Cone Penetration and Prolonged Working of Lubricating Grease i a % a 7 fe ASTM D217, AFNOR 60-132, DIN 51 804, IP 50, NOM 38-70 Purpose Determine the consistency and NLGI grade of a lubricating grease Brief Description A .cone of specified weight is allowed to fall into a lubricating ‘grease sample at 25°C. The depth of the cone, in tenths of a rmilimeter, identifies the consistency of the grease. With the Use of Table 1, the NLGI grade of the grease is identified from the 60 stroke worked penetration. This test can be used to determine the mechanical stability of 2 grease through prolonged working, such as 10,000 or more double strokes using the motorized grease worker. While cone penetrations are typically conducted at 25°C, measurements ‘can be carried out at other temperatures. About 300 grams of ‘grease are required to conduct the ASTM D217 test. ASTM method D1403, DIN 51 804, and IP 310 describe cone penetration equipment commonly referred to as 1/2 and 1/4 scale devices for use when less than 300 grams of grease are available. ‘The photos depict the cone prior to release, greases of NLGI grade 2 and 3 consistencies, and a motorized grease worker. Table 1: NLGI Classification Scale NLGI Grade ASTM Worked Pen. 000 445-475 00 400-430 0 355-385 1 310-340 2 265-295 3 220-250 4 175-205 5 130-160 6 85-115 Mobil Proprietary Document Page 1Dropping Point of Lubricating Greases ASTM D2265, AFNOR T 60-102, DIN 51 805, IP 132, NOM 72-71 Purpose Determine high temperature structural grease properties related to the thickener Brief Description ‘The dropping point of a lubricating grease is the temperature at which the thickener can no longer hold the base oil. Some of the reasons oil can no longer be held are that the thickener has melted or the oil has become so thin it is not held by the thickener. Grease is placed in a small cup and heated in an oven-like device. When a drop of oil falls from the lower ‘opening, the dropping point of the grease is calculated using the temperatures in the oven and inside the cup. Soap or polymer thickened greases demonstrate a dropping point while inorganic thickeners such as clay or graphite may not have a dropping point. ASTM method D2265 is preferred over the older and less precise ASTM D566. Fretting Wear Protection by Lubricating Grease ASTM D4170 Purpose Measure fretting wear properties of greases Brief Description Weight loss from a pair of ball thrust bearings identifies the fretting wear prevention properties of a lubricating grease. ‘The thrust bearings are loaded with 2450 N and oscillated at 30 Hz through 12° for 22 hours at a variety of test temperatures. Wear results are influenced by base oil viscosity and oll release, The Fafnir Friction Oxidation Test rg is used for this test. The photos depict the test bearing and test rig. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 2Performance Characteristics of Lubricating Greases in Ball Bearings at Elevated Temperatures Cn td a ASTM D3336, FTM 331/333 (Pope Test) Purpose Evaluate grease evaporation and oxidation resistance in a lightly loaded, high speed, heated ball bearing Brief Description A 204 K ball bearing (photo insert) is packed with 3.2 cc of grease and rotated at 10,000 rpm under light loading while heated to 150°C, 177°C, or other test temperatures. The test cycle is 20 hours of running and 4 hours at rest. When electrical current to operate the spindle motor increases by 300% of the value of the newly packed bearing, testing is ‘stopped and the number of running hours is the test result. This test is named for the builder of the high speed spindle, Pope Spindle Co. Satisfactorily performing greases have low viscosity base oils that resist evaporation and oxidation and that readily release oil MRC Method - Performance Characteristics of Lubricating Grease in Antifriction Bearings at Elevated Temperatures and Loads CRCL54 Purpose Measure grease evaporation and oxidation resistance in a high speed ball bearing Brief Description ‘A204 K ball bearing is packed with 3.2 cc of grease and rotated at 3,000, 10,000, or 20,000 rpm under thrust loading as high as 145 kg while heated to a maximum of 232°C. Testing is 20 hours of running and 4 hours at rest. See ASTM D3336 for a similar test. Greases with good oxidation and evaporation resistance and oil release characteristics will generally perform well in this test. This test is referred to as ‘the MRC test because it uses a high speed spindle first produced by the MRC Corporation. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 3Mechanical-Dynamic Testing of Roller Bearing Greases DIN 51 806 & SKF R2F Purpose Evaluate the ability of grease to satisfactorily lubricate a double row spherical roller bearing (photo insert) operated at various speeds and temperatures Brief Description ‘This method evaluates the lubrication characteristics of a grease in two spherical roller bearings operating at 2500 (Procedure A) or 1500 (Procedure B) rpm, 850 kg load, and a variety of test temperatures. The test typically runs 480 hours, which includes a re-packing of the bearing after 24 hours. At the end of the test, the bearings are examined for wear and deposits. Bearings specified for this method, as well as test rating methods, have frequently changed. Test rating methods are presently based on visual inspection. Satisfactorily performing greases have good mechanical stability, usually having a base oil viscosity of ISO VG 100 or more and a moderate oil release. Electric Motor Testing of Lubricating Greases Future Mobil Method Purpose Determine grease performance in electric motor service Brief Description ‘The front ball bearing of a Reliance electric motor is packed with the test grease and operated at 3600 rpm, 150°C. and 75 pounds of load, The test can be run continuously until fail or can be operated cyclically, with 20 hours running followed by 4 hours switched off. Motor horsepower, bearing vibration, temperature, and heater current are recorded. The test continues until the grease consistency thickens from oxidation and/or evaporation. Increased vibration identifies that the grease has become dry and is a poor lubricant. Mobil Proprietary Document Page +Life Performance of Automotive Wheel Bearing Grease ‘ASTM D3527 Purpose Evaluate grease life in simulated wheel bearing service Brief Description ‘The two tapered roller bearings in the photo are placed in a modified automotive wheel hub and rotated at 1000 rpm with a thrust loading of 111 N. Testing continues for 20 hours at 160°C and 4 hours of no rotation at room temperature. ‘Testing ends when the electrical current to operate the drive motor increases to 4 times the values of the new lubricant. Grease performance is influenced by evaporation and oxidation resistance. The test apparatus is also used for ASTM D4290. Wheel Bearing Leakage Tendencies ASTM D4290 Purpose Evaluate wheel bearing grease leakage tendencies Brief Description ‘The same automotive wheel spindle used in ASTM D3527 is Used for this determination of oil release from the grease. The test runs for only 20 hours at 160°C under a thrust loading of 111 Nand at 1000 rpm. The oil and grease released from the larger tapered roller bearing are collected, weighed, and reported at the end of the test. The condition of the test bearings is also reported. Mechanical stability and oil viscosity ate important contributors to low cil release as measured by this test. The heating elements in the test chamber are evident in the photo of the equipment used for this test and the D3527 method. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 5Wear-Preventative Characteristics of Lubricating Greases (Four-Ball Method) ASTM D2266 Purpose Determine wear prevention properties of greases in sliding steel-on-steel applications Brief Description ‘12.7 mm (0.5 inch) steel (52100) ball is rotated against three stationary balls of the same description. Lubricant surrounds the balls. Common test conditions are 1200 rpm, 75°C, 60 minutes, and 40 kg load. Other conditions may be selected. Scar diameters on the three balls are the reported results. See ASTM 02596 for similar test equipment. The presence of extreme pressure (EP) additives may contribute to large wear scars. Measurement of Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Greases (Four-Ball Method) ASTM D2596 Purpose Evaluation of the extreme pressure, antiwear, and anti-weld properties of lubricated sliding steel balls Brief Description A 12.7 mm (0.5 inch) steel (52100 ) ball is rotated against three stationary balls of the same description. Lubricant surrounds the balls. Test conditions are 1770 rpm, 25°C, and 10 seconds duration. Testing steps continue with new balls and an increased load until welding of the four balls occurs. For test steps with no welding, ball scar diameters are used to calculate the load wear index (LWI), which along with the weld load, ate the reported results. See ASTM D2266 for similar test equipment. The tester and welded balls are pictured. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 6Measurement of Extreme Pressure Properties of Lubricating Greases (Timken Method) ASTM D2509, IP 326 Purpose Evaluate extreme pressure, antiwear, and anti-weld properties of grease Brief Description A tapered roller bearing cup (ring) is rotated against a stationary steel block that is also made of tapered roller bearing steel. During the 10 minute test, a grease flow lubricates the parts while the block is forced against the rotating cup. New parts are tested at increasing loads until welding occurs. Welding is identified by any irregular scar on the block. Results are reported as the OK load, which is the load (in pounds) just prior to welding. (Mobil does not consider this test to be a good predictor of field performance for load carrying properties) Timken Retention Test (US Steel Modified) Mobil Method M1398 Purpose Determine the load carrying capacity of open gear lubricants Brief Description ‘The same block and ring are that are used for ASTM D2509 are used for the Timken retention test. Four grams of test grease are applied to the test parts at the start of the test. The test operates at 800 rpm at room temperature. After each 30 minute test, the block is examined for scoring. The test is repeated at increased loads until scoring cccurs. Results are reported as OK load. (Mobil does not consider this test to be a good predictor of field performance for lead carrying properties) Mobil Proprietary Document Page 7Water Washout Characteristics of Lubricating Greases ASTM D1264 Purpose Determine the ability of a lubricating grease to resist removal from a rotating bearing by a stream of heated water Brief Description A204 K ball bearing (photo insert) lubricated with the test grease is rotated at 600 rpm while a stream of 5 ml per second of water heated to 38°C or 79°C is directed on the bearing for ‘one hour. Then the bearing is dried and weighed to determine the amount of grease removed. The presence of additives that promote water and oil emulsions may reduce the amount of grease removed, Materials such as polymers that improve the adhesion of the grease may also increase the amount of grease remaining in the bearing. Resistance of Lubricating Greases to Water Spray ‘ASTM D4049 il Purpose qt { Evaluate adhesion properties of lubricating greases to a metal panel in the presence of a heated water spray Brief Description Grease removal is measured when 38°C water is sprayed at 40 psi for 5 minutes on a weighed quantity of grease. ‘Cohesive and adhesive properties of the grease are measured by the percentage of grease removed after the first drying of the test fixture, The same principals of grease composition that contribute to performance in the ASTM D1264 test may apply to this test, The ASTM D4049 test is commonly used in steel mill grease specifications. The photo insert illustrates high and low grease removal; the depressions in the grease are from the individual water droplets. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 8Dynamic Rust Testing (Emcor Method) ASTM D6138, IP 220 & 220 Modified T 60-135, DIN 51 802 Purpose Evaluate grease-lubricated ball bearing rust prevention in the presence of water or water solutions Brief Description Double row ball bearings (photo insert) packed with grease are rotated at 80 rpm for 8 hours during the first three days of the test. Four days of no rotation follow. Test conditions and methods are AA, 10 mL of water in the bearing housing B. 1 liter of water flows through the bearing C. 10 mL of sea water in the bearing housing D. Acid water at pH 4.5 in the bearing housing E. Other solutions may be used AAs in other dynamic tests involving water and lubricating grease, the presence of emulsion forming additives may lead to product softening Rust Preventative Properties of Lubricating @=25 Greases ASTM D1743 Purpose Evaluate rust prevention properties of greases in tapered roller bearings Brief Description Grease is packed into a tapered roller bearing and rotated for ‘one minute to distribute the grease. The bearing is then immersed in water for 1 minute and placed in a humid 52°C atmosphere for 48 hours, Test durations can be varied and solutions other than water may also be used. Because this test is not a dynamic method, emulsion forming additives have a lesser effect on grease performance. The photo illustrates the test bearing and several examples of corrosion. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 9Low Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing Greases ASTM D1478 Purpose Evaluate grease properties in ball bearings at low temperatures Brief Description A single 204 K ball bearing is packed with grease and cooled to the test temperature, The bearing is then rotated at 1 rpm to measure the starting and running torque, which are indications of the grease’s consistency at the test temperature. See ASTM 104693 which is a similar test in principle, but uses tapered roller bearings, Grease characteristics strongly influencing this test are base oil viscosity, NLGI grade, and the presence of polymers. ‘The tester and low temperature apparatus are used for this test and for ASTM D4693. In the test apparatus photo, the lever arm is connected to the bearing hub and depresses the load measuring device located below the floor of the tester. Low Temperature Torque of Grease Lubricated Wheel Bearings ‘ASTM D4693, Purpose Measure a lubricating grease's effect on tapered roller bearing rotation resistance at the temperature of interest Brief Description ‘Two tapered roller bearings are packed with grease and then cooled to the test temperature. The bearings are rotated at 1 rpm to measure the starting and running torque, which are indicators of the consistency of the grease at the test temperature. This method is used in NLGI Grease Classification Tests, ASTM Method D4950, and in other automotive grease specifications. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 19Flow Properties of Grease at Low Temperature (US Steel Method) United States Steel Test Purpose Determine grease flow properties at -18°C Brief Description ‘The flow rate in grams per minute is determined when lubricating grease cooled to -18°C is forced through the largest capillary used in the ASTM D1092 Apparent Viscosity Test. The ASTM 01092 grease cylinder and piston are also used. Results from this test are similar to those results from D1092. Grease flow can also be determined at other temperatures. Base oil viscosity has a large effect on grease flow. ASTM D4289, Mobil Method Purpose Measure the compatibility between greases and elastomers Brief Description In ASTM 04289, elastomer samples are immersed in a grease for 70 hours at 100°C or 150°C. Volume and hardness change (ASTM 02240, Durometer A) are reported, Elastomers specified by this test are Standard Elastomer CR (chloroprene) and Standard Elastomer NBR-L (acrylonitrile). Tests may be conducted for other times, temperatures, and elastomers. Other tests include ASTM D638 (Tensile Strength and Elongation) and ASTM D1505 (Density). In addition, grease compatibility with nylon cages is tested under a Mobil Test Method. The photos illustrate tensile and elongation testing in progress and specimens before and after rupture. A nylon bearing cage is also shown. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 11Optimol SRV Test ‘ASTM 5706, Mobil Method MM 1608 Purpose Measure friction, wear, and EP properties of greases under oscillating conditions Brief Description Test conditions: Load 1 to 1400 N, temperature -40°C to 200°C, frequency 1 to 150 Hz, stroke 0.01 to 0,03 mm, duration up to 10 hours, Test parts are: Ball (10 mm) on lapped or ground disc *On end cylinder on disc ‘Line contact cylinder on disc «Special parts fabricated from components Lubricant performance (wear, friction, or EP) in this oscillation test may not correlate with results from unidirectional methods such as ASTM D266, D 2509, or D2596. Test specimens pictured illustrate the ball on disc configuration (left) and the ‘scar produced from the ball on disc configuration (right). Oscillating Roll/Slide Grease Evaluation Mobil Method MM 1609 Purpose Evaluate wear protection in oscillating and sliding conditions Brief Description ‘The Oscillating Roll/Slide testis an attachment to the FALEX Multi-specimen Tester. In this test, a 12.7 mm steel ball, such as that used for ASTM D226 is rolled between four coupon specimens. Sliding of the ball also occurs. Test loads can be as high as 363 kg and oscillating angles can range from 1 to 90 degrees. Test temperatures can be as high as 150°C with duration as long as 100 hours. Data reported are friction and weight loss of the test coupon. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 12Churned Grease Oil Release Mobil Method MM 1066 Purpose Determine the rate of oil release from greases Brief Description ‘A sample of grease is churned for 2 hours at 600 rpm in a RIV test machine. The RIV unit consists of three stee! balls separated by a bronze cage rotating in a steel bowl. This simulates the churning action in a spherical roller bearing. Half scale penetrations are determined before and after the churning to measure the change in consistency. A sample of the churned grease is tested for oil release by determining the ‘amount of oll absorbed by a pad of dry filter papers in contact with the grease at 130°F for 2 hours. An intermediate oil- soaked filter paper disk is used to separate the grease and dry filter paper pad to avoid grease transfer. Hot RIV Grease Compatibility Mobil Method Purpose Determine the compatiblity end related lubrication WoT RW TEST (2 HOURS © 200) performance (structural stabilty) of a mixture of two greases Brief Description ‘The RIV test machine is used to simulate the churning action that a grease would experience in a rolling element bearing. ‘The test is run at 200°F and 600 rpm for 2 hours. Mixtures of the two test greases are prepared in varying proportions and subjected to two hours in the hot RIV tester. The penetration of each mixture is measured and plotted on a graph, The magnitude of consistency change from the "ideal mixing line” is ‘a measure of compatiblity. According to an arbitrary rating system, less than 30 points change is “compatible”, 31-60 points change is “borderline compatible”, and more than 60 points change is “incompatible”. