METHYL METHACRYLATE

METHYL METHACRYLATE
1 .. 2554
500

ISBN 978-974-286-924-3
. 04-153

447 10400

.
.
.
.

0-2215-1991-2 11-14, 0-2218-3557, 0-2218-3563

http://www.cuprint.chula.ac.th

1 (identification and properties) ............................. 2

1.1 (identification)............................................................................... 2
1.2
(chemical and physical properties) ............................................................... 3
2 (production and trade)........................................................... 5
3 (production processes) .................................................................. 8
4 (use) ............................................................................................................................. 9
5 (pathways into the environment)......................................10
6 (concentrations) .............................................................11
6.1 (loss and persistence) ............................11
6.2 (concentrations) ............................................................................11
6.3 (human intake) ..............................................................12
7 (environmental fate tests) ..........16
7.1
(biodegradation and biotransformation) ....................................................16
7.2 (photodegradation) ....................................................16
7.3 (hydrolysis) ......................................................................16
7.4 (sorption) .............................................................................................16
7.5 (evaporation) ............................................................................17
7.6 (oxidation) ............................................................17
7.7 (model ecosystem studies) .................17
8 (environmental fate) ............................................18
9 (chemobiokinetics) ................................19
9.1 (absorption) ..........................................................................................19
9.2 (distribution) ............................................................................19
9.3 (bioconcentration) .........................................................20


10
11

12

13

14
15
16

9.4 (metabolism) .................................................................................20

9.5 (excretion) ....................................................................21
(mammalian toxicity) .................................22
(special toxicity studies) .............................24
11.1 (biochemical interactions) ........................................24
11.2 (carcinogenicity).........................................................24
11.3 (mutagenicity) .......................................25
11.4 / (potentiation/antagonism) ..............................25
11.5 (neurotoxicity) ............................................26
11.6 (primary irritation) ................................................27
11.7 (embryotropic action) ................................27
11.8 (immunotoxicity).................................................28
11.9 (reproduction) .................................................29
11.10 (teratogenicity) ..................................................29
11.11 (behavior) ...........................................................................................30

(effects on organisms in the environment) .......................................................31

12.1 (aquatic) ......................................................................................31
12.2 (terrestrial).................................................................................31

(sampling/preparation/analysis) ..................................................................................32
13.1 (sampling) ...............................................................................32
13.2 (preparation/analysis) .................32
(spills) ..................................................................................................................34
14.1 ....................................................................................................................34
14.2 .....................................................................................34
(treatment of poisoning)......................................................36
15.1 ......................................................................................................36
15.2 .........................................................................................36
(waste management) .........................................................37

17
(recommendations/legal mechanisms) ...................................................................38
17.1 ...............................................................................................................38
17.2 ...............................................................................................................38
(references) ............................................................................................................40
1 ............................................................................................................45
2 .............................................................................................58

1 methyl methacrylate ................................... 4

2 methyl methacrylate .. 2550 - 2554 ........ 6
3 methyl methacrylate .. 2550 - 2554 ......... 7
4 methyl methacrylate .............12
5
rat
[14C] methyl methacrylate ...................21
6 LD50 LC50 methyl methacrylate .....23
7 LC50 methyl methacrylate ......................................31
8
methyl methacrylate ...................................................33
9 methyl methacrylate
.....................................................................................................................39

METHYL METHACRYLATE
methyl methacrylate
polymethyl methacrylate (inhibitor)
hydroquinone, hydroquinone methyl ether
dimethyl tert-butylphenol polymethyl
methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic, methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene
(MBS) methyl methacrylate
.. 2550 - 2553 30 /
methyl methacrylate
.. 2550 - 2553 10 /
methyl methacrylate

carbon dioxide
methyl methacrylate

(olfactory sensory epithelium) methyl methacrylate

short term test
short term test
International
Agency for Research on Cancer methyl methacrylate
3 (Group 3, not classifiable as to its
carcinogenicity to humans) U.S. EPA E
(Group E: evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans)

.. 2546 .. 2535
methyl methacrylate 2



METHYL METHACRYLATE

identification and properties

1.1 (identification)

(1)

methyl methacrylate

(2) CASRN

(Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number)

80-62-6

(3) EINECS

(European Inventory of Existing Chemical

Substances) 201-297-1

(4) UN Class

3 (flammable liquid)

(5) UN Number

1247

(6)

methyl methacrylate

(7)

acrylic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester

methacrylic acid, methyl ester
2-(methoxycarbonyl)-1-propene
methyl alpha-methylacrylate
methyl methacrylate monomer
methyl-2-methacrylate
methyl 2-methylpropenoate
methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate
2-methyl-2-propenoic acid, methyl ester
2-propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, methyl ester

(8)

C5H8O2

(9)
H2C

O
C C

H3C

(10)

OCH3

100.12

(11) NFPA 704 code

2

(12) IMDG code

(13) conversion factor ( 25 760 )

1 / = 0.244
1 = 4.10 /

1.2
(chemical and physical properties)
methyl methacrylate
(highly flammable) methyl methacrylate
1

METHYL METHACRYLATE

 1 methyl methacrylate
()
(, 760 )
()
()
()
( 25)
(, 25)

-47.55
100.5
10
435
1.7 - 8.2
0.9337
38.5

( = 1)
3.45
( 20)
1.4142
(/, 20)
16
Henrys law constant ( 25)
( /)
3.2 10-4
n-octanol-water partition coecient (Kow)
log Kow
1.38

Lide (2007 - 2008)

Lide (2007 - 2008)
NFPA (2010)
NFPA (2010)
NFPA (2010)
Lide (2007 - 2008)
Daubert and Danner
(1989)
Bisesi (2007)
Lide (2007 - 2008)
UNEP (2011)
Toxnet (2011)
Hansch et al. (1995)

production and trade

methyl methacrylate polymethyl methacrylate
(inhibitor) hydroquinone,
hydroquinone methyl ether dimethyl tert-butylphenol
22 - 65, 22 - 120 45 - 65 /
(Toxnet, 2011)
methyl methacrylate

.. 2550 - 2553 31,800,760; 28,093,045; 32,774,317 30,305,716
.. 2554 -
44,719,138 methyl methacrylate ..
2550 - 2554 2
methyl methacrylate
.. 2550 - 2553
10 / .. 2550 11,057,489
.. 2551 - 2553 12,654,289; 21,625,042
19,684,693 .. 2554
- 7,462,219 .. 2550 - 2553
methyl methacrylate 17
3 methyl methacrylate
80
methyl methacrylate .. 2550 - 2554
3

METHYL METHACRYLATE

 2 methyl methacrylate .. 2550 - 2554

()
2550

2551

2552

1,169,760
7,559,406
1,342,753
4,835,806
2,564,210
1,087,966
1,039,810
1,348,550
2,015,937
15,200
516,580
15,200
344,420
6,933,162
1,012,000
-

