CClasie Reprint in Anthropology lions ‘Bruce Kafer and Ce Michal This sves reprint asc rae in ethnography and mechodologs hich have enered 2 major influence on anebopologial though “The series will an «verity of tadtons and wil aso include trantions Each vole willbe intone bya pref placing it ‘nthe context of current anzopolgseal debe. The overall s to resenaine eudents and rvearchers to key free which have thaped the dcpline and continue to ave cleaned, ISSN: 13543601 Schism and Continuity in an African Society ‘A Study of Ndembu Village Life VW. Ture BERG nfo + Washington, D.C$900 ~ ed, Fi pub in 1957 ty the Univer of Manchener on behalf of The Insitute r Ate Sues Unive of Zab pro i 1964, 1968 and 972 by the Unies f Manchest and rt ta, Bee 150 Cov on Or, 0X41. UK DT30SS 950 Cena eat Hon VBS USA Tur 1996 © leh Tone err Vier Tee 196 No part hie pllenon may be reproduced ny fem or bey mene wtho he writen pen of Bate ‘ergs np of xed eration Pao Ln bar of Congres Cogito Pblcton Data Acalogu cond ti ook ara fram the Libary of rh brary opnginPblention Dasa © 085496 2824 (Pipe) Prt the Unit King by WEC Book Manuf, w um wv vt vit vat x xt xil CONTENTS Paarice To-r 1996 Enron Bruce Kato «..h Pratoce ro 1972 Eero wy Max GUCOAAY «5 37 Proce ro 1968 Eerie a Prsice ro 1 1957 Eero 0 Acnomsncenaas soe Hisronca ao Eootateal Bxceonoe 1 “Te Vu Tovocsantt an Davccnary. 3 “Tue Soca Courosmow ov me Vinact a Maraneas Drsceet Ti Baste unc oF “Visa Onto a Marae Suction ano ni Dis ‘Vitae Imac. 31 YYnuace Faso, Stan ano Scat Cuno 19 Yasieis oF Vitae Besos 204 “Tue Smucrenat lntdcaTon oF Von ‘Marnice er rie Vitec 2 Pouca AStTS oF Kh an ArT 258, “Tae Fouricauy Tein FUNCTION OF RIAL = 288 Tie Grerranci 318 Poston 38 Bruccraney 3a. Inoee 37 Aarecsces (wor 108)PREFACE TO THE 1996 EDITION ICTOR Turners Schism and Contin is among the mo ‘uttanding mcnograph that came out ofthe work of Max Ghuckmat’s ‘Manchester School of anthropology. This Eroup desioy ts of corporate Kip iti vilge." Many sal imine props cach ving seprsy prove for cabled lags evel mode fora new typeof esl group. Dot En be ge he hoe ned terdo nee dan scrote endena intone nthe Sdigenoms sold sytem “The local Lin group apps never to fave ben etn he ‘pul obi of ages we slaye conde fon wat ‘Bisel Foqune anda mobliey war high Modem Giang fave ot ofr sek ot the ba of te indigenes Spam noeradealy iropcd i” Beas of the mobile ae ‘oreo taal eden uni the system a been able es ang tomes moby eed Fiison India Miley in addon tthe igh sate of mobility and Sono il shemacves, individ so ten to ctclte rapidly ough ‘lags ne coor ofthe itsans The oclopal fatos ‘ehind chs moby of nil wl be examined in da a Ise chapers ut they me mented hi oie ian tod women have difret paners of metry. Mos senate boc ir en malin ile ad some smack dh pape cage om one "er a e with frequency, quoted in 2 footote in52 Schiom and Continuity in an Afion Society seepepimegranel eat ge ignsamacibis Sentirs ‘nth tk moter i ey cdhood to thee moten broth? See SFr une at eae Eran HLS aves a ea BEbS Ge arse Emme aoe HEE arya a iiicee os dy roles iceman sow ames sol cle nnd ave Ti nt facto soe reas ee ea ithe the epson of Ling wet geneous mane wl chile, Meera ifnicennnerainks pn troy meme swome le inthe llage where ty te bom, wih no 3g malas oeahaee ate He Souenoaseel geen bmn ta amcnesrana tay Gua tle which incu the proportion of ut en ad 2 Se Table Vl dre, EB Djecat soe te bel on Tale & Caen’ Resiee PSS SE ace ge htt Btosthe The Village: Topography and Demography 53 women wi have been razed in thee atl villages. By“ vill ‘Freing dooce foe women de vill in which they bate {pent te longest period of residence fom hth wo the berry Rar (Nha) which marks the enzance into w at Sout the age of biften or seen. Tor men I have arbtealy ‘pected a sma ageange, bt to sixteen yeas of age, nce Fin | otha [otao| an | otha se top caps (in) yp or ten te Sat Pape hp put iad i's aly love ele Brille! UCT Se, thvt Ge compete pe Pecans he bey eel ee a wee be sel the ve Toe W eet as Ait wey ots en er ma Se eee ton tet yi al ly phy peter sly of yl pe al tab ber al bye ter Cecanchon me levee te ans ee ce vps we eo TONE SHTar Ue rnd end te iar54 Shon and Contity non Ain Sity pote o mor when hey ove Ae eon + pmaly aed fom a ma; hemor ek Poaicepr hoped pele aber ad Erica a ots oe he den as ‘arte sed den Se peso me ‘Shiny wll wen sb motel or had the The Vile: Toppy and Demarphy 55 pecs cme ick her habs iis ba So TEL te se ely Se Spee he cee ry et Lr ST a her bbl Aber ene “ “« _ or 5 | be [eo] | ae nad ern ad ose |e) exo| eta |e [2%] ei | colina] es | igo ecna] ||P | enka ea oc] wo) ofa [oa [22% | atk otha] ata] | evo |ecin| | [SP] w/oa ean] wa | wo] wai ore | igo | ina ha [wba |eniea| | {°° | cet eed oc] ea] etn [vc ot | ta io eta | nr eng (ha ina em oo [vn tha) bo aa |b | ho] | tha] eas ota | ho] wa woos have gfe ideal mbiiy dan men, be Tove grester bli than gil, na rial let nl op win ait of spa fr sy tbh porn may Behar See oho mas le" ae ‘moths ve fy Se wags he Speen oder iene wn log: lye vile Ske lose matrlinea Kn,» fw days belre the contests and lnciphbck ober ents apes ee sPe {Ge'wor ay got fr om Sage for he hes iene (cating te om) cco, farmed ss woes ‘of ability may pethaps be obtained by showing ina able what tengo atk en nd won onto "aden hee of rerng, whether eno these wate tke vlogs Table V shows “abl Vshowsthitadlemenhaveastroagertendenytremsin in thee vila of rearing than ade women, "Thi & pebatly duc tthe fet that mating f vidlocd, "Women ate often ‘ough up pstlocaly# marty viol, and afer dvore resi “Pa” ei