Phương pháp bóc khối lượng

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh
Xin lin h Ms Thu An 0975.381.900 hoc Ms Huyn Thanh 0985.099.938, daotao@giaxaydung.com
CNG TY CP GI XY DNG
T SCH K S NH GI XY DNG
S DNG PHN MM D TON GXD

Tc gi: Ths. Nguyn Th Anh
Xut bn ln th 3
H NI, 11/2013
www.DutoanGXD.vn
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LI NI U
Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc nhiu lp bi dng nghip v c bn
v, o bc khi lng, lp d ton, lp gi d thu, nh gi xy dng ti H
Ni, Tp.H Ch Minh v mt s a phng khc. Cc kho hc lun c cc
hc vin nh gi c ni dung rt hay, thc t, b ch v c cht lng cao. Cc
Phn mm D ton GXD v D thu GXD c pht cho hc vin thc hnh
nhanh, mnh, tin li v thng minh. Phng php v phong cch ging dy ca
ging vin sng to v lun i mi, gip cho cc bui hc rt th v, hc vin
thu hoch c nhiu kin thc chuyn mn v cc k nng phc v cng vic.
Do nhiu yu t m chng ti cha th t chc cc kho hc rng ri cc
a phng. V vy, thng qua h thng Giaxaydung.vn, Giaxaydung.com
DutoanGXD.vn chng ti ph bin mt s ti liu (dng cho hc vin) ti cc
ng nghip quan tm dng tham kho b sung kin thc v nh gi xy
dng; o bc v kim sot khi lng cng trnh.
Do trnh cn hn ch, li vit ti liu trong iu thi gian eo hp. V vy,
c th cn thiu st, ti rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc ng nghip, cc
on vit b sung, cc hnh nh, bi tp minh ha ln ra mt sau ti liu ny
s hon thin hn na. Mi kin xin gi v theanh@gxd.vn.
Ti liu ny c ti min ph ti Giaxaydung.vn, Giaxaydung.com hoc
DutoanGXD.vn. Bn cng c th lin h vn phng Cng ty Gi Xy Dng
copy file. Xin chn thnh cm n bn c ng h.
Xin chn thnh cm n.
Tc gi
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CCH S DNG TI LIU

Nu bn khng hc chuyn ngnh xy dng, thm ch bn c hc nhng
cha hiu su v vn c bn v, bc tch khi lng. Th ng lo, mc ch
ca gio trnh ny nhm phng s bn tt nht.
Hy bin ti liu ny thnh cng c hu ch cho cng vic ca bn, phn nh
cuc sng ca bn. Hy in ra v mang theo bn, in mt mt giy thi bn nh,
mt cn trng l ca bn. Hy in du tay bn ln . Hy nh du, hy gch
chn nhng tng m bn ng tnh. Hy ghi ra cc cu hi cn c gii
p. Hy thm vo nhng suy ngh, v d ca ring bn, nhng tnh hung
thc t m bn gp phi. Hy tra ngun cho nhng on trch dn, nhng ti liu
tham kho, vn bn c nu tn. Bin ti liu thnh s tay tra cu, hng dn
o bc v kim sot khi lng ca bn.
Hy bin nhng ni dung trong gio trnh ny thnh kin thc trong u
bn, thc s l ca bn. ng ch l c gi, hy bn thn bn tr thnh ng
tc gi ca cun sch bng cch vit thm vo nhng pht hin ca bn.
Ti liu ph hp :
- Cc bn hc vin nghin cu trc khi tham gia kha hc chnh thc do
Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc;
- Cc bn hc vin kt thc kha hc nghin cu b sung, cng c cho
cc bi hc trn lp;
- Cc bn t hc, cc bn tham gia kha hc t xa, hc online qua
giaxaydung.vn.
- Cc ng nghip lm cng tc kim sot khi lng ti cc Ban qun l d
n, n v t vn u t xy dng cng trnh, c quan kim ton, kho bc, thanh
tra... c th tham kho trang b kin thc phc v cng vic.
Ti liu cng c th s dng cc t chc, c nhn c quan tm s dng
tham kho trong cng vic o bc, kim sot khi lng cc cng trnh xy
dng, lp v thm tra d ton, kim sot chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh
Ti liu ny c bin son v chia s min ph, bn c th in n, lu tr
s dng cho mc ch c nhn hoc chia s vi cc bn b ng nghip. Mi
trch dn xin ghi r ngun gc.
Tc gi
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M U
1. Mc tiu
Kin thc: Hc vin c trang b c s l lun, cch lm v p dng c
vo cng vic c th.
K nng: Gii quyt c cc vn c th trong qu trnh hc v lm vic,
rn luyn c tnh cn trng, t m v chnh xc trong cng vic.
Thi : C quan im thng nht trong tnh ton khi lng xy dng cng
trnh ti Vit Nam, tnh chnh xc m bo yu cu k thut v cng ngh.
2. Phng php hc
- Da vo thc t v nguyn l xc nh phng php o bc khi lng.
- Nm bt cc kin thc c bn thng qua l thuyt v cc v d c th. o
bc khi lng cng trnh dn dng i hi s t m, chi tit, nhiu u vic
nht so vi cc loi cng trnh khc. V vy, cc v d phc v bi ging ch
yu l ca cng trnh dn dng, mt s l cng trnh cng nghip v giao thng.
Sau khi nm c cc nguyn l, k nng hc vin trin khai ng dng kin
thc hc c p dng cho cc loi cng trnh khc.
- Tch cc lm bi tp, gii quyt tnh hung, tho lun t c mc
tiu.
3. Mt s yu cu v kin thc v k nng o bc khi lng
- Cc kin thc v cng ngh xy dng, k thut thi cng.
- Cc kin thc v cc phng php, quy trnh thi cng xy dng . Nu c
kinh nghim tch lu c trong qu trn h thc t thi cng xy dng th cng tt.
- Kh nng c hiu cc thng tin trong thit k.
- K nng v k thut o bc khi lng.
- Hiu bit v cc phng php o bc cc kt cu , b phn ca cng trn h .
- Hiu bit cc vn bn php lut quy nh cc v vn lin quan o bc
khi lng.
- Hiu bit v nh mc d ton xy dng cng trnh, nm vng ni dung
cc tp nh mc.
- Lun c gng t c s chnh xc cao trong cng vic o bc.
- Lun c gng t tc lm vic nhanh, t hiu sut cao.
- Thnh tho cc phn mm nh Excel, D ton GXD, D thu GXD,
Thanh Quyt ton GXD.
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BN V TRONG XY DNG
I. KHI NIM V THIT K V BN V XY DNG
1. Khi nim v thit k
Thit k cng trnh xy dng l qu trnh lp ra h thng cc bn v v cc
ch tiu tnh ton thuyt minh s hp l v mt k thut cng nh v mt kinh
t ca cc hng mc v cng trnh xy dng.
2. Khi nim bn v xy dng (bn v thit k)
Bn v thit k (thit k k thut, thit k k thut thi cng) l bn v biu
din hnh dng, cu to, m hnh ca cng trnh phc v cho vic thi cng xy
dng v lp t thit b cho cng trnh. Bn v th hin hnh dng, kch thc,
tnh nng, k thut, chng loi vt liu cu to nn b phn cng trnh v cng
trnh; th hin hnh dng tng th ca cng trnh.
3. Vai tr ca bn v thit k
Tu tng i tng m bn v thit k c cc vai tr nh sau:
+ Ngi lp d ton s dng bn v xc nh khi lng ca cc cng
vic thi cng xy dng cng trnh, t p n gi xc nh gi tr d ton
xy dng cng trnh.
+ Ngi lm cng tc k hoch c th da vo bn v thit k tnh ton
v d tr cc ngun lc phc v k hoch thi cng xy dng cng trnh.
+ Ngi thi cng (nh thu xy dng) nhn vo bn v thit k v s dng
cc phng tin k thut, cng ngh v nhn lc, vt lc bin thit k trn
bn v thnh cng trnh trong thc t.
+ Ngi lm cng tc kim sot khi lng, chi ph (k ton, kim ton,
thanh tra, nhn vin ngn hng, kho bc) da vo bn v kim tra, kim sot
khi lng trong h s thanh quyt ton.
II. PHN LOI BN V XY DNG
1. Bn v quy hoch
Bn v quy hoch l bn v th hin quy hoch ca mt khu vc a l hnh
chnh v xy dng. Tnh trng v v tr s dng t, cch b tr cc cng trnh
dn dng trong mt tng th...
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Bn v quy hoch cm cng nghip i Xuyn (Ph Xuyn, H Ni)

2. Bn v kin trc
Bn v kin trc l bn v biu din cu to v mt kin trc ca cng trnh.
Th hin m hnh, ng nt, hnh dng, cch thc b tr (cc kt cu, b phn,
hng mc cng trnh), ng giao thng... m bo cng nng v thm m cho
cng trnh.
V d: Vi cng trnh dn dng, bn v kin trc th hin m hnh, ng
nt, hnh dng, cch thc b tr cc phng, ng giao thng i li trong cng
trnh...
Bn v kin trc ca cng trnh c k hiu l KT. V d: KT 01; KT 02...
thng c xp xp theo th t: Mt bng tng 1, Mt bng tng 2,.... Mt
ng, Mt ct.
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3. Bn v kt cu
Bn v kt cu l bn v biu din cu to v mt kt cu ca mt cng
trnh. Th hin cch b tr ca ct thp... nhm m bo kh nng chu ti (chu
lc) ca cng trnh.
Bn v kt cu ca cng trnh c k hiu l KC. V d KC 01; KC 02
thng c xp xp theo th t: Mt bng kt cu mng, Mt bng i mng,
Chi tit dm, s b tr gi cu, chi tit mng m cu...
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4. Bn v b tr thit b
Bn v b tr thit b l bn v biu din v tr t cc thit b trong cng
trnh. Bn v b tr thit b thng da trn tn, loi thit b lp t vo cng
trnh.
i vi cng trnh dn dng: bn v b tr thit b thng l cc bn v th
hin v tr lp t cc thit b nh: in, nc, h thng PCCC, iu ho thng
gi, h thng k thut cng trnh (camera an ninh, iu khin to nh)...
V d:
+ Bn v thit k in c: 01, 02...
+ Bn v thit k cp nc, thot nc: N 01, N 02...
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III. CCH THC TH HIN BN V

1. Cc hnh thc biu din ca mt vt th
Hnh chiu ng: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng thng
ng pha sau vt th.
Hnh chiu bng: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng nm
ngang pha bn di vt th.
Hnh chiu cnh: l hnh chiu ca mt vt th ln mt mt phng thng
ng nm bn cnh vt th.
Hnh chiu ng Hnh chiu cnh
Hnh chiu bng
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Hnh ct - mt ct: Nu tng tng c mt mt phng ct ngang qua vt

th th hnh ct l phn giao ca vt th vi mt phng c chiu vo mt mt
phng ng sau n. Hnh ca mt ct c gi l hnh ct.
Mt ct
Hnh ct
Hnh chiu trc o: l loi hnh biu din ni c xy dng bng php
chiu song song. Hnh chiu trc o ca vt th thng c v km vi cc
hnh chiu thng gc ca n nhm gip cho ngi c bn v d dng hnh dung
ra vt th cn biu din. Khng ng, phi thay bng vt th
Hnh chiu phi cnh: gi tt l phi cnh, l loi hnh biu din ni c
xy dng bng php chiu xuyn tm. N c dng trn cc bn v kin trc,
xy dng biu din cc cng trnh xy dng nh: nh ca, cu, ng, thy
li tc l nhng i tng c kch thc kh ln.
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Phi cnh ni tht
Phi cnh cu
Phi cnh ng
Phi cnh cng trnh nh cao tng
Bi tp: Hy ghi tn cc hnh chiu tng ng cho ngi nh sau:
......................
......................
......................
.....................
.....................
.....................
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Ti lp hc: Hc vin s phn tch v gii thch cn k hiu r cc

hnh v, t trang b kin thc c bn v, bc tch khi lng.
2. Cc hnh thc biu din bn v ca cng trnh xy dng
Bn v phi cnh: d dng hnh dung cng trnh (c bit i vi nhng

ngi khng hc chuyn ngnh xy dng, k thut), chng ta c th xem bn v
ny. y l bn v kiu chp hnh cng trnh, th hin c cnh vt, khng gian
xung quanh nh tht.
Thng lu
Phi cnh cng trnh thu in Sn La

Bn v mt bng: trn ta chiu vt th ln mt mt phng nm ngang
pha bn di vt th, th y ta em in cng trnh ln mt phng nm ngang
pha di cng trnh (hoc nhn cng trnh t trn my bay v tr thng gc vi
mt t) khi ta c bn v mt bng.
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H lu
Thng lu
Mt bng p thu in Sn La
Thng lu
nh chp: Thng lu cng trnh thu in Sn La
H lu
nh chp: H lu cng trnh thu in Sn La

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Bn v mt bng ca cng trnh th hin cch b tr cc b phn, cch phn

chia cc khu vc trong cng trnh.
i vi cng trnh dn dng, mt bng thng dng th hin v tr ca
tng, ct, ca, cu thang... trong mt tng. Tng tng ct cng trnh bng
mt mt phng song song vi mt sn cao hn 1m th hnh chiu ca mt
ct ln mt sn th hin mt bng ca cng trnh.
Ct cng trnh bng 1

mt phng song song.
Hnh chiu ln mt sn
th hin mt bng
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Bn v mt ng: Nu chiu mt ng trc, mt ng bn, mt ng sau

vo mt mt phng song song tng ng ta s c hnh chiu ng ca cng
trnh. Bn v mt ng th hin kin trc ca cng trnh bn mt xung quanh.
Thng qua c th bit c v tr ca cc b phn trn mt ng. V d i
vi cng trnh dn dng, mt ng th hin v tr ca, v tr mi ht, lan can,...
Bn v mt ct: Tng tng ct ngang hoc ct dc cng trnh bng cc
mt phng tng ng ta s c bn v mt ct ngang v mt ct dc ca cng
trnh. Thng qua bn v mt ct th hin c b dy v chiu cao ca cc b
phn m mt ct ct qua. Chiu cao, ct ca cc b phn trn cng trnh.
Ct dc tuyn nng lng (p thu in Sn La)

Bn v chi tit: Nu trch v mt chi tit no ca cng trnh t mt bng,
mt ng v mt ct ta s thy c chi tit c th ca phn trch v . Trong
h thng bn v thit k xy dng th thng c rt nhiu cc bn v chi tit.
Ch : Trong h thng bn v xy dng trnh by trn ngi tnh khi
lng cn nghin cu c th tng bn v mt. Cc bn v thng c s lin kt
vi nhau th hin cu to ca mt b phn hoc kt cu xy dng hoc v tr
lp t thit b, chi tit ch to thit b cng ngh... Thng qua bn v mt bng
th hin chiu di v chiu rng. Thng qua bn v mt ng v mt ct th
hin chiu su v chiu cao.
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Bi tp: Hy in tn gi cho cc loi bn v nh sau:
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IV. H THNG QUY TC V K HIU TRONG BN V XY DNG

1. K hiu trc trong bn v xy dng
Trc trong bn v xy dng th hin l cc ng ni cc v tr tim kt cu
chnh (ct, tim tng, tr, m, tim ng, tim p). C hai loi chnh l trc
dc v trc ngang. Thit lp li trc cho cng trnh chnh l thit lp ta v
tr kt cu chnh cho cng trnh (tng, ct, tr, m, tim ng, tim p).
V nguyn tc t tn trc cho cng trnh xy dng c thc hin nh sau:
- i vi trc ngang c k hiu bng cc ch ci, kiu ch in hoa.
- i vi trc dc c k hiu l cc con s.
Ngoi tr hai ch l I v O v d dn ti ln ch vi s. Trong trng hp
khi dng cc ch s m ht th c th k hiu ti hai ch hoc 2 s ghp li. Tt
c cc ch ci v con s c ghi trong mt vng trn n.
V d:
Bi tp: Hy in k hiu trc cho bn v sau:
3700
DW
1600
4100
850
1500
3600
TU
LANH
D1
850
D2
1400
1000
1400
3600
2. K hiu cao (ct) trong bn v

