oices: Class Reading Journal Support text

Name: Gabriel Rayo

BioDiversity Group: A Attenborough Teacher: Chris Brookes
Tutor Group No. 07 Tutor Chris Brookes
SACE

Non-SACE

ESL

Topic 1: Understanding key concepts

*You might want to present your response to this topic in your reading journal. This first
topic is a follow-up to Session 1 activities in the previous session.

There are a number of key concepts that relate to writing a literary work for publication,
such as plot structure, characterisation, setting and theme. Some of these concepts will
be already quite familiar and you will just need to refresh your knowledge. Other
concepts may be new and these will be explored as you work through the following
pages. You may need to research some concepts in more detail and there are texts and
web-links that will guide you in this research.
It is important to highlight any difficult areas and discuss what they might mean with
your partner and with your teacher, so that you achieve the best learning from this topic.
You will need to refer to these concepts in demonstrating your learning in the final oral
presentation task.
Key Concepts:
Diasporas
Refugee/migration/illegal immigrants
Emigration/immigration
Linguistics
Subcultures
Surfies
Bikies
Emos
Perhaps a discussion/research section on the subcultures in various decades? 50s
bodgies/widgies, 60s rockers, surfers, 70s hippies etc. Report back to the group on
what you have found.
Literary Techniques used to convey key concepts and subcultures:
Plot/ Plot structure: How a literary piece such as poems, novels, and short stories are
structured. It is a sequence of events that make the story of a novel, poem or short
stories. When talking about a plot of a piece of writing, it is more useful to use the word
structure rather than to say what happens in a piece of writing.
Characterisation: it is a literary device that is used to highlight and explain details about
a character in a story. The author could convey to his audience the personality of the
character, life history, values, physical attributes.
Setting: The setting of a literary piece is the location of a story, this could be internal or
external. Internal setting is a form of setting when the author creates a setting for a
character. External setting is The setting of a piece of writing can be specific where a
setting is on a specific location at a specific time, such as New York City in 1930. The
setting of a piece of writing can also be ambiguous where a setting of a piece of writing is
set on a random location, such as a large urban city during economic hard times.
Imagery: It uses words to describe something in detail. Mainly descriptive words as it
helps the reader visualize what he is reading. It also uses words to substitute and create
sensory stimulation such as visual imagery and sound imagery, food imagery, and nature
imagery.
Style/ Narrative perspective: This is the identity of the narrative voice, in which the
person or entity that the reader experiences through. Can be first person and third
person, depending on the style of the author. The perspective is commonly misused in
narrative pieces of writing, as it does not refer to the authors feelings, opinions,

perspectives, and biases. The author can use different types of different styles of
perspective to portray his ideas to his audience.
1. 1st person/ 3rd person. Some novels use 2 nd person (very rare). The first person
perspective is when a character in the story (usually the protagonist) narrates the
story to the audience. In third person perspective the story is told by a narrator,
and is very limited. Some novels use the second person perspective. The second
person perspective is told by a second person and uses the words such as you, or
him. Not many novels use this kinds of perspective as it is very hard to use and
very confusing to the audience.
2. Present/ Past tense: There are two tenses that authors use when they are making
a piece of writing. The present tense, and the past tense. The present tense is
used to express anything that is occurring now or occurring in the present
moment. They also communicate actions that are ongoing, constant, or habitual.
Here are some examples of present tense: I run four miles every mourning
University of Washington. Present tense are very useful in literature as it engages
the reader with a thrilling sensation. The past tense is used to express anything
that has already occurred in past events, prior conditions, or completed process.
Here are some examples of past tense: I used to run four miles every morning.
The effect past tense has on literature is that it tells the story to the reader,
instead of engaging the reader. (University of Washington, n.d.)
Symbolism: The use of symbols to suggest an idea and qualities by giving them symbolic
meanings that are different from literal sense. Symbolism can take many different forms.
Generally symbolism is an object representing another to give it a different, and a much
deeper meaning. However, symbols sometimes can be represent as actions, words or
events. Depending on each individual they might interpret a symbol differently, for
example, when someone smiles at you it might symbolise the friendship you have or it
could symbolise the feel of affection that person has for you. A symbol must be
something that is visible or tangible while the idea it tries to symbolises is something
abstract or universal. (Literary Devices, n.d.)
Juxtaposition: Juxtaposition is a literary technique that lets the reader decide the
meaning, and establish connections. This can be done through placing verbal elements
side by side. Juxtaposition is a useful literary technique used by authors to portray their
characters in great detail to create suspense and a rhetorical effect. A good example of
juxtaposition is when the author makes reader sense goodness in a character by placing
him side by side with a predominantly evil character. (Literary Devices, n.d.)
Metaphor: Metaphors is a form of figure of speech that makes an implicit, implied or
hidden comparison between two objects. In other words, a resemblance of two different
objects is made between a single or more common characteristics. In English, when a
thing such as a place or a person is portrayed as being something else when it is
actually not that something else, is called speaking metaphorically. A metaphor does not
use words like or as to show the comparison between two objects. (Literary Devices,
n.d.)

Topic 2: Thinking
literature

about

why

we

read

*You might want to present your response to this topic in your reading Journal or
you can create an Interview about Reading page in your reading journal.
You will interview another student and read some articles. Your reading journal
entry should be a brief reflection on these encounters, making 3 key points that
seemed to emerge for you from this.

Respond to questions like the following: Why bother reading books? What is the
range of diversity of human experiences found in books? List some dot points
that outline your own perspectives and those of other people. To begin your
writing, you might want to use some of the starters listed below:

Teachers might think that reading books are good for students as they can
improve their vocabulary through reading, especially with novels. They
might also think that
Writers might feel that...
Young people might not like reading because
I think that...
I enjoy reading the kinds of books that are thrilling, and suspenseful. This
is because this kinds of books that I seem to get engage in, and actually
spend time reading those kinds of books.

There are also some articles on the portal to read. Reflect on Reading
https://portal.asms.sa.edu.au/myClasses/biodiversity/Ecosystems/voices/Page
s/fsp4_reflect.aspx
Answer the questions above the weblinks to the articles in full sentences.
1.

What kind of books have you been reading over the past year?
I havent read much books in the past year, as I am busy with school work, and havent had the time to
borrow a book from the library or buy a book to read.

2.

Do you enjoy reading? Why/why not?

It depends on the type of book I read. Sometimes I enjoy reading books that fit my personal genres, and
sometimes the book fits my genres, but it just doesnt click to me. So whether I enjoy reading is
entirely up to how I feel about the book. Im not sure why, since I havent really thought about it too
much, but over the past year I have noticed this trait in me.

