H Ni, thng 3 nm 2005

Mc Lc
1

2
3

BI 1 Tng quan.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1
Cc ca s trong SPSS........................................................................................................................1
1.2
Thanh menu {Menu}...........................................................................................................................2
1.3
Thanh cng c {Toolbars}...................................................................................................................2
1.4
Thanh tnh trng {Status Bar}.............................................................................................................3
1.5
Hp thoi {Dialogue box}...................................................................................................................3
1.5.1
Tn bin v nhn bin trong cc danh sch ca hp thoi............................................................4
1.5.2
Cc nt trong hp thoi..................................................................................................................5
1.5.3
Hp thoi ph.................................................................................................................................5
1.5.4
La chn bin.................................................................................................................................6
BI 2: M Cc tp tin d liu.....................................................................................................................9
2.1
Khi ng SPSS..................................................................................................................................9
2.2
M mt file........................................................................................................................................10
BI 3: Ca s Data Editor........................................................................................................................13
3.1
Data View..........................................................................................................................................13
3.2
Variable View.....................................................................................................................................14
3.2.1
Tn bin........................................................................................................................................15
3.2.2
Cc thang o.................................................................................................................................16
3.2.3
Loi bin.......................................................................................................................................16
3.2.4
Nhn bin {Variable Labels}........................................................................................................17
3.2.5
Nhn tr s ca bin {Value Labels}.............................................................................................17
3.2.6
Tr s khuyt thiu {Missing Value}..............................................................................................18
3.3
Nhp d liu......................................................................................................................................19
3.4
Hiu nh d liu trong bng Data View...........................................................................................21
3.4.1
Ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca d liu..................................................................................22
3.4.2
Chn thm cc i tng mi.......................................................................................................22
3.4.3
Chn mt bin mi........................................................................................................................23
3.4.4
Thay i loi d liu.....................................................................................................................24
3.5
Tnh trng lc i tng trong Data Editor.......................................................................................24
Bi 4: Cc php bin i d liu..............................................................................................................25
4.1
Tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}..................................................................................................25
4.1.1
Tnh ton bin vi tu chn If Cases............................................................................................26
4.1.2
Type&Label {Loi v nhn bin} trong hp thoi Compute Variable........................................27
4.2
m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i tng........................................................................27
4.3
M ho li d liu..............................................................................................................................29
4.3.1
M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn (khng to thnh bin mi)....................................29
4.3.2
M ho thnh bin khc...............................................................................................................30
Bi 5: iu khin file v bin i file.......................................................................................................33
5.1
Sp xp cc i tng........................................................................................................................33
5.2
Chn cc i tng {Select Cases}...................................................................................................34
5.2.1
Select Cases: If.............................................................................................................................35
5.2.2
Select Cases: Random Sample......................................................................................................36
5.2.3
Select Cases: Range.....................................................................................................................37
Bi 6: Lm vic vi kt xut.....................................................................................................................38
6.1
Ca s Viewer....................................................................................................................................38
6.1.1
Th hin v du cc kt qu.........................................................................................................39
6.1.2
Di chuyn, sao chp v xo b cc kt qu..................................................................................40
Bi 8: Frequencies {Tn s}......................................................................................................................41
7.1
Kt xut mu......................................................................................................................................41
7.2
thu c cc tn s v cc thng k.............................................................................................43
7.2.1
Frequencies Statistics...................................................................................................................43
7.2.2
Frequencies Charts.......................................................................................................................44
Bi 7: Bng tr/xoay {pivot table}...........................................................................................................46
8.1
Thao tc i vi mt bng tr............................................................................................................46
8.2
Lm vic vi cc trang/lp {Layer}..................................................................................................50

ii

BI 1 Tng quan
SPSS for Windows cung cp mt h thng qun l d liu v phn tch thng
k trong mt mi trng ho, s dng cc trnh n m t {menu} v cc
hp thoi {dialogue box} n gin thc hin hu ht cc cng vic cho
bn. Phn ln cc nhim v c th c hon thnh ch bng cch r v
nhp chut.
Bn cnh giao din r-nhp chut phn tch thng k, SPSS for Windows
cung cp:
Data Editor {Ca s Hiu nh d liu}.

Mt h thng dng bng tnh {worksheet}

uyn chuyn nh ngha, nhp, hiu nh, v th hin d liu.
Ca s Viewer cho php d dng duyt cc kt qu ca
bn, th hin v che giu c th chn lc cc kt xut {output}, thay i trt
t ca cc kt qu, v di chuyn cc bng v th gia SPSS for Windows
v cc trnh ng dng khc
Viewer {Ca s Viewer}.

Cc kt qu ca bn s sinh ng vi
cc bng tr a chiu. Khm ph cc bng ca bn bng cch b tr li cc
hng, cc ct, v cc trang/lp {layer}. Bc l cc pht hin quan trng c
th b mt trong cc bo co tiu chun. So snh cc nhm d dng bng
cch chia tch bng ca bn sao cho mi ln ch c mt nhm c th
hin.
Multidimemtion pivot table {Bng tr a chiu}.

High-revolution graphics { th c phn gii/ nt cao} .

Cc biu hnh trn, th

ct, biu tn sut, th phn tn c phn gii cao, mu sc sng
ng, cc th ba chiu, v hn th na c bao gm nh l cc tnh
nng chun trong SPSS.
Database access {Truy cp d liu}.

Truy cp d liu t cc c s d liu bng cch

s dng trnh ch dn Database Wizard thay v cc truy vn SQL phc tp.
Data transformation {Bin i d liu}.

Tnh nng bin i d liu gip bn c c

d liu sn sng cho cc bc phn tch. Bn c th d dng nhm, b sung,
tng hp, trn, chia v chuyn i file, v hn th na.
1.1 Cc ca s trong SPSS
C mt s loi ca s khc nhau trong SPSS:

Data Editor.

Ca s ny th hin ni dung ca file d liu. Bn c th lp mt

file d liu mi hoc hiu chnh thay i mt file c sn vi ca s Data
Editor. Ca s Data Editor t ng m ra khi bn kch hot/khi ng SPSS.
Bn ch c th mt file d liu ti mt thi im m thi (khng th m hn
mt file d liu vo cng mt thi im).
Viewer.

Mi kt qu thng k, bng, biu c th hin trong ca s

Viewer. Bn c th hiu nh kt xut v lu n s dng sau ny. Mt
ca s Viewer t ng m ra khi bn chy mt th tc u tin to nn kt
xut.
Draft Viewer.

Bn c th trnh by kt xut nh l cc vn bn bnh thng

(thay v cc bng tr) trong ca s Draft Viewer.
Pivot Table Editor.

Kt xut c trnh by trong cc bng tr c th c chnh

sa bng nhiu cch vi ca s Pivot Table Editor. Bn c th hiu nh
on vn bn, chuyn i d liu gia hng v ct, b sung mu, to cc
bng a chiu v n hoc hin th mt cch c chn lc cc kt qu.
Chart Editor.

Bn c th chnh sa cc th cht lng cao trong cc ca s

chart editor. Bn c th thay i mu, chn loi phng hoc c ch, chuyn
i trc tung vi trc honh, xoay cc th ba chiu, v thm ch thay c
loi th.
Text Output Editor.

Cc kt xut dng vn bn khng c th hin trong cc

bng tr c th c chnh sa vi ca s Text Output Editor. Bn c th
hiu nh kt xut v thay cc thuc tnh ca phng ch (dng, loi, mu,
c).
Syntax Editor.

Bn c th dn cc la chn trong cc hp thoi vo mt ca s

syntax, ni m cc la chn ca bn xut hin di dng cc c php lnh.
Bn c th hiu nh cc c php lnh tn dng cc c tnh c bit ca
SPSS khng c sn trong cc hp thoi. Bn cng c th lu cc m lnh
ny trong mt file s dng cho nhng cng vic tip theo ca SPSS.
Script Editor.

K thut t ng OLE cho php bn tu bin v t ng ho

nhiu nhim v trong SPSS. S dng ca s Script Editor lp v hiu
nh cc trnh nh c bn.

