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KARMAVACANBINDUSRA
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TA
Theo quan im B phi m V c, tc cc v th tr Lut T phn th
mt trong cc du hiu v s dit tn ca chnh php l cc php yt-ma
hon ton khng c thc hin, khng c php yt-ma s khng c cc Tkheo c gii nh php, bn th ca Tng khng thnh tu. Khng c s tn
ti ca Tng th chnh php m Pht ging dy khng c ngi tu v chng.
Nh vy c ngha l Chnh php s khng tn ti. Cho nn vic hc hi cc
hc x trong gii Kinh v thng sut cc php yt-ma l phn s hng u
ca T-kheo trong sut 5 nm u k t khi c gii c tc. y l iu kin
cn bn tc thnh t cch bc thu hng Thng ta trong Tng chng. Nu
T-kheo khng hon tt phn s hc hi ny khng bao gi c php ri Y
Ch s d cho tui i 80 v tui h 60, ngha l lun lun phi sng nng
ta vo bc Thng ta, khng c php th ngi xut gia. y l iu
quinh trong tt c Lut Tng, cn phi nghim cm chp tr v s tn ti
bn vng ca Pht php.
V cc nguyn l cn bn ca yt-ma, tt c cc b Lut u ng nht,
nhng s tc php c rt nhiu khc bit, do iu kin lch s v a l ni
m Tng on sinh hot. Nu khng c s l gii v cc nguyn tc cn bn,
tt s kh c th hi thng cc iu sai bit ny. do vic nghin cu v
hc hi, cc php Yt-ma cn phi hi hai mt: nm vng s l gii v
thng sut tc php. tng qut m ni, c hai b phn chnh ca tt c php
yt-ma. Mt b phn chi phi cc sinh hot tp th ca Tng, tc gm cc
lut yt-ma nh kit gii, truyn th c tc, thuyt gii, t t v. v B phn
khc chi phi sinh hot c nhn mt T-kheo, tc cc yt-ma tr pht nh
sm Tng tn, ba dt .
B lut ny gm c hai phn:
TH NG
Ti d nh hon tt tp Yt-ma yu ch ny trc khi bt u ma an c
lm ti liu cho cc thy tn t-kheo tu hc. Nhng ngoi duyn khng
thun, cho nn phi tm thi dng li ch mi chng hai. Hy vng iu
kin thun tin hn mt cht ti c th hon tt trong ma an c ny.
Bn tho c bin tp cch y ng hai mi nm. Ln xut bn u tin,
ti khng may mn c bit v c thy. Trong c nhiu sai st, hoc
ct b. Phn ln l v l do k thut. Ngoi ra, cn l do g na th ti khng
bit. N khng xng ng vi nh ca ngi bin tp. Cho nn, ti t
ha, phi c gng khc phc nhng chng ngi sch c th hu ch
trong nhiu trng hp. V ri, chng ngi vn cha c khc phc.
Tuy s o Pht c truyn b trn mt phm vi khng gian rt rng, ho
nhp vi nhiu tryn thng dn tc khc nhau, vi nhiu b phi hc thuyt
khc nhau, thm ch mu thun nhau nh hai thi cc; nhng nhn vo gii
bn Ba-la--mc-xoa, v c bit l cc php yt-ma c hnh tr trong
nhiu b phi Pht gio khc nhau, ngi nghin c o Pht s thy c mt
nn tng khng thay i trong sut nhiu th k, trn nhiu khu vc a l
4. Cc t-kheo lun lun phi knh trng, phc v cc t-kheo trng lo,
nhng v c nhiu kinh nghim tu tp trong Chnh Php Lut, sn sng nghe
theo nhng li khuyn dy ca cc bc trng thng nh th.
5. Cc t-kheo sng khng b li cun bi nhng tham i.
6. Tr x cng ng cc t-kheo lun lun l nhng tr x nhn tnh.
7. Cc t-kheo sng an tr trn chnh nim to thnh mt cng ng sinh
ng, khin cho cc bn ng tu t nhng phng khc nu cha n th
mun n, v n th mun cng sng v cng tu tp trong s an lc.
By nguyn tc c c Pht nu ln bao gm nhng iu khon i
sng cng ng, v mt s iu khon cn thit cho s tin b i sng tinh
thn, vn l ni dung phong ph ca s ha hip. Cc nguyn tc chi phi
cng ng l cc nguyn tc dn ch v bnh ng; chnh trn nn tng ny
m h thng Lut tng ca tt c cc b phi c xy dng. Chng cng l
nhng nguyn tc ch o cho tt c mi th tc tc php yt-ma.