K hiu ct trong bn v l vic ghi cao ( cao, chiu cao) ca cc b
phn, chi tit ca cng trnh.
- Cao ca cng trnh, cao ca cc kt cu, chi tit cn th hin cao
c ghi theo n v mt (m) vi chnh xc 3 s l sau du , hoc du .
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v ghi trn mi tn k hiu. K hiu cao l mi tn hnh tam gic u, t na

en na trng, cao ca tam gic bng cao ca ch s ghi cao .
- Cao 0.000 (cn gi l ct 0) c quy c l ct mt nn ca cng
trnh sau khi hon thin.
V d:
0.000
- Cao ca cc kt cu, b phn v tr thp hn 0.000 (nm di mt
nn) c gi l cao m v k hiu du (-)
-0.050
V d:
(su xung di mt nn 0,05m)
- Cao ca cc kt cu, b phn v tr cao hn 0.000 (nm trn mt
nn) c gi l cao dng v k hiu du (+)
+3.900
V d:
(cao ln trn 3,9m)
- Quy nh l phi ghi du (-) trc cao m, i vi cao dng th c
th ghi du (+) hoc khng ghi.
- Cao trn mt ct v mt ng ghi theo ng dng t cc kt cu v b
phn. C th ghi cao ngay ti mt bng ti v tr cn th hin hoc trch ra
ngoi hnh v.
Bi tp: Hy tm v ghi cc tr s cao cho bn v sau:
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3. Quy tc ghi kch thc

Ghi kch thc l vic th hin cc knh thc chiu di, chiu rng, chiu
cao (hoc su) ca chi tit trn bn v.
ng kch thc gm c:
- Con s ghi kch thc ch kch thc tht ca vt th.
- n v ch di l mm, trn bn v khng cn ghi n v.
Khi ghi kch thc phi s dng:
- ng kch thc l ng phi cch mp vt th t nht l 10mm v u
mp phi ko di qu cc ng dng bin t 1 - 3 mm. Ti im giao nhau gia
ng dng kch thc v ng ghi kch thc phi dng nt gch ngt c
chiu di 2 - 4 mm nghing 450 v pha bn phi ng dng gii hn phn
ghi kch thc.
- ng ghi kch thc vt th trong bn v xy dng c 3 lp:
Lp 1 (lp trong cng tip gip vi vt th) ghi cc kch thc ca ca i,
ca s, cc mng tng, vch;
Lp 2 (gia) ghi kch thc t trc n n trc kia (khong cch gia cc
trc);
Lp 3 (ngoi cng) ghi kch thc tng t trc u tin n trc cui cng.
Trong bn v xy dng cng dng cch ghi kch thc m thay cho ng
gch ngt l mi tn trong cc trng hp sau:
- Kch thc ng knh, bn knh v gc;
- Kch thc bn knh gc ln;
- Kch thc t mt im no n mt im gc quy c.
Mch bn: C th ni phn ln thi gi v cng vic ca ngi o bc khi
lng dnh cho vic tm kch thc trn bn v, y l cng vic kh kh khn.
Trn lp hc do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc, hc vin s c hng
dn lm bi tp ghi kch thc trn bn v, tip cn vn theo hng ngc
li ca vic tm kch thc trn bn v. Hc vin c trang b kin thc t bn
cht ca vn lm c vic.
4. K hiu cc b phn trong cng trnh
Cc b phn trong cng trnh c k hiu thng nht. Ngi lm cng tc
o bc khi lng xem bn v (c bn v) v da vo cc k hiu bit c
ti v tr no ca cng trnh th hin ci g.
Mt s k hiu th hin trong bn v (trch TCVN 4614 88 ti liu thit k)
K hiu ca i, ca s:
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Tn gi
TT
1
Ca i mt cnh
Ca i hai cnh
Ca i hai cnh c nh
Ca i cnh xp
Ca i mt cnh t ng (hai
pha)
Ca i hai cnh ng t ng
(hai pha)
Ca i quay quanh trc ng
Ca la mt cnh
Ca la hai cnh
10
Ca xp ko ngang
11
Ca nng hay cun
12
Ca s
K hiu
V d: Hy xem hnh sau c 4ca i D1, 1 ca i D2, 1 ca s S1 v 1 ca s S2:
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K hiu cc ph kin v sinh
Tn gi
TT
12
Chu x kiu ngi xm
13
Chu tiu st tng
14
Mng tiu
15
ng phun nc
16
Phu thu nc bn
K hiu
a) Hnh ch nht
b) Hnh trn
17
Chu ra (k hiu chung)
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Tn gi
TT
K hiu
18
Mng ra
19
Bn tm
20
Bn tm ngi
21
Khay tm ng c hng sen
22
Vi nc cng cng
23
Hp cha chy
24
Phng tm trn mt bng t l <

1:100
K hiu ph kin in
TT
Tn gi
K hiu
T in sn tnh in kch thc: 600x400x200
m bt ptmt + mt che ptmt 2 cc
ptmt mccb 3 pha 3 cc 63a-450v-35ka
ptmt mcb 1 pha 2 cc 63a-250v-6ka
n hunh quang n 220v/36w 1.2m
n hunh quang n 220v/36w 1.2m
Bng n compac tit kim in 11w + ui
n p trn bng compac
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Qut trn si cnh 1,4m + iu tc (hp s)
10
cm i loi 3 chu 16a
11
Cng tc 1 ht (1 nt bm)
12
Cng tc 2 ht
13
Cng tc 3 ht
C th bn cha bit: Mt s k hiu hc vin gp trong bn v khi c

hng dn thc hnh o bc khi lng cng trnh thc t ti lp hc do Cng
ty Gi Xy Dng t chc:
Tn gi
K hiu
Tn gi
K hiu
Mt ct
Hnh tri: B tng lt

Hnh phi: B tng
ct thp
Trc
Hnh tri: K hiu

mt ct tng gch
Hnh phi: K hiu
mt ng tng
gch)
Cao
0.000
Mt ct u dm, th
hin ct thp
Bn ra, bp ga
Hnh tri: K hiu x

bt
Hnh phi: K hiu
bn ra
Bn gh
Gh s pha
Ca i 4 cnh
Ca s
Cu thang
(Hnh vung
t en l
v tr c ct)
ng ghi
thc, trc
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kch
1100
1200
3400
1100 410 800
Page 23 / 96
3700
10500

Bi tp: Hy m s lng qut trn, s hp n hunh quang i v n, s lng bn

cu, chu ra
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PHNG PHP O BC KHI LNG

I. KHI NIM, NGHA, MC CH, YU CU
1. Khi nim v o bc khi lng
o bc khi lng l xc nh ra khi lng cc cng tc xy dng ca
cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh trc khi chng c thi cng. Do tnh khi
lng trc khi thc hin nn cn c gi l tnh tin lng hay o bc tin
lng.
o bc khi lng theo hng dn ca B Xy dng nh sau: o bc khi
lng xy dng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh l vic xc nh khi lng
cng tc xy dng c th c thc hin theo phng thc o, m, tnh ton,
kim tra trn c s kch thc, s lng quy nh trong bn v thit k (thit k
c s, thit k k thut, thit k bn v thi cng), hoc t yu cu trin khai d
n v thi cng xy dng, cc ch dn c lin quan v cc tiu chun, quy chun
xy dng Vit Nam.
2. ngha ca vic o bc khi lng
Khi lng xy dng l cn c quan trng c tnh cht quyt nh n vic
xc nh gi tr d ton v lm cn c quyt nh u t, chn phng n i
vi ch u t v l cn c quyt nh phng n d thu ca nh thu.
Khi lng xy dng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh c o bc l c s
cho vic xc nh chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh v lp bng khi lng
mi thu khi t chc la chn nh thu.
Khi lng xy dng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh c o bc l mt
c s cho vic kim sot chi ph, thanh quyt ton gi tr hp ng thi cng xy
dng cng trnh.
Vic tnh ng tnh khi lng ban u cng tc xy dng l mi quan
tm ca nhng ngi tham gia vo hot ng u t xy dng. Xc nh khi
lng cng vic l mt yu cu khng th thiu i vi mt d n u t xy
dng v l mt cng vic nm trong trnh t u t v xy dng.
3. Mc ch ca vic o bc khi lng
Mc ch c bn ca vic o bc khi lng l xc nh gi thnh xy
dng. ng vi cc giai on chun b u t, thc hin u t v giai on kt
thc xy dng a d n vo khai thc s dng th khi lng ca cng tc xy
dng cng c xc nh tng ng da trn bn v thit k c s, thit k bn
v k thut v thit k bn v thi cng.
Bn khi lng l cn c ch yu tnh ra yu cu v kinh ph, vt t,
nhn lc cho cng trnh.
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o bc khi lng l trng tm ca cng tc d ton, y l khu kh khn,

phc tp v tn nhiu thi gian nhng li rt d sai st.
4. Yu cu ca vic o bc khi lng
Khi lng xy dng cng trnh phi c o, m, tnh ton theo trnh t
ph hp vi quy trnh cng ngh, trnh t thi cng xy dng cng trnh. Khi
lng o bc cn th hin c tnh cht, kt cu cng trnh, vt liu ch yu s
dng v phng php thi cng thch hp m bo iu kin xc nh c
chi ph xy dng.
Ty theo c im v tnh cht tng loi cng trnh xy dng, khi lng
xy dng o bc c th phn nh theo b phn cng trnh nh: phn ngm (ct
0.0 tr xung), phn ni (ct 0.0 tr ln), phn hon thin v phn xy dng
khc hoc theo hng mc cng trnh. Khi lng xy dng o bc ca b phn
cng trnh hoc hng mc cng trnh c phn thnh cng tc xy dng v
cng tc lp t.
Cc thuyt minh, ghi ch hoc ch dn lin quan ti qu trnh o bc cn nu
r rng, ngn gn, d hiu v ng quy phm, ph hp vi h s thit k cng
trnh xy dng. Khi tnh ton nhng cng vic cn din gii th phi c din gii
c th nh cong vm, tnh cht ca cc cht liu (g, b tng, kim loi...),
iu kin thi cng (trn cao, su, trn cn, di nc...).
Cc kch thc o bc c ghi theo th t chiu di, chiu rng, chiu cao
(hoc chiu su); khi khng theo th t ny phi din gii c th.
Cc k hiu dng trong Bng tnh ton, o bc khi lng cng trnh, hng
mc cng trnh phi ph hp vi k hiu th hin trong bn v thit k. Cc
khi lng ly theo thng k ca thit k th phi ghi r ly theo s liu thng k
ca thit k v ch r s hiu ca bn v thit k c thng k .
n v tnh ty theo yu cu qun l v thit k c th hin, mi mt khi
lng xy dng s c xc nh theo mt n v o ph hp c tnh ti vi s
ph hp cng tc xy dng trong cc tp nh mc d ton xy dng cng
trnh. n v o theo th tch l m3 (hoc 100m3); theo din tch l m2 (hoc
100m2); theo chiu di l m; theo s lng l ci, b, n v...; theo trng lng
l tn, kg...
Cnh bo: Vic nhm ln n v tnh lm nh hng rt ln n gi tr d
ton xy dng cng trnh, gi tr thanh quyt ton, chi ph u t xy dng
cng trnh.
Trng hp s dng n v tnh khc vi n v thng dng (Inch, Foot,
Square foot) th phi c thuyt minh b sung v quy i v n v tnh thng
dng ni trn.
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M hiu cng tc trong bng tnh ton, o bc khi lng cng trnh, hng
mc cng trnh phi ph hp vi h m hiu thng nht trong h thng nh mc
d ton xy dng cng trnh hin hnh.
Mch bn: Ti lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton do Cng ty Gi Xy
Dng t chc, hc vin c hng dn rt k v cch chn la m hiu cng
tc. Bn c th nghin cu cc tp nh mc d ton (c bit l c mc lc)
c th hnh dung thm v cch chn la m hiu cng tc.
II. CC PHNG PHP O BC KHI LNG
Trc khi tin hnh o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh, ngi o bc
phi tin hnh nghin cu bn v thit k k thut thi cng kim tra v thu
thp cc thng tin c bn v cng trnh v d nh cc thng tin v kin trc, kt
cu v cc loi vt liu thit b s dng trong cng trnh, nu cha r phi yu
cu t vn thit k lm r.
o bc khi lng xy dng c th tin hnh theo cc phng php sau:
1. Phng php tnh theo chng loi
L phng php cn c vo k hiu ca cc chi tit, kt cu trong bn v
tnh ton khi lng cng tc xy lp.
Trnh t thc hin:
Bc 1: Lp danh mc cng tc xy dng cn phi tnh khi lng ph hp
vi danh mc ca n gi xy dng cng trnh theo trnh t thi cng xy dng;
Bc 2: Cn c vo hnh dng kch thc v k hiu ca cc chi tit kt cu
ghi trong bn v thit k chia chi tit, kt cu thnh cc hnh c bn tnh
khi lng;
Bc 3: Tng hp khi lng cho tng loi cng tc xy dng ph hp vi
n gi;
Bc 4: Lp bng khi lng - d ton cho cng trnh xy dng.
u im: ca phng php ny l tin li trong vic tra n gi tnh d
ton.
Nhc im: l tnh ton phi lt tm nhiu bn v khc nhau d dn n
thiu st.
2. Phng php tnh theo th t bn v
Theo thi quen ca ngi o bc khi lng m thc hin o bc theo trnh
t sau:
Bc 1: Tnh phn kt cu, phn kin trc ri n phn in, nc,....
Bc 2: Lp danh mc cng tc xy dng ph hp vi n gi trong tng
phn vic.
Bc 3: Sp xp th t cc bn v theo mt trnh t nht nh.
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Bc 4: Cn c vo hnh dng kch thc ca cc chi tit kt cu trong tng

bn v ngi tnh khi lng t quy nh chiu tnh. C th quy nh chiu tnh
nh sau:
- T tri sang phi v t trn xung di.
- T phi sang tri v t di ln.
- Theo chiu kim ng h hoc ngc chiu kim ng h.
Bc 5: Lp bng tng hp khi lng cho tng cng tc xy lp.
Bc 6: Lp bng khi lng d ton cho cng trnh xy dng.
3. Phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng
o bc khi lng cng vic theo trnh t thi cng t khi bt u n khi
kt thc.
V d: Cng trnh dn dng c th phn chia danh mc cng tc o bc nh
sau:
3.1. Phn ngm
- Cng tc x l nn: sn xut cc, thi cng cc, m ct

- Cng tc o t: o t mng, b nc ngm, b pht...
- Cng tc b tng lt mng, b tng mng, b nc, b pht...
- Cng tc b tng c ct.
- Cng tc xy tng mng, c mng.
- Cng tc trt tng mng, ct mng.
- Cng tc b tng ging mng.
- Cng tc lp t h mng, san nn..
- Cng tc vn chuyn t tha i nu c.
3.2. Phn thn nh (phn th)
- Cng tc b tng ti ch (ct, dm, sn, lanh t, vng...): B tng, vn

khun, ct thp
- Cng tc lp ghp kt cu
- Cng tc xy
- Cng tc cu thang
3.3. Phn mi
+ Lm mi bng
- Thi cng cc lp mi
- Xy tng chn mi
- Trt p, qut vi
- Chng nng ngoi
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- B nc mi
- Tum thang
+ Lm mi dc
- Kt cu mi: v ko, x g, cu phong
- Lp mi, xy b
- Sn kt cu mi...
3.4. Phn hon thin
- Cng tc lp ca, vch ngn

