.

} \
669l€se( tro) xvJ
csz?-tse( lle) xa
lct 1J'A3N lVOg9NOl
60re-8zz9e
3NV13lvtnNn9 989
'cNtsrNvrlnsNoclv3lNHc3l
NNVWN3N'IV
rnoNnu'lvlol
{7 INONNH
INONNH
/ HflNSUIC
AU13nnAS
Alr91UtN3CNO3 NOtrvco'l
@ S3UNIV3J
NO|ltSOd 03rv13u
+
nsrl3llVUVd
//
AJ'rHvlncloN3du3d NOIVIN3lUO
7 AllHV]n9Nv
3Nll V s3unlv3J
\-/ JO 3'ltJOUd o3rn3u Ho
33VJUnSV 3lrJOHd ]vnotAlclNl
(7 JO 3ltJOUd UOJ
ALrSruoNllA3
,ry (sstruoNnou)
o AllU\r-ln3Hl3 NUOJ S3UNIWJ
wnorAtoNl
D ss3Nrvlj UOJ
ss3NrH9vHls
'rosnAs custu3Icvuvl{c 3CNVU310r
JO SdAr
t66l'n l'g'tlA 3nsv puB
ouolllulleolBollelueqlEn
6uIcuereIol puBuu',ol1;:!Lo?66l'n s't l A3n sv
301n0r3>lcod
CNICNVHs1OI ONV
ClUrSUlloSc
oNINOISNSI,IIO
 GEOMETRID CIMENSIONING
A N DT O L E R A N C I N G
P O C K E TG U I D E
Basedon
A S M EY 1 4 . 5 M1, 9 9 4D i m e n s i o n i nagn d T o l e r a n c i n g
a n d A S M EY 1 4 . 5 . 1 M1,9 9 4M a t h e m a t i c a
Dle f i n i t i o n s

T e c h n i c a lC o n s u l t a n tIsn c .i s a f u l ls e r v i c et r a i n i n ga n d c o n s u l t i n fgr r ms p e c i a l r z r nr nq
g e o m e t r i cd i m e n s i o n i nagn d t o l e r a n c i n gP . l e a s ec a l lf o r a d d r t i d n ai nl f o r m a t i oon- n
_ t r a i n i n gc, o n s u l t i n w
g , o r k b o o k sv, i d e ot a p e s ,p o c k e tg u i d e sa n d r e l a t e dm a t e r i a l i .
T h i sp o c k e tg u t d ei s o n l ya b r i e fr e f e r e n c e t o g e o m e t r i tCo l e r a n c r n g F.o r m o r ed e t a r l e d
i n f o r m a t i oonn t h e s u b j e c ts e e t h e w o r k b o o ko r v r d e o i e r i e s .

C o p y r r g h1t 9 9 5

T e ch n i caCl o nsultantslncor por ateo

Al Neumann
5 8 5 G u n w a l eL a n e
LongboatKey, FL 34228-3709

P H ( 9 4 1 )3 8 3 - 4 2 8 3
F A X ( 9 4 1 )3 8 3 - 1 s 9 9

FirstEdrtion

F o u r t hP r r n l r n g

All rightsreservedincludingthoseof translation. Thisbook,or pafis

thereof,maynotbe reproduced in anyformor by any meansinciuding
.photocopying, recordingor microfilmingor by anylnfoimation storage
-Noa-nd
retrievalsystem,withoutpermission in writingof the bopyright
owners. liability
is assumedby the publisher withrespectto the useof'tlrelnformation contained
herein.Whileeveryprecaution has beentakenin the preparation of thisbook,
(:" the publisherassumesno responsibility forerrorsor omissions.publication of
any datain thisbookdoesnot constitute a recommendation or any proprietary
rightthatmaybe involved,or providean endorsement of productsor services
discussedin thispocketguide.

t:f Distributedby Societyof ManufacturingEngineers

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I
GEOHETRIC
TOLERANCING
POCKETGUIDE
TABLEOF CONTENTS
SYMBOLSAND RULES ORIENTATION TOLERANCES
GeometricCharacteristics F cover Parallelism- Surface
CommonSymbols 35
2 Parallelism- Tangentplane 36
Radius,ControlledRadius 3 Angutarity
StatisticalTolerancing 37
4 Perpendicularity
FreeStateCondition 38
5 Perp- Zero Tolerancing
FeatureControlFrame 39
6
Modifiers- Definitions 7 PROFILETOLERANCES
Effectof MMC 8 Profile- Bilateral 40
Effectol LMC 9 P r o f i l e - U n&i U n e q u a l 41
Effectof RFS 10
ModifierRules CompositeProfile 42
11 Profileof a Line
Rules-Threads&Gears 12 43
TaylorPrincipte- Rule #l 13
VirtuafCondition POSITION TOLERANCES
14 Position
GeometricApplication Tolerancing 44
15 ProjectedToleranceZone 46
DATUIIS Composite Tolerancing 47
DatumReferenceFrame Composite - I Datum 48
16 -
SpecifiedDatums Composite2 Datums 50
17 - 2 Segments
DatumFeatureSymbol 18
Position 52
DatumFeaturesWO Size - Boundary
Position 54
19
DatumFeaturesWSize 20
PartialDatumFeatures 21 COAXIAL TOLERANCES
Establishinga DRF 22 CircularRunout 56
DatumTargets 23 TolalRunoul 57
RoundPartWith Slot 24 Runoul- PlaneSurfaces 58
Effeclof DatumModifiers 26 Position - Coaxial 59
Simultaneous Requiremenl 28 Concenlricity 60
Profile- Coaxial 61
FORMTOLERANCES Symmetry 62
Flatness 29 Position - Non-cylindrical 63
FlatnessVerilication 30 lB & OB Formulas 64
Straightness- Elements 31 Geometric Overview 66
Straightness- Axis 32 Position- Verifir:ation 68
Circularily- Roundness 33 MetricConversion Chart R cover
Cylindricity u InchConversion Chart R cover
 COMMONSYMBOLS
Shownbeloware the most commonsymbolsthat are used with geometrictolerancingand.
-Mostrequirements
otherrelateddimensional on engineering drawings.Notethe compqrlson wlth
tnelSO standards. There
of the symbologyis ldentical. are.afew that
symbols are used
in the ASME y14.5M, ibga standardthal'are belngproposed.forthe The.
tS_Q-stg(qrd.s.
iiil5d[-ri*'"0 wiin'aniX'are newor revisedfro-nithb previottsY14.5M,1982standard.

SYMBOL ASMEYl4.5M rso

FEATURECONTROLFRAI€ |TT@-os0-6f.A-lBTc-l @AIBa
r6r0-n3o
DIAMETER a o
DIAMETER
SPHERICAL so sQ
AT MAXIMUMMATERIALCONDITION @ (")
AT LEASTMATEBIALCONDITION o o
OF FEATURESIZE
REGARDLESS NONE NONE

ZONE
TOLERANCE
PROJECTED @ @
x FREESTATE @ q,
x TANGENTPLANE o @ (oroooseo)
x TOLERANCE
STATISTICAL @ NONE

x RADIUS R R

x RADIUS
CONTROLLED CR NONE

RADIUS
SPHERICAL SR SR

aAsrcDtMENStoNtm^H'?.ifd 4 tr
DATUMFEATURE s- rs-6e
f-19J or,:\-
fA-68
DATUMTAFGET rlr7
TARGETPOINT X X
ORIGIN
DIMENSION (}--.> e_-
REFERENCEDIMENSION
(aurililrYdimensirn (so) (so)
NUMBEROF PLACES 8X 8X

COUNTERBORE/SPOTFACE LJ | | (proPosed)

COUNTEBSINK V (proposed)

DEPT}I/DEEP u U Froposed)
SQUARE T tr
ALL AROUND NONE
{
DIMENSIONNOTTO SCALE 150 150

ARC LENGTH 150 150

NONE
BETWEEN
SLOPE t\ t\
\- \_
CONICALTAPER
ENVELOPEPRINCIPLE NONE(implied) @

frf,'f'|,
"'
 RADIUS, CONTROLLED RADIUS
Therearetworypesof radiitolerance ttlat;n be applied'the ndius andcontrolled
raolus' I ne la(Jrunrn'i6fffi
radius.rheradius?fr ;'ii6':d;li;g-tf-oli'ilg:.*.Enlpj'g:?l#'
'' '-'lace-iunndr?esiiictiom
rr''srq"*
on the shapeof the
(CR) ls used wfren il is necessaryto p'
iadilrs.as in highgtressapplrcalpns'
Note:Thisis a changelronrthepreviouseditionsof theYl4'5 standard'The
detinilionol the toter'i[ce'iil f& the-tormerterm tangentradius,previouslynotedby
rhesymbotR, is "*lr'ii'"l"iiiip'pryiol iontrolleOrailius(symbolCR)'

RADIUS,SYMBOLR
TEAXSTXIS MrNRAO|US.500
THIt OI' THEDRAWNG

M^)( FAO|US.520
\

PARTCONTOURMUST
FALLWITHINZONE
DEFINEO8Y MIN ANO
MAX RAOIUS
TOLERANCE.

CONTROLLEDRADIUS,SYMBOLCR

THIE OII THE ORAWING IEA}IS THIS

520
500
MN( RAD|US.520

PARTCONTOURMUST
$iiL"iSr?VEX"^.'.
BffiPJ',F.i!'t'btH'h,n
TO.520M^)(

rri ',," t1 ' :^, F': .f

^l,ii f.
rd''i:.! ," . -.t' f ,
. t': "t1';'.' '"
 STATISNCALTOLERANCING
SYMBOL
Often'tolerancesare calculatedon an arithmeticbasis. Tolerancesare assignedto
individualfeatures cor.nponen!
by dividingtne totaiassembtytofeiincJby me
numbe.r of components?n.aand
a portionof thiJioleranceio eachcomponent.
bssig.ninj
Whentolerancesare stackedup-intliis rhanner,the tolerancemay becomevery
restrictiveor tight.
Statisticaltolerancing
is the assignment of toterancesto relatedcomponents of an
assembly. on the basisof soundstatistics.An exampteis: Tnll;;ilbil1;6rance is
equalto the squareroot of the sum of the squares<ittne individ;li;dil;;.
Statisticaltolerancingrnaybe appliedto featuresto increasetolerancesand reduce
To ensure'iompatability,
the largertoieranJe-ioentireJuV
ir,e-
3:*j::lYlllg__":_"1 symbol
slatlstlcallolerance may.only.be usedwherelppropriatestatisticalpiocess
controlwillbe used. A notesuchad the one shownueitowbnariue piJr"o ,in tne drawing.

o:#@
o33tr
FEATURESIDENTIFIED
As srATFncALLy roLERANceo @ SHALLBEpRoDUcED
WITHSTATISNCAL
PROCESS CONTROLS,
ORTOTHEIIORERESTRICNVE
ARITHMETIC
LIMlTS.

In.somecases,it tqy be desirableto stateonlythe statisticaltolerance and the

arithmeticnumberwill not be shown. In this ca-se,a note suchas the followingmust
be placedon the drawing.
FEATURESIDENNFIEDAS STANSNCALLYTOLERANCED@ SHALL BE PRODUCEOW]TH
STANSNCALPROCESSCONTROLS.
For additionalinformationon statisticaltolerancing,
see appropriatestatisticsor
engineeringdesignmanuals.
 NONRIGIDPARTS.FREESTATECONDITION
Unless otherwisespecified,all dimensioningand tolerancingappliesin a free state
conditionwith no reslraint. Some pails, such as sheet meta-l,t'hinmetal,plasticsand
rubber are nonrigid.in nature. lt may be necessaryto specifydesign requirementson
the part in a naturalor free state as well as in a rebtrainedconditio-n.tne restraintor
force on the nonrigidparts is usuallyappliedin such a manner to resembleor
approximatethe functionalor mating requirements.
A note or specificationon the drawing should explainhow the part is restrainedand
the force requiredto facilitatethe restraint. A sample note can be found on the
drawingbelow.
lf any.of the part specificationsare to be verifiedin a free state,the designermay
specifythis requirementwith the words FREE STATE or the free state slmOot. ine
free state symbolis a F in a circle. The free state symbol means that dimensions
and tolerancesthat have the free state symbolappliedare checkedin the free state
and not in the restrainedcondition.
The free statesymbolis appliedby placingit nextto or associatingit with the required
dimensionsand lolerances.lf it is appliedin a featurecontrolframe.it always follows
the featuretoleranceand any modifiers.
\

T H I SO N T H E
a x Qs . a - s . a
2 SURF
ORAWING
2 SURF
l61t.g@l @zt.s
t;.l
LgJ

l_ .,
16.6+l
UNLESSOTHERWISE SPECIFIED
ALL UNTOLERANCED DIMARE BASIC.
PARTIS TO BE RESTRAINED
ON DATUMA
WITH4 M5 SCREWS. SIMETRIC

s
s*
 FRAM
A featurecontrolframe statesthe requirements
or instructions
for the featuresto whichit
is attached.
GEOMETRIC
CHARACTERISTIC
DIAMETERSYMBOL
FEATUREMODIFIER
DATUMMODIFIER

THISFEATURE

TERTIARYDATUM
FEATURETOLERANCE
SECONDARY
DATUM
PFOJECTED
TOL P R I M A R YD A T U M
ZONESYMBOL H E I G H TO F P R O J E C T E D
TOLZONE

- SYMBOLSTHATCAN BE FOUNDtN A FEATURECONTROLFRAME

All of the symbols below can be found inside a featurecontrolframe. The svmbolsfor
projected.tolerance zone, free state,tangent plane, and statisticaltolerance
always follori
the materialconditionmodifier. The minimum heightof the projectedtolerancezone can
!9 specifiedin the featurecontrolframe or in the view on tHedrawingin which it applies.
lf it is appliedin the featurecontrolframe, it followsthe projectedtoleiancezone sfrirOot.

