)(

)(
POLYMERIC MATERIALS
1-1

.
.

) (.

) ( 1833

)) (Celluloid (

1886 . 1909

).(Bakelite

 )(

) (Resin
.

.
)(

) ( .
) (

)(

 )(

2-1 )(Polymeric Materials

) (Synthetic

400
.
.

)( .

.
.

) (Strength

.
) (Softer
3

 )(

)( .

) (Polymerization )
(.

) (ASTM ) (D883

.
3-1 )(Raw Materials

.
.

 )(

4-1 )(Polymer Molecules

) (Mer .
) (Monomer

.
(C2H4)n )(
).(1-1
H
H

H
C

H
C

H
H
C

C
C

C
H

n
: n )
(

) (1-1

 )(

) (C2H3Cl ) (

) .(PVC

).(2-1
H

H
C
Cl

H
C

C
H

H
H

Cl

H
H
C

C
H

C
Cl

Cl

) (2-1
.

)(

) (Branches
6

 )(

).(3-1

) (3-1

.

5-1 )(Polymerization Reaction

) (Addition Polymerization

) .(Condensation Polymerization
7

 )(

) (Emulsion

) (Bulk
) (Units .

. ) (4-1

. )-1
.(2 ) (Catalyst

A A

)(A

AAAAA
AAAAA A
AAAAA
A
A

A
A

)(A

)(

B
A

B
B

)(B
) (A ) (B
)(C

CCCCC
CA
CCCCC
CA
CCCCC
CA

A
A

)(A

) (

) (
) (4-1 )( )( .

 )(

) (Leo Backeland .

.
6-1 )( )(Functionality

) .(Functionality

.

9

 )(

) (-C C-) (C = C

.
) (NH )(OH

) (COH

. ) (Trifunctional

) (
).(Thermosetting

) (DP) (Degree of Polymerization

) (DP
.

.
7-1 )(Polymerization

10

 )(

) (Addition Polymerization

(Condensation

) Polymerization

.

1-7-1 )(Polymerization by Condensation

) (
.

.
6/6 - ).(5-1

.
.

.
11

 )(

. ) (5-1
.

6/6

) (5-1 . )(

). :
(.

.
2-7-1 )(Polymerization By Addition

12

 )(

.
H
H

H
C

H
C

H
)(

H
C

C
H

)(

C
H

H
H

)(

) (6-1 ) ():( ) (
)( .

13

 )(

) (6-1 .

8-1

) (Reaction Kinetics
.

) (By Products
.

.
.

9-1 )(Molecular Weight

.
14

 )(

) (Macromolecules
.

).(Osmotic Pressure

M n

) 7-1(.

)(103 g/mol
)(103 g/mol
)(
)(
) (7-1 )( )(
.

:
)M n xi M i ......................................(1- 1

) (Mi ) (i ) (xi

15

 )(

- M w
) -7-1( :

)M w wi M i .......... .......... .......... .......... .(2 - 1

Mi wi
.

) .(1-1
).(8-1
-

) (8-1 .

) (Degree of Polymerization

) (n

) (nn ) (nw

16

 )(

) ..................................................(3.1

Mn
nn
m

Mw
) ...................................................(4.1
n w

) Mn

( M w

. ) (Copolymers

m :
)m f j .m j .......... .......... .......... ..(5.1

) (fj ) (mj ).(j

):(1-1

) (7-1

) . (PVC :
- .

- .

- .
:

- )-7-1(

)( . ) (1-1 (xi

) Mi
).(21150 g/mol

17

 )(

)(
).(1-1

- ) (3-1
) (PVC
)

.(1-1

Cl

PVC

) (1-1 .

) (35.45 , 1.01, 12.01 g/mol . :

18

 )(

m 2(12.01 g / mol ) 3(1.01 g/mol) 35.45 g/mol

m 62.5 g/mol
M n 21150 g/mol

n n
62.5 g/mol 338
m

-)(
(w
)-7-1( . )wi Mi

) (2-1
) (M w ).(23200 g/mol

)(
).(1-1

) M .(100,000 g/mol

) (100 g/mol
. ) (1000 g/mol
) ( .

19

 )(

) (10,000
).(g/mol

10-1
)(Shapes and Architecture of Polymer Molecules

.1

) (Copolymers

) (Vinyl Chloride (Vinyl

) Acetate .

).(9-1

20

 )(

)(

) (

)(

)(

) (9-1

.
.

.2

.

) (Polycarbonate )(Lexan
21

 )(

).(10-1

.3
.

).(11-1

H
O
O

H
O

O
H

C
C

O
H

)):(10-1(

)(

).(

) (

C
C

) (

.4

22

 )(

.5 .