- Cng tc lm trn, dn p trang tr
- Trt tng, ct, dm trn
- Lt nn, sn
- p tng
- Cng tc sn, qut vi
3.5. Phn xy dng khc
+ H rnh ngoi nh
- Cng tc t
- Cng tc b tng ( b tng tm an, b tng rnh...)
- Cng tc xy
- Cng tc trt, lng
- Cng tc gia cng v lp dng tm an
- Cng tc xy, trt, p..., bn hoa
- Cng tc vn chuyn t tha nu c
+ Sn vn, cnh quan
3.6. Phn in, nc, chng st
- Lp t thit b v sinh (chu ra, vi sen, lavab)

- Lp t ng ng cp thot nc (ng, ph kin..)
- Lp t thit b in (ko di dy dn, hp ni, ttmt, n, qut.)
- Lp t h thng chng st (kim thu st, dy thu st, dy dn st, cc tip
a..)
C th bn cha bit: Nhn vo bn khi lng, tng ng l bng d ton,
ngi ta c th bit ngi lp c hiu bit g v thi cng xy dng hay khng ?
Ngi c hiu bit s sp xp u vic v tnh ton khi lng cho cng vic
theo trnh t thi cng cng trnh, cng vic no thi cng trc xp trc, xc
nh khi lng trc. V d: Cng tc b tng dm, sn ti ch phi lp vn
khun, lp ct thp ri mi b tng. Nhng cng tc b tng ct th phi lp
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ct thp ri mi lp vn khun v b tng. Theo tun t ny ln lt tnh

ton cho tng cng vic cho n ht.
III. CC NGUYN TC CN TUN TH KHI O BC KHI LNG
- Tnh ng, tnh khi lng cc cng tc xy dng ph hp vi tng giai
on thit k;
- Khi lng cc cng tc xy dng c o bc phi c n v o ph hp
vi n v tnh nh mc, n gi xy dng cng trnh;
- Khi lng cng tc xy dng phi bc tch theo ng chng loi, quy
cch (kch thc), iu kin k thut v bin php thi cng;
- Khi lng cng tc xy dng c o bc phi thun li trong vic p gi
khi xc nh gi tr d ton xy dng hng mc cng trnh (cng trnh xy
dng);
- Khi o bc khi lng cng tc xy dng cn vn dng cch t tha s
chung cho cc b phn ging nhau, hoc dng k hiu s dng li nhm gim
nh khi lng cng tc tnh ton.
- Tn dng s liu o bc ca cng tc trc cho cc cng tc sau, kt hp
khi lng ca cc cng tc ging nhau (gim tr).
Vn ho: Hc vin do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng o to lun c gng t
c s chnh xc cao trong cng vic vi tc lm vic nhanh. Khng bao
gi c b qua s chnh xc lm cho nhanh.
IV. TRNH T CHUNG THC HIN O BC KHI LNG
1. Cc bc thc hin
Bc 1: Nghin cu h s, bn v thit k
Nghin cu, kim tra nm vng cc thng tin trong bn v thit k v ti
liu ch dn km theo. Trng hp cn thit yu cu ngi thit k gii thch r
cc vn c lin quan n o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh.
Nghin cu t tng th, n b phn ri n chi tit hiu r b phn cn
tnh. Hiu r tng b phn, tm ra mi lin h gia cc b phn vi nhau, phn
tch nhng mu thun trong h s thit k (nu c).
Mch bn: Hy lp ra danh mc cc cu hi v trao i vi ngi thit k
c thm thng tin hoc cc phn gii thch.
Bc 2: Phn tch khi lng
L phn tch cc loi cng tc thnh tng khi lng tnh ton. Phn tch
khi lng nn tun theo vi quy cch c phn bit trong nh mc n
gi d ton. Cng mt cng vic nhng quy cch li khc nhau th phi tch
ring.
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Phn tch khi lng sao cho vic tnh ton n gin, d dng s dng cc
kin thc ton hc nh cng thc tnh chu vi, din tch ca hnh phng, cng
thc tnh th tch ca cc hnh khi. Cc hnh hoc khi phc tp c th chia cc
hnh hoc khi thnh cc hnh hoc khi n gin tnh.
Bc 3: Lp Bng tnh ton
Lit k cc cng vic cn tnh trong mi b phn cng trnh v a vo
Bng tnh ton. Trnh t sp xp cc cng vic trong Bng tnh ton ny phi
ph hp vi bn v thit k, trnh t thi cng xy dng cng trnh, th hin c
y khi lng xy dng cng trnh v ch r c v tr cc b phn cng
trnh, cng tc xy dng thuc cng trnh.
Thc t, nhng ngi lp d ton chuyn nghip thng 1 tay cm bn v,
mt tay nhp s liu tm c a vo phn mm D ton GXD lun.
Bc 4: Tm s liu, kch thc tnh ton
Sau khi phn tch khi lng, lp Bng tnh ton ca cc phn vic, ta
cn xc nh kch thc ca cc chi tit. Cc kch thc ny c ghi trong bn
v v vy ngi tnh phi hiu r cu to ca b phn cn tnh. Ln lt tm kch
thc, thc hin o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh theo Bng tnh ton, o
bc khi lng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.
C mt nh hng tt cho vic tm kch thc l cn c vo n v tnh ca
m nh mc d ton nh p cho cng vic bit phi tm nhng s liu, kch
thc no. V d: n v l m3 th tm 3 kch thc, n v m2 ch cn tm 2
kch thc, n v l ci, b th thc hin m trn bn v...
Bc 5: Nhp s liu vo phn mm D ton GXD v tnh ton kt qu
Sau khi phn tch v xc nh c kch thc ta a s liu vo bng tnh
khi lng ca phn mm D ton GXD vi form mu c trnh by sn.
Phn mm s t tnh ra kt qu sau khi nhp xong s liu v php tnh. Vic ny
gip y nhanh tc tnh ton khi lng.. Vi cng vic ny i hi ngi
tnh tun theo cc nguyn tc m bo kt qu r rng, d kim tra, chnh sa:
- Phi trit vic s dng cch t tha s chung cho cc b phn ging
nhau gim bt khi lng tnh ton.
- Phi ch n s liu lin quan tn dng s liu cho cc tnh ton tip
theo.
- Khi tm kch thc v lp cc php tnh cn ch mi php tnh lp ra l
mt dng ghi vo bng khi lng
Sau khi o bc khi lng tp hp vo cc mu sau:
Bng phn tch tnh ton
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K
hiu
STT
bn
v
Danh
S b Kch thc
M
mc n phn
Khi
Khi
hiu
Ghi
cng v ging
Cao lng mt lng ton ch
cng
tc o tnh nhau Di Rng (su) b phn
b
tc
bc
(A) (B) (C)
(D)
(E)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)= (6)=(1)*(5) (F)

(2)*(3)*(4)
Bng tng hp kt qu tnh ton

STT
(A)
M hiu Khi lng cng tc xy

dng
cng tc
(B)
(C)
n v
tnh
(D)
Khi lng Ghi ch

(1)
(E)
2. Mt s lu khi o bc khi lng

- n v tnh: n v tnh khi lng cng tc xy dng phi ph hp vi
n v tnh ca nh mc d ton v n gi xy dng cng trnh.
Thng nhng ngi hiu r v nh mc s rt thun li v chun trong
bc tch v s liu bc tch ra d dng s dng cho cc bc sau.
- Quy cch ca mi loi cng tc l bao gm nhng nhn t nh hng ti
s hao ph nh vt liu, nhn cng, my thi cng do nh hng ti gi thnh
ca sn phm xy dng khi nh gi. Nn quy cch cn ghi y cc thng tin
ca cng vic, chnh xc quy cch khng nhm ln vi cng vic khc.
- Phn din gii tnh ton khi lng phi din gii cng vic tnh ton ang
c tnh bn v no, v tr trong bn v u...
3. TRNH T V K NNG O BC KHI LNG CC CNG TC
Trong phn ny s m t theo cng trnh dn dng, c cc kin thc c bn
v vic o bc khi lng cng trnh dn dng bn s d dng vn dng o
bc, kim sot khi lng cc cng trnh khc.
3.1. Phn kt cu
3.1.1. Cng tc ct
Ct l b phn kt cu chu lc thng ng v l mt phn ca kt cu

khung. Bao gm ct bn trong v ct bn ngoi tnh t mng n mi nh, c c
ct tng hm.
Cng tc ct c chia theo chiu cao v theo din tch tit din ct.
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Cng tc ct gm 3 phn c bn l:
- Cng tc gia cng v lp dng ct thp: cng tc ny c bc da vo
kch thc hnh v trin khai ca tng loi ct (ch n chiu di ca thp cho
bin php thi cng do nh hng ca chiu di cc on ni gia cc thanh
thp). Tuy nhin cng c th cn c vo bng thng k trong h s thit k
nhng nht thit phi kim tra tnh chnh xc bng vic i chiu vi hnh v chi
tit v tnh ton.
- Cng tc b tng ct:
+ Trng hp 1: Ct c tit din ln hn dm th b tng ct tnh trc v
b tng dm tnh sau. Chiu di ct tnh sut v chiu di dm tr cnh ct.
+ Trng hp 2: Ct c tit din bng dm th b tng ct hay b tng dm
tnh trc u c, nhng nn tnh b tng dm trc th ph hp vi qu trnh
thi cng hn.
+ Trng hp 3: Ct c tit din nh hn dm th b tng dm tnh trc, b
tng ct tnh sau. Chiu di dm tnh sut v chiu cao ct tr chiu cao dm.
- Cng tc gia cng lp dng vn khun: v trnh t thi cng th cng tc
ny lm trc khi b tng nhng khi bc khi lng li dng kt qu cng
tc b tng. Khi lng vn khun c tnh da vo din tch mt ngoi ca b
tng ct bng cch ly chu vi ct nhn vi chiu cao ca ct.
V d: Bn v v tnh ton
3.1.2. Cng tc b tng sn, mi
Cng tc b tng sn mi trong nh mc, n gi xy dng cng trnh c

tnh bnh qun cho 3 mc cao khc nhau v cng c chia thnh 3 cng tc
thnh phn.
- Cng tc b tng sn, mi: Khi o bc khi lng b tng sn, mi phi
chia tch thnh tng sn, mi. Trong tng sn, mi li chia thnh cc sn n
gin v cc sn phc tp. C th chia sn ra thnh cc hnh n gin cng cch
tnh. Din tch sn, mi nn tnh c din tch dm, tr i din tch ct, tr din
tch cc l rng... Din tch ny li dng tnh ton cc khi lng cng tc
khc.
- Cng tc sn xut, lp dng v tho d vn khun sn, mi: c xc nh
da trn din tch b tng ni trn nhng tr i din tch y dm. Ch n
vn khun thnh sn, mi.
- Cng tc sn xut v lp dng ct thp sn mi: cng tc ny c bc
da vo kch thc hnh v trin khai ca tng loi sn, thp lp trn, lp di,
thp mmen.. (ch n chiu di ca thp cho bin php thi cng do nh
hng ca chiu di cc on ni gia cc thanh thp). Tuy nhin cng c th
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cn c vo bng thng k trong h s thit k nhng nht thit phi kim tra tnh
chnh xc bng vic i chiu vi hnh v chi tit v tnh ton.
3.1.3. Cng tc b tng x, dm ging
Cng tc b tng x, dm, ging trong nh mc, n gi c chia theo cc

cao, c 3 cng tc thnh phn:
- Cng tc b tng x, dm, ging: c o bc theo nguyn tc dm no c
tit din ln c tnh trc. Dm c tit din nh c tnh sau. Khi tm kch
thc dm phi cn c vo bn v mt bng kt cu, hnh v trin khai ca dm
tr i phn giao cho chnh xc.
- Cng tc sn xut, lp dng, tho d vn khun x, dm, ging: c o
bc cn c vo din tch b tng trn. Cn t trong mi quan h vi vn
khun sn, mi v vn khun ct trnh trng lp.
- Cng tc sn xut, lp dng ct thp x, dm, ging: c bc da vo
kch thc hnh v trin khai ca tng x, dm, ging, (ch n chiu di ca
thp cho bin php thi cng do nh hng ca chiu di cc on ni gia cc
thanh thp). Tuy nhin cng c th cn c vo bng thng k trong h s thit
k nhng nht thit phi kim tra tnh chnh xc bng vic i chiu vi hnh v
chi tit v tnh ton.
3.1.4. Cng tc lanh t, vng
Lanh t, vng l b phn nm pha trn ca ca i, ca s trong cng trnh

xy dng. i vi cng tc ny cng c 3 cng tc thnh phn l b tng, cp
pha v ct thp. Cn c vo mt ct cng trnh, chi tit v bn v kt cu c th
tnh.
Bi tp: Hy chp hnh bn v v lm mt v d bng D ton GXD, m t
li vo ti liu trong Word hoc PowerPoint v thuyt trnh trc lp.
3.1.5. Cng tc cu thang b
Cu thang l b phn giao thng trong cng trnh. c th hin trong h s

l cc bn v chi tit mt bng, mt ct.. ca thang. Cng tc ny cng c 3 cng
tc thnh phn l b tng, cp pha v ct thp nh trnh by. Tuy nhin cu
thang li l t hp ca cc cng tc: sn, dm... Cn xem xt k bn v chi tit
thang trnh tnh trng lp vi cc cng tc khc.
3.1.6. Cng tc b nc mi
B nc mi l b nc c thit k v thi cng trn mi ca cng trnh.

Thng l tch hp ca rt nhiu cng tc khc nhau nh b tng, cp pha, ct
thp, xy, trt, lng... c th hin bn v chi tit do cn nghin cu k
trong khi tnh ton.
3.1.7. Cng tc b tng c sn
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Trong cng trnh xy dng thng c mt s cng tc lin quan n b tng

c sn nh sn xut cc ng, cc p; dm b tng c sn... cng tc ny bao
gm phn gia cng v phn lp t. i vi phn gia cng cng gm 3 cng tc
thnh phn l b tng, vn khun v ct thp. Trong qu trnh tnh ton cn ln
lt vi tng cng vic v phi nghin cu trnh nhm ln. Cn u tin cho cc
b phn c kch thc ln tnh trc ch n tr ch giao nhau.
3.2. Phn kin trc
1) Cng tc xy tng thng < 33 cm; gch ch c (hoc rng); va... Tnh
theo khi tch xy tng mt bng cc tng, tm chiu di tng theo nguyn tc
tnh tng trc t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. Chiu cao tng cn ch
tr dm v ch tr cc l rng.
2) Cng tc xy tng thng < 11 cm, gch ch c.., va XM mc.. Cng
tc ny thng l cc tng khu v sinh v cc hp k thut.
3) Cng tc xy tr gch, gch ch c... va XM mc... Cng tc ny
thng l cc tr n hoc xy b cc tr b tng to hnh dng kin trc.
4) Cng tc xy tng cong nghing, vn v ..
5) Cng tc trt tng dy... cm, Va XM hoc Va TH....mc...
6) Cng tc b ma tt, ln sn, qut vi..
7) Cng tc p, lt lng..
8) Cng tc lm trn
9) Cng tc trt g, pho, ch trang tr ni tht.
10) Cng tc cu thang
- Xy bc thang.
- p bc cu thang.
- B, ln sn cu thang.
- Tay vn cu thang.
- Lan can cu thang.
11) Cng tc ca
- Sn xut ca, khun ca.
- Lp dng khun ca, ca vo khun.
- Lp dng cc ph tng ca ca.
12) Cng tc bc tam cp
13) Cng tc ni tht
V. NHNG SAI ST THNG GP V NGUYN NHN
Chng ta cn nm bt nhng sai st thng gp v nguyn nhn dn n sai
st khc phc v phng trnh.
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1. Nhng sai st thng gp phi khi xc nh khi lng cng tc xy