Ri tip tc hnh trnh i v Cu-thi-na, hng n sa la song th, c Pht
dng chn ti sinh a ca b tc Ma-la. Ti y, tin tc v vic Ni-kin
Thn T16 t th, v cc t ca Ni-kin T bt u tranh chp nhau
kch lit khin mt s cc Trng lo lo ngi s kin nh th c th xy ra
gia cc t Pht. Do th, ngi X-li-pht tp hp cc t-kheo nhc li
tt c nhng im chnh yu trong gio php ca c Pht v sau khi c
Th Tn khng cn ti th gian cc t-kheo s khng khi ln d kin i
n ch tranh chp nhau v cc vn gio l17
ii. By php dit trnh
Mt khc, khi A-nan c v Sa-di Chu-na18 bo tin cho bit vic tranh chp
d di ca cc t Ni-kin T, Ngi cm thy lo s n dng tc gy, v
cng Chu-na n trnh by vi Pht, thnh cu Pht quy nh c th cc
nguyn tc a n s ha hip gia cc t-kheo. Nhn dp ny, c Pht
ging rng cc nguyn nhn a n s tranh chp gia Tng, v tip theo
, ngi nu ln by php dit trnh, l cc bin php chm dt s tranh
chp gia Tng, v vi su php kh , cng gi l su php ha knh,
cho cc t-kheo cng sng chung trong tinh thn ha hip, nu cc nguyn
tc ny c tun th nghim chnh19.
1. Din tin (hay hin tin) ch trnh lut, iu lut nh ch u tranh bng
s hin din. Khi Tng tho lun v quyt nh mt vn g lin h n
mt t-kheo, phi c s hin din ca t-kheo y.
2. c (hay c nim) ch trnh lut, nh ch u tranh bng nh li. Sau khi
Tng phn quyt tnh v ti ca mt t-kheo b c ti; cac t-kheo khac
sau khng c php cht vn t kheo bi c ti y. Ni cch khc, mt
t-kheo ch c coi l phm gii ch khi no coa phn quyt ca Tng.
3. Bt si ch trnh lut, lut nh ch u tranh bng s khng si cung. Tng
khng th x l mt t-kheo khi v y ang b bnh tm thn, khng nng
lc nhn thc s vic mnh lm.
4. Pht l ch trnh lut, hay t ngn tr; lut chm dt u tranh bng s t
th nhn. Tng ch c th phn quyt s phm gii ca mt t-kheo ch khi
no t-kheo y xc nhn vic mnh lm.
5. Qun ch tranh lut, cng gi l ti x s, hay ti t tnh; lut chm dt
u tranh bng chn ng nhn. Khi t-kheo phm ti, Tng c yu
t phn uyt, nhng t-kheo y chi ti quanh co, khng chu xc nhn,
Tng p dng bin ph ch ti, cm t-kheo lm mt vic v khng c
hng mt s quuyn li, cho n khi no chu khut phc.
6. Trin chuyn ch trnh lut, hay a nhn ng, hay a nhn mch ti; lut
chm dt u tranh bng s din tin. Mt t-kheo b c ti, nhng c
nhng bt ng gia cc t-kheo v phn quyt ca Tng, v vy, cn phi
b phiu. Tng cn c theo a s phiu m quyt nh
7. Nh kh phn to ch tranh lut, hay nh tho ph a; lut chm dt u
tranh nh qung b d rch, hay nh ri c che lp ch t d20 .
iii. Su php kh h
Su php kh h, thng gi l su php ho knh, tc su nguyn tc
mt t-kheo sng chung ha thun trong tinh thn tng tr, v tng thn
tng i vi cc t-kheo khc. Ngha l nhng nguyn tc m mi c nhn
t-kheo cn phi th hin i vi tp th.
1. Thn ho ng tr, hay thn nghip t ho, tc c ch khim cung v t
i, i vi cc ng phm hnh.
161 php yt-ma k trn khng phi l con s c nh. Tng s khinh hay
trng cn ty thuc vo hon cnh lch s, mi trng x hi cc th.
Nhng iu cn bn cn nm vng l ba loi php thc yt-ma y. Mi khi
c s vic g xy ra gia Tng, cn phi cn nhc y x theo m p
dng mt php thc yt-ma no cho tng xng. iu ny s c ni r
cc chng sau.