TERM SYMBOL

FEATURECONTROTFRAME Q.otolalelc
DIAMETER o
SPHERICALDIA sQ
MAXIMUMMATERIAL
CONO @
LEASTMATERIALCOND o
PROJECTEDTOL ZONE (p)
FREESTATE r)
TANGENTPI.ANE
STATISTICALTOLERANCE
o
@
REGARDLESSOF FEATURE
SIZE'
o
'The RFS symbolhas been
eliminatedfromtheASME
Y14.5M,1994standard.lt is applicablein earlierversions-

DATUIIFEAruRESYUBOL

Yl4.5M, 1982 Yr4.5M.199t

AND EARLIER andISO

6
 MATERIALCOND|T|ONMODIFIERS . DEFINMONS
size at its
ln qeometrictolerancingthere is oftena needto referto a.particulfl:lllf:f
maximu m material
il'#;i';;;: .fr;l;g5fti?; ; ;,;;*i resJoiteaturesize.rtie terms
"]ililil (iipiil'6;"t mliertaicondition (LMC) andregardless size(RFS)
offeature
allowus to do this.
Thesetermscanonlybe usedwhenreferring to l"_a!rl9:,ofsizesuchas holes,slots,
;bilfi;, et". tnes'eterms have no whe,n.applied
mea.lirig of sizesuch
to non-features
as planesurfaces. ir,dlpprif"tionor imptiCafionof theiematerial modifiers
condition
;"ri'i;'ih""f,;"iJiJ"onrrotframecannavii substantialeffect See
on thetolerance.
OiscGiion on maximum later
materialcondition in text'

MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION - ABBREVIATION(MMC) SYMBOL@

wherethe featurecontainsthe
The condition maximum the stated limitsof
materialwithin
- pin
;,2; ioieximpte, the largest or hole'
smallest

LEASTMATERIAL CONDITION - ABBREVIAT|ON (LMC) SYMBOL

The condition wherethe featurecontains the leastmaterialwithin the statedlimitsof size
for example,the largesthole or smallestpin'
\
REGARDLESS OF FEATURE SIZE - ABBREVIATION (RFS)
toleranceappliesat any increment ol sizeof the
The termusedto indicatethat a geometric
featurewithinits sizelimits.
In thecurrentASMEy14.5M,1994standard.t[e1g -Seesymb^olfor
isjo RFS..(Unlessotherwise
a1qeome[dcioierincesare imllieoflF$.
soecified z.;
ri,rte In previouseditionsof the
Vti4.5';6biro inJ@ iymbotwas used for RFS'

LMcsrzE
ilmc & Lllc DEFINmON \
.306

l*?
r- LMMCstzE
LMCSIZE
.997

\"srzE24es srzE
Q.zsoo:.ffi? vMc
/r*srzE.2so3
oll$
,u""rrcJ

7
EFFECTOF MAXIMUMMATERIALCONDITION
A geometrictolerance(sizefeaturesonly) maybe appliedon an MMCbasisby placing
the circleM symbolin thefeaturecontrolframefollowing the featuretolerance.
fhis wiii
havea substantialeffecton the allowablepositiontolerance.The allowableposition
toleranceis dependent on the actualmatingsizeof the consideredfeature.
The allowablegeometric tolerancefor the featureapplieswhenthe featureis produced
at its maximummaterial condition(smallest holeor largest
pin). lf the considered
feature'ssizedepartsfromits maximummaterialcondition, an increasein the allowable
geometric toleranceis permittedequalto the amountof thefeature'sdeparturefrom
MMC.
Consider the partshownbelow.ThecircleM modifier in thefeaturecontrolframestates
thatthefeaturesmustbe positioned withina .005diameter lolerancezonewhenthe
featuresareat theirmaximum materialcondition.Themaximum materialcondition
(MMC)for the holesis .260dia. lf the featuresdepartfromthe .260diasize,theycan
haveadditional position
tolerance equalto the amountof theirdeparlure fromMMC.
M M CC O N C E P T

1--- .750 t .oo4

ffi
I __l
4.000

l-T-
BI I
I
f

/h
Y @ . o o@
s A B c
DIAMETER DIAMETERTOL
FEATURE
SIZE ZONEALLOWED
.26Q .005
THE .D MoDIFIERIN THE .26'l .006
FEATUNECONTROLFRAME
INVOKESTHE MMCCONCEPTAND .262 .007
ALLOWSADDITIONALPOSITION .263 .008
TOLERANCEAS THEFEATURES
DEPARTFROMMMC. .264 .009
.265 .010
.266 .011
.267 .012
.268 .013
EFFECTOF LEASTMATERIALCONDITION
A geometric
tolerance(sizefeaturesolly)
rya.ybe appliedon an LMCbasisby ptacingthe
:,::,,i:".J,1?:f,:^ll*?*,rjp^:.gll1:'l,gl,"
a substantialeffect
ontheallowabte f"lio*ins'ti';-Gitu''e
position
toie,i,iJd."ini, wilhave
dependent tor;;ffi;:-fi;ilio*i-dr]ii&ifij,lij"lJn?"",.
ontheactuat maring
sizebiirre ffi;il#Ei'fearure.
Theallowableoeometrictolerancefor the_fealure.
its leastmateriSlcondition-(ft"aitet! fRRlies.wnen the featureis producedat
pi1 o_r_lqrgest hoie)..lf the considered feature,ssize
departsfromits leastmateiialcondition, an in-crease in theallowable
is perminedequarto the amountof the ieituiJs oJ#;;;froir'fril'6."vv"'e, geometrictolerance

considerthe partbelow.ThecircleL modifierin the featurecontrolframe

featuresmusfbe positionedwitnina .oosdia;;ie; toi6iln."_tone stalesthatthe
at theirleastmaterialcondition'The leastmateriatconoitonfor whenthe fearuresare
the holesis .26gdiameter.
lf-the,leaLures departfromthe .268dii.s-ize, tnevian
.- ' - - ' i'iJveaoditional positiontoterance
equ a l t ot h ea m ou not f d e p a rtu re
fro mL M C:

LMC CONCEPT

__l
lerooI
I
______l
T F.o-o-o]

/h
Y O.oos(D A B c

DIAMETER DIAMETER TOL

FEATURESIZE ZONEALLOWED
.268 .005
nre C MoDTFTER
rN .267
THE FEATURE ,006
CONTROLFRAME .266 .007
INVOKESTHE .265
LMC CONCEPTAND .008
ALLOWSADDITIONAL .2U .009
POSITIONTOLERANCE .263 .010
AS THE FEATURES
DEPARTFROMLMC. .262 .011
.261 .0't2
.260 .013

9
 EFFECTOF REGARDLESS
OF FEATURESIZE- RFS
Geometrictoleranc^es (sizefeaturesonly).are impliedol an RFS basisby implication.
The modifierrule#2 statesthat unless6ihenvisdspecified,all gloftiri"'tol"r"n.",
3re by defaultimpliedto_apply at.RFS.9ilg" all g6ometriitote"ranCes "pily at RF$,
thereis no needfor an RFSsymbol,and it hasbdeneliminatedin the Abitlh
Y14.5M-1994 standard.In p-a-st
editionsof the Y14.5standard,tne nfS svi1bol,which
isan S in a circle,wasspeiifiedfor positiontolerances.See niooitieirt"l'ior ror"
information.

lf a geometrictoleranceis by implicationappliedRFS,the specifiedallowable

geometrictoleranceis independent of the actualsizeof the considered
feature.The
allowablegeometric toleranceis limitedto the specifiedvalueregardlessoiin"
actualsizeof the feature.

Considerthe partbelow. Sinceno modifieris specifiedin the featurecontrolframe

followingthe featuretolerance, thistoleranceis impliedto applyRFS. Thefeatures
mustbe positioned withina .005dia toleranceregardless of th6irfeaturesize. This
T99nsthatregardless of the sizeof the featuresbeingpositioned, theynavea
.005dia positiontoleranceand no more. lf holes get targe or smali,the position
toleranceremains.005dia. The RFScondition .the
is morerestrictive thanthe MMCor \
LMCconcept.

/- stNcENOMOD|F|ER
ts sPEctFtED
RFSCONCEPT
THERFSMOD|F|ER
tS tMpLtED
TOAppLy
/
4x O .2el! /.oot
fdj-o oetl-Al_BTcl
\_ THE IMPLIEDRFSMODIFIER
LIMITSTHEPOSITION TOLERANCE
TO
M M I M U MO F . O O D
5 IA

4.000I .015

l l
I HAI
-J L-lso t .oo4
4.000I.01s
 MODIFIERRULES. CURRENTAND FORMERPRACTICES

CurrentASMEYl4.5M, 1994and lso - Rule #2 (otd rule #3 eriminated)

e Q .0rc A B c .006 A

e @'*, C D r@ @ o r o@ l o

RFSappliesfor all geometric

toleranceswith respectto the individualtolerance,
datumreference,or both,whereno modifyingsymbolis specified.MMc and LMC
mustbe specifiedwhererequired.

Datumfeaturesymbol
Y 14.5M,1994andlSO.

Formerpractice- ANSIYl4.5M, 1982

e@*, O D r@ eo .010
@ A B c

Rule#2 --MMC,LMCand RFSmustbe specifiedfor individualtolerances

and
datumreferencesfor all positiontolerances.

/ / l Q o r c@ l o Qooa le
Rule#3 - RFSappliesfor individualtolerances
and datumson all otheroeomelric
tolerances.MMC and LMCmustbe specifedwhereit is required.
Datumfeaturesymbol
Yl4.5M, 1982andearlier.

Formerpractice- ANSIYl4.5M, 1973

s A e@ c 0*.O + A B D Q.oto

Rule.#2- MMC.appliesfor individualtolerancesand datumreferencesfor position.RFS

and LMC must be specifiedwhereit is required.

/|ol@orc A .006

Rule#3 - RFS appliesfor individualtolerances

and datumson all otherqeometric
tolerances.MMC and LMCmustbe specifedwhereit is required.

11
RULESFORSCREWTHREADS,GEARSAND SPLINES
Eachtoleranceof orientation,positionor datumreferencefor a screwthreadappliesto
the axisof the threadderivedfrom the pitchcylinder.Wherean exceptionto this practice
is necessary,the specificfeatureof the screwthread(suchas MAJORDIAor MINOR
DIA)shallbe statedunderthe featurecontrolframeor adjacentto the datumfeature
symbol,as applicable.
SCREWTHREADS
.5OG2O
UNF 2A THD
.005 (M)lA
o

.250-24UNF-2A

Unlessothenvisespecified,on screw threads,all geometrictolerancesand

datum referencesapply to the pitch diameter.

GEARSANDSPUNES
Eachtoleranceof orientation,positionor datumreferencespecifiedfor featuresother
than screwthreads,such as gearsand splines,mustdesignatethe specificfeatureof the
gearor splineto whicheachapplies(suchas MAJORDlA, PITCHDlA,PD,or MINOR
DIA). Thisinformationis statedunderthe featurecontrolframeor underthe datum
featuresymbol,as applicable.

lltlE ooo,fA-l
ry
,.l.
PD

.500
o.499
t-

All geometrictolerances and datum referencesspecified for gears and splines

must designatethe specific feature to which it applies.
TAYLORPRINCIPLE - LE #1 PRINCIPL
The Taylor
T principleis a very importantconceptthat definesthe size and form limitsfor
indivivualteature
featureol
an lnorvrvual of stze.
size. The Taylor Principleis widely
Taylor Principle widelyaccepted
acceptedbv
by the United
United
States and the IntemationalStandardsOrganiiation(lSOf. The'lSO siandardsalso
allowthe Principleof Independency which-doesnot inclucieform withinthe sizelimits.
Dependinq on
.uepenolrl$.on the particular
the,particular
tne.partlcular
stand'ards
standards
standar(ls
invoked.either
invoked,
anvoked,eithercasemay
mav apply.
aoolv. In
apply. ln somecases,
case
cases,
Pgql9jnp.on
the circleE is usedto-dgjignate!-eqtglqs.that
mu.stconformtothe Tbytor
' principle.See
ISOstandardsISO8015and ISO 1938for additional information.
LIM]TS OF SIZE
Unless othenryise specifed,the limits of size of a featureprescribethe extentwithin
which variationsof geometricform, as well as size, are ailowed. This control
appliessoley to individualfeatures of size.
TNDTVTDUAL FEATURE OFS|ZE- TAYLORpRtNCtpLE (RULEf 1)
Where only a toleranceof size is specified,the limitsof size of an individualfeature
prescribethe extentto which variationsin its geometricform, as well as its size, are
allowed.

THISONTHEDRAWING
_ d
P..54O
928
I
,\ rr
\t/
I

I'EANS THIS

Derived median line of

feature

vARtAnoNstNstzE-.49U.502 SPHER|CAL
OtA.
The actuallocalsize of an individual
featureat eachcross sectionshallbe
withinthe specifiedlimitsof size.
VARIANONSIN FORM..5O2DIA MAX
a. The surfaceor surfacesof a featureshallnot extendbeyond a boundary
(envelope)of perfectform at MMc. This boundaryis the true.geometric
form represented by the drawing.No variationin form is permittedif the
featureis producedat its MMC limitof size.
b. where the actuallocal size of a feature has departedfrom MMc toward
LMc, a variationin form is allowedequalto the amountof such departure.
c. Thereis no requirementfor a boundaryof perfectform at LMc. Thus,a
featureproducedat its LMC limit of size is permittedto vary from true formto
the maximumvariationallowedby the boundaryof pedectform at MMc.
VIRTUALCONDITION
Depe.nd.ingupon its function,a featuremay gg controlledby tole_rancessuchas size,form,
orientationand location.Consideration must be givenio tn'eCoifeciiree-deiisof these
factorsin determiningthe clearancesbetweenmiting pirts and in estaoiiJriing
sizes. The collectiveeffectof thesefactorsis termedfirtuatconolti;. -"- " gagefeature
Virtualconditionis a constantboundarygeneratedby the collectiveeffectsof
fea!ur9'9specifiedMMc or LMC materialconoitlon a size
l?''oin" geometrictolerancefor that
materialcondition.
Thepin-inthe illustrationbelowhastwo virtualsizes. The.257diametervirtualsizeis a
resultgt tlg perpendicularitytolerancerelativeto datumA. The-.t6r-;iil;i;r virtuatsize is
a resultof the positiontolerincerelativeto datumsn, B anoC.-ffre virtr"iiir",
couldalsobe calledouterboundary.lt can alsooe vieweoaJ a sD soiiJ.-'-' on thispart

j > Q.zy,t.ooz
srzE
TOLERANCE n Mustlie withinboundaryof oerfect
formg! MMC(.252). Inadd'ition, the
r| 1clyattocatsizesmust be within
.248to.252 (perTaylorprinciple).

.257diametervirtualsize
PERPENDICULARITY in relationto datumA.
TOLERANCE

0
.262diametervirtualsize in relationto
POSmON datumsA, B and C .262diameter.
TOLERANCE
GEOMETRIC TOLERANCING APPLIEDTO AN ANGLEBLOCK
Geometrictolerancing.
is a very clearand concisethree dimensional
mathem"t*
j::,:T:fflins^R-roduct definition A ;;it &merricarrytoreranced
3:::,::: drawing
product is shorvn
in theropview.Intheuottonivi'e;,il;#,r::l'ill
shownin the datum referenceframeestablishedby oatumfeatures ,"
surfacesmustlie withinthe specifiedtoleranc"ron"r. A, B and c. The

THIS ON THE DRAYYING ai#

o r o( ! 4 l rl a l c

A € B

t f l l E'
\, l l t -
Il 1 l a
1.005--;.--a +
foosl
.995

ALL ANGLESAND
DIMENSIONSAFE BASIC

MEANSTHISON PRODUCEDPART

^f
ruiqt*runs,.qf*

ilftffi"si{i,F$^+ffisrL'E
15
THE DA FR
The datumreferenceframeis the 'frameof reference'towhichall the requirements are
attached. In geometrictolerancing-wecan relateengineering,
manufacturing and inspection
togetherby using.thethis datumreferenceframe. The threeplanesare call6dthe primary
plane,the secondaryplaneand the tertiary.plane. The datumreferenceframeis niade ui of a
seriesof individualcomponents. The individualcomponents are planes,axis,and points.