3.

Which genre do you prefer (novels, short stories, biographies and/or non-fiction)?
The genre I prefer reading are short novels. Those very long novels really does not click with me, and I
get bored reading them. I really like reading short novels as they are short, obviously, and they dont
stray away from the story. Really long novels, usually have parts that does not need to be included in
the story, short novels sticks to the story more which I really like.

4.

Does reading literature have much value to most young people now?
No, I dont think reading literature has much value to most young people now as it they think reading
literature is a waste of time, and they could do more useful things. But I think reading literature has
many advantages to it, but not much people know it. This is because literature are a major part in
childrens development.

5.

Why do teachers push students into reading fiction rather than just non fiction?
I think teachers push students into reading fiction rather than just non-fiction is because students can
learn the literary techniques used in the language they use. This could be in any language as each
language has different literary techniques. As a result, students learn how to talk in their language in
their everyday lives, as they know how the structure of a phrase or a sentence works.

6.

Why do so many cultures place great value on "literature"?

I think that many cultures put great value on literature, because it is a great way of passing on the ways
of their culture. Examples are history books, they tell us the history of our culture and every other
culture through writing down the events that has occurred in those periods. A really great example of
cultures placing great value on literature is the Bible. They recorded the events the people of God
(Jews) has done through many generations, thus recording the history of their people.
7.

Will books survive this decade? Why/why not?

I dont think that books will survive this decade as there are e-books that people can use instead of
using a print-out book. E-books are handier to bring when travelling around, especially for people who
take public transport (bus, tram, trains). They are also very light, and thing which makes it much more
efficient outdoors.

Why read books article:

1. Is learning to enjoy reading the same as learning to ride a bike you just need to get
the basic skills and then just keep practising?
No, reading is something that someone loves to do. He/she may enjoy reading
because they love reading, but for someone else they might not find reading
enjoyable because they might not like what they are reading or just doesnt like
reading in general. Enjoying reading is not something that you keep on practicing, it
is something that you like doing. It is very different from learning to ride a bike,
because you dont learn something you enjoy.
2. Do you think the situation described here is the same/different in Australia?
I think that the situation described in America is close to being the same in Australia.
This is because I have seen people whose language usage is poor, such as me. This is
due to the lack of reading literature that could help the language use of people.
3. Does a decline in reading skills and interest in reading really matter at a personal and
national level?
Yes, as people read books their vocabulary increases and this could help people
improve their language use in normal everyday life. People would use other
describing words to describe their frustrations, and how much they dislike a thing.
This is an important subject for both at the personal level and national level.
4. What encourages young people to read books? And what distracts or discourages
people from reading?
The things that encourage people to read books are the things that they love. If they
read something that they enjoy, they get engage in to whatever they are reading. I
am also speaking from personal experience, I really enjoy suspense and thrillers
(especially in movies), so when I read something that fits those categories I get
straight into reading that book. I think the things that distracts or discourages people
is from really complicated words that people usually cannot understand. People get
really interested in things they can relate to, and if they cannot relate to the book
they are reading then they are discouraged to read that book.
5. Does literature offer anything that other media does not offer (eg movies, Internet,
TV, newspapers)
I think that literature offers many things that other media does not offer. Literature
offers learning through reading, people can learn how to structure paragraphs and
sentences by just reading novels or non-fiction books. Also literature offers logical
thinking, since some books such as Sherlock Holmes or Harry Potter has lots of
twists and this could develop a persons logical thinking, like they can predict the

ending of a book. This skill could be very useful in real life, as they would be able to
solve real world problems.
6. Are teachers wasting their time trying to get students to read literature?
I dont think that teachers are wasting their time trying to get students to read
literature. This is because students can learn through reading. The things they learn
from reading could help them in life as it could improve the grades they get in school,
which could mean getting into university to get a decent job. Very helpful things
could be learnt through reading as explained in the question above.
7. Will libraries and librarians continue to serve a useful purpose in the age of the
Internet?
Yes I think libraries and librarians will continue to serve a useful purpose in the age of
the Internet. This is because artefacts that historians have found that cannot be
uploaded to the internet can be kept to a library for educational purposes or safekeeping. Also agencies that want to keep confidential files secret, could also use a
library to keep all the confidential files they want. This is because if they use the
internet to keep files, they might get hacked and people could read the files that they
are trying to keep secret.
8. Do you think that learning more about how books work (eg about how writers
create plot, characters, setting, themes) enhances your appreciation of literature?
Yes, because I think that people will get engage into reading more books to
understand how books work. This is because people might want to become authors
one day, and by reading books, they can understand how to create a plot for a novel,
how to create a character, how to choose specific themes and specific location for a
specific character or story.

Topic 3: Choosing a text to study

In your first library visit

you browse through a book display, look at 3 minimum before choosing

EXPLORING TEXTS:
Harvard Referencing:
(Simpson, 1988), (Orwell, 1989), (Cormier, 2007)

References
Cormier, R., 2007. Heroes. London: Pearson Education Limited .
Orwell, G., 1989. Animal Farm. London: Penguin Book.
Simpson, J., 1988. Touching the Void. Great Britain: Jonathan Cape.

How the book is presented must also be considered to catch the readers attention. This
is because if the book is not represented properly, the reader might think that the book is
boring or has no story to it. For example, how Animal Farm is presented, it does not look
very presentable to the audience thus not much people read the book.
The book I chose to study is called Animal Farm by George Orwell. The books looks
interesting as the comments and blurbs on the back of the book says:
Blurb:
It is the history of a revolution that went wrong and of the excellent excuses that were
forth coming at every step for the perversion of the original doctrine written by Orwell in
the original blurb for the first edition of Animal Farm in 1945. His simple and tragic
fable, telling what happens when the animals drive out Mr Jones and attempt to run their
farm themselves, has since become a world-famous classic of English prose.
Comment:
Almost certainly Orwell is the best polemical writer in English since Swift
moreover a typically English writer Bernard Crick.

and he is

Topic 4: Once upon a time

Only fairytales begin with the predictable words: Once upon a time there was
Consider how writers create a beginning to their text carefully and creatively. For
example,
do
they
always
begin
at
the
beginning?
Authors usually starts with the beginning of the story of the book. But some authors start
the book, where the main character (protagonist) is in the middle of the story, and the
author tells the story of how the protagonist got into that situation. This creates a
suspenseful feeling to the book, and the reader gets engaged in the story of the book.
This technique is very hard to use as the reader might not understand what is happening
with the story and might not get interested in the book. The good thing about author
using a linear structure of the book (where the author starts at the beginning of the
story) is that it tells us the background information needed to understand the story. The
problem with this narrative style is that it may take long, and the reader might get bored
and not get engaged into the book.