1.2 Thanh menu {Menu}

Rt nhiu nhim v bn mun tin hnh vi SPSS bt u vi vic la chn
cc menu {trnh n}. Tng ca s trong SPSS c cc menu ring ca n
vi cc la chn menu thch hp cho loi ca s .
Hai menu Analysis v Graphs l c sn i vi mi loi ca s, lm cho
vic to cc kt xut mi rt nhanh chng m khng phi chuyn i gia
cc ca s.
1.3 Thanh cng c {Toolbars}
Tng ca s SPSS c cc thanh cng c ring ca n cho php truy cp
nhanh n cc nhim v thng dng. C mt s ca s c hn mt thanh
cng c.
Hnh 1-2: Thanh cng c vi tr gip ch dn cng c {ToolTip Help}

1.4 Thanh tnh trng {Status Bar}

Thanh tnh trng {status bar} nm y ca tng ca s SPSS cung cp cc
thng tin di y:
Command status {Tnh trng lnh}.

i vi tng lnh hoc th tc m bn chy,

mt s m cc i tng/trng hp {case} ch ra s lng cc i tng
c x l. i vi cc th tc i hi phi x l lp, s ln lp c th
hin.
Filter status {Tnh trng lc} .

Nu bn chn mt mu ngu nhin hoc mt tp hp

ph cc i tng phn tch, thng tin Filter on ch ra rng mt vi nhm
i tng no ang c lc v khng phi mi i tng trong tp tin
d liu c a vo phn tch.
Weight status {Tnh trng gia quyn} .

Thng tin Weight on ch ra rng mt bin gia

quyn ang c s dng gia quyn cc i tng cho phn tch.
Split status {Tnh trng chia tch} .

Thng tin Split on ch ra rng file d liu ang

c chia tch thnh mt s nhm phn tch, c da vo cc tr s ca
mt hoc mt s bin lp nhm/phn t.

1.5 Hp thoi {Dialogue box}

Hu ht cc la chn menu m ra cc hp thoi. Bn s dng hp thoi
la chn cc bin v cc tu chn cho phn tch
Tng hp thoi chnh cho cc th tc thng k v th c mt s cc b
phn c bn
Danh sch bin ngun.

Mt danh sch cc bin trong file d liu lm vic. Ch c

cc loi bin c php bi cc th tc c chn mi c th hin trong
danh sch ngun. Vic ding cc bin chui dng ngn hay di b hn ch bi
rt nhiu th tc.
Danh sch (hoc cc danh sch) bin ch .

Mt hoc mt vi danh sch th hin cc

bin bn va chn cho phn tch, chng hn nh danh sch bin c lp v
ph thuc.
Nt n iu khin {Command pushbutton} .

Cc nt ch dn chng trnh thc hin

mt tc v, chng hn nh chy mt th tc, th hin phn thng tin Tr
gip, hoc m ra mt hp thoi con tin hnh cc la chn c th b
sung.
c c thng tin v cc nt iu khin trong mt hp thoi, nhp chut
phi ln nt .
Hnh 1-5: Cc b phn iu khin hp thoi
Danh sch
bin ch

Danh sch bin

ngun

Cc nm
nhn cu
lnh

Cc nm
nhn hp
thoi ph

1.5.1

Tn bin v nhn bin trong cc danh sch ca hp thoi

Bn c th th hin hoc l tn bin hoc l nhn bin trong danh sch ca

hp thoi. Do tn bin b hn ch bi 8 k t, nhn bin thng cung cp
nhiu thng tin m t bin hn.
iu khin s th hin tn bin hay nhn bin trong danh sch ca
hp thoi, trong Options trong menu Edit bt k loi ca s no ca
SPSS.
nh ngha hoc chnh sa nhn bin, hy nhp p tn bin trong
ca s Data Editor v sau nhp Labels.
i vi d liu nhp t cc ngun c s d liu, tn cc trng c s
dng lm nhn bin.
i vi nhn bin qu di, ch con tr ln nhn trong danh sch xem
ton b nhn bin .
Nu khng c nhn bin no c xc nh th tn bin s c th hin.

Hnh 1-6: Cc nhn bin c th hin trong mt hp thoi

1.5.2

Cc nt trong hp thoi

C 5 nt nhn tiu chun trong hu ht cc hp thoi:

1.5.3

OK.

Chy th tc. Sau khi bn chn cc bin nghin cu v chn bt k

cc tu chn b sung no, nhp OK chy th tc. iu ny cng ng
thi ng hp thoi li.

Paste.

Reset.

Cancel.

Help.

To c php cu lnh t cc la chn trong hp thoi v dn c

php vo mt ca s c php. Sau bn c tu bin cc cu lnh vi
cc c tnh b sung khng c sn trong hp thoi.
B chn bt k bin no trong danh sch cc bin c chn v
thit lp mc nh cho mi tu chn trong hp thoi v bt k hp thoi
ph no.
Xo b bt k thay i no trong thit lp hp thoi k t ln cui
n c m ra v ng hp thoi li. Trong mi ln lm vic vi SPSS
cc thit lp trong hp thoi l lun tn ti cho n khi bn thot khi
SPSS. Mt hp thoi duy tr mi thit lp m bn chn cho n khi bn
thit lp li. .
Nm ny cho bn ca s tr gip dng chun ca hng Microsoft
bao gm cc thng tin v hp thoi hin ti. Bn cng c th nhn c
cc tr gip trong cc nm iu khin ring trong tng hp thoi bng
cch nhp chut phi ln n.
Hp thoi ph

Do hu ht cc th tc u cung cp mt s uyn chuyn ln, khng phi

mi la chn u c th c bao hm ch trong mt hp thoi. Hp thoi
chnh bao gm cc thng tin ti thiu i hi chy mt th tc. Cc thit
lp b sung c thc hin trong cc hp thoi ph.
Trong hp thoi chnh, nm nhn vi ba du chm () ng sau tn ca n
ch ra rng mt hp thoi ph s c xut hin nu bn nhn chut vo n.
1.5.4

La chn bin

la chn mt bin, bn ch n gin nhp chut vo n trong danh sch

cc bin ngun v nhp nm mi tn phi nm bn cnh danh sch cc bin
ngun. Nu ch c mt danh sch cc bin ngun, bn c th nhp p cc
bin n chuyn chng t danh sch ngun sang danh sch ti.
6

Bn c th chn nhiu bin mt lc:

chn nhiu bin nm k nhau lin tc trong danh sch cc bin
ngun, nhp vo bin u tin v gi phm Shift v nhp vo bin cui
cng.
chn cc bin khng nm k nhau lin tc (nm cch qung) trong
danh sch cc bin ngun, hy s dng phng php nhp+Ctrl. Chn
bin u tin, sau gi phm Ctrl v nhp bin tip theo, v c th tip
tc cho n bin cui cng.
chn mi bin trong danh sch, nhn Ctrl+A
Hnh 1-7: La chn nhiu bin vi k thut Shif t cng vi nhp chut

Hnh 1-8: Chn nhiu bin k tip nhau vi k thut Ctrl cng vi nhp chut

 c c thng tin v mt bin trong mt danh sch trong mt hp thoi

Nhp chut tri ln mt bin trong mt danh sch chn n

Nhp chut phi bt k ni no trong danh sch
Chn Variable Information trong menu pop-up

Hnh 1-9: Xem thng tin v bin dng phm chut phi

nhn c thng tin v nm iu khin trong hp thoi

Nhp chut tri ln nm bn mun bit
Chn Whats This? Trong menu pop-up.
8

Mt ca s pop-up th hin thng tin v nm iu khin.

Hnh 1-10: Tr gip dng Whats This?pop-up bng cch nhp phm
phi chut

BI 2: M Cc tp tin d liu
Cc file d liu c cc nh dng khc nhau, v phn mm ny c thit k
qun l chng, bao gm:
Cc bng tnh worksheet c lp trong Execl hoc Lotus
C s d liu c lp di nh dng dBASE v SQL
Cc file dng text ASCII vi kiu Tab-deliminated
Cc file trong nh dng SPSS c lp trong cc h iu hnh khc
Cc file d liu SYSTAT

2.1 Khi ng SPSS

Trn

mn

hnh

desktop

ca

Widows

nhp

vop

biu

Hoc m phm Start, All programs, SPSS for WIndows, SPSS 12.0.1 for Windows
S xut hin ca s SPSS Data Editor v mt hp thoi nh sau:

Run the tutorial:

Chy chng trnh

tr gip
Type in data: Nhp

d liu mi

Chy mt truy
vn d liu c sn
Run an existing query:

Create new query using Database Wizard:

Lp mt truy vn d liu s dng

Database Wizard

10

tng

 Open an existing data source: M

file d liu c sn

(Ch : Hp thoi ny ch xut hin mt ln khi bn khi ng SPSS)

2.2 M mt file
Nu c sn mt file d liu, bn c th m n bng la chn
existing data source v nhp vo More Files;

Open an

Nu ang trong ca s SPSS Data Editor:

T thanh menu chn
File
Open
Data

Trong hp thoi Open File, chn file m bn mun m

Nhp Open

Bn cnh cc file c lu di nh dng ca SPSS, bn c th m cc file

c nh dng ca Excel, Lotus, dBASE, tab-deliminated m khng cn phi
chuyn i chng sang mt nh dng trung gian hoc nhp cc thng tin
nh ngha d liu
m mt tp tin {file} Excel

Ti ca s SPSS Data Editor, t thanh menu chn

File
Open
Data

Trong hp thoi Open File, chn file m bn mun m

Nhp Open
Trong hp thoi Open File, chn nni lu gi file (Look in); chn loi file (Files of
type) v

sau chn tn file (File name)

11

Hp thoi Opening Excel Data Source xut hin

Hy chn Worksheet m bn nh m (i vi file c nhiu hn mt

worksheet).