.
) (12-1
.
H

H
H

.

)(11-1

.

Si

Si

Si

) (12-1
.

11-1 )(Types of Polymers

23

 )(

) (Elevated Temperature Characteristics

).(Chemical Families

) ( )

.

.

)(

.
) (Cross linking

) (Polymerization
) (Catalyzing Operation

) (Char

) .(Sublime

.

.

24

 )(

)
(.

) (13-1

.
. .

: )(
) (Thermoplastic

)( ) (Thermosetting
.

)(

) (
.

) (

)(

) (Resin .

25

 )(

)(

) (Cross Links .

.
.

26

 )(

)(

) (13-1 .

27

)(

)(

 )(

12-1 )(Polymer Molecule Forms

.
)Rodlike
. )(Randomly Coiled

(Fairly Straight or

. )(Helical

.
.

:
.1 )(Cross Linkage

.2 ) ( )(Amorphous

.3 )(Crystalline

1-12-1 )(Symmetrical Molecules

.

.

28

 )(

) (Trans ) (Zigzag Road

).(2-1

) .(Trans and Skewed

) (Polyisobutylene

) (Butyl Rubber

) (CH3
. ) (CH3

) .(14-1

29

 )(

H
CH3

CH3

C
C

H
CH3

CH3
C

C
C

H
CH3

CH3

) (14-1 .

.

.

. ).(Elastomers
.

2-12-1 )(Asymmetrical Molecules

.
) (Polypropylene

) (CH3 .

(Atactic
30

 )(

)Polypropylene ) (CH3 .

) (CH3

) .(Elastomer

) (CH3

(Isotactic

) Polypropylene ).(15-1

H
H

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH

CH3

CH3

H
C

C
C

CH3

C
CH3

CH3

)(

H
CH3
C
C
CH3

H
CH3

)(

) :(15-1( H-C-H

:(
.

(Stretched
) .Spring

. ) (16-1
31

 )(

) (16-1 .

13-1 )( )(Vulcanization

) (Charles Goodyear 1846

. )(

.
32

 )(

) (

).(17-1

CH3 H
C

C
H

CH3

CH3 H

CH3 H
C

CH3

CH3 H

CH3 H
C

C
H

CH3

) (17-1 .

.
)(%4
33

 )(

)(Bowling
) (%40.

(
.

.
14-1
)(Attractive Forces in Thermoplastics Polymers

) (Van Der walls Forces

.

.

.
1-14-1 )(Temporary Polarity

34

 )(

) (Branches .
:

.1 :
) (Mustard

) (Shampoo
.

.2 :
) (Bleach .

.3 :
.

) (0.91

).(0.96

2-14-1 )(Permanent Polarity

) (PVC) (18-1

.
35

 )(

) (Plasticizer
.

)(PVC

Cl

) (18-1 ). (PVC

.
.
.

) (Gaskets

.
36

 )(

.
15-1 )(Crystallization in Polymers

) (Grain Boundaries

) ( )-1
.(19

) (Spherolites

37

 )(

)(Crystalline Area

)(Amorphous Area

) (19-1

) (

(Polarized

) Light
) (100 1.

38

 )(

.
.
16-1 )(Oriented Polymers

) .(Order

).(20-1

.
.

39

 )(

) :(20-1(
)(

17-1 )(Transition Temperature

) (Tg ) (Tm

40

 )(

).(Transition Temperature

) (
.
) .(21-1 )

( .
.

Tg

Tm

) (21-1

41

 )(

0.5 Tm Tg 0.67 Tm

:
0 . 67

Tg
Tm

0 .5

Tg
Tm

).(Propylene

18-1
)(Properties of Polymers at Ambient Temperature
) (1-1) (2-1 .
) (22-1 ) (23-1

) (21C
.
.

) Cl (CH3

) -

( .
) .(21C
42

 )(

) .(Ductile Behavior
.

) .(2-1
- ) (Urea-Melamine

) (10.35103MPa
) . (200103MPa -

)(%

) (22-1

43

 )(

) (1-1 .

44

 )(

)(1-1

45

 )(

) (2-1 .

46

 )(

)(2-1

47

 )(

)(6895 MPa

) (23-1

19-1 )(Tensile Test of Polymers

) (Creep

.
48

 )(

) .(ASTM D638
) (Fibre .

) (ASTM

)( .

80

60

40

)(

20

) (
1.2

0.6

0.1

) (24-1 - .

49

)(MN/m2

)
(

 )(

) .(24-1
) .(Polystyrene

) ( .
- ).(Necking

.

.
20-1
)(Mechanical Behavior of Polymers

: :
. )(Elastic Response

. .
) -(
.