ries ot es lige” Maal? scan tide ont mee ge sol Bice a ay Sear ns nr ede wis pr so oe is gee56 Schiom and Contnulsy in a African Society fepalnay a mtg, ed ep ac rece nc iy ea os . - ——™”~”_ Cea a ee cal Ss .LrrtC~—rs——— She Se ae ecg ee See Sent ois any cnt a fon ee ee aa le found th i _CLrté“—COs™sOOOSs = ————— ure” footie ese cata ont pr Sande atypia Ko ne Sass el al he ie se cas -—h—™U™r™rt~— Lr epee ey er rr Jeeta eS ee Pas See eT i ol de — - Sone dl Mew A gee 3 eal le popu hr ee rer a ce esi man tr de et Se ee eae en ee Soar ea ae Raia ee ea aUeR ene asc togen Fee eee eee deel et See IEE te Baran a | —hUmrLr———— Seesaliy Tae Viease tana oc ts SD SAS cee aa Bn "he em hem” fe clon» Sep Chom sde Nir nag. Molang,howets eed be 3 rege Subse {Ser Ts sn te eapoed n Gt f Ch Keon | | | The Villege+ Topography and Demography 57 “ble VI shows that immigration ino each chiefdoms in which the census was taken, from otbet ates, has been considerable, | ey = ee am | mae % ra see ee eevee la) (ate ayo es jeelisjis|salas Roos) PETRIE Rg an |e xsl ee SS] e BE) gaara mee he mane onan he single aly opr et lisa popaaton® Two li oops atc ota oC —™—™™58 Schiom and Cominty in an Azan Society petiod under comsidersio, although minoc changes have been Rude by Goverment. inte pa the aeas of chief and senior hadinen were demarcated by topogeapbical Features such as ‘yun nce pega moby hogh tee ayn ingen lence to sta ‘okie uni eile), but am examining alliance toa spa {feed one (chiefdom), Indeed 4 peson may meander thro Imany chiefdoms sla maining the whole while in the sme Willges “The percentage of persons Bor and/or reared in ‘Mla arcs mrkedly higher than that found in the osher thee chiefdoms all of whch are in, he nore ‘whee thee iio Bnropeas selement, -Mukang'a is ‘iposed Sub-Chief of Kanongetha his area i 2" conservative “id tational one, and many of his people ate Kawiku, de fended. from the autochthonous inbabiamts of the region, ‘Most ofthe immigestion into the pedicle Has eome fom Ago. ind the Balan Congo and har taken place noe the beginning ofthe peeiene entry Sanary Nien city may by acted mb ras dan subde wil pad co edence Villager move Bough space ‘hdspledoogh tne. Indidal conta create hough lege Thee ar ovo tain eps of ole obit: some Vilage tendo move ins cately merow et for iste Kaveh vilage chculte sound the margin of the Kawika Phin othe cpeclly te of Lands cig, sometimes Inoveconstible Gnencisberween ueesve ate Inde equal change tar vile lilo and fow nerd of he mci of my com mpi erg i ae Silage and vag oecing at be tne of my egy. Since ‘ily are ldo large, and there nowhere ogee away fom Tne! neighbours ws she wg i one gals eh them, people ae cont onthe move. When vlogs rach 2 Eoin“ cal se they tend en pli andthe rent mae Slogesclien move sone datnce from the pret villages. Tee the cata size vo ave boon, ntl very recently, in the naghboarhood of sbou 30 hos and go people: sce 1950 they ae probaly le. he member of vigor scone Say changing the memberbip of vinag is abo Sangin. ‘The Village: Topography and Demography 59 though lox rapidly. The rae of een matity cone HEY ins the pes bern the wel waa the ‘es ol ern i te Rha Nic ain fom opis Begun Congo, and cen atemps by Gower ‘put to sabe the popaton have slowed down th sate Wage mobility. But my erence maggots at high Tat aa ly csi ber arms fe Ne Scat aymem. "The scouts of sinngrpher and tvs ‘ow sha other group of Lands origin snd ailations posened ‘dar une typeof ech amare Al hee groupe ave ‘elton of migoton 5 and alhugh hey have sell mace (ls defined ero inthe eto o thes centres, wha {Gee estos vile and individeas lave continued t nage ie vilgs a celal cong in ag. My jel da mage th many sol elena ll ome etabluhed snd have ied ot “his high mobility the soils may be aie with 1 pecieceonomy in which han for ses snd worsen {ow cop and ip which he mens ole valed snore hy {Ear dhe women’. "Women sho end to acct the mens ‘eloason of hunting. The dominant characte ofthe socal Jjtem at-any piven poin in time may rele fom + male “Eesinaed hing cesnomy ins bukchabion he aaceris keine» high mati, a Univ dese of compro, and, wer ther copetdon thes manly bewect ch. tet Chances, comttent with ening, incu peo in Sependenes, rsentent of pola ences rldental - tcheaty of group and infidels On the ocr and there fre regulate behaviour ‘which are cont an conta Srogh thee changes" Regslniy. cobeson and pester, inthe Rdembu sytem thoogh tne, se eted to Be vols of vromen both in produce of crops and in topoducion, Underalved thoogi ir wih test to i atal oneibason tothe Food opps the prodocae abour of women provides fie tegulr staple for the phys survival of Nécnb oy ‘Women bear snd sours he cilien and where the mother 0c, wth of witout the fhe, the’ chlden go ako. The Semple a pct) commen en Cake, Bg6 Schism and Continuity nan African Society pret belongs to the men, ad che soi nd at any given Inoment best the ssp of mal acy the pst and fare afte socay se dombstel by the modes. The group of Sale hiumer xm scone of th wllogeey tomorow ‘tiny rl be found so have depended on thi sera frnline inswornn, ‘The men se pecene tnd together Fe of dead women the women at Slee Beane th dread to osor men, but we and nog ns ‘Epo the wllage. "he confit and eakeson inthe ip Sib enal sym smocated wads Eotomy ofp dzve and reproductive role beoneen men and women te the aj of abngune sala CHAPTER ‘THE SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF THE VILLAGE E have sendy noted hove, with the weakening of chi uth, Si lage sang he Spas foal among the Niemi Bar we have abo