeka kungathi zibe kwelinye medium. esenza buthakathaka
amandla abo by a ukumelana. " Ukunyamalala energy kinetic
ngokusebenzisa le Resistor kodwa kuholela (II. 202) Ngokuvamile
ephepheni phezu kohlelo clamping force emuva.
Manje lokho ngokuqondene amaqiniso, ngokusekelwe lapho umbhali
in umbuzo khona ukumelana in the amaseli ganglion. umbuzo njengoba
Ngithanda, ngo akukho ikhono enengqondo kule nsimu, kumele
kuvunyelwe, uma kungenjalo ezinye zalezi amaqiniso by a zisakaza of
the excitation esenziwa the ngokuphangalala amagatsha ganglion cells,
abanye ngokusebenzisa izindlela, lapho athathe inkambo imisebenzi
reflex kwezitho central zingachazwa ngaphandle ngizibheka kodwa
banelungelo a ukuphikisa ethile ngalo mbono. Kodwa ukumelana onjalo
wavuma, okwenza kube lutho ngisho nangokwengeziwe kancane
yavuma njengoba nemikhawuko ezilinganiselwe of Irradiationsraumes
esiba element enkulu Ngenxa umbhali., Kuncike ekutheni lihlanganisa
ubukhulu lokujabulela ukuba singenakulinganiswa. Kunalokho,
imfuneko umbhali livela., Lokho umfutho y is buthaka zonke cell
maqondana ubukhulu ayesele, a priori kuphambene nalo, njengoba nje,
kufanele forterstrecken for lo mthetho infinity, fainter phakade
kuphela. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nobunzima, iqiniso embundwini
owasungulwa njengoba experientially, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso,
ngaphandle umlobi udonsa wanezela. by (I. 391) ichaza embundwini
"njengoba ukuthi ukubaluleka isasasa, okuyinto neither uyakwazi
[ubuchopho] nendawo ukungena esinemizwa, kodwa in the zohlobo
olufanayo," futhi (I. 393) iqiniso okufanayo by Isifaniso echaza
ngesikhathi esifanayo futhi kwakufaneleka ngokugcwele kwezinye
izindlela ufuna ukuthi ngempela umzimba esishukumisela emva
izintamo oyimpumelelo ukuhlikihla indiza uma ijubane layo wehlele by
waqhubeka ekunqandeni esiqinile encane, emelela value embundwini,
empeleni " Okwamanje noma ngokushesha kakhulu "usuphumule,
kungakhathaliseki ngemva kucatshangwa theory ukuthi kokungazweli
wakhona velocity, kwaba ukuba bahambe kuphela phakade nokuncipha
rate unomphela; njengoba naye ekuqaleni ukunyakaza kwakhe sidinga
nje kuphela Isivinini ezilinganiselwe ethile, futhi kanjalo nje umthelela
lo amandla hhayi ukukhiqiza, ukuhlala akanandaba.
Khonamanjalo, kimi kubonakala sengathi lo mfanekiso kunalokho
ekukhulumeni. Njengoba umbhali. Uma Angisiye oyiphutha, ukanye

izibonelo wathembela kulowo.

Shock ngamunye luqhutshwa emzimbeni siqalile, kodwa ungakabi
uqine ngokwanele ukuze amenze sehla endizeni ngeke kube lilize phezu
kwakhe, kodwa kunyakaza izinhlayiya zayo kubangele 2), ukuba ukushaqeka
umphumela onjalo kwafinyelela ubungako ngokugcwele ukuze, futhi athwale izinhlayiya
komzimba, lapho ziphumule indiza phezu samanje olandelayo indiza, kungenjalo amandla
nomthelela ukhathele ukukhiqiza kunyakaza; futhi

njengoba nje ekupheleni slide

kweyeme ijubane beya of the izinhlayiya komzimba by the kokuqhubeka
ebanzi ukuqaliswa isikhashana esinqunyiwe motion liyaphambuka,
ebanjwa lapho wagcoba, ekugcineni engasekho suffices ukuletha lezo
out. Manje uma Lokusakaza excitation ebuchosheni nge beya yomzimba
ezingeni ifaniswe, ukuze mhlawumbe ukuthi Isivinini ezilinganiselwe of
the izinhlayiya komzimba, ngezansi lapho labo yokudlula ingasakwazi
ozoba, ukuthatha njengoba embundwini izinga isiliphu futhi esebenza
ukwenza Lokusakaza excitation ebuchosheni.
2)

waziwa, kudala ukushisa, ie inqubo vibration izinhlayiya,

nganoma iyiphi ukushaqeka.
Kodwa kusukela ngisho ifingqa lesi Lokusakaza njengoba Lokusakaza
inqubo vibration, kimi kubonakala sengathi noma yimuphi umfanekiso
ukuze abalahlekile lapho hinwiese ukuthi inqubo enjalo nge value
ezilinganiselwe bamandla alo kinetic nganoma yingasiphi isikhala, ie
agcinwe kule khona, ukukhansela amaphuzu impahla babekwazi,
ngaphandle into enjengale kwenzekani ukuba izinhlayiya
olandelayo. Umbhali ukhuluma Yebo, kusukela ukushabalala amandla
ophilayo by angenise clamping force. kodwa mina angazanga
okwamanje, wena dasss at Lokusakaza kunyakaza kusukela nalesisikhala
ngaphakathi okushiwo umbhali. izingxoxo. Ngoba uma igagasi umsindo
in Lokusakaza yayo by friction izinhlayiya emoyeni kumkhinyabeza, it
can, umbono wami, njengoba nanoma friction eyenziwa ekuguquleni
kunyakaza enkulu umoya ezincane ukushisa kunyakaza okwenza
ngokwayo wazizwa kakade kulo inkambo reproduction, hhayi kuphele
kodwa kuphela unomphela waqhubeka esiqinile (asymptotic) okuthwala
attenuation of the kunyakaza ukuba lapho umsindo usekelwe,
kangangokuthi ekugcineni uya ngezansi embundwini ukubonakala
umsindo, esesikhundleni kodwa sekuzoqala umbhali lutho
ukwenza .. Khonamanjalo, Ngiyavuma ukungabaza kungenzeka
nokwanela yalesi umqondo inqubo.
Uma uphonsa umbono wombhali. Of a Irradiationsraum limited kodwa
uphawula ukwamukelwa proportionality yokumelana the Lokusakaza
excitation kanye excitation uqobo, kanjalo unga Nokho, le formula (3),

lapho kucatshangwa wangaphambili hhayi wathola , sebenzisa

ukwenzela ukufinyelela eempendulweni formula for the ubuhlobo
phakathi original ezintweni , ukushuba excitation y at ibanga r kusukela
emnyango umfutho ebuchosheni, futhi eqondile, luyisiyingi noma
eyindilinga iplanethi, ngendlela yobunzima inikezwe kugcwaliseke,
isikhala ukwandiswa S y ibanga r amabanga, a formula okuyinto by
Isifaniso yayo kanye nesilinganiso yethu formula lokujabulela interest
akusho lutho okwengeziwe ubuhlobo phakathi umfutho kanye
isasasa. Omunye uthola okungukuthi kanjalo

futhi uma e inani eziyisisekelo nat. Logar. kuyinto,

lapho ngokoMthetho ukukhula umfutho the excitation ngaleso sikhathi
ezintweni likhula kulingana.
Noma kunjalo Ngithanda ziphawula ngokuphathelene izitatimende
ezilandelayo esenziwe umbhali. Yenza (II. 177), angenalungelo umbono
sijulisa ngezinga elithile.
"Thina alwele impahla ukubhubhisa force eziphilayo wave excitatory,
waqale eyaziwa kithi izakhi central esitokisini ganglion futhi silondoloze
lokho ngokuqondile kulesi umthamo ukubhubhisa amandla eziphilayo
wave excitatory, ngokuyisisekelo ukuzwa ifakiwe. Uma isasasa the
ganglion cell kwenzeke njengoba sidlula fiber nerve, ngaphandle
kokulahlekelwa ngegalelo, ukuze kungabikho ukuzwa ngabe khona.
Kwakungeyona kuze excitation okuphambene Resistance obiza
ukubukeka lokujabulela kukhiqizwa. Kulo yingoba futhi kube sobala
ukuthi thina, ubukhulu lokujabulela ukulinganisa inani ganglion balls,
ukuxhumana kwabo kwakudingekile ukuba abhubhise energy kinetic of
excitation. " (Comp. II futhi. 202.)
Manje kungase, ezimweni lapho ukuncishiswa isasasa ngesikhathi
zonke iphuzu excitation ngokwaso ezilinganiselwe njengoba lapha,
ngabandayo, ukwenza lokujabulela ezisebenza kusukela zokunciphisa
noma khona amandla eziphilayo excitation engaphansi; kuphela angazi
yini isitatimende umbhali. Ngomqondo lokuqala, ngaphambi
ukwamukelwa ngomqondo yesibili kuqinisekiswe kukhetha, ngoba kimi
kubonakala sengathi kungcono ukuba Kunalokho, ngokuvamile,
ukucabanga bezibona omuhle isibonelo emihle njengoba efanayo
buthaka engaphansi, futhi Ngiyazi kude kangaka Asikho isizathu
okuhlangenwe nakho ayengaphansi wala ukukwenza.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XVI. Ukuhlanganiswa owedlule, imiphumela ikakhulukazi

nezintsha yokulinga ngenhlonipho ukuba umthetho Weber
sika.
Uma semtsetfweni Weber Law and the imithetho elisuselwa for a uhla
ethile kungenziwa amelwe izimo psychophysical, ngakho akusho
ukulandela semthethweni for the wonke uhla ratios okuyizinto kufanele
Kucatshangwa by the psychophysics okufanayo; futhi kungase kube
ukuthi Ngivikele futhi nganakekela in the izakhi ofinyelela kude kakhulu
okulindelwe kule ndaba. Indawo ngayinye ezodingidwa ikakhulu
maqondana nalokhu; futhi Yebo angafaka isicelo izimo ngokuyisisekelo
ezahlukene nemithetho ngokuyisisekelo ezahlukene, sihlola manje yini
kuze kube manje experimentalerseits ekhona maqondana nomthetho the
Weber for the tekuhlola nalokhu; ungakhohlwa;ukuthi akufani nganoma
iyiphi ukuphambuka yokulinga kuwo ngokumelene semthethweni
ayisisekelo, ie semthethweni for psychophysics engaphakathi
ukhuluma; kuphela ukuthi siyothola labo Ulakho, kuye eseduze, ngo
imikhawulo phakade ebanzi, futhi more singanqikazi e imikhawulo
isilinganiso umuzwa ukusetshenziswa, kuqinisekisa umthetho. Ezinye
izifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu yokwenza ukuthatha ingxoxo eningiliziwe
e claim, Ngizosho kafushane kuphela Chile ngibuye zingxenye
ezilandelayo kube;ngenhlonipho kwabanye ukuthi kwanele kufanele
ehola.
Ngasekuqaleni babe herring (k. 23 ff.) Futhi Langer (p 82 FF ..),
kuphi shazi obudlulayo enhlosweni efanayo, ukuze alondoloze ubuqiniso
umthetho Weber ukuba isipiliyoni samanje nosuku. Futhi ngemva
kwalokho kungase okufanayo kusukela isiqinisekiso ocwaningayo, kube
ngaphandle mhlawumbe endaweni okujula umsindo yizilingo
ngaphambili elawulwa Volkmann, futhi ezindaweni buqhathaniswa
ngokusebenzisa Volkmann kanye ucwaningo lwami, empeleni
ukukhuluma. Bekungeke uthole ukuvuma ngisho kulezi zindawo

esikhundleni ngempela, bekungasho kakade asho okuthile, amathiyori

ubunzima leyehlukile ndawonye kwenkululeko. Isimo kungenzeka
amelwe kodwa emva sihlolisisa ngaso sonke ehlukile kulokho okuye
kwaboniswa nezitha. Omunye kumele nje ukucela engenakwenzeka, ie
isiqinisekiso nje umthetho Weber for the ngenxa ukuphambuka
yokulinga kusukela, yinto engenakwenzeka lapho bazokwazi ukwanelisa
ngisho by nezitha ngakolunye uhlangothi ukugxumeka Act.
Njengoba iningi Chile jikelele, ngicabanga ukuthi kuze kufike
kumayelana umehluko phakathi nje umfutho intensities ngaphandle
kokushintsha umbala noma pitch noma izinga jikelele ukuzwa, ingase
ibe umthetho ezindaweni ukukhanya, umsindo, ukunambitheka, izisindo
ukuqinisekiswa eseduze lapho amathuba ayisisekelo semthethweni
izizathu; kanti umehluko phakathi shades of umbala kanye iphimbo
kungakhathaliseki ngegalelo, umthetho uyahoxa. - Okulandelayo, ukuthi
ezindaweni emizweni ebanzi ziqinisekiso cishe umthetho for the
ukwahlulela, futhi kuze kube balinganisela wangena samanje, kodwa
cishe ngenxa zangaphambili kuphela kude kangaka njengoba kusekelwe
umuzwa ukunyakazisa imisipha iso Nokho, isilinganiso eqondile
ekamelweni ezinobukhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi retina noma
isikhumba, akusho imithetho. - Ekugcineni, ukuthi namanje
kuyangabazeka ukuthi akekho, uma hhayi ukubukeka jikelele zasendle
ebonwayo ukulandela labo vibration nobuningi vibration ukuphakama
kwawo namandla awo ngesikhathi esifanayo kuncike esikhathiniamandla ingqikithi Toneindruckes, kanye nemithetho Weberian.
Ngokuvamile ngizobuya folgends isihlobo nje umehluko obonakalayo,
di ukukhula ukuze umfutho okuyinto namanje noma nje baletha nje
lubonakale kuze ukunyamalala okuqonda, zihlukaniswe ubukhulu
ngokuphelele we umfutho ukuze lapho ukukhula senzeka,
kanye ekhethwe.
1) amandla ukukhanya (akukho ushintsho umbala).
The imizamo eminingi sihlole umthetho Weberian njalo noma kunjalo
phambi izindawo lokujabulela ukukhanya. On the, I. izakhi zami 139 et
seq., Ucwaningo Icashunwe of Bouguer, Arago, Masson, crystal
ukuphulukisa, Volkmann, ngedwa futhi imiphumela ubukhulu star
izilinganiso (the. 158) Ngifuna ngibuye kuphela okuphathe jikelele lapha
ukuthi kusukela zonke lezi ucwaningo nalokho esikubonayo
eyodwa; Ezinhlangothini eziningana ukuze aqiniseke ngempela
uphinyiswa, okungenani eseduze, balandela semthethweni komthetho
Weber endaweni imikhawulo ucishe ububanzi; iye, kodwa, vele
waqaphela ngedwa, kodwa ukuthi kuyinto imikhawulo yokulinga of
semthethweni. Kungakhathaliseki thina manje sibheke more ucwaningo
yamuva of Helmholtz futhi Aubert for olunembile ngaphezu kwabo
bonke owedlule, ngakho can kodwa Chile elimetjhako of bonke

ekuqaleni ukukhansela, kodwa shintsha kuphela kude kangaka ukuthi

ungavumeli approximation abonakale ngangokunokwenzeka, njengoba
yavela ngemva labo; kodwa empeleni kwakungeke kwenzeke, ngisho
othi umthetho, ngaphandle komkhawulo, njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye
izimo, kuphambuka in-ukuhambisana kuwo kanye imikhawulo ngabe
gross. Futhi, iso ehlukahlukene kungenzeka ngendlela ehlukile kulesi
maqondana; futhi njengoba practice endaweni ngayinye yenezela ukuba
embule umehluko kalula, kanjalo kungase a priori hhayi ekuxakayo
ukuthi ucwaningo ukukhanya abanolwazi kanye nokuphishekela
ongaguquguquki amehlo abasebenzi enjalo of Helmholtz futhi Aubert
babone umehluko ezicashile, njengoba Amehlo abanye abaqaphile
abenza ngezikhathi ezithile kuphela kubhekwane uphawula kulo
mkhakha. 1) Kodwa lets sibheke nomthelela lapha imiphumela
Helmholtz futhi Aubert sika ababecabanga futhi ucwaningo nakakhulu.
1)

Dobrowolsky waphawula ngezinye izikhathi ucwaningo lwakhe

phezu isihlobo ngaphansi-schiedsempflndlichkeit for amandla
modified of Spectral (izikhala ezifana physiologic yokukhanya p
87): .... "Ekuqaleni izifundo zami, nozwela amehlo ami sasimelene
yonke Spectral ephansi kakhulu kunalokho ekuphetheni
yalo; ekuqaleni izifundo zami [isihlobo] uzwela sasimelene bola e
line B = 1 / 12.5 futhi ngokumelene blue mayelana 1/180, kanti uma
sebeqedile uphenyo, amagugu 1 / 29.7 futhi 1/268 sabangela.
Helmholz ngokwakhe (k. 312 ff.) Isibe amaqiniso nakho nsuku zonke,
ikakhulu ukuthi kwendandatho (uma washintsha kodwa hhayi ngaphezu
kokulinganisa ethile), namanje ngempela ukwenza isinyathelo esifanayo,
izimbangela ezitholakala ezahlukene ukukhanyisa elikhanyayo, cishe
uhlamvu yomthetho vuma. Nokho, uma, usho ngo ucwaningo eqondile
by indlela umehluko nje lubonakale kunenzuzo isimiso modified we
Massonschen disc the nje lubonakale isihlobo ukukhanya
umehluko , okufanele ahlale okufanayo ngesikhathi ezahlukene
amandla ngokuphelele ukukhanya emva Weberschem imithetho,
ngokuhambisana nale ukukhanyisa (ngaphakathi hhayi kunqunywa
imikhawulo kulinganiswa yalo)
phakathi 1/117, 1/133, 1/150, 1/167 ezihlukahlukene, ngakho liegtdarin hhayi
ngesilinganiso lesifanele ngokuphelele ukushintshashintsha Okuynqo,
inqobo ukuthi emva akhawunti yami ye Helmholtz umehluko efanele
hhayi kalula alinganayo ukucaciseleka ziqondakala, futhi ikakhulukazi,
uhlelo "izikhathi kuphela" umehluko obonakalayo 1/167 ngeke
elihunyushwe ufana nabanye.

The ukuhlolwa Aubert, by indlela umehluko nje obonakalayo,

ngokwengxenye kanye. Ithunzi waqasha, washers ngokwengxenye
elisontiwe, futhi lafinyelela ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu intensities
ukukhanya phansi kulencane, like a examination olukha phezulu the
ngeziphambeko eqinile kakhulu ukuthi ukhombe phezulu futhi more
phansi emithethweni, kodwa ikakhulukazi ngendlela, njengoba basuke
eyethulwe Aubert aphikisane kuphambene nomthetho, kubonakala
esiqinile kakhulu ukukhuluma ngokumelene Ngakho-ke, nazo
okungcono olwenziwa emkhakheni labamelene ngokumelene. Kodwa
lokuqala konke abangakwenza nokho; njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade,
ubufakazi okuyiqiniso the approximation ukuthi yonke imizamo
odlule; basesimweni star ubukhulu tilinganiso kushicilelwa yokuqoshwa,
hhayi kuqede. Okwesibili, ngikuguqulele ingxoxo ucwaningo Aubert,
okuyinto. In the imibiko Saxon. Soc Ingabe afakwe 1864,
wazibonakalisa futhi ngasekuqaleni (Ihlelo. IV) kubo benza ziyakhuluma
ukuthi, kwemingcele iso ezejwayelekile ukusebenzisa kakhulu uma
siqhathaniswa ucwaningo ngisho Aubert kwelinye sokuphumula
ngesikhathi okungukuthi umfutho ukukhanya elula izikhathi 96,67, cishe
100-nesibaya landa 2), namanje kancane obonakalayo isihlobo umfutho
umehluko nje isilinganiso l: 1.8, ukuthi akuyona phansi kabili,
washintsha.
2)

Lokhu kwaba umfutho aphansi ukukhanya kulesi

sokuphumula 1 / 6.79 ukuthi lapho thina bajwayele ukufunda
kusihlwa, eliphakeme kakhulu lokho kuyinto wheel rolling kanye
250 no 110 White Black in the kwelanga.
Lokhu course ukuba sivume ukuthi lokhu approximation ngokwayo
Ikhulula ngokuphawulekayo kancane uma imiphumela zombili the
okungenani kuthatha uqobo.Ngoba ngisho noma oyedwa inyukela
izikhathi umfutho ukuze mayelana 1 kuya 17, kushintsha ngalowo a
isilinganiso 1: 1.8, njengoba kolunye uhlangothi kuya usayizi cishe
elinganayo lapho umfutho 17-fold ngisho 5- ukuba ukwanda 6emhlanjini; kodwa uhlala akekho kancane lokuthi kanye okwandayo
ukushuba cishe isilinganiso 1: 97 at esingaba ohlanganisa imingcele
ukusetshenziswa ezejwayelekile iso, ukubaluleka kuphela isilinganiso
1: 1.8 kanye liphuma aphinde kunciphisa. Nokho, uma le manje akukho
nokuvumelana ngokuphelele, njengoba kwakuyodinga kobukhulu
umthetho Weber, nokho kuba ngokulingana ushintsho enkulu e
intensities ekukhanyeni, kuyini ukusungula ngokwakhe njengoba
approximation elikhulu kuze njalo, kukhona umehluko ezinkulukazi
wayezovela proportionality of the emizweni ukwandisa ne kwakho

kokubili lokho okuqokelekile umfutho.

Ngokuqinisekile wayeyoba Auberts imiphumela yokuhlolwa njengoba
ezikhona, musa ukuvumela nje ongathola kuphambuka aphansi
ezindaweni umuzwa ukukhanya khona buthaka isasasa yangaphakathi,
okumelelwe ukukhanya emehlweni Black (njengoba ukukhula for
ukukhanya zangaphandle), njengoba enginakho kule eseyi babe negunya
express ukuba Aubert. Ngenxa yale njongo, ukubaluleka ukuchayeka of
the Black kuzodingeka ukuba owethulwa njengoba enkulu esiningi futhi,
kuncike emazingeni umfutho kakhulu obuhlukahlukene ubungako
bill. Kodwa okokuqala, akwanele, ukwazi kwethu izimo elingaphakathi
uhlelo psychophysical ukuba umshuwalense ukuthi lingabe ezinye
izizathu ngesikhathi ukuphambuka ephansi abathintekayo, okwesibili,
kumele izindlela obonwa Aubert uqobo, babe ukukhanya level of the
amehlo black okungenani share. Okwesithathu, angikwazi ukusiza,
ngokusho sasiqonda kabusha imizamo Aubert ukuba bakuthola
okungabazisayo. By p 55 80 (mayelana 74 p.) Ukuvala, imizamo yakhe
ngokuvamile senziwe ngakolunye uhlangothi ukuze at njalo umthombo
licace ukukhanya kuphela mnyama saguquka kuze ukunyamalala
umehluko ukukhanya phakathi umthunzi base, kanjalo uphiko kugqama
njengoba njalo ukuqhathanisa into for the mnyama, hhayi noHezekeli,
kwenzeka lapho iphutha njalo ukuthi mina okukhulunywa ngayo izakhi
II. 140 njengoba indlela ukukhiqizwa incike, asikamili
kungagwenywa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibonakaliso (p. 55) kungaba,
"ukuthi ukukhanya ezikude kwaba isikhathi eside kangaka wathuthela
kancane kancane futhi kanye kokusebenza njalo, kuze izithunzi
emaphethelweni ukubonakala kwaba 'ngokuthi nje ngokuvamile
kusuke enkulu encane ngokuthi Distance kwakuwukukhanya ezikude
ufinyelela ukunamathela kulokhu 3), futhi ngithola hhayi wagomela ukuthi
uvivinyo methodologically zehla njalo waqasha kunokuba zehlela intensities; e zombili,
kodwa esikhundleni salokho ukuseshwa kubangela amaphutha
njalo. Uma mina manje lokhu, kukodwa kunzima igcinwe
engaqhathaniswa Zama yimuphi isiyalo kuthathwe sokugwema iphutha
njalo, okungenani lutho kubo bacabanga ngathi, emva mina eziye zenza
ngokwami isisindo sami, Augenma- futhi gropings, yini indima
ebalulekile ukudlala ucwaningo lolu hlobo, ngemuva icashunwa
Delboeufs in the inothi bese by Vierordts liphathwe kamuva ucwaningo,
kuvela ikufakazele okufanayo futhi ezindaweni ukuzwa ukukhanya
kanye nombono isikhathi, kafushane kuphikiswana yonke imikhakha
enifana: Ngiyazi, naphezu kwakho konke ukuqashelwa I ucwaningo the
Aubert ngenxa yomsebenzi wabo futhi benakekela neminye ubudlelwano
ukukhokha intela, hhayi kungani mina kufanele ibanike ukuzethemba
kodwa eyanele mayelana nokuqedwa iphutha njalo.