- 2,916,878
2,876,317
150,400
30,400
30,400
4,909,869 11,084,832 4,888,293 1,450,209
2,080,928
1,514,445 1,045,782 11,488,236 21,687,868
400,220
15,200
- 1,491,376
43,700
98,800
15,200
15,200
15,200
273,600
91,200
15,200
1,467,130
80,120
59,970
3,594,301 6,224,087 2,082,490 5,712,907
870,740 1,963,820 1,061,500
998,910
15,200
30,400
30,400
8
40,050
620,516
38,000
53,200
279,030
30,400
45,600
241,590
40,960
15,200
45,600
15,200
30,400
89,450
873,969
154,990
30,400 11,107,66
8,652,382 9,918,700 10,489,627
59,950
182,400
-

2554*

31,800,760 28,093,045 32,774,317 30,305,716 44,719,138

: (2550 - 2554)
* - 2554
methyl methacrylate 2916.1410.000

2553

 3 methyl methacrylate .. 2550 - 2554

()
2550

2551

2552

2553

2554*

72,000
200
1,566,594
2,830,471
2,000
362,379
682
2,000
11
6,202,497
17,200
1,080
375
-

5,940
17,100
12
15,200
11,400
4,984,790 6,420,139
3,620,110 2,652,661
4,850
388,220
9,162
87
133
4
2,173,284 10,349,330
1,475,024 2,149,505
1,980
400

1,015,772
405
344,400
3,645,541
2,829,480
21
15,367
24
9,998,177
30,400
1,804,856
150
-

10,165
4,206,794
1,041,900
20,400
8
57
2,182,895
-

11,057,489 12,654,289 21,625,042 19,684,693

7,462,219

: (2550 - 2554)
* - 2554
methyl methacrylate 2916.1410.000

METHYL METHACRYLATE

production processes
methyl methacrylate acetone
hydrocyanic acid acetone cyanohydrin sulfuric acid
methacrylamide sulfate esterification methanol
methyl methacrylate (Toxnet, 2011)
H3C

H3C

O + HCN

acetone

hydrocyanic
acid

OH
C

H2SO4

acetone cyanohydrin

O
C C

. SO

24

sulfuric acid

24

H2C

2H

hydrogen
ion
O
+ NH4HSO4

C C
H3C

hydrogen
ion

NH2

+ CH3OH + 2H+

methanol

. SO

methacrylamide
sulfate

NH2

methacrylamide
sulfate

H3C

H2C

acetone cyanohydrin

H2C
C

H3C

H3C

C C

H3C

H3C

H3C

OH

OCH3

methyl
methacrylate

ammonium
bisulfate

use

methyl methacrylate (Toxnet, 2011; U.S. EPA, 1998)

1. polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) acrylic

bone cement

2. methyl methacrylate
hydroxyethyl methacrylate 85 - 95 5 - 15
3. monomer methyl
methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS)
4. (surface coating)

METHYL METHACRYLATE

pathways into the environment

methyl methacrylate
1. methyl
methacrylate
methyl methacrylate
U.S. EPA 0.46 methyl methacrylate 98
.. 2549
methyl methacrylate 815 methyl methacrylate
3.75 (Toxnet, 2011)
methyl methacrylate .. 2550 - 2553
2,200; 2,500; 2,400 5,100 (DSEWPC, 2011)
2.
methyl methacrylate

methyl methacrylate

10

concentrations
6.1 (loss and persistence)
methyl methacrylate

methyl methacrylate
[ 7
(environmental fate tests)]

6.2 (concentrations)
methyl methacrylate
Zhu (2005)
(volatile organic compound, VOC)
37 Ottawa
2545 - 2546 74
1 methyl methacrylate 0.33 /

Chen (2000)
11 Kaohsiung .. 2537
10 1 methyl methacrylate 1.3 / Jia (2008)
46 Ann Arbor
Ypsilanti Michigan ..
2548 - 2549 Ann Arbor Ypsilanti
Ann Arbor 82
1 methyl methacrylate 0.14 /
Ypsilanti 59
methyl methacrylate
METHYL METHACRYLATE

11

 methyl methacrylate
4
4 methyl methacrylate
/

Ottawa

.. 2545 .. 2546

.. 2537
Kaohsiung
.. 2548
Ann Arbor
- 2549
Ypsilanti
1

(/)
0.33 (1/74)1

Zhu et al. (2005)

1.3 (1/10)

Chen et al. (2000)

0.14 (1/82)
(0/59)

Jia et al. (2008)

methyl methacrylate/

6.3 (human intake)

U.S. EPA (2011) oral reference dose (RfDo) reference
concentration (RfC) methyl methacrylate
U.S. EPA (2011) oral reference dose (RfDo) methyl
methacrylate Borzelleca (1964) rat
1 3
25 25 methyl methacrylate
6, 60, 2,000 / 2
U.S. EPA (2011)
2,000 / NOAEL methyl methacrylate
U.S. EPA (2011) 0.0313 /
0.462 NOAEL methyl methacrylate
12

2,000 (/) 0.0313 (/) / 0.462 () = 136 /

/
U.S. EPA (2011) uncertainty factor 100
RfDo methyl methacrylate
factor 10 (interspecies extrapolation)
factor 10 individual sensitivity
U.S. EPA (2011) modifying factor 1 RfDo methyl
methacrylate 136/(100 1) = 1.36 //
U.S. EPA (2011) RfDo methyl methacrylate
1.4 / / (
2)
U.S. EPA (2011) reference concentration (RfC) methyl
methacrylate Lomax (1997) rat
F344 1 3
70 70 methyl methacrylate 102.4, 408.6, 1,621.7 /
6 / 5 / 2
methyl
methacrylate
(olfactory sensory epithelium)
39
3 47, 48 38
3
0, 35 38
U.S. EPA (2011) dose-response relationship
benchmark concentration 10 (BMC10) methyl
methacrylate (mathematical model)
polynomial regression model BMC10 143 /
methyl methacrylate
BMC10 BMC10[adj] adjusted BMC10
methyl methacrylate
METHYL METHACRYLATE

13

BMC10[adj] = BMC10 (6 /24 ) (5 /7 )

BMC10[adj] = 143 (/) (6 /24 )
(5 /7 )
BMC10[adj] = 25.6 /

U.S. EPA (2011) BMC10 methyl methacrylate

(human equivalent concentration) BMC10[HEC] BMC10[adj]

BMC10[HEC] = BMC10[adj] x RGDRET
BMC10[HEC] BMC10 methyl methacrylate
BMC10 rat
RGDRET rat
(regional gas dosimetry ratio)
(extrathoracic region)
RGDRET
RGDRET = (MVa/SaET) / (MVh/ShET)
MVa rat 0.25 /
MVh 13.8 /
SaET rat
11.6
ShET
177
RGDRET = (0.25/11.6) / (13.8/177)
= 0.28
BMC10 methyl methacrylate 25.6
0.28 = 7.2 /
U.S. EPA (2011) uncertainty factor 100
RfC methyl methacrylate
14

factor 3 (interspecies extrapolation)