---o0o--4. CC GIAI ON TIN HNH CA YT MA
Cng nh qu trnh din tin ca nghip o, cng vy, c ba giai on ch
yu ca yt-ma: gia hnh ca yt-ma, cng gi l tin phng tin; cn bn
ca yt-ma tc giai on yt-ma thnh tu, v t tr i cho n khi Tng
gii tn gi l hu khi ca yt-ma.
Nh ni, bn cht ca yt-ma l ng nghip, do tt c ba giai on ca
yt-ma u ly ng nghip lm c s. Nhng li c ni gia Tng, v l
nhng li c tnh cht cng nghip, cn theo mt qui tc vn c v vn mch
qui nh sn, ch khng th ty tin ni sao th ni.
i. Tin phng tin
Gia hnh hay tin phng tin ca yt-ma bt u sau khi cc t-kheo n
nh v tr gia Tng, tp hp ng theo nguyn l cn bn l thanh tnh v
ha hip38. Tt c cc loi yt-ma, t n bch cho n bch t, u c tin
phng tin ging nhau, vi li vn nh sau: Mt t-kheo thng ta i
din Tng tc php yt-ma, bt u hi; mt t-kheo khc, gi l v duy-na 39
ca Tng, i din Tng tr li; hi v tr li ln lt din ra nh sau:
Vn p 1:
Hi: Tng hp cha?
p: Tng hp.
Vn p 2:
Hi: Ha hip khng?
p: Ha hip.
Vn p 3:
5. CC YU T THNH TU YT MA
Ty theo, mi loi yt-ma cn hi mt s yu t nht nh mi thnh tu.
Th d, yt-ma truyn gii c tc, gm 4 yu t thnh tu: 1) Nhn thnh
tu, t cch gii t y . 2) Tng thnh tu, Tng s, gm nm hay
mi t-kheo ty a phng. 3) Gii thnh tu, gii trng hay tiu gii
c tc php n nh nh php. 4) Yt-ma thnh tu, cc giai on ca ytma, gia hnh, cn bn v hu khi c thc hin y nh php.
Tng qut c 4 yu t cn bn yt-ma c thnh tu: y x, gii, tc s
v php thc.
i. Y x - Y x, hay i tng ca yt-ma, nh ni r trn.
ii. Gii - Gii, hay cng gii, s c ni r trong chng tip theo
(Chng II)
iii. Tc s - Mi loi yt-ma c thc hin vi mt tc s ti thiu. C 4
trng hp tc s Tng, tc cng l bn phn loi Tng theo tc s nh
ni trn. Nhng tc s y khng phi k theo u ngi, m l k theo
phm tnh, tc l ngi th c tc, hon ton thanh tnh; nu c phm ti
th sm hi nh php, v phi cng hin din trong mt cng gii. Nu
ng ngoi cc ng ranh ca cng gii, hay d trong cng gii
nhng bay ln khi mt t, thy u khng c k l tc s.
y cng nn ni thm mt s chi tit v tc s Tng bn ngi. Nu c
bn t-kheo tr ln cng tp hp trong phm vi mt cng gii th
thnh Tng th v c th tc php cho cc Tng s nh thuyt gii. Tuy
nhin, trong trng hp t t, nu cn c t-kheo Tng sai, th ngi th sai
y l i tng ca yt-ma, khng th k trong tc s bn ngi. Cc trng
hp tng t khc, nh phn chia vt dng gia Tng. Cn c ngi th sai
v l i tng ca yt-ma Tng sai do cng khng c k trong tc s
bn ngi. Ni tm li, trong cc trng hp tng t nh th, tc s Tng
phi k l nm ngi, mc d t bn cht, cc loi yt-ma ny c th c
tc php vi tc s Tng bn ngi.
Ngoi ra, trong cc loi yt-ma, c cc trng hp cng v bt cng khc
nhau. Bt cng l t-kheo Tng v t-kheo-ni Tng khng c tc php
chung. Nh vy, trong tc s t-kheo khng th k t-kheo-ni vo v ngc
li cng vy.
iv. Php thc - Php thc thnh tu hay yt-ma thnh tu l cc qu trnh
din tin ca yt-ma c thc hin nh php, theo th t mch lc. Chi tit
ca qu trnh ny c ni trn.