3)

Delboeuf awunik esivivinyweni uchungechunge ukuba anqume

c yayo (e Et. P. 73 88) ezimbili Columnen, kwelinye lapho efika
evela enkulu kakhulu, in the nezinye ukushoda ukukhanya kuze
kube seqophelweni kwesokudla ukunyamalala umehluko, ukuze
ukudweba izimali. Izibalo of a Columne ziyehluka by a value
kwezinga isiqondiso cishe njalo nokwabanye.
Kungase kube wenqaba ukuthi ingxenye ezinye izingqapheli,
ucwaningo lwabo I Ngokuphathelene isiqinisekiso umthetho Weber
ezindaweni kodwa ubuchwepheshe ngokwabo ukukhanya,
ukunakekelwa insgemein njengoba kancane uyiswa ukugwema iphutha
njalo. Kuba weqiniso; futhi abayokuya ezinjalo, kungase kahle ivoti
ezingcono kakhulu imithetho. Kodwa zonke lezi imizamo ngihamba
umhla hhayi njengoba obukhulu intensities phansi lapho Auberts
ezama; futhi kungokwemvelo ukuthi sincike izimo yokulinga iphutha
njalo, njengalokhu abazi ngisho ukushintsha intensities ezilinganiselwe
kumele ukunqoba othe xaxa ngo luhlolo more of Law Weber sika,
ezincane intensities. Ngakho ngicabanga ukuthi Auberts ukuhlolwa
mayelana intensities aphansi nanini wa umbuzo we semthethweni
umthetho Weber eceleni Nokho, kukhona ephakeme for the
approximation inikezwe. Yebo, angathanda imizamo enjalo intensities
ongaphakeme, ukuthi izinga Ukukhanya kwamehlo Black ingasakwazi
banganakwa, phakade ngeke kukusize kangako ukuba balungiselele
luhlolo yomthetho, ngenxa yethonya ehlukene lithathelwe, engithe
ukuphika ukuthi ngesikhathi intensities ephakeme e ukucabangela
eziphawulekayo kuza (Ihlelo. V.), bese angabe indiva, noma kunalokho
angavumela ekubalweni ukwanda, ukukhanya emehlweni izibonelelo
Black, ngenxa variability yayo. Kodwa uma angayiqeda, ngakho ufuna
kuphela inhlanganisela ngokuhleleka zehla zenyuka kanye. kungenzeka
intensities ucwaningo wenza.
A methodically eyenziwa ngempela, ibalwa kungenzeka nokuqedwa
iphutha elikhulu kunawo njalo, test uchungechunge, njengoba mina
isisindo kanye Tastempfind-sensitivity baye benza kunenhlonipho, wake
ekukhanyeni Zama ungakabi ngaphambi; mina nje kufanele njalo eze
emuva ukuthi, uma naphezu kwalezi zamehlo uvivinyo wathola
approximation eziphawulekayo ukuze umthetho Weber kungelona
intensities ongaphakeme kakhulu ukuphetha defectiveness of the
ucwaningo ngenhla, kuphela nokuntuleka probation, hhayi umthetho,
kuyinto.
Kuze kube yimanje, okulandelayo esasizizwa ngayo. Isithunzi ezama
sihlole umthetho Weberian ngokuvamile kanjalo wenza ukuthi endaweni
mnyama (the shadow) senziwa ukuba zinyamalale ukukhanya ezungezile
elikhudlwana, ngokusho ucwaningo nge Massonschen disc of Masson

ngokwakhe kanye Helmholz (p, 314) , of Aubert (p. 74) kuza njengoba
cimeza njengoba noHezekeli, kafushane lonke isiqondiso unilateral,
ukuze noma ezincane mnyama endaweni uzonyamalala in a ukukhanya
okukhulu, noma okuphambene nalokho mnyama endaweni ukukhanya
ezincane in a okukhulu noma ukunyamalala. Awukwazi bathembele a
iphutha njalo yilo isiqondiso eyodwa emaceleni of ukuhlola,
angathathwa ihlawulelwa ucwaningo kolunye uhlangothi ngaphansi
sengqondo alinganayo ezinye izimo? Noma kunjalo, kube kuzosebenza
ukunquma udaba kunokuba imizamo by isimo. In indlela the Plateau sika
(Ihlelo. IV.) Imbangela siqedwa enjalo iphutha. Yiqiniso, ngeke umane
banqobe umzamo ne disc Massonschen ukuthi uthola umkhakha
isiqeshana black kwidiski white, ngesinye isikhathi emkhakheni
isiqeshana emhlophe kobubanzi emincane efanayo disc black anbrchte
ngoba esidlule kungabe kusaba like nje icala lokuqala, amehlo
okwangaphakathi, kokulwa ukukhanya Inhloso black disc babengase
dengwane; Nokho anikele Aubert Ukuchitshiyelwa Massonschen sika
phakathi, ring elikhanyayo ongamelene black, kodwa kuphela
ngokumelene base kancane egqamile ame out futhi anyamalale kuwo
noma uthole eduze ukunyamalala.
The izinsolo ukuthi ngesikhathi Auberts Zama amaphutha hhayi
iqedwe yohlobo esibekiwe ziye ezihilelekile, ukuzuza ukwanda
okukhulu ukuthi kule (hhayi ukuze ejulile njengoba ucwaningo the
Aubert phansi ukuhamba) Zama Delboeufs (et. P. 84-65) ngubani
baqashwe ngendlela ehluke ngokuphelele, ithafa sika, indlela, ukuze
lapho sako hhayi ngempela aphonse-free, kodwa kuthathwa akukho
amaphutha of the isiqondiso efanayo, umthetho Weber sika
ukuqinisekisile kanye wayefisa ester approximation lapho ukukhanya
amehlo black nge encane kakhulu can ohlanganiswe elingaphandle
ezintweni ukukhanya amagugu abacabanga nge value ukuthi ngisho
ezincane kweyodwa ukuthi ufuna ukuba buyela iso black kwamanye
nakho indima kulindeleke. Ukuthi lezi imizamo azisoze kubhekwe
isiqinisekiso wamukelekile kakhulu uMthetho Weber BakaJehova, iye
laphawula kakade, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuba ayekwe by nezitha
ukuthatha lesi bacabangele, bafuna kungenjalo angabuyeli uhlobo njalo
ngesiphambeko asenzayo ngaleyo ndlela enecala ukuthi ngaso sonke
isikhathi cabanga side elilodwa kuphela, okubonakala ukukhuluma
ngokumelene umthetho. In the sigaba 17. Uzothola ngazo zonke lezo
ucwaningo ngokuningiliziwe. Kodwa uma Delboeuf imizamo yakhe
njengoba kodwa owawungenza ukuba ukukhuluma wagomela
nomthetho Weber sika, ngisho s. tude, kanjalo lapha mayelana (Isigaba
IV.) Uye wathi ngokwanele.
Abanye imizamo ukucabangela umthetho Weber ngemuva edumile
shadow indlela kukhona muva uxhumano a ikakhulukazi enye inhloso
babaxosha kophenyo Camerer 4)sekwenziwe. Nakuba base Camerers

ungumnikazi amehlo colorblind (folgends with C lizobizwa) akukho

isiqinisekiso umthetho lapha ngokumelene amehlo evamile ezimbili coobuka (0 kanye P) a semthethweni approximative kakhulu.
4)

Small. Mo. bl. F. Augenheilk. 1877. Febr.

Inqubo ngokwaso lokhu. "Two ngokulinganayo bright, owasungulwa

ezindaweni ezehlukene, amakhandlela aphonse kusukela bar izithunzi
ezimbili odongeni emhlophe, lowo ikhandlela more uthola othile ibanga
= l odongeni, omunye (ezikude) ikhandlela kunjalo long crazy kuze
lighter of the shades ezimbili nje imperceptible. " Manje ake l'the ibanga
ikhandlela elikude ngenxa Kulokhu, khona-ke ukukhanya, okudala
ikhandlela ngamunye ngokwabo ebhodini, ngokulandelana, by
futhi
kulinganiswa, futhi isihlobo nje lubonakale umehluko by
inikezwe; lokho magugu alandelayo at amagugu ezilandelayo l (. e
Zentim) yathola:
l

30

1/116

1/93

1/108

50

1/116

1/90

1/86

70

1/123

1/86

1/74

The amagugu ezintathu l ohambelana intensities baziphatha

njengokungathi by
kulinganiswa njengoba 1225: 441: 225; Ngakho
zihlukahlukene kusukela ezikhathini 1 izikhathi mayelana 5, lapho,
njengoba ungabona, ukuba O futhi P, kodwa hhayi
ngoba C, amagugu beseduze okufanayo.
Zonke ukuhlolwa abaqashiwe ngaphambilini abaqashiwe kanye
ukukhanya kungenambala. Ufundza modified amandla ezinemibala
ukukhanya (ngaphandle kokushintsha Farbentons) zaba ngaphambili
amakhasi Masson (izakhi I. 154), besebenzisa hub zalo (screen emhlophe
black umkhakha yizicucu, zikhanyiswa ukukhanya ezinemibala kusho
ukuhlinzekwa for izibuko coloured), owawuthi ukukhanya anemibala
pretty oziphatha njengongqingili ukukhanya white, futhi z.
B. Kunjengoba nje ulingana 1/100kwaba lapho disk nge ukukhanya

elibomvu, njengoba uma uqeqeshwe ukukhanya white. Lezi ucwaningo

nge hub usebenzisa ukuchitshiyelwa Ekhaya Holtz sika yalo (Helmh. P.
314) kukhona kamuva ngezikhathi Lamansky kanye
Dobrowolsky 5) liphindwe ukunikeza nokulingana ukukhanyisa white
futhi ezinemibala (hhayi lapho zibhekwa izibuko ezinemibala)
ngokuvamile ukuqinisekisile. Khonamanjalo Ngokungangabazeki
bafanelwe ucwaningo ngemibala okuhlanzekile Spectral, okuye waqasha
Lamansky futhi Dobrowolsky, kunokuthola labo sombala imibala,
indlela ngokwabo baye bamemezela ngalokhu preference ngokuthi
izingqapheli, futhi kanjalo ngiyakuba gcina ngizisize imiphumela, manje
eyayibonakala wathola . 6)
5)

Lamansky e Poggend. Ann. Vol. 143 noma Graefe sika Arch. F.

Ophthalm. XVII. Phyiolog Dobrowolsky e s Posts Z. 1 ... Yokukhanya p. Ff 74.
6)

kuthiwa kokusho lapha futhi ucwaningo ezithakazelisayo ngalo

Camerer ukhiphe kanye wakhe iso color-blind-indlela
isiphambeko avareji ka Spektralfarbenangestellt futhi kule KKlein
Mon. bl. F. Ophthalmology Febr .. 1877 Sinenkosi, njengoba
kungase kulindeleke, banikezwe imiphumela ngenhla ehlukene
kakhulu, okufanele ukuba kubhekwe isifundo umbala
ubumpumputhe.
Ngenxa yalesi njongo kwakudingekile ukuba lisungule emasimini
ezimbili ngokushesha contiguous Ngenxa luhlaza efanayo, ukusebenzisa
umshini ofanele, ukushintsha njengoba kudingwa kuze kuzuzwe
umehluko nje obonakalayo, okusho Spectroscopic ezifanele kwenzeka
ngegalelo. In the main, abasebenzi ucwaningo ukuze bekuhloswe,
njengoba okungenani at white ukukhanya ukuba sihlole, ngalokho
esiphezulu of the isihlobo Unterschiedsempfmdlichkeit, ebanjwa
ngesikhathi amandla athile ngokuphelele ukukhanya, ngempela ukuthi lo
esincane, njengoba kungase kubonakale emva Masson ufuna , ngoba
imibala ehlukene okufanayo, coinciding kanye namagugu ukukhanya
white, kunenani; okwakuqabukela baqaphela ngisho ngesikhathi imibala
Spectral, njengoba kuboniswe ngezansi imiphumela ehamba
phambili. Ngokuphathelene Chile jikelele kokuchitshiyelwa umfutho
kodwa kuyabonakala ulwazi olulandelayo olunikezwa ababukele ukuthi
ezinemibala ukukhanya singene isihloko njalo cishe uziphethe
ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile kanye ngeziphambeko up and down
kubo ufana nokukhanya white.
Lamansky (p 129th). "Ngokuba bonke imibala [Umehluko isihlobo]
wathatha sensitivity nokwanda ukukhanya inhloso ezinemibala Futhi,

siyabona ukuthi ngesikhathi nobubanzi enkulu namagebe [lapho

ngokuphelele ukukhanya inhloso wakhula] yehlile kancane kepha kuba a
kakhulu eyaziwayo iqiniso ukuthi uzwela kunciphisa izibani eqinile
". Lokho emhlabeni okungenani senzeka eduze ukungaguquguquki
more, lifundisa ukubheka p etafuleni. 130th
Dobrowolsky (P 84.): "Uma ukukhanya ngegalelo, the [Umehluko
isihlobo] wathatha uzwela yonke imibala Spectral kuze umkhawulo
ethile, ngesikhathi close yayo, bahlala njalo ngokuvamile Beyond lesi
silinganiso, anda nozwela for lapho amandla kakhulu ukukhanya. abanye
imibala on, cishe ngenxa ukubenyezela ngokweqile kanye blunting of
the retina. "
Imiphumela ababebukele ekhethekile ukubona njengoba ukubaluleka
okungenani imibala ehlukene elandelayo kusebenze. NgokoMthetho
ngokuphelele, izibalo zabo zazihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye,
kodwa uyavuma ukuthi value okungenani imibala ehlukene uhlukile
kakhulu. Lokhu Chile lalingase lisho ukuthi ukubaluleka Kihlukile
formula ayisisekelo for imibala ehlukene, kodwa futhi kungaba ngenxa
ukuphambuka yokulinga emithethweni Weberian kakade lapho
ngombala ngamunye ngokwabo, ahlobene.
Lamansky kukhona for the value okungenani ,
:
Red

Orange

Yellow

Green

Blue

Violet

1/70

1/78

1/286

1/286

1/212

1/109

Dobrowolsky labo etholwe by kokubonisana ezimbili co-izingqapheli,

uDkt Berthold uDkt Garza esincane amagugu for okulandelayo,
oqokwe imigqa Fraunhofer, izindawo spectrum Nokho, yena (p 88.) For
ukukhanya white esebenzisa a, ngokusho Helmholtzschem simiso
modified, ubuncani disk Massonschen ngokwesilinganiso by 10
izingqapheli 1/150 (obuhlukahlukene phakathi 1/130 kanye 1/165), kanye
nabo ngokwabo ikakhulukazi 1/165 elifunyenwe.
Fraunhofer
imigqa

Dobro

1/14

Wolsky

Berthold

Garza

Red

/19.76

/25.16

Orange btw.
C u.D

/33.16

Gold
Yellow D

/45.77

Betw
Green. Du. E

/58.77

/ 15.9

/ 40.86

E. , , ,

Ikhayeni
betw. E u.b

/67.33

Cyan F

/131.6

/11.7

/33.16

/58.7

/205.5

Indigo
betw. F u.G
eduze G

1/268

Violet
betw. G u.B

1/268?

Violet inH

(1 /67.33

/ 205.5

Uma Violet phakathi G no H uthola umbhali kuyangabazeka ukuthi

esiphezulu isihlobo Unterschiedsenipfindlichkeit yafinyelelwa. at Violet
e H, ngokuqinisekile wayengafani izuzwe, yingakho ukubaluleka kwalo
kwatholakala alinaso incazelo.
A nice kakhulu, di ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebanzi eseduze kakhulu,

isiqinisekiso umthetho Weber wathola Dobrowolsky (izikhala. P 92 ff ..)

Esimweni umehluko owodwa kanye ukukhanya white kuxutshwe in a
isilinganiso inikezwe, Spektralfarbenlichts siyenzeka kusukela
angomakhelwane okuhlanzekile. Shall qukethe uMthetho Weber,
kufanele bobabili babe ukuze ixubene umbala ukukhanya white imibala
emsulwa zikhanyise njalo okufanayo ngegalelo ratios izakhamuzi
zaseBosnia zifana, kanye ngokuphelele ukushuba izinguquko kokubili,
okuyinto has a eseduze kakhulu wathola ngempela lokho. Ukuzama z
ake. B. in red ngesikhathi ushintsho intensities ngokuphelele l.0000
ukuba 0,0302 esikhundleni isilinganiso njalo, njengoba ngabe wabiza
ukunemba Act, kuphela 2,2335 ukuba 2,0303 isilinganiso ashintshwe
thola. Ukuze uthole imininingwane s. In the ukusebenza ezilandelayo.
Kukhona egqamile kungenzeka umbala spectrum esebenzisa
Spektralapparats elakhiwe futhi by ezifanele kusho white ukukhanya
strip (ezikhiqizwe a akhiwe phambi isibani igebe iziketekete; slide
iphuzu elithile yalesi spectrum, ukukhanya kwalo kanjalo kunezela
umbala kuleli ngaphakathi Hereafter phuzu. Imizamo enjengale zenziwa.
1) Nakuba imibala ukukhanya ukuba = has 1 set esiphezulu ukukhanya,
ukushuba band white is attenuated ngokushintshanisa omunye Nicols
amabili) kuze strip in ezinemibala ngokuyisisekelo
iphele. Iba v isilinganiso buthaka yayo. 2) Umbala ukukhanya manje
isilinganiso m buthaka lapho strip iyabonakala futhi, kodwa manje
njengoba eside buthaka ukukhanya futhi lize iphele futhi. Iba isilinganiso
kuleli cala wathola kuyadamba yayo (ngokumelene umfutho esiphezulu
lokuqala kulindeleke). N 3) kukhona okunye izindlela ukuba ngamunye
ohambelana attenuation amagugu elihambisana ngalinye m ',
n', eminye m "n," bathola njalonjalo; njalo ibalwa ngokumelene umfutho
original esiphezulu. Manje uma umthetho Weber ukuba lwamukeleke,
ngakho ratios kumele
njll, ngokuvamile nabo z libhekisela
u kungatholakala ulingana nomunye, lapho eqinisweni kwaba cishe
icala. Ngempela, ake i ukushuba imibala ukukhanya, njengoba wathola
ngokwesilinganiso 6 kuya ku-10 per OBS. ngoba degree of the ukushuba
ukukhanya ngamunye i, amagugu ezilandelayo :

Red

Green

Violet

1,0000

2,2335

2.028

1,6841

.8830

2,5155

2,3283

1,7842

.3868

2,2338

3,3308

1,7999

0,2500

2,3061

1,9555

1,8462

.1170

2,0934

2,0369

0,0302

2,0303

2) Power Sound (ngaphandle kokushintsha pitch).

On the ukusebenza koMthetho Weber mayelana izimfanelo acoustic
banamathuba ngakho kuphela, abaqashwe indlela umehluko nje
obonakalayo, imizamo Volkmann ngaphambi ogama in Elem. I. 176 ff
kuhloswe .. Mhlawumbe indlela ekhethiwe kulokhu wayengekho amahle
futhi isiqiniseko ngokwanele, hhayi ukuba ake resumption lolawulako
izilingo zibonakala ezifiselekayo by izindlela iphephe lapho
ngeziphambeko cishe fanekiso kusukela ukunemba soMthetho
ezaziyobonisa njengoba ezindaweni zocwaningo ukukhanya ukuthi
akuzona lezo ukuhlolwa ekukhanyeni; Noma kunjalo, bona babe
okungenani njengoba semthethweni cishe umthetho senzeka njengoba in
the kwemizamo ekukhanyeni embonweni 7); futhi, in the Elem. I. 183
waphawula lokuthi abaculi nabadansi amazwi amadoda 400 wenza hhayi
ukucabanga kakhulu eqinile 200, ngempela kuyiqiniso lelo kusukela
imithetho Weberian elandelayo Magesetze logarithmic okuyinto
okwase kuletha nje ukuthi ukuphindaphindeka ngokomzimba of a
wokukhanya onamandla akukho eziphawulekayo kucinisa lokujabulela
liletha ukukhanya.
7)

Uma Langer (p'84) uthi: From the ukuphakama ukuwa sphere,

oveza umsindo njengoba kwakunjalo ucwaningo the Volkmann,
kodwa akukho isiphetho okunokwethenjelwa babengase badonswe
on ukushisa ezikhiqizwe umcimbi uzwakale ngegalelo, kanjalo
ngingathanda ukubuza ukuthi kungani kungenjalo, wayeyoba
ngoba ukuthi umuntu ibhola mass encane kakhulu futhi of
ephakeme kakhulu, lapho ukumelana nomoya ekwenzayo entry
appreciable, owawusebenza.
Kwalandela umsindo izimfanelo ukuhlukanisa umehluko elula
kunokuba isihlobo okufanayo, ukuze ubungeke ubone asikho isizathu
ngemoto ujantshi izimoto noma eduze Waterfall ebhongayo, izwi kumele

siqiniswe ukuze ngokulinganayo kahle kuqondwe umakhelwane.