How

does

the

opening

page

draw

you

into

book?

The opening page is one of the most important pages in the book, as it is the page that
draws the reader into the book. The opening page draws a reader into the book using a
few techniques:

Narrative Structure
Structure
How is the reader addressed

The narrative structure of the opening page draws the reader into the book, as it depicts
how the narrative is structured (linear or flashbacks). Depending on the narrative
structure of the book the reader may or may not be engaged with the book. For example,
the book I am reading has a linear narrative structure where the author starts the book at
the reason behind the animals rebelling Word had gone round during the day that old
Major, the prize Middle White Boar, had had a strange dream on the previous night and
wished to communicate it to the other animals. Animal Farm, Chapter 1, page 1,
paragraph 2
The structure of the opening page is also an important factor for drawing the readers
attention to book, because the reader might get bored if the sentences and paragraphs
are a bit long. People usually like to read small sentences as paragraphs as they do not
get put off from reading. This is because when people read long paragraphs they think
that they will read for a very long time. The structure is an important factor for engaging
the reader into the book.
How the reader is addressed is also a key point in engaging the reader. This is because
certain author uses literary techniques and languages to make the reader feel that they
are in the book itself, or has close relations to the main character. This engages the
reader in the book, as they feel like they feel how the main protagonist feels.

Make

some

notes

about

how

your

book

begins.

The book I am reading for the time being is Animal Farm. Just from reading the first few
pages of the book, the narrative structure of the book is linear. It started from the start of
the story, which was the animals revolting, and continues on. The book has a very slow
pace, this is because there is a lot of description of the movements of the animals and
the behaviours of the animals. This was also done to the antagonists (Man), shows the
personalities of the antagonist at the first few lines of the pages. How the reader is also
addressed is like someone telling a story. It is not a very intimate, and close book where

the reader feels the emotions of the main characters. The book is structured in a way
that it sounds like the book is telling facts to the reader.

Write some brief notes that summarise the focus of the first page and the
questions, problems or mysteries the author introduces that make you want to
read more of the book. Copy some specific words and phrases that this author
uses as starting points.
The main focus of the first page is to introduce the meeting that takes place later on the
story. It was also to introduce two characters that are very important in the story of the
book. These two characters are Old Major and Mr Jones. The book describes them by
their physical appearances, their behaviour and their achievements in their life. Here is a
quote from the book that describes both Mr Jones Mr Jones, of the Manor Farm, had
locked the hen-houses for the night, but was too drunk to remember the pop-holes. With
the ring of light from his lantern dancing from side to side he lurched across the yard,
kicked off his boots at the back door, drew himself a last glass of beer from the barrel in
scullery, and made his way up to bed, where Mrs Jones was already snoring.- Animal
Farm, Chapter 1, page 1, paragraph 2
The phrases that describes Old Major in the first page. ... old Major, the prize Middle
White boar,.Old Major (so he was always called, though the name under which he had
been exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded on the farm that
everyone was quite ready to lose an hours sleep in order to hear what he had to
say..He was twelve years old and had lately grown rather stout, but he was still a
majestic-looking pig, with a wise and benevolent appearance in spite of the fact that his
tushes had never been cut. Animal Farm, Chapter 1, page 1, paragraphs 2&3
The first page didnt have many mysteries that the author introduces, but instead he/she
introduces an idea that the book adapts, and becomes the story of the book. This makes
the first page of the book a very important page in the book, as it explains the main idea
behind the story, and how it developed.

Make a reading journal page called Beginning the Book and paste your
comments onto that page.
Beginning the Book:
1. The first page of the book was very informative, tells the reader a lot of
background information to the story of the book. The problem with the first page
is that it is so informative that the reader gets bored and doesnt read the book
further. There is not much happening in the first page of the book, and the
paragraphs are long. This puts the reader off from continuing on from reading.
2. From reading the first page of the book, I noticed that the pacing of the book is
slow, and the narrative structure of the book is linear. The narrative structure of
the book is fine as it is because the story would get too confusing, if the story
started at the beginning. The first page somehow made sense to me due to the
narrative structure.
3. There was many descriptive words in the first page to explain the situation in a
much descriptive, and deeper point of view. By doing this the reader can imagine
what the situation would look like as, if they were in the story itself. This could
engage the reader to read more as he can grasp a picture of what is happening at
the story. Really good technique to use for this book.

Topic 5: Where and When?

Every event, journey or adventure in a book has to be located in a time and
place, just as in real life. The difference is that a writer has to create the time and
place in words for their text. This technique is called establishing the setting for
the action and this usually happens early in the text but will become a key focus
at certain points later in the text.

Describe the specific setting(s) of your chosen text. Ask where? and
when? things happen, and work out precisely what details in the setting
are
important.
The author chose the setting of the book to be on a country farm in England,
called Manor Farm. Most of the story happens in Manor Farm (later called Animal
Farm in the story). The story of Animal Farm, from what I have read so far, is set
on a few years after the rebellion had taken place (1943-1944). The rebellion of
the animals was supposed to represent the Russian Revolution, and the few years
after the Revolution had been successfully carried out.

Write brief notes and try to create an illustration (map, sketch, timeline,
hand drawing) to show how your chosen writer approaches the setting in
his/her
text.
The author approaches the setting by introducing it on the first few chapters of
the book, where the author talks about the rebellion on the farm. The story
focuses mainly on the farm and what happens on the farm. Its as if the author
doesnt leave the farm. This is because the author uses his story as an analogy of
the Russian Revolution, and he focuses on how the farm changes after the
rebellion.

Use examples (quoted words and phrases) from the book you chose, to
show
where
your
ideas
come
from.

Here are some of the quotes from the book that gave me the conclusions I have
elaborated on:
Only get rid of
Man, and the produce of our labour would be our own. Almost overnight we could
become rich and free This gave me the idea of that the animals will rebel
against human being sooner or later in the story. This also gave me the idea that
the farm in which the animals are living on, will be the main focus/setting of the
story. This is because of the phrases used in the quotes, our labour would be our
own.
Setting
1. What elements of the setting does the author focus on?
The authors main focus in the setting of the story was the farm in which the
animals lived in. This was because the story never left the Manor Farm, now called
as the Animal Farm. The author also talks about how the farm grows and changes
as the animals work on the farm. That being said, the author also focuses on the
animals in the farm. The author shows how the behaviours and habits of the
animals in the town have changed as the farm changes during the course of the
story
2. How effective is the imagery used to describe the surrounding? What mood does
it create and what does it tell us about the authors attitude to the place?
The author used imagery very effectively to describe the surroundings of the
animals. This is because I could imagine what the colours of the surroundings are
if the book was made into a movie. The author changes mood from the beginning
to the middle, and to the end of the story. At the beginning of the story the
surroundings of the animals were dark, and unpleasant. This gave the story a
dark/unpleasant mood due to the surroundings given. In the middle of the story,

3.