se tat Ndenba ‘Ting ie the Tonga silges deed by Colin? ae ot eran cig tin wk sable poplsions td tp fear ais ile may af rom oto spo we rough demain anneconofinsbsane”. Neverelan, Sop hme vl fan te ie tour lage se nt reely a ano pooping of iced vida bt tae he majo of vilge rns ce inked fo te edo by varying 8 of Kip snl afin. An ‘Nienba vilige,Hle Tan vig ded by Mickel dnb Butea* al the Kaonde vile deed by Watson, nny nd in fice “aloe rede group whose meter lim a genedogeal cond wih Ge man, uly the ieadinan Sinha the Nasnbu of couse, reemile many tier Cental Afican peoples In theory an indies, provided tht he o she is ota dave ammeter on tmctcnoced by, ora saad gk fay ma wher be ote may po, btin pe Rot Kee choice of eesdence is wsalyeeumscabed by + imited timber of modes of radental afliston, hed om inci Mioky and Lovey. "The mow inporane of he & mnie Tlatouhip to dh wllge hsdnan However, tha spe of Slaton u dasicly modi by te vnloedreidone of tried women. If oseinelatachment to hesdmes and Talocal marrige were the sole determinane of igen, ‘lage woud coated of male mains Etsonen, tt Wve and dependent cise” Adsle men wool sede ‘slo, ads wedded women volo. and che young Niel i "cen pe “62 Schism and Continuity in ae Afcan Society clilden patioealy. Bue seuctral sigity of this order ie fever fond in the mobile Ndembu sos In prices, thee isa relatively high percentage of patocally resident ado men. [Arnumber of adult wedded women may aso be found living pernlocally- Inthe past and in dh move adiioal seas even fay, musage ae uxoiocl forthe fie yer and dghers fematned daring ts pviod is their father” villages ves thie isbn Agta, young divorced women may rzum to thie father illge f these mosher ae living tere, Indes divorce poveeflly sees the residential afiltion of adult women of once Ravin (Tras Mice Eerie or Le bom) SAS ee ie | ore ages Mange exwnely ef Te VIP nd Slit roel women tray goon ne wlge of he h—-—rrr—C SPS Tat Wi. Sense eta ee sve ia cma” When hae |. = Seem eel Hee a eh ke Sa Das ES Utip Ik a’Mc gy arts ft Eo rate lle ase Sane whee cs ot - =~ = ~— SEF ats cine acca Oa ‘Sepp. 4), 2465 fr dic on nl pgs wine ‘The Socal Composon of the Ville 6 i emote’ bas tails uly sy with ie ihc I ts ORL ay CL | —0ULUrhr———”—L sey ee a tere rat oe A hepa i ren ys SSG Dl eet ete a a it el eo ee ree viel paige cing: ope ope t ma mg he ne an le” Whee se Ea De a ingles nb Fr or “pleat Sine pad ‘eagle ale eager we na Ts elo eet al See rr Sat eer a dienes eas erin IH ented atte mean ad mein sof Ne a ee ea Se oo” LL eee en meee sh Si oat rT —s— ee ee sn nd x oes gs ad oe eee rene he cae Eats a wey a RE ety fn; dun fa muni grt oe wna al or a —UrLr———-_ POTS en a Sa Te She ee fee pees yee ak etl coms fe See eye ghee ir64 Schism and Continuity in an Afison Society ie night be ocuged by a member of «mater decent gro ‘tives "ownedby th beadouns nega or wea by aasigee Niembugivedierent weighting t cach of the fctoeacing village sfliston, Matin! elton with he founder of Willige ives one che right to ree there permanent, oder Tings Geng equal. A penon may say ins or her Ethers wage onl the ler deach, bor muse then lave. fee Esher save dlden ate inherited by his hie and ds retain, ‘his means tht one's afliaon though ones mother's to + grap. where one wih on te penal A mh the end ofa matelineage,to pursue de Cain matty, and Tito dos not bong to uclinlge. "A woman’ al Rome is where hee close mae matemal Kn fee mother's brothers, ee brokers and er sons) happen to be Hvng. ssaly together, ‘Thee male ann of et nage tana er econo and sexual services toa male member of another linge, but never enounce ther cam om her reprodacive apaciye “Evenly fer son and daoghter sons me go to chem, and sooner of Inter she will roby flow then” But te pends mot of er reproduce cyl in the vilge of her busbar or inthe igs of ee sucesive husbands tn Table VI an atermpe mad onthe bass of dia supplied in the village cents spe to discover weer minors, under th age of weary do i et tend reside with hae motes wherever tclater ny belving. “Table Vl shows that about two-thirds of te popelton ander ewenty yes of age, other Gan marie gr ving vit Ioaly. were Teiding with both Geir patens, and. about 4 quar with heir moxbers only A nelle percentage were {Bing ort dcr cher only, and hardly more were ing in ‘heir nuina village wih ner patent” More than ine tent were riding in he same villages a hee mockery and tote han al of those who were not were residing in vilges those nace were tei ows matin En Now et ty to find tat wat period in the Lies of ons this song atachment tothe mother severed. Only 3 small "Sey wa fomay shld by he Beh Sow Ae Comper inten) an eft omat come). "Bar ingen oot cine Shaun oe wap fr many Jes ees ee p18) The Soil Composition ofthe Village 65 sample could be obsined by compating gees and cnn SPL aes bel eee Acco reeled ‘According to Table IX, 2 out of 37 men in the 2-29 age sroup whore mothers were sl alive were living in the same Wilhges as their mothe. In the age BEoup 409, $ out of sien stove mothers were alive were living inthe same vk Lage thee mother Inthe whole sample rather more then6 Fl ofthe men sthose mothers were alive were Living wich them in the same vilge ‘cording to my obievaton the mother-on lnk of common residence only defintely snapped by the mater death A ‘voreed or widowed nether Of advanced yea will wally ‘spend her lst yeas inher son's village. hate reootded a cst ‘which an elderly woman actly divorced er husband Schism and Continuity in an Afican Society Aero oxder w tke up redone with hr elder