,

, .
.

. ,
, ,
, .
,
, .
.. : , .
: (
), .
: , . ,
( )
( )
.
, - ,
.
- , ,
. ,
,

.

1.1

:
,
( )
.
,
.
.

 .
, .
,
.
,
.
,
. .. ,

,
, ,
,
, ,
.
.

, , , ,
, , , ,
,
.
:

,
.
.

. ,
,
,
. , , ,
, , .
.
.

, .
.
.

.
,
, ,

.
,
,
.

.

.
AIDS

.
4

1.2. (, , )

-
.
.
, (),
, .

( ) .. 5 .. kg.
m = 5 kg.

1.1 . . ,
, .

To ( SI )
18

. 1960 ,
: SI (
Systme International d Units). SI 7
( 1.1).

.

, ..
atm pascal - Pa (N/m 2 , =
Kg .m/s2).

 1.1:

kg

mol

Iu

:
1Pa = 1 N/m2 (SI)
1atm = 101325 Pa =
760 mmHg

C, K (SI)
T (K) = (C) + 273

cd

( ).
:
1 = 10-8 cm = 10-10 m,

,
...

1.2:

(mega)

106

1Mm = 106 m

(kilo)

103

1 km = 103 m

(deci)

10-1

1dm = 10-1 m

(centi)

10-2

1 cm = 10-2 m

(milli)

10-3

1 mm = 10-3 m

(micro)

10-6

1 m = 10-6 m

(nano)

10-9

1 nm = 10-9 m

(pico)

10-12

1pm = 10-12m

, , .

 1.1
110 km/h.
SI.

1 km = 103 m 1 h = 3600 s.
110 km/h = 110103 m / 3600 s =
= 30,56 m s-1.

1.2
() 0,212 nm.
m .

1nm = 10-9 m, 0,21210-9m, 1

= 10-10 m, 1 m = 1010 , 0,21210-9 m = 0,212109
1010 , 0,21210 = 2,12 .

.
,
.
.

1.2 1/ 6 ,
(g) . ,
.

1 Kg = 103 g = 1000 g

(m)

1g = 103 mg = 1000 mg

.

. SI
(Kg),
(g) (mg).

1.3
.

.

(V)
.
SI ,
(m), ,
(m3).

, (dm3 ),
(L), (cm3), 1 L = 1000 mL
(mL).
1 cm3 = 1 mL
1 L = 1 dm3

(L)
1 kg
4 C.

mL cm3

.

cm3

mL .

L dm3.

1.4 m3, dm3, cm3 .


, (),
, ...

1.5 :
1. : 2. 3. 4.

1.3
10 mm.
1 km2.

.
V = s h.
s = 1 km2 = 1106 m2 = 106 m2
h = 10 mm = 1010-3 m = 10-2 m
V = s h = 106 m210-2 m V = 104 m3 = 10000 m3

()

( )
.
=m/V

( ) SI Kg /m3.
10

d.

IUPAC
.

 g/mL ( g/cm 3). ,

, g/L.

1.4
(Al) .
2 cm.
21,6 g. Al;

V = (2 cm)3 V = 8 cm3
= m / V = 21,6 g / 8 cm3 = 2,7 g/cm3.

1.5

1 g /mL. kg/m3 g/L.

= 1 g/mL = 10-3 kg/10-6m3 = 103 kg/m3 = 1000 kg/m3.

1m3 1 () .
= 1 g /mL = 1 g/10-3L = 1000 g/L.
1L 1 kg.

1.3 - - -

(
),
. : , .

- -
, ,
.

. ,
.
, ..
. -22
5,710 g.
. ,
,
, .
.

11

 (
) ,
.

, .. O2, N2, O3, P4,
, .. H2O, CH4, C12H22O11.

, :



.
- ,

,
.
(

),

.


.

:
( )
C ( )
( )

,
.

1.6 : (2), (2),

: (2), (C2) (C25).

, ,
.
,
.

. ,
, .. (He), ,
(2), (2), , (3).

.

12

,

. ,



.


.
1.3:

.
: : He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn,
.
,
C, S P.
: 2, 2, 2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2.
: 3.
: P4, As4, Sb4.