3) ukunambitheka.
Ingabe for lokujabulela ukunambitheka kuze kube nje ezama
by Keppler by indlela amacala kokulungile nokungalungile s
Kulenkulumo-mpikiswano Inaugural :. "Ukuqonda angiyithandi ngoba
okuhlushwa umehluko yomzimba tasteable" Bonn 1869
ngaphambi. Umbhali. Ngisho aluthole (p. 11) ukuphikisana imithetho
Weberian, kodwa ngokusho ukusetshenziswa kwedatha yokulinga, lapho
mina abaqondi, naphezu yami, kule Elem. I. p. 108 unikezwa, le ndlela
kuhloswe ukuba itafula eziyisisekelo ezibangela. Ngake ngisho wathatha
idatha yokulinga bacabangele, ngithola okulandelayo.
Uhlolo zenziwa nezixazululo of nosawoti, sulphate ane-alikhali wequinine, wali band acid glycerin, kanti ngokwemvelo bangabantu zabo
nzima ngisho into efanayo kanzima ukuze bagcine engaqhathaniswa
bodwa; futhi ikuvumela umbhali. ulwazi ebalulekile oludingekayo
yokuhlaziya ulahlekile it. Nokho, uvivinyo impahla ngayinye kufakwe
ikakhulukazi indlela sihlole ukuthi zingabantu okuhle ngokwanele
bodwa ukuze usetshenziselwe ukuhlola umthetho. 8) Kufanele Nithobele
I efanayo lokhu ekuhlolweni, kanjalo ukukhombisa kuphela ucwaningo
kanye nosawoti probehaltig ukuthi kanye nezinye izinto yaphela indaba
yalo ngokuphelele; nezilingo zangaphambili kodwa umthetho Weber
sika njengoba okuhle ingqondo, njengoba ungakwazi kuphela phakade
lindela it by the nobunzima nalolu vivinyo; Nokho nje omubi umthetho
Weber njengoba ucwaningo iyavumelana nezinye izinto kuzo, kodwa
Yebo kungabi efanelekayo ukuhlola umthetho.
8)

Lolu khetho luyatholakala short okulandelayo. It kungenziwa

elisuselwa izimo indawo ezine sihluke, abasebenzi, ukubala
izilingo ngayinye into amagugu ezintathu engiyenzayo. In the
umhlangano indlela in the Elem I. p. 114 h, p, q wayebhekisela,
okungukuthi ngokumelene izingqimba ezine zibalo amane
yokunquma lezi amagugu lapha, ukuze kungatholakala of zibalo
ezimbili ngamunye lamagugu ngezindlela ezimbili. Uma
ukuhlolwa zisebenze yokuncokoloza bodwa, kanjalo h kumele, p,
q phakathi, ndawonye banda yalokho esichazayo, nika test eduze
afanayo ayazisayo zombili izindlela sibalo, noma p, q (njengoba
iphutha njalo) kungatholakala ngaso sonke amacala amancane
kakhulu , Lapho kungoni lezi kunjalo, uvivinyo engenamsebenzi
bafinyelele esiphethweni.
Ukuze Lutho izinombolo ezibalulekile, ukuze aholele for the brine,
kanjalo kufanele funa izindlela futhi isimiso ucwaningo ngaphansi

ukuthatha ndawonye izinombolo zingahlanganiswa ukuthatha

imiphumela, izibalo ezintathu ezilandelayo
okuqukethwe ezintathu
ezilandelayo prozentale isixazululo main (lokhu kusiza isilinganiso ethile
kwaba isixazululo buthaka, inkomba solution kuqhathaniswa) okufanayo
lapho umthetho Weber, kusho r isibalo icala lesifanele, n umele inani
amacala.
Iphesenti
okuqukethwe
ikhambi main

1.13
%

3.2%

5,43%

221,7

230,1

241,1

Manje lokhu ngokuqinisekile ngeke isivumelwano ephelele

mayelana
amagugu, kodwa mkhulu kakhulu kunanoma yini
elindeleke kuye ngezimo uvivinyo avunyelwe; kuyilapho elandelayo
izimo ezimbili kunakwe. Okokuqala, i value etshiyeneyo kakhulu 241, l
wenza. nokwethenjelwa aphansi ukwedlula abanye, ngoba lisekelwe
eziningi aphansi kokuma; Okwesibili, uma, njengoba kulindeleke, nolimi
abakuhlakulelayo elifakwe ngosawoti liquid, lokhu kumelwe ucwaningo
babe nethonya efanayo ekukhanyeni Zama khona ukukhanya kwemvelo
amehlo black, ie ukwanda obuthakathaka amagugu umehluko isihlobo
nozwela ezincane baphathe emakamu amazinga okukhulu.
Ukuze ake hhayi endleleni, njengoba izibalo ngenhla ngokuphelele
ebumnyameni, I uphawule izici more.
The ucwaningo base bemerktermaen nezixazululo emithathu
eyinhloko usawoti ezahlukene, isihlobo 1.13%, 3.2% isisebenzi kanye
5,43%, kodwa ikakhulukazi isicelo ezine reference amakhambi
ngamunye kubo, ngaleso onjengendodana ezinye ikhambi
main 2.5% ukuze 5%, ngo 7.5%, ukuze 10% we iholo ikhambi
uthishanhloko zaba ntekenteke, futhi ngempela ezindaweni ezahlukene
test ezine, okuyinto ngamunye icala ezimbili oppositely, lahlola ukuthi
namandla ikhambi main noma obuthaka kuqhathaniswa solution uzama
babebonakala lapho more emlonyeni ngemva kwalokho inquma
ngakwesokunene amacala okungalungile. A incazelo enemininingwane,
kokuvela ecasulayo kakhulu kusukela ekuqaleni, imizamo Angikwazi
bangene lapha. Kusukela ucwaningo babe aziziningi ngokwanele
kakhulu ukwehlisa uhambe invoyisi muntu reference izixazululo,
ucwaningo kanye ikhambi inkomba 2.5 kukhona okokuqala% of the
iholo ikhambi uthishanhloko eshiyiwe eceleni, inqobo akhawunti
ubuthakathaka of lo mehluko futhi ngenxa yalokho the

yokushintshashintsha of azungeze 50% ngabe safuna inombolo omkhulu

elikhudlwana imizamo ukungena yimuphi Chile enokwethenjelwa,
nakuba ngokuvumelana wabo wayengeke kakhulu ongaguqula
umphumela; okwesibili, izibalo for the ezinye ezintathu inkomba
izixazululo bezwana ngenxa yalokho wavunyelwa, ngoba sihambisana
okufanayo iphesenti umehluko kuzo zonke izixazululo ezintathu
eziyinhloko. Baye enqunywe isilinganiso izindawo test ezine, lezi zibalo
ngenhla inikezwe.
The summation futhi kusho umdwebo izinombolo for kwemibhalo
test ezine akulona olunembile kakhulu ukuze nxephezela the engaphansi
kwalezi izingqimba Iphutha njalo; kodwa kabanzi inqubo, uma
amagugu t, lapho in the izinto test ehlukahlukene ikakhulukazi (I.
ngokusho etafuleni ayisisekelo Elem 108.) bangabanye, esikhundleni
the

wafingqa, lapho, esikhundleni okungenhla amagugu

ezintathu
isihlobo namagugu ezilandelayo for t kuyinto:
1,6794; 1,7455 futhi 1,9735, lapho kakhulu umphumela ofanayo
usengowesikhathi.

4) izinsimbi.
Ngokuphathelene ukuhlolwa isisindo, njengoba kuphawuliwe
ngaphambili, kusukela phambili kuya ukubuza uma kungenziwa
babeqoqana ngaphansi komthetho okufanayo ukukhanya futhi umsindo
ucwaningo isimiso. Kobukhulu, ngalo enze izisindo ngisho
ababephikisana ukukhanya ngabaningi polar. Futhi kukhona umehluko
ezingavamile, kuyilapho ekhathele ngokukhanya umfutho iso ukukhanya
ubona buthakathaka, kuyilapho ekhathele by imithwalo ngesandla
uzizwa isisindo kuka emikhulu, futhi lowo olapho, ngesikhathi Exercise
Bright lutho kodwa kunomthelela ukukhanya, angaletha ukuvivinya
umzimba ke, kulula ukuthola isisindo. Khonamanjalo, kuba emva iphuzu
(Isigaba XIII ..) kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi isisindo umfutho hhayi
ngaphansi kuka ukukhanya nqgo umsindo Awakening noma ekuqiniseni
oscillations in the sezinzwa imizwa ithonya iwina lokujabulela; futhi nje
waphawula umehluko akudingeki kwakuwukuthi edingekayo ukuze
kusimo ngaphansi komthetho wethu. Last kungenziwa juqula yodwa
isipiliyoni; futhi emva kwezinxushunxushu esigabeni 18th I can,
naphezu umbono ongqubuzana Hering, ngo ucwaningo lwakhe-indlela
umehluko nje olubonakalayo ngaphandle uma yami ngaphambili indlela

amacala okulungile nokungalungile, ngokuletha Hering sika

ngokuvamile uya ngempela umdlalo thola, izizathu kunalokho nje
obuqand 'ikhanda kuka ngokumelene semthethweni eziyisisekelo
uMthetho Weber sika. Eqinisweni lubonakale esigabeni 18, njengoba
imizamo Hering akukho ngaphansi kuka zami esebenzisa isisindo
ukulungiswa by a okufakiwe njalo, okuyinto I cabanga ngo Mitrcksicht
isisindo ingalo kanye mayelana nezinye izici ezibangela ubawe in a
ukuqondana isimanga lungenzeka umthetho, uma izinsimbi hhayi encane
nje kakhulu yehla kangaka lapho kuze kube manje hhayi explainable,
kukhombisa anomaly ngokuvamile inqubekela novivinyo ogama Ursach
ngokucacile zedlula e izinsimbi enkulu umphumela ofanayo ,
Ngaphandle Nokho, ngalokhu kumele waqaphela, untern
ukuphambuka erperimentalen emithethweni kuyoba Ngokungangabazeki
ngeke odukile a phezulu, ngokusho okuphathe ngenhla; bebengaba
kolunye uhlangothi kuka kwezinye izindawo; kodwa akuzona
kuvivinywa ngaphambi kokuba.

5) lokushisa.
Ezindaweni of lokushisa emizweni ucwaningo ngalo nami Elem.
Offer I. 201 ff wenza. Laziwe, hhayi isinqumo ezanele umele. Mina
ngokwami bazitshela ukuthi ngeke kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele
lokushisa umfutho, izinga ngokuphelele lokushisa, kodwa umehluko zalo
lokushisa Mittlern, nokuthi umehluko nje olubonakalayo maqondana
nale umehluko kukhona okumelwe Kucatshangwa, ozoba at Law Weber
sika. Ngaphansi kwalesi isimo avumelane ngokuthi, div. II.
Ithebula 9) ekhasini 203 of Elem. aqoshiwe, invoyisi amagugu okuhle
ngokwanele ukuba, lapho umehluko elandayo okushisa 14 , 77 ithatha
amagugu waphawula ndawonye esingaba 19 31 R. njengoba ekhula
ezintweni njengoba agent phakathi Frost ukushisa kubanda futhi
igazi. Kodwa lokhu okuphumayo kuthi ngokungenasizathu kukodwa,
eduze kumakhaza umthetho uyavuma njengoba kancane, njengoba
belungafica Ngokungangabazeki uyavuma, uma landa imizamo kangaka
ngaphesheya ukushisa igazi, ukuthi lokujabulela esivuthayo
supervened. I cabanga umbuzo ubuhlobo yomthetho kwale mizwa,
ungakabi ixazululwe.
9)

Abt. I kuyasiza ngenxa amagugu cishe angaphinde hhayi

iziphetho.
6) izinguquko umbala noma iphimbo.
Zonke oyiphawulile ukukhanya futhi umsindo in 1) no 2)

okukhulunywa zazihlobene izinguquko, amplitude engaphansi

kunyakaza, amandla umfutho ngaphandle kokushintsha izinga
vibration n, by futhi ucwaningo kanye imibala ehlukene, kodwa nanoma
ethile kuphela ukukhanya, hhayi umbala sashintshwa; kodwa umbuzo
uwukuthi ukuthi umthetho Weber njengoba nje ngoba
izinguquko n njengoba of ukuqinisekisile.
Kakade the Elem. I. 175 I baye bavuma kanye kuphawula
okulandelayo, ukuthi mayelana umbala akulona icala. "Uma omunye
ngokuvamile isebenza Isifaniso ehlonishwa phakathi pitches nemibala,
kuba ephawulekayo, kusukela lo mfanekiso yonke indlela yokuphuma
ukukhahlela, isimo umthetho Weber ayikhombisi nje kukhona endaweni
imibala, njengoba ezindaweni iphimbo, ie efanayo umehluko appreciable
the amaza akuzona amaza ka imibala ngokulingana. Empeleni, iso
Nokho, kugcinwe kwi kwemingcele spectrum ngezikhathi lesithathu
ushintsho umbala encane ngisho enkulu, endaweni yellow and green, lo
obonakalayo umbala izinguquko ukuze ngokushesha ukulandela ukuthi
zonke izigaba wesikhashana phakathi yellow futhi green Kwakugcwele
ndawonye Isikhawu encane ukukhalayo nesigamu. 10) By the way,
kunamanye amaphuzu lapho umfanekiso phakathi umsindo nemibala
uyohluleka. "
10)

Helmholtz e Ber. D. Berl. Akad. 1855 p. 757 ff.

Ucwaningo lwamuva ogama imiphumela kubikwa kukho

okulandelayo ukusebenza, ukuhlola lezi ubudlelwano idatha eziqondile.
Mayelana umehluko of uzwela izinguquko isihlobo umbala tones
ezingxenyeni ezahlukene spectrum kakade imizamo ngaphambili
Mandelstam (Arch. F. Ophthalm. XIII. Abth. 2. p. 399) ngaphambi
kwalokho. With the kamuva Dobrowolsky (Posts z. Physiol. Optik
akukho. III. p. 66 futhi p V. 98). Ngendlela jikelele imiphumela
uvumelane, ngaphandle amagugu ethu okutholwe
Dobrowolsky ngokuvamile cishe isigamu mancane kunalezo
Mandelstam. Uvivinyo kokubili baqashwe a isiphakamiso of Helmholtz
nge Ophthalmometer, ngesikhathi ukwakhiwa yayo kodwa Dobrowolsky
ngisho uhlaziyo ezinye izichibiyelo kunenzuzo kokuvela ngokumelene
izimoto of Mandelstamm kusho ukuze imininingwane yayo kuka inembe
kufanele zisebenza kusukela zombili.
Iba encane (ngokulingana inverse ukuba inani kunyakaza for
amagugu nombono inikezwe n kumele wanezela kuyinto) ukuze iso
lethu ungakwazi ukuqonda umehluko umbala, okuhambelana nalokhu
nombono, wathola kanjalo balandela izingqapheli ezimbili ezilandelayo ,
okhethwe izinhlamvu imigqa Fraunhofer, izindawo spectrum, amagugu

ezilandelayo 11).

11)

Imininingwane Mandelstam in the table kukhona

for in D naphakathi D no E isihlobo esikhundleni 1 / 18.94 and 1/2
04,

lapho M. ngokwayo khona ukuthi kamuva (ngenxa ezinye

amaphutha typographical) by Dobrowolsky alungisa
amagugu 1 / 106,27 futhi 1 / 139.29 set.

Mandelstamm

Dobrowolsky

Red B

Red C

/ 106.27

Orange
btw. C u. D
1/465

Green E
Green Blue
betw. Eu. F

= 0.00275

/ 248.7 = 0.00402
1/331

Gold Yellow D
Betw
Green. D n. E

1/363

1/772

= 0.00302

= 0.001203

/ 139.29

1/246

= 0.00405

1/214

1/340

= 0.00294

1/400

1/615

= 0.001625

Cyan F

/ 409,34

1/740

= 0.00135

Indigo-blue G

/ 270.27

1/429

= 0.00233

Violet
betw. G u. B

1/320

= 0.00312

Ngemva izingqapheli ezimbili, kukhona njalo ezimbili maxima

umehluko isihlobo uzwela, isihlobo igolide yellow and
ikhayeni; okungukuthi namanje Kuthi kunangendlela for ikhayeni for
yellow yegolide, umehluko isihlobo uzwela.

The amagugu yamaza imigqa Fraunhofer in a ayizinkulungwane

ezingamakhulu namabhanisi Mill kukhona. (. By Helmholtz p 236)
ngoba
E 5260

A 7617
B 6878
4843

C 6564

F
G 4291

D 5888
H 3929
Ngokuphathelene imininingwane Dobrowolsky in the lelingenhla by s.
Zama p. 72 kuyinto okuphathe ebalulekile ukuthi ngesikhathi umehluko
nje angaphinde phakathi abanalo lokusebenzisa imibala at the imingcele
ezimbili spectrum namanje umehluko ukucabanga ukugqama ngo
ucwaningo kamuva p. 98 kwaba njalo ilahlwe. Kwaba in the Imiphumela
ovela obonakalayo more umbala umehluko, ukukhanya umbala licace
(Orange at uphenyo okubomvu, the blue uphenyo Violet) attenuated kuze
mahluko ukukhanya okukhulu okwakuseza lizwakale, lapho umehluko
umbala banyamalala iso ngesikhathi esifanayo. Ngakho zatholakala
ngokuba imibala imingcele okulandelayo spectrum, sihluke kakhulu
ngenhla, uyazisa ,, umehluko ukukhanya, kodwa namanye imibala in
angaphinde color umehluko ngaso sonke akubanga lubonakale 12), kuyoba
ke ahlale izibalo ngaphezu kwalo.

Red B
indigo-blue G

0.00868 = 1/115

0.00366 = 1 / 272.3
0,00599 Red C = 1 / 166.9

Violet betw. G u. H

0.00683 = 1/146

Njengoba for Mandelstamm imizamo kwenzeka ngokusho

kwesitatimende yakhe (p. 400), ukuzungeza lesibili ngesandla ngenkathi

ezama Ophthalmometerplatten of the isimo, lapho mehluko Umbala
yabo ivela, kude kangaka, "ukuthi umehluko lokuqala ngo Umbala
amapuleti" kwaba lizwakale. It is not kuphikiswana kuleli cala ngalokho
bawa njengoba nje ucwaningo phambilini Dobrowolskys ogama
imiphumela ehlangana nalabo of Mandelstamm phezulu in the table
efanayo, ukucabangela le tints ukukhanya efanayo uma kuqhathaniswa
away.
12)

Uma umehluko ukukhanya kungaba ngisho ngezansi

embundwini kuleli cala, kodwa, lezi imizamo ingxenye
maphakathi spectrum in the ukukhanya subject bekungeke kube
ufana labo for kwemingcele spectrum.
Khonamanjalo, umfanekiso ngaphuthelwa phakathi imibala kanye
tones in the amaphuzu efanele muva libhekene ubuyisela lokho
ubuqiniso uMthetho Weber for the umbono iphimbo umehluko emva
ucwaningo olusha of Preyer 13) njengoba kancane ukuqinisekisile
ngokuqondene umbono umehluko umbala. The nokucabanga odlule
njengoba yiqiniso kwalesi umthetho iphimbo yayisekelwe kakhulu
isimiso ukuthi isikhawu pitch livela ilingane for umqondo musical, uma
ehlukene pitch ngokuphelele, khona-ke isilinganiso amaza lihlala
okufanayo; kodwa umehluko omncane ngekolitayi njengoba bengena
indlela umehluko nje obonakalayo acabangele, lokhu kusikisela
umthetho Preyer imizamo uhluleka, ngemva kwalokho siqagele kahle,
the musical indlebe izahlulelo mayelana ngezikhathi zomculo kunalokho
on the izimo ukubuya noma non-ukuphinda kokuhileleka, njengoba
emva nokuwa izinga vibration. 14)
13)

"ngal kwemingcele okuqonda umsindo Preyer," Jena, Dufft,

1876 p. 26 ff.
14)

Esinye can lapha ukukhulisa nobunzima okungase ngokusobala

ukuphikisa imibono eziyisisekelo Helmholtz e theory zomculo,
okungukuthi tones ngisho ngomqondo ovulekile elula labo rod
futhi akwazi ukugcina, ezingeyona harmonics efanayo amakhasi
futhi engumuntu babe izwi, kodwa ukunikeza lokujabulela imiculo
efanayo futhi evumelanayo. Nokho, okuholela phawula ekuqaleni
ngezikhathi ezithile wenza noma yimuphi umbala elibanzi
elicacile induku noma disk (ukuthatha akhawunti oda yesibili ethi
zezibalo) kokuhileleka yayo harmonic endlebeni kanye.

The ucwaningo Preyer baqashwe indlela umehluko nje obonakalayo

Amacebo zensimbi kwemihlanga ngokuvumelana seningi yizibukeli
kunabasebenzi ucwaningo ngaphambili Delezenne futhi Seebeck,
kusukela lapho flow imiphumela okulandelayo.
Yiba n ', n amaza whose umehluko n - n ukuba
kutholakale, d ngokuphelele umehluko nje lubonakale n'
- n, futhi
umehluko isihlobo nje obonakalayo, ukuze wena ube emva Preyer (p 31.
32) ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu

n,

0.00349 = 0.418 119.791

120.209

1/286

0.364 0.000827 = 439.636

1

/ 12.09

0.300

1/1666

440

500 0.000600 = 500.3

1000 0.500 0.000500 =
1000.5

1/2000

Njengoba kuyabonakala, lishintsha , ngokwesihawu Weberschem

semithetho kumagugu lahluke n kufanele bahlale njalo,
makhulu; Nokho, umehluko ngokuphelele uzwela, lapho ngenani
okuhambisanayo of d ulinganiswa kwemingcele
yangaphambili n ngaphandle ukuqhathanisa kancane zihlukahlukene,
kodwa ngaphandle le mingcele phansi ngokushesha emva ucwaningo
yombhali, kunciphisa kancane phezulu.
Manje kuyadabukisa ngempela ukuthi ukusekelwa ezibalulekile ukuthi
umthetho Weber latfolakala by the izwi umuzwa zomculo ezindaweni
iphimbo kude kangaka, kuyoba ezingabonakali Preyer ezama. Nokho
Dreies kumele kubhekwe lapha, njengoba in the Farbenempfin-nezi-.
Okokuqala Hho namandla imisindo, umbala nokukhanya of the lightDene izinto ezehlukene, kanye nemithetho ezahlukene kanjalo futhi
angasebenza kokubili izinto ezahlukene. Uma umthetho for abanye,
lokho akusho kodwa bawe njalo abanye.
Okwesibili. The iziqinisekiso umthetho Weber for ukwencika amandla
ukukhanya kanye umsindo lokujabulela we oscillation
amplitude A ngokuvamile in vibration inombolo