12

13

BI 3: Ca s Data Editor
Ca s Data Editor cung cp mt phng php ging nh bng tnh, thun
tin lp v hiu nh cc file d liu. Ca s Data Editor t ng m khi
bn bt u khi ng SPSS.
Ca s Data Editor cung cp hai loi bng xem d liu:
Data view.

Th hin tr s d liu thc hoc cc nhn tr s c xc nh

Variable view.

Th hin cc thng tin nh ngha v bin, bao gm cc nhn

bin v nhn tr s bin c xc nh, loi d liu (v d nh dng chui,
dng ngy thng, v dng s), thang o (nh danh, nh hng, hoc t l),
v cc tr s khuyt thiu do ngi
Trong c hai bng, bn c th b sung, v xo cc thng tin c lu cha
trong file d liu.
3.1 Data View
Hnh 5-1: Data view

14

Rt nhiu thuc tnh ca Data View cng ging nh nhng g c tm thy

trong cc phn mm s dng bng tnh, (v d nh Excel). Tuy nhin cng
c mt s s khc bit quan trng:
Cc hng l cc bn ghi/i tng/trng hp {case}. Tng hng a
din cho mt i tng hoc mt quan st. V d tng ngi tr li i
vi mt bng hi/phiu iu tra l mt i tng.
Cc ct l cc bin. Tng ct i din cho mt bin hoc thuc tnh c
o c. V d tng mc trong mt bng hi l mt bin.
Cc cha cc tr s. Tng cha mt tr s ca mt bin cho mt i
tng. l s kt hp ca i tng v bin. Cc ch cha cc tr s
bin. Khng ging nh cc phn mm s dng bng tnh, cc trong
Data Editor khng th cha ng cc cng thc.
File d liu c hnh ch nht. Hai hng ca file d liu c xc nh
bi s lng cc i tng v s lng cc bin. Bn c th nhp d liu
trong bt k no. Nu bn nhp d liu vo mt nm bn ngoi cc
ng bin ca file d liu c xc nh, hnh ch nht d liu s c
m rng bao gm bt k mi hng v mi ct nm gia v cc
ng bin ca file. Khng c cc trng rng trong cc ng bin
ca file d liu. i vi cc bin dng s, cc rng c chuyn thnh
tr s khuyt thiu h thng. i vi cc bin dng chui, mt du cch
vn c coi l mt tr s.
3.2 Variable View
Hnh 5-2: Ca s Variable View

15

Bng Variable View cha ng cc thng tin v cc thuc tnh ca tng bin
trong file d liu. Trong mt bng Data view:
Cc hng l cc bin.
Cc ct l cc thuc tnh ca bin
Bn c th b sung hoc xo cc bin v thay i thuc tnh ca cc bin,
bao gm:
Tn bin {Name}
Loi d liu {Type}
S lng con s hoc ch {With}
S lng ch s thp phn {Decimals}
M t bin/nhn bin {Lable} v nhn tr s bin {Values}
Cc tr s khuyt thiu do ngi s dng thit lp {Missing}
rng ca ct {Width}
Cn l {Align}
Thang o {Measure}
th hin hoc nh ngha cc thuc tnh ca bin

Lm cho ca s Data Editor tr thnh ca s hot ng

16

 Nhp p mt tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data View, hoc nhp

bng Variable View.

nh ngha mt bin mi, nhp mt tn bin trong bt k hng rng

no
Chn thuc tnh m bn mun nh ngha hoc hiu chnh.
3.2.1

Tn bin

Cc qui tc di y c p dng cho tn bin:

Tn phi bt u bng mt ch. Cc k t cn li c th l bt k ch
no, bt k s no, hoc cc biu tng nh @, #, _, hoc $.
Tn bin khng c kt thc bng mt du chm.
Trnh dng cc tn bin m kt thc vi mt du gch di cn ( trnh
xung t vi cc bin c t ng lp bi mt vi th tc)
di ca tn bin khng vt qu 8 k t.
Du cch v cc k t c bit (v d nh !, ?, , v *) khng c s
dng
Tng tn bin phi n chic/duy nht; khng c php trng lp.
Khng c dng ch hoa t tn bin. Cc tn NEWVAR, NewVar,
v newvar c xem l ging nhau.
3.2.2

Cc thang o

Bn c th xc nh thang o di dng t l (d liu dng s trn mt

thang khong hoc thang o t l), th bc hoc nh danh. D liu
nh danh hoc th bc c th c dng chui (ch a, b, c) hoc dng
s.
3.2.3

Loi bin

Variable Type xc nh loi d liu i vi tng bin. Theo mc nh, mi

bin mi c gi s l dng s. Bn s dng Define Variable thay i
loi d liu. Ni dung ca hp thoi Variable Type ph thuc vo loi d
liu c thu thp. i vi mt s loi d liu, c nhng cho rng
v s thp phn (Xem v d Hnh 5-4); i vi loi khc bn ch n gin
17

chn mt nh dng t mt danh sch cun (xem v d hnh 5.4b) cc loi

d liu cho trc.
Hnh 5-4: Hp thoi Variable Type

Cc loi d liu l dng s {numeric}, du phi {comma}, du chm. {dot},

ghi ch khoa hc {Scientific notation}, ngy thng {Date}, -la {Dollar},
tin tu bin {custom currency} v chui {string}.
Hnh 5-4: Hp thoi Variable Type vi dng d liu l ngy thng

nh ngha loi d liu

Nhp nm trong Type i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

Chn loi d liu trong hp thoi Data Type.
3.2.4

Nhn bin {Variable Labels}

Do tn bin ch c th di 8 k t, cc nhn bin c th di n 256 k t, v

nhng nhn m t ny c th hin trong cc kt xut.

18

3.2.5

Nhn tr s ca bin {Value Labels}

Bn c th ch nh cc nhn m t i vi tng tr s ca bin. iu ny

cc k hu ch nu d liu ca bn s dng cc m dng s i din cho
cc nhm/t khng phi dng s (v d m 1 v 2 cho nam v n). Nh tr s
ca bin c th di n 60 k t. Nhn tr s ca bin khng c sn i vi
cc bin dng chui di (cc bin dng chui di hn 8 k t).
Hnh 5-5: Hp thoi Value Labels

nh ngha nhn tr s ca d liu

Nhp nm trong Values i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

i vi tng tr s, nhp tr s v nhp mt nhn
Nhp Add nhp nhn tr s.
3.2.6

Tr s khuyt thiu {Missing Value}

Missng Value nh ngha cc tr s nh l khuyt thiu ca ngi s

dng. Thng thng chng ta mun bit ti sao thng tin li b khuyt
thiu. V d bn c th phn bit gia tr s khuyt thiu do mt i tng
iu tra t chi tr li mt cu hi v tr s khuyt thiu do cu hi
khng p dng i vi ngi ny. Cc tr s c ch nh l khuyt thiu
ca ngi s dng c nh du c SPSS i x c bit trong hu
ht cc tnh ton.
Bn c th nhp n 3 tr s khuyt thiu ring bit, mt phm vi khong
cch tr s khuyt thiu hoc mt phm vi cng vi mt tr s khuyt
thiu ring bit.
Cc phm vi c th c ch nh cho cc bin dng s

19

 Bn khng th nh ngha tr s khuyt thiu cho cc bin dng chui di

(hn 8 k t)
Cc tr s khuyt thiu i vi bin dng chui .