dng
- Tnh thiu hoc tnh tha khi lng tnh t thit k
- K thiu u vic hoc tha u vic
- B st (khng tnh) khi lng xy dng. V d: C bn v b tr iu ho,
nhng khng tnh khi lng dn n khng lp d ton mua sm, lp t iu
ho cho cng trnh.
- Tnh trng lp khi lng xy dng. V d: khi tnh b tng dm xc nh
chiu cao dm ht c chiu dy sn khng tr i khi lng tnh vo sn.
- Phn tch cng ngh khng ph hp vi cng ngh thi cng xy dng.
- Gp chung khi lng cc loi kt cu trong cng mt cng tc khng theo
yu cu k thut.
- Nhm n v o, th nguyn khi tnh ton.
Mch bn: C phi bn lo lng khi o bc khi lng s bc thiu hoc k
thiu u vic? Cch khc phc tt l xin d ton v bn v ca mt cng trnh
v kim tra li phn o bc khi lng, hy tm hiu xem cc con s u ra,
nu pht hin ra ch sai cng tt. Bn c th ti h s d ton cng trnh mu
c
bn
v
v
my
tham
kho
ti
a
ch
http://www.giaxaydung.vn/diendan/f463.
2. Mt s nguyn nhn ch yu dn n sai st
- Phng php o bc khi lng ca nhng ngi tham gia tnh khc nhau.
- Do cht lng ca h s thit k cha tt, thiu chi tit, khng khp nhau,
thng k khng y v thiu r rng.
- Do cha thng nht quy nh v trnh t tnh ton khi lng ca kt cu
chi tit;
- Do trnh nng lc ca ngi tham gia o bc khi lng.
VI. O BC KHI LNG MT S CNG TC THNG DNG
1. Phn mng v phn th
1.1. Nn mng
Nn mng l phn t nm di mng, chu ton b ti trng ca cng

trnh xung. Cn c vo cu to ca cc lp t ca tng khu vc a cht
ngi ta c nhng phng n x l khc nhau.
C th phn nn mng thnh hai loi l nn mng t nhin v nn mng
nhn to:
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- Nn t t nhin cho php khng phi gia c nhng vn m bo sc chu

ti do cng trnh gy ra.
- Nu nn t t nhin khng m bo chu ti do cng trnh gy ra th
ngi ta phi gia c tc l c chuyn thnh nn mng nhn to.
C cc hnh thc gia c nn mng:
- Gia c nn mng bng vic thm vo nn cc lp , ct vng...
- Gia c nn mng bng cc loi cc: Cc tre, g, cc b tng ct thp, cc
ct.
1.2. o bc khi lng cng tc sn xut cc BTCT
a/ n v tnh: m3
b/ Quy cch:
- Kim tra bn v thit k chi tit cc v bng thng k ct thp cc, kch
thc hnh hc, kch thc bn m u cc, s i cc, cc lp li u cc ..
- Mc b tng c trong phn ghi ch bn v chi tit.
- dng lm cc 1x2, 2x4 ..
c/ Phng php o bc
+ Tnh khi lng b tng bng cch chia cc theo cc hnh hc thch hp.
Cc chia lm hai loi C1 v C2.
- Cc C1 gm on thn v mi
on thn: B^2*L*S (chiu rng m 2 nhn chiu di nhn s lng)
on mi: 0,5*B^2*h*S
- Cc C2: B^2*L2*S
+ o bc cng tc gia cng v lp dng vn khun cc b tng c sn tnh
da trn din tch b mt ca b tng cc (ch n v ca vn khun khi tnh
l 100m2)
+ o bc khi lng gia cng v lp dng ct thp cc b tng c sn cn
c vo hnh v trin khai trn cc mt ct chi tit ca cc v ly bng thng k
ct thp lm cn c kim tra. Cn phn thnh thp c d < 10mm, d < 18mm v d
> 18 mm.
1.3. Cng tc ng cc b tng ct thp
a/ n v: 100 m
b/ Quy cch:
Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- S dng ba my c trng lng u ba: < 1,8 tn , > 1,8tn
- Quy cch, kch thc: chiu di cc, tit din cc .
- Cp t v iu kin thi cng: cp t 1, 2 v trn cn, di nc.
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- Bin php thi cng: ng cc, p cc

c/ Phng php tnh:
Tng chiu di cc = su 1 l cc x ton b s l cc
.v.v.
d/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- ng cc BTCT, tit din 20x20, trng lng u ba < 1,2T .
- ng cc BTCT, tit din 30x30, trng lng u ba > 1,8T .
- p trc cc BTCT, tit din 10x10
- p sau cc BTCT, tit din 40 x 40
- .v.v.
1.4. ng cc tre, g...
a/ n v: 100 m
b/ Quy cch:
- n v tnh: 100 m .
- Loi vt liu: cc tre, cc g, cc trm, c g
- Nhm t: bn, t C2, C3.
- Kch thc vt liu: cc < 2,5m ; cc > 2,5m.
- Bin php thi cng: Th cng hoc bng my.
c/ Phng php tnh:
Chiu di = DT gia c x chiu di cc x mt cc.
- ng cc tre.
- ng cc trm.
- vv
1.5. Cng tc t
a/ n v: 100 m3 i vi cng tc o bng my v m3 i vi cng tc o

bng th cng.
b/ Quy cch:
- Nhm t: c th xem phn thuyt minh bn v bit c t o mng
ca cng trnh thuc loi cp t no. Kh hay d thi cng.
- Kch thc: i vi cng tc o mng tng, mng, rnh th:
+ Chiu rng quy nh hai cp < 3m v > 3m.
+ Chiu su quy nh mi cp bng 1 m: < 1 m, < 2m, < 3m, > 3m.
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+ Mng h c lp phn theo b rng.

+ t cn phn bit nhm t.
c/ Phng php tnh:
Kch thc h o c xc nh da trn kch thc mt bng v mt ct
chi tit mng.
Cng thc tnh khi lng khi hnh chp ct :
V = H/6*[a*b+d*c+(c+a)*(d+b)]
Tnh khi lng mng bng c taluy cn chia ct thnh cc hnh n gin
tnh.
Tnh khi lng lp mng: Tnh chnh xc Vlp = Vo - Vcng trnh b chn lp
Tnh gn ng theo kinh nghim: Vlp = 1/3 Vo
- o mng ct, o mng bng cc loi.
- o nn ng.
- Lp t mng cng trnh.
- p t nn nh.
- p ct ph u c.
1.6. Cng tc b tng
a/ n v: m3
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b/ Quy cch:
Trong cng tc b tng cn c phn bit:
- Loi b tng: b tng gch v, b tng lt mng, b tng c ct thp hay
b tng khng c ct thp;
- S hiu b tng (b tng gch v, mc va);
- Loi cu kin;
- V tr cu kin;
- Phng thc .
c/ Phng php tnh
Cng tc b tng c tnh nh trnh by trn vi ct, dm sn, lanh t,
vng, cu thang.
d/ Cng tc b tng nm ri rc trong cng trnh. Cn tnh ton cn k, t
m i vi tng b phn trnh sai st.
1.7. Cng tc ct thp
a/ n v: tn
b/ Quy cch: cn phn bit
- Loi thp
- Kch thc i vi thp hnh
- ng knh i vi thp trn
- Loi cu kin v v tr cu kin
- Phng php thi cng
c/ Phng php tnh
Tnh nh trnh by trc.
Ch :
i vi thp hnh lm lan can, cu thang cn c bng tra tit din v trng
lng ca 1 md t tnh ton khi lng hoc tnh bng: chiu di cu kin *
din tch cu kin * s lng cu kin * trng lng ring (Trng lng ring
ca thp = 7850kg/m3).
Tnh khi lng 1m thp trn theo cng thc:
M = 0,6165 x D 2 .
Trong : M: Khi lng 1m thp trn, n v l Kg .
D: ng knh ct thp, n v l cm .
1.8. Cng tc sn xut, lp dng kt cu st thp
a/ Cn xc nh r nhng c im sau:
- n v tnh: 1 tn .
- Chng loi thp: thp hnh, thp tm, thp trn
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- Loi cng tc: Sn xut v ko, lp dng v ko, sn xut x g, lp dng

x g, sn xut ging thp, lp dng ging thp, sn xut thp lan can cu ng
st
- Quy cch, kch thc cu kin: vn khun khu < 36m , < 9m
- Cc kiu lin kt: hn, bu lng
- Bin php gia cng: c gii, th cng
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Tnh theo bng thng k thp ca thit k.
- Hoc tnh trc tip t thit k cu kin: Trc khi tnh cn phn bit cc
thng s c bn nh:
+ Kch thc: di x rng x dy (i vi thp hnh, tm).
+ Kch thc: di x K (i vi thp trn)
Tnh chiu di cu kin x din tch cu kin x s lng cu kin x trng
lng ring.
V d: Tnh khi lng ging mi, gm 12 cu kin, di 5,5 m, tn dp, kch
thc C200x 50x 15x 2,5.
Tnh M = 5,5x ( 0,2+ 0,05x2+ 0,015x2) x 0,0025 x 12 x 7850 = 297,9 kg
0,3 tn .
(Trng lng ring ca thp: 7.850kg/m3 ).
c/ Tn cng vic thng c:
- Sn xut kt cu thp (v ko, x g, ging).
- Lp dng kt cu thp (v ko, x g, ging).
- .v.v .
1.9. Cng tc vn khun
a/ n v tnh: 100 m2
b/ Quy cch: cn ch phn loi:
- Vn khun bng g
- Vn khun bng kim loi...
c/ Phng php tnh: trnh by trc trong phn b tng ct, dm ging,
sn, mi..
1.10. Cng tc xy
- n v tnh: m3.
- Loi cng tc: xy mng, xy tng, xy cc kt cu phc tp
- Loi vt liu: , gch ng, gch th, gch chu la
- Kch thc vt liu: gch ng 8x8x19, 9x9x19
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- Chiu dy khi xy: Chiu dy < 10cm, < 30cm, > 30cm
- Chiu cao khi xy: Chiu cao < 4m, < 16m, < 50m, > 50m
- Mc va: M50, M75, M100
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Ly chiu di tng nh x chiu cao = Din tch ton b.
- Tr i l ca v trng c din tch mt tng.
- Tr i cc khi lng cc kt cu khc (ging tng, lanh t) ta c
khi lng xy cn tnh.
- Xy tng dy 100, h < 4m.
- Xy tng dy 100, h < 16m.
- Xy tng dy 200, h < 16m.
- Xy tam cp, xy b nn.
- .v.v .
2. Cng tc hon thin
2.1. Cng tc trt
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi cng tc: Trt va XM, trt ra, trt Granito
- Loi cu kin: Trt tng, trt cu kin BT
- Quy cch lp trt: Lp trt dy 1cm, 1,5cm, 2cm,
- iu kin thi cng: Trt trong, trt ngoi
- Mc va: M25, M50, M75
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Tnh theo din tch mt cu kin, b phn c trt .
- Tnh din tch mt ton b, ri tr din tch ca, trng, din tch p
- Ch : Khi tnh trt g ch, pho tnh theo mt
- Trt tng gch bn trong v bn ngoi
- Trt dm, ging, thnh sn cc loi
- Trt lanh t, vng
- Trt Granito
- Trt ra
- .v.v .
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2.2. Cng tc qut chng thm
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi cng tc: Lng nn, lng seno, b nc
- Loi cu kin: Lng nn c nh mu, khng nh mu, lng cu kin b
tng...
- Quy cch lp lng: Lp lng dy 2cm, 3cm,
- Mc va: M25, M50, M75
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Tnh tng t nh cng tc trt
- Ch : Din tch qut chng thm cn c vo yu cu thit k... (c th
qut ln tng v sn hoc ch qut sn)
- Lng nn sn khng nh mu.
- Lng nn sn c nh mu.
- Lng Granito.
- Qut chng thm ln b mt kt cu.
- .v.v.
2.3. Cng tc p, lt
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi cng tc p: p tng, tr, ct, p chn tng, p granit t nhin,
p cm thch
- Loi cng tc lt: Lt gch sn, lt gch nn ng
- Loi vt liu: p gch, p , lt gch xi mng, lt t nung.
- Quy cch, kch thc vt liu: Gch 200x200, 300x300, 600x600
- Mc va: M25, M50, M75...
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Tnh theo Din tch c p, lt
- p gch vo tng
- p gch chn tng
- Lt gch cc sn tng
- Lt gch khu v sinh
- .v.v.
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2.4. Cng tc lm trn
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi vt liu: trn ct p, trn g dn c tm cch m, lm trn bng tm
thch cao
- Quy cch, kch thc tm trn: Tm trn 50x50cm
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Tnh theo din tch lm trn.
- Lm trn g dn
- Lm trn vn p chia nh
- Lm trn thch cao
- .v.v.
2.5. Cng tc lp mi
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi vt liu: lp mi ngi, lp mi Fibro xi mng, tn trng km
- Quy cch, kch thc vt liu: ngi 22v/m2, ngi m dng 80v/m2
- Chiu cao thi cng: < 4m, < 16m.
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Din tch lp mi tnh theo gc nghing ca mi.
- X g, cu phong, v ko tnh ring vi n v m3.
- Lati tnh ring theo n v m2 mi.
- Lp mi ngi 22v/m2
- Lp mi bng Fibro xi mng
- .v.v.
2.6. Cng tc qut vi hoc sn, b
- n v tnh: m2.
- Loi cng vic: B vo tng, b vo cu kin, sn g, sn knh, sn dm,
tng.
- Loi vt liu: loi bt b, loi sn
b/ Phng php tnh:
- Din tch b matt tnh theo din tch trt va xi mng
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- Din tch sn nc ly theo din tch b matt