BMC10[HEC]
factor 3 individual sensitivity
U.S. EPA (2011) modifying factor 1 RfC methyl
methacrylate 7.2/(10 1) = 0.72 / U.S. EPA (2011)
RfC methyl methacrylate 7 10-1
/ ( 2)
methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate methyl methacrylate monomer
methyl methacrylate
[ 6.2 (concentrations)]

methyl methacrylate methyl methacrylate

METHYL METHACRYLATE

15

environmental fate tests

7.1
(biodegradation and biotransformation)
methyl methacrylate carbon dioxide
Pahren and Bloodgood (1961) methyl
methacrylate carbon
dioxide 50 methyl methacrylate
12

7.2 (photodegradation)
methyl methacrylate 239
methyl methacrylate
290 methyl methacrylate

7.3 (hydrolysis)
methyl methacrylate ester
25
methyl methacrylate pH 7, 8, 9 11 4 , 140 ,
14 3.4 (Toxnet, 2011)

7.4 (sorption)
methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate (Koc) 9 - 95

(Toxnet, 2011)

16

7.5 (evaporation)
methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate Henrys law constant 3.2 10-4
/ methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate 1 1 /
3 /
5.7
1
0.05 / 0.5 /
methyl methacrylate 4.8
(Toxnet, 2011; Lyman et al., 1990)

7.6 (oxidation)
methyl methacrylate
pyruvic acid, methyl pyruvate epoxide (Kao,
1994) 5 105/
1.1 - 15 (Kao, 1994;
Government of Canada,1993)
methyl methacrylate
7 1011 /
1 (Toxnet, 2011)
methyl methacrylate
1 10-17 /
67 (Toxnet, 2011)

7.7 (model ecosystem studies)

methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate

METHYL METHACRYLATE

17

environmental fate
methyl methacrylate 25 38.5
methyl methacrylate

(wet deposition)
methyl methacrylate Henrys law constant 3.2 10-4
/ methyl methacrylate

(Koc) 9 - 95
methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate bioconcentration factor (BCF)
4 (Toxnet, 2011)
methyl methacrylate


Henrys law
constant methyl methacrylate
84.2, 15.6, 0.14 < 0.1
(UNEP, 2011)

18

chemobiokinetics
9.1 (absorption)
methyl methacrylate
rat Wastar [14C] methyl methacrylate
5.7 /
65 2
methyl methacrylate
(Bratt and Hathway, 1977) Bereznowski (1995)
methacrylic acid rat 5
methyl methacrylate 800 / methacrylic
acid methyl methacrylate [ 9.4
(metabolism)]
rat Sprague-Dawley
methyl methacrylate 6 - 15
methyl methacrylate (delayed ossification of
sternae) methyl methacrylate
[ 11.7 (embryotropic action)]
rat Wastar methyl methacrylate
12 methyl
methacrylate 780 3 (Verkkala
et al., 1983)

9.2 (distribution)
methyl methacrylate
rat Sprague-Dawley 4 methyl methacrylate
395.9 / 1, 2, 3
METHYL METHACRYLATE

19

4 methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate 3 4
1,140 /
25.24 20.6 /
(Raje et al., 1985) methyl methacrylate
[ 9.5 (excretion)]

9.3 (bioconcentration)
methyl methacrylate
rat [14C] methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate
90
10 [ 9.5
(excretion)] 4.1 6.6

(Bratt and Hathway, 1977)

9.4 (metabolism)

rat [14C] methyl methacrylate

methyl methacrylate
esterase methacrylic acid methanol methacrylic acid
methacrylate CoA ester
(hydroxylation) -hydroxyisobutyric acid
(esterification) methylmalonyl CoA
citric acid cycle ATP
methyl methacrylate
carbon dioxide (Bratt and Hathway, 1977)
methyl methacrylate
methylmalonic acid
methyl methacrylate rat

20

9.5 (excretion)
methyl methacrylate carbon
dioxide rat [14C] methyl methacrylate
10 14CO2
88 84 methyl methacrylate
5 14CO2 carbon dioxide
[14C] methyl methacrylate
5
rat [14C] methyl methacrylate

[14C] methyl methacrylate

2
14

CO2

MMA

88.0
84.0

0.1
0.7

4.7
6.6

2.7
1.7

4.1
6.6

99.6
99.6

: Bratt and Hathway (1977)

1
[14C] methyl methacrylate rat
5.7 /
2 14
CO2 carbon dioxide [14C] methyl methacrylate MMA
methyl methacrylate

METHYL METHACRYLATE

21

 10

mammalian toxicity
methyl methacrylate (slightly hazardous)
LD50 rat mouse
7,900 - 9,400; 5,200 - 5,300; 5,900 4,700
/ LD50
9,400 /
LD50 rat mouse 2,643
944 - 1,130 / LD50
rat mouse 7,080; 5,947 4,248 /

LC50 methyl methacrylate rat 4 8
7,093 3,750
15
15 - 40

(U.S. EPA, 1998)
LD50 LC50 methyl methacrylate
6

22

 6 LD50 LC50 methyl methacrylate

LD50/LC50*

LD50
rat

7,900
8,400
8,500
9,400

Deichmann (1941)
Autian (1975)
Ouyang et al. (1990)
Spealman et al. (1945)

mouse

5,200

5,300

Tanii and Hashimoto

(1982)
Lawrence et al. (1974)

5,900

Tanii and Hashimoto

(1982)

4,700

Deichmann (1941)

> 9,400 Autian (1975)

rat

2,643

Lawrence et al. (1974)

mouse

944
1,130

Spealman et al. (1945)

Lawrence et al. (1974)

rat

7,080

Spealman et al. (1945)

mouse

5,947

Spealman et al. (1945)

4,248

Spealman et al. (1945)

7,093

Tansy et al. (1980)

3,750

Autian (1975)

LC50
rat
rat

2 (4 )

(8 )

* LD50 /
LC50

METHYL METHACRYLATE

23

 11

special toxicity studies

11.1 (biochemical interactions)
methyl methacrylate
pentobarbital sodium [ 11.4 /
(potentiation/ antagonism)]

11.2 (carcinogenicity)
National Toxicology Program
methyl methacrylate rat mouse
rat Fischer 344/N 1
2 50 50
methyl methacrylate 2,048
4,096 / methyl methacrylate 1,024 2,048 /
2 methyl methacrylate 6 /
5 / 2
(NTP, 1986)
mouse B6C3F1 1
2 50 50
2 methyl methacrylate
2,048 4,096 / 6 / 5 / 2

