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G is representable then any algebraic D group structure on G is split; this is the case
if G is linear reductlve or unlpotent. More
generally we will prove in Chapter 4 the
following= THEOREM :. For an algebraic
D-group G the following are equivalent= 1)
G is split, 2) preserves the (ideal sheaf of
the) unipotent radical U of the linear part of
G. 3) 6 preserves the (Ideal sheaf of). U/U n
[G,G] in G/[G,G]. 4) 6 preserves the
maximum semiahelian subfield of the
function field 7.(G) (which by definition is
the function field of the maximum
semiabelian quotient of GI recall that
"semlabellan" means "extension of an
abelian variety by a torus"). Consequently a
A o - group T is split iff T/[I',I'] is so, iff 6
preserves the maximum semlahellan subfield
maps (x(Ui)+ x(U2) for U2c U 1 are Dallebra maps). For any
D - algebra A, SpecA is a D - scheme.
Clearly D - schemes form a category (whose
morpHisms will be called D- morphisms or
D- maps: these are the morphisms f= X-Y
such that {Yy + f. (. X IS a morphism of
sheaves of D - algebras). This category is
easily seen to have fibre products. Indeed if
X and Y are D - schemes over a D - scheme
Z then the scheme fibre product X x ZY has a
natural D - scheme structure cominig from
the D - module structure of tensor products
(0.)l if p =P then the corresponding
derivation on the structure sheaf of X x zY
will be denoted by p l + ] p (this
convention agrees with formula "p(x y) = px
D-algebraically closed we may take K 1 -K. Proof. For the sake o! completness we
sketch the argument. It is clear that we may
assume N = dimKV ( m. Then the D-module
structure of V induces a D-variety structure
on GL N by just fixing a basis vt, .... v N in
V.' if pv i = Zaij(P)e j with ajj(p) eK and if
GL N =Spec K[Xjj] d , d = der(Nil) then we
let PXij = kaik(P)Xkj for all l,j,p Now let 8
be a maximal element of (GLN) D and put K
1 = K(g) (residue field at p it Is a D-field
extension of K). By (0.1t)s we have Ki D -K D (because K D is algebraically closed).
Viewing g as Kl-point of CL N, say g -- (glj)
gij e KI it is easy to see that the elements fl''"
fN D l defined by i -- ?.gijfj form a K lbasis of K l V belonging to (K 1. V) (3.3)
A D-algebra A (respectively a Lie D-algebra
locally finite then t(X) appears as a Dsubmodule of O((U i) which is locally finite
hence it is locally finite. In particular this
shows that if X is an afflne D-scheme then X
Js locally finite if and only if C/(X) is
locally finite. (3.6) Recall lB 1] that a Dscheme X is called split if there is an
Jsomorphism of D-schemas X K DXo where
X o is a KD-scheme and K DXo is viewed
as a D-scheme with P acting on K 1 via i)
and acting.trivially on . Recll some basic
facts about split D-schemes o 0) Any split Dscheme is locally finite. l)If X and Yo are
KD-scheme and If X=K DXo , Y=K DYe are
viewed with their natural structures of split
D-schemes then any D-morphJsm -'X Y has
the form = K eo for some morphism o Xo*
Yo' In particular XD(K)identifies with
schems 21 with Y integral such that the pullbacks of. L' and L" on Y are Y-isomorphic.
Since Y+ S 1 is generically finite, one can
embed C(Y) over C(S 1) = C(S) into K and
we get that C(N) is a field of definition for L
K between C and K contradicting our
hypothesis. The lamina is proved. Next we
need a Kedaira-Spencer map for irreducible
arline algebraic groups G over nonnecessarily algebraically closed fields F of
characteristic zero containing k. Consider the
following complex (where A -- {(G))'. 0+
DerF(A) ' , DerF(A,AFA) 2 +
DerF(A,AFAFA ) where {) l(p) = pp(pl + I p)p, pc DerF(A,A) {) 2(d) = (d
l)p - (1 ) d)p + (p l)d - (1 p)d, de DerF(A,A
F A) and define Hi(C/F) for i = 1,2 as the
i-th horn ology space of this complex (one
plp2...pn(a)l)= I 2 ...P;na " r'Px I PX2 XnXn1 the sum bein taken for all n-uples (Xl,...Jn)
with XinU. As we have seen, 1 2 n = 0
whenever card {1;' i *} > N.
Consequently K[P](a 1) c (N) and our PX
IPx2 ' ' ' P)'n a - claim is proved. Now we
claim (and this will close the proof) that for
any x e) (T) we have-dimKK[P]x ( .
Indeed write x --r.a I i and let be a finite
dimensional K[P]-submodule of {(IU)
((T) containing all ai's. Then r.(l a)Xl) is a
finite dimensional KiP]-module containin x
and our lemma is proved. (3.9) REMARK. If
in (3.8) above we replace the condition c) by
"c') P(M) = P(l,fin) (in 49 other words (M)
is locally finite as Kip]-module for any
peP(M))" then we still get the second part of
the conclusion namely that "Ker J[?c P(M x
we get a map (which we still call lB: W(G)H2(u,u) by composing the map lB from
(3.2.s) with the identification isomorphism
W(G) = Hom(u/u n [g,g], r/u) from (3.23).
Then we have: (3.27) PROPOSITION. Let
char K = 0 and C be an irreducible affine
algebraic K-group. Then there is a complex
exact in the first two terms: 0 + P(C,fln) -*
P(C) J[V, W(G) -H2(L(U),L(U)) where U ts
the unlpotent radical of G. Proof. By (3.16)
the only thing to prove is that lm([V)c Ker I
So assume a = J, Vp W(G) fo' some p P(G).