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 13FAG FE9 DIN 51821 Purpose Measure the friction properties of greases Brief Description ball bearings, packed with 2 cc of grease each, are placed in angular contact at high temperature (120-200°C), speed (000 or 6000 rpm), and load (1500, 3000, or 4500 N axial). ‘The test is ended when the drive power required to turn the bearing increases to twice its original value because of starved lubrication, Its then possible to determine the frictional moment of the test bearing from the increase in motor output. ‘Such an increase in the frictional moment indicate that the bearing will soon fail. The time at which the bearings have a failure probability of 10% and 50% (denoted L,, and Lso, respectively) are calculated from the data and reported, This test will be installed at PTC in 1999, Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimeter (PDSC) Test ASTM D5483, Mobil Method Purpose Evaluate high temperature and oxidative properties of greases (FAG FE9 Screener) Brief Description ‘AL milligram sample of grease in an aluminum pan is placed into the front platform of the PDSC cell (see insert). An empty pan is placed as a reference on the rear platform. Both pans are subjected to 2 500 psi pressure and constant flow (100 mL/min) of oxygen. The temperature is either maintained at a steady state value or ramped at a specified rate. If the steady state conditions are used, the test is run for 2 hours and a ‘oraph of heat flow versus time is evaluated, The induction time (oxidation onset time) is reported. Under transient conditions, the oxidation onset temperature is measured. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 14Brookfield Viscosity of Semi-Fluid Greases kb ‘ROOK ieLD MISCOMETER Purpose Measure the consistency of greases of NLGI grade 00 or softer Brief Description ongase For semifluid greases, itis sometimes desirable to measure a Brookfield viscosity rather than a cone penetration. As a spindle is rotated in the grease, a torque is produced as the Grease resists rotation. This torque value is converted into an apparent viscosity reported in centipoise at a specified shear rate and temperature. The shear rate is 2 function of the spindle diameter and the speed of rotation. Mobil Method ‘SAUPLE HOLDER Apparent Viscosity ASTM D1092 APPLIED PRESSURE. Purpose Determine the apparent viscosity of a grease wsucarion Brief Description In this test, a sample of grease Is forced through each of a series of eight capillary tubes by a fioating piston actuated by a hydraulic system using a two-speed constant volume gear nostive PUMP. Pressure in the hydraulic system is measured. The Piston ‘equipment is designed so that determinations can be made at any temperature between -54°C and 28°C. Results are shown ‘graphically as apparent viscosity versus shear rate at a Constant temperature or as apparent viscosity versus wearmo-coouma [i temperature at a constant shear rate. The results may be _ related to the ease of handling and dispensing and to starting and running torques of grease lubricated mechanisms. CAPILLARY TUBE. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 15Bomb Oxidation ASTM D942 Purpose Evaluate the oxidation stability of greases Brief Description In this test, each of the five glass dishes in the bomb is filled with 4 grams of test grease. The bomb is sealed and pressurized to 100 psi with oxygen and placed in a bath held at 99°C. The pressure in the bomb is recorded at prescribed intervals throughout the test. At the end of the specified test time, usually 100, 200, or 500 hours, the pressure drop is calculated and reported. A drop in pressure may occur when ‘oxygen reacts with the grease, while no loss in pressure may indicate that oxygen has not reacted with the grease. Evaporation Loss ain supper AIR cow, onease SRUPLE ASTM D972, ASTM D2595 Purpose Measure the evaporation loss of a grease Brief Description ‘A sample of grease is placed in an evaporation cell that can be held at an elevated temperature while warm, clean air is, passed over the surface of the grease at a specified rate for 22, hours. ASTM D972 uses an oil bath to heat the evaporation test cell and the air which passes over the grease. D972 can be conducted at temperatures ranging from 99°C to 148°C. An aluminum block heater is used in ASTM D2595 and tests can be conducted at temperatures ranging from 99°C to 316°C. Evaporation losses are reported in weight percent. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 16Oil Separation During Storage ry pagsouns ASTM D1742 Purpose Predict the tendency of a grease to separate oil during storage Brief Description In this test, a semple of grease supported on a 200-mesh screen is subjected to a pressure of 0.25 psi for 24 hours at 25°C, Any oil that seeps from the grease is collected, weighed, and reported as the percent by weight of oll separated, ‘screen CoMEcTOR Trabon Test Trabon Method 905A Purpose Predict the tendency of a grease to separate oil while under pressure in a Trabon delivery system Brief Description In the Trabon test, 10 pounds of grease are supplied to one primary feeder and three secondary feeders. All feeders are filled with grease and the back pressure is raised to 1000 psi, ‘The system pump is operated at 1 stroke per hour and the pressure in the secondary feeders is recorded daily. After 500 hours, the test is terminated and all four feeders are examined for firm grease and separated oil. The test grease is rated based on the combination of pressure increase in the secondary feeders and the amount of cil separation during the test. Less than a 500 psi increase is acceptable if there is little or no firmed grease observed. Pictured are a passing result (left) and a failing result (right). Note the feeder plate passages clogged with separated thickener. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 17Wet Churn Test Mobil Method MM1295 Purpose Determine the relative resistance of grease to large volumes of water under high shear conditions Brief Description ‘A double row spherical roller bearing is packed with a sample Of the test grease and inserted in a sealed housing coupled to ‘a motor shaft. A lever arm assembly prevents rotation of the housing and provides for radial hydraulic loading to reduce vibration and to simulate working application. Distilled water is injected into the housing at the start of the rotating churn test. Under the wet conditions, emulsification results in grease softening. Any leakage or insufficient lubrication producing a 200°F packing temperature terminates the test. At the end of the test, the one-half scale penetration is determined by ASTM. D1403. ‘Grease appearance, consistency, and separated water are also recorded. The test is usually run with 75 grams of ‘tease and 25 grams of water for 30 minutes at 75 pound load. Other conditions may also be used. Static Ball Bearing Endurance Life Test for Grease Mobil Method MM1185 Purpose Evaluate the relative ability of greases to sustain suitable ‘grease structure for an extended period of time at an elevated temperature Brief Description ‘An unshielded single row ball bearing is packed with grease and suspended in an oven at the desired temperature (generally 350°F). At regular intervals (daily or weekly), the bearing is removed from the oven and cooled to room temperature. The inner race is held while the outer race is rotated by hand. If the outer race moves freely or with little difficulty, the bearing is returned to the oven. If the outer race is frozen or moves with difficulty, the testis discontinued and the total oven storage time is recorded as the endurance life. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 18Mobility of Grease APPLIED PRESSURE wiguLarion Frosting PISTON o wearme-cooune fx ‘So CAPILLARY TUBE. Mobil Method MM1390 Purpose Measure the flow properties of greases at low temperatures Brief Description ‘A sample of grease is cooled to the test temperature and then forced through a capillary by means of a floating piston actuated by a constant gas pressure. The weight of grease collected over a period of 1 minute is reported as grease mobility. The results may be related to ease of handling and dispensing, particulariy at low temperatures. This test is similar to ASTM D1092 but uses only the #1 capillary. Consistency at High Temperatures ~ocar pscor Mobil Proprietary Document ASTM D3232 Purpose Determine the apparent viscosity of greases at elevated temperatures Brief Description ‘The grease sample is packed into an annular groove cut into a cylindrical aluminum block. The center prong of a three-prong probe on a Brookfield viscometer fits into a hole drilled through the center of the block and serves 2s a guide. ‘The two outer prongs rotate in the grease sample while the block and its contents are heated at a uniform rate. Torque readings, made at one minute intervals, are converted to viscosity versus temperature plots. This test is often used to supplement ‘ASTM 2265, as more information can be drawn from the ‘curves than from a simple dropping point. Page 19Centrifugal Bleed of Greases Mobil Method MM1406 Purpose Determine the tendency of lubricating greases to separate oil when subjected to high centrifugal forces Brief Description Centrifuge tubes are charged with grease samples and placed in the