(NTP, 1986)
methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate
International Agency for Research on Cancer methyl methacrylate 3 (Group 3, not classifiable
24

as to its carcinogenicity to humans) (IARC, 2011) U.S. EPA (1998)

methyl methacrylate E
(Group E: evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans)

11.3 (mutagenicity)
methyl methacrylate short term
test short term test

methyl methacrylate Ames
test Salmonella Typhimurium TA 97, TA 98, TA 100,
TA 1535 (NTP, 1986)
methyl methacrylate L5178Y/
+/TK mouse lymphoma (sister-chromatid
exchange) (chromosomal aberration) Chinese
hamster ovary cell
(NTP, 1986)

11.4 / (potentiation/antagonism)
methyl methacrylate
mouse ICR 1
3 10 3
methyl methacrylate 164.22 /
2.7, 5.4 13.48 / 3
methyl methacrylate 24
pentobarbital sodium
(sleeping time) 89.48
3 160.88, 179.98 254.37
methyl methacrylate
pentobarbital sodium methyl
methacrylate methyl methacrylate
(Lawrence and Autian,
1972)
METHYL METHACRYLATE

25

11.5 (neurotoxicity)
rat mouse methyl
methacrylate
(olfactory sensory epithelium)
rat mouse 2
rat Fischer 344/N 1
2 50 50
methyl methacrylate 2,048
4,096 / methyl methacrylate
1,024 2,048 / 2
methyl methacrylate 6 /
5 / 2
[ 11.2 (carcinogenicity)]
rat methyl methacrylate
2,048 4,096 /

48 ( 96) 48 ( 96)
rat methyl
methacrylate 1,024 2,048 /
44 ( 90
49 1 )
47 ( 94)
2 ( 4)
mouse methyl methacrylate
2,048 4,096 /
39
( 78) 42 ( 84)
7 ( 14) mouse
39 ( 78) 44 ( 88)
2 ( 4) (NTP, 1986)

26

11.6 (primary irritation)

methyl methacrylate

methyl methacrylate rat mouse
2 rat
rat Fischer 344/N 1
2 50 50
methyl methacrylate 2,048
4,096 / methyl methacrylate
1,024 2,048 / 2
methyl methacrylate 6 /
5 / 2
[ 11.2 (carcinogenicity)]
rat methyl methacrylate
2,048 4,096 /
37 ( 74) 44 ( 88)
rat
methyl methacrylate 1,024 2,048 /
17 ( 34) 32
( 64)
4 ( 8)
mouse 2 2

(NTP, 1986)

11.7 (embryotropic action)

rat methyl methacrylate

rat Sprague-Dawley
2 2 1
(inhalation chamber) 2

METHYL METHACRYLATE

27

methyl methacrylate 1 2 methyl methacrylate

1,100 /
17.2 54.2 2
2 22, 26, 22 27
2 2
methyl methacrylate 28 /
6 - 15 4
20 229, 295, 233
185
methyl methacrylate (delayed
ossification of sternae) 2
140 ( 60.1) 175 ( 94.6)
2
40 ( 17.5) 52 ( 19.8)
methyl methacrylate

(Nicholas et al., 1979)
rat Sprague-Dawley
4 3 5
1 2 - 4
methyl methacrylate
3 5, 10 15
0.4427, 0.2656 0.1328 /
20
(skeletal abnormalities)
(Singh et al., 1972)

11.8 (immunotoxicity)
methyl methacrylate

rat
F344/N 1 3
28

 methyl methacrylate 500 1,000

6 / 102

2
macrophage
2
methyl methacrylate

(Chan et al., 1988)

11.9 (reproduction)
mouse CD-1 1
3 methyl methacrylate
410; 4,100 36,900 / 6 /
5 methyl methacrylate
(fertility index) 3


=

100

/ 3
/ methyl
methacrylate mouse (Anderson and Hedge, 1976)

11.10 (teratogenicity)
methyl methacrylate rat
Sprague-Dawley methyl methacrylate


(Nicholas et al., 1979) rat SpragueDawley methyl methacrylate
METHYL METHACRYLATE

29


[ 11.7 (embryotropic action)]

11.11 (behavior)
methyl methacrylate
rat Wistar methyl methacrylate
500 // 21
(aggressive behavior)
(learning ability) 2


1



(Husain et al., 1985)

30

 12

effects on organisms in the environment

12.1 (aquatic)
methyl methacrylate (LC50 96
100 /) LC50 96 methyl methacrylate
fathead minnow, bluegill sunfish, goldfish guppy 130 - 350,
191 - 232.2, 277.1 368.1 /
LC50 methyl methacrylate 7

12.2 (terrestrial)
methyl methacrylate (Toxnet, 2011)
7 LC50 methyl methacrylate

3.8 - 6.4 .
fathead minnow
(Pimephales promelas)

LC50

(/
()
)

96

159.1

96

130 - 350
264
191
232.2

Bailey et al. (1985)

3.8 - 6.4 .

72
96
96

goldfish
(Carassius auratus)

3.8 - 6.4 .

96

277.1

Pickering and Henderson

(1966)

guppy
(Lebistes reticulates)

1.9 - 2.5 .

96

368.1

Pickering and Henderson

(1966)

bluegill sunfish
(Lepomis macrochirus)

3.65 .

Pickering and Henderson

(1966)

Pickering and Henderson

(1966)

METHYL METHACRYLATE

31

 13

sampling/preparation/analysis
13.1 (sampling)

methyl methacrylate
Radiello catridge (activated charcoal) (Santarsiero
et al., 2009)

13.2
(preparation/analysis)

methyl methacrylate 8

32

METHYL METHACRYLATE

33

methyl methacrylate gas chromatography (GC) 0.01 / Santarsiero et al.

Radiello catridge carbon mass spectrometer
(2009)
disulfide

8 methyl methacrylate

 14

spills

methyl methacrylate
( 2553; , 2544)

14.1
(1) methyl methacrylate
50 (150 )

methyl methacrylate

-
300 (1,000 )
(2) methyl methacrylate

(3) methyl methacrylate

(4) methyl methacrylate

14.2
(1) methyl methacrylate

-
(self contained breathing apparatus, SCBA)
34

(2)

-
(alcohol resistant foam)

- 800 (0.5 )
800 (0.5 )
-

- methyl methacrylate

-
-
-
-

(3)

METHYL METHACRYLATE

35

 15

treatment of poisoning
15.1
methyl methacrylate

20
methyl methacrylate


methyl methacrylate
( 2553; 2554;
, 2544)

15.2
methyl methacrylate
2 8 methyl
methacrylate
( 2554)

36

 16

waste management
methyl methacrylate
(incineration) vermiculite
(secure landfill)
(Toxnet, 2011)

carbon dioxide 1,000 1,200
(after burner)