4.

5.

6.

the surrounding became clear, was clean, and had more sun to it. This meant
that the mood of the story now is joyful, and the hardships are gone. But as the
story goes on, the mood changes back to the dark, and unpleasant mood. This
means that the surroundings of the animals were also unpleasant, and dangerous.
Describe the society created by your author. How do people relate? Who holds the
power?
After Mr. Jones, the antagonist of the story, was driven off the farm. The animals
were equal, they had a democracy that everyone should be treated equally. But a
few months later, a pig called Napoleon took over the farm and makes a hierarchy
where the pigs are at the top, and the powerless he calls useless are at the
bottom. He also changed the seven commandments that the other animals had
set for themselves. He changed the seven commandments to All animals are
equal, but some animals are more equal than other. This created the hierarchy
that pigs should be on top as they are the smartest, and Napoleon was the one
leading them.
People can relate to this as sometimes people discriminate other people, and
have less resources than others. This may be due to the ethnical background of
the people or persons, and they may get mistreated. Also people that are useless
to us get less privileges than people who are useful to us. The slaves people had
before Abraham Lincoln introduced democracy to the people, were treated as low
class people and didnt deserve luxuries as the white race.
Who is powerless? Are any people or groups discriminated against? Why?
The animals that were useless to the pigs were the powerless animals. These
animals were thought useless because the pigs thought that they had no purpose
in the farm. These animals were lambs, dogs, and ducks. The pigs thought of
them useless, and the rations they ate were less than some of the rations that the
other animals in the farm had, such as the horses. The horses had enough rations
for them to be able to do their work.
What are some of the bigger differences between our society and that created by
the author?
The differences in our society and the society created by the author is that we do
not think any of us (human beings) are not superior to others. There is always
skills that people could use to become useful to the society that we have created.
But in the society the author created, the pigs thought that they were more
superior as they were the most intelligent out of all the animals. This resulted in a
hierarchy. We used to do this back in the old days, but the laws have changed and
we do not think that anyone is more superior to others. One person might be
smarter, that doesnt make him more superior than other people, because other
people might have the strength that he lacks.
How does the environment affect the characters lives?
As the environment changes around the animals, how they live also changes. At
first, the animals lifestyle were portrayed as slaves where they would work all
day, and sometimes would not get fed. But as soon as Mr Jones and his troops
were driven off the farm, the lifestyles of the animals changed. They had more
food than they ever had. They lived in luxury, and where every animal was equal.
But that soon changed when Napoleon took over the farm. The animals lifestyle
came back to where they were, as being slaves. They had less rations, and they
were put into a lot of work and pressure by the pigs. Over all, as the environment
changed in the story, the lives of the characters (animals) was affected.

Topic 6: Characterisation (Who?)

Find definitions for the following roles protagonist, minor characters

A protagonist is the central character in poetry, narrative novel, or in any other
story. The story revolves around this character. As an example, the protagonist (s)
in the book I am reading Animal Farm are the pigs in the farm. (Literary Devices,
n.d.)
Minor characters are the characters around the protagonist, which are
unimportant to the story of the novel. Minor characters are usually introduced into
the story, and will quickly disappear. An example of a minor character in Animal
Farm is Moses, the tame raven.
Create a mind map for one of the central characters in your book (see the
Macbeth in Entry 6 of your journal)

Consider your main characters when answering the following questions (and the
examples from your novel to support your answers)
i) How do descriptions and actions complement each other to create believable,
realistic and relatable characters? Discuss the changes
The actions of the characters in the story showed their strengths and
weaknesses. This made the characters in the story more believable and
realistic as real people has their own strengths and weaknesses. Not all people
are undefeatable, even Superman had a weakness. This showed that even
though Superman is strong he has a weakness. This helps people believe that
they are real.
Also by adding human characteristics the reader can relate to what the
animals are thinking and how they move around. How the animals think are
similar to how humans think and shows how humans react to protect their own
territory. Also the animals learn how to read and write, learn how to use tools
that are necessary for farming. This shows that animals do have human
characteristics and makes them more believable and relatable. (Violinist, n.d.)
ii) How do your characters change or develop during the course of the novel
The characters in the novel I am reading, Animal Farm changes as their
environment changes and as the leader who takes leadership of the farm. For
example, when Mr Jones had been driven off the farm the animals became
more independent and they changed how they treated humans. As the story
goes on, the animals age and their muscles weaken. They change how they
work, and as they mature they become more reasonable. One of the pigs that
had taken over the farm, took leadership and changed the environment where

the animals lived. He subtlety changed how the animals think by changing
the history of the animals.
How the author builds up his characters is he focuses on one character for one
chapter. For example, one of the chapters was focused on Snowball, and how
he managed the farm. This showed Snowballs characteristics as a leader and
the vision he had for the farm.
iii) Describe the nature of your characters interactions and relationships with
each other?
How the characters interact with each other is that they talk like humans.
They have their own language that they can understand. Even though, the
animals produce different sounds, they understand each other as if they were
talking in plain English. The animals build relationships with each other by
spending time together, and talking with each other just like how humans do.
A good example of this is the relationship Boxer and Benjamin. Boxer and
Benjamin has made a strong relationship by spending their Sundays together.
iv) What messages, ideas, theories or values are your characters used to explore
and portray? How effectively are they presented?
As the story of Animal Farm represents the Russian Revolution, the animals
represents in the farm represented key people in the Russian Revolution. Mr
Jones was portrayed as the old government Russia had, which was the royal
family of the Czar. Old Major was used to represent the man who sparked the
people to revolt against the Czar. This person was named Karl Marx. Snowball
one of the pigs that took over the farm at the start of the story was supposed
to represent Leon Trotsky. Leon Trotsky was one of the people who stayed with
Karl Marxs visions. As a result he was forced to leave Russia. Napoleon and
Squealer was represented as Stalin, and Lenin. Stalin and Lenin was the two
people who took over Russia after the Russian Revolution has been settled.
Boxer was supposed to represent the workers, and the people of the Russian
Revolution. These are the main characters that the author focused on to
represent specific roles in the Russian Revolution.
These characters showed the people they represented by the actions they did
and their personalities. For example, Karl Marx was a philosopher, he had built
a reputation for himself and people believed and trusted him due to his
reputation. Old Major has the same characteristics as Karl Marx, he had a
reputation he had built around the animals, and the animals trusted him. They
both have a vision that they will be free from the grasps of the autocratic
policies made by their current rulers (Jones or the Czar).