Mi d liu dng chui, bao gm c tr

s rng, c chuyn i thnh cc tr s bnh thng (khng phi l khuyt
thiu) tr phi bn nh ngha chng mt cch trc tip nh l cc tr s
khuyt thiu. nh ngha tr s rng nh l tr s khuyt thiu i vi
bin dng chui, hy nhp mt du cch vo mt trong nhng trng i
vi Discrete missing values.
Hnh 5-6: Hp thoi Missing Values

nh ngha cc tr s khuyt thiu cho mt bin

Nhp nm trong Missing i vi bin bn mun nh ngha

Nhp cc tr s hay cc phm vi/khong i din cho tr s khuyt thiu.
p dng cc thuc tnh nh ngha bin cho cc bin khc

Mt khi bn nh ngha cc thuc tnh cho mt bin, bn c th sao chp

mt hoc mt s thuc tnh v p dng chng cho mt hoc mt s bin
khc.
p dng cc thuc tnh nh ngha bin cho cc bin khc

Trong bng Variable View, chn hoc cc c thuc tnh c nh

ngha m bn mun p dng cho cc bin khc

T thanh menu chn
Edit
Copy

20

 Chn (hoc cc ) m bn mun p dng thuc tnh. Bn c th chn

nhiu bin.
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Paste

Nu bn sao chp thuc tnh cho cc hng rng, cc bin mi c lp vi vi cc thuc tnh
mc nh cho tt c nhng khng phi mc nh cho nhng thuc tnh c chn.

3.3 Nhp d liu

Bn c th nhp d liu trc tip t bng Data View trong ca s Data Editor. Bn c th nhp
d liu theo bt k trt t no. Bn c th nhp d liu theo i tng hoc theo bin, hoc theo
khu vc c chn, hoc theo tng

hot ng ( con tr) lun c lm sng

Tn bin v s ca hng ca hot ng c th hin gc cao bn tri
ca ca s Data Editor.
Khi bn chn mt v nhp mt tr s th n s c th hin khoang
hiu nh d liu nm trn ca Data Editor
Cc tr s khng c ghi cho n khi bn nhn Enter hoc chn khc
nhp bt k g khc mt d liu dng s, trc ht phi nh ngha
loi d liu.
Nu bn nhp mt tr s vo mt ct rng, Data Editor t ng to ra mt bin
mi v ch nh mt tn bin.
Tn bin
SHnh
ca hng
5-7: File
d liu

hiu nh d liu
lm Khoang
vic trong
Data View

21

hot ng

 nhp d liu dng s

Chn mt trong bng DataView

Nhp tr s. Tr s ny c th hin trong khoang hiu nh d liu nh

ca Data Editor
Nhn Enter hoc chn mt khc ghi tr s ny.

nhp d liu khng phi dng s

Nhp p mt tn bin nh ca ct trong bng Data View hoc nhp bng

Variable View
Nhp nm trong Type i vi bin ny
Chn loi d liu trong hp thoi Variable Type.
Nhp OK
Nhp p s ca hng hoc nhp bng Data View
Nhp d liu trong hng i vi bin va mi c nh ngha.

s dng nhn ca tr s khi nhp d liu

Nu nhn tr s khng xut hin trong bng Data View, t thanh menu chn
View
Value Labels

Nhp ln m trong bn mun nhp tr s

Chn mt nhn tr s t danh sch m xung

Tr s c nhp vo v nhn tr s c th hin trong .

Ch : iu ny ch lm vic nu bn nh ngha nhn tr s ca bin.
22

Cc gii hn v tr s ca d liu

Loi bin v rng ca d liu c thit lp s qui nh loi d liu c

th nhp vo trong Data View.
Nu bn g mt k t khng c chp nhn bi loi bin, Data Editor
s pht ra ting ku bp v khng nhp k t vo.
Vi cc bin dng chui, cc k t nm ngoi rng c nh ngha
s khng c chp nhn.
Vi cc bin dng s, cc tr s nguyn vt qu rng vn c th
c nhp vo, nhng Data Editor th hin hoc l ch gii khoa hc
hoc l cc du hoa th trong ch ra rng tr s ny rng hn rng
c nh ngha. th hin tr s trong , thay i rng ca bin.
(Ch : Thay i rang ca ct khng nh hng n rng ca
bin.)
3.4 Hiu nh d liu trong bng Data View
Vi Data Editor, bn c th hiu nh tr s ca d liu trong bng Data
View theo nhiu cch. Bn c th:

Thay i tr s ca d liu

Ct, sao chp, v dn cc tr s ca d liu

Thm vo hoc xo cc i tng
Thm vo hoc xo cc bin
Thay i trt t ca cc bin
thay th hoc hiu nh mt tr s ca d liu

xo tr s c v nhp mt tr s mi:
Trong bng Data View, nhp p vo . Tr s c th hin trong

khoang hiu nh d liu.

Hiu nh tr s trc tip t hoc trong khoang hiu nh d liu.
Nhn Enter (hoc chuyn sang khc) ghi tr s mi.

23

3.4.1

Ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca d liu

Bn c th ct, sao chp v dn cc tr s ca tng hoc mt nhm cc tr

s trong Data Editor. Bn c th:
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt khc.
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt sang mt nhm cc .
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt i tng sang cho mt nhm cc
i tng.
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt bin sang cho mt nhm cc bin.
Chuyn hoc sao chp tr s ca mt nhm cc sang cho mt nhm cc
khc.
3.4.2

Chn thm cc i tng mi

Nhp d liu vo mt trong mt hng rng s t ng to ra mt i

tng mi. Data Editor s chn cc tr s khuyt thiu i vi mi bin khc
cho i tng . Nu c bt k hng rng no nm gia i tng mi v
cc i tng c sn, cc hng rng cng tr thnh cc i tng mi
vi cc tr s khuyt thiu h thng i vi mi bin.
Bn c th chn cc i tng mi vo gia cc i tng c sn.
chn mt i tng mi gia cc i tng c sn

Trong Data View, chn bt k no trong i tng (hng) nm di v tr

ni m bn mun chn i tng mi.

T thanh menu chn
Data
Insert Case

Mt hng mi c chn vo v mi mi bin ca i tng mi ny u

nhn c tr s khuyt thiu h thng.
3.4.3

Chn mt bin mi

Nhp d liu vo mt ct rng trong bng Data View hoc trong mt hng
rng trong bng Variable View s t ng to ra mt bin mi vi mt tn
bin mc nh (tin t var v mt chui s tun t) v mt nh dng d liu
24

mc nh (dng s). Data Editor chn tr s khuyt thiu h thng cho mi

i tng i vi bin mi ny. Nu c bt k ct rng no trong bng Data
View hoc hng rng no trong bng Variable View gia bin mi v cc
bin c sn, th nhng ct ny (trong bng Data View) hoc hng ny
(trong bng Variable View) cng tr thnh bin mi vi tr s khuyt thiu
h thng cho mi i tng.
chn mt bin mi gia cc bin c sn

Chn bt k no trong bin bn phi ca (bng Data View) hoc di (ca

bng Variable View) v tr m bn mun chn bin mi vo.

T thanh menu chn
Data
Insert Variable

Mt hng mi c chn vo vi tr s khuyt thiu h thng cho mi

i tng.
chuyn mt bin trong Data Editor

Nu bn mun t v tr bin gia hai bin c sn, hy chn mt bin vo

v tr ni bn mun di chuyn bin n
i vi bin bn mun chuyn, nhp tn bin nh ca ct trong bng

Data View hoc s hng trong bng Variable View. Ton b bin s c
lm ni bt/t sng.
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Cut

Nhp vo tn bin (trong bng Data View) hoc s hng (trong bng

Variable View) ni bn mun di chuyn bin n. Ton b bin ny s c

m ni bt
T thanh menu chn
Edit
Paste

25

3.4.4

Thay i loi d liu

Bn c th thay i loi d liu cho mt bin bt k lc no c s dng hp

thoi Variable Type trong bng Variable View, v Data Editor s c gng
chuyn i cc tr s hin c sang loi mi. Nu khng th chuyn i c
th tr s khuyt thiu h thng s c ch nh. Cc qui tc chuyn i
cng ging nh trng hp dn tr s vo mt bin c nh dng khc. Nu
s thay i trong nh dng ca d liu c th gy ra cc c t ca tr s
khuyt thiu hoc nhn tr s, Data Editor th hin mt hp cnh bo v hi
nu nh bn mun tip tc vi vic thay i hay hu b n.
3.5 Tnh trng lc i tng trong Data Editor
Hnh 5-9: Cc i tng c lc trong Data Editor

Cc i
tng b lc
(b loi tr)

Nu bn chn mt tp hp ph cc i tng nhng khng loi b nhng

i tng khng c chn, nhng i tng khng c chn c nh
du trong Data Editor vi mt on thng nm cho trong cc s hng.