By (l.l) K = K Kip] is a field of definition
for G. 'riting G = Go)Ko K (G o a Ko-grou
p) let's denote by p* the trivial lifting of p
from K to G. Moreover let l :r +r, e 2: r
+r be the projections onto u and t
respectively. Then by (3.2), (3.2) we have
88 3) p preserves u ) p preserves U 5) p
preserves the subfield K(G/U) o! K(G) 6) p
preserves the subfield K(G/US) of K{G). b)
P(G,fin) Is a Lie K/k-subaigebra of P(G) and
G is 1ocnlly finite as a Dfin=varJety where
Dfin = K[P(C,fin)]. c) K P(G'fin) = K G d)
The natural map P(G)/P(G,fin) P(,)/P(,fin) is
injective. e) lf i=G*G' is an isogeny and i*
:P(G')P(G) is the lifting map then i*
(P(G',fin)) = P(G,fin)n i*(P(G')). Proof.
Assertions d) and e) follow from a).
Assertion c) follows from b) and from (I.
3.7) and 0.1.26). That P(G,fin) is a Lie K/ksubalgebra of P(G) follows from a). Let's
check 1)------)) in a). Indeed, by (1.3.11)
upon replacing K by a Kip]-extension of K
we may suppose G is a split algebraic Kip]group. Then one easily checks that p
which is
104 105 Irreducible and can be covered by
finitely many open sets r. l,...:p such that each
(i, CjE i) is an arline A -manifold. For any A
-manifold ]: we define > as the direct limit
of all C7(fl) for c E non-empty A-open sets;
then > is a A-extension of , (and in case ]: is
arline it coincides with the one defined at
(1.9)). We define the dimension of E by
dim]: := tr.deg. By a morphism of We
obtained a category -manifolds} We leave to
the reader the verification that this category
has direct products. As expected if r.c%(, n,
TcL m are A-closed irreducible subsets then
r. xTc?,(, n+m is A-closed and irreducible
and so it has a structure of arline A manifold; this construction is "invariant" and
). A A -group I' will be said to have no nontrivial linear representation if for any N > I
the only morphism y + GLiN is the trivial
one. By (2.10) T has no non-trivial linear
representation if! G(y) has the same propety
i.e. iff (G(I')) =q. Let 1' be a A-group. Two
embedclings o': T'- I', o" = I'"- l' are called
equivalent if there is an isomorphism : T' T" such that o"o = o'. A class of equivalence
of such erabeddings will be called a fisubgroup of y. By abuse we will sometimes
say (given an embedding I"+ Y)that l" is a Asubgroup of I'. (2.13) PROPOSITION. Let 1'
be a Ao-group and let G = G(y) {. Then there
is an embedding I' + C and a A-cocycle C +
(L(G)m) ^ inducing an exact sequence of
pointed sets I - y + G('[{,) + L(G) int -+ 1
where the action of C on (L(G)m)^= (L(C)' m
LEMM/, [B3]. Let I' be a strictly arline fi ogroup. Then ( I'} is finitely generated as a
(non-differential){,-algebra. In particular
G(I')=Spec{I'} and ,{l'} =O(G(]')).
Moreover I' is split if and only if /,{ I'} is a
locally finite D-module. Proof. We already
used in (2.6) the fact (proved in B3]) that if l'
=(Spec H)fi then the scheme Spec H contains
a non-empty open subset of finite type over .
A translation argument shows that one can
cover Spec H by arline open sets of finite
type over ,, hence Spec H is of finitey type
over ?d,, hence H is finiteJy generated over .
The remaining assertions follow
114 115 immediately from (2.8)and (2.10).
(2.18) COROLLARY. A A o-group [' Js
strictly arline if and only if G([' )! is afine, if
J I qR(G) c
124 125 where G runs through the set of
isomorphism classes of irreducible algebraic
-groups and for any such G we denote ql(G)
the set of isomorphism classes of Ao-groups
I' such that G(I') ! = G. So one reasonable
thing to do (although as we shall see not the
only one) is to fix G and try to describe I(G).
Here are some easy consequences of our
theory: (.1.) LEMMA 1) Assume G is affine.
Then (G) is non-empty if and only i! G is
defined over . 2) Assume G is commutative.
Then 11,(G) is non-empty if and only if _
S(C), (i) uer t.A, for all i. 3) Assume G has
no non-trivial linear representation. Then
9R(G) has at most one element. Proet. Use
(II. 3.31) and (IlL 2.18). Now we claim that
logarithm ic connection
........................................... (0.16) adjoint
connection .............................................. (I.
1.10) automorphism functor
............................................ (1.1.23) field of
definition ............................................... (I.
1.27) locally finite, split
.............................................. (I.3)
representative Ideal
............................................. (I. 1.21)
weights .......................... : ....................
(I].3.1), (11.3.12) killing the weights
.............................................. (11.3.5) linear
part, abellan part ..........................................
(IV.i.i) logarithmic Gauss-Manln connection
................................. (111.1.2) KoalairaSpencer map ............................................
(111.1,4) total space, total connection
NMS extensions
................................................ Appendix ^
Pa,nleve extensions
.............................................. Appendix ^.
145 K<X>
........................................................ (0.6)
XD()' XD(A)
.................................................. (0.7) KI<X>
........................................................ (0.]0)
PHSD(G/K)
.................................................... (0.13)
(Vfi[V) .......................................................
(0.16) L(G),P(G),P(G/K),DerkG,Lie G (I.
1.1 ) KIp]
......................................................... (1. i.i)
Xm(C)' Xa (c)
.................................................. (I. 1.3)
U(L), JG ......................................................
NOTATIONS K[P],V D V P K D lp
................................................... (0.5) (0.6)