Topic
7:
Plot
Construction
(What happens? When? Why? How?)
Write some responses to the following questions. Discuss them with your partner.

How are the events in a book different from real life, even if they are
based
on
reality?
In real life, one specific animal cannot speak or communicate with other species
of animals. This makes animals impossible to rebel against humans. Also animals,
such as pigs, does not have the necessary body parts to be able to write. Animals
do not possess human characteristics that enables them to act like human beings.
Animals does not communicate with humans, making some of the events that
happened in the story impossible, such as at the end how the pigs were playing
poker with humans and having arguments.

With your partner, research definitions and examples relating to the

following techniques that writers use in constructing the events of their
text:

Plot
structure:
Complicatio
n
Sub-plot
Flashback
Crisis
Climax
Resolution
Coda

Plot structure: A plot is the sequence of events that make up a story. A common example of a plot of a story is beginning, middle, and
end. The plot structure is the order of events in a given story. The plot usually talks about the characters of the story, the theme of the
story, and the exposition of the story. A plot needs to have a purpose to drive the story into a resolution and a connection between events.
The plot structure contains the following: climax, complication, resolution, and a beginning (Tiffany, 2008-2014), (Anon., 2014)
Complications: the complication in a plot structure is the intensification of the conflict in a story. Usually the complication builds up ,
accumulates and develops the primary conflict of within a literary work, whether it be a poem or a novel. The complications in a story
usually build s up from the key events that happens in a story. For example, in Animal Farm the complications in the story builds up from
when Napoleon took the puppies of the dog. (DiYanni, 2014)
Sub-plot: A subplot is a plot subordinate to the main plot of a literary work or film. They are mini plots within the main plot. Subplots arent
simple stories that is put in the story to take a break from the main plot. A subplot is one that supports what the main plot is about. It is
structured just like any story with a beginning, middle, and end. The main job of a sub plot is to enhance what the protagonist is learning
and to help drive the action and theme. All subplots must relate to the main story. Anything that isnt related to the story is a filler, a risky
technique to use as it can dry up the story. An example of a sub-plot from Animal Farm is the story about Mollie in Chapter 5. (Anon.,
2014), (McDavid, 2011-2014)
Flashback: a flashback is , quote from Merriam-Webster Dictionary, an interruption of the chronological sequence (as of a film or literary
work) of an event of earlier occurrence. A flashback is a narrative technique that allows the writer to present past events during current
events to provide background knowledge of the present. Flashbacks are done in multiple methods, narration, dream sequences, and
memories. By using flash backs the author can allow the reader to gain insights on the characters background and motivation. Using
flashbacks are a good way of creating a sub-plot from a story. (Literary Devices, n.d.), (University of North Carolina, n.d.)
Crisis: A crisis is a crucial or decisive point or situation and must be resolved. It is a point in a story when a conflict reaches its highest
tension. It is also the peak of the emotional response from the reader or spectator. The crisis may occur between characters or the main
protagonists themselves. A crisis may be the result of all those complications building up. How the characters deal with the crisis is what
makes the body of the story. An example of crisis in Animal Farm, is the part where the animals are deciding to build a wind mill for the
farm. Snowball and Napoleon have a discussion, and when Napoleon was about to lose he sends out his dogs to chase Snowball off the
farm. (DiYanni, 2014), (Wheeler, 1998-2014), (Anon., n.d.),
Climax: The climax in the story is very similar to the crisis. The climax is the turning point of the action in the plot of a story or a film. It
represents the point of greatest tension in the story. But others say that the climax overlaps the crisis of a story. The climax can also be
the result of multiple complications in the plot of a story building up. The climax of Animal Farm was the part when Boxer was sold to a
glue company. Boxer was injured and the pigs decided that he would be useless, and thus sold him to a glue company. (Wheeler, 19982014), (DiYanni, 2014)
Resolution: A resolution is the end product of the characters struggle in the conflict/crisis of the story. Once the characters has reached
the solution for the predicament, or reach a point where the story can go no further in trying to reach a solution. The story is up to the
resolution. Resolution is what you can call, the ending of the plot structure. This is where most of the concluding statements occur. As

explained before, the resolution is usually after the climax or crisis of the story. An example of a resolution in Animal Farm is when
Benjamin and Clover (donkey and horse) read the seven commandments that the animals have set for themselves. The seven
commandments now read All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others (Nickol, 2003-2014)
Coda: As I explained before, the resolution usually contains a closing statement. Those closing statements are called codas. Codas serve
as a summation of the preceding themes that has occurred in the plot of the story in a work of literature, drama, or film. Most stories
would have a coda that makes the reader think about the messages that the author is trying to portray in the story. Codas are very useful
when an author is planning on making a second book, to make the reader look forward to reading the second book. An example of a coda
in Animal Farm is The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was
impossible to say which was which. This statement shows that the pigs had become their hated enemy, the humans. (Anon., n.d.),
(Dictionary.com, n.d.)

Write

definition

for

each

term

you

identify

from

your

chosen

text.

Which research resources were most helpful to your understanding? Highlight these in your Reading journal and add
references (text and online) that you used to the bibliography. *Add this to your reading journal page as a properly
formatted
reference
list.
List of references that have been useful for this reading journal: (Anon., n.d.), (DiYanni, 2014)
http://literary-devices.com/, Accessed: 12/04/2014
http://www.thefreedictionary.com/coda, Accessed: 12/04/2014
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072405228/student_view0/drama_glossary.html, Accessed: 12/04/2014

How can you diagrammatically represent the elements of the plot or events so that you can recall the structure and
explain it logically in some detail to someone who has not read the book? What would be most helpful? eg Story map?
Fishbone? Plot graph showing levels of tension? Annotated timeline?
The most useful diagrammatical representation of the elements of the plot or events would be an Annotated timeline. This is
because the story of Animal Farm is based in one year. A timeline would best describe what happens between that year in a
chronological order. This is because the story is also in a chronological order, there are no flashbacks in the story. The key events in
the
chapters
in
the
story
of
Animal
Farm
can
be
best
represented
in
an
annotated
timeline.

Research some websites on the subject of Graphic Organisers and Concept Maps before you make a
decision.
Create a diagram or table of events and add this to your reading journal as an image so that people can imagine the
structure and events by seeing these communicated in a logical way.