2
(, 2550)
methyl methacrylate
methyl methacrylate 600 - 900
carbon
monoxide (Toxnet, 2011)



1. (stabilization)

(solidification)

(inert substance)
2.
(, 2550)
METHYL METHACRYLATE

37

 17

recommendations/legal mechanisms
17.1
.. 2538
.. 2535 methyl methacrylate 2

(, 2538)

17.2
methyl methacrylate
9

38

 9 methyl methacrylate

8 /
208 / (50 )

15
416 / (100
)

4 .. OSHA
2542 (1999)

8 /
50 (208 /)

15
100

1 .. SWE
2548 (2005)

8 /
208 / (50 )

15
416 / (100
)

.. HSE
2550 (2007)

17 .. EC
8 / 2552 (2009)
50
15
100

METHYL METHACRYLATE

39


reference
(2550)

96
(2553) 2008 Emergency Response
Guidebook
374
(2554) Methyl Methacrylate.
(MSDS).
Chemical Data Bank.
http://msds.pcd.go.th/
searchName.asp?vID=172
(2544)
244
(2550 - 2554) Foreign Trade
Statistics of Thailand Imports.
(2538)
.. 2538 112 13
1 2538
Anderson D. and Hedge M.C.E (1976) Methyl Methacrylate Monomer:
Dominant Lethal Study in the Mouse. Report No. CTL/P/295. Imperial
Chemical Industries. Macclesfield. Cheshire. UK.
Autian J. (1975) Structure-toxicity relationships of acrylic monomers. Environmental Health Perspective 11, 141 - 152.
Baily H.D., Liu D.H.W., and Javitz H.A. (1985) Time/toxicity relationships in
short-term static, dynamic and plug-flow bioassays. In: Aquatic Toxicology
and Hazard Assessment: Eighth Symposium. Bahner R.C. and Hansen D.J.
Editors. ASTM STP 891. American Society for Testing and Materials.
Philadelphia. Pennsylvania. USA.
40

Bereznowski Z. (1995) In vivo assessment of methyl methacrylate metabolism

and toxicity. International Journal of Biochemistry 27, 1311 - 1316.
Bisesi M.S. (2007) Esters of mono- and alkenyl carboxylic acids and monoand polyalcohols. In: Pattys Toxicology. John Wiley ans Sons, Inc.
New York. USA.
Borzelleca J.F., Larson P.S., Hennigar G.R., Hluf E.G., Crawford E.M., and
Smith R.B. (1964) Studies on the chronic oral toxicity of monomeric
ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate. Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology 6, 29 - 36.
Bratt H. and Hathway D.E. (1977) Fate of methyl methacrylate in rats. British
Journal of Cancer 36, 114 - 119.
Chan P.C., Eustis S.L., Huff J.E., Haseman J.K., and Ragan H. (1988)
Two-year inhalation carcinogenesis studies of methyl methacrylate in
rats and mice: inflammation and degeneration of nasal epithelium.
Toxicology 52, 237 - 252.
Chen L.Y., Jeng F.T., Chang M.W., and Yen S.H. (2000) Rationalization of and
outdoor monitoring system: A case study of Lin-Yuan petrochemical
park. Environmental Science and Technology 34, 1166 - 1173.
Daubert T.E. and Danner R.P. (1989) Physical and Thermodynamic Properties
of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Taylor and Francis. Washington,
D.C. USA.
Deichmann W. (1941) Toxicity of methyl, ethyl, and n-butyl methacrylate.
Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 23, 343 - 351.
DSEWPC (2011) National Pollutant Inventory. 2009/2010 Data within Australia Methyl Methacrylate from All Sources. Department of Sustainability,
Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Australia.
EC (2009) Commission Directive 2009/161/EU of 17 December 2009
establishing a third list of indicative occupational exposure limit values in
implementation of Council Directive 98/24/EC and amending Commission
Directive 2000/39/EC. Ocial Journal of the European Union 19.12.2009,
L 338/87 - L 338/89.
METHYL METHACRYLATE

41

Government of Canada (1993) Priority Substances List Assessment Report for

Methyl Methacrylate. Health Canada and Environment Canada. Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada Communication Group Publishing. ISBN 0-662-20418-2.
Hansch C., Leo A., and Hoekman D. (1995) Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic,
Electronic, and Steric Constants. American Chemical Society. Washington,
DC. USA.
HSE (2007) EH40/2005 Workplace Exposure Limits. Health and Safety
Executive. United Kingdom.
Husain R., Srivastava S.P., and Seth P.K. (1985) Methyl methacrylate induced
behavioural and neurochemical changes in rats. Archives in Toxicology
58, 33 - 36.
IARC (2011) Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Man. World Health Organization. International Agency for
Research on Cancer. Geneva. Switzerland.
Jia C., Batterman S., and Godwin C. (2008) VOCs in industrial, urban and
suburban neighborhoods, Part I: indoor and outdoor concentrations,
variation, and risk drivers. Atmospheric Environment 42, 2083 - 2100.
Kao A. S. (1994) Formation and removal reactions of hazardous air pollutants.
Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 44, 683 - 696.
Lawrence W.H. and Autian J. (1972) Possible toxic effects from inhalation of
dental ingredients by alteration of drug biological half-life. Journal of
Dental Research 51, 878.
Lawrence W.H., Malik M., and Autian J. (1974) Development of a toxicity
evaluation program for dental materials and products. II. Screening for
systemic toxicity. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 8, 11 - 34.
Lide D.R. (2007 - 2008) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Eighty-eighth
Edition. CRC Press/Taylor and Francis. Boca Raton. Florida. USA.
Lomax L.G., Krivanek N.D., and Frame S.R. (1997) Chronic inhalation toxicity
and oncogenicity of methyl methacrylate in rats and hamsters. Food
and Chemical Toxicology 35, 393 - 407.

42

Lyman W.J., Reehl W.J., and Rosenblatt D.H. (1990) Handbook of Chemical
Property Estimation Methods. American Chemical Society. Washington
DC. USA.
NFPA (2010) Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous Materials. Fourteenth edition.
Colonna G. R. Editor. National Fire Protection Association. Massachusetts.
USA.
Nicholas C.A., Lawrence W.H., and Autian J. (1979) Embryotoxicity and
fetotoxicity from maternal inhalation of methyl methacrylate monomer in
rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 50, 45 1 - 458.
NTP (1986) Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Methyl Methacrylate
(CAS No. 80-62-6) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies).
National Toxicology Program. National Institutes of Health. U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. Research Triangle Park.
North Carolina. USA.
OSHA (1999) Limits for Air Contaminants. Federal Register Number 64: 184-186.
Standard Number 1910.1000 TABLE Z-1. Occupational Safety and Health
Administration. Department of Labor. USA.
Ouyang G., Shi T., Fan Z., Zhang B., Yu T., Hao A., Tang G. (1990) Acute
toxicity and toxicokinetics of methyl methacrylate. Zhonghua Laodong
Weisheng Zhiyebing Zazhi 6, 211 - 214.
Pahren H.R. and Bloodgood D.E. (1961) Biological oxidation of several vinyl
compounds. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 33, 233 - 238
Pickering Q.H. and Henderson C. (1966) Acute toxicity of some important
petrochemicals to fish. Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation 38,
1419 - 1429.
Raje R.R., Ahmad S., and Weisbroth S.H. (1985) Methyl methacrylate: tissue
distribution and pulmonary damage in rats following acute inhalation.
Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology
50, 151 - 154 .

