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Chemical
potential energy
is stored in
gasoline, wood,
food, etc.
Heat
Heat, which is represented by the
symbol q, is energy that is in the
process of flowing from a warmer
object to a cooler object.
The standard unit of heat and energy
is the joule (J).
Heat
Heat flows
from hot to
cold.
PHASE CHANGES
Phase Changes
A material will change from one state
or phase to another at specific
combinations of temperature and
surrounding pressure.
Typically, the pressure is atmospheric
pressure, so temperature is the
determining factor to the change in
state in those cases.
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Vaporizati
on
Soli
d
Liqui
d
Gas
Condensati
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on
Vaporization
Vaporization is the process by which a
liquid changes into a gas or vapor.
Vaporization is an endothermic
process the liquid absorbs heat.
Evaporization
Endothermic
Endothermic
Absorbs heat
Would feel cold if you were to touch it
Pulls in heat from its surroundings
such as your hand, and converts it to
chemical potential energy
Condensation
Condensation is the
process by which a
gas or vapor
becomes a liquid. It
is the reverse of
vaporization.
Condensation is
exothermic heat is
released.
Endothermic
Exothermic
Releases heat
Would feel hot if you were to touch
it
Release chemical potential energy
and you would perceive it as heat
Energy During
Vaporization & Condensation
Vaporization results in an increase
in potential energy.
Condensation results in a decrease
in potential energy.
Kinetic energy remains constant
during vaporization and
condensation.
Dynamic Equilibrium
In a closed system, the rate of
vaporization can equal the rate of
condensation.
When the rates are
equal the system is
said to be in
dynamic equilibrium.
Dynamic Equilibrium
Molecules are constantly changing
phase - Dynamic
The total amount of liquid and vapor
remains constant - Equilibrium
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure
Vapor Pressure
Dynamic Equilibrium
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/
Matter/VaporPressure.htm
Boiling
When the vapor pressure of a liquid
equals atmospheric pressure, the
liquid has reached its boiling point,
which is 100C for water at sea level.
Standard atmospheric pressure
equals 1 atm.
Boiling
At this point, molecules throughout
the liquid have the energy to enter the
gas or vapor phase.
The temperature of a
liquid can never rise
above its boiling point.
Meltin
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Soli
d
Liqui
d
Freezi
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ng
Gas
Melting
The melting of a solid occurs when
the forces holding the particles
together are broken and the solid
becomes a liquid.
Melting is an endothermic process
the solid absorbs heat.
Freezing
Freezing occurs when a liquid
becomes a crystalline solid.
Freezing is an exothermic process
the liquid releases heat.
The freezing point is the same as the
melting point.
Energy During
Melting & Freezing
Melting results in an increase in
potential energy.
Freezing results in a decrease in
potential energy.
Kinetic energy remains constant
during melting and freezing.
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Sublimatio
n
Soli
d
Liqui
d
Depositio
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n
Gas
Sublimation
The process by which a solid
changes directly into a gas without
first becoming a liquid is called
sublimation.
Solid air fresheners and dry ice are
examples of solids that sublime.
Sublimation is endothermic.
Deposition
When a substance changes from a
gas or vapor directly into a solid
without first becoming a liquid, the
process is called deposition.
Deposition is the reverse of
sublimation.
Deposition
Frost is an example of water
deposition.
Deposition is exothermic.
Energy During
Sublimation & Deposition
Sublimation results in an increase in
potential energy.
Deposition results in a decrease in
potential energy.
Kinetic energy remains constant
during sublimation and deposition.
Condensation
FreezingDeposition
Sublimation
Vaporization
Melting
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Question
Classify the following phase change.
1. dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) to
carbon dioxide gas
sublimation
Question
Classify the following phase change.
2. ice to liquid water
melting
Question
Classify the following phase change.
3. liquid water to ice
freezing
Question
Classify the following phase change.
4. water vapor to liquid water
condensation