njalo n elifunyenwe. Omunye angase acabange ukuthi iziqinisekiso

umthetho for the ukwencika ukuphakama futhi umbala lokujabulela
inombolo vibration nuhlehlele kuphela elihambisana singayeki we
amplitude oscillation A ezazitholakala, ngoba lapho Konstanz sipho
Preyerschen Baphelelwa akusona isiqinisekiso.
Kusenjalo kunzima ukubeka phezu isisindo lokhu ngoba
kucatshangwa ngoba vergleichungs ohlakaniphe amandla esikuyo hit
umsindo obonakala azinamphumela enkulu umbono kwawo ratio. Zonke
more ukuze lokhu okwashiwo yile ndoda kucatshangelwe ofanelwe
ukuba.
Okwesithathu. With the ushintsho inombolo oscillation n izinto
ezimbili zashintsha. Uma kanjalo inani ezinikezwa of kunyakaza in a
tikhatsi, ngamafuphi, isikhathi oscillation, lapho (ngaphansi Mitrcksicht
on ukwakheka izinkathi) kuncike lokujabulela ukuphakama, umsindo,
umbala, nje ohlangothini qualitative izinguquko
lokujabulela. Okwesibili, ukuze ijubane ukuhamba oscillating
kuzoshintsha mzuzu ngamunye, kanjalo abaphilayo
ukuphoqa a square n of kunyakaza, ezenza kuncike emva isimo
abaseduze amandla noma side ambalwa of ukuzwa,
kanye ngesikhathi 2, ngalo ukusebenza ngokuvumelana
ezingxoxweni XX. mhlawumbe kunokuba on the force ophilayo
njengoba ukwenza ukubhekisela nenani lokujabulela; kafushane,
okungazange umsebenzi a ufuna ukucabanga ngalokhu, ngakho ngeke
kuphela a kodwa futhi n effect emthamweni noma amandla ingqikithi
umuzwa babe. A umsindo, ukusebenzisa nkulumo ehlukile for the
umsindo umkhulu, kulapho nendlebe more ekukhuleni, usabalele
kangaka, kunanini ngaphambili n likhula, nakuba umuntu angabona
ukuhlukanisa nganoma iyiphi indlela ngemva isitashi ngokwayo, lapho
ngenxa A futhi lapho ngenxa n kuyinto. Ngisho nge umbala uyothokoza
zincike, ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa kokubili izakhi, ukugqama
kokubili. Futhi kuba ukuphenya manje ngisho noma umthetho Weber
maqondana ukuthi of a futhi n ngesikhathi esifanayo kuncike, amandla
jikelele ukuzizwa kuphela uma kwenzeka ushintsho of a eduze
Constance of n,kwalandela iziqinisekiso yamuva isho, hhayi ngisho in
the umcimbi ukuthi n izinguquko, kufanele ithathwe ngokuthi
ngokuyisisekelo esebenzayo kuyinto. Lokhu Yebo ngeke yanquma
uvivinyo Preyerschen, inqobo nje uma ezihlobana ngayo umehluko ku
lokujabulela ukuphakama, hhayi amandla; nolwazi zami mayelana
nhlobo okwamanje akukho ucwaningo ebalulekile. Ekuhlolweni phezu
amaphuzu alandelayo kodwa ngabe Ngokungangabazeki angene
ukucabangela.
Kuyinto phakade esiyivelakancane, ukulingana nokungalingani
yezikhwepha isamba ukucabanga ngokunyenyeza nemibala,

kuye a futhi n kanyekanye ukuhlola ngokunembile uma

kokubili a njengoba n kuhlukile phakathi izingxenye
ukuqhathanisa; kodwa ukuqhathanisa akuyona into engenakwenzeka, nje
ushaye ukudweba, sengathi n kokubili okufanayo. Ngamunye powered
by a blue elikhanyayo kakhulu ngokumelene a red ezimnyama, noma
kakhulu ayehlome ishaye tone ejulile ngokumelene egulayo inothi
okusezingeni ezibuthakathaka kakhulu, njengoba kanye kubuyekezwe
lezi zimo, ungabi ungabaza, okwenza ukusetshenziswa ezimbili
izingxenye kunamandla umqondo jikelele; Ubuye ngempela
Dobrowolsky at ucwaningo ngenhla shades ezimbili ezahlukene umbala
eyaziwa ukuletha unombono ofanayo ukugqama, futhi Helmholtz
uvivinyo (p. 317), lapho eletha oyiphawulile ekuqaleni of Dove and
Purkinje ukubonakaliswa ngqo (s. ngezansi), ovela bazitshela unombono
ofanayo ukukhanya blue and red.
Manje ngokuqinisekile ngokunyenyeza njengoba ngemibala,
onjengawe amandla jikelele umbono a square n noma ukuba ugcine
kuncike ; zonke Ukuthotshiswa a by an ukwanda n noHezekeli kungaba
inzuzo ukuze amandla jikelele enombono kumele akukashintshi,
ngenkathi kule sameness, umbono iphimbo noma umbala ngenxa
kokushintsha noma n izinguquko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngesikhathi
lokujabulela efanayo walondoloza iphimbo noma okufanayo ngoba
Farbentons agcinwe n amandla jikelele uzizwa
sokuchitshiyelwa a ushintsho. Kanjalo angawi, ngokuvamile, umbundu
umehluko, ie iphuzu lapho nokulingana esiqala ezimbili for lokujabulela
is nje kufinyelelwa for the amandla jikelele umbono tones noma imibala
kanye embundwini umehluko pitch noma umbala amathoni
ndawonye. 15)
15)

Ngakho, e-Dobrowolskyschen ekuseni Zama umehluko

phakathi kwabo kwaba ngo n wanyamalala shades ahlobene,
ngaphandle umehluko ukugqama wayesehambile kuphi.
Futhi uma ngemibala emibili noma amathoni ngokusebenzisa
demgeme ukuchitshiyelwa yayo A and n wonke umehluko kokubili
phakathi amandla jikelele ukucabanga kwabo njengoba neze noma
Farbentone wakhe kuphela nje wanyamalala, kuleli cala ngokuvamile
(ngaphandle ezimweni ezikhethekile) kuphela omunye umehluko
ezimbili ngokunembile umbundu, abanye kufanele babe ngaphansi
umbundu, ngoba kungenjalo ubungeke for non-ukuqondana kokubili
imibundu, uphawule umehluko ngisho omunye umqondo. Lokho imibala
emibili noma amathoni kukhona nje kangangokuthi akukho mehluko
phakathi kwabo ibonwa, lelo akusilo ubufakazi bokuthi umehluko linani
ukucabanga yayo, izibalo wakhe njengoba

umsebenzi a futhi n wazwakalisa ukubaluleka efanayo, i value

embundwini, ibekwe, kungase futhi kube ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi
wehle ngezansi ukubaluleka embundwini; futhi imizamo indlela nje
umehluko obonakalayo, lapho umehluko phakathi tones ezimbili noma
imibala ngokushintsha kwabo A noma n zinyamalale ngokuphelele,
noma okufanayo uletha close, kanjalo can umbono wami phezu
ukusebenza koMthetho Weber ukuba umehluko phakathi ukushuba
ingqikithi tones noma imibala musa anqume for ezithile. Lokhu phawula
kubonakala kimi izinyo v phezu ucwaningo ezithakazelisayo
newukuhlakanipha kusebenza. lapho ebesingase ukukhuluma ezindaweni
umbala ngokumelene ukusebenza enjalo. Nokho, kuze kuwe ukwahlulela
ngalo, mina ukwabelana ngalezi imizamo XIX. ikakhulukazi.
Ibhayisikobho ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimo lokulandzelako
ukusebenza koMthetho Weber sika kubonakala kuphambana amandla
jikelele ukucabanga in umbala.
Ngokusho, amazwi eyaziwa yangaphambili Purkinje kanye Dove
yabangela, ucwaningo olunembile Helmholtz (k. 317 f.) Njengoba
imibala Spectral avele obomvu noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaso
sonke umbala kancane Breakable futhi Breakable kakhulu, di ezincane
nezinkulu n, ngaleso ethile Lighting avele ngokulinganayo bright,
ayisekho kanjalo lapho ukukhanyisa, ngalokhu the A, iba buthakathaka noma
waqinisa for kokubili ingxenye efanayo, kodwa owokuqala uma isinyathelo eyinhloko
refrangible, icala umbala kancane Breakable yesibili. 16)

Mhlawumbe lokhu silungisiswe ngempela ukuphikisana nokusebenza

komthetho on the amandla jikelele ukucabanga in umbala; Nokho
umuntfu analog yalo is hhayi waphawula okungenani kangaka njengoba
ngazi, ngoba umsindo, futhi abaningi kangaka kwamanye umehluko
okuxakayo phakathi ratios umxhwele imibala kanye shades esingambona
nantu amanga anjalo; ngakolunye uhlangothi kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi
imibala ukukhanya modified ngiguqule izwi zabo futhi avele njengoba
olumhlophe, lo lighter zingabantu (bheka Fig. Ihlelo. XIV.), ukuthi
kukhona ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi imibala ukuze nokuchazwa
amaqiniso ngezindlela abafanele phakade ungaqiniseki kuyinto.
Phela, ukuvuma ukuthi neither izinguquko embonweni iphimbo noma
umbala e athembele izinguquko izinga vibration n ukulandela umthetho
Weber sika, ngaphandle ukuthi lokhu kubonakala uyowiswa on
ukuphazamiseka yokulinga semthethweni; futhi kumele kucatshangelwe
okungabazekayo ngisho nokho ukuthi umthetho ngokuyisisekelo on,
we a futhi n-kuncike izinguquko ezivamile ngamandla jikelele enombono
kusebenza ngaphandle kwalo okufanayo ngolunye ukuphikisana
ubuqiniso kokuchitshiyelwa a eduze Constance of n kanje.

16)

Lesi Versache of Aubert (p. 127) kanye Chodin (Ueb. D. Abh.

D. F. vd L. k. 20 32), okwathi ngemva kwalokho imibala baziwa
kalula refrangibility ongomncane lapho esondela Dark njengoba
kukhona of okukhulu, kungukuthi enikeziwe kuphambene
novivinyo Helmholtzs kunalezo kulabo oluphathelene ukugqama
on recognizability umbala, futhi babe njengalabo
abangalisebenzisi ngokulinganayo nalezo ukugqama efanayo
nokuvela imibala iqhathaniswa assumed. Nokho, kungashiwo
waqaphela khona i umbala inhloso on a background black ngisho
by umehluko ukukhanya zalo lapho umbala lutho buphawuleka,
futhi Aubert ngokwakhe uphawula (p. 128) ukuthi "lo zombala
abomvu njalo eyanyatheliswa ngo umbala ukukhanya engezansi
backlight futhi ngaleyo ndlela mnyama ngaphezu the blue
sombala. "

7) osayizi Olubanzi.
It uhlala ukubuza: kanjani okuthiwa. imizwa olunzulu mayelana
ukukhulelwa space kanye nesikhathi eziguquguqukayo umthetho?
Ngisho ekuqaleni (Ihlelo. VII.) Iye kukhumbula futhi kuyinto priori
kusobala ukuthi akukho nelilodwa postulate umthetho ofanayo we
inverse ubukhulu ibanga noma ubude besikhathi lezi emizweni,
ngokuqondene emizweni okukhulu ngamandla umsebenzi esiyisisekelo
psychophysical kuyinto. Kunalokho kuyinto a lutho priori
ukunquma. Yini ngishilo esigabeni 7th on olunzulu isikhala-emizweni
kuyi-retina, sihlanganiswe kanjalo: umthetho Weber kanye kuncike
Magesetz logarithmic bangaba khona kahle kakhulu mayelana
nezichibiyelo ngezinga isamba retina, ngaphandle kwalo yokuvinjelwa
izingxenye retina, amabanga in okufanayo, ngokusho isilinganiso elula
ukunwetshwa inani (inani tindilinga sezinzwa) estimate; ukuthi nje, ake
hhayi ukwenza ucwaningo kanye nokuchitshiyelwa ubukhulu
abuthakathaka, njengoba uke uqashwe nemvelo. Ine yami futhi
Augenmaversuchen Volkmann sika. Kunoma yikuphi, umthetho Weber
sika (nge ukushintshashintsha aphansi micrometric Zama Volkmann
sika) kungase kutholakale kahle kakhulu ngezikhathi ebanzi, kuphela
ukuthi kukhona namanje kuyangabazeka ukuthi basuke ngqo ezihlobene
emizweni ebanzi, futhi hhayi kunalokho ukunyakaza noma kwemisipha
umuzwa. - For emizweni olunzulu esikhumbeni lapho umuzwa muscle
kuyinto ungayisebenzisi, okungenani I asamukelanga probation ezifanele
komthetho Weber kunanoma the Augenmaversuchen.
Ngesikhathi umqondo Efroni endaweni (e ithemba. No. 1), umthetho
ngokusho izivivinyo esebenzisa indlela umehluko nje obonakalayo
usebenzisa umqondo sokuzwa asisebenzi by the, etholakala ngezindlela

elungiselelweni ezahlukene ucwaningo kanye kanye observation

izifundo ezahlukene, imiphumela ukuthini p. 10 uthi, babe phezu lonke
okulandelayo, lapho t isikhathi main ngemizuzwana ukuthi
lo nje
olubonakalayo umehluko isihlobo ngesikhathi , i emva imithetho Weber
yazo zonke izikhathi ukhiye t kufanele kube yindlela efanayo.
t

0.016
0.750 *

0.110
0,491

0.375
0.052

0,535
0,054

1.153
0.
06
9

4.520

8.060

0.095

0
.
0
9
5
*

Izibalo kumakwe * kukhona umbhali. Ukuze kuthathwe njengoba encane

kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nawo (umkhawulo engezansi), inqobo nje
uma t lapha ayisekho ngokuphawulekayo e ezinye t kodwa namanje
kwaba kubonakale.
Ngakho Ngemva kwalokho soft, eqinisweni izinombolo
ngokuphelele kulowo kudingwa umthetho Weber sika, ukulingana, futhi
kwenzeka t okungenani = 0,375,ngalokho esiphezulu isihlobo
umehluko sensitivity esikhundleni.
We Nokho, phawula manje, ukuthi amahora uthishanhloko, lapho
ukushintshashintsha eqinile

senzeka, kusukela 0,016 kuya 1,153 sec.

Everywhere Nokho, mancane, le

enkulu ezimbili t, di 4,52 futhi 8,00,
kungakhathaliseki sokuphambuka kwabo enkulu nomunye , kuphela
ukungabikho afanayo ngempela ukunikeza, ukwedlula
= 8.00
kuthiwa a encane kakhulu umbhali. at t. Lesi sivumelwano eseduze
phakathi kwezindinganiso ezimbili manje cishe kube abeke akukho
okusindayo esithile lapho bengekho Vierordts ukuhlolwa ebanzi
kakhulu-indlela labalamuli Felller (e s isignesha: "The umqondo
isikhathi" Tbingen 1868th) ukuqinisekisile e eminye elingakanani ,
Ngokuvamile, okungukuthi Vierordt wathola okulandelayo: It is

kugujwa ucwaningo a, e olinganise yesiphambeko eluhlaza obonakalayo,

amaphutha njalo by isiqongo amahora amancane (ngezikhathi isihloko)
lihunyushelwe emsebenzini okukhulu, izinkathi enkulu main e
emsebenzini ezincane, amahora okufutshane ezincane enkulu kakhulu,
ende kube encane kakhulu kulinganiselwa. By the soguquko kusukela
amaphutha eluhlaza ukuba amaphutha okuhlanzekile variable lokhu,
ucwaningo kwi uzwela umehluko aqede nzima, izimo, futhi iphutha
okuhlanzekile kusho kufanele ugcine umthetho wethu
Ukuhlolwa. Njengoba kusobala ngoba ucwaningo lapho usuke ungekho
babezimisele ngokushesha emva kwesikhathi main 17), lapho prozentale, di
kubalwa maqondana nesikhathi main, izindlela emsulwa iphutha kubizwa
ukuthi ngempela ezindaweni ezincane tkanye nokukhula t up sehlela
okungenani, njengoba nje it has Mach bathola ukuthi kodwa emva
kokuba ucishe ngaphuma mayelana njalo eseduze kakhulu for
anyukele tkwenzeka; ukuba umuntu amane nje kuqiniswa of the
ekushintshashintsheni hhayi inconsiderable ongacabangi kusho izibalo
eminingana t ukudonsa zilandelana.
17)

Inkulumo kakhulu ucwaningo Vierordts kukhona namanje

zihlukahlukene kakhulu, ngaphandle kobuholi yami phezu and
ingxoxo nabo bangene on manje, njengoba kwenziwe ngenhla.
Ake sithi lo p etafuleni test. 36. An umsizi wanika imivimbo amabili e
ngezikhathi ezithile; Vierordt ngokushesha wafuna ukuphinda in
ncamashi sokuphumula efanayo;ukuqopha izikhathi kwenziwe
esebenzisa idivayisi asizayo ekahle kymograph. Lokhu kulindelekile, t =
0,204 sec (with. = 16.6) kanye izikhathi inyuka ukuze, ubuncani = 8.5
kuya t = 1,129; ngemva kwalokho kulandele = 8.7 at t = 1,363, futhi
ngesikhathi weiterm ngcono umphumela t = 1.5 kuya 8,860 sec. for
esebenzisa ezine zilandelanat ezilandelayo isilinganiso
t

1.98

3.09

4,99

7,30

13.5

14.4

15.1

15.1

Ingaphezulu kakhulu kanye t kwaba ucwaningo p. 49 wenyuka, lapho

into watholakala, ezintathu ezilandelanayo ukunyakaza amancane
unhlangothi esandleni esebenzisa amalungiselelo elisizayo kymograph
aqoshiwe ukuze izinyathelo ezimbili kumele babe ncamashi
esilinganayo; besuka t. = 0,202 sec ubude ukwedlula clock lokuqala

kanye = 9.4 (a iphesenti imigoqo lokuqala) ukuze t = 90 sec The

esincane -. = 4.5 kwatholakala t = 0,887; Kusukela kanye iinthombe
lokhu ubuncane ngokwesilinganiso yonke ekuphumeni
ezine t ezilandelayo amagugu ahlobene
t

1.346

4.096

11,000

19,288

42,6

5,45

11,85

16,02

15,20

17,6

Kuzo zombili uchungechunge ucwaningo ke ukuphambuka enamandla

aphansi kusuka umthetho nge approximation esinamandla it at ephakeme
peak izikhathi t.
Oqashwe kodwa elinye iqoqo ucwaningo, kusukela Stud. Hring
ngaphansi Vierordts line (p.44) babe, imivimbo ngokulandelana, ie
alinganayo isikhathi ngezikhathi eziyisikhombisa, kuboniswa
Metronome ayisishiyagalombili, lapho kwakumelwe kuphindaphindwe
once on kymograph, futhi izici wembula lapho t isikhathi isikhawu beat
ngemizuzwana kusho ..
t

0,183

0,234

0,306

0.365

0.454

0.600

0.833

3.9

4.5

3.0

2.5

3.1

4.1

5.2

Again okungenani at t == 0,365, futhi i njalo eseduze of t = 0,833 in.

Le mizamo efanayo kakhulu, kodwa ngokusho indlela wokulungile
amacala okungalungile, kukhona of Hring in s. Inauguraldissertation
"Ucwaningo on the nokuqonda ngomqondo ukuzwa isikhathi
eziguquguqukayo", Tbingen 1866, ngaphambi, futhi Vierordt e s.
Amaminithi umqondo isikhathi k. 62 ff yakhiqizwa futhi saxoxa. kodwa
ngifuna ukwenza ukubala kwabo ehlukile kunokukwenza Vierordt, futhi
ngemva kwalokho ezakhini Vierordt izibalo p. 73 75, ogama kwathatha
izibalo ngaphezu hhayi kakhulu weqiniso, ngokuba hhayi ngempela
juqu, benganaki kodwa ngoba manje, angena imininingwane, ngoba
angikaqedi wenza izibalo entsha, futhi isinqumo ezibalulekile kakade
ukuhambisana yekwenta imiphumela yokulinga of Mach futhi Vierordt
by ezimbili izindlela ezahlukene kakhulu unikezwa. Kungenxa Kunoma
yikuphi wavuma ukuthi, uma ukuphambuka emithethweni kuleli hlobo
ucwaningo ezindaweni kancane t noma Declaration zidinga ukuthi
approximation eqinile nalokho ephakeme tufuna kahle ukuba kuchazwe,
futhi kalula ikhunjulwe ukuthi yangaphambili kwalokho yokugcina

yezimo; okuyinto akavumeli ukuba semthethweni okuhlanzekile ukuza

zikhanyise kuncike.

XVII. Ukukhanya ucwaningo Delboeufs.

Lokho, ngokusho isimiso ithafa (Ihlelo. IV.) Isithuthi, izinqubo
Delboeufs kwaba (ngokusho et. P ff 50.). Lokhu ngokuphawulekayo.
Ngokuba ukulungiswa amagugu esithile A, B, C, wayenesinye
imikhakha emithathu isiyingi of esikhunjeni esithambile emhlophe iziqu
nobubanzi emincane ukushintshanisa ngokumelene isizinda black velvet,
futhi wahlangana amalungiselelo anjalo ukuthi usuku noma ikhandlelaukukhanya esikhanyayo emikhakheni white, the black background
akakwazanga ukuthatha lokho (ngombono wami) kabani ukukhanya
kwaba luhluke amelwe nje by the black amehlo; futhi kwaba aphethwe
apparatus izindonga babonakalisa sidelight. The imikhakha circle zaba
selilonke a, kwezinye ucwaningo abamhlophe, abansundu kwabanye,
disk C '(of Delboeuf kanye A lizobizwa) aboshelwe kangangokuthi
amelwe ngokushintshana ngokuhlanganyela nalokhu ezintathu, lo disc
futhi ngamunye befaka amasongo grey, okuyiqembu ,
emkhakheni C kanye nobubanzi esiphezulu emincane elisuselwa, bh
ukuze disk C 'ekucaleni befaka elingaphakathi impela
komkhakha A elisuselwa kanye nobubanzi kulencane emincane, ie
emnyama, lo angaphandle. Be , ', ", nobubanzi emincane of A,
B, C, okungase kubhekwe njengendlela ngesilinganiso okuqhathanisa
ukukhanya ezingokwenyama amasongo a ukukhanyiselwa njalo futhi
iyunifomu kuze kufike enjalo kungenxa zokukhanya ingaphandle. Emva
ukuthi kwake kwazanywa lokuthi in unikezwa and ', the emincane
ububanzi ka elingaphakathi impela, emkhakheni bh C saguquka kuze
umehluko phakathi C no B kuya ukuthi phakathi B no A uvele
alinganayo. Ake us kuncike manje ububanzi emincane ngaphansi
kwethonya okukhanyisa yangaphandle ukukhanya okukhulu
kithi , ', "ngamunye namanje ngumuntu njalo zenani
elincanec lakhulisiwe ukumela ngobungcwele umnyuziki lokushicilelwa
Izindandatho, ukubaluleka I ukukhanya elingaphakathi Black kuye
ucabange Nokho Delboeuf kuye tude a inamathela incazelo ethe
ukuhluka (Ihlelo. IV.), kanjalo kuzodingeka ukuba kungakhathaliseki
lokhu value, ngesikhathi esifanayo umbukiso zinezinto ezihluke ngazo,
ngokusho imithetho Weberschem
, Ngokuphathelene c kodwa, ngokusho Delboeufs
amafomula kuyi tude like emva formula yami (izakhi II. P. 195)

kusobala
(1)
(2)
Kungaba manje sihlole ukuthi lo enqunywe test uyazisa "in
ukuchitshiyelwa and , okusho ukuthi magnitudes ezahlukene
ngokuphelele, le formula (1), ngalokhu isimo for the semthethweni
uMthetho Weber sika, ngokwanele luhambisane uma ngoba c, zenani
elincane kucatshangwa ukuba njalo, futhi uma c njengoba ibalwa
kusukela amagugu , , "kusho lo formula (2) kuthatha ngempela
njalo beshintsha lezo zimiso, okusho ukuthi ezahlukene ukukhanya
ngokuphelele.
Njengoba i nokungapheleli inqubo Delboeuf okukhulunywa ngokwabo
(et. P. 80. 71), ukuthi umuntu ongeyena umfaniswano Ngokungafani
umphumela waba hhayi ngokwanele kugwenywe nguye, ezinye zazo
kwezinso of the ucwaningo ayengase zincike kungani yena kwadingeka
izivivinyo ziyoba liphindwe, kodwa hhayi khona. It ezungezwe
okungukuthi uvivinyo luhlolo koMthetho Weber sika (et. P. 54-66) of the
esekujuleni grey ring, ezikhiqizwe angle zazisho emkhakheni white, disk
elimhlophe ngenhla C 'libhekisela kuzo zonke imikhakha
kwakuhlangene, Nokho, ring angaphandle ikambo ngokumelene isizinda
ngokuphelele black. Ngesikhathi uvivinyo ekhethekile ekutholweni C (k.
72. 88) Kwaba C 'black wahlala kanjalo
kokubili C njengoba A ngokumelene abamnyama. By manje ring
ngamunye ohlangothini ngalunye has a omakhelwane ehlukene
elikhanyayo, ihlukanisa imithetho Ngokuphambene ezimbili zones
esasisikhulu ezahlukene kanye liba lonke, kuye ngokuthi omakhelwane a
ukukhanya modified 1) (bheka Fig. Ihlelo. XI.). Delboeuf waphawula,
ngesikhathi amasongo ngokwanele ububanzi, z. B. 2-3 ngamasentimitha,
lowo incike iphutha incane obonakalayo, futhi unezela (71 p.), Kuba lula
"ukugwema lokhu kusimo ingxenye 'lapho Ngokuyinhloko,
ngokumelene lapho inhlanganisela , , "umi phandle, kokubili
ngaphakathi futhi ekufezeni ngaphandle anikeze ukukhanya efanayo
emasongweni central.
1)

