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both
parametric
(score
data)
and
non-parametric
Advantages of SPSS
SPSS is the statistical package most widely used by political scientists. There seem to be
several reasons why:
SPSS has been around since the late 1960s. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences,
Of the major packages, it seems to be the easiest to use for the most widely used
statistical techniques
One can use it with either a Windows point-and-click approach or through syntax (i.e.,
Disadvantages of SPSS
There are also two important limitations that deserve mention at the outset:
SPSS users have less control over statistical output than, But, once a researcher
wants greater control over the equations or the output, she or he will need to either
Overall, SPSS is a good first statistical package for people wanting to perform quantitative
research in social science because it is easy to use and because it can be a good starting point to
learn more advanced statistical packages.
What are the Characteristics of hypothesis?
Characteristics of hypothesis
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hypothesis should be consistent with most known facts, in other words, it should be the
8
9
Eg: Companies manufacturing washing machines spend at least 10% of their annual profits
on advertising.
What is Null Hypothesis?
A type of hypothesis used in statistics that proposes that no statistical significance
exists in a set of given observations. The null hypothesis attempts to show that no
variation exists between variables, or that a single variable is no different than zero.
It is presumed to be true until statistical evidence nullifies it for an alternative
hypothesis.
Type I Error
In a hypothesis test, a type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when
it is in fact true; that is, H0 is wrongly rejected.
For example, in a clinical trial of a new drug, the null hypothesis might be that the
new drug is no better, on average, than the current drug; i.e.
H0: there is no difference between the two drugs on average.
A type I error would occur if we concluded that the two drugs produced different
effects when in fact there was no difference between them.
The following table gives a summary of possible results of any hypothesis test:
Decision
Reject H0
Truth H0
H1
Don't reject H0
Type II Error
Descriptive statistics provides simple summaries about the sample and about the
observations that have been made. Such summaries may be either quantitative, i.e.
summary statistics, or visual, i.e. simple-to-understand graphs. These summaries
may either form the basis of the initial description of the data as part of a more