- Din tch sn du tnh din tch theo b mt cu kin
- Sn ca tnh theo din tch m2 b mt ca
- Qut vi tnh bng din tch trt va XM
- B matt vo tng
- B matt vo ct, dm, trn
- Sn nc vo tng b
- .v.v.
2.7. Cng tc lm ca
a/ n v tnh: m2 cho cnh ca v m cho khun ca

b/ Quy cch: cn phn bit:
- Loi ca: ca i, ca s, ca n, ca kp, c khun, khng khun...
- Loi g: g lim, g ch ch...
- iu kin k thut: mng, , cu to ca, hunh, pano...
c/ Phng php tnh da vo kch thc mt bng v mt ct hay bng thng
k ca tnh c khi lng ca tng loi theo quy cch ca chng. Chi ph cho
sn xut ca tnh theo thng bo gi hng thng ca a phng ni xy dng
cng trnh.
3. Cng tc phc v lm cu ng, h tng k thut
3.1. Cng tc khoan
Thc ra cng tc khoan khng ch phc v lm cu ng, m chng ta cn

gp hu ht cc cng trnh nh dn dng, cng nghip, thy li, thy in
- Khi lng cng tc khoan phi c o bc, phn loi theo ng knh
l khoan, chiu su khoan, iu kin khoan (khoan trn cn hay khoan di
nc, mi trng nc ngt, nc l, nc mn), cp t, ; phng php
khoan (khoan thng, khoan xin) v thit b khoan (khoan xoay, khoan gung
xon, khoan lc), k thut s dng bo v thnh l khoan (ng vch,
bentonit...).
- Cc thng tin v cng tc khoan nh s lng, chiu su khoan v cc yu
cu cn thit khi tin hnh khoan... cn c ghi r trong Bng tnh ton, o bc
khi lng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.
3.2. Cng tc lm ng
- Khi lng cng tc lm ng phi c o bc, phn loi theo loi

ng (b tng xi mng, b tng t phan, lng nha, cp phi...), theo trnh t
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ca kt cu (nn, mng, mt ng), chiu dy ca tng lp, theo bin php thi
cng.
- Khi lng lm ng khi o bc phi tr cc khi lng l trng trn mt
ng (h ga, h thm) v cc ch giao nhau.
- Cc thng tin v cng tc lm ng nh cp k thut ca ng, mt ct
ngang ng, l ng, va h, di phn cch, lan can phng h, sn k, din
tch trng c, bin bo hiu... cn c ghi r trong Bng tnh ton, o bc khi
lng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh.
- Cc cng tc xy, b tng, ct thp thuc cng tc lm ng, khi o
bc nh hng dn v o bc khi lng cng tc xy (mc 3.2), cng tc b
tng (mc 3.3) v cng tc ct thp (mc 3.5) ni trn.
4. PHN LP T H THNG K THUT
4.1. Lp t h thng k thut cng trnh
Khi lng lp t h thng k thut cng trnh nh cp in, nc, thng

gi, cp nhit, in nh... c o bc, phn loi theo tng loi vt t, ph kin
ca h thng k thut cng trnh theo thit k s ca h thng, c tnh n
cc im cong, gp khc theo chi tit b phn kt cu...
Cng tc lp t thit b cng trnh:
- Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh c o bc, phn loi theo loi thit
b, t hp, h thng thit b cn lp t, bin php thi cng v iu kin thi cng
(chiu cao, su lp t).
- Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh phi bao gm tt c cc ph kin
hon thin ti ch cc thit b, t hp, h thng thit b.
4.2. Lp t thit b v sinh, cp thot nc
Trong cng trnh xy dng, h thng cp thot nc v thit b v sinh c

t hp t cc linh kin khc nhau
- i vi thit b v sinh bao gm: Chu ra, lavab, vi sen, gng soi...
nhng thit b ny phi cn c vo bn v b tr thit b sau tng hp v a
vo bng khi lng. n v l ci hoc b....
- i vi thit b cp thot nc gm c: Bn cha nc, ng ng cp
nc - h thng ng dn, van, cn ct... i vi ng ng thot nc - t kim
tra, chch, cn thu... n v l m hoc ci
(Cn phn bit y l cp nc th ng dn nc thng l ng thp trng
km hoc ng nha mm cht lng cao cn ng thot nc thng l ng nha
cng PVC)
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Cch o bc: ngi o bc cn c vo s khng gian cp thot nc, cn

c vo chiu cao tng v chiu di tng t thit b v sinh... xc nh s
lng, chiu di tng ng..
Cn phn bit bin php thi cng trong vic ni ng ng c th l ni
bng phng php mng sng hoc bng phng php hn..
4.3. Lp t thit b in
H thng in trong cng trnh xy dng bao gm cp, dy dn; thit b

ng ngt bo v, thit b kt ni phn phi in.. Vic o bc c xc nh
da trn s phn pha v i dy
i vi dy cp in phi cn c vo v tr ngun in bn ngoi cng trnh
n t in tng ca cng trnh, hnh thc i ni hoc i chm xc nh chiu
di dy cp (m). ng thi phi cn c vo chng loi cp thng thng cp s
l 4 dy: VD 3x16 + 1x10
i vi dy dn in trong cng trnh phi cn c vo s phn pha v i
dy, xc nh chiu di dy dn v chiu di dy gen bo v
i vi thit b ng ngt bo v bao gm: ttmt 1 pha, 3 pha, cu dao, cu
ch...
i vi thit b kt ni bao gm cm n , cm i.. Thit b chiu sng
trong cng trnh - n n, n i, n hunh quang, n si t...
Tm li i vi dy cp in o bc tnh theo n v l (m) cn cc thit b
khc tnh theo n v l b hoc ci..
4.4. Lp t thit b chng st
Thit b chng st ca cng trnh bao gm: kim dn st, dy thu st, dy dn
st, cc tip a, dy ni tip a... i vi cng vic ny th kim thu st, cc
c xc nh theo n v l ci khi thi cng. Cn li c xc nh hon ton
da trn trng lng ca thp cu to nn n. Khi thi cng ngoi vic gia cng
lp dng cn c cng vic l sn bo v.
5. H thng iu ha khng kh, thang my
Trong cng trnh xy dng c th c tnh ra mt hng mc thit b ring,
trong trng hp ny cn r sot kim tra khi lng tnh ton ca nh thit k
ng, hp l cha.
6. Mt s lu khc
o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh l mt cng vic phc tp, tng hp
nhiu loi cng tc, quy cch, hnh dng, kch thc, khi lng tnh ton rt
nhiu. tnh ton y , trnh nhm ln sai st, gim c thi gian v khi
lng tnh ton, ngi lm cng vic ny phi ch : Nghin cu bn v t ton
th n b phn chi tit hiu bit v cu to cng trnh. S lin quan ca cc
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Page 47 / 96

b phn vi nhau xc nh c khi lng cn tnh ton cho mi cng tc

ca cng trnh. Sau thc hin tnh ton khi lng cho tng cng tc nh
hng dn trn. Ngi lm cng vic ny cng cn phi linh hot t c
tnh hp l v nhanh chng, hiu sut cao trong cng vic.
VII. C BN V, O BC KHI LNG CNG TRNH NG B
V SAN LP MT BNG
1. Cng trnh giao thng ng b
1.1. Cc khi nim chung v bn v k thut cng trnh ng b
* Phn loi h s bn v thit k giao thng theo bc thit k.

Theo cc bc lp d n u t xy dng cng trnh, h s thit k cng trnh
giao thng gm cc loi h s:
- H s thit k c s trong bc lp d n u t.
- H s thit k k thut trong bc thit k k thut.
- H s thit k bn v thi cng trong bc thc hin d n.
H s thit k cng trnh giao thng trong cc loi h s trn khc nhau c bn
v mc chi tit trong thit k ca cc hng mc cng trnh.
* Cc loi bn v cng trnh giao thng trong h s k thut.
Bn v cng trnh giao thng ng b gm cc bn v c bn sau:
- H s kho st: Bn v bnh kho st a hnh, a cht, trc dc v trc
ngang tuyn ng; cc bn v hin trng cng trnh trn tuyn, bn v ng k
cu c, cng c.
- H s thit k:
+ Bnh thit k tuyn.
+ Trc dc thit k tuyn ng.
+ Trc ngang chi tit cc cc trn tuyn.
+ Bn v thit k cng trnh trn tuyn: cng thot nc ngang, tng chn,
rnh, thot nc dc tuyn, an ton giao thng, nt giao thng, v.v..
+ Cc bn v in hnh v : mt ct ngang thit k tuyn ng, in hnh ng
cng, rnh, tng chn, an ton giao thng, v.v..
1.2. Bn v m t hin trng
* Khi nim i tng, phm vi o v s liu.

Tuyn ng l trc thit k ca cng trnh ng c nh du ngoi thc
a, trn bn bnh , cho trc bi to cc im c bn trn m hnh s
ca b mt thc a.
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Page 48 / 96

Tuyn ng nhn chung l mt ng cong khng gian phc tp. Trong mt

phng, tuyn gm cc on thng c hng khc nhau v chm gia chng l
cc ng cong c bn knh c nh hoc thay i. Trong mt ct dc tuyn bao
gm cc on thng c dc khc nhau v ni gia chng l nhng ng
cong ng c bn knh khng i.
i tng c a vo trong bn v hin trng bao gm: a hnh, a vt, h
thng li khng ch, cao v ta hin ti ca cc i tng a hnh, a
vt.
Phm vi o v bn v hin trng : thc hin theo quy nh ca tiu chun hoc
theo cng kho st c duyt, v phi bao qut c ton b khu vc
tuyn i qua.
* Gii thiu chi tit v cc i tng trong bn v thc t (a hnh, a vt, s
liu cao , ta ).
a vt: Cc im c trng cho a vt: nhng im nm trn bin ca

a vt ti nhng v tr c trng cho hnh th ca a vt . Thng l cc
im khng ch trc a, cc cng trnh xy dng dn dng, cng nghip, kin
trc, phn l ra ca cc cng trnh ngm... Cc cng trnh in lc, bu chnh
vin thng nh trm, tr in, ng dy...Cc cng trnh giao thng ng b,
ng st, ng thu, ng bng, nh ga, sn , cu cng ... H thng thu
vn sng nh sui, h ao, b nc. Din tch gp nc, b bin, knh mng.
H thng phn phi nc, cung cp nc nh ging, thp nc, b lc, b
cha...
a hnh: gm cc im nm trn ranh gii ca cc min a hnh c

dc khc nhau, im cao nht, im thp nht, lng cho. Cc im nm trn
ng phn thu, t thu, yn nga. cao mc nc trong h, ao, sng ngi.
ng ng mc: l giao tuyn gia mt t t nhin vi cc mt song

song vi mt thy chun gc tri t nhng cao khc nhau. Hiu cao
gia hai ng ng mc k nhau gi l khong cao u.
2. Tnh cht ng mc
+ Cc im trn cng mt ng ng mc u c cao bng nhau.
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+ ng ng mc l nhng ng cong, trn, lin tc, khp kn v hu nh

khng ct nhau.
+ Ch no ng ng mc tha th a hnh thoi, ch no ng ng
mc mau (dy) th a hnh dc. Ch no cc ng ng mc trng nhau
a hnh l vch ng.
Li khng ch: l h thng cc im c nh du chc chn trn mt

t, gia chng lin kt vi nhau bi cc hnh hnh hc v cc iu kin ton
hc cht ch, c xc nh trong cng mt h thng ta thng nht vi
chnh xc cn thit, lm c s phn b chnh xc cc yu t ni dung bn v
hn ch sai s tch ly.
* Phng php kim tra, ly s liu t bn v hin trng.
Vic ly s liu t bn v hin trng thng thng nhp liu qua phn
mm my tnh. Cc bn v cng trnh trn tuyn da trn bn v a hnh hin
trng c th hin qua tnh ton ni suy.
T bn v hin trng, c th tin hnh kim tra s liu thit k tuyn v
cng trnh trn tuyn thng qua h ta , cao , v tr tng i ca a hnh
a vt.
Cc k hiu a vt thng dng trong bn o v hin trng:
- Cch xc nh cao mt im trn bn a hnh:

Trn bn , cao cc im c
xc da vo ng ng mc. Gi s cn
phi xc inh cao ba im A, B, C
trn bn ; v im A nm trn ng
ng mc 10m, im C nm trn ng
ng mc 5m nn chng c cao bng
chnh cao ng ng mc , tc l
: HA = 10m, HC = 5m; cn cao im B
th phi ni suy.
ni suy cao im B ta dng
thc o on n v m v p dng cng
thc ni suy:
HB = 5m + hCB = 10m - hBA
Vi :
www.DutoanGXD.vn
hBC = m/(m+n) * (10-5)
Page 50 / 96

hCA = n/(m+n) * (10-5)

- Xc nh dc mt t: Dng compa o
on thng ni gia hai im nm trn hai ng
ng mc lin nhau. t khu compa o trn
trc ng thc o dc ri dng ra ng cong
tng ng, chiu im dng xung trc ngang ta s
c dc a hnh.
- Lp mt ct a hnh theo mt hng cho
trc trn bnh kho st:
Gi s cn thnh lp mt ct a hnh theo hng ng thng AB cho
trc trn bn . t t giy can ln ng thng AB. Dng bt nh du v
ghi ch cao cc giao im gia AB vi cc ng ng mc. T cc giao
im nh du dng ng vung gc, trn t cao cc giao im theo
t l ng ca mt ct. ni u mt cc on thng vung gc li ta s c mt
ct a hnh theo ng AB cho trc.
3. Bn v trc dc, trc ngang

3.1. Khi nim chung v trc dc, trc ngang
Trc dc: l giao tuyn gia mt t vi mt thng ng theo trc cng trnh.
Trc ngang: l mt ct thng ng vung gc vi trc cng trnh.
* Gii thiu v cc i tng trn bn v trc dc, trc ngang.
+ Mc so snh: L ngng cao c dng lm mc v cc im trn trc
dc.
+ ng en: l ng th hin cao t nhin ca cc im tim tuyn, c
to thnh khi ni cao ca cc im cc li vi nhau.
+ ng : L ng th hin cao thit k ca tuyn ng, to thnh khi
ni cao thit k ca cc cc vi nhau.
+ dc dc thit k: L dc tnh bng % trn mt on tuyn sau khi thit
k. dc ny c khng ch theo cp ng, dc thit k ti a l 11%,
v ti thiu l 0%, trong mt s trng hp dc dc phi c thit k
m bo thot nc dc.
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Page 51 / 96

+ ng dng: l ng ni t im cao trn ng en xung ng mc

so snh. Dng xc nh im cao , t xc nh khong cch cc im
cc.
+ Bng s liu: Th hin cc s liu v cao t nhin, khong cch t nhin
gia cc cc, l trnh cc cc, cc yu t v ng thng v ng cong ca
tuyn, c th c cc dng sau:
dc dc thit k.
Cao thit k, cao t nhin.
Khong cch l: l khong cch gia 2 cc trn tuyn, tnh bng m.
Khong cch cng dn: l khong cch tnh t im cc u tin ca
tuyn n cc ang xt.
ng thng, ng cong: th hin chiu di ca cc on thng, v
cc yu t trong ng cong khi i qua on cong nh: gc r, bn
knh ng cong, chiu di ng cong...
3.2. Cch c bn v trc dc, trc ngang
Ta n phn ng en v ng , c th hin cao t nhin v

cao thit k. Cao t nhin ca cc trn trc dc cng chnh l cao t
nhin ti tim mt ct ngang ca cc . Trn mt ct ngang ca mi cc th cao
im gia tim ng chnh l cao ca cc trn trc dc. Ngoi ra, trn mt
ct ngang cn th hin cc cc khc, y l cc cc nm trn ng thng vung
gc vi tim tuyn, v c s dng lm c s tnh khi lng.
- Mt s v d v bn v bnh , trc dc v trc ngang v cng trnh trn
tuyn:
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Page 52 / 96

+ Bnh :
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53

+ Trc dc:
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54

+ Trc ngang:
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55

+ Cng thot nc ngang:
www.DutoanGXD.vn
56

+ Mt ct cng thot nc ngang:
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57

4. Phng php tnh khi lng

4.1. Khi nim chung v cc hng mc khi lng trn tuyn.
Hng mc khi lng ca tuyn ng giao thng l cc hng mc pht sinh

khi xy dng tuyn ng, thng thng c mt s hng mc sau: mt ng, nn
ng, o nn ng, o khun ng, p nn ng, o v p taluy, v.v..
Trong mt s trng hp c x l c bit, s c thm mt s hng mc khc nh:
vt bn, ng cc tre, p bao ti st, v.v...
4.2. Phng php tnh khi lng chi tit cc hng mc trn bn v
Khi lng chi tit c tnh cho mi mt ct ngang, nguyn l tnh ton khi
lng c tnh theo nguyn tc tnh ton hnh hc thng thng, vi mt s hng
mc c bit ta cn bit r kch thc in hnh tnh ton cho ng nh: r hc,
kt cu o ng, v.v..
4.2.1. Phng php tng hp khi lng
Theo phng php tnh trung bnh khi lng cc mt ct:

Vi = [(Si + Si+1)/2] * Li
Trong :
Vi : Khi lng ca hng mc trong on gia mt ct (i) v (i+1).