TIMELINE OF THE KEY EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN THE STORY

The
introduction of
the Rebellion
by Old Major

The Rebellion
started and Mr
Jones was
kicked off the
fa r m

The Seven
Commandment
s was
introduced to
the animals

The animals
learn to read
and write, and
gather their
first harvest for
themseslves

The taking over

of Manor Farm
by the Animals
spread, and Mr
Jones tried to
take back the
farm

The
introdcution of
the windmil
and the
expulsion of
Snowball

Napoleon takes
over the farm.
Discussion
about Snowball
andhis actions.
Starts building
of windmil

Windmil was
destryoed by
the storm,
blames it on
Snowball

Rebuilding og
the windmil .
Animals had
less rations
and was dying
of hunger.
Introduces new
mthod of
gathering food
(trading)

Animals was
executed for
working with
Snowball.
Animals
national
anthem was
changed.

Another song
was introduced
The windmil
they had
finished was
destryoed by
humans

Boxer gets
injured from
the battle
against
humans Boxer
gets sold to a
glue company

Seven
Commandment
s changed into
one. Pigs seen
playing poker
with humans

Topic 8: Perspective
Discuss the following questions with your partner and undertake some research if you need to clarify your ideas, before you
write brief notes on your ideas about the concept of perspective on a reading journal page with the title Perspective. Refer
to your own text.

Every event and person in a book, as in real life, is seen and talked about from a particular personal perspective.
Different peoples views of the world and of a specific event can be very different, depending on where you are looking
from. Give an example from real life.
An example of this is when an author gives a message through a story. A person might interpret the message the author has given
differently from another person. This may be because of their personal perspective (cultural, and beliefs), or their views in the
world. Depending on the culture of people, different things are logically right, and logically wrong. For example, in my home
country the Philippines, certain foods that are considered as delicacies here might not be considered as food here in Australia. This
is because of their cultural background, and their personal beliefs. Also how people see the world (everything in the world including
biodiversity) they might not eat meat for certain reasons, such as they might think that eating another animal is cruelty, but to
some people eating meat is perfectly normal. The personal perspectives of people can decide the choices they make in their lives.

What you bring to any personal encounter with people or events in real life, or in a book (as a reader) is influenced by
your values, beliefs and interests (which have been developed from previous socio-cultural experiences) as well as
being influenced by your immediate emotions and imagination. For example....?
An example of this is when I interact with people. I dont talk to people very much as I am concerned about what people might
think of me. I am also concerned about hurting someone else through what I say. As people have said in the past, the hurtful things
you say to people will last longer and harder to fix up than hurting someone physically. To minimize this, I choose my words very
carefully when talking to my friends, and to other people. This resulted in me becoming a shy, and a quiet person. I became a quiet
person, because of the emotions and my imaginations that influenced me to not talk to people. But, recently, I am trying to talk to
people more.

Choose a single event in your chosen book and examine the perspective(s) presented to the reader. Through whose
eyes are you watching? With whose ears are you listening?
The last chapter of the book was narrated in third person view. This was to emphasize on the previous events that have occurred in
the previous chapters that led to the resolution. This was also to show what the authors perspective is about a certain situation.
He can manipulate the movement, behaviour, and reactions of his characters according to what he sees that a person should act
like towards a certain situation/event. In this case, the chapter is about the changing of the revolution, where the animals had
worse conditions when they had started and the pigs took over the farm and ruled over the animals like Mr Jones. The characters of
the chapter (main characters died) saw that the pigs acted like humans, and looked at the Seven Commandments which has been

changed into one commandment (ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS). The reaction
that the animals had was that they had given up on changing, but they hope that other animals in other farms, might achieve their
dream where all animals are equal. Since, the author has based this upon the Russian Revolution, he wrote the characters in a way
so that they showed how the people in Russia has seen the change in the government.

Then think about the text you have chosen more broadly. Is there a single consistent viewpoint all the way through or
are there multiple perspectives on events?

There are multiple perspectives on the events that had occurred in the last chapter, but the narrators perspective was mainly
towards the third person view. The first person view was only when certain characters, such as Napoleon, spoke to the animals in a
meeting or telling them that a rule has been changed. The first person view, was used to engage the audience to keep reading on,
and the third person view was to help the reader to imagine the surroundings of the characters, the reaction of the characters, and
how they felt. In short, the third person view was used to help the reader make sense of what was happening. By combining these
two perspective, the reader feels the story intensifies, or the mood that the author is introducing to the story.

Check the difference between each of the following viewpoints and see which apply to your chosen text:
o First person narration First person narration is when the story is narrated by the main character/protagonist. In this

perspective, the story is focused more on what the protagonist is doing, rather than what the other characters are doing.
This way the reader can see more of how the author feels in certain situation, and the beliefs of the author. This is because
the authors feelings and beliefs can be shown in how his/her character reacts, thinks, feels, believes when faced with
certain events.
Third person narration Third person narration is when the story is narrated from another persons viewpoint. In this
perspective, the story is told by another person, as if he actually saw the events that occurred in the story in person. Stories
in this perspective tend to follow a linear story, where the story starts at the beginning and finishes at the end. There are no
flashbacks. The author can set a standard with how people should react to things by describing how his characters react to
his/her story. In a sense, third person narration also shows the beliefs of the author by showing how his/her character reacts.
Omniscient narration The role of the omniscient narrator is to tell the story in an impartial way. Meaning that the story is
told in an unbiased way. The narration talks about the story with looking in both sides of the arguments. By using this
perspective, the author can show the story in an unbiased way where the events are told in the most complete and
accurate form of what actually happened. This type of narration is usually used when basing a story in a real life event.
(Georgetown university, 2008)

What difference does each of these narrative viewpoints make to our view of events and characters?
Depending on the perspective the author uses, we (the readers) may think that the story is biased, and how the characters act is a
representation of their beliefs, and viewpoint in the world. Due to these reasons, the story we read may be believable or the story
we read may just be a biased opinion of the author and will be unreliable. For example, in the book Animal Farm, the narrative
viewpoint was omniscient narration. The book didnt have a biased opinion about the Russian Revolution, it just talked about the
facts that happened in the Russian Revolution in a form of a story. This could be used for learning, especially subjects relating to
the Russian Revolution.