---o0o--6. GI YT MA 45
Tng-gi yt-ma l biu hin tuyt i ca s thng nht ch ca Tng. Do
, khi Tng tc php, nu c ngi t cch ph quyt ni ln li khng
chp thun Tng s ang c tc php, th yt-ma bt thnh. Khng c
trng hp a s p o thiu s m lun lun phi l s thun nht. Gi
yt-ma tc l Tng s b ph quyt. Nhng ai c t cch ph quyt ny? c
bn trng hp46:
a. Ngi c k trong tc s Tng nhng khng c php ngn yt-ma
(tc ph quyt Tng s): l nhng ngi ang l i tng ca yt-ma ha
trch, yt-ma tn xut, yt-ma y ch, yt-ma cm khng cho n nh bch y
b. Ngi khng c k trong tc s Tng nhng c quyn ngn yt-ma:
l ngi ang cu th c tc47 .
c. Ngi khng c k l tc s v cng khng c quyn ngn yt-ma: nh
khi t-kheo Tng tc php, th t-kheo-ni khng c k trong tc s v
cng khng c php ngn. Nhng ngi khc cha th c tc, nhng
ngi phm bin ti, nhng ngi tc tm th gii, hong mn, ng nghch,
t-kheo b tc php dit tn, bit tr trong khi sm Tng tn, t-kheo
khng cng tr x, t-kheo ang hin thn thng bay cch mt t, t-kheo
ngoi tm thy v nghe khi Tng tc php, cng nhng ngi ang l i
tng ca yt-ma. Tt c cc hng ngi va nu, khng c k trong tc
s Tng cng khng c php ngn Tng tc php yt-ma.
d. Ngoi cc hng ngi k trn, t-kheo thanh tnh hin din c k trong
tc s v c quyn ngn yt-ma. Trong trng hp b ngn nh vy, yt-ma
bt thnh.
---o0o---
7. PHI TNG CA YT MA
Trn y ni v ba y x v bn yu t thnh tu ca yt-ma v cng
ni rng th tnh ca Tng yt-ma l ng nghip. Tt c nhng iu l
nhng iu kin cn nghim xt v cn hi yt-ma ca Tng c
thnh tu v c hiu lc. y s ni n cc phi tng ca yt-ma, tc
nhng du hiu cho bit yt-ma khng th thnh tu. Cc du hiu ny cn
c trn hai yu t nhn bit. l nhn v php. Nhn hay nhn cch l
thm quyn ca mt t-kheo trong tc s Tng, hay ton th Tng, c th
c s dng trong mt gii hn no . Php, tc qui tc tc php. Chc
nng ca hai yu t ny l kt hp tt c iu kin cn c ca Yt-ma thnh
mt chnh th thng nht. Mt trong hai nu khng ton vn, du hiu bt
thnh ca yt-ma s c nhn thy.
C by phi tng ca yt-ma.
i. Phi php phi t-ni:
Trong ba loi yt-ma n bch, bch nh v bch t, ty theo tm mc quan
trng ca tng Tng s m p dng. Vi Tng s ch cn n bch l ,
nhng Tng li tc php bch nh hay bch t. Hoc bch yt-ma khng theo
th t mch lc, nh yt-ma trc ri bch sau. Tt c nhng trng hp
nh vy gi l phi php, ngha l tc php khng ng php thc. Mt khc,
hoc mt ngi, cho n hai hay ba ngi, cha Tng s m tc php
c ti mt ngi, cho n hai hay ba ngi, hay c ti Tng 48 . Nhng
trng hp nh vy gi l phi t-ni, v nhn cch vt ngoi thm quyn m
lut qui nh.
ii. Phi php bit chng:
Tc php khng ng php thc v Tng khng c ha hip, y gi l
phi tng ca yt-ma do phi php v bit chng. Phi php y cng ging
nh ni trn. Bit chng l do s tp hp Tng khng ng qui tc. Th
d trong trng hp t t hay thuyt gii; theo qui tc th tt c Tng ang
c mt trong cng cng gii ca tr x c n nh u phi tp hp
ton b. Nu khng tp hp ton b, v nhng ngi do duyn s Tam bo
c php khng n nhng li khng gi dc, hoc gi dc khng ng
php, nh vy, Tng c th b chia thnh hai chng khng ha hp, do
gi l bit chng49. Hoc trong trng hp truyn gii c tc, tc s ti thiu
phi mi v t-kheo cng tp hp trong phm vi ca gii trng, nhng
Hm nay Tng kt gii. Knh thnh i Tng thn hnh i th st hin trng
bit r cc tiu tng v cc ng ranh bao quanh cng gii tin tc
php.