Si , Si+1 : Din tch ca hng mc ti mt ct (i) v (i+1).
Li : Khong cch gia 2 mt ct, tnh theo l trnh.
T khi lng ca mt on, khi lng ton b tuyn c tnh theo cng
thc:
V = Vi
V d bng tng hp khi lng:
Tn
cc
K/C
l
DNG
B
tng
nha
ht
trung
m
7,9
Ti
nha
DB
1.0Kg
/m2
m
7,9
7,55
7,55
Din tch
Cp
Cp
phi
phi
dm
dm
loi I
loi II
m2
m2
1,19
1,19
p
nn
t
K98
o
khun
m2
3,95
m2
5,09
3,77
4,67
9,93
TD
1,13
1,13
3,61
1
8,69
8,69
1,3
1,3
4,34
5,59
11,46
11,46
1,72
1,72
5,73
7,49
12,62
12,62
1,89
1,89
6,31
8,16
2,96
2
0,77
3
1,33
P
9,55
9,55
1,43
2,11
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1,43
4,77
Khi l-ng
Cp
Cp
phi
phi
dm
dm
loi I
loi II
m3
m3
p
nn
t
K98
o
khun
m3
m3
76,71
11,52
11,52
38,33
48,46
29,3
29,31
4,39
4,39
14,64
18,52
29,8
29,82
4,47
4,47
14,90
19,36
9,27
9,27
1,39
1,39
4,64
6,03
14,7
14,74
2,21
2,21
7,37
9,17
17,0
17,06
2,55
2,55
8,52
10,63
B
tng
nha
ht
trung
m2
Ti
nha
DB
1.0Kg/
m2
m2
76,7
5,63
58

Tn
cc
K/C
l
B
tng
nha
ht
trung
m
6,62
Ti
nha
DB
1.0Kg
/m2
m
6,62
4,35
4,35
Din tch
Cp
Cp
phi
phi
dm
dm
loi I
loi II
m2
m2
0,99
0,99
p
nn
t
K98
o
khun
m2
3,31
m2
4,45
2,17
2,69
3,37
5
0,65
0,65
3,2
TC
3,57
3,57
0,54
0,54
1,78
2,2
1,95
1,95
0,29
0,29
0,97
0,87
8,57
CNG
Tng:
www.DutoanGXD.vn
Khi l-ng
Cp
Cp
phi
phi
dm
dm
loi I
loi II
m3
m3
B
tng
nha
ht
trung
m2
Ti
nha
DB
1.0Kg/
m2
m2
18,4
18,48
2,76
12,6
12,67
23,6
231
p
nn
t
K98
o
khun
m3
m3
2,76
9,23
12,03
1,90
1,90
6,32
7,82
23,65
3,56
3,56
11,78
13,15
231,7
34,8
34,8
115,7
145,2
59

* Bi tp: Kim tra khi lng cc hng mc trn mt s mt ct ngang v tng hp

khi lng.
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60

5. Cng trnh san lp mt bng

5.1. Kim tra cc mc cao hin trng
* c cao hin trng t bn v thit k san nn.

* Hiu bit v nhn bit tng qut mt bng da trn s liu cao hin trng
Trng hp a hnh khu vc mt bng san n gin nht l trng hp trn
bn a hnh ca vng, cc ng ng mc gn nh thng v ng thi song
song vi nhau. Trong trng hp ny, dng mt mt ct duy nht ct vung gc qua
tt c cc ng ng mc c th th hin ton b cao ca tt c cc im mt t
t nhin trn khu vc mt bng c xt. Do vic xc nh khi lng t trong
trng hp ny n gin l vic tnh ton khi tch ca tng thi t chy di v c
tit din gn nh khng i. y c gi l phng php xc nh khi lng t
theo mt ct.
Trng hp mt bng phc tp hn l trng hp cc ng ng mc c
hi un ln nhng vn tng i song song. Khi dng mt mt ct khng th i
din ht c tt c cc cao ca ton b mt bng a hnh t nhin. Trng hp
ny phi chia vng mt bng nh quy hoch thnh li vung, dc theo phng
ca ng ng mc, vi khong cch cc mt li nh c th chia nh cc
ng ng mc thnh tng on tng i thng lin tc v c di bng nhau.
Khi coi gn ng mt t trong mi li l mt mt phng to bi cc cao
mt li. Khi tch ca tng t c tnh bng tch s gia cao trung bnh ca
cc mt li 4 gc vi din tch hnh chiu bng ca li. y c gi l
phng php xc nh khi lng t theo li vung.
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61

Trng hp mt bng phc tp nht l khi cc ng ng mc cong un ln

m khng song song vi nhau, khong cch gia chng thay i lin tc ti mi v
tr. Trong trng hp ny mng li vung khng th m phng c ng hnh
dng a hnh thc t, v trong mi mt t t nhin phc tp nu quy v mt mt
phng th sai s rt ln (4 im mt li nm trn mt t gic ghnh, ch khng ng
phng). Khi ny, m phng chnh xc vi a hnh thc t hn, th trong mi
vung mt t t nhin c quy gn ng v hai mt phng nghing, (mi mt to 3
trong 4 cao mt li ca vung), c hnh chiu bng l hai na vung, hnh
tam gic vung c chung cnh huyn l ng cho vung. Chia li vung theo
cc ng cho ca , sao cho cc ng cho ny song song nht vi phng ca
ng ng mc gn nht, th m bo m phng thc t chnh xc hn. Khi tch
ca tng t tam gic c tnh bng tch s gia cao trung bnh ca cc mt
li 3 gc vi din tch hnh chiu bng ca li tam gic. y c gi l
phng php xc nh khi lng t theo li tam gic.
2. Xc nh mt bng thit k san nn

Dng san theo iu kin khng ch trc ct cao mt bng sau san: th
thng khng ch trc cao trung bnh ca mt bng san, nn khng cn phi tnh
ton cao ny.
Dng cng tc san t theo yu cu v khi lng t khi san:
San theo iu kin cn bng o p (khi lng t ngoi V0=0): Khi

lng t o phi cn bng vi khi lng t p. Cng c ngha l tng khi
lng t trn vng mt bng quy hoch, tnh t mt thy chun tr ln, c phn
b li trn cng mt din tch hnh chiu bng, vi cao trung bnh H0 so vi mt
thy chun.
Nu dng phng php mt ct th cao trung bnh: H0=Si/B
Vi Si l tng din tch tit din pha trn mt thy chun, ca mi thi t
chy dc theo ng ng mc trong vng mt bng quy hoch. Cn B l b ngang
ca vng quy hoch (b vung gc vi cc ng ng mc).
Nu dng phng php li vung hay li tam gic, th cao trung
bnh c tnh bng t s gia tng khi tch ca mi li, tnh t mt thy chun
tr ln, vi tng din tch hnh chiu bng ca vng quy hoch. Tng khi tch ca
mi li li c tnh qua cc cao mt li, tnh t mt thy chun.
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62

Trng hp li vung:
H0=(H(1)j+2H(2)j+4H(4)j)/4m
Trng hp li tam gic:

H0=(H(1)j+2H(2)j+3H(3)j+...+6H(6)j+...+8H(8)j)/3n.
Vi H(1)j, H(2)j, H(3)j, H(4)j,..., H(6)j,..., H(8)j, l cc cao t nhin ti mt li
vung m c 1, 2, 4 vung quy t xung quanh, hay cc cao t nhin ti mt li
tam gic m c 1, 2, 3,...,6,...,8 tam gic quy t xung quanh. Vi m l tng s cc
vung c trong vng mt bng quy hoch. Cn n l tng s cc tam gic c trong
vng mt bng quy hoch.
San vi iu kin cha t ra sau san, hay thm t t ngoi khi san (khi
lng t ngoi V00): cao trung bnh ca mt bng san c tnh bng cao
trung bnh khi san cn bng o p c thm hay bt chnh lch cao do lng t
thm vo hay bt i em li. Nu khi lng t ngoi V00 c xc nh trc,
th khi cao trung bnh H0 c tnh theo cc cng thc sau:
Trng hp li vung:
H0=((H(1)j+2H(2)j+4H(4)j)/4m)(V0/(ma))
Trng hp li tam gic:
H0=((H(1)j+2H(2)j+3H(3)j+...+6H(6)j+...+8H(8)j)/3n)(2V0/(na)).
Vi a l khong cch cc mt li (cnh hnh chiu bng ca li).
Tuy nhin, nu ch san ton b mt bng theo cng mt ct cao trung bnh
H0, th khng th m bo vic thot nc chy trn b mt khu quy hoch (nh nc
ma,...). Cn phi to cho khu vc quy hoch thnh nhng mt dc thot nc, vi
dc c quy nh trc. tng quan khi lng t thi cng khng i, th
vic chnh mt bng san theo dc thit k quanh cao trung bnh H0 phi m
bo cn bng o p trong khi chnh dc. Ti cc im trng tm ca mi mt
dc thit k ta ly cao thit k ng bng cao trung bnh H0, sau chnh thm
v bt cc cao thit k hai pha ca mi im trng tm trn, nhng lng chnh
cao tnh theo t l dc, sao cho m bo iu kin cn bng o p. Cao thit
k ca cc im hai bn im trng tm mt dc thit k l:
htkj = H0itkl0.
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63

Vi itk l dc thit k cho trc theo trong nhim v thit k (%), v l0 l khong
cc t im cn xc nh cao thit k ti trng tm mt dc thit k.
Nh vy, n y xc nh c chnh xc mt thit k sau san. Lc ny ti
mi v tr ca mt bng quy hoch u c hai cao : cao t nhin (ca mt t t
nhin htnj) v cao thit k (ca mt san thit k htkj).
Ngoi ra, m bo s n nh ca cc mi t sau khi san c phn o ln
phn p, trnh st l cng trnh t sau san, th khi thit k mt bng san, cn phi
thit k cc mi taluy vin quanh mt thit k sau san, theo dc cho php ti hn.
dc cho php ti hn l dc ti a m mi taluy t o hay p c th c, m
khng gy ra s trt ca mi t.
Trong vng mt bng san s xut hin nhng ng ranh gii gia cc khu vc
o t vi cc khu vc p t, c gi l ranh gii o p O-O. Ranh gii O-O
ny l giao tuyn ca mt a hnh t nhin vi mt san thit k.
3. Phng php tnh khi lng.
* Phng php tnh khi lng san nn.
cao cng tc hctj ca mi im
trn mt bng quy hoch l hiu s gia
cao t nhin ca im vi cao
thit k ca im : hctj = htnj - htkj. Khu
vc no ca mt bng quy hoch l
khu vc o t nu nh tt c mi
cao cng tc ca cc im trong khu
vc u c gi tr dng hctj > 0 (trong
khu vc , mt t t nhin cao hn
mt san thit k), v ngc li, cc khu
vc p c cao cng tc m: hctj < 0
(trong khu vc , mt t t nhin thp
hn mt san thit k). Nhng ch c
hctj = 0 th nm trn ranh gii o p.
Nh vy, ty phng php m phng
m ta c th xc nh c khi lng
t cng tc, theo c trng ca hnh m phng.
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64

Vi phng php mt ct, vic xc nh khi lng t o v t p n

gin l vic nhn tng phn din tch tit din t cng tc, chnh l cc phn kp
gia hai ng: ng cao mt t t nhin v ng cao mt t thit k sau
san, vi li chiu di cc thi t (chiu di dc theo ng ng mc ca tha t
cn san). Nu phn din tch tit din cng tc nm di ng cao mt t t
nhin th phn khi lng t l t o, cn ngc li, phn din tch ny nm
trn ng cao t nhin th l khi lng t p. Ranh gii o p O-O, trong
phng php ny, ch l nhng giao im, trn mt ct in hnh, ca hai ng:
ng cao mt t t nhin v ng cao mt t thit k sau san.
Cc phng php chia mng vung v mng tam gic, khi lng t cng
tc c tnh qua cao cng tc v tr cc mt li. Khi tnh khi lng cng tc
trn tng li, k c mng vung hay mng tam gic, th u s thy rng c 3
loi li:
loi c tt c cc cao cng tc ti mt li dng h ctj > 0, l loi nm

hon ton trong vng o;
loi c tt c cc cao cng tc ti mt li m h ctj < 0, l loi nm hon

ton trong vng p;
loi cha c mt li c cao cng tc va m va dng, c c mt li

c hctj > 0 ln mt li c hctj < 0, l loi nm ln ranh gii o p O-O
(ranh gii o p ct qua nhng ny).
Vi hai loi nm hon ton trong vng o hay vng p, th khi lng cng
tc, (c tnh nh nhau nhng tri du: o th dng cn p th m), bng tch
s gia cao trung bnh ca 3 (trng hp tam gic) hay 4 (trng hp vung)
cao cng tc ti cc mt li gc nhn vi din tch hnh chiu bng ca
li.
Mng vung: Vi = (hct1+hct2+hct3+hct4)a/4
Mng tam gic: Vi = (hct1+hct2+hct3)a/6
Vi Vi l khi lng cng tc trong tng li, hctj l cao cng tc ti mt

li th j ca li.
Vi loi nm vt ngang ranh gii o p O-O: trng hp mng li vung,
khi lng cng tc mi vung tnh ton nh t hp ca hai tam gic thng
thng, nh vy ta ch cn xt ti mng li tam gic m thi. Trong trng hp
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65

ny, chc chn mt trong 3 nh mt li s c cao cng tc (gi cao cng tc

nh ny l hct1) tri du vi cc cao cng tc ti hai nh cn li (h ct2, hct3). ng
ranh gii o p O-O chia tam gic ang xt thnh hai na:
Pha cao hct1 khi tch t cng tc c dng mt hnh chp tam gic (V chp)
vi chiu cao l hct1, v c tnh qua din tch hnh chiu bng SOO1. Qua bin
i lng gic SOO1 tr thnh ph thuc vo cc cao cng tc ti cc mt
li:
SOO1 = (hct1)a/2(hct1+hct2)(hct1+hct3).
Do , Vchp = (hct1)a/6(hct1+hct2)(hct1+hct3).
Pha cc cao cng tc hct2, hct3, c khi tch l V1 c tnh thng qua vic
thm mt hnh trung gian V2, to ra bng cch gi thit nng mt t t nhin ln
cao thm mt lng chnh cao l hct1. Hnh trung gian V2 kt hp vi hnh V chp,
to thnh mt lng tr tam gic c chiu cao l hct1. Gi th tnh ca hnh chp ln
nm pha trn mc cao ca ranh gii o p O-O l:
Vchp ln = V1+V2.
Thm Vchp vo ta c: V = Vchp ln+Vchp = V1+V2+Vchp = V1+Vlng tr.
Suy ra: V1 = Vchp ln+Vchp-Vlng tr.
Vi Vlng tr =ahct1/2.
V Vchp ln = (2hct1+hct2+hct3)a/6.
Nh vy l xc nh xong tng phn khi lng t o hoc p ca li

tam gic nm trn ranh gii o p, l mt trong hai th tch: Vchp, V1.
Sau khi tnh khi lng t cn cng tc bn trong mt bng quy hoch xong,
th cn phi xc nh tng phn khi lng ca t o hoc p ca cc mi taluy
nm xung quanh bn ra mt bng san. Cc khi lng ny cng c phn lm hai
loi: khi lng taluy o v khi lng taluy p. t cng tc ca hai loi ny
c b tr ln nhau, ly t taluy o p sang taluy p. Tuy nhin trong phn
ln cc trng hp, hai khi lng ny thng khng cn bng vi nhau, khi
lng t taluy tha hay thiu (thc ra mi ch l trong tnh ton) c gi thit l
em tn u ln trn ton b mt bng san nu tha (k c trn mt cc mi taluy)
hay bc t mt bng san i u mt lt chiu dy nht nh (k c trn cc mi
taluy) b vo nu thiu. Khi mt thit k san, v khi lng o p tnh ton
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66

cng vi ranh gii o p s thay i. Mt thit k san mi song song vi mt thit

k san c. Bi ton san tr thnh san vi mt lng V0 khc 0, v phi tnh lp nhiu
ln cho n khi t ti s cn bng o p. Do trong thc t thng t c bi ton
san nn cn bng o p thun ty.
San t theo iu kin khng ch trc cao trung bnh H0, mt bng thit k
san c nh trc, khi lng t cng tc cng c tnh hon ton ging nh
dng san theo yu cu v khi lng: chnh l khi lng kp gia hai mt t t
nhin v thit k sau san.
* V d bn v tnh ton san nn.
* Bi tp: Tnh khi lng o, p trong cc li c cao t nhin v cao

thit k sau:
a.
b.
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67

c.
d.
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68

BI TP C BN
Cho bn v mng n di ct nh sau:
Hy cho bit chiu di x chiu rng ca mng l bao nhiu?