MEASUREMENT
DIRECTION

DATUMAXIS
(LrNE)

/ r r l

DATUMAXIS
(LtNE)

PERPENOICUT-AR
PI-ANES
Datumsand the datumreferenceframeindicatethe originof a dimensional relationshipro
a lolerancedfeatureor featuresof a part. Whena featureservesas a datumfeature,its
true geometriccounterpartactuallyestablishesthe datum. Sincemeasurements cannot
be madefrom a true geometriccounterpart,whichis theoretical,simulateddatumsare
assumedto existand be simulatedwith our manufacturing, processingand inspection
equipmentsuchas the bed on a machine,a colletor chuck,gagepin,a surfaceplate,
angleplateetc. Measurements then originatefrom the simulatedplanesor axisthat the
manufacturing or inspectionequipmentsimulatesand not the featuresthemselves.

DATUMPLANE
(THEORETTCAL SIMULATEDDATUM
PERFECTPTANE) PLANE(DERIVED
FROMSURFACE

^D:lqflnef is established
b.ythe datumfeaturessurfacecontacting
on thehighpoinrs
ol perfectplane.Measurements
a simulated originate
fromtheplane6ndnotthdpirt.

16
 ESTGNINTENT
Thepartbelowhas fourholeslocatedin relation
to the datums.The requirer"r, *
[:;;l? identiry
datums ::?*f#,f-,i""
howthepadF*isf::.: lir., "i"
gli; ;il ; ;;h thespec irieddatums rhe
d"i;l;'d;;';ff;';:,1r(j"i"",|.Tfi1i

4x Q.s}o ! .oo4 SECONDARY

DATUM(2 pOtNTSMtN)
/-

TERTIARYDATUM( 1 POTNTMtN)

PRTMARY
DATUM(3 POINTSMtN)
I-
I

II l-t
I
_{
4 0 0 0t . 0 1 s
lloool
;tl _:lf
| -
11.00
|0 t l
------_-] L_J
l r
I Hnl
--l L- .zsot .004
4 . 0 0 0t . 0 1 5

Th e o r d e r o f th e d a tu msi n th e fe a tur econtr olfr ame,p""iffi

$fi1i3:T:iif3ljltnepertecl-oitui,
'"rJ'ei"e
ri""#"l"W,
ih";;;;;,,"'iio, tn"
MEANS THIS THISORDERIN THE FEATURE 4 X Q . s } ot . o o e
CONTROLFRAME
S l O . o t o ( t uA I e

3 POINTSCONTACT

lf the orderof the datums.inthe featurecontrolframe

are changed,it will"n"nffi
orderin whichthe pad is toaoeoin-t[e-t;;ir;'.';ilJr?iJ,n".
UEANS THIS THfsoRDERrNTHEFEATURE ax g).soot .ooc
CoNTRoLFRAME -- I_6,Ta-;;ZfiF
Q .o'ro(DfA-lcTB

3 POINTSCONTACT

17
DATUMREFERENCE
FRAME
In geometrictolerancingwe can relate.engineering, manufacturingand qualityfogether
by placing.parts.in a datumreferencefranie. EacFunsupportedoiieci,jipirr has six
degrees.offreedom.The part must be fixedin relationt6 inis datumGmjwort in order
to stopthis freedoT: fhe part is.relatedto the primary-
datumptaneOyconracting3
points. lt is relatedto the secondarydatumby bontaciinga mihi;rr 6f t*;;oinis.
-' tt is
then relatedto the tertiarydatumby contactinga minimfmof one poini.

PRIMARY

PRIMARYDATUM
3 POINTMINIMUM SECONDARYDATUMPLANE\
CONTACT 2 POINTMINIMUM
CONTACT

TERTIARYDATUMPI-ANE
1 POINTMINIMUM
CONTACT

PLACEUETTOF DAruU FEATUBESYTIBOLIS VERYIUPORTANT

DATUMPI-ANEIS ESTABLISHEDFROM
DATUM PI.ANEIS EDGEOF SLOT. FOOTIS NOT
ESTABLISHED FROM \ ALIGNEDWITH OIMENSIONLINE. DATUMPI.ANEIS
CENTERPI-ANEOF
ESTABLISHEDFROM
sLoT. FOOT tS
.so2 --{ TOP SURFACE.FOOTIS
TIGNED WITH
.500 NOTALIGNEDWITH
Lrne.-r'
DfMENStoN

ESTABLISHEDFROM
CENTERPI-ANEOF
.25s
2 x o .250 s o.705
.702
WTDTH.F@T lS
ALIGNEDWITH
DIMENSIONUNE
 DATUMFEATURESWITHOUTSIZE
lf the datumfeatureis a Plane-surface,
the datumfeaturesymbolis attachedto the
surfaceor an extensionlineof the sudaceas shownbelow. Thiswill establisha
datumplane.
.-Symbols may be
EJ ,/ filtedor not filled
tt,
,
lp| oo3|

6UNC-2A
lNk I

TFUEGEotrlETRlc
CoUNTERPART
oF DATUMFEATURES
wtrHour stzE
DATUMFEATURE'H' DATUMFEATURE'M'
ESTABLISHES
DATUMPLANE

DATUMFEATURE'N'
ESTABLISHES
DATUMPI.ANE
\

dlHE
t6 v
DATUMFEATURE'L'
-\
ESTABLISHES
DATUMPI.ANE

19

::5{5:?iTl*i?TT
 DATUMFEATURESWITHSIZE
|fthedatumfeatureisafeatureofsize',thedatumt""r,*ffi
3J;X'iiff#' I i 1?. niruil;;L iarinsrhedarumreature
: i:: -*Tg::,^*-*,?4"..
'$;ffi
,ili?J!:lll"X',*",H,'i:?,?gJ,"il:?ilffi ;trJlliH'l'L"i'1?Tl??ifi,"""

----_l
1.002
1.000

- Footmay replace
375-16UNC-2A

l-^l
t
1.002

-" v
.250
foJ-o---u@tr?

TRUEGEOMETRIC
w
COUNTERPARTOF OATUMFEATURESWITH
SIZE
OATUMFEATURE.E.
ESTABLISHES
DATUMAXIS DATUMFEATURE'B'
ESTABLISHES
CENTERPLANE

TRUEGEOMETBIC
COUNTERPART
2 PARALLELPI.ANES
AT MAX SEPARATION

TRUEGEOMETRIC
COUNTERPABT
2 PARALLELPI.ANES
AT MIN SEPARATTON
PARTIALDATUMFEATURES
ln somecasesonlya particular.arqa 9f a featurewill serveas a datumfeature'Thismay
6e soeiitiedbv theiusbof a thickchainlinedrawn pa.rallelto the s.udace profileand
iin.|J*ion"OZs to the requiredlengthand width. li the area needs it maybe
clarification,
"id., n"1Cn"o. partiat
daiums may-also be specified by means of a note or datum target.
Seeexamples below.

T H I SA R E A
M A YB E C R O S S
HATCHED IF
N E C E S S A RFYO R
CLARIFICATION.

l ilodl--
I
I i
.705
Q .zoz
-__l

.376
Q.szq

Wherea datumis establishedby two datumfeatures(twoslots,two.diamelers etc.),both

in
tetteiJire entdredin a singledatumbompartment
;;trr ref,erence the featurecontrol
frameand seParatedbYa dash.
 A DRF ANO OUAUFYINGDATUMFEATURES.PLANESURFACES
ESTABLISHING
THIS OTITHE ORAIYING

,-Eryl
'1, El
1.000

e 10 I
The qualification of the
datumfeatureswith
perpendicularity and 1.002
flatnesscontrolthe 1.000
unstabilityof the
imperfectpartin the
per{ectDRFand,
ultimately,in the
functionalassembly.

UEANSTHIS ,a, DatumH is enteredin the first

--< \J-l compartment.lt is the primary
e l o . o 1@
o DlH ,/ datumand establishesa Plane.
,/ The surfaceis qualifiedwith
,/ a flatnesscontrol.
2 POINTMIN CONTACT
ON SECONDARYPI.ANE
3 POINTMIN
CONTACTON
PRIMARYPLANE

.010(M)HlL

DatumL is enteredin ,6f

secondcompaftment.lt is
the secondarydatumand
a secondPlane. 1 POINTMIN
establishes CONTACTON
Thissurfaceis qualifiedwith TERTIARYPLANE
controlto
a perpendicularity
datumH.

.010@lHlLlP
DatumP is enteredin the third -
V
compartment.lt is the tertiarydatum ORIGINPO]NT
and-establishesa thirdplaneand
completesthe datumreference
fram'e.This surfaceis qualifiedwith All featurecontrolframeswiththis
controlto datums
a perpendicularity datumorderare referencedfrom
H and L. this originpoint.

; r:-..'-"rr "f y:qPc

s*
f

DATUMTARGETS
Datumtargetsmay be usedto establisha datumreferenceframe. This occursbecauseof
manufa.cturinggl fixturingconcemsor partsurfaceirregularities.Examplesof thii-
applrcallonmlgntbe castlngs,lorgangs,sheetmetalparts,plasticpartsind weldments.

This is an exampleof a verificationor set-upfixtureillustratingthe datumtarget

concept. The datumreferenceframeis establishedby threetargetareasonthe
primaryfeatureA, two targetlineson datumfeatureB, and one targetpointon datum
featureC.
DATUMPIANE B ESTABLTSHED BY
rNSroEEDGEOF PINS. (P|NS
OFFSETTO EACHOTHER BY .48O)

T@LING FIXTURE
DATUM PI.ANEA
ESTABLISHED BY
FIJT TOPS OF .25O
DIA PINS.

i;F,Frmffi.ffir:,;i1'
ROUNDPARTWITHSLOT
Thep.-art.belowmounlson the righthandface,the pilotand the key. Thesefeaturesare
identifiedas datumfe-atures and-arerelatedto eacfi olirei uitne p'erp"noiJri"rityand
positiontolerances.The holesand outsidecontourhavebeenreiatdAtoine Oatum
featuresby lhq positionand.profiletolerances.Th; .060profiletoleranceon the outside
contourcontrols size,form, locationand orientation.

g) t.azox
.ooz 4oo : .oo2
001u)lA
Oloos6)lnla

P"^1rl.ti?lllgage or boundariesshownbelowreflectthe geometriccontrolsabove.

::9:-tPl?:lr_r:: areal.apptied,ar
MMC,ailthi fearuresmaylnrt
and/ordisplaceas Ald_lylls
longas they meetthb'requirements
set forthoerow.
FUNCTIONALGAGEOR BOUNDARIES
-1

f-.060 MACH|NED
STEP
(PROF|LE
CHECK)
axQ.ttzvtRTUAL ptNS
(Mrrc- PostTtoN)
 SAMPLEINSPECNONSET.UPFOR ROUNDPARTWTTHSLOT

DATUM
SIMULATED
REFERENCEFRAME SHIMSTO LEVEL
FRONT FACE

PARALLEL

T-
VIRTUALSIZE
CYLINDER
I
t
- oRrGrN /
PotNT-/ ANGLE PLATE

The iilustrationaboveis a sampreopen set-upinspectionprocedure for the verificationof

g;;r;;il;;'1 fi th;;;;;irJ,5"l*bte. Noticetnit the fr6ntface,datumfeatureA' is
plate-The^virtual sizeof
tevetedor batancei,iith';i-imJ-iottiaie ir piiiltetwith the a.ngle up the datum reference
the pitotis cenrered;il th; p;rt is,anti-lotiteo witn the slot to sei
frame. All measurements arb madefromthe originpoint.
-The
part also be verified with a coordinate measuring qrachiqg (q.MMl' front
This can the slot.
face is leveted,tn" Jribin'iJiei it the pilot and the part is-oriented by

on the featuresanddatumfeatures,additional
Sincethe MMC modifieris referenced
!.i;;il; andreatures
ii i"liri6i"'Ji ineo"iJmieatures fromvirtualsize.
depart

The geometrictolerancing definesthe productwlhgYl^gefininq the measurement

ti"'"rurementproceou.res have associated ot 1*. Some
undertainty
;ffiffi]'Aif This is calledmethods divergence. This part
procedureswiil havJ morJrisii than othEs.
type.ofverification
Ea-n-;lJoUeuetitleOwtin clfipers to provide.aroughcheck'The plan is designedby the
orocedureis definedin the r"""rr".6iripti1 T"hemeasuremeiri
of the manulactunng process'
hualityengineerwithknowledge

25
I
i
t
{
G
*
'
: "'': i ;,- ; /--l?"'T.-:;.* '"' ,.| ,,;
t
iffi:-.li il"rJEi;:;Iff:"",.r-
DATUMFEATURESOF SIZE- EFFECTOF MODIFIERS
A groupof featuresmay be controlledrelativeto a datumfeatureat MMCas shown
below. DatumfeatureB at MMC establishesthe locationof the axlsof tne datum
(DRF) for th.elocationof all the features. As datumteaiuiJa departs
l"]1:19."^frame
trom MMC,its axis may be displacedrelativeto the datumB at MMCaxisin a didmeter
zoneequaltothe differencebetweenthe virtualsize and the actualvirtualsize.
IHIS OTIITHE DRAWING

2xQ'ffi

TEANS THIS
l_ A
!
tr+J
WRTUALSIZE ACT VIRTUAI ALLOWED
DATUM SIZE DATUM DISPI.ACEMEATT
OF
FEATUREB FEATUREB OATUMFEATUREB
6.gs 6.0oo
Q.gse
6.ggg 6.oot
6 t,aao 6.Oo2
a 1.O01 6.aos
@1.@2 6.ou

.006 PROFILE
TOLZONE

6 .ggevTRTUAL slzE plN

IEEA)(|S OF DATUMEEAIJRE I AT MMC(vlRruAL)
ESTABLISHES THEO(IS OFTHEDRF.

IHE A)(ISOF DATUMFq!ruRE-q AfIITIC IS ALLOWEDTO BE

-cEDISPIICEDREIATIVETO
'-
rEF^)(LS
of DAruMB-4r!lM_cr!qBr4u.
r uAvolspr rNADrAMeren-zoriE
E$IALrq rHEoIFFEREICEBFilvEEN
SIZE. IN THIS CASE .@4 DIA.
r'xe vtnrun[srzE-rxlinI€ AcrualvrAruet-

26
.t
T.

The effectof a datummodifieris accornmodatedautomatballyin a functionalgng€as shown

bebw. The datumfeatureand the relatedfeaturesmust lall*ithin the appropiat6tolerance
zone. As the datumfeatureand relatedleaturesclepadlrorntheir statedmaterialcondition
thev mav disohceand shiftas long as they clearth6 virtualsize pinsor remainwilhinthe
orolitetcilerancezones. Noticethd'tthe daiummodilierhas no effecton the relationship
betweenthe features.Unlessotherwisestat€dlhere is an impliedsimultaneous requirement
beweenallthe featuresand the datum leatures.