som, who bad jut founded a vilage of his own. This motheraon tie of prot: fity ial the more remarkable wen the countereiing ene ees ee up by wloed marrage of women ae contend The mothershil, and pecaly the motheeson bend, merges flor thse enguliesa cracal ink of inhi ant ercnant of vilagesftation” Where ade den fale pdcaly Sir see to be on account ofthe ci achint eo he tmother rather than to te fier, tn Table Vit only 2 pet ent ofthe O19 age group in the sample ceded with die ‘The Socal Composition of the Village 67 ahr only, whe 6 pr cent reid wit heir otro, {llgning tl dione 8 widowhood. OF the four men hs ‘ied Wh thi ters only, T Knew two very well and in Ggurcus weal creamsences were involed.” The mothers {Thoth wre deal and thc Bers were headin, “Those {sm eof couse, inequety combined. Tne as theson fared wicheaftn he lage of hs neve mine Kin. ‘Sina village th oth war in Angolsand sa propresive SJoung man who wanted wear money he prefered to remain Eihlings in the wedce poi ar “The sreng ofthe ubling bond snd ie ngotance a2 deter sine of tesidence abo dtve fom ths rch sn Bute of here and ccenion te matloe decet that fms the elzen of one mother by several Fathers roard lel lh) ns ey sap nha Eenteat oftheir mater lag, although they may ie Soe sree pucralwilages snd recive asic sit thar Gabers matainedl group independently of one SSothe “Ar the anayot procesis, wil be shown how amber of soe masta ate Brvght nto play to surat ‘Brtendeney forthe minimal uit of mothe and cident, ‘Shere too sly sn intesly snd proven the growth of Siero mits mporant among tia oaipteisan limps on the sock sn pal spuon of dace gence Togeal_ genesis apd on nity wit ich gensogeal feoeraon,Thiemphash opp mother cl lon Sept authority on coe sk ed seer on the fer and units fal Sings with paral snd cromcousns gun the senior ferton sa whsle ‘The penance of te othe Hk 2 determina of residence atest is srength in the fe Session spanner soporte ts of We se now in bet porn to rte the vaso pencils hi new setlement such seater Kin. A man fkaew who tre thinking of starting a village told me of 17 men and boys Ind to worn and gi of Ks nage ving ne wilage, and of Sprandp Ea of i nes rng a Hebd i the prod ving which Tknew hin pad sere f i 0 IRany ofthese matlineal kin in othe lige to sound hem Bost coming to join him in hs contemplated new vile ‘Thi coampl ister he point dat Ndcmbu rogardmsteinga iss the primary and ene element in he cal composition af village Tes eue wo sy tht both a man and» divorced Soman have ache fn the ster of reid hat sey may Gear w lve either with tee matin kin oF with thee Ether, or, indeed, im other wlliger under special condition bas they have + ledong and astomae righ to rede in Ge wllage of thet else matin in une they have fo tis ght rough some sn oc eime they have eocuned suc a Bice, witchcraft or murder Aman ha the right emai InlasEher's vile whe che Later alive, bt ser his death fe must go to his mained vile, unl his maser as shiv in which ee he woul belong his fers terine bi, Sucssion 19 Of Mazel decent determines succesion and inheritance. In ese lesley wre rer st ine brother, and if the vile age one wih» deep matelinenge i somecimes bappens tut matline! pare cous sce ne soother, When the row of brothers and, caficaory ros as il oun of hr ar no sable cand among then the ight to scced pases dv tothe exe senior gener {al generation of ster’ sone Due to this tendency to coning Socceion widin the membeaip of the senior geneslogal feneraton tne infeqoetyhuppens that ote so been Spain for fice from wich they ace bared by adipic soccesion unl "hope delered maketh the heat sick They88 Schiom and Continuity in am African Society hive of from che villge widh their own ueine sling group sd the chldren of thst group and found. new etemens, Table XVI, based on data T'havecollezed about session fo village headmansip,soppors this semen ‘ani fc prvi i Ser Sehr on ad Str danger gE ee fm Can is Salo From Table XVI, p20, itwould apes hse sonsand rot beter of headinen a the mow eqn finder of new ‘ages Ths eodeney wood below mked if here ed 1 icnny ler atacand orm cjeing ‘epoue soceson t offe. Hwecxamine the pacer Of ‘Sion headmanship Table XVI shows tat Wether scced even anions Whit led ea ‘kine he lorgencalogie generation ethan in Jiior proximal genertany whch conse men of lowe Sree ag iste tat the chance of ccrding to ofr ‘iad peste the forme.” Adciphicsccoon cers shat ¢ ‘ube of aged oicehlders wil ceed one sth, few of thom wil ve long. Even ia ster som doe scced, be rsbalysicces mitch er ni thane would have done ha been hs nother’ othe’ inhi vale is atached fn Nico socery tothe widom hich comes fom age, and | | Matilieal Desert ' oo posi fs mene alien fe tote Erg mare beneh beg tacit eyo ls Compr mae ene cere te Seiete itace ner etl Sing cies ities te he wie ey ag eobtnpe ihetenkt apts crating © i slaretiied ae ee rig eerste fn lhe Ei thre ee Ue mle oe en fl te eo Hp lr Peppers ape bea bape Sa et voy sn prs ala er ered re fone Seay fem om mars ber mee, coats Meccrcn ies otal etn olen al iat eee saute Nee, Sy gis Eee ees Nf aon ig dy oe ste wi a bl ee yoy cr ale een die cap brs Soe ep ees tsb ree ese Confit over Sucesion within the Marlinage This book is dominantly 2 stay of social confit and of the ‘ocial mechani trough nt lay to dace exude or rele {ae conflict Beacath al othe coc in Nambu society i= ‘he coneaed opposition between nen and women over dscat andi the economicsytem. Influenced by this bc opposition, tut posing their vm autonomy, sets of stragyes ae within the Socal seuetire confer Between