Nu tnh khi lng p t th chiu dy p n ct 0.00 l bao nhiu?
Tnh s lng thanh thp ai t t trong mng n ct -0.050.
Hy tnh khi lng o t, bit khi lng o taluy bng 20% th tch h
mng.
- Hy tnh khi lng b tng lt.
- Tnh khi lng b tng mng (bao gm mng v c mng tnh n ct 0.05).
- Tnh khi lng vn khun thi cng mng, khi lng vn khun c mng.
-
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69

12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
c
Cho bit cnh thang rng bao nhiu, di bao nhiu, dy bao nhiu?
Cho bit con tin c chiu cao bao nhiu?
www.DutoanGXD.vn
70

BI TP PHN NG GIAO THNG

Bi 1. Tnh khi lng thi cng ng sau. Bit Phn o ng gm 2 lp : Lp
di dm tiu chun dy 8cm, lp trn dm tiu chun dy 12cm, lp nha dy
3cm tiu chun nha 4,5kg/cm2. t o l t cp III, p t bng my m cc
k=0,95, vn chuyn t bng t 5T phm vi<=300m. S dng phn mm D ton
GXD lp bng d ton trn sheet Dutoan XD ca phn mm.
S ho tuyn
a cht
Rnh tri
Rnh phi
Dc dc thit k
Cao thit k
Cao thin nhin
C ly l
C ly cng dn
Tn cc
K0
L trnh
H0
www.DutoanGXD.vn
P1
TC1
1
71

Cc:K0
Km:0+00
Cao thit k
Khong cch l thit k
Cao thin nhin
Khong cch mia
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72

Cc:P1
Km:0+7.84
Cao thit k
Khong cch l thit k
Cao thin nhin
Khong cch mia
www.DutoanGXD.vn
73

Cc:TC1
Km:0+15.68
Cao thit k
Khong cch l thit k
Cao thin nhin
Khong cch mia
www.DutoanGXD.vn
74

Bi 2: Tnh khi lng thi cng on ng sau. Lp bng d ton trn sheet D
Ton ca phn mm GXD. Phn t cc D0 n cc CD c tnh vo nt giao.
Gi thit khi lng o t bng my chim 95%, khi lng nh cp t v
o rnh thot nc bng my chim 90%. Gu o dung tch 1,25m3, Ph cp III
bng ba cn chiu dy lp 0,5m. p t bng m cc k=0,95 (20%), p t
k=0,95 (80%) bng my m 9T v k=0,98 (100%) bng my m 16T. Vn chuyn
t bng t 7 T, xc bng my o dung tch 1,25m3 v vn chuyn bng t 12
T, Phm vi vn chuyn 1000m. Ton b khi lng t p l t cp III.
Lp 1a: Lp t cha
nht. Kt cu
khong 0,4 -
Lp 1a: Lp t cha hu c, mu xm, xm nu, nu, vng

nht. Kt cu km cht n xp rng. B dy lp
khong 0,4 -:- 0,5m. Phn cp t: t cp II
1a
Lp 1: Lp t st s-n tch (dlQ), mu nu, nu , vng,

vng nht, xm nu. Kt cu cht va n cht. Trng thi
do cng n na cng. Trong t ln khong 10 -:- 30%
dm sn, si (trong t cc D0 -:- D2 ln khong 5 -:10% hn, tng kch th-c > 1,5m3, cp III). B
dy lp ch-a xc nh. Phn cp t: t cp III.
D0
1
P1
Lp 1: Lp t st
vng nht, x
do cng n
dm sn, si
10% hn,
dy lp ch-a
TD1
CD
TC1
D2
P1
TC1
D2
H0
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75

Cc:CD
Km:0+11.67
Cc:P1
Km:0+27.69
www.DutoanGXD.vn
76

Cc:TD1
Km:0+18.86
Cc:TC1
Km:0+36.52
www.DutoanGXD.vn
77

Cc:D2
Km:0+43.10
www.DutoanGXD.vn
78

mt ct ngang in hnh
(tl: 1:50)
4%
3%
3%
www.DutoanGXD.vn
4%
79

TNH HUNG, THO LUN

1. Tnh hung 1 Khi lng cha th o bc chnh xc
i vi mt s b phn cng trnh, cng tc xy dng thuc cng trnh, hng
mc cng trnh khng th o bc khi lng chnh xc, c th th c th tm xc
nh v ghi ch l khi lng tm tnh hoc khon tin tm tnh. Khi lng
hoc khon tin tm tnh ny s c o bc li khi quyt ton hoc thc hin theo
quy nh c th ti hp ng xy dng.
Trong qu trnh o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh theo thit k (ngay c
thit k bn v thi cng) th mt s khi lng cng tc xy dng cng kh c th
xc nh mt cch chnh xc v d nh: khi lng m bo giao thng, x l dng
nc, huy ng v gii th
Cch x l y l tt c cc cng tc xy lp u c xc nh thnh khi
lng v cng vi din gii, m t yu cu thc hin xc nh chi ph v chp
nhn khi lng ny l khi lng tm tnh. Khi lng tm tnh ny c s l
c th trong qu trnh thc t thi cng (thc thanh, thc chi trong gii hn chi ph
trn c s d ton chi tit thi cng)
VD: Hng mc chung cng trnh khu ti nh c Nam Trung yn
Khon mc
M t
n v
K.L
Chi ph
01010-1-B Thi cng x l dng nc
Trn gi
1
4.628.426.661
01010-2
nh thi cng
Trn gi
1
105.000.000
1600
Duy tr m bo giao thng
Thng
21
1.542.808.887
1700
Kim sot mi trng
Trn gi
1
617.123.555
1800
Kim tra cht lng nh
Trn gi
1
1.542.808.887
thu
i vi cc loi cng trnh xy dng c tnh cht c th hoc cc cng tc
xy dng cn o bc nhng cha c hng dn hoc c hng dn cha ph hp
vi c th ca cng trnh, cng tc xy dng th cc t chc c nhn khi thc hin
o bc cc cng tc xy dng c th t a ra phng php o bc ph hp vi
hng dn o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh theo quy nh v c thuyt minh
c th.
Trng hp s dng cc ti liu hng dn ca nc ngoi thc hin vic
o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh cn nghin cu, tham
kho hng dn ny m bo nguyn tc thng nht v qun l khi lng v
chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh.
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80

2. Tnh hung 2 Tnh ton khi lng san nn

Tnh ton khi lng san nn, theo phng php c l phi ni suy (trn bn
v CAD, t nhng im o c thc t) sau tnh "th cng" (s dng Excel
thit lp bng tnh). Lm nh vy thi gian v sai s trong lp khi lng rt ln.
Liu c cch tnh nhanh hn hoc l c phn mm no tnh ton c san nn?
kin 1:
tnh san nn, bn c th dng phn mm HS hoc Landesktop. Trong
HS l phn mm ca Cng ty Hi Ha - Vit Nam.
Phn mm nc ngoi:
- SoftDesk.
- LandDesktop.
- Surfer.
- Bentley MX.
- Bentley Inroad Site.
- Power Civil.
Mt s gio trnh k thut thi cng hoc t chc thi cng cng c hng dn
rt r, ti xin trch dn:
Mun tnh khi lng san nn phi bt u t o c kho st. T vn thit k
s lp li vung (hoc ch nht), kch thc cc cnh t 10-30m v cao c ti
cc im giao ct ca li.
Cn c yu cu thit k, t vn s k ng . Khi lng tnh tng phn o
hoc p cho tng li bng cch tnh bnh qun chiu cao o p ti cc im
li nhn vi din tch (hoc din tch o, p trong tng ).
Cui cng lp bng tng hp khi lng t chi tit khi lng cc
II. Nu cng tc kho st khng th hin theo phng php trn th bn phi ni
suy t bnh s trn cc phn mm Nova hoc mt vi phn mm khc, nhng
sai s tng i ln ty theo cch xy dng m hnh li b mt khi lp bnh .
l mt s nguyn tc chung, khi tnh ton khi lng bn phi cn c vo
yu cu tnh khi lng t loi bn v no, kt qu kho st ra sao thc hin cho
ph hp.
kin 2:
tnh san nn th c nhiu phn mm h tr ri. C tc gi ny vit lisp da
trn AutoCAD R14. V c bn tnh san nn th trc ht bn phi c c cc
cao san nn theo thit k, thng l bn v giao thng, hoc bn v quy hoch
chiu cao (san nn). Vn ny da vo ni suy t cao do trc a cung cp.
Bn gn cao cho cc ng ng mc v chn kch thc li vung. Sau
bn ch vic s dng cc tool ca phn mm h tr l c kt qu nh .
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81

kin 3:
Dng Excel thit lp bng tnh s cho kt qu khng chnh xc lm. Vn
v phn mm ny c mt vi ti liu ph sch xy dng Hoa L, gn L i
Hnh c bn. Bn c th ti tm hoc tra cu ti cc th vin.
Vic kho st o v bnh l rt quan trng. Cn phi o c chnh xc
nhng im thay i cao trn a hnh v mt im phi (khng i mia
dy hoc tha qu khi o c). Mun gim tr c sai s trn Nova khi dng
tnh ton san nn cn ch khi o c v khi xy dng m hnh li b mt (tuy
nhin cn ch n vic to l thng khi xy dng m hnh li b mt) c nh
vy s chnh xc hn khi chy vi Nova.
kin 4:
tnh ton khi lng san lp mt bng ta c th s dng phn mm Nova3.5
n 4.1 v Vipmap. tnh c th lm nh sau:
+ S liu mt bng bn giao do trc c cung cp.
+ S liu mt bng thi cng xong do trc c cung cp.
+ Chia mt bng thnh cc mt ct vi khong cch mt ct c th 5m or 10m
+ Vch tuyn trn mt bng nu Thit k c th ta vch theo thit k nu thit
k khng c ta c th chn mt tuyn bt k. n y s c hai trng hp:
- Nu thi cng ng ng thit k th ta ch cn chy phm mm Nova vi
ng thit k c cc mt ct ngang v ct dc v s tnh c khi lng
san i bng cc lnh trong Nova.
- Nu thi cng cha ng vi ng th ta phi chy ln lt vi s liu
Hin trng bn giao v s liu thi cng sau ghp cc mt ct vi nhau theo
ng v tr mt ct chia. Sau tnh din tch cc mt ct th dng Excel tnh ra
c khi lng theo phng php trung bnh mt ct.
3. Tnh hung 3 - Bc tch v lp d ton cho phn in
Bc phn in th ch cn xem bng thng k trang thit b in, loi trang thit
b no c trong nh mc ri th p vo, loi no cha c th vn dng hoc tm
tnh.
Bc tch phn in th c ln theo mch tnh. T mch chnh sang cc mch
ph, t ln n b. Cn c vo ch dn ca thit k tin hnh. Cng tc bc tch
phn in ch yu l o m. Ly thng k ca ngi thit k nhiu khi cha chnh
xc, khi lp d ton cn kim tra, i chiu li.
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82

CU HI
Cu 1: Khi xc nh khi lng xy dng cng trnh, cc kch thc o bc
c ghi theo th t nh th no ? Quy nh u? Ghi nh vy lm g?
Cu 2: xc nh c chi ph xy dng cng trnh th khi lng cng trnh
c o bc cn th hin c cc yu cu chung no?
Cu 3: Khi o bc khi lng b tng ct thp ca cng trnh c phi tr khi
lng ct thp, dy buc trong khi lng b tng khng? V sao?
Cu 4: Khi o bc khi lng vn khun, c phi tr hay khng phi tr khi
lng vn khun cc ch giao nhau gia mng v dm, ct vi tng, dm vi
dm?
Cu 5: Ngi o bc khi lng c cn thit phi hiu r v k thut, cng
ngh, trnh t thi cng cng trnh khng?
Cu 6: Khi o bc khi lng cng trnh ngi thc hin c phi kim tra cc
thng tin trong thit k khng? Trng hp cc thng tin khng hon chnh,
khng r rng hoc c nhng thng tin mu thun th x l th no ?
Cu 7: Khi o bc khi lng bn c phi lp danh mc o bc khng? Danh
mc o bc ny nn trnh by th no?
Cu 8: Trong trng hp khng c kch thc ghi trn bn v, mun dng
cch o bng thc t l xc nh kch thc th ngi thc hin phi ch
iu g?
Cu 9: Khi o bc khi lng, ngi thc hin c c t mu vo bn v,
khoanh vng, nh du vo bn v khng?
Cu 10: i khi khng th o bc cc b phn c chnh xc mc d bit
l b phn g th ngi thc hin c th gii quyt th no?
www.DutoanGXD.vn
83

TRC NGHIM
Cu 1: o bc khi lng cng trnh l g?
L vic cn c vo cc loi bn v tnh ton ra cc khi lng cc cng tc
xy dng bng phng php o, m, tnh ton, kim tra
L vic xc nh khi lng cc cng tc xy dng bng phng php o,
m, tnh ton, kim tra trn cc bn v thit k hoc t yu cu trin khai d n v
thi cng xy dng, cc ch dn lin quan v cc tiu chun, quy chun xy dng
Vit Nam
Cu 2: o bc khi lng xy dng khi lp d ton theo loi bn v no?
Thit k c s, thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng
Thit k k thut v thit k bn v thi cng
Thit k bn v thi cng
Cu 3: Cc phng php o bc khi lng xy dng l:
Phng php tnh theo th t bn v v phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng
Phng php tnh theo th t bn v, tnh theo trnh t thi cng v tnh theo
chng loi
Phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng v tnh theo chng loi
Cu 4: Tham kho vn bn s 737/BXD-VP ngy 22/04/2008 ca B Xy
dng cng b hng dn o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh :
Thun li trong cng tc kim tra, nng cao tnh chnh xc ca khi lng o
bc (cng l nng cao tnh chnh xc ca vic lp v qun l chi ph).
Trnh c cc tranh chp khng cn thit gia nhng ngi lp v kim tra
khi lng.
Cu 5: Khoanh trn vo cc pht biu ng v sa li li sai trong cc pht biu
sau:
Khi o bc khi lng xy dng cc kch thc o bc cn c ghi theo th
t: chiu di x chiu rng x chiu cao.
Khi o bc khi lng cng trnh thng qua bn v mt bng c th tm c
chiu di v chiu rng, thng qua bn v mt ng v mt ct th hin chiu su
v chiu cao.
Khi o bc khi lng lp d ton cng tc b tng dm sn nn sp xp
theo trnh t: cng tc ct thp, vn khun, b tng.
Khi o bc khi lng b tng ct thp ca cng trnh phi tr khi lng ct
thp, dy buc trong khi lng b tng.
Khi o bc b tng ct m ct c tit din ln hn dm th b tng ct tnh
trc v b tng dm tnh sau. Chiu di ct tnh sut v chiu di dm tr cnh
ct.
www.DutoanGXD.vn
84

Khi o bc khi lng vn khun phi tr i khe co gin, l rng trn b mt

cu kin b tng c din tch > 1m2.
Khi lng xy khi o bc phi tnh c phn khi xy nh ra gn lin vi khi
xy, tr i khong giao nhau, cc khong trng khng phi xy. Khng phi tr i
phn b tng chm trong khi xy.
Khi lng ct thp khi o bc khng bao gm khi lng ct thp v khi
lng dy buc, mi ni chng, ming m, con k, bu lng lin kt.
Khi lng lp t thit b cng trnh phi bao gm tt c cc ph kin hon
thin ti ch cc thit b, t hp, h thng thit b.
Bn c bit ? Gio trnh pht cho hc vin ti lp o bc khi lng lp d
ton do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc ti H Ni phn l thuyt u c bin
son thnh cc cu hi trc nghim nh trn. Gio vin s hng dn, gii p t
m hc vin d dng nm bt, hiu tn gc d vn . y l phng php hc
tp th v, sng to bin cc vn rt kh khan tr nn d tip thu hn. Bn cng
c th truy cp trang www.tracnghiem.giaxaydung.vn lm cc bi trc nghim,
ngoi ch v o bc khi lng, lp d ton cn v u thu, Qun l d n,
T vn gim st, ting Anh chuyn ngnh xy dng...
www.DutoanGXD.vn
85