,
.

.
( ), .. Na +,
Ca2+, S2-, Cl- (
), .. NH4+, CO32-, H2PO4-.
, ..
Na+,
, .. Cl-.
, .

13
1.7 NaCl Na+ Cl-.

(S) 2
4 6 8.


5 .. ,

.
().

.
,
2000 , 19
Dalton .
, ,
(
). Dalton
.
(1811) Avogadro. , Dalton
,
, (
).

1.8
.

. ,

, :
1. Rutherford (1911):
.
2. Bohr (1913):
, .
3. Sommerfield (1916):
(), ().
4. :
,
.
14

.
1. Dalton (1808 )
.
2. Rutherford (1911)
.
3. Bohr (1913)
.
4. Sommerfield (1916)
.
5. Schrdinger (1926)
,

.

 ,
.
.

. (p),
, (n).
,
(e),
. ,


.
1.4:

()

(e)

(p)

(n)

/g

9,1110-28

1/1830

/C

1,6710-24

+1,6010-19

+1

1,6710-24

-1,6010-19

-1

(atom):
-

m
= m

+ m

. nuclear
.

,
,
.

,



.

- - .
()
.
, .
. : (s) solid
: (l) liquid
, . : (g) gas
, (Na) 11,
Na 11p , 11e
.
,
11p,
.
()
1.9

.

, .
1.10

,
(F)
.
,
:
19 9,

( ..
61 km
9 19 (
) (.. )
.
). 10 .
(.. ).
,
: = +

15
X

 :

.
, , ()
. , (C)
11
12
13
14
:
6 C
6 C
6 C
6 C

99%.

12
6

1.4 -
-

, ,
: (s), (l) (g).

(.. )
, ,
.
,
.
,
, .
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
. ,
.
16


4 .
,

.
. ..
() ().
,
( , ).

(, )
(, ).


.

( ) .

()
, ..

.

.

1.11 .

.

, ,
.

.

.

1.5: , ,

(l)

(g)

(g)

/ C

100

-253

-183

/ g L-1

1 000

0,084

1,33

,
.
,
.

17

,
,
.


,
,
.

.., , , ,
. ,
,

.
.

.

.

, .

. ,
.

, (
) .

, .
,

, .
( )
.
, ,
, (
) .

18

 1.12 ( ) ,
.

1.5 - -

, ,
:

.

.
(H2O), (C12H22O11), (C2H5OH),
(2), (Fe) .
,
18.

.
,
.. , , ,
.

19

 , ..
.

. ,
. 112 .
88 , .

. ,


( ).

, .

7 ,
.

, ,
.

. ..
. .

,
,
. , (,
. ),

, C . .
1.13 .
,


( ).

20

.

,
, ,
.

 () ,
.

. ,
.
,
.

, .. .
.
( )
( ).

-

,
,
. ,
,
.
.
, ,

.
(.. ),
(.. ) (.. ).
,
,
,
.
,
. , ..
(CO2) coca-cola, , ..
(NaCl) , , ..
(C2H5OH) ..
, , , , ,
.

12
(12 ),
(C2H5OH) .
.

.

, . ,

21

, ,
.

w = weight,

.
v = volume, .

1. (% w/w)
(C12H22O11) 8% w/w ( .),

8 g 100 g . ,
% w/w ( g) .
100 g .
2. (% w/v)
.. (NaCl) 10%
w/v ( .), 10 g NaCl 100 mL
. ,
% w/v ( g)
100 mL .
3. (% v/v)
:
. . ,
3% v/v 3 ( )
3 mL 100 mL .
. .
20% v/v ,
20 cm3 100 cm3 .
% v/v o ( mL)
100 mL .
(.. % v/v
),

:
.
4. ppm
1 (106 ) .
5. ppb
1 (109 ) .

100 g H2O 20 C 35,5 g

(NaCl), 1.14
.
0,00016 g (AgCl). , ,
NaCl , AgCl ,
( -
.
C12H22O11)
- (
NaCl).
,
(.. ).
22


.

.
:
.
.

(.. ).
.

,
.
.
,
. , (
),
CO2 .

23