FUT{CTIOI{ALGAGE ILLUSTRATINGEFFECTOF DATUtr TOOIFIERS

PROOUCEOPART

lf the produced
partwereto be evaluated usinga CMMor openset-upinspection
tecfrnhues th€shiftof thedatumfeaturemayalsohaveto l,akenintoaccount.lf inspection
zeroed'hon thedatumfeatureandallthere-lated fealurescheckedgoodthepartwould
passinspeclim.lf thepartcfieckedbadthezeroor origincouldbe resetin a diameter
zme equaltothedeparture sizeto itsactualvirtualsize.
of thefeaturefromitsvirtua-l
thatthe fealuresshittas a group.but in aclualityit canbe seenthatthe
It is ottenexplained
actualdatum featuresdoesthe shittingor displacementrelativeto thegroupof related
features.Thedatumshittcanbe easilycalculated withthe pap€rgageconceptor
accommodated gagingtechniques.
withlunctional

DATUIIFEATURES AT VIRTUALCONDITION
exilstsfor a datumfeatureof sizewhereitsaxisor centerplaneis
A virtualcondition
be a geometric
controlled tolerance.In suchcasss,thedatumfeatureappliesat itsvirlual
condilioneventhoughil is referencedat MMCor LMC.Wherea virtualcondition equalto
frE maximum maleiralcondilion or leastmaterialcondition
is required,
a zerotoleranceat
MMCor LMCis specified.
SIMULTANEOUS REQUIREMENT
The simultaneousrequirementconceptappliesto both positionand profilespecifications.
It doesnot applyto the lowersegmentin a compositetolerance.
Multiplepatternsof features,locatedby basicdimensions fromcommondatumfeatures
of size,are considereda singlecompositepatternif their respectivefeaturecontrol
framescontainthe sameorderof precedence withthe samematerialcondition modifiers.
is not requiredbetweenpatternsof features,the notationSEP
lf suchan interrelationship
REQTis placedunderthe featurecontrolframe. Thisallowseachpatternof featuresto
shiftand/orrotateindependently aboutthe established
datumreference frame.
IS IMPLIED
REOUIREMENT
SIMULTANEOUS

T;
Ll_1-
,x@123
SlO.ooo
04)lAlB

a 1.002
t l Y2t.ooo
IAK I
5 0
t l
2 t |
498* '*

FUNCNONALGAGEOR 3D BOUNDARIES
ILLUSTRATING
VIRTUAL
SIZESFORSIMULTANEOUSREOUIREMENT.

PROOUCEDPARTSHOWN
MOUNTEDON GAGE

.995 DIA PIN

2X.7Y DIAPINS

2X.490 DIA PINS

.O3O
PROFILE
ZONE

Thesamplefunctionalgageshownabovewillverifyallthefeatuesat once. The

gageis for illustrationonly,as othermethodscouldbe usedas well. In open set-up
procedures,care shouldbe takenwhendatumshiftor featurerotationis factoredinto
the acceptancecriteria. Remember,datumshiftand rotationmustbe factoredto all
the featuresas a group,ratherthan allowingeachpattemof featuresto shitt
independently as the datumfeaturedepartsfrom MMC.
FI-ATNESS
Flatnessis the conditionof a surfacehavingall elementsin one plane. A flatnesstolerance
specifiesa tolerancezonedefinedby two parallelplaneswithinwhichthe surfacemust lie.

SYMEOLIIEANING
THIS ON THE
DRAWING THISFEATURE
FI-AT
wtTHrN.002
TOTAL

z s o1 . o r o

The surfacemusllie betweentwo parallelplanes.002apart. ln addition,the surfacemustbe

withinthe specified
limitsof sizeor location

UEANS T}IIS APPLICANON

EACHCROSSSECTION
(ACTUALLOCALS|ZE)MUST
BE WITH|N .740/.7ffi
SEALSURFACE

.OO2TOLERANCEZONE
2 PARALLELPI-ANES

Flatnessis a 3D tolerance.Flatnessis a formtoleranceand thereforedatumsare not allowed.

Flatnessis a surfacecontrolso the modifiersMMC,LMC and RFS are not applicable.

29
FLATNESSVERIFICATION
There are many ways to check a flatnessspecification.Some are betterthan others. Each
method willgive a ditferentanswer. This is called methodsdivergence. As with
verificationsfor any geometrictolerance,the method or procedureused for verifcationwill
depend on many factors. How many parls are there to check? ls this the 1st part
producedor the 100CIh? ls the tolerancewell within the processcapability? Are statistical
processcontrolsbeing done? How tight is the tolerance? What kind of equipmentis
available? ls it an in-processcheck or a final check? How big is the budget?

Allof these factorsand many more will have an effect on how the part is verified.The
proceduresfor verificationshouldbe recorded in a dimensionalmeasurementplan and
coordinatedwith anyonewho is involvedwith the part.

The measurementtechniquesand proceduresshown below are for illustrationand

backgroundinformation.These proceduresare intendedto assistthe reader in
understandingthe concepts.In additionto the methodsshownbelow,a coordinate
measuringmachine(CMM)can also be used.

VER]FICANON METHODS
FOR FI-ATNESS

ADJUSTERS
3 LEVELING

SURFACE ffit-FEELERGAGE
PI.ATE

Leveling plate Feelergagecheck

Levelpartand moveindicatorover Quickcheck. lt is goodfor large
surface,readingsmustnot exceedtotal lolerances.Maymissconcave
Goodcheckbut may
fiatnesstolerance. variations.
be timeconsuming.

UNDERPART
INDICATOR

Indicatethruholein plate.
Set on gageblocksof sameheight, Slidepartoverindicator.
then indicateunderpad. Willnot Good in processcheck.
checksurfaceunderblocks. Maymisreadon convex
parts.
STRAIGHTNESS . LINE ELEMENTS
Straightness,
-The lineelementsis a conditionwherean elementof a surfaceis a straigh.t
line. tolerancespecifiesa zonewithinwhichthe consideredlineelementmust lie.A
straightnesstolerancbis appliedin the viewwherethe elementsto be controlledare
reprdsented by a straightline. Notethe featurecontrolframeis directedto the surface.
THISON THE OFAWING SYI'BOL MEANING

Eachlongitudinalelement of the surfacemustlie betweentwo parallellines.qm qp.rt

wherethetwo linesand the nominalaxisof the partsharea commonplane. In addition,
the featuremustbe withinthe specifedlimitsof size and the boundaryof perfectform at
MMC. Straightness, lineelementswillcontrolwaisted, barreled,and bentshapes,it
doesnotcontroltaper.
MEANSTHIS
.OO3LINEELEMENT
STRAIGHTNESSTOL
ZONE

. FEATUREMUST
d
BE WITHINSIZE
LIMITSAND
PERFECTFORM
AT MMC.

PRODUCEDPART

.oo3STM|GHTNESS,...-\_-/-
LINEELEMENTSTOL -/<
ZONE.SEBIESOF
CHECKS.

LINE ELEMENTCHECKS-/

Straightness, line elementscontrolsthe longitudinalelementsof the feature.

Straightnessis a form tolerance,thereforedatumsare not allowed.Straightness, line
elementsis a surfacecontrolso the modifiers, MMC. LMC and RFS are not applicable.
Straightness,line elementsis usedto refinethe size requirements and is alwaysa
smallervaluethan the size tolerance.

i,
STRAIGHTNESS.
AXIS
Slraightnessof an axisis a conditionwherean axisis a straightline. Thetolerance
speifieszonewihin wihichthe derivedmedianlineof the teiture mustlie.Thistvoeof
controlis usednfierethesizeof the pin is importantbutthe partcan 'bouf or beirnt
beyondthe perfectformlimitsol size. Nolethefeaturecontrolframeis associated
withthesizelolerancsof thefeature.

THISOX THE
DRAWING iii sYT8OL TEATING
THISFEAruRE'S
f DERIVEOMEDIANLINE
STRAISHT

LI
wrTHrN
A orAzot{E
OF .O3OAT MMC

THE SIZETOLERANCE(EXEMPTEDFROfr,{t
IEATS THIS RULEt)
t} REOUTRES
REOUIRES THATEACHCIRCULAR
RCUI.AR
ELEMEf{T
ELEMENToFOF THE
THE FEATUR€
FEAru MUST8E
WITHINTHESPECIFTEO LTMITS
OFSIZE.
A COMSINATION OF THESIZE
AT.IOTHE STRAIGHTNESSTOL
REOTJIRES THATTHE
ENTIREFEATURETfi.'STI{OT
VIOLATETHEURruA! OR
OUTEREOUNOARY OF.4O7DI^"
(FUNTpr.rAL
GAGE)

DIATOLZO{E AT MMC.
TOLZONECAr{|I{CREASE
AS ACruALSIZEOF
CIRCUITRELEMENTS
OEPARTFROITISIC.
SEEC|IART -
,/
/
THED€RIVEOMEOIANLINE
OFTHEFEAruREMUSTLIE DNFEAruRE DIATOL VIRTUAL
WITHINTHESPECIFIEO
DLA srzE ZONE srzE
TOLZOi{E.
3n .030
.376 .03r
.375 .og?, ,Q7
.371 .0gt
.373 .03't

Thederivedmedianlhe of fre fealure'sactualfocalsizes mustliewilhina cvlindrical

tolerancezoneo1.030diameterat MMC. As eachlocalsizedepartsfrornMilC, an
itrcreasein the localdiameter
of the tolerancecylinderis allowebwhidt is equaliothe
amountof sucfideparture.Eachcircularelemehtof the surfacemustbe wilhh tne
specifiedlilnilol size.
 CIRCULARIW.ROUNDNESS
Circularityis a conditionof a surfacewhere:
a. for a featureotherthan a sphgLerall points.ofthe.sur{aceintersectedby any plane
perpendicular to an axis are equidistantfromthat axis.
b. for a sphere,.iltpointsof^lhesurfaceintersected by any planepassingthrougha common
cenlerare equidistant fromthatcenter.

SYUBOLUEANING

THISFEATURE
CIRCUI-AR
wlTHtN.002
TOTAL

Each circularelementof the sur{acein a plane perpendicularto an axis must lie between
- concentriccircles,one having a radius.002 largerthan the other. In addilon, the featuretwo
musl
be withinthe specifiedlimits of size.
XEANSTHIS

o
BARRELSHAPE TAPEREDSHAPE

NOTE: The featuresare permittedto be waisted,banelled

' or taperedwithinthe sizelolerance.Circularitycontrols
WAISTEOSHAPE
x onlythe circularelements,not the longiludinal'elements.
o.sosM
SERIESOF CROSS
PROOUCEO
PART SECTIONALCHECKS

FEATUREMUST BE
WITHINSIZEUMITSAND
.002ToL zoNE PERFECTFORMAT
(.0o4oN DrA) MMC.
2 CONCENTRICCIRCLES
Circularityis a 2D tolerance,il controlscircularelementsonly,not longiludinalelements.
Circularityis a form toleranceand, therefore,datumsare not allowed. Circularityis a surface
If cmtrol so the modifiersMMC, LMC and RFS are not applkable. Circularitytoleranceis used to
i
refinethe size requirementsand is ahrays less than the size tolerance.(NOTE:
I
t
Circtlarityappliedin a lree state conditioncan exceedthe size tolerarce as the perfec{form
requirementof size is negated.) Examplesof use: ball bearings,tubes,pipesand circular
elementsof tapered,baneled or waistedparts such as nose or iail cones,seals etc.
33
CYLINDRIC]TY
Cylindricityis the conditionof a surfaceof revolutionin whichall pointsof the surfaceare
equidistantfrom a commonaxis. The tolerancezone is two concentriccylinderswithinwhich
the surfacemustlie.
THIS ON THE DRAWING
SYUEOL [IEANING

THISFEATURE
CYLINORICAL
wlTHtN.0002
TOTAL

THE SIZEOF THE BEARINGS

CAN VARYWITHINTHE
SPECIFIEDLIMITS,BUTTHE
BEARINGSMUSTBE
CYLINDRICAL.

APPLICATION

The cylindricalsurfacemustlie betweentwo concentriccylinders,on having a radius of .0002

largerthan the other. In addition,the featuremustbe withinthe specifiedlimitsof size.
TEANS THIS

PRODUCEDPART

.0002ToL zoNE
(.0ooroN DrA) THE SIZETOLERAT.ICEREOUIRES
2 COT{CENTRIC
CYUNDERS THATTHE FEATJREMUSTBE
WITHINTHE LIMITSOF SIZEAND

#:,:''ff""'^l?i#*
Cylindricityis a 3D tolerance,il controlsboth the circularand lkongiludinalelementsof the
feature. lt includescircularity,straightnessand taper. Cylindricityis a form tolerance,
thereforedatumsare not allowed.Cylindricityis a surfabecontrolsothe modifiersMMC,LMC
I
and RFS are not applicable.Cylindiricitytoleranceis used to refinethe size requirementsand
is alwaysa smallervaluethanthe size tolerance.Examplesof use: bearingsas shownabove,
bearingjoumals,cylinderselc. Cylindiricrtycan be comparedto flatnesswrapedaroundthe
I
surface.
34
 PARALLELISM.SURFACE
Parallelismis the conditionof a surfaceor centerplane,
equidistant
at all pointsfroma datum
plane:or an axis,equidistant alongils lengthfromone or moredatumplanesor a dalumaxis.
T}IISON THE DRATVING SYUBOLUEANING

THISFEATURE
PARALLEL
wrTHtN.005
TOTAL

IN REI..ATION
TO THE
DATUMREFERENCE
FRAMETHATIS
ESTABLISHED BY OATUM
FEATURE A.

The surfacemust lie between two parallelplanes .005 apart which are parallelto datum
olaneA. ln addition,the surfacemust be withinthe specifiedlimitsof sizeor profile.

MEANSTHIS
THESURFACEMUST
L I EW I T H I NT H E
TOLERANCEZONE

.OO5TOLERANCEZONE
2 PARALLELPTANES
ORIENTEDPARALLELTO
DATUMPI-ANE

1 . 7 5 5PERFECTFORM
OATUM PI-ANE
BOUNDARY

ACTUALLOCALSIZES
MUSTFALLWITHIN
1.7411.755

SAMPLEINSPECNON

PARTIS MOUNTEOON DATUMA. THE

ENTIRESURFACEIS INDICATED
AND
MUSTFALLWITHINA .@5 TOLZONE.

The aboveparatlelismspecificationis a surfacecontrol. The MMC,LMCand RFS modifiers

are not applicable.Parallelismtoleranceappliedto a planesurfacealsocontrolsthe flatness
of thatsurface. Thus,if no flatnesstoleranceis specified,the flatnesstolerancewill be at
leastas closeas the parallelismrequirement.