METHYL METHACRYLATE

43

Santarsiero A., Fuselli S., Piermattei A., Morlino R., De Blasio G., De Felice M.,
and Ortolani E. (2009) Investigation of indoor air volatile organic compounds
concentration levels in dental settings and some related methodological
issues. Annali dellIstituto Superiore di Sanita 45, 87 - 98.
Singh A.R., Lawrence W.H., and Autian J. (1972) Embryonic-fetal toxicity and
tertogenic effects of a group of methacrylate esters in rats. Journal of
Dental Research 51, 1632 - 1638.
Spealman C.R., Main R.J., Haag H.B., and Larson P.S. (1945) Monomeric
methyl methacrylate - studies on toxicity. Industrial Medicine 14, 292 - 298.
SWE (2005) Occupational Exposure Limit Values and Measures against Air
Contaminants. Statute Book of the Swedish Work Environment Authority.
AFS 2005:17.
Tanii H. and Hashimoto K. (1982) Structure-toxicity relationship of acrylates
and methacrylates. Toxicology Letter11 125 - 129.
Tansy M.F., Landin W.E., and Kendall F.M. (1980) LC50 value for rats acutely
exposed to methyl methacrylate monomer vapor. Journal of Dental
Research 59, 1074.
Toxnet (2011) Methyl Methacrylate. National Institute of Health. Department
of Health and Human Services. USA. http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov
UNEP (2011) Methyl Methylcrylate. United Nations Environmental Programme.
http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/80625.pdf
U.S. EPA (1998) Toxicological Review of Methyl Methacrylate. United States
Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. USA.
U.S.EPA (2011) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). U.S.Environmental
Protection Agency. http://www.epa.gov/iris.
Verkkala E., Rajaniemi R., and Savolainen H. (1983) Local neurotoxicity of
methylmethacrylate monomer. Toxicology Letter 18, 111 - 114.
Zhu J., Newhook R., Marro L., and Chan C.C. (2005) Selected volatile
organic compounds in residential air in the city of Ottawa, Canada.
Environmental Science and Technology 39, 3964 - 3971.

44

(half-life, t) first-order
first-order

dA A
dt
A A

dA = kA
dt
k
A t
At = A0e kt
At A t
A0 A
t
A t
(t)

At = A0
kt
A0 = A0e
kt
= e
ln = kt
t = 0.693/k
(specific gravity)
( = 1) 1
1
METHYL METHACRYLATE

45

 (vapor density)
( = 1)
(boiling point)


(melting point)


(technical grade)
(impurity)

CAS (CASRN, Chemical Abstracts Service Registration Number)

Chemical Abstracts Service CAS American
Chemical Society ACS .. 2508

1 1 (general name)
(chemical name) (trade name) CAS

CAS CAS

CAS 3 (hyphen)
A1A2A3A4A5A6A7 - B1B2 - C
46

 1 2 - 7 ( CAS
1 7
)
2 2
3 1 (check
digit) 2
CAS
3
1. 2 (B2) 1
(B1) 2 (A7) 3 (A6)
4 2 1
2. 10
3
CAS (water) 7732-18-5
3
1. 2 1 1, 2,
3, 4, 5 6 ( 1 2 6 )

(1 8) + (2 1) + (3 2) + (4 3) + (5 7) + (6 7)
8 + 2 + 6 + 12 + 35 + 42 = 105
2. 10
105/10 5 5 3
CAS
CAS

D- CAS 50-99-7
L- CAS 921-60-8
-D- CAS 26655-34-5
CAS
alcohol dehydrogenase CAS 9031-72-5
CAS (mustard oil)
CAS 8007-40-7
METHYL METHACRYLATE

47

 (soil adsorption coecient)

(partition coecient, Kd)

Kd = Cs
Cw
Cs (/
)
Cw (/

/)

(organic carbon)


partition coecient

(adsorption coecient, Koc)

Koc = Kd 100
% oc
% oc
Bioconcentration factor (BCF)
(partition)



BCF
BCF =
48

Franke (1997)
BCF 4

(low BCF)
(moderate BCF)
(high BCF)
(very high BCF)

BCF
< 30
30 - 100
100 - 1,000
> 1,000

: Franke C., Studinger G., Berger G., Bohling S., Bruckmann U.,
Cohors-Fresenborg D., and Johncke U. (1994) The assessment
of bioaccumulation. Chemosphere 29, 1501 - 1514.

EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances)

European Commission
(EC number) 3
1. EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances)
1
2514 - 18 2524
2. ELINCS (European List of Notified Chemical Substances)
18 2524
3. NLP (No-longer polymers)
EC number 3 - (hyphen)

N1N2N3 - N4N5N6 - C
1 3
2 3
3 1 (check
digit) 2
European Commission
METHYL METHACRYLATE

49

 3 (C)
1. N1 1 N2 2 N3 3 N6
6
2. 11
3 10 EC number
3 0 - 9
EINECS dexamethasone 200-003-9
3
1. N1 1 N2 2 . N6 6

(1 2) + (2 0) + (3 0) + (4 0) + (5 0) + (6 3)
2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 18 = 20
2. 11
20/11 9 9 3
EINECS dexamethasone
EC number
212-103 3
1. (1 2) + (2 1) + (3 2) + (4 1) + (5 0) + (6 3)
2 + 2 + 6 + 4 + 0 + 18 = 32
2. 11
32/11 10 212-103
EC number
EINECS 200-001-8 formaldehyde
ENLICS 400-010-9 indosol yellow
SF-2RL
NLP 500-001-0 2-methylpropene,
trimers
Henrys law constant
Henrys law
(partial pressure) (headspace)

50

P = H

P
H Henrys law constant /
X /
Henrys law constant (partition coecient)
Henrys law
constant
H = VP
S
H Henrys law constant /
VP
S /

Henrys law constant

10-7 /
Henrys law constant 10-5
/
Henrys law constant 10-5
/

IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, IUPAC)

National Adhering
Organizations
IUPAC .. 2462
IUPAC
North Carolina
IUPAC IUPAC IUPAC name

(IUPAC name)

METHYL METHACRYLATE

51

LC50 (median lethal concentration) 2

(1)
(50%)
LC50
10


LC50 LC50 (4 )
tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate rat 44,660 /

(2)
(50%) LC50

10

LC50

24, 48, 72 96 LC50 (96 ) acrylonitrile
fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) 18,100 /
Kamrin (1997)
LC50 96 5

LC50 (/)
< 0.1
0.1 - 1
1 - 10
10 - 100
> 100

: Kamrin.M.A. (1997) Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity and

Environmental Impact. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, USA.