How does the viewpoint affect the way that direct or indirect speech and thought processes are presented in your
chosen text.
With my particular chosen text, Animal Farm, it used the three main types of narrative perspectives. Firstly, the book used the first
person narration perspective in direct speeches. The direct speeches seemed just as if it was a tool in the story for the animals to
express their thoughts, emotions, and beliefs, because the book was telling the story in indirect speech. This is because the author
only made the animals use direct speeches when they are making speeches about their enemy (humans), or to express their
thoughts, and speeches concerning the farm. The thought processes of each of the animals are also presented in the first person
narrative perspective as they express the characters thoughts in when they were in direct speeches. If the animals didnt express
their thoughts and emotions through direct speeches, the author also used indirect speeches to indicate that the animals was too
scared to speak their mind. Indirect speeches is usually in past tense, and in third person narration. Indirect speech is not only
used for expressing the thoughts of the animals, it was also the main perspective that the story was built on, as explained earlier in
this paragraph. The actions of the animals was mainly in third person narration which made the story of the book flow. Thus the
main perspective of the book was third person narration, meaning that indirect speech was the main form of speech in the book, as
it expressed the feelings of the animals when not expressed in direct speech, and it made the story of the book flow. With the
omniscient narration, the direct and indirect speeches used in the story seemed like how real people would act if they were in the
same situation as the animals. The unbiased story made the reactions of the characters realistic.

//.

Topic 9: Theme
Discuss the following questions with your partner and undertake some research if needed to clarify your ideas, before you
note your ideas about theme on a reading journal page with Theme as its title.

How is theme different from plot?

The theme and plot are both important in the structure of a story, but they are two different aspects of the structure of a story. The
theme is basically the issue of the story. More specifically, the theme is the underlying topic or message that the writer, author or
director is trying to convey to their readers or audience. Themes are very important decorations that unify the whole concept of
the story. The plot is where the story starts from the beginning and finishes at the end, with a sequence of events that
explores/expresses the theme of the story. The plot is designed in several parts, and includes: The exposition, conflict,
complications, climax, falling action, and resolution. In conclusion, the difference between the plot and theme is that. Themes is
more about the issues/ideas of the story, and the plot is the structure of the story that explores the theme. (Difference
Between.net, 2011)

What are some favourite themes in films and literature? *Note that love and death are not themes but topics. What
else does a theme need to be a theme? Why are these themes such favourites?

The most common theme in both literature and films is love and friendship. The main idea in this theme is romantic love, platonic
love or friendship. These themes are one of the most common themes in films and literature because people can relate to these
themes as they are everyday occurrences. This is why most movies try to put a love relationship into the story of a story that has
no relationship. Also people can use the things they learn from the themes they have either watched or read into their own lives.
Something else that themes need to become a theme is that they need to be something that the readers remember, and
something that the readers could reflect on their lives and change a part of their lives.

What central themes are explored in your own chosen text?

As the book I am reading is based on a true event, the main themes being portrayed in this story is man vs himself. With this
story the theme could be changed into animals vs himself as the animals are represented as the people of the Russian
Revolution. There are also other themes that are explored in the story such as Man vs Nature. These themes are portrayed in the
story through certain events that have occurred in the story. For example, at the start of the story the theme of Man vs Nature is
introduced through Old Major where he says, No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the
plain truth.Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen
from us by human beings. Therefore, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word Man. Man is
the only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever. The
theme of animals vs. themselves is shown in the last chapter when the commandments have been changed into ALL ANIMALS
ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS and then it goes on to the last paragraph to say that The
creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again: but already it was impossible to say
which was which.

Briefly outline how the theme is evident.eg through critical incidents? A particular character? The setting or mood of
the book? Symbols and images? Comments by a narrator? Use some examples from your text to illustrate (quotations,
events)

The themes was explored through the critical incidents that happened in the story as explained in the question above. These
incidents were the introduction of the rebellion and the changing of the commandments. Through the introduction of the inequality
and the slavery that the animals are experiencing through the humans, the theme of Man vs. Nature is introduced. The author of
the book already introduced one of the themes that he is trying to portray at the beginning of the story. Here is a quote from the
story that suggests the theme: No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain
truth.Why then do we continue in this miserable condition? Because nearly the whole of the produce of our labour is stolen from
us by human beings. Therefore, comrades, is the answer to all our problems. It is summed up in a single word Man. Man is the
only real enemy we have. Remove Man from the scene, and the root cause of hunger and overwork is abolished for ever.

What do you know about your author that might explain why they chose to explore this theme?
The author had a lonely child hood. This resulted in him talking to imaginary persons, and he says I think from the very start my
literary ambitions were mixed up with the feeling of being isolated and undervalued. His first publication was at the age of 11

when he had a poem published in the local newspaper. He wasnt popular with his peers, and he found comfort in the books that
he read from his difficult situations. He also saw that the teachers in his school that treated the richer students better compared to
the poorer students. I think this is where he saw that people werent treated equally. I think this is where he got the theme of Man
vs. Nature where man was overruling the animals in the farm, and how man mistreated the animals. He saw that there was
inequality between the society of mankind and decided to make a book about inequality. At the end of the story, he showed that
the pigs who have taken over the farm have become like the humans they drove out. I think what the author is showing here is in
whatever country or place you go there will always be inequality between people. I think that the theme of animal vs animal was
gathered from this experience. Therefore, through the experiences of the author for Animal Farm he has themes related to them.
(bio., n.d.)

Topic 10: Packaging for Publication

When an author decides to publish through a commercial publisher or printer, there are lots of decisions to make about the
presentation, packaging and promotion of the text.
Consider your own text and discuss with your partner decisions that have been made in the case of the copy of the books you
are both reading. Undertake some research if needed to clarify your ideas, before your note your ideas in a new reading
journal page called Packaging for Publication. Remember to refer to examples from your own text in your comments.
Below are just a few of the key elements that need to be considered before publication of a book. It is helpful to base your
comments in the reading journal around these questions.

How do you decide what goes on the front and back cover? Why is this very important?
Depending on the mood of the story, and the message the author is trying to give the audience. The mood of the story may be
dark and so the colours that are portrayed on the front cover may have dark colours, usually these colours would have black. Some
books also try to tell their readers the appropriate age by using certain colours, and images on the front page. When a book has
bright colours, this is usually related to children therefore the age group that the author is trying to show is for children. The
images shown on the front page of a book is usually an important symbol in the book. For example, in Animal Farm, the picture
that is shown in the front cover is the flag of Animal Farm. This is a symbol of freedom for the animals, and in many other

countries. It can be seen clearly that the message that the author is trying to portray is about freedom. There are many other
examples of the images used to portray the message of the author in the front cover. The images and the colour doesnt just do
these factors, it also tries to capture the audiences attention. By using both colour and images the author/editor can make a front
cover that is related to the story of the book, and can catch a readers attention.
Usually the back cover of a book has the blurb. The blurb is a short summary of the book. This is where the author tries to get the
readers engaged in the story of the book. Authors usually the author summarises the key event in the book and has something in
the end of the blurb What will the [main character] do next? This is to encourage the reader to read the first few pages of the
book. The suspense may get the reader to read the book. The back cover of the book may also have editors saying the positive of
the books or the achievements the book has made. This also encourages the reader to read the book to actually see if it is worthy
of that praise or achievement.
In conclusion the front and back covers are very important as they catch the readers attention and tries to get the reader into
reading the book.