Sau khi i th st hin trng, nghe t-kheo c cu gii thiu chi tit cc tiu
tng v cc ng ranh bao quanh cng gii xong, tt c tp hp tr li
a im lm yt-ma chnh thc tc php. y l ni trong trng hp
phm vi i gii qu rng ln. Nu phm vi cng gii nh hn, Tng c
th ti mt ch ca a im yt-ma m vn c th theo di r rng s gii
thiu cc tiu tng ca t-kheo c cu, th khi phi i th st hin trng
v chnh thc c hnh tc php.
ii. Chnh thc tc php
Phn ny c tin hnh th t theo ba giai on: tin phng tin, xng
gii tng, v bch nh yt-ma.
a) Tin phng tin: Tt c cc yt-ma c chnh thc tc php vi tin
phng tin ging nhau, ngoi tr im gi dc. Tt c cc yt-ma kt gii
u khng c php gi dc, v bn thn mi t-kheo phi t chng kin
cc tiu tng hiu r v sau ny khi tranh ci.
Tin phng tin c tin hnh nh sau:
Yt-ma s hi: Tng hp cha?
Duy na p: Tng hp.
Hi: Ha hip khng?
p: Ha hip.
Hi: Ngi cha th c tc ra cha?
p: ra (hoc p: Trong y khng c ngi cha th c tc)
Hi: Tng nay ha hip lm g?
p: Yt-ma kt (tn i tng tc php).
b) Xng gii tng: Trong phn chun b tc php trn c ni, nu
cng gii rng ln, Tng phi thn hnh th st. Nu cng gii nh hn,
Bch yt-ma:
i c Tng, xin lng nghe. Nu thi gian thch hp i vi Tng, Tng
chp thun, Tng nay trong phm vi cc t-kheo ang tp hp ny gii tiu
gii. y l li tc bch.
i c Tng, xin lng nghe. Tng nay trong phm vi cc t-kheo ang tp
hp ny gii tiu gii, cc trng lo no chp thun nay trong phm vi cc
t-kheo ang tp hp ny gii tiu gii, th im lng. Ai khng chp thun hy
ni.
Tng chp thun gii tiu gii, v im lng. Ti ghi nhn nh vy.
v. Kt tiu gii t t (trng hp bt thng)
Vn p nh thng l.
Bch yt-ma:
i c Tng, xin lng nghe. Nu thi gian thch hp i vi Tng, Tng
chp thun, trong phm vi va cc t-kheo ngi trong ny, kt tiu gii.
y l li tc bch.
i c Tng, xin lng nghe, Tng nay trong phm vi cc t-kheo ngi va
ny, kt tiu gii. Cc trng lo no chp thun Tng nay trong phm vi
cc t-kheo ngi ny, kt tiu gii, th im lng. Ai khng chp thun hy
ni.
Tng chp thun trong phm vi cc t-kheo ngi va ny kt tiu gii,
v im lng. Ti ghi nhn nh vy.
vi. Gii tiu gii t t
Vn p nh thng l.
Bch yt-ma:
i c Tng, xin lng nghe. Nu thi gian thch hp i vi Tng, Tng
nay trong phm vi cc t-kheo ngi va ny gii tiu gii. y l li tc
bch.
---o0o--HT
. Skt. = Pali: Sagha, phin m l Tng-gi v ph thng dch l chng, chng hi, ha
hip chng.
2
. Tng theo ngha chn chnh, nh c Pali thng ni: Supaipanno Bhagavato svaka-
Sagho, uju-paipanno Bhagavato svaka-Sagho, ya-paipanno Bhagavato svakaSagho, smci-paipanno Bhagavato svaka-Sagho yadidam cattri purisa-yugni
aha purisa-puggal, eso Bhagavato svaka-sagho huneyyo phuneyyo
dakkhieyyo ajali-krayo anuttara pua-kkhetta lokassti, (D.33. Sagti, tr.
227). i chiu Hn dch ca Huyn Trang, Cf. Tp d mn 7 (i 26, tr.393b): Pht
t c tc diu hnh, cht trc hnh, nh l hnh php ty php hnh, ho knh hnh ty
php hnh. Trong Tng y, c D lu hng, c D lu qu, c Nht lai hng, c Nht
lai qu, c Bt hon hng, c Bt hon qu, c A-la-hn hng, c A-la-hn qu. Nh
th tng th c bn i tm l b-c-gi-la. Chng t ca Pht c gii c tc, nh
c tc, tu c tc, gii thot c tc, gii thot tri kin c tc; l nhng v xng ng c
thnh mi (ng thnh), xng ng c ci cho (ng khut) , xng ng c cung
knh (ng cung knh), l phc in v thng.