It is not kuphikiswana, hhayi nje ukuba ucabangele eduze

ngokushesha ngenxa ngemiphumela yesikhathi eside umehluko
kuleli cala, futhi ngalokho ring maphakathi hhayi nje umehluko

amasongo amabili angomakhelwane, kodwa futhi isamba noma

umehluko imiphumela buthaka se umehluko kanye disc C futhi
ukuba zithonywe isizathu, kuye ngokuthi disc futhi isizathu
ncamashi noma ezingafani.
Like odlule, mina uzonginika ukuthi lokuvikela ephephile yephutha
njalo hhayi nje njalo unilateral C, kodwa njengoba
ngokuvamile A kuzodingeka ukuba ukubukeka alinganayo
umehluko C, B no B, A kufanele ushintshwe ukuze iso, noma
okungenani ngokuthi ngabe kuncike hhayi iphutha njalo umsebenzi
owodwa emaceleni, imizamo.
Khonamanjalo, kusukela ukuhlolwa for luhlolo Weber Law k. 54 ff.,
Where the disk C 'kwaba mhlophe, akukho ngaphansi kuka ucwaningo
p. 73 88, lapho kade black, ngoba c ungathola kancane kakhulu,
ngempela ngokwengxenye cishe nokunyamalala, uyazisa ngokusho
formula (1) (2) yonke indawo, kanjalo kungaba kuphela amaphutha
ukuze encane kakhulu ekuhlolweni uMthetho Weber sika by the formula
kusukela Irttmern by the Ngokuphambene nonuniform kube umuntu
omdala, futhi kwangathi nobuncane of c ngokwaso ithathwa njengoba
kushiwo; kuphela munye in a ukuzimisela efanele
ngokuphelele c akufanele ngaso.
Ibhayisikobho nesigcino, folgends wafingqa in an itafula jikelele,
ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi empeleni i formula (1), enomuzwa a zenani
elincane kakhulu njalo c, kanye wayefisa ester approximation for
Ukwehlukana letinengi , , wahlangana " kuyinto. Delboeuf kukhona
amatafula test ezine (k. 54 60. 62. 65) ukuyohlolwa izifundo ezahlukene
nangaphansi kwezimo zokukhanya ezahlukene. Kukho konke ezine
bayavumelana, inhlanganisela efanayo 14 ezahlukene , 'isicelo, lapho
ezibalwe ngezansi kulelithebula jikelele ukuhlolwa kukhona; futhi test
uchungechunge ngamunye ngamunye lezi inhlanganisela, ezihambisana
value "enqunywe esebenzisa 2 kuya 5 (e original esibekiwe)
observation amagugu. Lezi isilinganiso waphawula "Delboeuf manje
ufanisa emva (1) kusukela unikezwa and 'ibalwa emva kokuhlela
of c once= 0.5 , okwesibili = 0,12 , lapho uyazisa kanye
esebenzayo , ', , kwaba 9 alinganayo,
cishe zinyamalale; futhi mina kwangiqinisekisa amatafula ezintathu
zokuqala ukuthi c ungakwazi abeke cishe zero ngaphandle isikhungo
ubudala umdlalo phakathi observation and bill kakhulu, uma kanti
akukho e etafuleni ngayinye kwecala. 1, kanye = 9 , '= 47
ngaphandle, lapho ngenxa weakest ukubaluleka c kuqhathaniswa
evelele kunazo, lapho uzame kodwa Delboeuf (emva p. 60)
enokwethenjelwa kakhulu ngaso sonke for uyachaza.
Ingxube uvunyelwe okungukuthi akukho. 1 kuphi hlangothi nomunye

ngcono kukhonjiswa ngenzansi miscalculation Delboeufs, omunye

uthola ngoba izimo ezintathu c0.0 the izamba ezilandelayo tikwele = 0.5,
= 0,12 futhi = phakathi kubala observation 2 )

c = 0.5
0,12

c=

c = 0,00
I. Tab. 210,7 238,1 258,1
II. 1278,8 1233,6 1214,4
III. 1110,2 1206,6 1258,8

kusukela ngalo okokuqala wazibona ukuthi ucwaningo Table I.

(kokucabangela izamba ezincanyana tikwele) zaba enokwethenjelwa
kakhulu., lokho kuchaza kude futhi umbhali. (57 p.), ngoba izimo test
ingahluphi kakhulu, okwesibili, ukuthi, e Table II., kodwa Yebo, emva
sum of tikwele inembe okungenani wazibonakalisa c = 0.0 ngisho
anikezwe i inzuzo. Nokho, nokho in the kwamanye imigqa 0.5 inzuzo
kakhulu, futhi kungenzeka ke ibekwe ku ithebula the Delboeufschen
jikelele ezama ukuba acabange.
In the, umbhali. Formula (1) amagugu ibalwa "kungaba itholakala
wonke amatafula yayo okukhulu, itafula ngamunye, iyisicefe invoyisi
amaphutha ukususwa kwabo ukuxhumana phakathi isitatimende
nokuqaphelisisa ukunqoba kuphela. Ngingasitholaphi esebenzisa-time
ezimbili sokulandela, kukhona okulandelayo, kubalwa ngacabangi
Delboeuf indawo yabo ngokulandela set efanele kuhlanganise:
kukholamu
for c = 0,12
okungalungile 242,2 128,7 202 117,8
152,5 98,1 120,05 178,2
kahle 243,3 128,8 194,6! 118,0 152,6 95,2
120,8 175,9

kukholamu for c =
0.5
bamanga

94,4

119,5
ilungelo

Futhi p must. 83 futhi 84 ngoba 0,53 kukhona 0.33.

95,1 120,3

In the table okulandelayo ingqikithi manje 2nd futhi 3rd Kol etafuleni
ungubani ebalulwe yonke imigqa emine 14 inhlanganisela , otlolwe in
the Kol 4 lapho, abazazisayo c = 0.5 lezi zinhlanganisela by (l)
ibalwa ", in the kwamanye Columnen ngaleyo ndlela waphawula
ukuba abaxhumanisi kuqhathaniswa . ngenhla yaphawula accounting
amaphutha kulungiseka ezilandelayo, futhi akukho. 5 ngaphansi I.
(ngokuvumelana Buka Amanothi, ngezansi) 233.7 esikhundleni 247, 8
njengoba waphawula "set. Ngaphansi kwetafula jikelele ukulandela
imininingwane yezihloko observation kanye ukukhanyisa apharathasi,
eyaqala ngo ukuvivinywa amatafula ngabanye.
2)

Ngo Tab. I ungaphakathi test akukho. 5 esikhundleni '= 247,8

of (emva p. 59) CISHE value eziqinile 233,7 avumelekile.
The okwashiwo subject Table I.,. By the author kanye A eziqokiwe
ngeke zenzeka ucwaningo kamuva ukuzimisela c ngokuphindaphindiwe
ngaphansi ngalelo gama futhi.

Ithebula Overall.
No.

ezinikezwe kubalwa
kanye c
= 0.5

waphawula "
Ithebula Ithebula Ithebula Ithebula Ithebula Ithebula
I
II
III
Iva
IVb
IVc

47

237,0

237,6

239,7

243,5

226,5

210,7

233,7

13

27

55,5

54,4

53,7

55,3

57

60,3

50

13

36

98,3

98,8

97.3

94,8

113,5

102,3

111,7

13

41

127,0

129,2

133,3

123,5

132

133,3

121,3

13

56

236

233,7

238

245,4

224,5

220,7

231,3

21

60

169,7

163,4

184,7

157

164,5

179

155,3

21

64

193,0

200

207,3

175,7

176,5

192,7

183,7

22

36

58,7

87,6

61,3

56,8

59

60,7

63,7

22

51

117,4

119,8

116,3

107,4

107,5

121

125,7

10

22

58

151,6

152,2

159

139,2

145,5

163,3

165,3

11

22

66

196,0

194,8

174

182,2

168,5

210,3

199,7

12

43

64

95,1

97,4

92,7

94

96

103

95,3

13

43

72

120,3

130,0

127,3

119,8

126,5

118

116,7

14

43

87

175,5

176,8

189,7

168,8

181

179,7

188,3

Tab. I. A Young Lady A, grey sky (Kubuyekeziwe Gris), "kusho kusuka

5 OBS.
Tab. II. An Isalukazi, umdwebi, grey sky, "kusho kusuka 5 OBS.
Tab. III. The young lady A ikhandlela ezungezwe nge reflector ezenziwe
white paper, cishe 25 Zentim. Ibanga kusukela apparatus.
Tab. IV a. Izingqapheli Two, kusihlwa, ikhandlela, kanye ngaphansi III ..
b. Izingqapheli Three e gray (Gris) sky.
c. Izingqapheli Three e bright sky.
Ingqapheli ngamunye siboniswa ethebuleni IV. Kuphela i amagugu
observation for "ezisohlwini kulelithebula lelingenhla kodwa
kuthathwe isilinganiso imininingwane ezimbili noma ezintathu.

Ungabona umdlalo phakathi observation and akhawunti, lapho

ukhuluma Gun-iningi umthetho Weber sika, ikakhulukazi ku Tab. I.,
ogama kwenziwa imizamo in the kwezimo ezinhle kakhulu, kuphela
wathola isimanga. Elinye amatafula ukukhombisa ngezinye izikhathi
elikhulu, kodwa akukho oda esithile okulandelayo, ngakho uhlamvu
randomness izithelo, ngeziphambeko ngokushesha + ngokushesha okuzoxoxwa ngumlobi ingxenye ..
Owanelisayo Ngakho, yebo wokugaklazeka manje ngokubeka
ndawonye kwemizwa ucwaningo odlule ngokuphathelene ubuqiniso
umthetho Weber sika kuvela, lapha kuqhathaniswa mayelana
ukuzimisela ukubaluleka elincane c kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi
kukodwa futhi nabasebenzi ikakhulukazi ngalesi ukuzimisela ukuhlolwa
p. 73 p.88 voices kuphela kangaka, njengoba nazo zonke lezi imizamo
yokuthola encane kakhulu, kodwa ngenxa yezimo value iyashintsha
kakhulu therefor; okuyinto asivimbeli se,c ubheke ngokukhanya
kwamehlo black njengoba lezi ukukhanya ngokusho ekuqaleni washo
uqobo kumele kungathathwa njengesigwebo hhayi variable
ongabalulekile, kodwa futhi ngokwengxenye ngenxa, in the ukungenela
(bheka ngenhla) waphawula, ilenga ukungaqiniseki indlela can , Manje
uma uma kuhlaziywa odlule umzamo amatafula c = imisiwe 0.5 yonke
indawo, njengoba kwenziwa umbhali. Ngisho nangemva izindlela zayo
sibalo, kodwa ngeke bazitshela ukuthi C kwadingeka njalo kulo leli

value, kodwa close naphezu ukuhambisana okuqhubekayo accounting

ubonwa ngamehlo kuphela ukuthi lapho kuhlaziywa value kwetfulwe
azinakwa kabili, kathathu, kudlule kungaba kusukela positive ongemuhle
ngaphandle Chile zezimali kakhulu izinguquko wachaza.
Ngokuyinhloko unikeza inombolo ngayinye test ngamunye ngamunye
amatafula, bamunye okuyinto etafuleni odlule jikelele, ithuba,
ukubaluleka c sezigcwalisekile predetermined amagugu , 'futhi the
waphawula "kusho lo formula (2) ukubala, kuphela lokho wonke
amalungiselelo eyodwa kanjalo value kancane akwaziwa kakhulu. I
manje athathe Table I. Esokuqala izinombolo eziyisikhombisa ndawonye,
ngokumelene ukubaluleka c ingabe usekhona e elifanayo, njengoba
kulandela ngokumelene eziyisikhombisa, futhi anqume c summarily

Ngithola c = 0,48, lapho ngokuphawulekayo okuvumelanayo bazitshela

for sibalo 0.5. Kodwa ezinye izibhebhe namanani ahlukene ezitholakala
ngoba; futhi kusukela phakade kulezi ucwaningo c lingatholakali
ncamashi Delboeuf p ine. 73 imizamo ngaphansi ukusetshenziswa
njalo = 13 , '= 41 , by ingqapheli A angenza, futhi lokhu isicelo
amazinga ukukhanyisa ahlukene amahlanu, lapho kuwo ngamunye 24
(kahle ubukele in ngokwalo) ucwaningo Kwakuseshwa, indlela isigamu
ukuthi elikhulu kakhulu, omunye ukuze encane kakhulu "gone phezu
ward ayevumela ilungelo. Izibani babekhona futhi wanika okulandelayo
isilinganiso bese c.
1) kusihlwa, ikhandlela, sizungezwe black
Semicylinders e 25 Zentim. Ibanga kusukela apparatus '= 127,8; c =
0,333.
2) turbid kakhulu (Tres sombre-) March sky
4-5 clock ntambama "= 122,3; c = 1.71.
3) Grey (Gris) sky nyanga
by 3 clock "= 126,3; c = 0,682.
4) sky Okugcwele elikhanyayo, ilanga kuyakhanya
ubukhazikhazi full, ekamelweni '- = 129,4; c = 0.00.
5) Khona-ke, (ngalesi emini) kulo
air khulula kodwa ngaphandle ngqo ilanga ubukhazikhazi "= 137; c =
-5,814.
Ngaphandle uvivinyo ngezansi 1) kusukela inqobo nje imizamo
ngekhandlela engaqhathaniswa kuncinyane kakhulu namanye,
kanjalo c umfutho ngezibani, futhi uya at 5) phezu ngisho endaweni

negative. Lokhu okulandelayo ekulandiseni kwehla of C kanye

ukukhanyisa kuthakwe manje akusho nokwehla ngokuphelele, kodwa
kumele kunalokho kumelwe zilindelwe njalo sangempela okufanayo (ie
ngaleyo ndlela eziqokiwe value psychophysical) njengoba
njalo c ngokwemvelo yakha ingxenyenamba ezincane kangaka
yokukhanyisa elikhulu kuba; e ukuphela abakhethiweyo lapha ngendlela
kodwa ongena umkhakha 1 iphindaphindwe ukushuba izwi lakhe
njengoba ukukhanyisa iyunithi ukukhanya. Kuphela ukungena amagugu
negative c in ukukhanyisa kakhulu akuyona explicable therefrom; Futhi
Yebo, amagugu negative c hhayi ukucabangela ukuthi C kubonisa
ukukhanya omuhle amehlo black. Kodwa ucwaningo kanye ukugqama
okukhulu akuzona ke nje kuhlalwe ukubala c, ngoba c kakhulu ubalekela
ngokumelene express ukukhanya value, kodwa ngenxa nezizathu
ukuphambuka elingenhla emthethweni Weber sika ngokuhambisana
ekuqaleni ukuba babe obonakalayo, njengoba omunye inyukela kanye
ukugqama ephakeme. Futhi ukuthi lesi simo kuza ngempela ezihilelekile
lapha, livela okulandelayo, kusukela umbhali. k. 72 phawula wenza:
"Besifuna [with = 13 , '= ukwenza 41 ] ucwaningo ngaphansi
ukukhanya apharathasi kanye imisebe yelanga umnyuziki; lezi imizamo
musa sifinyelele, ngoba le ndaba observation waba impumputhe, futhi
yakwamukela wonke amanani of uma lidlule 100 noma 105 , 150
noma waya ngaphansi. "Yiqiniso, ukuphazamiseka enjalo ayekade enza
umpongoloze emini.
Kusukela ukukhanya illuminations ezihlukahlukene uma
kuqhathaniswa ekulingweni odlule nomunye, futhi Delboeuf ngaphezu
kwalokho (emva p 84.), Indlela odlule akuyona olunembile ngokwanele
ekutholweni zenani elincane lapho c ligcinwe, yena usenayo imigqa
emine ucwaningo, ngamunye ephethe 58-84 ababecabanga emva inqubo
ngempela bereinstimmendem ngokwengxenye ngokwabo futhi
ngokwengxenye by obukele A waqasha, lapho , , "banikwa njalo =
13 , 410, 100 (kwelinye imigqa kunalokho 102 ) , kanjalo
ngeke "kuphela wayefuna, kodwa ukukhanyisa saguquka
ngokushintsha ibanga ikhandlela kuze isimo umehluko efanayo
ayevumela phakathi , 'futhi , .

,
,

, ( ),
; kusukela
lokhu kwathathwa, izindlela, nokuthi ukubala ukukhanya (esigcawini
inverse ibanga) njengoba isisekelo.
By imiphumela yayo siqu ababecabanga 58 Wafumana shape onjalo

esebenzisa ukuncishiswa ezanele of the value of c okulingana

ekukhazimuleni okuyinto kuveza rotation yomkhakha omhlophe nje
0.04. =
on ngempela lichtentbltem ngokuyisisekelo, uma lo
mkhakha ngokusebenzisa 25 sentimitha away, ikhandlela (the nature
zazo alushiwongo uvivinyo) wokhela kuyinto. Esikhundleni 0.04
siqeda ucwaningo ezifanele kakhulu ingqapheli A (ngamunye kanye 84
uphawula emgqeni ngamunye) in the imigqa ezintathu uyazisa 0.05,
0,1372, 0,1587. Kulaba, izinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala watholakala
ngaphambi ezimbili last, esakhiwa abasebenzi 2 izinsuku okufanayo test,
kulandele imigqa, kusukela lapho Delboeuf (p. 84) umphumela edonsa,
1) "c usuka komunye umuntu uya komunye kuyahlukahluka,
2) ukuthi c ehluleka ehlukene ngisho umuntu oyedwa ngezikhathi
ezahlukene,
3) ukuthi c [ngesikhathi izimo ayeba efanayo] ngesikhathi ngempela
elikhulu isikhathi sokuphumula, okungase asidlulisela amahora
amaningana [okungukuthi ngesikhathi 58 noma 84 izivivinyo Emgqeni
ngamunye], uhlala ngokuphawulekayo njalo lapho lokhu sokuphumula
okhethiweyo ngokufanele, kuthanda. "
Ikakhulukazi iphuzu yokugcina liphetheni, yena Nokho wacela
isiqiniseko, (emva p. 90) kuya ngaphansi 1) no 2) kuqashelwe umehluko
Ungase ube umehluko ukukhanyaesetshenziswa amakhandlela
ucwaningo Kungenzeka ukuthi share.
Kunoma ikuphi, umuntu akalutho uma eqhathaniswa izinsalela c,
lapho kuvela kuzo zonke lezi ucwaningo, abatelekile, futhi uyavuma
kahle ukuze ezama umthetho Weber sika, kancane kangaka ngendima
oye ebiyelwe isipiliyoni umhla ukukhanya emehlweni Black; kuphela
ukuthi nabo awaveli ekutholweni esibekiwe ngokuyisisekelo
enokwethenjelwa efanayo ngokwanele.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XVIII. Hering isisindo ukuhlolwa.