penons and betwen90 Schiom and Continuity in am Affcan Society ape who ns fen pp of rede lion appa aly to ptt eet pa jc tod Simone og bere pere a ued Sowet's commen pny ws eh uy Cy ie oe ESTES; sn car brea fv etl by» Sage nolo do al ea, on sony, ete by a pe Spa woud scion ‘lie kstdnip Se nce of Se ae peo ond isi ice th iano came he alps of mie props oe sl daar Foal ao ca Srikanth ted pad an ae we ene might pcs oe lot pote find cons even Sep fl pds cid tres "in te wn sf he Nee yarn scp sl te mie doen group md thon bow Se iso ing adam edn go {ited ceca of mar kin sr Ses Nowa or mcrae ny beeper le ce teisetn Sc genom mabe pei ip Ss ly CSc ths ir aa [ei nets se ‘apd yd er gi do er ie nued nk dovnoc gad aes pat Hectic essa er ways ane bye memo uy in Nombsoeycndaton need over ‘turret aye bons wrk psl of ne by Toy voy ec al cnc aed wo Sah fics ening i fhe al race oe pe pe Soe ef ae mare Kee Btw ogre acl uty by Sos nr {STL Lange gone aro ofc reagheepton can cope» mr of cl means SEAR wp of brut with re an “og ano eon of cae SR ae ten eign yup eens omg Sib qa det" Conk even of i inv ca fh a see cd tnd pel {it “orn sf incr ofr y mc at ‘Samed pb cone my of cal da The ne CS ited nde er wih ow ech, Manilineal Descent or nd make visible the sources of conflicts ‘This in tam Jed co ‘Sor why enricfemi them in a difeene pater, or even rcogoie an irreparable {peaking of retort betwee parole porns oo ‘These st, nevertheless fit no the wide pat ofthe Ndeba ten. The Compt of the Socal Drana (On 2 mumber of occasions duting my Geld-work 1 became sr of ced duce in hel i of he et poor tobe sedying at the ime. The whole grosp Inight be tadizally oven into two conficsng fictions the ‘qstelling puss might compeze some bat not ll of is ‘Bembers Or disputes might be merely imterperonal in chate fez Disturbance in short had a vatable sange of soca inven “Ale we bp det ate ne frupdons of conflict: T nodced pur in ther development which seemed to fllow one another in 2 mote of lox regelsr (uence. These eruptions, which Tcl soil dramas have ‘pocesional form’ T have providonally divided dhe’ socal foes which consieuts the socal drama into foot major {sth of ec nom governed leans cg teen pesos OF groupe hin the ane spr of el reas, "Sach beach i signaled by the pubic bead oe enefalmet of some er norm eglcing the into of the part (Fling bch of ples ea, has of ouncing Ct soperreey, es the confict Can be seed off quely within ied ae fac inaction, thee is a tendeney fot de breach eo widen and extend te ‘econ ovate wih ome dominant clevage inthe wide set of relevant soc relitone to which the conficting pares Belong, The phase of eis exposes the pattern of corent fra aoe ‘within the revanesocil group, be i alae, sighbouthood or citdom ; and fe here becomes ‘ale tela plate, ore dbl, Bot never gadaly ‘Sep bl ado a ates ch 1b) ts order to limite pend f breach eran adjiv and92 Schism and Continuity nam Afican Society redresive mechanisms informal a fora, te edly brought {Ro open by adng mento of ila socal pty “Tse mechan vary character wih och ctor he de Zed tool tgafcance ofthe beach, he soa inlvene 9 Ae in the matteo he socal group within wich the reach {ook ps andthe epee oe aston wih tence to wie Spicy ofsoal atone, "They ay rye om penonal vie id infomalabeaon, wo fod jones and pl machiney to salve cea nds fe to the performance of pac Sal (Te St ine ve dns co ih a he rehtgraton of he dstutbe scl poup orn the oil ren ton of inepsle Enc beret he contesting pois In shocy the prac! fo of he sol ders maybe formed as §) teschs Q) cts.) rdeonve eto {@jreinegaton oe secognion of im enue be rcognines of ume, hae in ten Kinds of gona ii nc dr ag emi Sinks of group i the an okt, he proces may not zn smoothly or tevably fom pias © pte Fale, for ‘Sample inthe opesson of rereve mothnery, may rue STicpesion to cts nicenlyformed poops intima il legal or sal meat of handling sca darbance may be Inking and rex my be assed somediely by he Fever ston or Espcntton of the group Ti Ndembyockey, slough ilige send pst, he ie foxm ofthe vilge pits." Meant, nde a any wlge IG hold be pobre econry that members of vilige Should ase certin common val, and that the norms governing behaviour beopea wage members mow of who Cinta Uy sof Links a affnty, sald be opel. Where costar noc and alas ae erp neenche is tual co find muciotontned machinery of rede Each tnceof breath in sal scaton i ade the ocston of = Tutamsat of herp most. "The mature of redesive tnchinry and he wy ia which face nee stxtons J diced le. have ound te soci drama wll descrip and aay tool whe take in onjncon wid nore oro cnges ‘tana ich atthe gelgy, the cents nd the but dg. Matilieal Descent 9 Analy of numeri material obtained by the we of euch tech fier reveals regulates in social restons tha we may eal fic Among Nienb, for crimp, we fnd by die tt he i of gs ed he maa ae op de marge coma vidoe de = Eps fcgueney of dvrc, tat alternate geneogal generations tend to Bld sdicendy and adjcenegenogcl genceation in ‘pposte sections ofa vilge. advo on. We find tat there Maden towandsadelphcsoeesion and that sets tend to'be the mom Gequent founders of new vila Thr leads {© to sper tens in the caonhip of other's brother and er son The soci drama shows vvily how dhe socal tendencies operate in practice; how in a given situation, some nay suppoe and ethan oppose one andhee and how confit. ‘eewecnposons or groups in tems of a common nom oi ‘tems of eontaicory norms may be rslved in. parc set sf creumstaners Inthe socal drama net confi of intrest Smee od Llip ‘whee since nt vows in genealogies, emerge