Thp tng lut 1 (i 23, tr.2a): c bn hng t-kheo: 1. Danh t t-kheo, 2. T xng
t-kheo, 3. Hnh kht t-kheo, 4. Ph phin no t-kheo. Cn bn thuyt nht thit hu
b t ni da (i 23, tr.629c-630a) c nm hng t-kheo: 1. Danh t t-kheo, 2. T ngn
t-kheo, 3. Hnh kht t-kheo, 4. Ph phin no t-kheo, 5. Bch t yt-ma c tc tkheo. T phn lut 1 (i 22, tr 571a) c 8 hng t-kheo: 1. Danh t t-kheo, 2. Tng
t t-kheo, 3. T xng t-kheo, 4. Thin lai t-kheo, 5. Hnh kht t-kheo, 6. Trc ct
trit y t-kheo, 7. Ph kt s t-kheo. 8. Th i gii bch t yt-ma nh php thnh tu
c x s t-kheo.
5
. Xem chng 4.
4
. Chiu-, hay chiu--x, Skt. catur-dia (Pl. catu-disa); Hn: t phng. Chiu--
. Da-x, hay Da-thu-gi; Skt. Yaa hay Yaodha; T Phn lut 32 (i 22, tr.789b).
Bt-k, hay Bt-x; Pl. Vajji, tn mt b tc, cng l Vng quc, thi Pht.
. Trng A hm (i 1, tr. 11a), Trung A-hm 35 (i 1, tr.648), Tng nht a hm 34
(i 2, tr. 738b); Pl. A.vii. 20. Vassakra, D.16. Mahparinibbna.Bt thi php ;
Pali: aparihniya-dhamma, khng suy thoi. Trong kinh ny, c hai loi by php bt
thi: by bt thi ca quc vng (rj-aparihniya-damma) v by bt thi ca tkheoT-kheo (bhikkhu-aparihniya-dhamma)
14
15
Ni-kin Thn T, hay Ni-kin- Nh- T: Skt. Nigrantha-Jtiputra (Pl.NigahaNtaputta), c xem l Gio t K-na gio (Jainism); mt trong su Tn s ngoi o
thi Pht; hc thuyt, xem kinh Sa-mn qu, Trng A-hm 17 (i 1, tr. 107); Pali,
Smaaphala-sutta, D.i. tr. 57.
17
. Trng A hm 8 (kinh Chng tp, i 1, tr. 49b). Cf. Tp d mn, i 26, tr. 367. Pali,
D. i. tr. 207, 33. Sagti,
18
. Sa-di Chu-na. Pali: Cunda samauddesa. c ng nht vi Mah-Cuda em rut
ngi Sriputta v c qu A-na-hm trong lc l sa-di.
16
19
Hn, bit dch No 85 Pht thuyt Tc tranh nhn duyn kinh, Tng Thi H dch. i 1,
No 85, tr.904. V 7 php dit trnh trong Lut tng, Ng phn lut 23, i 22, tr. 153tt.;
T phn lut 47- 48, i 22 tr. 913tt.; Thp tng lut 20, i 23, tr. 141tt.
Thut ng theo Lut T phn: 1. hin tin t-ni (Pali: sammukhvinaya), 2. c nim tni (sativinaya), 3. bt si t-ni (amhavinaya), 4. t ngn tr (paiay kretabba), 5.
tha nhn ng (yebhuyyasik), 6. ti x s (tassapyik), 7. nh tho ph a
(tiavatthraka).
21
. Skt. ni : karmavcan (Pl. kammavc), Hn: yt-ma ng; dch: bin s tc php.
22
. Cf. Hnh s sao (i 40, tr. 11a), Thin 5. Thng bin yt-ma, ph ch: Minh liu
lun s phin l nghip. Nghip l s tc (phn s cn lm). Cng phin l s tc. Bch
lun ni l s. Theo ngha m ni, th phin l bin s. Tc l, nhng vic cn lm u
ph hp php (c quy nh), cho nn c cng dng gip thnh tu.
20
Cng c dch gi khng mun phn bit hai trng hp nh th, nn u dch l
nghip c Nh Tng-gi B, Trung A hm 52 (Kinh u ba li, i 1, tr. 755c).