Hering kwenza ngokumelene Weber sika umthetho ezimbili izinhlobo
isisindo Zama uyagomela ukuthi lowo okulindeleke wenza yedwa
okukhulu isisindo umehluko ngendlela eyinqaba (k. 14 et seq.}, The
abanye (k. 33 ff.), Folgends njengoba Hering, phezu Sigqugquzelwa
yakhe futhi indisputably eyenziwa ngaphansi kweso layo by the stud.
med. Biedermann futhi Lwit for indlela kukhishwe, ngikholwa
kusukela ngeliposi herring, kumelwe libhekwe njengelingcwele
ukuguqulwa indlela umehluko nje obonakalayo, yini kodwa kuphela
Imilayezo kungalindeleka kusuka kuye.
The ucwaningo uhlobo zokuqala ezimbili ukuthi kungenziwa abeke
kafushane ngaphansi scheme okulandelayo.
1) Uma ngiphakamisela Isisindo 3 lbs. Futhi abale Isisindo
mitgehobenen ingalo futhi mayelana ukuba 3 lbs., Kubonakala kimi
ukukhula 3 lbs. Ngokuba Armgewichte 3 lbs. Ngaphansi kuka uma mina
3 lbs. Arm isisindo ngisho 4 lbs. kuso, okungukuthi ukuba 7 lbs. Andr 7
lbs add. isisindo, kungakhathaliseki it ngokomthetho kuphela okufanele
avele okufanayo.
2) Isandla ibekwe usekela iqhaza; ngakususi isisindo
ingalo. Ukwenyuka uma mina namanje ukwengeza disk a plate kukagesi,
okuyinto esobala, kanjalo kimi kubonakala sengathi ngaphansi kuka uma
ngingeza amapuleti amahlanu emapuletini ezinhlanu amanga
kwalo. Ngokulingana imithetho eziphikisanayo.
The umzamo wokuqala ongakwenza umbono wami nokuchazwa
okulandelayo. Uma senza ngenye thatha isisindo esandleni sakhe,
walinganisa, it is ngaphandle kwethu, into efanayo ukuze baqonde kuka
ukukhula ingalo isisindo, bese ukhupha isisindo yokugcina, ngomqondo
ongokomfanekiso, ukuba akhulelwe yangaphambili ngokwabo, kodwa
thina ukwahlulela umbono wokuthi isisindo ingqikithi ingalo nesisindo
kwenza, ukuthi kulungile noma akulungile, ngakho-ke uyoqhubeka enza
kanjalo ucwaningo ngenhla. Ngakho kufanele ngakolunye uhlangothi
akuyona ukwanda 3 lbs. To 3 lbs., Yikuphi silazisa, kodwa ngokuphelele
enesisindo 6 lbs. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, thina lokho eziqhathanisa the
lbs 14. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, emva inzuzo isisindo komunye indawo
yenziwa. Futhi kanjalo thina ngokuqinisekile nomuzwa wokuthi lbs 14.
Esinda ukudlula 6 lbs. Ingabe, kodwa ngaphezu kuyabonakala, lutho
kuyoba close.
Ukuthinta ukuhlola kwesibili, lapho ukucabangela isisindo ingalo
ubalekela, okulandelayo wokuqala wabo bonke abafuna ukuba
ngakolunye uhlangothi kubonakala ukuqaphela. Lapho isandla uhlezi
phezu kwetafula futhi disk ibekwe, kanjalo appends lokujabulela
ingcindezi, lapho lizwa isandla, hhayi nje ngenxa yokucindezela plate,
kodwa futhi counter-ingcindezi, lapho kugadla isandla compressive

kusukela ukuthi etafuleni, futhi lokhu kumele, izinsimbi njengakuqala

(isisindo ingalo ukuba aphakamisa, ukucindezela disk abelwe. Lokhu
emuva ingcindezi kodwa okungenani ingcindezi drive kodwa ngeke
isethwe elinganayo. Ngakho ukuthi dengwane, wonke UCWANINGO
ubuqotho probative.
Together kodwa kubonakala sengathi akuphikise ukusho imizamo
ezimbili eyedlule ukuthi kwake abavumelekile ukuqhathanisa umehluko
bekholelwa kungakhathaliseki ukuqhathanisa izisindo
ngokuphelele. Ukuze ngakususi, wenza ngenxa isisindo ongaphakeme
kokuphikisana plate uqobo, ngineminyaka umuntu owayazi ngenhloso
yokuzama lutho, wabeka izandla zombili emhlane wakhe phezu
kwetafula, wagqoka uhlangothi olulodwa isandla mayelana ukumboza
uhhafu , plate ukuhola 500 grams, ngakolunye ezifana of 1000 grams,
umuntu kwakufanele ukuvala amehlo akhe, wanezela lesi plate lokuqala
ipuleti 500 grams yesibili, owesibili kusuka 1000 amagremu, futhi
wambuza ukuthi ukukhula umkhondo emikhulu yabo, esinqumweni
Ngatshelwa ukuthi isisindo on the esandleni wesibili kwakuyoba nzima
kakhulu ngaphezu lokuqala, njengoba kakade kwase esinzima. Lapho
ngineminyaka aphawula, "kodwa engingeke ngikwazi uhlangothi isibe
isisindo esindayo, kodwa ngalo side of ukukhula, bafunde isisindo preekhona, mkhulu kwaba," ngathola impendulo: "Yebo, bona (umuntu)
wayazi njalo nje qhathanisa a isisindo esindayo isibe ngenye ', futhi
ngineminyaka enganeli ke ukuba sivume ukuthi Zuwchse ingafaniswa
kungakhathaliseki. Ngisho ngokwami, kwakubonakala sengathi nami
ngingakwenza sifaniso kimi, noma babebonakala, kuye isiqondiso
umqondo ngokushesha ngokushesha njengoba, ngaphandle ukuthi
ngizobanika ukwahlulela kwami, njengoba kungenzeka ukuzinyeza,
kanye okuningi; I kuphela kumele ukuncoma leso sixwayiso emva
izilingo ukwehluleka odlule uma omunye Ungaphinda ukuhlola
kwabanye ukuze baqiniseke ukuthi akuzona lokujabulela isisindo
okukhudlwana lokujabulela ukukhula emikhulu ajabhise zwi abo
ngempela; isiqinisekiso sokuthi kubonakala kunalokho kunzima
ngempela kimi.
Okufanele bephumelela kodwa, ukuze ngiyavuma ngokuzithandela
ukuthi therefrom nesimo omkhulu nokusebenza umthetho akhule
isisindo emizweni. Kunoma yikuphi, lokhu unesifo tentatively kusukela
inkinga okunzima ukuba iqedwe, lapho singafani omunye imizamo
herring ngomehluko nje zile kungaba.
Ngaphambi kodwa ucwaningo lezi ezinye Hering sika eingehe eduze,
ngimelwe ke ubheke emuva uma kuqhathaniswa isisindo ucwaningo by
indlela amacala okulungile nokungalungile, lapho mina in the Elem. I.
p. Ingabe 186 ff. Laziwe. 1) Waba yini umphumela ebaluleke kakhulu

kulezi ucwaningo wukuthi izinombolo wafingqa

(laphor linani
lemacala lesifanele, n iyona inani amacala), njengoba elisuselwa
wafingqa h D, ngokweBhayibheli Weberian imithetho for the
ezahlukene, ziyahlukahluka kusuka 300 3000 grams, P sika kufanele
kube okufanayo, akukho ngempela, kodwa indlela ukulingana zonke-ke
ephakeme ukwandisa izinsimbi. Ukwenyuka efanayo emphases
ephakeme kunokukwenza, ake ube umzamo omkhulu, ngalo esekhulile
imizamo eqhubekayo, kodwa ikakhulukazi iqiniso lokuthi apparatus
ngabe bahlupheka by hhayi, kanti mina ukuhlolwa okukhethekile (elem .
LP 305 et seq.) baye babonisa ukuthi ukukhathala ingalo ngokwayo level
ngesisindo corroborability umthetho okuncane kangaka endleleni,
njengoba ukukhathala esweni ezintweni ukukhanya, impumelelo kuphela
kuyafana uma kokubili izisindo yokuqhathanisa obungenza washintsha
in the isilinganiso efanayo libhekene.
Kuyinto kwephuzu abavumelana ngalo manje, ukuphumelela
ucwaningo lwami nje kanye ngokumelene kunokuba umthetho Weber
kungaba wagomela. Against umthetho, inqobo nje uma ngempela
kusukela ngezansi ukhombise ukuphambuka kakhulu yesiteleka
emthethweni, ngoba umthetho, njengoba nje lingaveli kamuva
approximation ngokulinganayo ahlotshiswe nalokho. Yiqiniso, nezitha
ahumushe nabo ngomqondo ersterm, mina, ngokwenza izizathu
ezilandelayo ngalo mqondo wamuva wagomela.
1)

Ngaphezu kwalezi zilingo, eyayibonakala okuhloswe ngqo

ukuhlola Law Weber ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene futhi
amayelana ithonya ukukhathala (Elem. L. 305) kimi kukhona
nokho lushicilelwe, ende test uchungechunge ngokumelene
ithonya isikhathi awalethe ngabanye futhi isikhawu phakathi
yimuphi iyisikhathi ezimbili awalethe kucatsanisa, kanjalo kanjani
nokukhuthaza ngaphandle D. Mhlawumbe, ngiza waphinda
laziwe. Nokho, Ngezinjongo abakhona, zingabantu ngaphandle
ukukhathazeka eziphawulekayo.
Ukuthi ucwaningo nge izisindo elincane kangaka uvume set,
kukhombisa nje ukuthi umthetho subject njengoba okuhle ezindaweni
isisindo imizamo abalulekile ukuphambuka untern, njengoba kwezinye
izindawo, kodwa akufakazeli lapha, ngaphezu kwezinye izindawo
ngokumelene okuhlanzekile Law kanjani anjalo kungabonisa bagomela
ngaphandle ngenxa ukuhluka ocwaningayo, inqobo nje uma inganikelwa
yesizathu esithile kakhulu ukuphambuka ephansi yokulinga, lapho
ulahlekelwa more kangaka ithonya isihlobo, ayanda izisindo ukwandisa,
futhi ezinye izimo isikhonzi may kuqhathaniswa ephazamisayo Kungase

kube for ucwaningo ezinesisindo ezincane nezinkulu. Isizathu

nelinganikezelwa enqunywe ukuthi isisindo main njengoba P futhi
kuqhathaniswa isisindo P 'ibangela kwaletha akhawunti izisindo
yangaphandle namanje isikhashana isisindo bengalo mitgehobenen
ukuthola bill ingqondo; Okuwukuphela ngezinye izikhathi
okungabazekayo singakanani ezibangelwa kule ndaba, ngokwengxenye
kubangelwa, uma, njengoba kuyinto Ngenxa Weber, lezi zokuvivinywa
kuphela ezivumelekile umuzwa esiyinhlanganisela ingcindezi futhi
wobukhulu by kodwa akhule kuphela kobukhulu isisindo ingalo. Ingabe
singayinaki Kunoma ikuphi, ingalo isisindo hhayi ngoba kungokwalabo
umzimba wethu uqobo, ngoba wonke umuntu uzizwa kodwa kobukhulu
umzimba wakhe siqu, uma kuba nokuba senyukele entabeni noma
ezitebhisini, futhi kungaba hang a ingalo ukhathele, ngoba yena uzizwa
namandla aso. Kuncike ekutheni kuba nakancane ukuthi imizwa sethu
sezinzwa kanye umsebenzi ofanayo psychophysical, ezingasetshenziswa
ivuswe noma landa ngamaphesenti ezintweni zangaphandle kuzo,
kakade ngokwemvelo bangabantu (ikakhulukazi ngezansi embundwini)
abasindwayo ngezinga elithile, kanje: Nokho, Ngokuvamile, omunye
ongasho impumuzo esebenzisa ngazo sizizwa ingcindezi futhi adonsela
phansi, wenze azihlukile ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso izisindo,
ukwenyuka kusuka kuleliphuzu wobulawa, lapho ingase ibe khona
ehlukile ngaphansi kwezimo ezingafani futhi abantu ezahlukene. Futhi,
okwamanje isisindo ingalo bephakamisa ngokwayo ngokwemvelo beze
ngezindlela ezahlukene accounting, uyiswa emva ngamunye ukukhulisa
isisindo elingaphandle lonke ingalo, ibhodi lemisindo, noma nje, noma
ngisho nje isandla ukuqedela.
Kodwa kungase kube ukuthi Qaphela Umnikazi we isisindo ingalo
awanele noma cha yonke indawo ukumboza ukuphambuka ephansi,
kanjalo yebo Herring a izimo inombolo ngokwakhe wagomela (V.
Ihlelo.); lapho ukuphazamiseka ucwaningo kungenziwa abalamacala,
futhi uma angizange futhi kufanele sivume ukuthi ezinye zalezi izimo
kweqiniso ucwaningo lwami, ngakho, angikwazi ukusho ukuthi ayikho
enye ngempela acabangele kodwa; kuphela njalo mina ngibuye ukuthi
umbono wami ngale ndlela kunalokho bacasuka umthetho kuphela futhi
baletha i approximation, njengoba lokhu approximation, njengoba benza
ngesikhathi emikhulu P kungenzeka asibonisa ucwaningo lwami,
eyaqanjwa. Hering engavumelani, futhi lokhu okubonakala izohlala
phakathi kwethu, kanti folgends yakhe ukuba kubhekwe imizamo,
nakuba esenziwe indlela esihluke ngokuphelele, kanye ucwaningo yami
ngokuvamile zivuleka bavote kunjengokungathi Angikwazi phakade
ufisa ukuveza kuphela Ngaphezu izisindo, okwenza ukuba balungise,
umbono wami namanje kungatholakala kakhulu mkhulu kunalokho
iyotholakala ngemuva ekubalweni ezifanele imayini ngezansi.
Hering ngokwakhe uthi (p. 35) njengoba ucwaningo lwakhe kanye

izisindo 250-3000 amagremu, baba "ngokuvamile in isivumelwano nice

imiphumela ucwaningo Fechner sika-indlela wokulungile amacala
okungalungile, kukhona ngeziphambeko emthethweni Weber lapha futhi
lapho. ngempela fanekiso ukuba 'lokho abayikho eqinisweni.
Ucwaningo The Hering ngayo encane P amagremu 10 500 ezifanele
kodwa angizange waqasha - imayini hhayi uhambe ngezansi P grammes
= 300. phansi - ngoba ucwaningo lwami omncane kakhulu P wayinaka
ngenxa yethonya elikhulu ngezimo ephazamisayo, futhi ikakhulukazi
ngenxa nami ezindaweni sezisindo ezincane anomaly (Elem I. 197th)
sokukhishwa umthetho akazange avele ocebile efanele. Nokho, lapho
inhlanzi (. P 33) uthi: "ukuthi ucwaningo Fechner senze akukho
Uhlolojikelele ezanele amaqiniso abalulekile ngoba ukuvumela
novivinyo indlela yakhe ziyahlukahluka ngokwanele, uma ungafuni
ukusebenzisa iminyaka ukuze", ngakho angikwazi leli zwi thola
kuyafaneleka. I ngempela iminyaka umsebenzi nsuku zonke
esetshenziswa (Elem I. 93rd), futhi abazi ukuthi impahla amaqiniso
herring bangase bacabange ukuthi ngeke abangaphansi ukuhluka
eyenziwe kimi Versache; Noma ngabe yikuphi ake ukukhishwa
zesikhashana odlule on ucwaningo the Hering sika, umbuzo uyasala
ukuthi lezi babe maqondana amaphuzu abalulekile ukuze kubhekwe,
lapho ngilindele ukuba iqedwe amaphutha njalo alinganayo ikakhulukazi
luyehluka.
Uma sisondela manje ucwaningo the Hering ngokwazo zibe
ukucabangela, zazo herring kukhona ukukhululwa okwesikhashana,
ngakho anikela kakhulu kumane isicelo esisha okwaphawulwa mayelana
nemizamo yami esedlule; kodwa amaphuzu ambalwa lapha ikakhulukazi
ukuxoxa.
Kwakukhona ezintathu test series, kafushane kuphela ababalwa
omunye Nokho, lapho, inhlanzi (p. 36) ukuthi kanti izinsimbi ezifanele
osekelwa somunwe kusukela njalo efanayo, kodwa sakugcina, lemali
wawa phansi, futhi bona nabanye njengoba kancane njengoba amabili
kuya imithetho Weber BakaJehova baye bavotela; ngaphandle bengena
okwamanje ukukhululwa imiphumela kwamanani.
Kwenye uchungechunge ucwaningo, "ithawula sathathwa emaceleni
womabili eligoqiwe lapho loop kanjalo akha ebiyelweyo ngezintambo
ezintathu izinkuni amapuleti hung, obani ababefaka izinsimbi. Ithawula,
izintambo futhi plate ndawonye kuhlaziywe 250 grams." Ngemva
imiphumela. Kulapho, P babekezelela amagremu, D luncane, kanye
nokuvikeleka at the ezinengqondo isisindo somzimba waqaphela isisindo
ezengeziwe amagremu;

the nje olubonakalayo umehluko isihlobo

isisindo ngokusho lokho okwaphawulwa, 'the

efanayo

kimi ibalwa usebenzisa formula lapho 2273 grammes isisindo ingalo,

Yini enye mayelana mitbestimmend izisindo Pizindlela
ezibangelwa. 2) Hering ongoti kwezempilo abathi zihlobene
kungakhathaliseki a ku P ukuba okufakiwe wenza, ubuqiniso uMthetho
Weber sika, ukuqondana cishe amagugu for the various P, manje
ngokuqinisekile kusikisela ngokuphelele fail I amagugu ', indawo
wazibonakalisa omuhle. Izinombolo in uvivinyo akukho. 3, akukho. 9
futhi akukho. 11 bracketed ngoba observation yayo D vela ngokushesha
njengoba kokuba onesici, ngoba akukho. 3 can not ngokufanele
kungabikho. 2 futhi akukho. 9 asipheli kungabikho. 10 okufanayo D,
kungaba ngenxa yokuthi P icala awafani, akukho 11. kodwa
ngokuzumayo lehla ukusuka D = 22 D = 28
2)

Inani 2273 ibalwa kusukela ukuhlolwa ngokwabo, njengoba

mina afingqe inyumbazane iziphambeko ezintathu kokuma iningi
eziyisishiyagalombili asele, owokuqala ezine futhi owesibili
oyiphawulile ezine ukuthola zibalo ezimbili kusukela lapho sithola
ukubaluleka ngenhla. Ngempela, ake x of mayelana P value
ezibangelwa c ukusetha njalo ukuze isesimweni yami for Hering
sika
ucwaningo, ngakho D = CP + cx ngoba icala
ngabanye, futhi D = c P + 4cx ndawonye kuthathwe for
summatorisch amacala amane. Ibhayisikobho ezimbili zibalo
enjalo kodwa kungaba c futhi x ibalwa.
Kulezi izinombolo test ukuze kungabikho kulingana emiholweni
namanye amagugu kuyinto 'ukuba funa, nakuba kodwa futhi ngeke
kube luhluke abanye. Lokho kwecala izinombolo kunanini
letehlukene P kodwa esifanayo D wanika ukuyohlolwa, kuncike lokuthi
ngemva kokuqinisekisa uvivinyo ngaso sonke, kuphela Werthen
of D,kwaba ukuthi lokhu kwakuhluke by okuningi njengoba ozimele,
advanced.
PD
1)
12

250

2)

500

1/21 1

/ 21.0

13

1/38 1

3) 750
(13)
(1 / 23.3)

1/58

/ 21.3

4)
1000 15
1/
21.8
5)
16

1250

6)
17

1500

7)
19

1750

1/67

1/78 1/22,

1/88 1

1/92 1

/ 22.2

/ 21.2

8) 2000
1/100 1 /
20
21.4
9) 2250
1/102
(22)
(1 / 20.6)
10) 2500
1/114 1 /
22
21.7
11)
3000
1/98
(28)
(1 / 18.8)
Isivumelwano close emagugu 'at ukuze ongavamile ukuze
etshiyeneyo P Okumangazayo nakakhulu lapho Lalikuphi observation D
inqubekela ozimele lonke kuphela, ngeke kulindeleke kusukela
ekuqaleni, futhi kungenzeka kokucabangela therefrom ezidingekayo
ezivukayo amaphutha yokulinga ngaso sonke kuphela wachaza ukuthi
ikusasa jikelele kanye x ukuba eziqokiwe, ezengeziwe value njalo 2273

kuya P njengoba big endaweni kulezi ucwaningo ukuthi cishe

esiqongweni Applied P sikangokwanele lokho njalo of the
ezicatshangelwe ' kufanele eze ukuhlomisa. Kodwa hhayi kuphela the
njalo cishe 'akusho akuncikile kuphela yalo, kodwa izosiza phansi
ezilandelayo ukubala alandelayo for imizamo yami kusimama
eseduze at a amagugu elincane okuningi of x uyothola.
Kunoma ikuphi kuyoba ngezinga ukuhambisana, lapho lapha
njengoba kukhona, zokuqiniseka akakwazi uphawu kahle, ukuthi izimo
ezilandelayo ezimbili, ngalo isekelwe sibalo yayo, kukhona ngendlela
efanele ngaphandle uma lolo kuphela zinembile coinciding Match
kuyinto explainable: 1) ukuthi umthetho Weber sika ayisisekelo, 2)
isisindo P kodwa ngenxa yezimbangela yakhe yangaphandle lapho coanqume umphumela walo, ngokwenezela njalo x kufanele alungisa
ukuze uthole kokuma emithethweni siqalana, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi
yini Lokhu x kuncike uma nje phakade kufanele sivume ukuthi
waphawula D hhayi ubukhulu D kuncike yedwa, izimbangela coekunqumeni kodwa namanje ebumnyameni okuyingxenye.
Hering ngokwakhe bemerktermaen aqasheliswa izimbangela lapho
ingaba mitbestimmend, yena (p. 35) ngokuvamile bavuma ukuthi by one,
mayelana isisindo yingalo Computing okufakiwe 3) ukuba umthwalo
ngamunye P "the test uchungechunge in line kuhle nemfuneko ukuthi
isisindo main nesisindo ezengeziwe ziyoba isilinganiso esifanayo, ie
imithetho Weberian woza, "ngaphandle utshela akukho sibalo ngakhoke
ukugunyazwa i isichasiso bengalo isisindo ekucaleni
sikhuphukele; nokho azithola ingathiywa by lelo lungiselelo, ukwenza
ukuhlolwa yayo uchungechunge ngokumelene Act.

3)

Herring uliyisa 1750 esikhundleni 2273 grams by cishe lowo

kimi lapho kokubala x abashiywe ngaphandle, uye wahlupheka
nemizamo ezintathu engalungile.
Kodwa ngokwalokho imithetho futhi yiziphi izimo ngezimo coekunqumeni wabe uchaza labo nesikhathi ? Kuze unikezwa
ukumelwa egculisayo ngaphezulu okufanayo, ngicabanga ukuthi, futhi
kakhulu isinqumo esivuna okufanayo.
Vuma ukuthi 2273 ozimele ofuna ukuba kakhulu ngoba wambulile
ingalo isisindo; kodwa njengoba nje hhayi ngaphandle by the
kulindeleke kuphela isitatimende more ezithile imizamo izinsolo
yephutha njalo, kumelwe ukuba ukwamukelwa more, a ukugcina
infliction ezifana isisindo ingalo kungenzeka njengoba ucwaningo yami
siqu, ukuqashwa kwabo, ukunqunywa, futhi ogama ukubala wavumela

ukuqedwa iphutha njalo, baye bazibonakalisa ukuthi yini indima iphutha

elikhulu njalo lokhu ezindaweni ukudlala, ukubala ngezansi
of x kusukela akhululwa isiphambeko imiphumela njalo lokuvivinywa
yami uchungechunge kodwa kukhombisa ukuthi indawo yabafileyo
ngokuvamile bangalahlekelwa ngaphezu ungase uthambekele ukubhalela
umfutho isisindo ingalo. 4)
Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba siphendukela ucwaningo the Hering ngayo
izinsimbi ezincane.
Lokhu; lapho ibutho lika isisindo kwaba ngaphezu igramu, izisindo
eyengeziwe kodwa kunalokho zihlukahlukene yibo bonke ozimele,
ngokusho ozimele yeshumi, uqashwe, "ukuthi isibambo sokhuni
esincane kuyo amakhadibhodi disc encane wamiswa, wabanjwa phakathi
isithupha akhe forefinger, ngakho kwaqedwa on the disc amakhadibhodi
amanga izinsimbi, ingalo kwaba ayisekelwe, kodwa iye igcinwe khulula.
"
Imiphumela: njengoba baqonda ngenhla (the Columne is 'aphinde
wanezela ngami), bashaywa.
PD
5)

1)
0.7

10
1/14 1/156

2)

50
1/29 1/88

1.7
3)

100
1/42 1/105

2.4

4)

200

1/56

3.6
1/83

5) 300
4.6

1/65 1/87

6) 4.00
5.2

1/77 1/96

7)
6.5

25.5

450
1/69

8) 500
1/20

4)

Uma ucwaningo wencike by the herring ingalo nembathiswe

indwangu, ngesikhathi yena yembethe nami kuphela shirtsleeves
kancane, ngakho-ke babehluleka incazelo umehluko esimweni
bathola x esivivaneni.
5)

Uma kuhlaziywa Extension 99.5 imizamo akukho. 7 no 8, lapho

zifana of E lehla, washiya eceleni, futhi lesi sibalo ongaqhubeki
kuze kube yilolu.