. )(Viscoelastic Response

) (Coiled

)( ) .(Amorphous
50

 )(

. .

.
.
) (%37 .

. )(Viscous Flow

.
.

. -
) ( .

51

 )(

21-1
)(Effect Of Time and Temperature

) (25-1 ) (Brittle

)(Ductile
.

) .(26-1

) .(27-1

)
( .

) (Thermal Agitation .

.

) ( :

52

)(psi

)(MPa

)(

)(%
) (25-1 - .

)(1000 psi

)(GPa

)(C

)(F
) (26-1 .
53

 )(

. )(Glassy Region

) (Stiff

) . (E = 3 5 109 N/m2

.
. )(Transition Region

).(Leathery Region

. )(Rubbery Behavior Region

) (Coiling

) .(Tg (1 10 106
) .N/m2

).(Decomposition

54

 )(

. )(Flow Region

Tg

1010

10

107

)(N/m2

109

106
100 120 140 160

80

60

)(C
) (27-1 .

--

.
55

 )(

) 28 -1( . )(t = 0
) .(1
) = \ ( .

) .(2

)) (Recovered .(3
.

) 28-1( . ) (t = 0

) .(1
.

) (2 .

3
3

t=0

t=0

) (28-1
)(

)(.
56

 )(

) .(3

.
.

t/

o e

:
: )(t
:o )(0
: ) (1/e
.

) (Copolymers

) (Tg

. ) (Crystalline
) (25-1
.
57

 )(

) .(Tg )(

) (Tg

)( :
).(Tg

) (29-1 .

) .(29-1
.

58

 )(

) (%80-70
.

22-1 )(Polymer Processing

) .(Fabricators
) (Granular

) .(Laminates
.

) (Compounding
) .(Preforming

) .(3-1

) .(Compounding

. :

59

 )(

) (3-1 .

)(Fillers

)(Reinforcements

)(Flame Retardants
)(Stabilizer

)(Antistatic

.


.

) (Jute

. * ) (Sisal
) (Whiskers .
.

) (Phosphate Ester .


) (Phenols .

)(Colorants

.
.

. .

)(Lubricants

.

)(Calcium Stearates

)(Plasticizer

.
).(Phthalate

.
)(Ultraviolet Protector

60

 )(

(1 )(Compounding

.
.

(2 )(Blending of Polymers

)(
.
.

(3 )(Plasticizer

. ) 300(
61

 )(

) .(Plasticizer

.
.

) (Tg ) (

.
.

) (Camphor

) (Celluloid ) (

.
:
.1
.2
.3

62

 )(

.
(4 )(Fillers

.
) (4-1 .

)(Filler
)(Wood Flour

)(Asbestos

)(Abrasive

)(Chopped Fabric

)(Fibre Glass

)(Inorganic Fillers

)(Molybdenum Disulfide
)(Fluorocarbon

)(Carbon

)(Metal Powder

: .
:

.

63

 )(

) (Lubricants .

.
.
) (2-1 .

(5 )(Stabilizer and Other Additives

.
) (.

64

 )(

(6 )(Flame Retardants


.

(7 )(Crosslinking Agents
) (.
23-1
.
.

(1 )(Linear Polymer

.
.

) (Copolymerization ) (Alloying
.

) (Composite Polymers

.
65

 )(

) (High Strength

. .

.
).(30-1

) (30-1 .

) .(Polar Group

)(

) .(Spaghetti
) (.

66

 )(

(2 )( )(Branched Polymers

. ) .(31-1

) (31-1

(3 )(Cross-Linking

).(32-1
67

 )(

.
.

.
.

) (32-1 .

) (204 C
).(121 C

(4 )(Chain Stiffening

.
)

( .

68

 )(

- .

. ).(33-1

. )

( .
.

) (33-1 .
69

 )(

(5 )(Crystallinity

.
.
) (

(X-Ray .
)Ray Diffraction Technique

).(34-1

. .

(Diffuse

) Pattern .

) (34-1 .
70

 )(

.
.

) (Solubility
.
(6 )(Plasticization

) (Toughness ) .(Flexibility

).(35-1

71

 )(

) (35-1 .

(7 )(Fillers

.
) ( .

)(.

72

 )(

.1

.2 .PVC
.3 :

. .

. .
.

. .

. .

.
.

. .
. .

. .

.
.

. .
.
.

. .
73

 )(

. .

.4 )( )(
.

.1
( ).

.2
( ).

.3 ( ).

.4
( ).

.5
( ).

.6
( ).

.7
( ).

.8
) (Tg
( ).

.5
-.

.6

74

 )(

.7 :
.

.
.

.8 :
. .

..

. .

.9
) ( .

75