35
 Pl-AIq
PARALLELISIT'TANGENT - --- '
pbne?vT.bor.cen
rhetansent t lf": Aprane
ff,:Ht$;,ll;
" p"'il"1i.'^i'o*if'patbn' the
contactins
Hr:?fiTlllfffi[ifr,ftiffI'itn
J;;;;G
Thetangentplane
16"ritniiiiie friarnrismto'brance.
highpohrsoJtho is ol concem'a
ofthesurface
*
aoo*cation noi'Jil;i-frbu.,".. ortir"i,Itr"r". il ftatness
$;;;t" *ntrol mustbespecifbd'
SYIIEOL TEANIIIG

THIS OT.ITHE ORAWING THIS FEATURE'S

TANGENTPTANE
PARALEL
wlTHlN.005
TOTAL

$ ?r,sHltl?''81'
t'B+IttlJilgJtr o^*,,
FEATUREA \

datum
'ffi[l#*3""'f'1iJ':|to
;t?f[%^;gp
IEANS TH6
i?"lilF'i'v*'
Hi3iffiiii"€ffi
.OO5TOLERANCEZONE
2 PARALLELPTANES
ORIENTEDPAiiTLLEL TO
DATUM PLANEA"

DATUMPIJ}TEA

S rPtE ltfSPECTloll
Thgpartis mountedon datumA' and a parallel
;;;i5 pt"..d .o-itg Fe ett!'P top srrlace' The
*ttaaing-plane ol the bar
parallel
;ild.d
mustl'rewithinthe .@5tobranso zon€'

II 36

{ _ .
 ANGULARITY
Anqularitvis the conditionof a surface,centerplane,.oraxis.at a specified"ngl" (other
t4,?g:,911_80-'lJlol' " DBF B"-ei3"TEHil rilLtatesa surface rocaied witha
profileloleranceand then refinedfor orieniationwith in angularrtyloffi;;;.

THIS OI{ THE ORAWING

The surfacemust lie betweentwo parallelplanes.010apartwhichare inclineOat gd\ to

datumplaneA. tn addition,the surfacemustatsofatlwiihinthe profilezone.

HEANS THIS .O1OANGUI.ABIWZONE

2 PARALLELPI-ANES
ORIENTEDAT 3oOTo
OATUMPIINE A

.060 PROFILEZONE
BASICALLYLOCATEO
ANOORIENTEDTO THE
DATUMREFERENCE OATUMFEATUREB
FRAMEESTAAUSHED (RFS)
BY DATUMFEATURESA OATUMPI.ANEA
AND B.

SATPLE INSPECNOil
To ve{y the angularityrequirement, the part is
mountecton datumfeatureA and inclined3O
deg_rees on a sine plate. The entirecontrolled
surfacemustindicatewilhin .010total. Sincean
anti-rotationdatum featureis not referenced,the
p1f.mqy be.rotatedas necessaryto tall
withinthe tolerancezone.

Angularityis a 3D tolerance. Angularitytoleranceappliedto a planesurfacealso

controlsthe flatnessof that surface. The surfaceof ihe part aboveis not controlled
lor
rotationrelativeto the DRF. lf rotationis controlis necessary,additionafdatums
(possibtythe pattem of holeson the bottomsurface)can be -specmeo.

37

r* l-- f -; -,f
;
PERPENDICULARTTY - SURFACE
rightangleto
is the condilionof a surface,medianplaneor an axis at a
Perpendicularity
datumplane(s)or axes.
SYIIBOL ITEANING
THIS ON THE DRAWING
THIS FEATURE
PERPENDICULAR
wrTHrN.o05
TOTAL

TO THE
IN REI-ATION
DATUMREFERENCE
FRAMEWHICHIS
ESTABLISHED BY DATUM
FEATUREA.

ln addition,the featuremust be
T h e s u r f a c e mu st|i e b e tw e e n tw o p ar al|elplanes.o02apar t.
withinthe limitsof size or locatton'

MEANSTHIS

DATUMPUNE
(DRF)

.OO5TOLERANCEZONE
2 PARALLELPI-ANESTHATARE
3 POINTMINIMUMCONTACT PERPENOICU]IRTO THE OATUM
REFERENCE FRAME.

3 POINTSCONTACT

SAIIPLE INSPECTION

PARTIS MOUNTEDON DATUMFEATURE

A. THE CONTROLLEDSI'RFACE IS
LEVELEDAND INDICATED.THE TOTAL
READINGMUST I.IOT EXCEED.OO5.

toleranceappliedto a.planesurface
is a 3D tolerance.Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity
then"i,.,-"-*ti,iifi'iiJurraci.-tnur,
arsocontrors is ipecified,theflatness
if nbflatness
willbeat 6aJia! Ctoseasthe
tolerance perpendicularityrequirement'
38
PERPENDICULARIW - ZEROTOLERANCING AT MMC
The two examplesbelowrepresenttwo matingassemblies.Example#1 specifiesa
.OOZ "t MMCierpendicularityrequirement.Example#2 specifiesa zeroperpendicularity
requiiement.Noticethai example#2.providesmoretolerance(greatervariation
"i fr4frrtC
on size) while the samevirtualsizeas example#1.The zerotolerancing
stillmaintaining
concepi can be appliedto other tolerancesas well.
geometric
EXAMPLEll - PERPENOICULARffY.0O2
DIAAT l'lMC'

Usethis methodit it is necessaryto

01ffi
controlthe size of the featurewithinset .002u) lA
limitsandalsocontrolthe onentation
withinsel limits.

.t 1.AO2
P 1.ooo

l^
.002 QOI A

/ ,^"size of the leaturehas a FEAT TOL VIRTUAL

maximumvariationof .0O2with srzE ZONE SIZE
a maximumperPendicularitY ol 1.002 ,002
.0O4dia at LMC. 1 . 0 0 1 .003 1.004
1.000 .004

DIA AT MilC.
EXAMPLEA2- PERPENDICULARTTY.00O
0iffi
Use this m€thodil it is not necessarylo .000 A
controlthe sizeof the featurewith
one valueand the perpendicularityat
anolhervalue. This methodcombinesthe
sizeand orientationand simplystatesthe
virtualsizeof the feature.lt is a comtnon
specificationon pilots. lt cerlaintyprovides
'l
moretolerancethan examplef .

s lffi
.0000.0lA

FEAT TOL VIRTUAL

sr7tr ZONE st7tr
1.004 .000
The size of the feature has a
maximumvariationol .0O4with 1.003 .001
a rnaximumperpendicularitY of 1.002 .@2 1.0O4
.0O{at LMC.
1.001 .003
1.000 .oo4

39
PROFILEOF A SURFACE.BII-ATERAL
profiletolerancingspecifiesa uniformboundaryalongthe true profilewithinwhichthe
elementsof the s-urti"" rnustlie. lt is usedto iontrofformor combinationsof size,form
ino iocaiion. protiietolerincingcan be appliedon a bilateral,unilateralor unequal
Jistribrtionbasis. Aao* iJ shoin the bilai6raldistribution.The featurecontrolframe
arrowpointsdirectlyat the surface.

SYHBOL IIEANITIG
THISFEATURE
PROFILEOF A SURFACE
wrTHlN.006
TOTAL

IN REI-ATIONTO THE
DATUMREFERENCE FRAME
WHICH IS ESTABLISHED
IN OROERBY DATUM
FEATURES A & B.
BASIC
ALL DIMENSIONS

The tolerancezoneestablishedby the profileof a surfacecontrolis threedimensional,

extendingalongthe lengthand widthof the consideredfeature.

ZONE EOUALLYDISPT-ACED
.006TOLERANCE
MEANSTHIS ABOUTTHETRUEPROFILE.(.0O3EACHSIDE)

.997-1.003
FEATURE
LOCATION DATUMREFERENCE
FRAMEESTABLISHED
IN ORDERBY DATUM
THREEDIMENSIONAL.006 FEATURESA& B.
WIDE TOLERANCEZONE
EOUALLYDISPOSED
ABOUT THE TRUE PROFILE
(.003EACHS|DE).THE
TOLERANCE ZOI'IEENDS
AT THE DRF.

40
PROFILEOF A SURFACE- UNILATERAL& BILATERALUNEOUALDISTRIBUTION
Profiletolerancingcan be appliedequally or unequallyaboutthe true profile. lf the leader
arow fromthe featurecontrolframepointsdirectlyat the sur{acethe profileis equally
distributed.lf an uequaldistributionis requiredtwo arrowsare usedto definethejwidthor
directionof the tolerancezone.
TTIISON THE DRAWING

lL"
t-sooI
T

UNILATERALTOLERANCE UTIIIITERAL TOLERANCE BIT-ATERAL

TOLERANCE
(ouTsrDE) 0NsroE) UNEQUALOISTRIBUTION

iIOTE: TRUEPROFILElS DEFINEOBY BASICDIMENSIONS

IEANS THIS .006TOLERANCEZONE

-006TOLEMNCE ZONE DISPLACEDTO INSIDE
DISPLACEDTO OUTSIOEOF OF TRUE PROFILE
TRUEPROFILE

.4921-.500
.5@.506 FEATURE
FEATURE LOCATION
L@ATION

.994-1.000
1.@o-r.006 FEATURELOCATION
FEATURELOCATON
UNITATERALTOLERANCE
(tNstoE)
006 TOLERANCEZONE TOTAL
(.0o4DrsPt-AcEDTO OUTSTOE)
(.m2 DTSPLACED TO TNS|OE)
OF TRUE PROFILE

.498-.504
FEATURE
LOCATION
EII.ATERALTOLERANCE
UNEoIJAL OISTRIBUNON
.99&1.0O'l
FEATUREL@ATION

In some cases,wtrereit is not clear as to the type of profileor the directionof the tolerance
zone displacementa note may be addedunderthe featurecontrolframe. The note may read
UNILATERAL OUT, UNILATEML lN OR UNEQUALDISTRIBUTION.This methodmay be
necessarywhenworkingwith solidmodels,untoleranceddrawings,sheet metalparts or
wherethe drawingspecificationis unclear.
41
 PROFILE. TWODATUMFEATURES
COMPOSITE
The upperentryon compositetolerancingcontrolslocationto the DRF. The lowerentry
on compositetolerancingcontrolssize/shapeand orienlation(perpendicularity,
parallelismor angularity)to the DRF establishedby the specifieddatums.
CAM BLOCK
THISON THE zsoi.oo+
DRAWING A+-+B

II
988

. o 1 o6 D l Al 8

ALL UNTOLERANCEODIMENSIONS
A+-+ B
ARE BASIC

HEANS THIS .OOIZONEIS BASICALLYORIENTEDTO THE DRF. IT

MAY MOVE UP AND DOWN. BACK AND FORTH , BUT
.020ZONElS MAY NOT TILTOR ROTATE RET.ATIVE
TO THE DRF
f ESTAELISHED BY DATUMFEATURESA AND B
I BASTCALLYLOCATED
I ro rHEoRF

ESTABLISHEDIN
ORDERBY DATUM
FEATURESA AND B,
RFS.

The compositetolerancespecificationaboveallowsthe .001zone to'float' up and

downand backand forthwithinthe confinesallowedby the .020 zone. The .001
tolerancezone,however,may not tilt or rotate. The datumsin the lowerentrycontrol
the orientation(parallelism/
perpendiculanty)
of the .0Ol zone relativeto the DRF
establishedby datumfeaturesA and B. The surfaceof the part must lie in bothzones
simultaneously and meetboth requirements.

42
 PROFILEOF A LINE- BILATERAL
The conceptsfor profileof a surfaceand profileof " li* "r" identical,
thatprofileof a surfaceis threedimensionaland profite-oia lineis two,"ith th;;;"pti;
Profileof a line is oftenusedin conjunctionwith dimensional.
d,'oiir"oi " surfaceas shownbelow.
Profileof a surfacedefinesthe shapeor tocationof a felture, and profile
to refinethe featurein one direction,as in extrudeoparts. The tine of a line is used
elementsapplyin the
view in whichthe featurecontrolframeis directed.

X*Y SYITBOL IIEANING

/- x THISFEATURE

I l.sgoI
PROFILEOF A LINE
wtTHtN.006
TOTAL

_l J \

IN RELATIONTO THE OA"*' \

REFERENCE FRAMEWHICH IS
ESTABLISHEO tN ORDER8Y
DATUMFEATURESA&8.
ALL OIMENSIONS
BASTC
IIEANS THIS
ANY L,INEELEMENTMUSTUE WITHIN
4.lllo D|MENS|ONAL.mo
rol zoNe
wHrcHts oRTENTED
ro rxe on{

ALLELEMENTSMUSTALSOLIE WITHIN -
A .02o PROFTLEOF e SUnrlCe ZOr.rd
-
E_OUELLY DTSPOSED AEOUTTHE
TBUE PBOFILE.

DAruM REFERENCE
FRAMEESTAALISHEO
IN OBDER8Y OAruM
FEAruRESA E B.
PROFILEOF A LINE IS A
SERIESOFTWO
OIMENSIONAL.006 WIDE
TOLERANCEZONES
ECIUALTYOISPqSED
ASOUT THECROSS
SECNOML ELEMENTSOF
THE FEAruRE IN THE VIEW
slrowN.

Eachlineelementof the surfacemustlie.between,two profileboundaries

relationto the datumreferenceframe.wnen uJi-i" "5ilirnaion .o06apartin
with a
a profileof a surlacecontrol,the surfacemustalsotauwiihlntre;;p*ffi sizetoleranceor
limits.

43
POSITIONTOLERANCING
Positiontolerancingis usedfor locatingfeaturesof size. lt definesa zonewithinwhich
exact)position.Basic
the axis of a featurEis permittedto vary from a true (theoretical
dimensions
dimensions position
establishthe true positionfromthe specified
establish datum fealuresas wellas the
interrelationshipbetweenthe features.

THISON THE DRAWING

olQ.o10 AlBlc
APPLICATION

Partmountsin assembly
on sudacesshown.The
holesprovideclearance
for bolls.

UEATISTHIS
THEAXESOF THE HOLESMUST
LIEWITHINA A.OIOTOLZONEAT
MMC BASICALLYLOCATEDAND
ORIENTED TO THE ORF.

PART
PRODUCED

DATUM
REFEBENCE
FRAME
ESTABLISHED
IN OROERBY
DATUM
FEATURESA, OIA FEATURE DIATOL
B&C. ZONE
SIZE
THE SIZEOF THE
POSITIONALTOL ZONE .529 .010
DEPENOSON THE .530 . 0 rt
SIZEOF THE#HOLES. .531 .012
NOTE:For more
informationon effectof SEE CHART. I I
modifierssee EFFECTOF .537 .0r8
MATERIALCONDITION .538 .019
MODIFIERSearlierin text.

M
POSMONTOLERANCING
positiontoterancingrelatedto datumscontrolslocationand orientationto the datums. In
inlJlii", nJposltr"ontolerancingcontrolsthe.perpendicularity 9!t.heholes. The axes of
ihe holesmay shiftor tilt as longas theylie withlnthe poslllonallolerance
zones.
POSITIONCONTROLS
PERPENDICUI.ARITY. THE
ACTUALAXISOF THE HOLE
(srMUljrED BY A PIN)MAY
SHIFTOR TILTWITHINTHE
OATUM POSITIONAL ZONE.
REFERENCE
FRAME
ESTABLISHED
]N OROERBY
DATUMFEATURES
A.8 &C.