Hering unezela nalokho okwashiwo ezilandelayo: "Kusukela

iinthombe isisindo ingalo bephakamisa kungase lapha akungatshazwa,
ngenxa yaleso sizathu, hhayi ngoba okufanayo kungenzeka zokuphola
bazitshela amagremu 100 kuphela, ngaphandle uma, uvivinyo ngisho
ngokulinganisela nabangenalwazi umcabango Fechner ngo
ngokuvumelana wayefuna ukuletha. Ngaphezu kwalokho waphawula
ubani ozama emva last-okukhulunywa indlela iqasha, ukuthi lesi sifaniso
sezisindo ezahlukene kuphela agxilise ingqondo yakhe phezu
abasafufusa ukuba emizweni somunwe, ngalokho okuthiwa. umuzwa
kwemisipha lapha angeke ngokuyisisekelo angene ukucabangela.
iinthombe ingalo isisindo kodwa kuyomane kwenze mqondo uma
ukuqhathanisa luzokwenziwa ngesisekelo Ngalo mqondo, esolwa
kwemisipha. "
Against leli ngithola ingxenye yami ukuqaphela ngalokhu set of
ucwaningo, ukuthi nakuba njengoba yombuzo okuyiqiniso kanjani
amagugu kimi ukuziphatha ezindaweni izisindo ezincane kanye
Gewichtszuwchse, hhayi ngaphandle kwenzalo, umbuzo umthetho
wethu kodwa, njengoba kukhumbula ngaphambilini, livela
ayibalulekile , Lokho izisindo ezindaweni ezincane umthetho yokulinga
awusebenzi, siyazi ngaphandle vivinyo, futhi uma kungaba njalo
ngekungangabati ngokumelene ebugqilini umsindo umthetho
ocwaningayo ngabe, ngokushesha banquma imizamo yami
ngokumelene. Ucwaningo The Hering sika ukuqinisekisa, eqinisweni,
nje phambi, kakade ucwaningo yami yathola, anomaly in nalesi of P =
300 kuya P = 500, ukuthi la abuke zifana of kunciphisa, esikhundleni
ekuphumeni, kanti yena emva ucwaningo kanye grerm P aphinde

liphuma 6); futhi eside kangaka recognize yalesi anomaly, ogama

eziyisisekelo kodwa akwaziwa kungaba ngokubaluleka kanye
nokusetshenziswa imiphumela at ngisho ezincane P zazitholakala,
lutho. Yilokho ngokusebenzisa ukwabiwa 99.5, noma inhlanzi, ngo
izinombolo nxazonke, mayelana 100 kuya Peyatholakala, kuphela
indlela ongahluziwe kakhulu umthetho, kodwa ngaphandle 100 grams
zingamelela isisindo ingalo, like kanjalo noma uhunyushwe ukuthi
obonakalayo at ongaphakeme kakhulu izisindo ithonya, kusukela lapho
kuncike the anomaly, enza kolunye uhlangothi, njengoba
ukubuyabuyelela isisindo ngesandla, noma ukuthi izisindo encane
kunalokho nje isandla kokukhulisa isisindo esihlakaleni wonke ingalo
eyayihilelekile. 7) Lowo muntu kulezi ucwaningo nje kuqhakambisa
abasafufusa ukuba emizweni somunwe, Ngiyabona engqondweni ukuba
ukuzanelisa ngokuthi ukuba ingalo noma isandla isisindo at imvelaphi
yalezi emizweni analo lokuhlanganyela.
6)

Nokho, ucwaningo ngenhla herring ezinesisindo esikhudlwana,

kukhona lokhu anomaly hhayi esisuka 250 500 grams, futhi ngo
ucwaningo yami akazange athathe indawo ngaphansi kwanoma
iziphi izimo, umzamo; kodwa kuziwa ikakhulukazi emva
ucwaningo kwami phambi, kanjani ukuba. kusuka amatafula
isivivinyo Elem I. p. 190 ff kungaba ukukholisa ..
7) Lo mbono uzwakalise ngezinye izikhathi uDkt Mller,
womfundisi Gottingen, endaweni run naye ukhuluma Hering
imizamo.
Emva kwalokho mina ngibuyele ucwaningo yami kusukela iphuzu
Ngenxa imibuzo emibili: 1) ukuthi bakuthanda Hering kanye izisindo
emikhulu, by ukulungiswa Pesebenzisa njalo x komunye
ahlukahlukene P oluhambisana 'kungenziwa kuzokwenziwa; 2) yini
ubukhulu x has.
Ngo izakhi zami mina baye benqaba kusukela ekuqaleni imizamo
yokwenza ngale ndlela ucwaningo siqalana, ngoba ngangicabanga,
ngenxa anomaly kuphawuliwe ngenhla kanye nokwakheka lokujabulela
ingcindezi kanye gravity ukuzwa kungase amazwi anjengokuthi kuholele
lutho (Elem . I. 197). 8) Nokho, Once, ukubala ucwaningo Hering lalingu
enjalo Chile kahle-siqalana, engizikhumbulayo uchungechunge yami
(Elem. I. 193) labo abangakwenzi ngoba lokhu kwakubonakala sengathi
ukuphela kuhambisana kahle enkulu equliswa kamuva the invoyisi
kodwa ngokwemvelo imizamo P = 300 grams washiya eceleni, ngenxa
anomaly, lapho izibonakalisa e ukuhwebelana kusuka khona kuya 500
grams. Emva kwalokho Ngicabanga kunanoma yimiphi P ukuba
kwenziwe, kanye x ukuba eziqokiwe, ukwengeza yochungechunge

ezilandelayo (Elem. I. 193), amagugu ezilandelayo x 9), futhi ngokuvele

azalane the hD

kanye
namagugu alungisa of hD10), lapho
Lapha 'kukhona wemfanelo, kanje:

Ukwazisa hD
p

Series VI. ezimbili Hands

D
=0.04P

for

Series VII. Handedly.

Sum

D = 0.08P KwesobunxeleD = 0.08 P

x =619
x = 418

x = 487
500

3881

8292

9632

2180

1000

3762

7507

7828

1909

1500

3675

8349

8217

2024

2000

3689

7902

7876

1946

3000

3831

7865

9210

2090

Omunye ubona ukuthi, phezu lonke yini into ephawulekayo, umehluko

phakathi kangaka-alungisa HD lapho ezahlukene P neqhaza zihlanganisa
uhlamvu luyingxenye ngengozi. Uma lokho basonta imigqa ezahlukene
namagugu x, isihlobo 487, 619 kanye 418 hlanhlatha ikude nomunye
ukuze ngokuphelele esekelwe ingalo isisindo njalo can, unjalo
mhlawumbe hhayi bagomela ukuthi nje kuncike kulo, futhi ukuthi
anomaly okuyinto esisuka P 300 kuya = P esiyitholayo = 500, noma cha
ephakeme up, kuye ngezimo ucwaningo ehlukahlukene sidlulela
nethonya.
8) Le

abasebenzi kule ndawo yimuphi accounting ahlukene is not

lwenziwa ngendlela efanele; esinqumweni kodwa lutho ifika
ngokuba ubuNaziri is hhayi ukubulala lapha. Ever me isibe
kuyangabazeka isidingo ahlukene accounting.
9) Ukubala of x Ungaphandle: I libhekisela abaqalayo emihlanu

mthetho imizamo emgqeni ngamunye of P = 500 kuya respectiv 1,

2, 3, 4, 5, kanjalo mina sihlanganise ukuzimisela x once 1 no-2 in
the wafingqa namagugu 3, 4, 5; Kwesinye 1, 2, 3 4, 5 futhi uthathe
isilinganiso izinqumo ezimbili.
10)

Lokhu ukulungiswa kungenxa lokhu: Ngokusho isimiso

indlela, konke kumele avela ezakhini amagugu h D vela

alinganayo lapho umthetho Weber sika, kanti isicelo P sika akukho
extra x sika ukwenza. Kodwa ingabe anjalo ukwenza, kanjalo
kufanele ngamunye D futhi ngenxa yalokho h D, njengoba
ezilinganiselwe ze kanye P ezithathwe, ngisho isilinganiso P + x:
Pushintshwe ukuze njalo h D
silindele can.

at the ehlukahlukene P ukuba

The test chungechunge IX. In Elem. I. 196, lapho nje P = 2000 P =

3000, loyedvwa kanye ezimbili zilambatha, kanye D =
0.04 P 0.08 P zisetshenzisiwe, ukunikeza ithuba sokubalwa x kuphela
kumele omunye hhayi ngesikhathi imigqa ngamunye ubambe, kusukela
ngalinye ezimbili kuphela idatha ukubala, futhi x lincane uma
liqhathaniswa omkhulu kangaka P sika. Ngokunamathela amanani for
bonke chungechunge,
h D at P kuyinto = 2000 31186
= 3000 32938
sithola x = 397,8, lapho uyazisa ngenhla iza sekusondele.
It namanje kancane ukudideka, ukuze ngalo izizathu kwangaphakathi
umehluko phakathi isisindo osayizi zincike ngaso sonke, futhi kungaba
ukwenza ngaphakathi Webers incazelo incike ngempela izizathu
ezimbili. Bernhardt uyabhala (e Arch f Psychiatry III 1872 p 632nd ...):
"Iziguli kokuthola isikhumba sakho umuzwa zase bancishwa ngezinga
eliphakeme, lapho wayazi lutho ukubika motion yokwenziwa, i
nakancane ngesimo amalungu ayo futhi, hhayi wazizwa by the eziqine
lokungeniswa imisinga lapho offset imisipha yakhe ngenkuthalo e
ukusikwa, wathola Ngivame ngokuthi umqondo amandla,
kuqhathaniswa nababambelela okuhle (ikakhulukazi ezimbili iziguli
anjalo), ikhono lokuhlukanisa izinsimbi. yalokho, ukuba nakho e Leyden
s Unters nge umqondo kwemisipha futhi ataxia safinyelela "...
The Leyden imizamo (e Virchow sika Arch. XLVII. P. 327) ibalulekile
eqinisweni lokuthi "iziguli ababelahlekelwe in imisipha aphansi
emlenzeni ukuzwa konke noma cishe ngokuphelele [maqondana
njengoba emva ukuhlolwa egameni elandulela we eyenga eziqine

nemifudlana akukho noma cishe akukho umuzwa kwadingeka]

waphawuleka kobukhulu sezisindo ahlukahlukene nokucija efanayo
Healthy. " The ucwaningo ngenhla babe okungukuthi esebenzisa yayo
exhunywe unyawo apharathasi eziningana elithe enempilo by indlela
umehluko nje obonakalayo waqasha, kanye namagugu wathola lingama
strange eduze ngazwi linye. The uzwela Isikhumba ngokwengxenye
eqinile, futhi ngokwengxenye toned phansi ngokulinganisela kuphela
abahlolwayo.

XIX. v. ucwaningo izinyo umbala inhlanganisela.

Kusukela imizamo izinyo (Ihlelo. XVI.) Kabani Ingabe yakhelwe
izithakazelo umbuzo obalulekile, umagazini kancane ukusabalala
(Sitzungsber. D. Leipz. Naturforsch. Gesellsch. 1874 akukho. 3 k. 25 ff.)
Ingabe kufakwe kule ndaba kodwa namanje ufuna ukuba ibhekane
uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngomBhalo, kanjalo mina wabelane
efanayo lokuqala in the amazwi Ed. ke ukuba lula ukuqonda umbono
kwendikimba ngazo a amplitude, n inani kunyakaza, okuyiqembu
umbala kuncike, kuhloswe ukuba asho.
Inhloso umbhali kwaba. Bese, kusho sizama ukunquma indlela nje
lubonakale (noma anyamalale) umehluko, noma lapho imibala ukhanyise
omunye iphuzu emhlabathini ezinemibala ehlukile is added abalwazi,
lokhu ngokweqile (ngumlobi. Njengoba ukukala Ukukhonza ngokweqile
okukhulunywa) Kungase kube of yimuphi umbala, kufanele ngaso
ukuchitshiyelwa yayo (of amplitude A ingaqinisa Weber walandisa-law)
amandla.
"In an ibanga ezifanele kusukela lens engumthelisi sika Astro
photometer umthombo wokukhanya ngokwanele njalo (iziketekete
isibani) lasetshenziswa, lapho nombala kusibonisa Focalebene telescope,
lapho ipayipi lateral by reflection on a plate ingilazi kudala umfanekiso
kunesikhala ukukhanyiselwa yindilinga -. Ayenesizathu ke ukududuza
ngokusebenzisa phambi Nicol in the amapayipi ohlangothini,
umfanekiso Scheibchens kuze kube nje alibe ebonakalayo, futhi kungaba
ukucacisa degree of attenuation ngendlela eyaziwa angle ukuzungeza -.
Kungakhathaliseki esakhonza njengompristi elithile insalela ukukhanya
kuphela yakhe (bokuphila) amandla akazange kuthinte izinga Umbala
yayo, kwadingeka ukuba alandele kuphakama. Uma phambi telescope,
bese ingilazi yellow ekhuliswe mayelana blue, omunye ubona nocezu
phezu sabela kungakavalwa blue. emhlabathini yellow in the bright
umbala, lapho yena Colorimetervorrichtung the (asebenza ngebhethri
ungcwecwe ngengxube Nicol) nje ikhishwe. It is ke attenuated ezimweni
zombili, lo akwazi ukugcina kuze kube nje iphele, futhi inquma degree
isihlobo ngegalelo lako. The ratios lezi intensities ezimbili kwadingeka

imishayo anemibala ehlukene lapho ufaka telescope, kube okufanayo,

futhi kuzodingeka ukuba kube njalo okufanayo isilinganiso yalokho,
umbala Scheibchens kwaba yilokho ayekufuna, lapho kungenjalo
umbono we the ukusebenza okungaphazamiseki Weber kufanele ahole
umthetho -Fechnerschen ukudla of amagugu inhloso.
Imizamo yami kalokhu yambuliwe okuphambene. Njengoba I
mayelana blue futhi insimu yellow luthungelwa of view iqhathaniswa a
esikhazimulayo akwazi ukugcina yellow, ngathola ubuhlobo ehlukile
kunaleyo by a angaphandle blue for the intensities. . Ngakho, isibonelo,
ecaleni:
Isilinganiso yellow blue, njengoba kulinganiswe
yellow: 6,47
Blue: 1.69
Ngakho, yangaphambili ifingqa kane yokugcina.
Isilinganiso green obomvu, njengoba kulinganiswe
green: 8,96
Red: 3,08
Omunye uyakuqaphela mehluko ephakeme ukuthi izinga umbala
ngokweqile ukukhanya nethonya elikhulu ivuliwe noticeability yayo,
futhi kanjalo i ncazelo Inhloso Lichtquanta qualitatively ezahlukene
ngumthetho Fechner sika akunakwenzeka.
The nesigcino ucwaningo sangenza ngaqaphela ngokucacile ukuthi
labo umehluko zisekelwe preference eyodwa emaceleni ukuze imibala
ethile ukuqhathanisa. Indlela Spot z. B. ngisho iminonjana encane
yellow on a emhlabathini blue and kokubili nemibala musa babe munye
isinyathelo, kuyilapho Blue maduze engasekho hlonishwa
njengomphakathi umthunzi oluthile umbala ophuzi. Ngokuphambene
efanayo kusebenza green and red.
Ezenye amalungiselelo I olwenziwe I wasusa colorimeter kusukela
tube ohlangothini kanye akwazi ukugcina by izingcezu izibuko,
eyayibonakala elilethwe lens kwesibonakude, ezinemibala. Lapha babe
umehluko efanayo, ngezinye izikhathi ngisho nangokwengeziwe
singanqikazi out. Ngakho kwaba khona okunjalo B..:
Inani blue ukuba phuzi njengoba kulinganiswe ngekwandza
yellow: 6,76
Blue: 2,91

"Green" Red, "" Green: 7,77

Red: 1.05
Ibhayisikobho ezinye amalungiselelo Nginaziphi:
Inani blue ukuba phuzi njengoba kulinganiswe
ngekwandza Red: 3,56
Yellow: 2,59
White 1): 2,42
Blue: 1.70

Green: 1.09

Ucwaningo My kube njalo akungabazeki ukuthi lapho usebenzisa

ezahlukene ukukhanya anemibala izinsalela akukho ngesilinganiso
engaqhathaniswa inikezwe imithombo ukukhanya uyakhululwa, futhi
umqondo umfutho nokukhanya ke uhlala ungakacaci ngokuphelele
ngomqondo bokuphila. Kodwa ungase ubuze ukuthi sasizofika
ngaphansi renunciation of an ncazelo inhloso Imiphumela okungenani
cishe ezifanayo lapho bonke izilinganiso umbala evamile (u lamplight,
Natronflamme. Like.) Bekungeke ubheke. Lokhu nokucabanga
ayivunyelwe. - Njengoba I ngaphambi telescope of the photometer
baletha intuthu izibuko okungukuthi ehlukahlukene, ngathola njengoba
ngokushesha sobala, by interchanging izibuko colorful ngababili of
imishayo ukukhanya ogama intensities njalo isilinganiso esifanayo,
kodwa ubukhulu ngokuphelele ngokusho kuhlukaniswe. Kwakukhonake ibalwa emva imithetho Weber kusukela ucwaningo isilinganiso
kakhulu incike ubukhulu ngokuphelele kuncike;kwaba ezifana. njengoba
isilinganiso green obomvu njengoba kulinganiswe sabela kungakavalwa
green. 2.4, 3.8, izikhathi 7.0 mkhulu ukwedlula isilinganiso esifanayo
njengoba kulinganiswe red. Ukunyuka lezi zibalo sifana ukwehla
ngamandla ukukhanya, indlela phambi Kulindeleke kusukela kanye
okwandayo amandla alahlekelwa imibala saturation. Imizamo yami
akuvumeli umongo okunembile izinguquko esesikhulume ngazo
ukukhomba, futhi ibonakaliswe maqondana nalokhu imiphumela
kwesicelo jikelele kungaba kuphela usebenzisa Spectral lekumele
azuzwe, odinga apparatus eziklanyelwe, kanye AMANGA
isihlobo 2) indlela esetshenziswa series ebanzi kakhulu
eziphindaphindwa kokuma kungadingeka.
1)

lamplight. "2)" Kwakunjalo kakhulu kunangendlela

kungalindeleka, idatha atholakalayo. "
Ukulandela schema of the Isibonelo sokuqala yokulinga.

1) Uma emhlabathini blue okudalwa ukushuba B kanye andresmal on

yellow ngezizathu ezingaziwa umfutho G kuyinto ukukhanya nocezu
yellow okudalwa ukushuba gafakwa abalwazi ukuba substrate ukushuba
ogama kufanele kwenzeke, ukuze icala kuqala isilinganiso ukushuba
okucabanga naked futhi by the nocezu nakakhulu
base, owesibili
icala. Manje g of Scheibchens (ngaphandle
kokushintsha yayo n attenuated) e isilinganiso owaziwa, kuze tincetu iso
ubalekela ngokuyisisekelo, kanye gicala lokuqala e mg, icala
yesibili m g encishisiwe, kanjalo yehlise

phezu, futhi

phezu

2) Uma emhlabathini blue ezandulele ukushuba B, futhi ngesinye

isikhathi on a background yellow umfutho G kuyinto nocezu blue on the
ukushuba b afakwa futhi uqhubeke njengaphambilini, icala
lokuqala b on b, icala lesibili b kungancipha , kungancipha
yingakho
phezu, futhi

phezu

Manje kufanele umthetho Weberschem zonke izimo lapho ukunyamalala

senzeka, kube okufanayo; Ngakho:
(1)
Lokhu kunikeza njengoba isimo Law Weber sika,
kukalwa yellow,

kukalwa blue.
Ngemva kwalokho

kanti v. Izinyo kwaba, ngakho ukungalingani eqinile kunokuba

ukulingana.
Uma tentatively last esibekiwe kukhona B kanye G ngisho the quotient
abane okufanayo attenuation isici x ukucabanga zande esimweni

ukunyamalala akwazi ukugcina ngokuyisisekelo. Kuye lokhu kwaba

manje ezinkulu noma ezincane, umehluko ezintsha phakathi amagugu
kuboniswe

futhi.

Engikwaziyo of akukho ukuphikisana amandla ngokuphelele esihlala

lezi imizamo kungaba into enjengale: Ngemva kwengxoxo (.. Isigaba
XVI) ongalindela ukuthi izivumelwano ezine lapho wonke umehluko
Scheibchens kusukela ngokuyisisekelo wanyamalala, eqinisweni, hhayi
njengoba izibalo zazifana, kodwa degrees ezahlukene ngaphansi
kombundu umehluko noma isilinganiso embundwini amandla isamba
isinyathelo. Futhi kusukela ngo ucwaningo hhayi kokubili izingxenye
umehluko kwaba attenuated in the ingxenye efanayo njengoba
bengathathi e ucwaningo ukuhlola umthetho Weber ukuze sigweme
amathonya eziphazamisayo ingxenye modified Ngokuphambene ratios
ngaphansi kweSigaba XI. kunesidingo, kungase futhi kube ukwehluleka
yalo esithintekayo; kodwa kufanele bavuma ukuthi lezi zimo, kufanele
beze kakhulu bacabangele in the kwemizamo zihlukahlukene kangaka
umbhali. neze inhlanganisela enjalo imiphumela ucwaningo lwakhe
kwadingeka kwemizwa kungaba qukethe, njengoba kwenzeka.

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XX. Mayelana umbuzo matrix of the umsebenzi

psychophysical.
Uma amandla umuzwa amandla umsebenzi psychophysical asethwe
ithemba functional 1) Yiqiniso, bese uyabuza ufuna the degree of
umsebenzi psychophysical uqobo.Manje lo msebenzi ngabe yikuphi
ukuthatha njengoba inqubo motion, futhi kanjalo ikufanele kuqala
njengoba into engokwemvelo kakhulu okungukuthi, ngezinga
yomsebenzi psychophysical in the force abaphilayo, umkhiqizo
mass m in the square (noma square isigamu) of the velocity v, okuyinto
inqubo ukunyakaza ziklanywe ngendlela yokuba zibukeke; kodwa
kwenza up for the basivumela wagomela ukuthi endabeni admissibility
of amafomula yethu psychophysical kokubili mass amandla kabili
ijubane kufanele iqedwe therefrom. Ngoba esiyikho ayisisekelo formula
kanye nesilinganiso formula mv 2 for , mv 2 njengoba

embundwini mv 2 for B, ngakho uya

on

in, futhi

ngo;
Coefficient 2 kodwa eligeleza coefficients
njalo K noma k ndawonye. Ngisho isibonakaliso ijubane, noma ngabe
umuntu uba kolunye uhlangothi, iqedwe ngokwalo isibonakaliso efanayo
in the numerator futhi zifana sibabonise kwenzeka, ngakho kuba kuphela
ukubaluleka ngokuphelele isivinini ukucabangela. Ngakho inani
umsebenzi yezandla kungakwenza futhi nje psycho in the athuthukile
kuwo, wayefuna speed elula ngalokhu v emva amagugu kwakhe
ngokuphelele kuthiwa ukufaka endaweni amafomula.
1)

Umbono ka Bernstein, ukuthi lokujabulela kunalokho ukubenza

luncike ukunyamalala njengoba khona amandla kinetic, kuba
Ihlelo. XV. wacabanga.
Kunezinguquko eziyinhloko Manje nizophindela futhi yalo njengoba
kufanele benze into umuzwa incike ngezinga aphansi psychophysical
kokujoyina ukwelashwa nezibalo ukuzwa ukukala velocity ngesikhathi
iphuzu lolunikwe isikhathi; ngemva kwalokho, Nokho, njengoba thina
empeleni neither ngesivinini esiphansi namanje bagcine emizweni
aphansi, ngenhloso nakho, sum of the rates, lapho eba esikhathini
ezilinganiselwe, ngesikhathi enomborweni enikelweko amaphuzu, ukuze
kunqunywe ukuhlanganiswa of the ngesivinini aphansi yalo kufanele
enze athuthukiswe ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokusebenzisa efanayo
amaphuzu lokujabulela kuncike ezisebenza, njengoba isibonelo vibration
elula I. Elem II. Chap. Ngangifuna ukubonisa 32 nangu
Ibhayisikobho ngakolunye uhlangothi, niyazi (Elem. II. 166), ukuthi
amandla kinetic of kunyakaza ukuthi uya esithile phambi kwakhe,
ngakho isamba MV 2ezilinganiselwe ze A 2 n2,
okukuyo a amplitude, n inani kunyakaza kuyinto , Emuva kwalokhu,
omunye, lapho besebenzisa amafomula zethu phezu kunyakaza
psychophysical, = a 2 n2, noma uma amandla siqedwa, = on Ungasetha,
enomuzwa wokuthi butholakala ekulinganiseni okulula speed ngempela
ezingeni zokucathula umsebenzi psychophysical, kuyokwenzekani uma
lokhu isimo sifana amaqiniso observation ngokwanele.
Nokho, kukhona kungenzeka ukwamukelwa enjalo ezinye, futhi
mhlawumbe cishe bayoba ukwamukelwa ukuba (Elem. II. 223. 235)
ukuthi esikhundleni ngokuphelele izinguquko velocities ijubane, lapho
cishe ukubiza ngesivinini oda yesibili, futhi sajabulela libhekisela
lapho Elementarma umsebenzi psychophysical kwakufanele
esikhundleni e amafomula wethu ukwenza Elementarma zalo uzizwa
engaphansi isakhi kuhlobene kunyakaza kusukela lapho summation

(ukuhlanganiswa) kuze kube sezingeni lokuba bakwazi kudlule isasasa

obonakalayo. Ngokusho umbono ka v akhulume ngobufushane ukuba
ukuzwa kwakuzokwakha ngisho ukunyakaza psychophysical speed njalo
ngenhla umbundu, ngokusho umbono ka kuphela iminyakazo,
njengoba nje zihlanganisa izinguquko speed, yini isimo iminyakazo
vibrational ngokuvamile omuhle nomdlalo. 2) Ngo kude kangaka, kodwa,
sicabanga ukuthi ngempela ukunyakaza psychophysical babe uhlobo
kunyakaza, akanandaba for the olinganise imizwa engaphansi, ukuthi
thina ngoba the kinetic amandla mv 2 noma elula speed v noma
izinguquko velocity setha njengoba nje ijubane oscillations n, kanjalo
pitch umsindo, umbala ukukhanya njalo futhi ukuma vibration lihlala
okufanayo.