into Ley imgorance iE we examines sqiene of cal dma acing within dhe same cl ty ah ne do gp we he ontemporay stage of maturation or decay ofthe soll strate tat anit. Thope eo demonstte ti in presenting ase of five Consecutive socal dramas in single Iogeesabsed. lage ‘The socal drama iss ited are of anspareney onthe other pagie nice of regan, several soe He, Through 8 we ste enabled to obierve the crac principles ofthe soil strate Sr tht operation, andthe relive dominance at succesive point inde (Of the five soci demas based on material collected at Mokanzs Vilage, the st tres came der my dies beerstion, Ta oo on iw altel oe er ‘ews and conventions wih ving penons who actively pa Signed in dhe ee ae Socal Brame | lsat she conic at may ate brween smothers brother anders soa and between fe paral Cousins, when only few men remsia in the sesoe, fcc fring geneon in a vilage and here ate sever ide aged men dpe for ofice inthe jonoe generation. Ober kinds conflics tecome over wih the famework of ee rca94 Schism and Comiity in an Aficon Society conflicts; but the Romer will not be analysed hee, sine they Involve cher principles of vilage organizaon than mateiny "This social dara sone ofa sey, ech of which cots the sme prinpal characte, and each of which fells diferent Spec ofthe ame struct confi. Te may be objected that [Nth Ector av imteprycho- Solis! contition ad persone fry vations deerined by diferent taining i the ely dats of childhood tke precedence over soeiologial cor Tiping the events 20 Be decried. Bue i i dear that the Aibren personalities involved occupy socal pesons that mast Sseviably come into confit, and exch oexapant of peiton most presct hs ene in terms of gently sexped nots A Fo can avoid dpa over succeion only by renouncing the i ce wae in i pti, "acer gone by lc of Kinship, he ennot abrogate his poston, nfo wick Re 5 nd by war of wht he ae fe lage Comet. Personality may influcne the form and inten ‘The dpe enna abl the son in which conte feast arie A peron who endeavours tid presing his {Ein ‘o otce when the positon of hexdwan fl woe fubject to inteme presre fom hs tere Lin and from his Children to puri ewatd. I he fs to do 5, thee oes 3 ‘Bplicement of the los, of conic, not a tesluion or pising of confi fvtead of leading group of kin again te presses of other peciure groups he becomes the ange oi cin fmm meres of own op. Ae ne gl In the social proces aring from suction he i compelled to tum and defend himsl, whatever his temperament or character ‘The situation in an Ndemba village coe ‘bat foun in Grek drama where one wietses the helpless ofthe human Indi fr the Fy But hv the ste ae de "Sc he trues to be dosctibe blow ate determined by the smite sroctre ofa long-established and mature vile iernecesary to give a otine ofthis srucire. Appendix I thowr the geveslogy of Molanss Vilage. Muka is Kawika Villge, bu the conics wii ie epic of thon found in all Néembe villages im sma stains of cs Tam pegging pois» pipe wich dak wih olin in Nabe Vilage of Eds og | Metrilineal Descent 9s SOCIAL DRAMA 1 The Bove a Chand yb Ne Sdn al ge cng, Sidon i) pet era ad ete ae tn i octets tes Rea Sse eee teats yay a Costa ere vats te Sea, Cn nea aed pr sade nd Rott sede ek SIDE rh tat? Ct eh at ‘Scie ee Me igure se ui oie ee men: ae Bett eid mi eter ae vena Sn ef branes Meta seul ieee sent map cic ania TE nahh hope se aera Sat Soe eh ee ae fees A ene fake de lt ore eden Se ere SESH Ste Secs Mga ich se ar a fered ihn ae Oh a ek Nee ndombu ff ear Hillwood fae a cata St a offal mtn "Sena ke oy ALG Raw wn a Sets Sid a yc a ng eer wk Sanaa Yaa Vigna hs Sede eed eh, ene Socal ak Cab oh tel de SHEASEE Gon ening sos Ep Sooa ane tes Mel He oan sees cc, Eh Se "ys tly ats ear Sei ss tn Se ot Spy ny tet dat pes ane So Taatin ds eaaectene CSE GP pan den cca arse98 Schism and Continuity in aw Africas Society oman bodies, When a mba a es Kleiner al dig ‘Rees few diye Kol fac died bor aera rumour fame co Mkanes Vilage Sint Satdomba had Based in SiS weal El acy acy No dan wae Sade ato he denice the people eed pronation bythe Coven See pet ae emma eng akan Kabinde (Ufa) and Kanyomba (Uf), eltesory mate (Matt of ya cat Sndonba coeds fu of bi cvm south both in Milanes and in Shks Vilage ‘Endo ceunelw his place of employment aod Mokanzs pele ‘id de Sandomby marae wceed Rak, fr head show Rie to'heaman with a back Lver" (hin bat) scl penn sod osrcer The gharion of ssenion wa Iie oter lors ie Spdomb was at expelled fom te ile becuse there at sept fis gle such tight be aie om te ne (alee THe had en apoken in hens ad Kal rl bong food men id no speak tas Way ‘Matanza Rabe war nade headman withthe approval ofl ndcontml in bt fie bythe Government Sob-che Mag Analy “The sccoune presented i digs of infomation given me, four year tens by mort of the tensor retdens of Mokanat Vilage nea Sandon hanna Sundomib, however dese date thane so bewitch Kal though he sdated that he went o Shika Village afer the quae He sid dat he Si thi in order tat peace might evroored i the TEI ll aan mand ol men aay doe tine oe eter’ "This rao anak was om, however typ of Sandon in ther sitnstos st we Sal epson ‘AD Ge her membee ofthe vile conctrd in the Ssw dhe Sandombo had bowtched Kaba and asered the he bad pbidy avowed ut he would dos, Tis pole to get any nt t he ace fc of the ee for the events are ho longer scepible tenqeity and the Account fs aeged @ mya chaacts. Why ha ic hy the consensus of all sve onesie ths characte? ‘Theater ihn, nthe geclogy of Manes Village nd the ‘operation of the finale of reidenealaflesion dacoucd in Chapter ‘Tree “The myth of the. bewitching of Kaba Candnds Hd alendy fa shore pod of ene become te Maviliseal Descent % “ppl cat’ ce Manos ape pi, ‘ofan Gr te cnn of Sandee lt ia Why ade Benn eect War ny SESE war ope stl and » qageos BS ‘eptomecro bot? 1 de er iit Ml licen ‘Feel defen Sindomb maa move grou hs wine woot, Hewars diggs wo th geeatind pve ay Bax eet om Sige, Alloghbe igh coy Eve lived he grovtng eral fing Were pedo pee al nd Seid hat st of ae ord ‘2 gsm way ep tp he Frog cron tdey mc to ht rin ane epee ty io ene ay ae Sar be wand pu ny ol tae crn fo (Stand ne ball up» ttn we woul ie nd Fhe under rep wage” Ty cn wa Ex tow ote evel fog ee he woud Stn ere he he ae aye won ome Feil of Makan vibe! Tis mes ely one go abate mpetin fe ed wel op toting tere tcey omnis ‘Dake expel. trae amon, nd ec uw bmn neg ‘Sl hag ems he ine os hope all weed fs oon ne aa re, icy oe roe Aen i, Malas lange billie wl at Cand is Shure ean spd wc hoe wee te wee ‘Eine! ingen who cotta wore SeP sen seen Com he pre head So {Spe len pr oe hn ud xan eno gnelogel prostrate ensed Gres ad ge one ner he esi Mr ‘se alco i aie muvee tegen the ute cage Som bel need al (CSS Rp ST TAL o mre nd tl rel pe an xenive sem of epee nd apron peo pres.” wk eo oy fou deal te page of mere goog feta te dings of on cane prog pet100 Schism and Comtiity in an African Socity Zig cg of hich amma D0) an ata 'D2) wete the respective anoatenes were suuctrly Tad (ied fom one snather A few ys previously (938) Stother mateineage had split off afte actll ighing nthe “lage beoncen the senior men of Mukanza; and it was euch Ind go, 0 to speak, wheter the Eneage vom) of Matar, the stlor man of which was Sakszo (ip), wou nt fll Suit Sakarao, aknough in the second descendant geeraon fiom Kalas Chandenda (LPs) and Mokanza Kabinds (U8), and inthe fist decendae generation from Sandombu (G10) Sas older shan the Tae, snd-noe many yeas younger thm Mekases KabindsMukanza Kabinds wat in fic the peson srs held dhe two lineages togetier, sine his wife, by whom be iad many cildeen, war owe aster of Sakae, head of the aLAndUneage, He was dus 3 mate clave of his wife by grandpstent- grandchild mariage. His wife Nyamukols (ao) wos the Unk that united the two halves of he vile Ind sood in an dntereary selaonhip beoween dem. Her elie of te oo Tp wae Hibs Vi nowhere to live At theme ine, Mukanzs ainda (78), hs siter Nyamoaha (LP, and his brother Kanyombu (lf) wee the Ine surviving members of the eae (Geiser gt dnl aa No pe ‘tans lineage, to whom the beadnasship might pas, Temaind alive in hx generation, OM Kaj (Lo) wat se, ld a that ime sexed ike to dein Kafweku, hit wiles “ilge. Most of the senior members of MALABU lineage wee J che second dexeendnt genealogical generaten f0 Malas Eales heli a wes motors id hi by BMfity and sbing-oviorhip One man and thee worst ‘fuss linge od of gener (to nth Ssndorsb and Kasonds abo belonged), were alive at at tine. "The man, CCinera (Gat, was working on the Copper 36 road TBboorr andi wa ten cocsideced chat he would never return fo Mikinzs Vile. He had ben headman of Kabali Cham ‘deus vilage in clenge Ares for 3 number of yeas afer Seal had resumed fo Moana. But since is villa? here had teen compote in character, outing, many memes of The mame of nage ae in pi Matilineal Descent nother neage and few of is own matelincl kin he had been {Eraved in any duns wit he oe nage.” He ced erat Vilige Sout opps i te hope of (ecdng Kath Chandonds Boe bead quae! with eae tan Eade eoaat S Sooty emi teh ioe ame tae poe ee Serene oe i ce ae SENG ve et re ae Sie Gees me aoe Seabee Lee Sone ey baked Cinder Btn fey, i gs oe 0 fe a ee toe Sees ere ae tccn ne ecaeaa feat Shae ag OR ee ee Ned ibe mente Cfo pau nog oe Bieber rts State Secrest ents, Be rod oe Fanon gap Ope ded poeple SS Ta a cya ac oes eee tee tra ae! Wd peep no eer dione SE ie ae tee si eee as chee ee eee Sera ay Sata altel ee rs day ng ace Ser at tee nah Ag ek en detuned ea tae Feo er eee Esmee (glee ae es he Slag ti ew lng fe ee ee ey re ee se eee oe et seein irene tela Ec ebay ee ee Senihg Ghai hed ceva Se Re ea iat102 Schism and Continuity nan Aftcan Society he bad not pt hima forward a the scene rd feat po dee ino arb tin pode red wy in hi own ilage He phate hi calf “econ the ih terms Of witcher aciatons agin his Hn Ei ear to lve a hin wits vllge Hs wil Chawutongt {Ressh on the ocher hand, was a aggrenive and ambi ‘roman highly cncos of er anportnte smother af many iki Tht mh er om ral ot, Kasonda (LG1s) by mame, as a inpreatran Tage cats. Seed wo care the socal net of deb ie bu ako snout and sccking by devious mess (ther scced td headianp, oe beter 0 sas village SEES The tes ete any en aso Sheer Manyon (KGr), aos donating personaly Al ce, Keron Mangos and Chswratng' wee fll ater lee (of Makanss Rebnds (LF), who tn former tes ould have Ind height thi mothe’ rhe tol sat avery. He sal exnedconidenble sthonty over thtn Dut one Ector in pric tht ine mate agus Kasonda’s cin spans you Ale a red far mre ‘han tn yar in haan, ive of them in Belsway sad Tough be had scgied ile educa in Mion school traional Ndembe notions std hin too young, athe age of thirst, to becomes hxdoun. In Bank converaos Have ld 'th Ketonds aboot she qoeion of socio, he hat tld te dhe hs hope neurites oe at owe sits to support the cant ces of hs own ‘ern enle, Mukangs Kain The ae war by tat Sine anol man of abou 6 snd eld not be expected ive very jong. Hehe ded inshore Gn’ Kasnds woold spot Sakzezo (Lil), abo his sac for the hexane it Malanes Kabinda' need fier ten you Randa would prow his ow cans afr his