24
. Skt. (=Pl.) cetan: ch, hng, c . Cf. A. iii., tr. 45: cetanha bhikkhave
kamma vadmi, cetayitv kamma karoti kyena vcya manas, Ny cc T-kheo,
Ta ni nghip l t ( ch). Sau khi t duy, n to nghip bng thn, ming v . Xem
Trung A hm 27 (Kinh t phm hnh, i 1, tr. 600a). Xem thm Cu x lun 13 (i
29, tr. 67b): th bit do nghip sinh, t cp t s tc. Koa iv. 1: karmaja
lokavaicitryam, cetan tatkrtam
ca tat.
25
. Cf. Ba giai on ca nghip: gia hnh nghip o, Skt. prayoga-karmapatha (hay tin
phng tin, Skt. smantaka), cn bn nghip o, Skt. maula-karmapatha; hu khi
nghip o, Skt. pr s ha-karmapatha.
Cf. T-b-sa 113 (i 27, tr.583b).
t
26
. Gii thich ca Cu x 16 (i 29, tr. 840, 86a).
27
. Skt. avijapti. Ht.: v biu; C.: v gio. Chi tit, xem Cu-x 13, Ch. iv, tng 3d. Cf.
Cu-x 16, nt.: Sau khi yt-ma ln th ba, biu v v biu nghip trong mt st na ny
c gi l cn bn nghip o (Skt. maula-karmapatha). y gi l gii th v biu
(hay v tc, La-thp).V v biu, Cu-x 1, tr. 3a: V biu, tuy t th l sc php nh
hu biu, nhng khng biu th cho ngi khac bit, nn ni l v biu.. Hu b quan
nim t th ca v biu l thc hu. Kinh b cho l gi hu. Cf. Cu-x 13, tr. 67c.
28
. Cu x lun 15 (i 29, tr. 78a.tt.). Cf. T-b-sa 120 (i 27, tr.626b): Ch c gii
i vi cc loi hu tnh m hnh vi c minh c th gay nh hng (s nng x hu
tnh).
29
. Cf. Cu-x 15 (i 29, tr. 78b), 5 iu hn nh khng c gii: 1.Hu tnh nh, ch
khng git hi mt s sinh vt no . 2. Chi nh, ch gi mt s iu khon hn ch.
3.X nh, ch gi gii trong a phng no . 4.Thi nh, ch gi gii trong thi
gian hn nh. 5. Duyn nh , ch gi trong iu kin (phng tin) nht nh ( th d,
khng git bng dao, nhng git bng thuc).
30
. Xem chng III, on sau.
31
. Hn: bnh php, danh t lut hc, ch s chp hnh php.
32
. Xem chng V on sau.
33
. Hn: i th; hoc c l i th.
23
34
35
36
Ma ha Tng k lut 24 (i 22, tr. 422a) gi l n bch, bch nht v bch tam.
. Cu thnh yt-ma; Cf. Ma-ha Tng-k lut 24 (i 22, tr. 422b).
47
51
. T phn lut 36, Thuyt gii kin (i 22 tr. 819b2): Pht ti Vng x.. Cc
t-kheo t cc a phng hay rng c pht cho php thuyt gii, tt c cng t tp v
Vng x. ng xa, t tp rt mt nhc. Do , Pht cho php t-kheo ti a phng
no th thuyt gii ti . T phn lut hnh s sao t tr k I (i 40, tr, 203a13): 8 nm
sau ngy thnh o Pht ch yt-ma th c tc; 12 nm sau ngy thnh o Pht khin
cc t-kheo thuyt gii, v do y ln u tin n nh vic kt gii. Tham chiu Pali,
Mahvagga, Vn. i. tr. 106: ...bhikknam etad ahosi, Bhagavat paattam ettvat
samagg yvat ekvsoti, kittvat nu kho ekvso hoti. Bhagavato etamattham
rocetum: anujnmi bhikkhave smam sammannitum.
Yt-ma ch nam 1 dn Ma ha Tng k lut: nu khng phi l a im c ytma, khng c php nhn gi dc, hnh cc Tng s.
53
. Hn: t nhin gii . Cf. T phn hnh s sao I, i 40, tr. 14b2. Pali: asammata-sm.
54
. Hn: tc php gii . Cf. T phn hnh s sao I, i 40, tr. 14b6. Pali: sammata-sm.
55
. Pali, gmasma; Cf. Mahvagga II, vn. i. tr. 110: asammatya bhkkhave smya
at t hapitya, yam gmam v nigamam v upanissya viharati, y tassa v gmassa
gmasm nigamassa v nigamasm, yam tattha samnasamvs ekuposath, Khi mt
cng gii cha c tha thun, cha c n nh, th bt c mt t lc, mt th trn
m t-kheo nng vo ; t lac y l cng gii t lc, th trn y l cng gii th
trn. Trong phm vi l ng nht tr x, ng nht thuyt gii.