52

LD50 (median lethal dose) (dose)

(50%)
LD50

2 - 3 2
LD50
/ LD50 (oral)
chloroform rat Sprague-Dawley
908 1,117 /
4
LD50 rat

LD50 LD50

5
20
10
40
(extremely hazardous)
Ib
5 - 50
20 - 200
10 - 100
40 - 400
(highly hazardous)
II
50 - 500 200 - 2,000 100 - 1,000 400 - 4,000
(moderately hazardous)
III
500
2,000
1,000
4,000
(slightly hazardous)
Ia

: WHO (2004) The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and

Guidelines to Classification. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland.
* LD50 /

METHYL METHACRYLATE

53

noctanol-water partition coecient (Kow)

(hydrophobicity) Kow
Kow noctanol
flask (equilibrium) Kow
Kow =

n-octanol

Kow noctanol
noctanol
(5.5 10 3 /) noctanol
(2.3 /) Kow 0.001
100,000,000 Kow log Kow
Kow
Kow
Kow

Kow
bioconcentration factor (BCF) (Koc)
Kow BCF; Kow Koc
regression equation
(1) Kow BCF
log BCF = 0.761 log Kow 0.23
log BCF polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCBs), , chlorinated aliphatic, chlorinated aromatics nitroaromatics BCF fathead minnow,
bluegill, rainbow trout mosquito fish
(2) Kow Koc
log Koc = 0.989 log Kow 0.346
54

 Kow polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAHs), aldrin Koc
0.66 - 2.38%
NFPA 704 (symbol)

(National Fire Protection Association)

3
OX

4

(Health)
(Flammability)
/
(Instability/Reactivity)
(Special)
3 (Health)
(Flammability) / (Instability/
Reactivity) 5 0 () 4
()
- (Health)
0 ( )
1
( acetone)
2
(chronic)
( ethyl ether)
METHYL METHACRYLATE

55

3
( chlorine)
4
( hydrogen cyanide, phosphine, carbon monoxide)
- (Flammability)
0 ( argon)
1
93 ( mineral oil)
2
38 - 93 ( diesel fuel)
3
38 23 - 38 ( gasoline)
4
23 (
hydrogen, propane)
- / (Instability/Reactivity)
0
( helium)
1
( propene)
2
( phosphorus,
potassium, sodium)
3 ( ammonium
nitrate)
4
( nitroglycerine, trinitrotoluene)

56

 - (Special)
NFPA 2
OX (oxidizer) ( ammonium nitrate, chlorine,
hydrogen peroxide, potassium perchlorate)
W (
cesium, sodium, sulfuric acid)
NFPA 704

METHYL METHACRYLATE

57

nitrate
0.01 (/)
5
2
2
(clean up)

(risk assessment)
(microbiological risk
assessment)
(ecological risk assessment)
(herd health risk assessment)

2 state-of the art


(mathematical model)

dynamic
58

(risk analysis)
3 (risk
management) (risk communication)

5 (5 /)


(risk assessor)

2.1

(1) U.S. EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)

dose-response assessment
U.S. EPA reference dose (RfD)
reference concentration (RfC) U.S. EPA RfD/RfC
500 website
www.epa.gov/iris
(2) ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)

dose-response assessment
ATSDR Minimal Risk Level (MRL)
reference dose U.S.EPA
ATSDR U.S. EPA ATSDR MRL 3
(acute), (intermediate) (chronic)
METHYL METHACRYLATE

59

 chronic MRL RfD U.S. EPA

chronic ATSDR
MRL acute intermediate
2 acute MRL
2 - 1 intermediate MRL MRL
RfD U.S. EPA (chronic
effects)

2.2

(risk assessment)

(risk manager)
(
)
(risk assessor)
4
(1) Hazard Identification

hazard identification

hazard identification

(2) Dose-Response Evaluation
(qualitative)
(quantitative)

(dose-response
relationship) 2
(2.1) (non-carcinogen)
(non-genetic carcinogen)
(non-carcinogenic effects)
threshold

60

(2.2) (genetic carcinogen)

(threshold)
1 (probability)

(3) Exposure Assessment

(uncertainty)
(4) Risk Characterization

Risk Assessment
Data
Collection & Evaluation

Exposure
Assessment

Toxicity
Assessment

Risk
Characterization

2.3 Dose-response Assessment

dose-response assessment

NOEL (no-observed-effect level)

METHYL METHACRYLATE

61

NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level)

(adverse effects)

NOEL NOAEL endpoint

(adverse effect)
ALT (alanine transaminase) SGPT (serum
glutamate pyruvate transaminase)
NOEL ALT
NOAEL endpoint NOEL
endpoint
liver enzymes
endpoint NOAEL
NOAEL NOEL
LOEL (lowest-observed-effect level)

LOAEL (lowest-observed-adverse-effect level)

(adverse
effect) (reversible change)
fatty liver
LOEL LOAEL
NOEL NOAEL
NOEL, NOAEL, LOEL LOAEL
dose
2.1

62

 2.1 2
dose*

NOEL

0.1

0.5

4%
/ 6%
fat droplet hepatocyte

1.0

7%
/ 8%
fat droplet hepatocyte

NOAEL

2.0

12%**
/ 18%**
fat droplet hepatocyte

LOAEL

5.0

16%**
/ 25%**
fat droplet hepatocyte

* 250 / dose //
** (control group)

LD50 LC50
NOAEL
dose-response relationship dose
NOAEL dose
NOAEL dose
METHYL METHACRYLATE

63

 5 dose 2.1 NOAEL 1.0 /

/ 4 dose 0.1, 0.5, 2.0 5.0 /
/ NOAEL 0.5 /
/ 5 dose

bench mark dose (BMD) NOAEL benchmark dose
model data model
benchmark dose response 5% 10%
lower limit (BMDL) benchmark dose
RfD
Reference dose (RfD)
RfD
ADI (acceptable daily intake) food additives
ADI
RfD (2.1)
RfD = NOAEL BMDL5/10/(UF MF) ......................................(2.1)
UF (uncertainty factor) (uncertainty)
NOAEL RfD
UF factor
- factor 10H factor uncertainty
(sensitivity)
factor
factor RfD
- factor 10A
NOAEL (chronic study)
extrapolate

10
1 log scale RfD NOAEL 10
factor
64

- factor 10S NOAEL

2 rat
NOAEL 2 NOAEL
2 factor 10
- factor 10L NOAEL LOAEL
LOAEL NOAEL LOAEL
factor 10
- factor 10D (deficiency of information)
(reproductive and
developmental toxicity)
- factor 5 factor factor
2 factor 10 factor
(10)1/2 3
3 10
MF (modifying factor) factor
NOAEL
(pathology)