anlcsdesth Reson aoogh [i eat crf t maintin the outand show of fiendines {owas Sandor, war patel jelous of hi, ated hi {bar toh own advancement snd feed hi om acoant of hi depend noorety sv soncrer and fend of src, IP Sndomb were to iccend a the age of shoo ily might ke many year before Katonds woul gs dhe chance to Flow Him into Oc, and therefore Kaos nas dtrnncd to beep Mailineal Descent 103 sexi ow off npn tall, by he eran ees SoeePher dn i a TE EP ay br by had eae a ‘Sint adhe ne owed de gue gunet Cr en ie oa ened al ag ee a Nitsa aenrSininbeinalfscce eke Maen Scien apc aa Roe ya le paella cet ‘tte eal nia ec igany Fetes of Marne meted eure her soosh Bh om i ot dog ad etn ies ohn of en gi Searcy oy Means lr a Dae Oe ad wate wie cine orale few te pope leah sa} Nee nH ml SPE he Zaki oa Walle wala an ti its Tine syd Sep eae Eee Tpeced fe espe od oe ee ee opens bay gape ek ee SSH oy Beker Sila eg etn By Nas ete Sige eal ba Ac a Bom ofl soyms br tua ot ie "Th Wks wid ed Melons tw ssl ib) ands etter Ra sc te ge cee nee Se a no ifthe amperes Tec ed roars Ei ts famed i wh prone atc Rees Ei eneel ki Geant Saar nee, ‘Tinag Sco ested opted mane AS ges sett alis Sele apt hese Senki Tape te pearl eer ees ames Sony sheet pre. Sue Ch as con nba’ nd Sob ad seen on inate ape of dite pes Soe Seed en che ler cee wap aie Th hci of gests FES Pos care Soa a Se Ses og nag gm lf Sas ma Sree angi oe ack oon as a a04 Schism and Contin in a Afric Secety settee i seks irl corms tice Sih ested ov the ob pa frm Rk eee (eee iiciaeeiones tp uierjamicenoeetat pe luh cm ema ene a ee ip ene kee Si oe yah Weert Hee EGR oa cares at ‘Rpaflonecishel Ndcnbo vile cont of rao Scovel ses Grama ae mn fond lehman Spt date tectonics Suber ee ceceeae ‘Sled illge ps them ender eta amount of oe cuneate aeate tte Reni, hardy more ti poms te are, be camot Seneeiies ee tne aa “hnother reson forthe premeditated exclusion of Sandomba Jay inthe hitory of Malanza Viloge In mow Cental Afican tte the name of vilage is» eredary le drough which flows 4 sucesion of indvssalincambenty who take the mame ofthe founder ofthe village. Inthe ee of senior headmansh this abo the cae among Ndembo. Here the names of oundess become iaerited lee Bot commoner villages ate ccomstaly coming into being a the rele of sion, and lo Vilage fequenly beeome extinct owing to the secesion of The majnty of ther iahabieints. "There is ofen, among ‘Matriineal Descent 105 seen pid he dele ile ing ich SAUTE ine Or el ne ck te fe te ge kc css cers ener depose aan A a aires py Sale wok Si sulin Fe ey igown a! Makan ede was em dS ee mcr we pa sh ne oe -next three headmen (LE3 ; LF ; 1, Fs) bore the title of Kahali. See AD dattacitie eects mal: Caceres cera ey dar dle Neen oe ad ord th Gores sets a he coinay of Nienbe te Whey ine a oy de Blau a itp de elge ot St Jo UPd te tce kno ed ae en ee ree ae fe Cnr, Sees Sear st tne et eso Tg, Mba Rani (0d ean soe and a dn i Ss Han cage wit Sati ee tenines whol weompsicd et Racgtsin bee hangar henge Sea POSTER E Mae ae ere ier meter nd ben spp by Kenge MSP ur Nica "Madar 2200 ge in it net Si etl ges sony te es SEINE Seen gene an ee teas Make hvng Reha he Bah Sah AS Cot sin ws han a Se poe atl Cicl Ganien (by se ee eee hel jt nerd Ka Site (eee lag pe shad seen SD ea Eel ered nde age ei scant ni darn se cg Se ee ete aa soe Yee Ee ee eel mags ls cme Cad fo the vlge and revmed hs postion 3s ro tin br abn ie io tal gene tae own as Muara, a sihough Sto oke he tile of Molanza, the village contaued tobe called by that mame br by is inbabitaes and by other Ndemba. Te was argued, 1106 Schism and Continuity in an African Society understand by the siblings and site’ children of Mukanzs andl thatthe name of Maa as gow bed sk of wg nfs. Kinds (0) heel ede Kahl Chandon hada sda tl adnan en rs n he ld went 0 frat ceed 938 fo the nae ‘Mukanza By tat he ecued fr hinslt in Ndcnbu bbe the tle of he pt of Maas Kanal (0) in anc’ bi of hi Ie ection ofice Ina sile way Sandon, wll was esding a Manes, Formally scene ote mane SF Kal "Th any the tency of ts canary. ¢ Glesvage had already" devcloped. beoween the flowers of Matanza Kandala and thse wo remained in lenge Ares with Kabal"Chandends (UF) Among: the format ete Saaz (5) ands ster Nyamskols lio) Mua Kabinds marred, dus linking the matiineape of vaca ‘ave's (UD1) and atanw Ds). from tis tion many thin Were bom both of hse cents belonged wth may ‘eateincge of Mane Vilage, and who cold be comted "pon by thet fhe apport hss when he claimed te esd ath. Sandombu (Cho), on the thes band remand wi Mane ik Hab Cel apd fr many Yeatsin lenge Area, where iaded he secured pat ployment Bs roul cpiao a Hilwood Bam Te ital Moons ‘Vilage fen however, snd when he nw tat mos of Kaas ‘tiga following were ticling ack to Makan deed to Bal his own ht there, ad eval toy fo scene ere Bat by the time he had sed theres ecwock of tes ales tmited che membar of the two linage who had fallowel Maza Kendle (8, Notony ay, bur abo the allance of alternate generations (fp. #0 owe) held ogee the sey mete of haere de cous a ie feealogialgeneraon an Hele age had coed wo coincide US berween member ofthe te linge. "Th pave te fo Stuaton in which several ms of he gandclld peneraton ‘of NAIDU nage were chronological coneimpraes ore tember of the grandparent. gettin in macamrsnc lineage, and were i fice lds tas mos of te sar mbes ofthe ierveing eserasonin te laters Due oc np that exited beonecn thee altemate genctins fe ar gute posible tise Sandombur and indeed Rasonds (Gus, mould pp on whe ar he of ety hi anon, cee tes snaed wah ede a hg