.O1O
CYLINDRICAL
POSITIONALZONEAT MMC.
THEHEIGHTOF THEZONEIS
EOUALTO THE LENGTHOF
THE FEATURE.

FUNCTIONALGAGE FOR +.0O7

POSITIONALCALL OUT aXtr.531-.62
o l o o l og ) l A l B l c
4Xs.519VTRTUALSIZE
PINSBAS]CALLYLOCATED
AND ORIENTEOTO THE
DATUMREFERENCE
FRAME.

NOTE: A functionalgage
is a ooodtoolfor
unddrstandinq a oosition
requirement d'tMuC. fne
pin'scan be thoughtof as
3D solidsat a basic
locationthat the holes
mustclear.
GAGESURFACESSIMUI-ATETHE
DATUMREFERENCEFRAME
ESTABLISHEDBY DATUMFEATURES
A.B&C.

Shownaboveis a samplefunctionalgagethat willverifythe posilioncall out- In

addition the size of thd holes must ai-sdbeverified. This cqn be-completedwith a
simpiefio-nogo type gage. The functionalgageis shownfor information only.
Podition'candb v6'ritie-Owith many other methods as well.

45
 PROJECTED TOLERANCEZONEAPPUCATION
All geometrictolerancesappliedto featuresextendfor the full lengthand depthof the
feaiure. In somecasesit iriay be necessaryto'project' a tolerancezone. The projected
'p.i""t' a tolerince-zoneout of the featureby a specified
tolerancezoneconceptwill
amount.
Wherethe directionof the proiecedtolerancezone is clear,only a symboliccall-outand
neigntdimenaionis specifddih tne fealurecontrolframe.Wherethe directionof the
proiectedtolerancez6ne is not clear,th.e- for the proiectedtolerance
symboliccall-o.ut
iorie is still placedin the featureconlrolframefollowingthe featuretoleranceand any.
modifier.The dimensionalheightof the projectedtolerancezone,however,is shownin
tne Oiiwing viewwith a heavy-chainline.thatis drawncloselyadiacentto the centerline
of the hole.
HEIGHTOF PRq'ECTEOTOLERANCESHOWNIN ORAIVINGVIE}V.

qx Q .szs-to28 uNc rHD

DATUMPI.ANE

The projectedtolerancezone conceptproiecls

the tolerancezoneout of the featureto the
heightindicated.This proieclionwillensure
the assembledscrewsor pressfit pins will be
in properlocationin the installation.

OPENSET.I'P
TBCHNTOUE .sol
In an open set-up,the Pitchdia
locationand the proiectedtolerance
zone may be checkedwilh threaded
gage pins. Positionat MMCmaYbe
checkedwith'go'threadsand are
allowedto be'wiggled' (tolon pitch
dia) into posilion. RFS may be
checkedwith gagethreadsthat have
slils that expandinto the thread .@. THDFORMirc
allowingno wigrgle.

46
COMPOSITE TOLERANCINGIS SPECIAL
Th"
prolile.tolerancing.
Compositetolerancingcan be appliedto both positionand entries.
oositionor profilesymiuotis enterbdonce and is applicable to both horizontal
b-o'.po"it"iol"r"n"ing has a ditferentinterpretationthantwo singlesegmented
featurecontrolframes.
location
The uppersegmenton a positioxcomposilefeaturecontrolframecontrols
"nOohLnt"tio-n to the datums. The lowersegment on a positioncomposite
controts location betweenthe featuresbut only orients(notlocation)the featuresto
the specifieddatums.
In contrasl,all singlesegmentedpositionframescontrolboth the locationand orientation
as the datums.
specified Two single positionsegmented
betweenthe featuresas wetl
iontrois are interpreted simplyas two postionrequirements'

FEATURE
BETWEENA COIIPOSITETOLERANCEAND 2 SINGLESEGMENTED
DIFFERENCE
CONTROLFRAIIES

COI'POSTTE PO$TPN FRAME

(SPECIALTYPEOF
POSITION) UPPERSEGMENTCONTROLS \
LOCATIONANOORIENTANONOF
.1 FEATURESTO SPECIFIEDDATUMS.
POSITIONSYMBOLlS 6.os As c
ENTERED ONCE ANO
APPLICABLETO BOTH
IS e 6 . 0 1 0( A B
HORIZOT{TALSEGMENTS. \- LowER sEGMENT@NTRoLs BorH
LOCATIONANO ORIENTATIONBETWEEN
THEFEATURESBUT @Y
TO THE SPECIFIEDDATUMS.

T|VO SINGLE SEGllEtttTED FRAHES

THIS SEGMENTCONTROLSLOCATION
(srMPtY TWO POSITION
ANOORIENTATIONOF FEATURESTO
REQUIREMENTS)
SPECIFIEDDATUMS.
-
POSITIONSYMBOLIS
ENTEBEDtN EACH \.\
HORIZONTAL SEGMENT
\- THrs'EGMENTcoNTRoLs LocATloN
ANDORIENTATIONOF FEATURESTO
SPECIFIEDDATUMS.

The differencebetweenthe terms locationand orientationshouldbe clear. Location

linear dimensions. lt can also include
locatesfeatures"nO-ii;;"o;itted with basic or with
orientation.orlentaiiiinl* r,"-orrer nano, ig lot associatedwith location
Uasf angtes. Orientation is usually.thought of as
basictinearOimensiois:!,jt
parallelism,frfndftrf"tty irr angutarfrt. The compositeconceptsexplainedabove
applyto both positionand profiletoleranc€s'

47
COMPOSITEPOSMONTOLERANCING. 1 DATUMFEATURE
Compositeposilionaltolerancing is a specialmethodof locatingholes. The position
symbolis eirteredonceand is applicableto bothhorizontalsegments.In the example
bblow,the uppersegmentlocatesand orientsthe holesto each otherand the specified
datums. Th6lowerentrylocatesthe holesto eachotherand orients(in this case,controls
perpendiculanty)the holesto the specifieddatums.

THIS ON THE ORAIVING

4.0* A BIC
{}
6.o1o t ) A

APPLrcAT}Oil
Compositeposilionaltolerancing can be usedwherethe
locationof the holesare importantto each other,but the
relationof the holesrelativeto the datumsare not as
important.This mightbe an applicationwherea switchor
bracketattacheswiththe holesbut the locationof the
bracketor switchhas lessimportanceto the edges.

UEANS THIS
THE.O3OOIA PATTERNLOCATING
TOLERANCEZONE FRAMEWORK(PLTZF)
IS BASICALLYLOCATEOANDORIENTEO
TO THE OATUMREFERENCEFMME.

THE .O1ODIA FEATURERETATING

TOLERAT.ICEZONE FRAMEWORK
(FRTZF)rS BASTCALLYLOCATEDANO
OBIENTEOBETWEENTHE FEATURES
ANOEASICALLYORIENTED
(PERPENDICUI.AR)TO THE DATUM
REFEBEI{CEFMME. (PI.ANEA)

THE FRTZF MAY SKEW,ROTATEAND,ORBE

DISPI-ACEDWITHINTHE CONFINESOF THE PLTT.
THE N(ES OF THE HOLESMUSTLIE IN BOTH
ZONESSIMULTANEOUSLY.

48
 POSITIONTOLERANCING.1 DATUMFEATURE
COMPOSITE
A Blc _ THE UPPERSEGMENTSPECIFIESTHE PATTERNLOCATIONTO THE
o d.ogoCI DATUMS.
SPECIFIED

THE HOLES}IUST ilEET

BOTHREOUIREIIENTS
FIRST:
THE N(ES OF THE HOLES
1 . PATTERN MUSTLtEWITHINA.O3ODIA
REOUIREMENT AT MMC PATTERN
LOCATIONZONETHAT IS
BASICALLYLOCATEDTO THE
DATUMREFERENCE FRAME

DRFESTAELISHED
BY DATUM
FEATURESA,B&C.

4X.499 DIA VIRTUALSIZE

PINSAND BASICALLY
SAIIPLEFUI{CTIONAL GAGE. - LOCATEDTO EACHOTHER
ANDTHE DRF.
The composilecontrolrequirestwo
checks. Shownis a samplefunctional
gage to verity the upper.segrnent-The
hoi-esmust also be verifiedfor size.

THE LOWERSEGMENTSPECIFIESTHE HOLETO HOLEREOUIREMENT

o O.010 (tl A
AND THEORIENTATION
DATUMS.
TO THE STATED
OF THIS REOUIREMENT

SECOND:
THE AXESOF THE HOLESMUSTLIE
2. FEATUREREI-ATING WITHINA .O1ODIA AT MMC FEATURE
REOUIREMENT REI.AT|NGZONE (HOLETO HOLE).THIS
FEATUREREI.ATINGZONE IS
BASICALLYORIENTEDTO THE ORF.
SINCEDATUMA IS REFEBENCEDIN
THE LOWERENTRY.
PERPENOICUI.ARITY IS ALSO
CONTBOLLED.
DRF ESTABLISHED
BY DATUM
FEATUREA.

4X .519DIA VIRTUALSIZEPINS
BASICALLYLOCATEOTO EACH
OTHER
SAUPLEFUNCNONALGAGE
Shownis a samPlefurctional
gage for the lower segment

is availablefor both
Sincethe MMCfeaturemodifieris specified,additionalposilionaltolerance
t#i,;ii#-a;J hoG to non specinchtionas'the holes departfrom MMC.

49
 .2 DATUMFEATURES
COMPOSITEPOSITIONTOLERANCING
Compositepositiontolerancingcdn be appliedwith two datumfealuresin the lowersegment.
In the examplebelow,the uppersegmentlocatesand orientsthe pattemof holesto the
datums. The lowersegmenllocatesthe holeslo eachotherand orients(in thiscase,
perpendicularto A and parallelto B) the holesto the specifieddalums.

THIS ON THE ORAIYING

APPLICANON
Compositepositionaltolerancingwith 2 datums in the lower
segment can be used where the locationof the holes are
importantlo each other, but the relationof the holes, relative
to the datums, are not as important.The group of holes,
however, may shift back and forth and up and down but
may not rotale relativeto the DRF as much as specifiedin
the upper segment. This might be an applicationwhere a NAME PIJTE
name plate attaches with the holes. The location of the
name plate or gage is unimportant,but it can not mounl
crooked or skewed.

MEANS THIS
THE .O3ODIA POSITIONAL
ZONES
(PLTZF)ARE EASICALLYLOCATEDANO
ORIENTED TO THE DATUMREFERENCE
FRAME.

THE .OlOOrAPOSTTTONAL ZONES (FRTZF)

ARE BASICALLYL@ATED ANDORIENTEO
TO EACHOTHER ANO BASICALLY ORTENTEO
(PERPENDTCUT R AND PARALLEL)TO THE
OATUMREFERENCEFRAME. (PT NE A AND
DRF Fm'l PI-ANEB) BAS|COTMENSTONS
UNLOCKEOTO THE OAruMS.
ARE

UP

o
NO ROTAnoN
LEFT.+
I
t
RIGHT
THE FRTZFMAY MOVEUP AND DOWN OR LEFTAND RIGHT
WITHINTHE CONFINESOF THE PLTZFBUT IT MAYNOT SKEW
OR ROTATE.THEAXESOF THE HOLESMUSTLIE IN BOTH
ZONES SIMULTANEOUSLY.THE A)(ES OF THE I.IOLESMAY
DOWN OI.{LYROTATEWITHINTHE CONFINESOF THE FRTZF.

50
 .2 DATUMFEATURES
POSITIONTOLERANCING
COMPOSITE
(M A l E l c - THE UPPERSEGMENTSPECIFIESTHE PATTERNLOCATIONTO THE
o 0.030 OATUMS.
SPECIFIED

THE HOLESXUST MEET FIRST:

BOTHREOt'IREIIENTS THEAXESOF THE HOLES
M U S TL I EW I T H I NA . O 3 OO I A
AT MMC PATTERNLOCATION
1. PATTERN
BEOUTREMENT ZONETHATIS BASICALLY
LOCATEDTO THE DRF.

D R FE S T A B L I S H E D
BY DATUM
F E A T U R EAS, B & C .
4X .499 OIAVIRTUALSIZE
PINSANDBASICALLY
LOCATEDTO EACHOTHER
SAMPLEFUNCNONALGAGE. ANDTHEDRF.
The compositecontrolrequirestwo
checks. Shownis a samplelunctional
gage lo verify the upper segtnent. The
holesmustalsobe verifiedfor size.

THELowERSEGMENTSPEC|FIESTHEHoLEToHoLEREoUIREMENT
TO THESTATED
OF THIS REQUIREMENT
ANOTHE ORIENTATION
DATUMS.

2. FEATURERELATING SECOND:
REOUIREMENT THE AXESOF THE HOLESMUSTLIE
DIAAT MMCFEATURE
WITHINA .O1O
RETATINGZONE(HOLETO HOLE).
THIS FEATUREBEI-ATINGZONE IS
DRFESTABUSHEDBY BASICALLYORIENTEOTO THE DRF.
DATUMFEATURESA & SINCEDATUMA AND B ARE
B. THESEARE REFERENCED IN THE LOWERENTRY.
PERPENDICUIARIWAND
ONLY PARALLELISMARE ALSO
(BASICDTMENSIONS CONTROLLEO.
TO DATUMS
UNLOCKED)
4X .519DIA VIRTUALSIZE PINS
BASICALLYLOCATEDTO EACH
OTHER
SAIPLE FU}ICNOilAL GAGE
Shownis a samplefunctionalgEgefor the RAILONGAGEMOVES
lowerseoment.Part must contactdalum UP & DOWN PARALLEL
A and B.-Thegpge rail alkrwsrnoverne-nt-up TO ORIENTPART.
and down oridntbdparallel to datum B. Part
may also slirJeback and torth on gegp rail.

Note: lf datumC were also enteredin the lower segment,the interpretationwould be the
same. Sincethe lowerentryis orientationonly to the DRF,datumA and B are enoughto
establishcompletsorientatibn. The addilionof datum C would be redundant.Sincethe
MMCmodifierwas specified,additionalpositionaltoleranceis allowedfor both the pattem
and hoteto hole specificationas the featuresdepart lrom MMC.
51
 - 2 SINGLESEGMENTED
TOLERANCING
POSITION FRAMES \

In somecases,theremaybe a needto applytwo singlesegmented positionfeaturecontrol

framesto a feature.The partbelow this
illustrates Single
application. segmented position
framessimplycontrol positionand to
orientation the specifieddatums. Multiple
single
segmented.fiames maybe usedand datumsare addedor deletedas required'

. +.007
THISON THE DBAWING Q.531 -.o02
Q.030 A B
lc!< L
A,
O 010 Q\,,lA B

ltr I
I_t -------l
jgl- I I

ll

APPLICATION

Twosinglesegmented featurecontrolframes canbe used

wheretnt nolesare important to eachother. The holesare
alsomoreimportant to the datumsin one directionthanthe
other. The holescan movebackan forthin a groupbut up
anddownthe relationship is tighter.

MEANSTHIS
THE .O3O ZONESARE
DIA POSITIONAL
BASICALLY LOCATEDANDORIENTED
TO THE DATUMBEFERENCE FRAME.