26

Bi 4: Cc php bin i d liu

Trong mt trng hp l tng, d liu ban u (th) ca bn l thch hp
hon ton cho loi phn tch m bn mun tin hnh, v mi quan h gia
cc bin l hoc tuyn tnh mt cch thch hp hoc gn nh trc giao. Rt
ng tic y l trng hp rt him c. Cc phn tch s b c th bc l
cc trnh t m ho bt tin hoc cc sai s do m ho, hoc bin i d liu
c th b i hi b l mi quan h thc gia cc bin.
Bn c th thc hin cc php bin i t nhng nhim v n gin, chng
hn nh thu nh s nhm/t tin hnh phn tch, hoc phc tp hn nh
to cc bin mi da trn cc phng trnh phc tp v cc cu lnh/khai
bo c iu kin

4.1 Tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}

Th tc Compute Variable tnh ton cc tr s ca mt bin c da trn s
bin i ca mt bin khc
Bn c th tnh cc tr s cho cc bin dng s hoc dng chui (cc k
t chui c dng s)
Bn c th lp cc bin mi hoc thay th cc tr s ca bin c. i
vi bin mi, bn cng c th ch nh loi bin v nhn bin.
Bn c th tnh ton cc tr s mt cch c chn lc i vi cc tp hp
con ca d liu da trn cc iu kin l-gic.
Bn c th s dng trn 70 hm lp sn {built-in}, bao gm cc hm i
hc, cc hm thng k, cc hm phn b v cc hm chui.
tnh ton bin

T thanh menu chn

Transform
Compute

nh tn ca bin ch {target variable}. N c th l mt bin c hoc

mt bin mi s c b sung vo file d liu lm vic.

Xy dng mt biu thc, hoc dn cc b phn vo Numeric Expression

hoc g trc tip vo .

27

 Dn cc hm t danh sch cc hm {Functions} v nhp cc tham

s c biu th bng cc du hi
Cc hng s dng chui phi c trong du m ng ngoc
n hoc ngoc kp
Cc hng s dng s phi c nhp theo nh dng kiu Hoa K
vi du chm (.) l du thp phn.
i vi bin dng chui mi, bn cn phi chn Type&Lable xc nh
loi d liu.
Hnh 6-1: Hp thoi Compute Variable

4.1.1

Tnh ton bin vi tu chn If Cases

Hp thoi If Cases cho php bn p dng php chuyn i d liu i vi

cc nhm cc i tng c chn lc, c s dng cc biu thc iu kin.
Mt biu thc iu kin tr li mt tr s ng hay sai hoc khuyt thiu cho
tng i tng.
Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l true {ng}, php bin i
c p dng cho i tng
Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l false {sai} hoc missing
{khuyt thiu}, php bin i khng c p dng cho i tng
Hu ht cc biu thc iu kin s dng mt hoc mt s trong 6 du
quan h (<, >, <= (nh hn v bng), >= (bng v ln hn), = v ~=
(khc)) trn bng tnh ton.
28

 Cc biu thc iu kin c th bao hm cc tn bin, cc hng s, cc

php ton s hc, cc hm s v hm khc, cc bin l-gc v cc thao
tc c iu kin khc
4.1.2

Type&Label {Loi v nhn bin} trong hp thoi Compute Variable

Theo mc nh cc bin mi c dng s. tnh ton mt bin dng chui

bn phi xc nh loi d liu v rng
Label.

Nhn bin l khng bt buc phi nh ngha, v c th di n 120 k

t. Bn c th nhp mt nhn bin hoc s dng 110 k t u tin ca biu
thc tnh ton nh l nhn bin.
Type.

Cc bin c tnh ton c th l dng s hoc dng chui (ch ci

kiu con s). Cc bin dng chui khng th c ding trong cc php tnh
ton.
Hnh 6-2: Hp thoi loi v nhn bin trong th tc Compute Variable

4.2 m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i tng

Hp thoi ny to nn mt bin m s ln xy ra ca cng tr s hoc cc
tr s trong mt danh sch cc bin cho tng i tng. V d mt cuc iu
tra c th bao gm mt danh sch cc tp ch vi hp nh du c/khng
ch ra xem loi tp ch no m tng i tng iu tra c. Bn c th m
s cu tr li c cho tng i tng iu tra to ra mt bin mi cha
ng tng s tp ch c c.
Hnh 6-3: m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s trong cc i tng

29

 m s ln cc tr s xy ra trong cc i tng

T thanh menu chn

Transform
Count

Chn mt hay hn mt bin cng loi (dng s hoc dng chui)

Nhp Define Variable v xc nh loi tr s hoc cc tr s no s c m.
Khng bt buc, bn c th nh ngha mt tp hp con cc i tng

m s ln xy ra ca cc tr s.
Hp thoi If Cases xc nh cc tp hp con ging nh c m t trong
phn Compute Variable.
m cc tr s trong cc i tng: Cc tr s cn m

Tr s ca bin ch (trong hp thoi chnh) c tng thm 1 cho mi ln

khi mt trong nhng bin c la chn tho mn mt c t trong Value to
Count. Nu mt i tng tho mn mt s m t i vi bt k bin no,
bin ch c tng mt s ln tng ng i vi bin .
Cc c t v tr s c th bao gm cc tr s ring bit, cc tr s khuyt
thiu (h thng hoc ngi s dng), v cc phm vi {range}. Cc phm vi
bao gm cc im cui ca chng v bt k tr s khuyt thiu ca ngi s
dng c ln ri vo trong phm vi .
Hnh 6-4: Hp thoi cc tr s cn m

30

4.3 M ho li d liu
Bn c th bin i tr s d liu bng cch m ho li chng
4.3.1

M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn (khng to thnh bin mi)

M ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn {Recode into Same Variable} gn

li cc tr s ca bin ang c hoc ct gim bt cc phm vi ca cc tr s
ang c vo cc tr s mi
Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui. Nu bn chn nhiu
bin, chng phi c cng loi. Bn khng th m ho cc bin dng chui v
dng s cng vi nhau.
Hnh 6-7: Hp thoi Recode into Same Variables

m ho li d liu ngay trong bin c sn

31

 T thanh menu chn

Transform
Recode
Into Same Variables

Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi

c cng dng (chui hoc s)

Nhp vo Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.

Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i tng m ho

Hp thoi If Cases xc nh mt nhm cc i tng cng ging nh
c m t trong mc tnh ton bin {Compute Variable}
Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues

Bn c th xc nh cc tr s m ho trong hp thoi ny. Mi ch nh

v tr s phi cng loi d liu (dng s hay dng chui) ging nh ca cc
bin c chn trong hp thoi chnh.
Old Value.

Tr s (hoc cc tr s) b m ho. Bn c th m ho cc tr s n,
mt phm vi cc tr s v cc tr s khuyt thiu. Cc tr s khuyt thiu h
thng v cc phm vi khng th c chn i vi cc bin dng chui bi
v khng c khi nim no p dng cho cc bin dng chui. Cc phm vi
bao gm cc im cui ca chng v mi tr s khuyt thiu ca ngi s
dng nm trong phm vi ny.
New Value.

Tr s n m trong n tng tr s c hoc phm vi ca cc tr s

c m ho. Bn c th nhp mt tr s hoc ch nh tr s khuyt thiu h
thng.
Old->New.