52
56
trong phm vi 7 cy tc c 6 khong = 21 khuu (= 63 b). Cf. Pali, Mahvagga II, Vn.i.
tr.111: agmake ce...arae samant sattabbhantar ayam tattha samnasamvs
ekuposath, Nu t-kheo sng ni khng phi l t lc, rng vng, th trong phm vi
by abbhantara l gi hn ng nht tr x, ng nht thuyt gii. Gii thich ca
Mahvagga-t t hakath
(Vn.5.v.
tr.
1050):
tattha
ekam
abbhantaram
at t havsatihatthappamsam hoti, y, 1 abbhantara bng 28 hattha (tay). 1 hattha Pli
tc 1 hasta Skt. = 24 agula.
57
. Skt. aranya (Pal. araa); Hn: a-lan-nh. nhn tnh x , v s x , khng nhn . Cf.
Ma-c-lc-gi 3 (i 23, tr. 580b3): Gii a-lan-nh, trong phm vi 1 cu-l-x. Hnh
s sao I (i 40, tr. 7a23: V gii a-lan-nh, cc b khng nht nh. Phn ln tnh l 1
cu-l-x. Xem cht. 8 di. Thin kin lut 17 (i 24, tr.794b9) : Gii a-bn--la
(Pl. abbhantara) tc l gii a-lan-nh. Theo (tr. 793b4), gii a-lan-nh, cc nh,
vung vc by a-bn--la (Pali: abbhantara). 1 a-bn--la = 28 khyu.; xem cht. 6
trn.
Hn: cu-l-x; Skt. kroa. C hai cch tnh mt cu l x: bng 4000 khuu tc
khong 1800m, hoc bng 8000 khuu tc khong 3600m. y ni theo cch tnh th
nht.
59
. Bn-; Skt. abhyantara (Pali: abbhantara): ni b, trung gian.. Xem cht. 6 trn.
60
. Hnh s sao I (i 40, tr. 7a19), dn Tt-b-a: T kheo khi du hanh, ty ch tr x,
trong phm vi mt cu-l-x l gii (o hnh). Dn thm Thp tng: 600 b lm mt
cu-l-x.
58
Pali: udakukkepa-sm; Thin kin lut 17 (i 24, tr.794b10), trch thy gii Cf.
Pali, Mahvagga II, Vn.i. 111: nadiy v bhikkhave samudde v jtassare v yam
majjhimassa purisassa samant udakukkhep, ayam tattha samnasamvs ekuposath
ti, Ni no c sng, bin hay ao h, trong phm vi m mtt ngi trung bnh ht nc
n; l cng gii ng nht tr tr x, ng nht thuyt gii.
62
. Hn: tc php gii ; Pali: sammant sm.
61
63
65
Ng phn lut 18 (i 22, tr. 23c2); b-tt ng; T phn lut 35 (i 22, tr. 818c2):
thuyt gii ng . Mahvagga II, Vn. i. tr. 106, uposathgra.
69
. T phn lut 35 (i 22, tr. 818b23): Cc t-kheo hay rng Pht dy phi cng thuyt
gii ti mt a im, nhng v cha c a im c nh, mi ngi i mi ni, khin
vic tp Tng rt mt nhc. Do Pht dy n nh gii trng.
68
71
72
. T phn lut 35 (i 22, tr. 820a26). Cf. Ng phn lut (i 22, tr. 124a8): cng b-
tt cng c th. Thin kin lut 24 (i 24, tr.794b4): la-b-gii. Pali, MahvaggaAt t hakath, v. 1136: lbhasm.
. C ba cch tnh v mt do tun: hoc bng khong 4 dm Anh tc khong 6500m,
73
75
76
tt-k iu 2. Thp tng lut 5, i 23, tr. 31b10: ni-tt-k iu 2. Pali, Prjika,
Vn.iii.tr.197 ticvarena vippavaseyya ... nissaggiyam pcittiyam.
77
. T phn lut 35, i 22, tr. 820a6. T-ni t-b-sa 4, i 23, tr. 529b28.
78
. T phn lut 43, Dc kin i 22, tr. 874.c. Thin kin lut 27, i 24, tr.
. Ng phn lut 22, i 22, tr. 150a6. T phn lut 43, i 22, tr. 876a10: tnh a. Cf.
. T phn lut 43, i 22, tr. 874c15. Mahvagga VI, Vn.1. 240: catasso
.T