1-2

2-2

3-2

4-2

5-2

6-2

7-2

8-2

9-2

10-2

11-2

12-2

13-2

1-2

. .
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

2-2

:



.

.

.




.

3-2

:

696 2x1029
6000 . ) (% 75
) (%25
.
.


2310 x 3.8 .

. " ".
.
. 0.35 0.75

) ( 0.75 100
) ( 100 .
) (
.

% 98 :
) (8% ) (47% ) . (%43
.
1367
" "



. ) (1-2 .

 %6

%100

%30

%20

%25

%19

%26


%4

%51

) :(1-2
-
3300
.
365 ) (
) ( .
230

45 24 .
) (2-2 .

22-21

23.5

22-21

23.5

22-21

) :(2-2

22-21

23.5

 :
) (

. ) (

)

(
) .(2-3


. 60
) (
.

) :(3-2
4-2

)(Direct & Diffuse Solar Radiation

) (diffuse radiation

 .
) (direct radiation
.
) . (Total Solar Radiation
) . (1kw m-2

.
) (

.
5-2

) (Pyranometer
) 180(
. ) (
) (Pyrhliometer ) (
.

.
) (4a,4b,4c-2 .

) :(4a-2

) :(4b-2

 ) :(4c-2

:

1: 2

:
- 1
) (
) (
.
- 2
.
- 3

.

6-2

.
.
) (
) ( .


) . (5-2
) (100 .
)
.(100+ .

) :(5-2

 :
1.4
. 1110 X 1.5
810 X 7 . :
- .
- .
:

:
P/A X A = P
= P/A X r2 X X 4

= 310 X 1.4 X 2m 2(1110 X 1.5) X X 4

2

= 2610 X 3.96
:
= R = 710 X 6.43 = 2610 X 3.96
2

(810X7)XX4

) T4 = R (
= 8-10 X 5.67
k .2
= 1

R 4 = T

1
4

6 . 43 X 10

(1 ) 5 . 67 X 10

= 5.8 X 103 = 5800

:

 =

= 3.96 X 1076/
3 X 108)2/(
= 109 X 4.4/
1029 X 2
.
7-2

:
: .
.

.
.

.
.
.

) ( .
.
.

) . (6a,6b-2
.
.

) :(6a-2

)(co
)(

) :(6b-2

 :
)
( .
:

.
.
10 15 .

.
. ) (
) (Vacuum
.

2-7-3

.
.

. 90%
90% .

.


.


) (U
)/ 2 . (W/m2-c ) (1-2
.
) : (1-2






8-2

)(Wm-2 0C-1
6
1.8
1.5
0.35

1-8-2
.

.
.

.
:
.
) (7-2 .

Tc



Ts

) :(7-2

.

.
. ) (8-2

.

40

) :(8-2

 .


60 .
) (9-2 .

) :(9-2
2-8-2

.

.
.

. 90%

 ) ( .
) (10-2 .
.
.
.
. .

.
:
=

___ 100% X

:
- 1 .
- 2 .
- 3 .
- 4 .
- 5 .

) :(10-2

 .

.

.
10 )
.(100 +
10 ) . (100-

) . (11-2
) (Tracking The Sun

.

)( .

) :(11-2

 )(1

6000
4960 / 2 % 50
:
= X X
6000 24 X = 4960 X 0.5 X
.2

2
= 58 = 24 X 6000
0.5 X 4960

)(2
1912
.
) (Parabolic Collector
. 50

1207 2
1200/ . 2
:
= 1200/1207 X 2 1576 = 2
= )( )(
)(
20 100
:
= ) (273 + 100 )100 X (273 + 20
)(273 + 100
= 100 X 0.21
= 21%

 :
= X
= 330 = 0.21 X 1576
50
330 50 .

)(3
80 ) 1 = 4.5

( 20 90
500/ 2
50% 12 / =
4186/. .
:
= X X

= 80 4.5 X 4186 X (20 - 90) X

X

= 105.487.200/
106 /
=
X X
105487200 = 500 12 X X

.
= 4.8

105487200
=
3600 X 12 X 500

2 2.4

3600 X ) 0.5 X(2

 3-8-2

: ) (Active Solar Heating
) (
) (Passive Solar Heating
.
-


.
) (12-2
-
-
) (
)(Heat Radiations

)
( .
.

) :(12-2



) . (13-2

.

)( .

.



.

) :(13-2
-


.
.


.
.
.
)
(
. :
(

( .

.
.
) (14-2

.
.

) :(14-2



.
) (Trombe Wall ) . (15-2
10
.
.

.

.

.

) :(15-2

 ) (16-2

.

.
.

) :(16-2
5-8-2
:

.

.

-
) (Absorption Systems
) (Compression Systems
) . (Compressor
) . (17-2

 -
.

.

. ) (
0.1


) (Condensor ) (Absorber
.
) (Expansion Valve ) . (Evaporator
.

.
) (
85 .

.

) :(17-2

 -
) (Passive Cooling Systems

)
(
) ( .
) (Shadowing

.
.
.
. ) (18-2
.


.

.
.

.

) :(18-2
9-2

.

)( .

.

.
) . (19-2

.
.
1000
2500 .
50%

 400-200 .

.

) :(19-2

10 ) (20-2
)( .
500

.
)( .

.

) :(20-2

 1984 1990
13 80 .
) (21-2 80

464 .
.

) :(21-2
10-2
) (Solar Ponds
) (Flat Plate Collectors ) . (22-2
) (

.


90 . ) ( )(Generator

.
% 2 .

 .

.

) :(22-2
11-2

.
.
.



) . (23-2
:


. 4

 .
6-4 .
.

) :(23-2

.


)( .


300 16

12%
4000 .
12-2
.

 .

.



.

) (
) 300 700 (

.
.



. ) (24a, 24b 2
.

.


.

) :(24a-2

) :(24b-2




.

.
:




.
.


) (
.
.

.



.

 .
.

) (
) ( .
) (25a, 25b-2
.

) :(25a-2

) :(25b-2

13-2

. .

.

 .
) .( 26a, 26b-2

.
.
.



)
( . 150
.

) :(26b-2

) :(26a-2
:

150 .
) (
21 1100/ 2 85%
20%

 :
= 935 = 0.85 X 1100/

= X X
150 = 935 X 0.2 X
2

= 0.8

150
=
0 . 2 X 935

:
5 20
1
40% 1100/ 2

:
= X X
= 1100 1 X0.4 X 2
2

= 440 )/(

20 100 :
= X X
= 5 4186 X

(100 20) X
2

= 3348800
= X
3348800 = 440 X

= 7610
= 2 . 1
6.


.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.








.








.











.