Danh sch cc tr s s c s dng m ho bin (hoc cc

bin). Bn c th b sung, thay i hoc loi b cc tr s ny ra khi danh
sch. Danh sch c t ng sp xp, da trn cc tr s c, s dng trt t
sau: cc tr s n, cc tr s khuyt thiu, cc phm vi v mi tr s khc.
Nu bn thay i mt tr s trong danh sch, th tc s t ng sp xp li
danh sch, nu cn thit, duy tr trt t ny.
Hnh 6-8: Hp thoi Old and New Values

32

4.3.2

M ho thnh bin khc

Th tc Recode into Different Variables gn li cc tr s ca cc bin c

sn hoc cc phm vi ca cc tr s c sn vo cc tr s mi ca mt bin
mi. V d bn c th m ho lng nm ca i tng iu tra vo mt
bin mi c cc tr s l lng nm nhng chia theo khong.
Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s v dng chui
Bn c th m ho cc bin dng s sang dng chui v ngc li
Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi c cng loi bin. Bn khng th
cng mt lc m ho li c bin dng s ln bin dng chui c.
Hnh 6-9: Hp thoi Recode into Different Variables

33

 m ho li d liu sang bin mi

T thanh menu chn

Transform
Recode
Into Different Variables

Chn cc bin m bn mun m ho, Nu bn chn nhiu bin, chng phi

c cng dng (chui hoc s)

Nhp mt tn bin mi cho tng bin v nhp Change.
Nhp Old and New Values v nh r cch m ho li tr s.

Mt cch tu chn, bn c th chn mt nhm cc i tng m ho

Hp thoi Recode into Same Values: Old and NewValues

Bn c th xc nh cc tr s m ho trong hp thoi ny. Mi ch nh

v tr s phi cng loi d liu (dng s hay dng chui) ging nh ca cc
bin c chn trong hp thoi chnh.
Old Value.

Tr s (hoc cc tr s) b m ho. Bn c th m ho cc tr s n,
mt phm vi cc tr s v cc tr s khuyt thiu. Cc tr s khuyt thiu h
thng v cc phm vi khng th c chn i vi cc bin dng chui bi
v khng c khi nim no p dng cho cc bin dng chui. Cc phm vi
bao gm cc im cui ca chng v mi tr s khuyt thiu ca ngi s
dng nm trong phm vi ny.
New Value.

Tr s n m trong n tng tr s c hoc phm vi ca cc tr s

c m ho. Bn c th nhp mt tr s hoc ch nh tr s khuyt thiu h
thng.
Old->New.

Danh sch cc tr s s c s dng m ho bin (hoc cc

bin). Bn c th b sung, thay i hoc loi b cc tr s ny ra khi danh
sch. Danh sch c t ng sp xp, da trn cc tr s c, s dng trt t
sau: cc tr s n, cc tr s khuyt thiu, cc phm vi v mi tr s khc.
Nu bn thay i mt tr s trong danh sch, th tc s t ng sp xp li
danh sch, nu cn thit, duy tr trt t ny.
Hnh 6-10: Hp thoi Old and New Values

34

35

Bi 5: iu khin file v bin i file

Cc file d liu khng phi lc no cng c t chc di cc dng l
tng cho cc i hi ring bit ca bn. Bn lun cn phi kt hp cc file
d liu sp xp d liu theo mt trt t khc nhau, chn mt nhm ph cc
i tng, hoc thay i n v phn tch bng cch gp cc i tng vi
nhau. Mt phm vi ln ca kh nng bin i d liu l c sn, bao gm cc
nng lc :
Sp xp d liu.

Bn c th sp xp d liu do vo tr s ca mt hoc mt s

bin.
Chuyn cc i tng v cc bin vi nhau .

nh dng file d liu SPSS c cc hng

l cc i tng v cc ct l cc bin. i vi cc file trong trt t ny
o ngc, bn c th chuyn i cc hng v cc ct v c d liu trong
nh dng chnh xc.
Trn cc file.

Bn c th trn nhiu file vi nhau. Bn c th kt hp cc file

vi cng bin nhng khc i tng hoc cng i tng nhng khc bin.
Chn cc nhm ph cc i tng.

Bn c th hn ch cc phn tch ca mnh trong

mt nhm cc i tng hoc tin hnh ng thi cc php phn tch trong
cc nhm i tng khc nhau.
Gp chung/Tng hp d liu .

Bn c th thay i n v ca php phn tch bng

cch tng hp cc i tng vi nhau da tr s ca mt hoc mt s bin
lp nhm.
Gia quyn d liu.

Gia quyn cc i tng phn tch d trn tr s ca mt

bin gia quyn.

5.1 Sp xp cc i tng
Hp thoi ny sp xp cc i tng (cc hng) ca file d liu da vo cc
tr s ca mt hoc mt s bin sp xp. Bn ca s th sp xp cc i
tng theo trt t tng dn hoc gim dn.
Nu bn chn nhiu bin sp xp, cc i tng c sp xp theo tng
bin trong vng tng nhm ca bin ng trc trong danh sch Short
by. V d nu bn chn bin gender {gii tnh} l bin sp xp th nht
v minority {thiu s}l bin sp xp th hai, cc i tng s c sp
xp theo phn loi thiu s trong tng loi gii tnh.
36

 i vi cc bin, cc ch in ng trc cc ch thng ging n trong

trt t sp xp.
Hnh 7-1: Hp thoi Sort Cases

sp xp cc i tng

T thanh menu chn

Data
Sort Cases

Chn mt hoc mt s bin sp xp.

5.2 Chn cc i tng {Select Cases}

Th tc Select Cases cung cp mt s phng php khc nhau chn mt
nhm cc i tng da vo cc tiu ch bao gm cc bin v cc biu thc
phc. Bn cng c th chn mt mu ngu nhin cc i tng. Tiu ch
dng nh ngha mt nhm c th bao gm:
Cc tr s bin v cc phm vi/khong bin thin
Cc phm vi ngy thng v thi gian
Cc s hng
Cc biu thc s hc
Cc biu thc l-gc
Cc hm
Unselected Cases.

Bn c th lc hoc xo b cc i tng khng p ng tiu

chun la chn. Cc i tng c lc vn duy tr trong file d liu nhng
37

b loi ra khi php phn tch. Th tc Select Cases to ra mt bin lc,

filter_$, ch r tnh trng lc. Cc i tng c chn c tr s 1; cc
i tng khng c chn (b lc) c tr s 0. Cc i tng b lc cng
c nh du bng mt du gch cho qua s hng trong ca s Data
Editor. ng tnh trng lc v bao gm mi i tng trong php phn
tch ca ban, hy chn All Cases.
Cc i tng b xo b b loi ra khi file d liu v khng th phc hi li
c nu bn lu file d liu sau khi xo b cc i tng.
Hnh 7-9: Hp thoi Select Cases

chn mt nhm cc i tng

T thanh menu chn:

Data
Select Cases

Chn mt trong nhng phng php la chn cc i tng.

nh r cc tiu ch chn cc i tng.

38

5.2.1

Select Cases: If

Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn cc nhm i tng c s dng cc biu

thc iu kin. Mt biu thc iu kin tr li mt tr s true {ng}, false
{sai}, hoc missing {khuyt thiu} cho tng i tng.

Hnh 7-10: Hp thoi Select Cases: If

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l true, i tng s c chn

Nu kt qu ca mt biu thc iu kin l false hoc missing, i tng
s khng c chn
Hu ht cc biu thc iu kin s dng mt hoc mt vi trong s 6
php tnh iu kin (<, >, =, <=, >=, v ~=) trn bng tnh ton.
Cc biu thc iu kin c th bao gm cc tn bin, hng s, cc php
tnh s hc, cc hm s v cc hm khc, cc bin l-gic, v cc php
tnh iu kin.
5.2.2

Select Cases: Random Sample

Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn mt mu ngu nhin d trn mt t l

thch hp hoc mt lng chnh xc cc i tng.
Approximately.

To ra mt mu ngu nhin cc cc i tng gn ng vi

mt t l c xc nh trc. Do cch lm ny to ra mt quyt nh ngu
nhiu gi nh c lp cho tng i tng, t l cc i tng c chn ch
c th gn ng vi t l c xc nh trc. Cng c nhiu i tng
39

trong file d liu, t l cc i tng c chn cng gn ng vi t l

c xc nh trc.
Exactly.

Mt s lng i tng c xc nh bi ngi s dng. Bn cng

phi ch r s cc i tng t to ra mu. Con s th hai cn phi
nh hn hoc bng tng s i tng c trong file d liu. Nu con s ny
vt qu tng s i tng c trong file d liu, mu s bao gm mt cch
t l t i tng hn con s yu cu.