BI TP
Bi 1: Ni tn gi v khi nim tng ng ca cc loi bn v cng trnh xy
dng trong bng:
1. Bn v mt bng
A. Bn v trch v mt chi tit no ca cng trnh t

mt bng, mt ng v mt ct. Bn v cho bit chi tit c
th ca phn trch v
2. Bn v mt ng
B. d dng hnh dung cng trnh, chng ta c th xem

bn v ny. y l bn v kiu chp hnh cng trnh, th
hin c cnh vt xung quanh nh tht.
3. Bn v mt ct
C. Tng tng ct ngang hoc ct dc cng trnh bng cc

mt phng tng ng ta s c loi bn v ny. Thng qua
bn v ny thy c b dy v chiu cao ca cc b
phn m mt ct ct qua. Chiu cao, ct ca cc b phn
trn cng trnh.
4. Bn v chi tit
D. Tng tng ct cng trnh bng mt mt phng song

song vi mt sn cao hn 1m th hnh chiu ca mt
ct ln mt sn s th hin trong bn v ny. Loi bn v
ny th hin cch b tr cc b phn, cch phn chia cc khu
vc trong cng trnh. V d v tr ct, ca, vch mt
tng..
5. Bn v phi cnh
E. Nu chiu mt ng trc, mt ng bn, mt ng

sau vo mt mt phng song song tng ng ta s c
hnh chiu ng ca cng trnh. Loi bn v ny th hin
kin trc ca cng trnh bn mt xung quanh. Thng qua
c th bit c v tr ca cc b phn trn mt ng. V
d i vi cng trnh dn dng, mt bng th hin v tr
ca
Bi 2: Hy nhn dng v ghi vo bn di tn: Mt bng mi, Mt ng (mt

tin, cnh nh), hnh chiu trc o cho cc bn v cng trnh sau:
www.DutoanGXD.vn
86

Bi 3: Hon thin bn v mt ct sau bng cch:

Ghi cao cn thiu trn mt ct; Hon thin cc ch dn v lp vt liu cho
sn nh S, N v mt bng mi M (theo ng th t) bit rng cc lp vt liu cho
tng phn nh sau:
S: t t nhin, b tng 1x2 mc 200, ct en ti nc m k, lt gch
chng trn 200x200 va XM mc 75.
N: Ct en ti nc m k, b tng gch v va tam hp mc 50, t t
nhin, lt gch 300x300 va XM mc 75.
M: Trt trn va XM 75 dy 1.5, tm an BTCT ti ch mc 200, lng va
xi mng dy 100, lt gch rng chng nng va tam hp mc 50.
m
m
n
0.000
n
-0.150
-0.150
Bi 4: Hy cho bit bn v di y c tn gi l bn v g v hon thin cc

yu cu sau:
nh ch A, B, C cho trc ngang, k hiu trc dc bng s 1, 2, 3, 4
in thm cc kch thc cho bn v bit:
Kch thc t trc 1 n 4 l 10,5m; kch thc gia trc A v C l 6,8m; kch
thc gia trc 2 v 3 l 3,7m; phng lm vic v phng bp - n c chiu rng
bng nhau; trc B nm chnh gia trc A v C.
www.DutoanGXD.vn
87

Tng bao dy 150mm, ring tng bao trn trc 3 nm gia trc 2 v 3 dy
200; cc tng ngn dy 100mm.
Ct ngoi nh -0.500; ct nn phng lm vic, phng tip khch, bp - phng
n 0.000.
Ca i 1 rng 1,2m; ca i 2 rng 0,8m; ca i 3 rng 0,8m; ca i 4
rng 0,6m.
Ca s S1 rng 1,2m; ca s S2 rng 0,6m.
1000
Tnh din tch phng lm vic, phng bp n (chnh l din tch lng, lt sn).
S2
KHO
S1
4'
S1
S1
4
1100
P. LAM VIEC
BEP - P.AN
VACH KNH
S1
1'
S1
1100
TIEP KHACH
3
S1
S1
MAo
T BA
NGnhm
TANGIV,
1 TL:1/100
Bi 5: Tnh khi lng
t
thnh thng v b tng gch v lt
mng ca h thng mng nh trong bn v sau:
www.DutoanGXD.vn
88

Bi 6: Tnh khi lng xy tng cho khi tng nh hnh v sau:
www.DutoanGXD.vn
89
2400
620
1200
3000
900
600
6300
Bi 7: Tnh khi lng b tng mc 200 dm (1x2 cm) cho mt dm sau:
Bi 8: in tn gi cho hnh v v kch thc cn thiu cho mng (vung) n

di ct theo cc ch dn sau: Kch thc h o l: 1900x1900x1700 (mm), lp
b tng lt dy 100 (mm) v khong cch t ct p u cc n y mng l 100
(mm)
www.DutoanGXD.vn
90

BT m100
Hy lit k danh mc cc cng vic cn thc hin v tnh khi lng cho cc cng vic
thi cng mng n ni trn.
Bi 9: Hy o bc khi lng bng cch m v cho bit trong bn v i

y c bao nhiu: iu ho, qut trn, n tup i, n tup n, n chiu hin,
bn cu xm, bn ra tay.
www.DutoanGXD.vn
91

Bn c bit ? Cc bi tp ni trn cng nh cc bi tp o bc khi lng gn

vi mt cng trnh c th t u n cui s c cha chi tit ti lp hc do Cng
ty Gi Xy Dng t chc. Bn c th tm kim li gii p hoc m trao , tho
lun trn www.giaxaydung.vn tm kim li gii.
www.DutoanGXD.vn
92

TI LIU THAM KHO

B Xy dng, Quyt nh s 788/Q-BXD ngy 26/8/2010 cng b Hng
dn o bc khi lng xy dng cng trnh.
Cng ty Gi Xy dng, Ti liu o to, bi dng nghip v o bc khi
lng v lp d ton, H Ni, 2009.
Cng ty Gi Xy dng, Ti liu o to, bi dng nghip v nh gi xy
dng, H Ni, 2012.
Nguyn Th Anh, D ton xy dng cng trnh, Ti liu phc v hc vin lp
o bc khi lng lp d ton, H Ni, 2012.
B Xy dng, Gio trnh tin lng xy dng. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H
Ni, 2008.
Davis Landon Seah - Vin Kinh t xy dng, Ti liu o to chuyn o
bc cng tc xy dng, H Ni, 1997.
Nguyn Quang C, Nguyn Mnh Dng, Gio trnh v k thut. Nh xut bn
Gio dc, H Ni, 2006,
B Xy dng, Gio trnh lp nh mc, n gi xy dng. Nh xut bn Xy
dng, H Ni, 2008.
B Xy dng, Gio trnh d ton xy dng c bn. Nh xut bn Xy dng,
H Ni, 2008.
Cc bi vit, t liu, thng tin trn din n www.giaxaydung.vn/diendan, v
website www.DutoanGXD.vn...
Cc tiu chun TCVN, TCXD c lin quan.
www.DutoanGXD.vn
93

CC TI LIU NN N C
(ti liu cng 1 tc gi)
1. Gio trnh d ton xy dng cng trnh
2. Ti liu hng dn xc nh chi ph t vn
3. Ti liu hng dn phng php xc nh gi ca my
4. Ti liu hng dn phng php chit tnh n gi xy dng cng trnh
5. Ti liu hng dn phng php p dng nh mc (phc v lp d ton)
6. Ti liu hng dn phng php tnh vt liu n hin trng xy dng
7. Tp hp cc tnh hung tho lun v o bc khi lng lp d ton
8. Tp hp cc bi tp c bn v o bc khi lng lp d ton
9. Hng dn s dng phn mm Excel, phn mm D ton
10. Hng dn cch xy dng c s d liu nh mc, n gi, t in vt t,
gi vt t s dng cho phn mm lp d ton, lp h s thu
Cc ti liu c th ti min ph trn www.giaxaydung.vn v DutoanGXD.vn.
Chng ti s b sung thm cc bi tp minh ho, cc tnh hung x l thc t,
cc hnh v, s gip bn tm hiu su hn v vn lp d ton xy dng
cng trnh. Cc ti liu ny s lin tc c cp nht, sa i b sung v ng ti
trn www.giaxaydung.vn v DutoanGXD.vn.
Cc bi ging chuyn su v cc ni dung trn cho cc hc vin lp o bc
khi lng lp d ton do Cng ty Gi Xy Dng t chc s gip bn chuyn
nghip trong lp v thm tra d ton. Nu mun tr thnh mt chuyn gia gii
trong cng vic o bc khi lng, lp d ton hay kim sot khi lng, thm tra
d ton, thanh quyt ton cng trnh th bn nn thu xp thi gian ghi danh tham
gia kho hc. C hc hnh, o to bi bn bn s khc.
Trong ti liu ny c tham kho mt s t liu ca cc bn b, ng nghip
trn website www.giaxaydung.vn, DutoanGXD.vn v mt s ngun khc.
H Ni, thng 11/2013
www.DutoanGXD.vn
94

MC LC
LI NI U .................................................................................................................... 2
CCH S DNG TI LIU ............................................................................................. 3
M U............................................................................................................................. 4
BN V TRONG XY DNG ......................................................................................... 5
I. KHI NIM V THIT K V BN V XY DNG .................................................... 5
1. Khi nim v thit k ...................................................................................................... 5
2. Khi nim bn v xy dng (bn v thit k) ................................................................... 5
3. Vai tr ca bn v thit k ............................................................................................... 5
II. PHN LOI BN V XY DNG ................................................................................. 5
1. Bn v quy hoch ............................................................................................................ 5
2. Bn v kin trc ............................................................................................................ 6
3. Bn v kt cu ............................................................................................................... 7
4. Bn v b tr thit b...................................................................................................... 8
III. CCH THC TH HIN BN V ................................................................................. 9
1. Cc hnh thc biu din ca mt vt th ...................................................................... 9
2. Cc hnh thc biu din bn v ca cng trnh xy dng.......................................... 12
IV. H THNG QUY TC V K HIU TRONG BN V XY DNG ....................... 17
1. K hiu trc trong bn v xy dng ........................................................................... 17
2. K hiu cao (ct) trong bn v ............................................................................... 17
3. Quy tc ghi kch thc ................................................................................................ 19
4. K hiu cc b phn trong cng trnh ........................................................................ 19
PHNG PHP O BC KHI LNG ................................................................... 25
I. KHI NIM, NGHA, MC CH, YU CU ........................................................... 25
1. Khi nim v o bc khi lng.................................................................................... 25
2. ngha ca vic o bc khi lng .............................................................................. 25
3. Mc ch ca vic o bc khi lng ............................................................................ 25
4. Yu cu ca vic o bc khi lng .............................................................................. 26
II. CC PHNG PHP O BC KHI LNG ............................................................ 27
1. Phng php tnh theo chng loi ................................................................................. 27
2. Phng php tnh theo th t bn v ............................................................................. 27
3. Phng php tnh theo trnh t thi cng ......................................................................... 28
III. CC NGUYN TC CN TUN TH KHI O BC KHI LNG ........................ 30
IV. TRNH T CHUNG THC HIN O BC KHI LNG ........................................ 30
1. Cc bc thc hin ....................................................................................................... 30
2. Mt s lu khi o bc khi lng ............................................................................ 32
3. TRNH T V K NNG O BC KHI LNG CC CNG TC .................... 32
V. NHNG SAI ST THNG GP V NGUYN NHN ............................................. 35
1. Nhng sai st thng gp phi khi xc nh khi lng cng tc xy dng ................... 36
2. Mt s nguyn nhn ch yu dn n sai st ................................................................. 36
VI. O BC KHI LNG MT S CNG TC THNG DNG ................................. 36
1. Phn mng v phn th ................................................................................................. 36
2. Cng tc hon thin....................................................................................................... 42
3. Cng tc phc v lm cu ng, h tng k thut .................................................. 45
4. PHN LP T H THNG K THUT.............................................................. 46
5. H thng iu ha khng kh, thang my .................................................................. 47
6. Mt s lu khc ........................................................................................................ 47
www.DutoanGXD.vn
95

VII. C BN V, O BC KHI LNG CNG TRNH NG B V SAN LP

MT BNG ......................................................................................................................... 48
1. Cng trnh giao thng ng b .................................................................................... 48
2. Tnh cht ng mc ...................................................................................................... 49
3. Bn v trc dc, trc ngang ........................................................................................... 51
4. Phng php tnh khi lng ........................................................................................ 58
5. Cng trnh san lp mt bng .......................................................................................... 61
BI TP ........................................................................................................................... 69
BI TP PHN NG GIAO THNG ..................................................................... 71
TNH HUNG, THO LUN ........................................................................................ 80
CU HI .......................................................................................................................... 83
TRC NGHIM .............................................................................................................. 84
BI TP ........................................................................................................................... 86
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................ 93
CC TI LIU NN N C .................................................................................... 94
MC LC ........................................................................................................................ 95
www.DutoanGXD.vn
96

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ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Xin lin h Ms Thu An 0975.381.900 hoc Ms Huyn Thanh 0985.099.938, daotao@giaxaydung.com

S DNG PHN MM D TON GXD

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

CCH S DNG TI LIU

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Bn v quy hoch cm cng nghip i Xuyn (Ph Xuyn, H Ni)

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

III. CCH THC TH HIN BN V

Hnh chiu ng Hnh chiu cnh

Hnh chiu bng

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Hnh ct - mt ct: Nu tng tng c mt mt phng ct ngang qua vt

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Phi cnh ni tht

Phi cnh cng trnh nh cao tng

Bi tp: Hy ghi tn cc hnh chiu tng ng cho ngi nh sau:

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Ti lp hc: Hc vin s phn tch v gii thch cn k hiu r cc

Bn v phi cnh: d dng hnh dung cng trnh (c bit i vi nhng

Phi cnh cng trnh thu in Sn La

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

nh chp: Thng lu cng trnh thu in Sn La

nh chp: H lu cng trnh thu in Sn La

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Bn v mt bng ca cng trnh th hin cch b tr cc b phn, cch phn

Ct cng trnh bng 1

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Bn v mt ng: Nu chiu mt ng trc, mt ng bn, mt ng sau

Ct dc tuyn nng lng (p thu in Sn La)

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Bi tp: Hy in tn gi cho cc loi bn v nh sau:

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

IV. H THNG QUY TC V K HIU TRONG BN V XY DNG

Bi tp: Hy in k hiu trc cho bn v sau:

2. K hiu cao (ct) trong bn v

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

v ghi trn mi tn k hiu. K hiu cao l mi tn hnh tam gic u, t na

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

3. Quy tc ghi kch thc

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Ca i quay quanh trc ng

Ca nng hay cun

V d: Hy xem hnh sau c 4ca i D1, 1 ca i D2, 1 ca s S1 v 1 ca s S2:

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

K hiu cc ph kin v sinh

Chu x kiu ngi xm

Chu tiu st tng

Chu ra (k hiu chung)

ng k hc lp o bc khi lng, lp d ton ti H Ni, tp H Ch Minh

Khay tm ng c hng sen

Phng tm trn mt bng t l <

T in sn tnh in kch thc: 600x400x200

m bt ptmt + mt che ptmt 2 cc

ptmt mccb 3 pha 3 cc 63a-450v-35ka

ptmt mcb 1 pha 2 cc 63a-250v-6ka

n hunh quang n 220v/36w 1.2m

n hunh quang n 220v/36w 1.2m

Bng n compac tit kim in 11w + ui