centrifuge. The samples are subjected to a centrifugal force equivalent to 36,000 G at a spectfied temperature up to 39°C for either 1 or 6 hours. The tubes are then removed and the oil thoroughly drained. The tubes are re-weighed and the percent cil bleed is calculated, The test predicts performance in high-speed couplings, universal joints, and other machine ‘components which subject grease to large and prolonged centrifugal forces. Gelman Bleed Mobil Method MM1407 Purpose Determine the tendency of a grease to separate oil when subjected to pressure | ae | Brief Description ‘ ‘A 100-gram sample of grease is placed in a Gelman pressure filtration funnel, shown at left, in contact with a three-micron | filter pad. The apparatus is pressurized with nitrogen to 25 psi i and stored in an oven at 130°F for 24 hours. The total oil bleed through the filter is collected and reported in milliliters. Excessive oil separation is an indication of poor handling properties in central systems. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 20Cone Bleed FIM 321.3 Purpose Evaluate the effect of heat on the oil separation tendency of @ greases Brief Description A measured amount of grease in a 60-mesh wire screen cone suspended over a weighed beaker is stored in a oven for a prescribed time: 30 hours at 100°C is typical. At the end of the test, the oil accurnulated in the beaker is weighed and converted to a weight percent of oil bleed. Roll Stability of Lubricating Greases ASTM D1831 Purpose Measure grease mechanical properties Brief Description Grease is placed in a cylinder containing a 5 kg roller and rotated at room temperature and 165 rpm for 2 hours. The change in cone penetration (ASTM D217) is used to measure mechanical stability. The test produces low shearing forces approximately equal to those found in the grease worker used for ASTM D217. The photo illustrates extreme mechanical softening for the grease on the right and no softening for the mechanically stable grease on the left. Modified D1831 Methods Brief Description Modified methods include: A. Wet Roll -- 50 grams of grease and 100 grams of water are rolled for 2 hours at 25°C. B. Hot Wet Roll -- 75 grams of grease and 25 grams of water are rolled for 6 hours at 65°C. C. Hot Roll -- 50 grams of grease are rolled for 96 hours at 82°C. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 2Steel Strip Corrosiveness of Lubricating Greases Mobil Method MM1625 Purpose Determine the corrosiveness of lubricating greases to steel at elevated temperatures Brief Description A polished steel strip is immersed in grease at 121°C for 3 hours and then visually examined for evidence of corrosion. ‘The corrosiveness of a sample is determined by comparing the test strip to the steel rod standards used for the Cimco test. Generally, any test strip rated higher than “1” would be cause for concern, Copper Corrosion ASTM D4048 Purpose [ASTM COPPER STRIP CORROSION STAND) Determine the corrosiveness of lubricating greases to copper uP ee at elevated temperatures Brief Description A cleaned and polished copper strip is immersed vertically in the grease sample, The assembly is placed in an oven for a given time and temperature, then removed and cooled. ‘Commonly used conditions are 100°C for 24 hours, The strip is cleaned and observed for staining and corrosion, The teenie corrosiveness of the sample is determined by comparing the test strip to ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standards shown at lef. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 22Cincinnati Milacron (CMco) Corrosion Test | Cincinnati Milacron P-Spec; Mobil Method MM 1183 Purpose Determine the corrosiveness of lubricating greases to steel and copper at elevated temperatures Brief Description A copper and a steel rod (top left) are immersed in a beaker filled with 200 mL of test grease and heated to 135°C for 168 hours. The rods are removed and rated by visual examination according to the Mobil Corrosion Standards for Copper and ‘Steel (shown middle and bottom left). Deposits on the rods are evaluated qualitatively. For official P-Spec approvals (P-64, P-72, P-79), the test (greases must be sent to Cincinnati Milacron for re-testing Under Test Procedure 8 (72 hours, 101°C), Dirt Content of Lubricating Greases FTM 3005.4 Purpose Determine the size and concentration of particles in lubricating greases Brief Description This test consists of applying a known quantity of grease to a slide and examining the slide with a microscope to determine the size and number of particles present. Shown at right is a metalic particle under magnification. