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TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Reciprocal identities
1
1
sin u =
cos u =
csc u
sec u
1
1
tan u =
cot u =
cot u
tan u
1
1
csc u =
sec u =
sin u
cos u
Pythagorean Identities

Power-Reducing/Half Angle Formulas

1 cos(2u)
2
1 + cos(2u)
cos2 u =
2
1 cos(2u)
tan2 u =
1 + cos(2u)

sin2 u =

sin2 u + cos2 u = 1
1 + tan2 u = sec2 u
1 + cot2 u = csc2 u
Quotient Identities
sin u
cos u
tan u =
cot u =
cos u
sin u
Co-Function Identities

sin( u) = cos u cos( u) = sin u

2
2
tan(
csc(

u) = cot u cot( u) = tan u

2
2

u) = sec u
2

sec(

u) = csc u
2

Parity Identities (Even & Odd)

sin(u) = sin u cos(u) = cos u
tan(u) = tan u cot(u) = cot u
csc(u) = csc u sec(u) = sec u
Sum & Difference Formulas
sin(u v) = sin u cos v cos u sin v
cos(u v) = cos u cos v sin u sin v
tan u tan v
tan(u v) =
1 tan u tan v
Double Angle Formulas
sin(2u) = 2 sin u cos u
cos(2u) = cos2 u sin2 u
= 2 cos2 u 1
= 1 2 sin2 u
2 tan u
tan(2u) =
1 tan2 u

Sum-to-Product Formulas




uv
u+v
cos
sin u + sin v = 2 sin
2
2

sin u sin v = 2 cos

u+v
2


cos u + cos v = 2 cos

u+v
2


cos u cos v = 2 sin


sin

u+v
2

uv
2

cos

uv
2


sin

uv
2

Product-to-Sum Formulas
sin u sin v =

1
[cos(u v) cos(u + v)]
2

cos u cos v =

1
[cos(u v) + cos(u + v)]
2

sin u cos v =

1
[sin(u + v) + sin(u v)]
2

cos u sin v =

1
[sin(u + v) sin(u v)]
2