D I AP O S I T I O N AZLO N E SA R E
T H E. O 1 O
BASICALLY LOCATEDANDORIENTED
TO EACHOTHER AND BASICALLY
LOCATED ANDORIENTED TO THEDRF.
SINCETHISIS TWO SINGLE
SEGMENTED FEATURECONTROL
FRAMESAND NOTCOMPOSITE, THE
BASICDIMENSION APPLIESTO
DATUMB.
DRF
ZONES,AS A GROUP,MAYMOVELEFTANDRIGHT
THE .O1O
WITHINTHECONFINES ZONE,BUTARE
OF THE .O3O
LOCATEDUP AND DOWNTO DATUMB. THE .O1O ZONES
\ / LEFT- RIGHT MAY NOTSKEWOR BOTATE.THE AXESOF THE HOLES
ROTA MUSTLIE IN BOTHZONESSIMULTANEOUSLY AND MAY
ONLYROTATEWITHINTHECONFINES OF THE .O1O
ZONES.

52

T":I*:
 w:'ii''flffff*3,ff'
Tiiirl. rnnr ts BASIcALLY
iSCrrEo ro rHEoATUM
nEFeneNce FRAME.

DATUM REFERENCE
innue ESTABLISHED
BY OATUMFEATURES
l. aa c As lNDlcATEo
IN THE UP
CONTROL. 4X .499DIAVIRTUALSIZE
PINSANOBASICALLY
I
SAI'PLER'NCTIOT{AL GAGE' LOCATEDTO EACHOTHER
ANDTHE DRF.
The abovecontrolrequirestwo
checks. Shownis a samPle
lunctionalgag€to veritythe
upPers€gment -Th9lot.t-^
must also be veriliedfor size'
TO THE
A LOCATIONREOUIREMENT
THE LOWERSEGMENTSPECIFIES
STATEODATUMS.

LIE .
THE AXESOF THE HOLESMUST
r^lffir.i-n.or'oDtAATMMcLocATloN-
-ersrcruLv ro-
ORF ESTABUSHEOBY l6l,ie'ixri r-s LocArED
DATUMFEATURESA rxe spectnEDDATUMS'
AND B AS INDICATED
IN THE LOWERENTRY.
BASICDIMENSIONS
APPLYFROM
DATUMB.

#f'sFa?'I#ift#s
SAIPLE FUNcnot{AL GAGE -
BASICDlMENSION

BHHWtriil;#"H"ffi#t$l
rail.
IPPUIESTO DATUMB'
FIXEDRAILON GAGE.

G "r'o ln rn€'rewsr-sv'r''"'iris-, nere r.voyl,!^$t

Note:
Note: lf datum
rfdatum ryere
C were alsoentereo no
919fd^::t*1f;X""["'i,iJ5l1i*'rl'fi.'13"'if"?ioilTi:::]
the
Since
prlltrr"-Hpr?j.*:,tl,1sj,rillt';rf
'fi'$,fJ?',g"l"s:",{ai::ifi :l1lilnixii?[i",Hli{ii{*,9?illr;
iFrffi:8fi i?iti E':"lti{:**i*lilll;
orboththe
;Eeo'ior
ffi t[6 targertolerance
,&""iLtriojH1[?}.iff
a.,\'t'v"-t
MMC modifier ls sPeclrleq' the featul
as
t6"'Oepart fit'E*;wadf
from MMC.
ffi;';J'iower sirgment

53
POSMON . BOUNDARY
Positionmay be usedto locateinegularfeatures.The term BOUNDARYis placed
underthe featurecontrolframe. Ratherthan locatingthe axis or medianplaneof
the feature,a virtualconditonboundaryis established.In the illustrationbelowa
datumreferenceframeis establishedby the flat surfaceand the heightand width.
The profiletoleranceon the irregularopeningdefinesthe size,shapeand
orientationof the feature.The positionboundarytolerancedefinesa boundaryin
whichno elementof the featuremay lie.The featuremodifiersMMCor LMC may
be applied.

POSITIONBOUNDARY

THISAPPLICANON

Covermustfil in recess.
clearconneclorand
accepl 4 bolts.

THIS ON THE ORAWIXG

I

t - jal-z.sso
I
2XR.l40 BOUNOARY

-l
.625
.780
2.120
2.100
625

NOTES
1. PERFECTORIENIAT]ON
AT MMC REOUIREDFOR
ALL DAruM FEATURES.
2. ALL UNTOLEMNCED
DIMENSIONSARE BASIC.

54
 POSMON. BOUNDARY

THE PROFILEREOUIFEMENTSPECIFIESTHE SIZE/ORIENTATION

n l . o l ol A FORTHE FEATURE.
The surface,all around,mustlie betweentwo profile
[IEANS THIS boundaries.010apartequallydisposedaboutthe true
profile.
.O1OPROFILETOLZONE

PROOUCED
PART

- THE POSMON BOUNDARYSPECIFICANONLOCATESTHE

(u
{t} .oso A a(u) c(u) FEATURETO THE OATUMREFERENCEFRAUE.
BOUNDARY No portionof the surfacemay be permittedto lie withinthe
boundaryof MMCcontourminusthe positiontolerance
MEANSTTIIS whenpositionedwith respectto the DRFestablishedby
datumfeturesA, B at MMC,andC at MMC.

ax Q.teovrRTUAL
PINS

R.120

The posilionboundaryconceptis a similar,but somewhatdifferent,conceptthan the

compositeprofileapproachto locatinginegular features. Positionboundary,when
appliedwith MMC or LMC modifiers,definesonly an inneror outerboundaryin whichno
elementof the featuremust lie. Compositeprofileestablishesbothan innerand outer
boundaryin whichthe featuremustlie.
CIRCULARRUNOUT
Circularrunoutis a two dimensional,surfaceto an axiscontrol. The tolerance
is appliedindependently at each circularcrosssection.Whenappliedto a surface
consiructed arounda datumaxis,circularrunoutwillcontrolcumulative variations
of
circularityand coaxiality.Unliketotal runout,it does not conlroltaper.

THISON THE DRAWING

/l.ooq I n

UEANS THIS THETRUEGEOMETRICCOUNTERPART IS THE SMALLEST

CIRCUMSCBIBEO CYLINDERTHATJUSTCONTACTS
THE HIGHESTPOINTSOF THE FEATURE.(MATINGSIZE)
DEPENDING ON THE ACCURACY REOUIRED,IT
MAY BE SIMUI.ATEDBY A COLLET,CHUCK,VEE
ELOCKETC.
THE DATUMN(IS A IS THE
AXISOF THE TRUEGEOMETRIC
COUNTERPART OR THE MATING
SIZE.

CIRCUI-ARRUNOUTIS A 20
CONTROL.ITREOUIRES A
SERIESOF CIRCUI-AR
CHECKS. IT DOESNOT
CONTROLTAPER.
MN(IMUM OF.OO4FULL
INDICATORMOVEMENT.
(FrM).

THE FEATUREMUSTBE WITHINTHE LIMITSOF SIZE.(1.000/1.0O4)

lN
AODITION.EACHCIRCUI.ARELEMENTOF THE SURFACEMUSTLIE NOTE: ON THIS PARTTHE
BETWEENTWO CONCENTRIC CIRCLES,ONE HAVINGA RADIUSOF .OO4 OUTERBOUNDABYIS 1.008
I-ARGERTHANTHE OTHER. THE CTRCLESARE CONCENTRIC TO THE THE INNERBOUNDARY IS.996.
DATUMA N(IS.

The circularrunoutspecification may be verifiedwith a dial indicator,CMM or by other

methods. lf a dial indicatoris used,each circularcrosssectionof the surfacemustlie
withinthe specifiedrunouttolerance(.0O4full indicatormovement)when the part is
rotated36odegreesaboutthe datumaxis. The indicatoris reset at every location
alongthe surfacein a positionnormalto the true geometricshape. The featuremust
alsobe withinthe limitsof size.

56
TOTALRUNOUT
providesa
Total runoutis a threedimensional,surfacelo an axis control. Total runout
compositecontrolofattsurfaceeldments.Whenapplied.to a surfaceconstructedarounda
datumaxis,totalrunoutwill controlthecumulativevariationsof circularity,straightness,
coaxiality,angularity,taperand variationsin the surface'

THIS

.004 A

THE TRUE GEOMETRICCOUNTERPART IS THE SMALLEST

MEANSTHIS CYLINDEBTHATJUST CONTACTSTHE
CIRCUMSCRIBED
HTGHEST POINTSOF THE FEATURE'(MATINGSIZE)
DEPENDINGON THEACCUMCY BEOUIRED'IT
MAY BE SIMULATEDBY A COLLET,CHUCK'VEE
BLOCKETC.
THE DATUMAXIS A IS THE
AXISOF THETRUEGEOMETRIC
COUNTERPART OR THE MATING
SIZE.

'-- TOTALRUNOUTlS A 30
a coNTRoL. tr REoUIRES
A TOTALSWEEPOF THE
SURFACEAND
CONTROLSTAPER.
MAXIMUMOF.OOlFULL
INOICATOR MOVEMENT.
(FrM)

MUSTBEwlTHlNTHELIMITSOFSl4E.(1-q0o1rgl1).
THEFEATURE $
MUSTLIEBETWEEN
aiiOrrrOr.i,eatnLt-euer.rr OFTHESURFACE Two
cor.rceNfnrC bvutHoeRs, oNE A
HAVING oF
RADlus .oo4I-ARGER NOTE: ON THISPARTTHE
rxnruixe orHER.rxeivuNoeRs AREcoNcENTRlcrorHE OUTERBOUNOARYIS 1.008
THE INNERBOUNDARY IS.996.
DATUMA AXIS.

or by other
may be-verifiedwith a dial indicatot,.Qlt4lrl
The totalrunoutspecification
,iiin',iil. Ii I oiitiniillt<jiii uJ6o,ine entiresurfacemustliewithinlhe^qpcified
360degrees
Liiiili-t6ld;;,;1.004 ruiiinoicitor'movement)whenthe partis rotated the surfacein a
abouith; daiumaxii.' irre inoicitor is placed at everylochtionalong
oositionnormalto titl til;d.jiffih; sfiipe a'reset
wiinout of the The
inilicator'
leaturemustalsobewithinlhelimitsof size.
RUNOUT.APPLICANON TO SURFACES AT RIGHTANGLES
Bothtotalrunoutand circularrunoutmay be appliedto sudacesconstructedat rightangles
to a datumaxisas shownbelow. Totalandcircularrunoutare a refinement of sizeand
will provideidenticalresultsand can
locationtolerances.Totalrunoutand perpendicularity
be usedinterchangeably.Circularrunoutis a 2D specificationand controlscircular
elements.The sutace inay be convexor concave-within the sizeor locationtolerance.

THISON THE DRAIYING

2.OU
2.OOO

I'EANS THIS RUNourrs A 2Dcorurnoll

crRcur-AR
IT IS A SERIESOF CIRCUI-AR
THEDATUMAXIS A IS THE CHECKSWITHTHEINDICATOR RESET
AXISOF THETRUEGEOMETRIC AT EACHCHECK.MAXIMUMOF.OO5
COUNTERPART OR THE MATING FULLINOICATOR MOVEMENT. (FIM) IT
SIZE. CONTROLSWOBBLEBUT DOESNOT
CONTROLTAPER. THE PARTMAY BE
coNcAvEoR coNvEx.rTrs A
REFINEMENT
OF SIZEOR LOCATION.

CIRC{JI.AR
ELEMENTS

PI-ANES--1r
PARALLEL
i

/"/' l>.)
, / Y
Z_ToTAL RUNOUTIS A 3D CONTROL.IT IS A
TOTALSWEEPOF THE SURFACE.MAXIMUM
oF.003 FULLTNDTCATORMOVEMENT.(FlM)
IT CONTROLSWOBBLE.PERPENDICUI.ARITY
AND FI-ATNESSOF SURFACE.IT IS A
REFINEMENT OF SIZEOR LOCATION.

Thetotaland circularrunoutspecifications may be verifiedwilh a dial indbator,CMM or by

othermethods.lf a dial indicaioris usedthe sbecifiedsurfaceand circularelementsmust
lie wilhin the specifiedrunouttolerancewhen the part is rotated360 degreesaroundthe
datumaxis. lri addition,the surfacesmust be withinthe limitsof sizeoilocation.

58
POSITIONCOAXIALFEATURES
positionfor coaxialfeaturesis a three dimensional, axisto axiscontrol. lt definesa
cvlindricalzonewithinwhichthe axis of the matingsizeof the featuremust lie. Whenapplied
t6 a featureconstrucledarounda datumaxis,positioncontrolsorientationand location.lt
frls no effecton size,formor variationsin the surface. lf required,the MMC,LMCor RFS
modifiermay be appliedto the featureas well as the dalumfeature.

THETRUEGEOMETRIC COUNTERPART IS THESMALLEST

IIEANS THIS CIRCUMSCRIBED CYLTNDER THATJUSTCONTACTSTHE
HIGHESTPOINTS OF THE FEATURE.(MATINGSIZE)
DEPENDING ON THE ACCURACY REOUIRED, IT
MAY BE SIMUI-ATEDBY A COLLET,CHUCK,VEE
BLOCKETC.
THE DATUMAXISA IS THEAXIS
OF THETRUEGEOMETRIC
COUNTERPART.

POSITIONIS A 3D CONTROL.
THE AXISOF THE MATINGSIZE
OF THE FEATUREMUSTFALL
IN THECYLINDBICAL ZONE.

MATINGSIZE
CYLINDER

THE FEATUREMUSTBE WITHINTHE UMITS OF SIZE.(1.000/1.004)lN -

ADDITION,THEAXISOF THE MATINGSIZECYLINDEROF THE FEATURE THE
NOTE: ON THISPART'I.OO8
MAy BE oispuceo oR TILTEDAs LoNG AS lr RESIDESwlrHlN A OUTERBOUNDARYIS
CYLINDRICAL ZONEOF .@4. THE CYLINDRICALTOLEMNCE ZONEIS THE INNERBOUNDARY IS.996.
CONCENTRIC TO THE DATUMA N(IS.

The coaxialpositionspecificationmay be verifiedwtih a dial indicator,CMM or by.olher

methods. lf a dial indibatoris used,and the full indicatorreadingdoes not exceed.OO4,
the part is good. lf the full indicatorreadingexceeds.004,there is a po-ssibility
that the
partis still!ood. The reasonfor this is, as an indicatorrideson the surface,it
inadverteniiyreportsa composileenor of position,surfacevariationand form errors
(ovality). Siirce'postionis only an axis to axis control,surfacevariationsare nol included
in tre i6quiremeht.A 'mappiirg'and furtherevaluationof the surfacemightbe
requiredto acceptfeaturesbeyondthe .004 full indicatormovement.
 CONCENTRICITY
Concentricityis a threedimensional,opposedmedianpointsto an axiscontrol.Concentricity
willcontrollocationand can havesomeeffecton the formandorientationof a feature.lt will
notcontrolthe formof pedectlyovalpartsbut may havean impacton irregularor'D'
shappedfeatures.
The application is complexand rare. lf a coaxialrelationship
of concentricity is required
betweenfeaturesthe usershouldconsiderposition,runoutor profiletolerances.
ON THE DRAIYING

l- -r
l
|
- ,<',.*
+|

E'zm
t4J
r6i"-ft
O l O.ooaI e

THETBUEGEOMETRIC COUNTERPART IS
THE SMALLEST CIRCUMSCRIBED CYLINDER
THATJUST@NTACTSTHE HIGHESTPOINTS
OF THE FEATURE.(MATINGSIZE)
BY A COLLET.CHUCK.VEE
IT MAY BE SIMUI.ATEO
BL@K ETC.
THEDATUMAXIS A IS THE
AXISOF THETRUEGEOMETRIC
COUNTERPART OR THE MATING
SIZE.