Hnh 7-11: Hp thoi Select Cases: Random Sample

5.2.3

Select Cases: Range

Hp thoi ny chn cc i tng d vo mt phm vi s i tng hoc

mt phm vi cc ngy hoc thi gian
Cc phm vi i tng c da vo s hng c th hin trong ca s
Data Editor
Cc phm vi ngy thng hoc thi gian ch c sn i vi d liu chui
thi gian {time series data} vi cc bin ngy thng c xc nh
(menu Data, Define Data).
Hnh 7-12: Hp thoi Select Cases: Range i vi phm vi cc i tng
(khng c cc bin ngy thng c nh ngha)

40

41

Bi 6: Lm vic vi kt xut
Khi bn chy mt th tc, cc kt qu c th hin trong mt ca s gi l
Viewer. Trong ca s ny, bn c th d dng chuyn n bt k phn no
ca cc kt xut/kt qu u ra m bn mun xem. Bn cng c th iu
khin kt xut v to mt file ti liu cha ng cc kt xut m bn mun,
c t chc v nh dng mt cch thch hp.

6.1 Ca s Viewer
Hnh 8-1: Ca s Viewer
Nhp p
mt biu
tng kiu
sch
hin hoc
lm n mt
chi tit

Nhp
m rng
hoc thu
hp cc cp
xem

Nhp mt chi
tit chn
v i thng
n n
Pan phn
cp xem

Pan ni dung

Nhp p mt bng xoay

hoc hiu nh n

Cc kt qu c th hin trong Viewer. Bn c th s dng Viewer :

Xem lt cc kt qu.
Th hin hoc du cc bng v th c chn.
Thay i trt t trnh by ca cc kt qu bng cch di chuyn cc chi
tit c chn.

42

 Di chuyn cc chi tit gia Viewer vi cc trnh ng dng khc.

Ca s Viewer c chia lm hai pan:
Pan bn tri ca Viewer cha ng mc phn cp ca cc ni dung.
Pan bn phi bao gm cc bng thng k, cc biu , v cc kt xut
dng vn bn.
Bn c th s dng cc thanh cun xem lt cc kt qu, hoc bn c
th nhp vo mt chi tit trong phn phn cp n thng bng hoc
th tng ng.
Bn c th nhp v r cnh bn phi ca pan phn cp thay i
rng ca n.
6.1.1

Th hin v du cc kt qu

Trong ca s Viewer, bn c th lm xut hin hoc n i mt cch c chn

lc cc bng hoc kt qu t mt th tc. Vic ny rt hu ch khi bn mun
lm ngn hn cc kt xut c th nhn thy c trong pan ni dung (pan
bn phi).
n giu mt bng hoc th m khng xo b n:

Nhp biu tng sch m {book icon} ca n thanh cng c Outlining trong

ca s Viewer
hoc
Nhp vo chi tit chn n
T thanh menu chn:
View
Hide

hoc
Nhp biu tng sch ng (Hide) trn thanh cng c Outlining .

Biu tng sch m (Show) tr thnh biu tng hot ng, ch ra rng chi
tit gi y c n giu.
n giu mi kt qu ca mt th tc:

43

 Nhp hp bn tri ca tn th tc trong pan phn cp.

Vic ny n giu mi kt qu ca th tc v lm co phn phn cp li

6.1.2

Di chuyn, sao chp v xo b cc kt qu

Bn c th t chc li cc kt qu bng cch sao chp, chuyn v xo mt

chi tit hoc mt nhm cc chi tit.
di chuyn cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S

dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k
thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc
nhau.)
S dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit (gia chut trong khi r).
Th chut ra ln chi tit nm trn v tr m bn mun th chi tit c di

chuyn
Bn cng c th chuyn cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Cut v Paste
After trong menu Edit.
xo cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S

dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k
thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc
nhau.)
Nhn phm Delete

hoc
T thanh menu chn:
Edit
Delete
sao chp cc kt qu trong ca s Viewer

Nhp mt chi tit trong pan phn cp hoc pan ni dung chn n. (S

dng k thut gi phm Shift v nhp chut chn nhiu chi tit, hoc k

44

thut gi phm Ctrl v nhp chut chn cc chi tit nm khng lin tc
nhau.)
Gi phm Ctrl trong khi bn dng chut nhp v r cc chi tit (gia

chut trong khi r).

Th chut ra ni m bn mun sao chp chng vo .
Bn c th sao chp cc chi tit bng cch s dng hai lnh Copy v Paste

After trong menu Edit.

45

Bi 8: Frequencies {Tn s}
Th tc Frequencies cung cp cc thng k v cc th hu ch cho vic
m t rt nhiu loi bin. nhn u tin vo d liu, th tc Frequencies
l mt ni rt tt bt u.
i vi mt bo co tn sut v mt th thanh, bn c th b tr cc tr s
khc nhau theo trt t gim dn hoc tng dn cc nhm theo tn s ca
chng. Bo co tan s c th b treo khi mt bin c qu nhiu tr s khc
nhau. Bn c th t tiu cho cc th vi cc tn s (tr s mc nh)
hoc t l %.
V d.

Phn b ca cc khch hng ca mt cng ty theo loi ngnh l nh

th no? T kt xut, bn c th nhn thy rng 37,5% ca khch hng ca
bn l cc c quan chnh quyn, 24,9% l cc doanh nghip, 28,1% l cc
vin nghin cu, v 9,4% l t ngnh chm sc sc kho. i vi d liu
nh lng, lin tc, chng hn nh doanh thu, bn c th nhn thy rng
tin bn sn phm bnh qun l 3.576$ vi mt lch chun l 1.078$.
Cc thng k v th.

Cc tn s, t l %, t l % tch lu, trung bnh, trung v,

mode, tng, lch chun, phng sai, phm vi (ton c), tr s nh nht v
tr s ln nht, sai s chun ca trung bnh, lch v nhn (c hai vi
lch chun), t phn v, cc s phn v do ngi s dng nh ngha,
th thanh, th trn, v biu tn sut.
D liu.

S dng cc m dng s hoc chui ngn cho cc bin nh tnh

(thang o nh danh hoc nh hng).
Cc gi s.

Bng v t l % cung cp mt m t hu ch i vi d liu t mi

phn b, c bit cho nhng bin vi cc nhm c hoc khng c th bc.
Hu ht cc thng k tng k tu chn, chng hn nh trung bnh v lch
chun, c da trn l thuyt chun v l thch hp cho cc bin nh
lng vi cc phn b cn xng. Cc thng k t khng, chng hn nh
trung v, cc phn v, v cc t phn v, l thch hp cho cc bin nh lng
c th hoc khng c th tho mn gi thit v phn b chun.
7.1

Kt xut mu

46

Hnh 14-1: Kt xut ca th tc Frequencies

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

Valid

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1500
2000
Total

Frequency
2
1
2
1
6
2
3
2
1
2
2
1
3
2
30

Percent
6.7
3.3
6.7
3.3
20.0
6.7
10.0
6.7
3.3
6.7
6.7
3.3
10.0
6.7
100.0

Valid Percent
6.7
3.3
6.7
3.3
20.0
6.7
10.0
6.7
3.3
6.7
6.7
3.3
10.0
6.7
100.0

Statistics
So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach
N
Valid
30
Missing
0
Mean
803.33
Std. Error of Mean
92.411
Variance
256195.4
Minimum
100
Maximum
2000

47

Cumulative
Percent
6.7
10.0
16.7
20.0
40.0
46.7
56.7
63.3
66.7
73.3
80.0
83.3
93.3
100.0

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

10

Frequency

Std. Dev = 506.16

Mean = 803.3
N = 30.00

0
0.0

500.0
250.0

1000.0
750.0

1500.0

1250.0

2000.0

1750.0

So tien dau tu cho su dung nuoc sach

7.2

thu c cc tn s v cc thng k
T thanh menu chn:
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies

Hnh 12-2: Hp thoi Frequencies

Chn mt hoc mt s bin nh lng hoc nh tnh.

Mt cch tu chn, bn c th:

Nhp Statistics c cc thng k m t i vi bin nh lng
Nhp Charts c th thanh, th trn, v biu tn sut.
48

 Nhp Format c trt t m cc kt qu c th hin.

7.2.1

Frequencies Statistics

Hnh 12-3: Hp thoi Frequencies Statistics

Percentile Values.

Cc tr s ca mt bin nh lng chia d liu c th bc vo

thnh cc nhm sao cho mt t l % c th l nm trn n v mt t l %
khc nm di n. Cc s t phn v (cc phn v th 25, th 50, v th 75)
chia cc quan st ra thnh 4 nhm c cng s lng quan st. Nu bn mun
mt s lng cc nhm ln hn 4, hy chn Cut points for n equal groups.
Bn cng c th xc nh cc s phn v ring bit (v d, phn v th 95, l
tr s m nm di n l 95% s lng quan st ri vo).
Central Tendency.