MF > 0 10 default value MF 1

2.4 Dose-Response Assessment

dose-response assessment
dose-response threshold
dose dose

(model) extrapolate dose dose
model
Weibull model
Logit model
One-hit model
Multi-hit model
Multistage model
METHYL METHACRYLATE

65

 one-hit model multistage model model

U.S. EPA
2.4.1 One-hit model
one-hit model
hit

P(d) = 1 exp [ (q0 + q1d)] ....................................................(2.2)

P(d) dose = d
q0 q1
mathematical expansion

2
n
exp[x] = 1 + x + x + ..... + x ..........................................................(2.3)
2!
n!
X (2.3)

exp[x]

1 + x .......................................................................................(2.4)

exp[X] 1 + X X
2.2
2.2 exp[x] 1 + x
x

exp[x]

1+x

1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001

2.71828
1.10517
1.01005
1.0010005
1.000100005

2
1.1
1.01
1.001
1.0001

66

(1 + x) x 100
exp[x]
73.57 %
99.53 %
99.995 %
99.99995 %
99.9999995 %

 (2.2) (2.4)
P(d) = 1 [ 1 + { (q0 + q1d)}]
P(d) = q0 + q1d .............................................................................................................(2.5)
d = 0, (spontaneous)
P(0) = q0 .........................................................................................................................(2.6)
(2.5) (2.6)
P(d) = P(0) + q1d
additional risk, A(d) = P(d) - P(0)
A(d) = q1d ......................................................................................................................(2.7)
A(d) dose = d
dose = d
(dose = 0)
(2.7) risk one-hit model
2.4.2 Multistage model
model (stage)

hit model
one-hit model U.S. EPA
one-hit model multistage model

P(d) = 1 exp[ (q0 + q1d + q2d2 + .....qndn)]...................................................(2.8)
dose d2, ....., dn 0 (2.8)

P(d)

1 exp[ (q0 + q1d)] ....................................................................................(2.9)

METHYL METHACRYLATE

67

 additional risk one-hit model

A(d) = q1d
multistage model polynomial equation
dose multistage model model
linearized multistage model (LMS model)
additional risk one-hit model linearized
multistage model A(d) = q1d
q1 model
q1 model
one-hit model (2.2) linearized multistage model
(2.8) additional risk
linearized multistage model
A(d) = q1* d ...............................................................................................................(2.10)
q1* q-one-star
(2.10)
Risk = CPS CDI .....................................................................................................(2.11)
(risk)
(CDI) CPS carcinogenic potency
slope (//)-1 2.1
CPS
CPS
carcinogenic potency slope cancer slope factor
(CSF)
RfDo, RfDi, CPSo CPSi 550
internet http://www.epa.gov/iris.

68

2.5 Exposure Assessment

(route)
3

Risk

Slope = CPS

CDI
(//)

2.1 (risk)
(CDI)

CDI (chronic daily intake lifetime average daily dose; LADD)
//
CDI = total dose/(body weight ATn) .........................................................(2.12)
total dose = concentration daily intake EFr EDtot % Abs ................(2.13)
daily intake
2.3
% Abs
100% default value
METHYL METHACRYLATE

69

2.6 Risk characterization

Risk characterization hazard
quotient (HQ)
HQ = CDI/RfD ........................................................................................(2.14)
2.1
UF = 10H 10A = 100
(250 / ) risk manager MF = 0.8
RfD = 0.5/(100 0.8)
RfD = 0.00625 //
0.001 /
/
HQ = 0.001/0.00625
HQ = 0.16
HQ 1

70

 2.3
risk characterization

CPSo
CPSi
RfDo
RfDi
Bwa
Bwc
ATc
ATn
IRAa
IRAc
IRWa
IRWc
IRSa
IRSc
EFr
EDtot
EDc
SAa
SAc
AFa
AFc

reference dose
reference dose

1 - 6

1 - 6

-
-

-
-

* (//)-1
* (//)-1
* //
* //
70
15
25,550
365* EDd
20 /
12 /
2 /
1 /
100 /
200 /
350 /
30
6
5,700 /
3,300 /
3,300 /
0.07 /
0.2 /
0.2 /

METHYL METHACRYLATE

71

 2.3 ()

ABS

EFr
EFo
EDr
EDc
EDo

-
-
-

-
()

0.1
350 /
250 /
30
6
25

HQ
RfD
risk characterization risk manager HQ
HQ 1

HQ 1

2.7 Risk Characterization

(2.11)

Risk = CPS CDI

(risk)
(CDI)
risk
risk 10-6
72


1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Aniline
Arsenic
Asbestos
Cadmium
Cresol
DDT
Dieldrin
Formaldehyde
Mercury
Methyl bromide
Methomyl
Monocrotophos
Monosodium glutamate
Methyl parathion
Nitrate, nitrite and N-nitroso compounds
Paraquot
PCBs, Polychlorinated biphenyls
Propoxur
Styrene
Tin and organotin compounds
Toluene
Triclopyr
Vinyl chloride
Xylene
Acrylonitrile
Benzene
Benzo (a) anthracene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Chlordane
p-Dioxin

31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

Methylene chloride
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
1,1,1-trichloroethane
2,4,5-T
Aldrin
CFC, Chlorofluorocarbon
Crocidolite
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Lindane
PAHs, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
TPH, Total petroleum hydrocarbons
tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)phosphate
Endrin
Methamidophos
Methyl acrylate
Methyl-tert-butyl ether
Parathion
Phosphamidon
PBB, Polybrominated biphenyls
PBDE, polybrominated diphenyl ethers
PCT, polychlorinated terphenyls
Ethylene dichloride
Ethylene oxide
Sulfuric acid
Hydrochloric acid
Toxaphene
Benzidine
Bromacil
METHYL METHACRYLATE

73

 ()
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83

Carbon tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzilate
Endosulfan
Lead
Maleic hydrazide
Potassium chlorate
Trichloroethylene
Aldicarb
Chloroform
2,3-dibromo-1-propanol
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1,3-butadiene
Carbofuran
Cyanide
Dicrotophos
2,3-Dinitrotoluene
Ammonia
Dichlorvos
Dimethoate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Phosgene
Propylene oxide

74

84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105

Acetone
1,2-Dichloroethane
Dichloromethane
Formetanate
Nitric acid
Tetrachloroethylene
Hexabromobiphenyl
pentabromodiphenyl ether
Perfluorooctane sulfonate
Ethoprophos
Methidathion
Oxamyl
beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane
Chlordecone
Pentachlorobenzene
Blasticidin-S
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D)
N-Methylformamide
Chlorine
alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane
Methyl methacrylate
Octabromodiphenyl ether