Professional Documents
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The Salmon
In the fall, salmon deposit
eggs in the gravel of
flowing streams.
Life Cycle
Salmon Eggs!
As they spawn, salmon may lay up to 12,000 eggs
very near the place they themselves were
hatched.
These are
the eyeballs
of these tiny
salmon!
Alevin
Tiny alevin grow quickly after being hatched.
When they are as long as your fingernail,
they are called fry, and look like real fish!
Whey they get to be about as long as your
longest finger, they are given a new name -smolt. As the smolt grow, they eventually
begin their migration to the ocean.
Ocean
Bound!
Smolt
Lamprey spawn
in
a stream and
eggs
hatch into small
larvae.
1938
1931
1936
Going home!
These salmon are on their way back to the waters of their
birth. Scientists do not know how salmon find the exact
location of their birthplace, but their sense of smell (and the
chemical signature of the waters) is an important cue.
Aquatic Environment
Water quality and quantity is one of the most
important factors to maintain fish health.
Inadequate water quality causes more losses
than any other problem!
Factors that influence water quality/quantity:
Feed rates
Feed types
Flow rates
Tanks/containers (flow dynamics)
Temperature
Water Quality
Daily or weekly tests
Semi-annually or
annually
Daily or Weekly
Dissolved oxygen
Nitrogen compounds
ammonia
nitrite
nitrates
pH
Alkalinity
Hardness
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature
Hydrogen sulfide
Total suspended
solids
Chlorine
pH
Measure of the hydrogen
ion concentration
1-14 scale
less than 7 acidic
greater than 7 basic
Safe range
6.5-9
Ammonia
Ammonia
NH3, NH4+
Two forms
unionized NH3
ionized (NH4+)
Nitrite
Nitrite (NO2-)
Secondary product of nitrification
Nitrite
Brown blood disease (p. 67 in Noga)
(Methemoglobinemia)-new-tank syndrome
Blood appears dark in color
Due to excessive presence of methemoglobin
Treatment
Flushing with fresh water
Add nitrifying bacteria
Lesions/hemorrhaging in thymus
Nitrate
Nitrate (NO3-) is the final breakdown
product in the oxidation of ammonia
Not as toxic to aquatics
Similar symptoms to nitrite toxicity,
but values must be much higher.
nitrosomonas
Bacteria
NO2-
nitrobacter
Bacteria
NO3-
Relationships