Cc thng k m t trung tm ca mt phn b bao gm

trung bnh, trung v, mode, v tng mi tr s.

49

Dispersion.

Cc thng k o c ln ca s bin thin hoc tri rng trong

d liu bao gm lch chun, phng sai, phm vi, tr s ln nht, tr s
nh nht, v sai s chun ca trung bnh.
Distribution.

Skewness { lch} v Kurtosis { nhn} l cc thng k m t

hnh dng v cn xng ca mt phn b. Cc thng k c th hin
cng vi sai s chun ca chng.
Value are group midpoints.

Nu cc tr s trong d liu ca bn l im gia ca

cc nhm (v d, tui ca mi ngi trong nhm 30 tui th c m l 35),
hy chn tu chn ny c lng trung v v cc phn v cho d liu th,
khng nhm gp.
7.2.2

Frequencies Charts

Hnh 12-4: Hp thoi Frequencies Charts

Chart Type.

Mt th trn {pie chart} th hin phn b ca cc b phn trong

ton b. Tng ming ca th trn tng ng vi mt nhm c xc nh
bi mt bin lp nhm. Mt th thanh {bar chart} th hin s lng/tn
s ca tng tr s ring bit hoc tng nhm nh l mt thanh ring, cho
php bn so snh cc nhm di dng hnh nh. Mt biu tn sut cng
c cc thanh, nhng chng c v dc theo mt thang o khong bng
nhau. Chiu cao ca tng thanh l s lng ca cc tr s ca mt bin nh
lng ri vo trong khong. Mt biu tn sut th hin hnh dng, trung

50

tm, v tri rng ca phn b. Mt ng cong chun t chng thm

vo mt biu tn sut gip bn xt on liu chng d liu c phn b
chun.
Chart Values.

i vi th thanh, trc thang o c th c t nhn bi s

lng hoc t l %.

51

Bi 7: Bng tr/xoay {pivot table}

Rt nhiu kt qu trong ca s Viewer c trnh by di dng bng c th
xoay mt cch tng tc. Tc l bn c th t chc li cc hng, ct v cc
lp/trang {layer}

8.1

Thao tc i vi mt bng tr
Cc tu chn i vi thao tc mt bng tr bao gm:
Chuyn i cc hng v cc ct vi nhau
Di chuyn cc hng v cc ct
Lp cc lp a chiu
Nhm v khng nhm cc hng v cc ct
Hin v n cc
Tm cc nh ngha ca cc chi tit
hiu nh mt bng tr

Nhp p bng. Vic ny kch hot ca s Pivot Table Editor

hiu nh hai hoc hn hai bng tr cng mt lc

Nhp chut phi ln bng

T menu ni dung chn:
SPSS Pivot Table Object
Open

Lp li i vi tng bng tr m bn mun hiu nh

xoay mt bng tr s dng biu tng

Kch hot bng tr

T menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray

52

 Chm con tr ln tng biu tng xem mt ch dn mch bo bn biu

tng i din cho hng no ca bng.

R mt biu tng t mt khay ny sang khay khc.

iu ny thay i s b tr ca bng. V d gi s nh mt biu tng i

din cho mt bin vi cc nhm Yes v No v bn r biu tng ny t khay
Row sang khay Column. Trc khi di chuyn, Yes v No l cc tiu ca
hng; sau khi di chuyn chng l cc tiu ca ct.
Hnh 10-1: Cc khay tr

Biu tng
trang/lp

Biu tng ct

Khay trang/lp

Khay ct

Biu tng hng

Khay hng

xc nh mt chiu trong mt bng tr

Kch hot bng tr

Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray

Nhp ln mt mt biu tng v gi chut.

iu ny lm sng cc tiu theo chiu trong bng tr.

chuyn i cc hng v cc ct trong mt bng tr

Kch hot bng tr

T menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Transpose Rows and Columns

iu ny c cng tc ng nh r mi biu tng hng vo khay Column v

mi biu tng ct vo khay Row.
53

 thay i trt t trnh by trong mt bng tr

Trt t ca cc biu tng trn khay ch chiu phn nh trt t ca cc thnh

phn trong bng tr. thay i trt t th hin ca cc thnh phn trong
mt chiu ca bng
Kch hot bng tr
Nu cc khay tr khng xut hin, t menu Pivot Table chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray

Nhp ln mt mt biu tng sp xp theo trt t m bn mun (tri sang

phi hoc trn xung di)

di chuyn hng hoc ct trong mt bng tr

Kch hot bng tr.

Nhp vo nhn/tiu ca hng hoc ct m bn mun di chuyn.
Nhp v r nhn sang v tr mi
T menu ni dung, chn Insert Before {chn vo pha trc} hoc Swap {Hon

v}.
Ch : Hy m bo rng lnh Drag to Copy trong menu Edit khng c
chn (nh du). Nu Drag to Copy c chn, hy b chn n.
Hnh 10-2: Cc nhm hng v nhm ct vi cc tiu nhm
Tiu nhm ct
Gieng dao * Nuoc tu khe nui Crosstabulation
Count

Tiu nhm hng

Gieng
dao
Total

54

Khong
Co

Nuoc tu khe nui

Khong
Co
0
23
5
2
5
25

Total
23
7
30

Nu bn ch Swap {hon v}, bn s c kt qu nh bng di y (Hy

ch rng bng sau ct Co chuyn sang bn tri ct Khong).
Gieng dao * Nuoc tu khe nui Crosstabulation
Count

Gieng
dao

Khong
Co

Total

Nuoc tu khe nui

Co
Khong
23
0
2
5
25
5

Total
23
7
30

tch nhm cc hng hoc cc ct v xo tiu nhm

Kch hot bng tr

Chn nhn/tiu ca nhm (nhp vo bt k v tr no trong tiu nhm)

ca ct hoc hng m bn mun tch nhm.

T thanh menu chn:
Pivot
Pivoting Tray
xoay tiu hng hoc ct

Hnh 10-3: Cc tiu hng c xoay

55

 T thanh menu chn:

Format
Rotate InnerColumn Labels

hoc
Rotate OuterColumn Labels

Ch cc tiu ct trong cng nht v tiu hng ngoi cng nht mi c

th c xoay.
thit lp ch mc nh cho bng tr

Sau khi thc hin mt hoc mt vi thao tc bng tr, bn c th tr li cch

b tr ban u ca bng tr.
T thanh menu chn:
Reset Pivots to Defaults

Vic ny ch thit lp li nhng thay i l kt qu ca thnh phn hng, cc

ct v trang gia cc chiu ca bng tr. N khng nh hng n nhng
thay i chng hn nh nhm hay tch nhm hoc di chuyn cc hng v
cc ct.
tm nh ngha ca tiu /nhn trong mt bng tr

Bn c th nhn c tr gip Help dng nhy cm ni dung trong cc

cha nhn /tiu trong cc bng tr. V d nu Mean {trung bnh} xut
hin nh l mt nhn, bn c th thu c mt nh ngha v mean.
Nhp chut phi ln mt cha nhn.
T menu ni dung chn Whats This?

Bn phi nhp chut phi ln cha nhn ch khng c nhp vo d

liu trong hng hoc ct.
Tr gip Help dng nhy cm ni dung khng c sn cho cc nhn do
ngi s dng nh ngha, chng hn nh tn tn hoc nhn tr s bin.
56

8.2

Lm vic vi cc trang/lp {Layer}

Bn c th trnh by mt bng hai chiu ring bit cho tng nhm hoc kt hp
ca cc nhm. Bng c th c ngh nh c xp chng trong cc trang/lp,
vi duy ch c nh trang/lp l nhn thy c.
to v th hin cc trang/lp

Kch hot bng tr, v t menu Pivot chn: Pivoting Trays nu n khng

c chn.
R mt biu tng t khay Row hoc khay Column sang khay Layer.

Hnh 10-4: Chuyn cc nhm sang cc trang/lp

Bin muc do sach cua nuoc
c chuyn t hng hng
sang hng trang

Tng biu tng layer c mi tn sang tri v mi tn sang phi. Bng c

th nhn thy c l bng ca trang trn cng.
Hnh 10-5: Cc nhm trong cc trang ring bit

57

 thay i cc trang/lp

Kch mt trong nhng mi tn ca biu tng layer.

hoc
Chn mt nhm t hp danh sch th xung ca cc trang.

Hnh 10-6: Chn cc trang t danh sch th xung

58

59