2)

kunyakaza Isiyingi ziyohamba ngesivinini njalo phambi

kwakhe, kodwa abakwazanga enjalo, uma kutholakala ukuthi
kunezinga kithi, okungenani ngo kangaka njengoba nokusekela
kwakhe ukuzwa njengoba umsebenzi psychophysical jikelele,
okuyinto kuncike ukuqaphela kwethu, kuthathwe njengoba
oscillatory, bakha nalo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kubuyeketa. Ngaphezu
kwalokho, umuntu akufanele kalula lokucabanga ukuthi
elingaphandle kunyakaza yindilinga ngisho nalabo sibe.
Ngakho, izinguquko ukushuba ukuzwa nje izinguquko
amplitude A bancike izinguquko ijubane angena oscillation ngasinye ke
athuthukile ngesivinini bama isikhashana ngamunye umane
ezilinganiselwe kabili amplitude A kanjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi
ngesikhathi esifanayo v and kabili, ubuhlobo ngejubane elula amandla
kinetic njengoba elithile umsebenzi ngokomzimba kodwa
angegebenermaen kuholela ingqondo ngesikhathi Chile efanayo.
Where Nokho, n ngokuzimela a ushintsho, lo proportionality shintsho
livela ku- umzuzwana elahlekile v, futhi kwenza kube, ngombono
wami, e summation for bonke emizweni umehluko ukuthi omunye lapho
izici psychophysical umsebenzi kanye lokujabulela ezihlobene,
amafomula v noma ku ukufaka endaweni. Empeleni, I uke waba
Elem. II. 218. 223 lwabonisa ukuthi omunye umumo gagasi elula ifindo
ngokusho umbono we V, umfutho, kuyabuya log ezilinganiselwe
ze on, kodwa log ngobungakho ngokusho umbono ka
v ukuba 2 lokwemukela, futhi amafomula yethu ngenxa emizweni
yobukhulu ezilinganiselwe, the se kunyakaza elula zizihlanganise
nabantu, ngokusho umbono wokuqala on, ngemuva kokuqeda
yesibili at 2 for ukuba shintsha.

Okungukuthi:
Esikhundleni kuphela kuthuthukiswe lokujabulela elenga v kusukela,
futhi bazitshele ukuthi value ngayinye v, lowo ezithile umbundu b idlula,
enikeza negalelo elihle ukuzwa, okuyinto kuhlobene elula vibration
lonke rectilinear, ngakho lokujabulela kuyinto element t lokho
ngesikhathi element t senzeka, kufanele inikezwe ngesisekelo
nesilinganiso formula by

v kodwa unalo formula eyaziwa

okungawo a amplitude, isikhathi of oscillation, t ekuqaleni oscillation

of ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inombolo Ludolfsche noma ingxenye
selilonke, lapho engaba = 1.
The athuthukile lonke a vibration Empflndungssumme S kuyinto

emuva kwalokhu

= K (P + Q)
Ngokuhlanganisa wathola
.
Ngakho

Lokucabanga manje ukuthi lokujabulela kunalokho kuncike

ngaphakathi okushiwo formula yokukala, futhi ake b, ukubaluleka
embundwini ngomqondo ngenhla kunjalo

kodwa
emva kwalokhu, kusho ukuphathwa ngokulingana,

Kusukela kuyinto inhlukanozigaba ukuba izinga vibration n, omunye

kungakusiza kulezi amafomula for

set.

Lokhu manje isipiliyoni kwenza umehluko okulandelayo. Lapho

ushintsho kokubili a njengoba n kodwa umkhiqizo kokubili on, ngakho
abaphilayo force a square n uhlala okufanayo, by ngokwalo a futhi n in
inverse isilinganiso ushintsho nomunye, lapho uhlala emva umbono
wokuqala, ukushuba lokujabulela ilingana; kanti ngokusho umbono
wesibili nokho ukuthi phezu noma a n uhlala efanayo , kodwa
ukushuba lokujabulela, njengoba kulinganiswe log at 2 = ungena ku +
log n, the more likhula, the more n likhula, z kanjalo. B. Uma string
efanayo, ngisho yavusa kancane, omunye zikhathi ezinzima kakhulu,
lishaywa amandla efanayo kinetic, kanjalo futhi dlidliza amandla
efanayo kinetic, kodwa tone ephakeme wokuqala namanje ukuba
kuzwiwe kusukela ibanga elikhulu, njengoba umoya yokugcina Nokho,
yena emva v kokubili uma ibanga elifanayo kumele kube umbono
inaudible.
Manje konke ukuhlolwa kanye oscillatory ezintweni okuholela
probation komthetho Weber, empeleni waqasha ngaphansi kwezimo
ezinjalo, ukuthi nje a kodwa hhayi nsashintsha, ucwaningo ukukhanya
okungukuthi ukukhanya white noma kube umbala okhanyayo yohlobo
olufanayo, ucwaningo kanye umsindo intensities umsindo
kungakhathaliseki ukuphakama ethize ngaso sonke, futhi imizamo enjalo
kungaba njalo lutho umbuzo ukuba anqume ukuthi kufanele ukuhambisa
singene kusezingeni leliphansi lokuzivivinya kunalokho on ngokuphelele
ngesivinini psycho noma izinguquko ijubane. On the isiphetho Nokho,
ukuthi labo ukugijima nje uma kunyakaza elula, kodwa futhi akhawunti
for esiyinhlanganisela, njengoba zenzeka ngokoqobo, thola isicelo
okungenani eseduze, kungaba bacwaninge for isinqumo
ucwaningo. Abasebenzi wenza ngempela ngami kule imizamo mqondo
(Elem. II. 174. 560 et seq.) Ingabe wakwazi isinqumo wayethemba hhayi
ukuletha ngenxa hhayi ukuba iqedwe disorder.Against lesi sinqumo
kungenzeka by ucwaningo nge siren of Helmholtz (Ucwaningo of d.
Tonempfind. 1st Ed. Ihlelo. IX. P. 263) kanye JJ Mller 3) (Ber. D. Sachs.
Soc. 1871, p. 119} esivuna ifomu of ngaphambi ukuba kanye ngalokhu
esivuna hypothesis ngaphambi v anikwe umbono angikwazi ukusho
ukuthi kufakwe kodwa. at 2 for ugcine amafomula zethu ngamunye
ukwakheka oscillation futhi umumo gagasi esemthethweni; Futhi ukuba
kucatshangelwe ukuthi kokuma zingenziwa kuphela vibration kodwa
amehlo ethu nezindlebe, ngaphandle ukuthi thina uthumele efanayo
nokugcina ingaphakathi ukwakheka efanayo kanye balolonge njengoba

ngoba ngisho nephimbo elula inhloso kodwa Tone ehambisana

harmonics ngaphakathi kubangela kanye eyohlobo ink-jet kufanele
isenze laqanjwa umbala kunyakaza ngaphakathi kanye izimpendulo
kakade. Kafushane, nakhu insimu ekude mnyama uphenyo esizayo.

3)

By Mller kule formula nesilinganiso

for amandla
2
2
kinetic we kunyakaza a n Ikhutjhwe, yena uthola by
the impumelelo nalolu vivinyo kwaholela lokucabanga
ukuthi k and b for pitches ahlukahlukene kumagugu
lahluke, k landa njengoba liphuma Scale Tone, b pick
up. Esikhundleni sokuba kunalokho at , kanjalo uwela the
impoqo, variability ezifana of k kanye b ukuba singaphethi away.
In kangaka njengoba substitutability of at 2 for kufanele bavunyelwe
ukungena amafomula zethu, igama elithi umthetho Weber ngo formula
ayisisekelo ziyonenza indlela.

Ngakho Konstatierung umthetho Weber maqondana namandla jikelele

noma ngegalelo, eqinisweni, ngesikhathi observation nje
izinguquko a kungenzeka kuphela uma nkuba njalo futhi ngenxa
yalokho n = 0, noma ushintsho nje n lapho a njalo futhi ngenxa
yalokho A = 0, kodwa futhi ngaso esikhundleni ukuba athathe on
kukhona into efanayo lapha

lula

entry.

Uma ukuhlolwa esizayo uma kwenzeka ukushintshashintsha n singayeki

we a the, yafuna Weber sika umthetho njalo e Konstanz by
hhayi
ngokwanele kubonise lokho okungalindelwa lutho kuze kube manje,
isizathu kungaba kuzodingeka ukuba bafuna lokuthi lo , kusebenza elula
kunyakaza imithetho ngendlela kunyakaza okuye kwashukumisela
ukuzama ukuthola noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa uyacabangela, noma
kufanele ishintshwe in the imibono eziyisisekelo odlule on the degree of
psychophysical umsebenzi into angazi beifllt, kodwa yini nokho
semthethweni komthetho Weber ngo esimweni Konstanz phambi n in
Konstanz kusukela a qukethe wayengasiqonda.

XXI. Ukuqhubeka.
1) ngokumelene, by nami Elem. psychophysics esungulwe isimiso
ukuzwa ngesilinganiso ngenxa ukwencika ukusebenza lokujabulela

ezintweni, bekulokhu olwazini lwami okungenani, kuze kube manje

yaphakamisa ayikwenqabeli express iziphethe; Kodwa ukuphikisa siqale
umbuzo yini umthetho ukuncika ukuba abe lapha njengesisekelo
ngesilinganiso kukodwa ukushintsha kuye ngokuthi nature yalo
ngokwabo, futhi bayaqhubeka umbuzo ukuthi (in the psychophysics
express) kuqhubeke uvivinyo Kuye lokujabulela ezintweni in an
umsebenzi elifanele umbono we ngokomzimba umsebenzi psycho (for
psychophysics elingaphakathi) kuyinto lihumushekela (Ihlelo. I.).
2) ngokwami ngokuyinhloko lihlobene uphenyo angaphandle kanye
siqu yokulinga of the ukwencika umehluko ukuzwa kusuka isihlobo
irritancy umehluko umthetho Weber sika (Ihlelo. II.) Njengoba isisekelo
futhi by kokubonisana soMthetho abasafufusa (Ihlelo. II.) Ukuze
ukwencika lokujabulela uqobo ezintweni ezishukumisa logarithmic
Magesetz (Ihlelo. II.) iye elisuselwa ngisho nabanye abambalwa
imithetho umphumela endleleni IiMbalo, kodwana ngaphasi imvume
ukuthi umthetho wangaphambili, Weber, ingabe yokulinga (ie
maqondana ezintweni zangaphandle) cishe kuphela futhi ngaphakathi
kwemingcele ethile, ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi kwemingcele
ezejwayelekile umqondo ukusetshenziswa, ukuqinisekisa, hhayi ngisho
lonke psychophysics iso esiyivelakancane, endaweni uthole isicelo
angenamkhawulo.
3) Ngaphansi imvume enjalo enginakho Izigaba XVI., XVII. futhi
XVIII. wethule uhlelo ukuqinisekiswa eziye zingaveli ikakhulukazi
mayelana umbono umehluko ngegalelo ekukhanyeni, lomsindo, isisindo
kanye namandla we ukunambitheka ezintweni usayizi ngenhlonipho
ukuba umthetho Weber sika. Nakuba ucwaningo Helmholtz kanye
Aubert (Ihlelo. XVI.) Ukushiya approximation komthetho Weber
ezindaweni okuqonda ukukhanya bavele hhayi njengoba big njengoba
ezinye yavela ngemva kwemizamo odlule, kodwa musa bawaqukule up,
futhi imizamo Delboeufs (Ihlelo. XVII grant.) kanye Dobrowolskys
(Ihlelo. XVI.) ziqinisekiso enhle kangaka umthetho kulo mkhakha,
kodwa, inhlanzi isisindo ucwaningo (Ihlelo. XVIII.), nakuba
eyafakazelwa him against the law, kuba nendaba kunoma kucatshangwe
okudingekayo ekuqaleni yami Ukusekela of Law yokuhlanganisa,
akukho Kepplers ngaphansi ukunambitha ukuhlolwa (Ihlelo. XVI.),
kuxoxwa kahle, sikhulume umusa ofanayo.
4) Kungase umthetho Weber endaweni jikelele nokuphepha ezithile
ngaso sonke ezihlobene kuphela umehluko e umfutho ukuzwa kodwa,
ngaphandle olunzulu isikhala-emizweni okufanayo kuphela ngaphansi
kombandela ethile esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka (Ihlelo. VII.)
Ingabe athumele, futhi isikhathi emizweni olunzulu ngempela
approximation nalokho kodwa aminyene kakhulu ukuphambuka ezansi,
kusuka abakhona (Ihlelo. XVI.). Lokho umthetho Weber ayisebenzi
umehluko umbala, sivunyiwe ngisho nezinto, futhi ulungisa uqobo ukuze

ezithile ucwaningo olusha of Lamansky kanye Dobrowolsky out (Ihlelo.

XVI.), Nokho, ucwaningo lwamuva of Preyer okufanayo,
ngokuphambene kucatshangwa eyedlule, avele asisebenzi on pitch
umehluko shiya (Ihlelo. XVI.). Kungakhathaliseki ngenhlonipho ukuba,
amplitude A kanye nenombolo oscillation n zaziyiqiniso ngesikhathi
esifanayo kuncike amandla ingqikithi ukuzwa, uhlala umbuzo
ziqinisekiso yamuva kakhulu kuphela izinguquko a eduze Constance
of n XVI ubekwenza (Ihlelo .. Futhi Sec. XIX. ).
5) Ngemuva konke nje uhlala kanjalo ezithile ukuthi umthetho Weber
sika zayo eyalandela imithetho ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile, ngo
iningi isasasa izindawo, ukunikeza inkomba ewusizo yokuhlola
ubudlelwano esilinganisweni ukuzwa ngenxa athembele the umfutho
can, njengoba ukuthi ayikho phezu imikhawulo ethile futhi linganikeza
isicelo kanjani kunoma iyiphi indawo can. Ukusebenzisa akukho
ingxabano kufanele abe Nokho, ingxabano edlulisela kwalo. Omunye
kungaba baphikise kuphela mayelana degree kanye imikhawulo
approximation yokulinga yomthetho kanye nezizathu ukuhluka wakhe
ngaphandle neither labo noma ukwenza lo mbango.
6) Lowo mthetho Weber lalingu engalungile bazinqumela kusukela
amaqiniso nokuthi okufanayo umbono bedidekile izimo zezwe
ngaphandle kwatholakala, njengoba izicelo oluthile herring nje vuma
kancane kangaka (Ihlelo. V. kanye VII.), As ukunikeza umthetho
ukuphikisa, ezaziyincithakalo okufanayo, asibalelwa ongaqondile
Empfmdungswerte, okuyizinto esivela formula nesilinganiso, noma
ngokumelene nencazelo wami we ikakhulukazi Delboeuf kanye Langer
(Ihlelo. X.).
7) Nokho, uyaphumula isithakazelo ulwazi ubuhlobo functional
phakathi umfutho futhi umuzwa hhayi kuphela ukutholakala okufanayo
elithile umuzwa, kodwa ezijulile kakhulu, ungenela imfundiso jikelele
ubuhlobo phakathi umzimba nomphefumulo, inzalo yakhela phezu
uqobo umbuzo wesibili ezinkulu, maqondana njengoba lasuselwa
ucwaningo, ulwazi lobu buhlobo Anhalt iziphetho mayelana ubuhlobo
functional phakathi lokujabulela futhi eziyimbangela ngokushesha,
imisebenzi yabo psychophysical, lapha ukwencika eyisisekelo
nezingokwengqondo kusukela ngokomzimba, kukhona.
8) Mina khathesi lokucabanga ukuthi nje kuphela umthetho
abasafufusa kusukela psychophysics elingaphandle kube transposed
singene yangaphakathi, kodwa nobabo ubuhlobo phakathi umfutho
kwangaphandle futhi umuzwa kuphela cishe kanye ngaphakathi
kwemingcele ethile kufanele ukujabulisa for the psychophysics
elingaphandle, di, semtsetfweni umthetho Weber kanye ezilandelayo
kuwo kanye nemithetho abasafufusa Magesetzes in an semthethweni
olunembile futhi okungaphazamiseki okufanayo in the psychophysics

elingaphakathi, ie ubuhlobo lokujabulela ukuba ngokushesha ecashile

imisebenzi psychophysical, amanothi, yingakho lokujabulela in a
umsebenzi logarithmic of the psychophysical ukuma umsebenzi, kodwa
ukuhluka yokulinga ngenxa yezimbangela lapho proportionality
imisebenzi elingaphakathi psychophysical ezihlobene ezintweni
yokudilizwa more, ayanda umfutho phezu imingcele medium liyaphuma,
noma kujula yena eshona ngezansi (Isigaba V). Okuvimbela (ingxenye
Efroni, inhlanzi, njll) umbono wokuthi ukuzwa kuncike kunalokho ratios
elula yomsebenzi psychophysical, nokuthi approximation yokulinga
emthethweni Weber esikhundleni kwakuxhomeke ukuthi imikhawulo
efanayo, lapho umthetho ukuqinisekisile approximatively , umsebenzi
psychophysical eseduze ratios logarithmic of ezintweni kuye ukuthi
(Ihlelo. VIII.). Ngilinikele izizathu (in Ihlelo. VIII.), Yikuphi ungivumele
ukukhulelwa lokuqala bathanda wanquma, kodwa ngaphandle
bekholelwa ukuthi impikiswano kanjalo kuthathwe.
9) Kuye eyodwa noma enye imibono emibili eyedlule, lo
psychophysics lonke ingaphakathi kumele enze ezahlukene, futhi
ikakhulukazi uzoqala ukucabangela ukuthi ne ukwamukelwa
proportionality elula phakathi ukuzwa kanye nemisebenzi
psychophysical, lapho yaya embundwini yangaphakathi siqedwa, i
ukumelwa esanele ukuthi equlekile ukuphila engqondo ngabe
ulahlekile. Ukubaluleka umbuzo nokusebenza embundwini kuxoxwa
kusukela lo mbono wangena ingaphakathi, kanye nezizathu okuyiqiniso
abakhulumayo lunga transferability, IX basesimweni Ihlelo .. wagomela.
10) Kukhona namanje nezimangaliso kanjani ezingeni eliyisisekelo
lokuzivivinya kutfola psycho. In Ihlelo. XX. Esiye ukuthi uma omunye
for the energy kinetic of the ukunyakaza wamukela, uzitshela
semthethweni amafomula yethu nesivinini elula kungenziwa
esikhundleni it. Kodwa mhlawumbe imisebenzi yengqondo ziphakathi
ukwenza lasisekelo Kunalokho izinguquko speed kuka ijubane elula
mayelana amafomula yethu engaphansi, lapho icala ukungena
ukucatshangelwa in XX. Isigaba balethwa athwale, ngemva kwalokho
bawubheke has ematfuba obuqand.
11) Phakathi Oszillationshypothese kanye hypothesis amakhemikhali
umsebenzi psychophysical ngokwako ukuphikisana, uma kungeyilokho
ukuthi mina (ngokungafani herring) e yezinqubo zamakhemikhali nje
angase abone umlamuleli oscillations, okuyinto imizwa ukwenza
ngokwakhe kuncike (Ihlelo. XIII.) , - Umbono umehluko emizweni,
umuzwa lapho kungase kuhilele nje umehluko zabanye imizwa,
angikwazi ukwabelana (Isigaba XII ..).
12) amavoti esikhundleni, esihlelwe ngomumo ngami, imithetho
psychophysical amafomula ziye phambili by Helmholtz, Aubert,
Bernstein, Plateau, Brentano, Delboeuf, inhlanzi, abanye Langer lapho

Nokho, ngokuvamile, ngisho ngaphansi bodwa kuka

awami , Amafomula Helmholtz sika ngokuyinhloko nje ezinwetshiwe
emayini njengoba nje bengakwazi ukuthola ukuphambuka phezulu
emthethweni Weber ngokwazo; uhlu iyawakha by Aubert umthetho
kutholakala eseduze weqiniso ngokwakhe kuphela njengoba ngaphakathi
kwemingcele ethile futhi bobabili ezakhiwe ingasetshenziswa kuphela
ukuze psychophysics elingaphandle ukuqedela. The kakhulu owaphika
ukholo lwakhe kanye nomunye, imithetho amiswa Plateau futhi
Brentano, ngokwaso ngaleyo ndlela ubonise abampofu ukuthi ungayeki
ekamelweni abasafufusa imithetho, futhi wenze njengakho Amathafa
imvume yangasese ukuthi baye bathola by Delboeufs ivivinya
engenakuqinisekiswa ( Ihlelo. IV.). Inqubo Langers ihluke emayini
imibono ukuthi mina (IV kanye X. Ihlelo.) Ingatholakala neither
kwakuthiwa noma empirically ngokufanele
ukulungisiswa. Ukuthuthukiswa ezikude abalobi baye bathola
emibonweni emayini eziyisisekelo bahluke of Bernstein, Delboeuf kanye
herring. Isethulo lezi imibono counter-izimpikiswano yami ngokumelene
lingatholakala maqondana Bernstein (Ihlelo. IV. Futhi Sec. XV.),
Mayelana Delboeuf nokuhlonipha inhlanzi (Ihlelo. XIV.).

Text original
Contribuu a millorar la traducci

XXII. Afterword.

The umbhoshongo waseBhabhiloni asiphothulwanga ngoba izisebenzi ayengakwazi

ukuvumelana kanjani kufanele alakhe; isakhiwo yami psycho-ngokomzimba cishe
ukuphikelela ngoba izisebenzi ungavuma kukhona, ukuthi kufanele likhiphe.