Look at the chapter list in the table of contents. Are they named or just numbered? What name could you give to each
chapter as a subtitle that sums up its content and focus?
Animal Farm by George Orwell, does not have a table of contents. However, the chapters in the book are only numbered not
named. Naming the chapters as a subtitle to sum up its content and focus is tricky for this book. This is because there are a few
key events that occurs in each chapter of the story. But if I had to name the chapters this is what I would name them:
1. Chapter I Beasts of England
2. Chapter 2 The Rebellion
3. Chapter 3 First Harvest
4. Chapter 4 Battle of the Cowshed
5. Chapter 5 Repulsion of Snowball
6. Chapter 6 The Windmill
7. Chapter 7 Conspiracy
8. Chapter 8 Destruction of Windmill
9. Chapter 9 The Death of Boxer
10. Chapter 10 The Real Enemy

I based the names for the chapters that have the most impact on the story. Each chapter had a key event in it, for example, the
introduction of the Seven Commandments was in the same chapter as the Rebellion (Chapter 2). Each chapter has two major events that
contributes to the story, but the later events are the result of the first event. Using the example of the Seven Commandments. The
introduction of the Seven Commandments is a major event in the story as this is the guidelines at which the animals should live, but the
Seven Commandments wont get introduced when the animals didnt rebel. Therefore, the Rebellion had the most impact on the story.

There is usually a selection of blurbs from reviewers on the back cover. Read these, then decide what else you could
say about your book that would be suitable for your own back cover blurb?
According to the blurb by Bernard Crick, the book has made the author one of the best authors in England. This shows that the
book was made well, and the reviewer liked the book. Using the blurb and my opinion, this is what I would put as a blurb for the
back cover blurb: It shows how one country could become after they have taken over their old ruler. This shows a good moral for
all people to know. The way he made the book is truly amazing. This is one of the best books I have read so far. I encourage
schools to try and get their students to learn about this book. This book is truly educational and therefore would be very useful for
schools.

Which fonts and paper would be most suitable, in your opinion, for the cover and internal pages? Those used by the
publisher or something different that another book offers as a model?
The paper used for the book is good, therefore in my opinion the paper used in the book does not need improving. The font of the
book, on the other hand, can be made larger so that it can be more legible. The book is made for people of all ages. I think that the
font of the book may be too small for kids ages 6-8, thus the font of the book needs to be larger. This may make the book bigger,
but I think it is worth it so that a wider range of people could read the book. The front page of the book has good font, it could
easily be read from a distance. The only problem here is that the authors name is bigger than the title of the book. This could
confuse other people as George Orwell as being the title of the story. The book should have the title as the biggest font on the front
page. If the editor is trying to sell the book by using the author, such as what they did in Animal Farm, they should make the font of
the title and the authors name the same size. I like what they did with the front cover of the book, by using the author to sell the
book but people can get confused.

References
Anon., 2014. Define Plot Structure. [Online]
Available at: http://www.ask.com/question/define-plot-structure
[Accessed 12 May 2014].
Anon., 2014. sub-plot. [Online]
Available at: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/subplot
[Accessed 12 May 2014].

Anon., n.d. coda. [Online]

Available at: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/coda
[Accessed 12 May 2014].
Anon., n.d. crisis. [Online]
Available at: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/crisis
[Accessed 12 May 2014].
bio., n.d. George Orwell Biography. [Online]
Available at: http://www.biography.com/people/george-orwell-9429833#personal-life&awesm=~oFqFZuPQ1w0fDZ
[Accessed 2 April 2014].
Cormier, R., 2007. Heroes. London: Pearson Education Limited .
Dictionary.com, n.d. coda. [Online]
Available at: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/coda
[Accessed 12 May 2014].
Difference Between.net, 2011. Difference Between Plot and Theme. [Online]
Available at: http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/difference-between-plot-and-theme/
[Accessed 2 April 2014].
DiYanni, R., 2014. Glossary of Drama Terms. [Online]
Available at: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072405228/student_view0/drama_glossary.html
[Accessed 12 May 2014].
Georgetown university, 2008. Omniscent narrator. [Online]
Available at: http://narrative.georgetown.edu/wiki/index.php/Omniscient_narrator
[Accessed 28 May 2014].
Literary Devices, n.d. Flashback. [Online]
Available at: http://literarydevices.net/flashback/
[Accessed 12 May 2014].

Literary Devices, n.d. Juxtaposition. [Online]

Available at: http://literarydevices.net/juxtaposition/
[Accessed 23 March 2014].
Literary Devices, n.d. Metaphor. [Online]
Available at: http://literarydevices.net/metaphor/
[Accessed 23 March 2014].
Literary Devices, n.d. Protagonist. [Online]
Available at: http://literarydevices.net/metaphor/
[Accessed 7 May 2014].
Literary Devices, n.d. Symbolism. [Online]
Available at: http://literarydevices.net/symbolism/
[Accessed 23 March 2014].
McDavid, D., 2011-2014. Know your writing terms: Subplot. [Online]
Available at: http://www.darlawrites.com/writing-term-sub-plot/
[Accessed 12 May 2014].
Nickol, B., 2003-2014. Resolution in Literature: Definition, Examples & Quiz. [Online]
Available at: http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/resolution-in-literature-definition-examples-quiz.html#lesson
[Accessed 12 May 2014].
Orwell, G., 1989. Animal Farm. London: Penguin Booka.
Simpson, J., 1988. Touching the Void. Great Britain: Jonathan Cape.
Tiffany, 2008-2014. Plot structure. [Online]
Available at: http://english.learnhub.com/lesson/4579-plot-structure
[Accessed 12 May 2014].

University of North Carolina, n.d. Glossary of Literary Terms. [Online]

Available at: http://www2.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/general/glossary.htm
[Accessed 12 May 2014].
University of Washington, n.d. Verb tenses. [Online]
Available at: http://depts.washington.edu/engl/askbetty/tenses.php
[Accessed 23 March 2014].
Violinist, T. M., n.d. Three Ways to Make Your Protagonist more realistic (and more lovable. [Online]
Available at: http://thewritepractice.com/realistic-lovable/
[Accessed 7 May 2014].
Wheeler, K., 1998-2014. Literary Terms and Definition. [Online]
Available at: http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/lit_terms_c.html
[Accessed 12 May 2014].