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 23SKF “Be Quiet” Test SKF MVH 90B Purpose Determine the cleanliness of lubricating greases by measuring bearing noise Brief Description ‘As underlined by SKF's New Life Theory, the use of clean lubricants for roller bearings is essential for obtaining a long bearing life. SKF has developed the new BEQUIET test rig to ive quantitative assessment of the noise characteristics of a ‘tease. The rig measures disturbances caused by overrolling of particies, called vibration peaks. The number of peaks detected and their intensity are used to assess the quiet running behavior of a grease. Peak values are reported and the grease is classified as BQ1-BQ4, This test will be installed at PTC during 1999. Fling Off Purpose Evaluate the adhesion properties of lubricating greases Brief Description ‘The fling off test rig simulates the centrifugal forces found in a variety of applications where grease adhesion is important. ‘The channel area of a pre-weighed grooved disk is packed with grease, re-weighed, and placed in an oven at 130°F for 1 hour. ‘The disk and grease are then removed from the oven and immediately run on the test rig at 1750 cpm for 1 minute. The disk is cooled to room temperature and the weight % of ‘grease lost is calculated Mobil Proprietary Document Page 24FAG FES DIN 51819 Purpose Evaluate the effect of greases on the friction and wear behavior of rolling bearings Brief Description ‘The FAG FEB test rig was designed to simulate the tribological systems of real-world applications. Grease testing follows ‘condition 1, although several variations of the test can be run. Condition 1 uses angular contact ball bearings (FAG #536050) run at 7.5 rpm under an axial load of 80 KN, Two new pre- weighed test bearings are packed with grease and run at a self-induced temperature for 500 hours. During the test run, the friction moment of both bearings and the outer ring temperatures are recorded. Wear of the parts is determined after the run. The amount of wear is statistically evaluated ‘according to the Weibull failure distribution diagram and the 10% and 50% rolling element set wear values in mg (Vjq and Vgo, respectively) are reported. The friction moment at start, 20, 100, and 500 hours and the steady state and maximum temperatures are also reported. Lincoln Ventmeter Lincoln Method, Mobil Method ae Purpose 0 2000 #88 Evaluate the performance of lubricating greases in a ae centralized lubrication system ~" Brief Description The Lincoln Ventmeter test measures the degree to which a grease will flow due to residual pressure and temperature. ‘The apparatus is charged with the test grease by way of a a co hydraulic grease fitting. All air is expelled in the charging process. Valves 1 and 2 are both closed and additional lubricant is pumped into the instrument to develop a pressure wont Ya of 1800 psi. Valve 1 is opened for 30 seconds and the vent pressure is recorded, Mobil Proprietary Document Page 25Batch Grease Production Unit Purpose Manufacture pilot plant scale blends of grease via the traditional contactor/kettle method Brief Description The pilot batch grease unit, located in 25 building at PTC, includes a variety of equipment commonly used to manufacture grease via traditional methods. The manufacturing equipment includes a 100-pound contactor with a hot oil heating system, 100- and 400-pound mixing kettles, and a homogenizer. ‘The contactor (top left) is generally operated at temperatures Up to 500°F and pressures up to 150 psi. The contactor is also furnished with an 1800 rpm agitator to provide adequate mixing. Because itis often necessary to sample the soap during saponification, the contactor is equipped with a small sampling box. ‘Once saponification is complete, the soap is transferred from the contactor to the 100-pound kettle (bottom left), where additives and cutback oil are introduced. The temperature of the kettle is controlled with steam and cooling water. In addition to blending provided by the kettle’s counter-rotating paddle blades and scrapers, a recycle loop moves material from the bottom to the top of the kettle for even greater mixing. During kettle recycle, the grease is homogenized at pressures Up to 5000 psi. This creates intense shearing to break down solid particles and produce a uniform dispersion of soap. During the entire grease making process, temperatures and pressures in the contactor, Kettle, homogenizer and hot oil heating system are monitored. The unit is equipped with 400 psi nitrogen, a 500°F, 50 psi hot oil system, 80 psi plant air, 160 psi steam, and house water. Numerous exhaust ports around the unit keep dust and vapors from escaping. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 26Batch Grease Production Unit cr = Clockwise from top left: Bottom of contactor and sampling port (circled); 400-Ib kettle; homogenizer; hot cil heating system located outside 25 bldg. Mobil Proprietary Document Page 27