CONCENTRICIW IS A 3D
CONTROL THE'CLOUO'
OF OPPOSINGMEDIAN
POINTSMUST FALLIN
THECYLINDRICAL
TOLERANCEZONE.

THE FEATUREMUSTBE WTTHTN OF SrZE.(1.000/1.0O4)

THE LTMTTS rN
ADOITION,
ALL MEDIANPOINTSOF DIAMETBICALLY OPPOSED NOTE: ON THIS PARTTHE
ELEMENTSOF THE FEATUREWILL RESULTIN A CLOUOOF POINTS) OUTERBOUNOARYIS 1.0O8
MUSTLIE WITHINA .0o4CYLINDRICALTOLERANCEZONE . THE THEINNERBOUNDARYIS.996.
TOLERANCE ZONEIS CONCENTRICTO OATUMN(IS A.

The concentricityspecificationmay be verifiedwith dial indicators,a CMM or by other

methods.lf dial indicatorsare used,two diametricallyopposed,masteredindicatorsare
placedon either side of the featureand positionedand rotatedaboutthe datum axis.
CAUTION:At presentthe ISO standardsdo not recognizethe uniqueinterpretation of
concentricrVand symmetryas definedin the ASMEY14.5M,1994standard.The
concentrbityaM symmetrycharacteristicsin ISO have the same interpretationsas the
positioncharacteristic
in the ASMEY14.5M,1994standard.

60
PROFILE
profileof a surfacefor coaxialfeaturesis a threedimensionalsurfaceto an axiscontrol.lt
$ii;;; zone oiioierance_ (.006wid.eon each.sid.e)that lies betweentwo concentric
are equaltydiiposed ab.out a basicdiameter. Whgnapp.lied to a surface
&ri'nEJrJthat pro.file a sudacewill controlcumulative variationsof
"6liiir"t6O iround'a Oatum'axis, of
straightness, taper
angularity,
coaxiality, and in
variations the surface.
#;;ir.rl-rity,

THISON THE DRAWING

olffi

XEANS THIS THETRUEGEOMETRIC COUNTERPART IS THE SMALLEST

ctRcuMSCRIBEDCYLTNDER THATJUSTCONTACTS THEHIGHESTPOINT_S
€F
t
ixe rearunE. (MAT1NGStzE)DEPENDING ON THE ACCURACYREOUIRED,
vEEBLocK,cMM'ETc'
cHUcK,
ri uav ee stuuurED BYA coLLET,

THE DATUMAXIS A IS THEAXIS

OF THETRUEGEOMETRIC
COUNTERPART OR THE MATING
SIZE.

IS A 3D CONTROL IT
INCLUDES SIZE,FORM,
ORIENTATION AND
POSITIONABOUTTHE
BASICPROFILE

OF THE SURFACEMUSTLIE BETWEENTWOCONCE}|TRIC

'THE
ALL ELEMENTS
M.rnoills. rwo d'LINDERS AREEOUALLYDTSPoSED4BouTA
eASiC-ctlINoeCor r .oozbreuErER.THEouTERToLERANcE E NOTE: ON THISPARTTHE
oF 1.0o8,ANDTHEINNERToLERAN
cvurxo-eCxl5 I otlu-e-r-eh OUTERBOUNDARYIS 1.008
CvuixoEnxes n onuErEn or .ggs.txe ToLERANcE ARE THE INNERBOUNDARYIS.996.
cYLINoERS_
COllCENrirCiO rxe olruu A AXIS.SINCE THESURFAcE FALL
MUST
WrfXrrlrxErOlemNCe Z-OHe.lT INCLUDESSIZE,FORM,
ORIENTATION
AI{D POSINONOF THE FEATURE.

The profileof a surfacespecificationmay be verifiedwitha dial indicator,CMM or other

methods.lf a dial indicatoris used,the indicatoris'mastered' or set at the basicdiameter
of 1.002. The entireiurface, includingthe sizeof the feature,must lie withinthe specified
profiletolerance(.006full indicatormovement)when the part is rotated360 degrees.about
the datumaxis. The indicatoris placedat every locationatongthe surfacein a position
normalto the true geometricshape withouta reset of the indicator. The size of the feature
is containedwithinthe profiletolerance.

61
I
_-_)
 SYMMETRY
lymmetry is..ac.ondition
congruent
wherethe medianpointsof all opposedelementsof a featureare
withthe axis or centerplaneof a'datumfeaturb. Symmetrv-is ifre sameconceol
teatlres.
::":.",Tgltil"jl{."1":.p_!,t|'ll,lt"-,lqpli9!j_o,1on;cytindric.at S'ymmeirv dine^i;;"i'
positionin that-itconfrolsgp.posing points(deriv6dmeoianplidi;[d;;;; position
::llgfllgjglgrptane of'theactubrmaring.enverope.. ftrEippii&iid;r simmerry
ts rareand is commonlymisused. lrregulanliesin th-eform of in actualfeattiremay'make
it difficultlo establishthe locationof a leature'smedianboints.fneittoi.6l ur,r"r. thereis a
definiteneedfor the controlof a featuresmedianpointsiiiis iecommenobJ'ihat a control
of positionor profilebe used.

Note: syn1m.etry in lSo standardsis not interpreted

as shownbelow. Symmetryin ISO
slandarc,s
is interpretedthe sameas position.

THISON THE ORATYING

2.005
2.000

.760 r:'r----r
. 7 5 5l . : l . o O 5 | A l

THECENTEROF TWO PAMLLEL

IIEANS THIS PIJNES AT MINIMUMSEPARATION
ESTABLISHES PI-ANEA.

PIINE A

THE CLOUDOF
OPPOSEO MEDIAN
POTNTS( DERTVED
MEDIANPI-ANE)MUST PI.ANEA
FALLWITHINTHE .OO5
TOLERANCEZONE,
PLANES)EOUALLY
OISPOSEDABOUTDATUM
PtAtlE A. SERIESOF OPPOSING
MEDIANPOINTSTAKEN
NORMALTO DATUM
PI.AI.IEA.

Withinthe limils of size and regard.less

of featur.esize, all medianpointsof opposed
elementsof the featuremust lie withintwo parailetptaneaoosip5rt. il ffd parattet
planesare equallydisposedaboutdatumplaneA.'The specifiedtoleranceind the
oatumreferencecan only apptyon an RFS basis

62
 The fundamentalprinciplesof positiontolerancingcan be applied
to nonrylinfiGl
',il*l?::j Lln'o,nn oerow i#aiins
te
::1,,T.":,::::,T;,1 .p:::l"i!"l"il^:;
cenlerplaneof a tab.Thetolerance
value.r"pter"nt. " dirt"n"" u"t*"en
planes'Thistolerance
zonealsodefinestheiimitswinin wnichvariation tno'Jil,,",
orientation
mustbe confined. in attitudeor
The toleranceon the featureand datumreferencebelow is applied
lf desiredthe tolerancecouldalsohavebeenappli"Jon a MMC on an RFS basis.
and/or LMCbasis
toleranceis available". tn" ieatureand datumfeatureas
well' In thiscase'additional
departfromthe specifiedmaterialcondition.
THISON THE ORAWING

2.005
2.000

ME_.CENTER OF TWO PARALLELpl-ANES

AT
MTNTMUMSEpARATToN
esreaLrsxEsblii,ie a.
ilEAlrlS TH|S

PLAI.IEA

PLANEA
l_
L I
'- TWO PARALLELPI.ANES
AT MINIMUM
SEPARATTON(ACTUALMATTNG
f-. t*.oNE (2 'ARALLEL ENVELOPE)ESTABLTSH
PLANES)EOUALTYDTSPOSED CENTERPLANE OF THE FEATURE
AEOUTDATUM PLANEA.

THE CENTER PIANE OF THE ACTUALMATING

EWELOPE OF THE FEATUREMUST FALL
WITHINTHE .@5 TOLEMNCE ZONE. CENTERPLANE
OF FEATUBE
 INNERAND OUTERBOUNDARIES MMC CONCEPT- INTERNAUEXTERNAL
Graphicalrepresentations of the innerand outerboundaryand the virtualand
resultantconditionfor the MMCconceplare shownbelow.Theseare important
toolsto understand and evaluatethe 'worstcase' boundariesof a featureafter
geometric tolerancing hasbeenapplied.The technicaldefinitionsof the tennsare
shownbelow.
EXTERNALFEATURE INTERNALFEATUBE
AS DRAWN
o:8 AS DRAWN

FIA!10 GiefBTd Ffturo6];T8[TI

n l
--1_J
E
6)tr
f_J ti
rl -Lo *l
3NNERBOUNOARY(rB) rxNER BOTNOARY(rB)

SMALLEST PIN SMALLEST

(t .9o Lrrc) ( 6 s00Mrrc)
SHOWN AT 4 MAXIMUM SHOWN AT 'I MAXIMUM
POSSIBLE LOCATIONS.
POSSIBLE LOCATIONS.

6 .a90LMC SIZE
- I omPWIlMc -o
o .500 MMCSIZE
.O1OPOSZONE AT MMC
0 470 |NNERBOUNDARY o 490 INNERBOUNOAFY
(RESULTANTcoNDTTON) 0.020Posl (vTRTUAL CONO|TIONI Q .oto
(woRsTcAsE) TOL ZONE AT LMC TOL ZONEAT MMC

oUTER BqTNDARY (O8) oUTER EOUNOARY(OB)

I-ARGEST PIN I-ARGESTHOLE

( r.5o0 MMc) ( o.sl0wc)
SHOWNAT,l MAXIMUM SHOWNAT ' MD(IMUM
POSSIBLELOCATIONS. POSSTELE
LOCATTONS.

6.s00MtrcsEE
*o.@Mc o.510Llrc stzE
6.sro otrrEnBoUNDARY + 6.ozoPoszoNE ATLrrc
(vrRTUA! CONDTTION) ffiffiiffiomv PostnoNAL
(RESUTTANTCONOFION) 4t.020
'
TOLZONEAT LI,|C
(woRsTcAsE)

INNERBOUNDARY- (lB) A worstcaseboundarygenerated by the sfnallestfeature(MMC

for an intemalfeatureand LMCfor an extemalfeature)minusthe statedgeometrictolerance
and any additionalgeometrictolerance(if applicable)fromthe feature'sdeparturefrom ils
specifiedmaterialcondition.
OUTERBOUNDARY-(OB) A worstcase boundarygenerated by the largestfeature(LMC
for an intemalfeatureand MMCfor an extemalfeature)plusthe statedgeometrictolerance
and any additionalgeometrictolerance(if applicable)fromthe feature'sdeparturefrom its
specifiedmaterialcondition.

M
 INNERANDOUTERBOUNDARIES MMCCONCEPT.INTERNAUEXTERNAL
Graphicalrepresentations of the innerand outerboundaryandthe virtualand
resultantconditionfor the MMCconceptare shownbelow.Theseare important
toolsto understand and evaluatethe 'worstcase' boundariesof a featureafter
geometric tolerancing hasbeenapplied.The technicaldefinitionsof the termsare
shownbelow.
EXTERNALFEATURE INTERNALFEATURE
AS DRAWN
offi AS DRAWN
o3l8
1616-oloOTAIBl" liFl7,,,ololffiITTBf.l
E= t-t
i-_l t---1
-r-T
-1__JI
LJ
I
"J B
INNERBOUNOARY(r8) |NNEREOTJNDARY
0B)
SMALLEST PIN SMALLEST
(6 .90 Lrrc) ( ct s00M[,lc)
SHOWN AT 4 IIAXIMUM SHOWN AT 4 MAXIMUM
POSSIBLE LOCATIONS.
POSSISLE LOCATIONS.

6 .190LMC SIZE O 5ooMMcsrzE

- 6 omPos zoNEl]lMc - o .010Pos zoNE ATMMC
6.70 |NNERBOUNOARY am7nv
o.qEo-lfrr.ren
(BESULTANT @NDITION) o.0n (vrRTuAL
CONOTTTON)
(woRsr CASE) TOL zoNE AT t-MC

(O8)
oUTER ECXTNOARY oUTER EOUNOARY(OB)

I-ARGESTPIN TARGESTHOLE
( o.sooMMc) ( t.st0 LMc)
SHOWNAT ' MAXIMUM SHOWNAT ' MN(IMUM
POSSIBL€LOCATIONS. POSSIBLELOCATIONS,

o.s00MrrcsrzE
. O.9.!0
PoszoN!.jL!*Mc 6.s10LrrcslzE
6.sroourenBoUNoARY + 6.020PoszoNE ATLlrc
(VTRTUALCONDTTTON) dEffiiffioenv POStT|oNAt
(RESULTANTCOI.JOrTrON) 6.020
-
TOL ZONE AT LMC
(woRsTcAsE)

INNERBOUNDARY- (lB) A worstcaseboundarygenerated by the slnallestfeature(MMC

for an intemalfeatureand LMCfor an externalfeature)minusthe statedgeometrictolerance
and any additionalgeometrictolerance(if applicable)fromthe feature'sdeparturefrom ils
specifiedmaterialcondition.
OUTERBOUNDARY-(OB) A worstcase boundarygeneratedby the largestfeature(LMC
for an intemalfeatureand MMCfor an elitemalfeature)plusthe statedgeometrictolerance
and any additionalgeometrictolerance(if applicable)fromthe feature'sdeparturefrom its
specifiedmaterialcondition.

M
I N N E RA N DOU T E RB OU N D A R IELM
S CCONCEPT.INTERNAUEXTERNAL
Graphicalrepresentations ol the innerand outerboundaryandthe virtualand resullant
coniJition for the LMCconcept are shownbelow. Theseare important toolsto
understand and evaluatethe 'worstcase' boundariesof a featureattergeometric
tolerancing has beenapplied.Thetechnicaldelinitionsof the lermsare shownbelow.

EXTERNALFEATURE INTERNALFEATURE

AS DRAWN
o:# AS DRAWN

FT6-omF]-ild
=
I F
AJ tl.
I r-l
H
HXER8Or,l{OAnY
0B) (rB)
lNNERBOUNOARY

PIN
ST,iAILEST HOIE
SMALLEST
(6..S LMC) ( r.5oo MMC)
SHOWNAT ' MAXIMUM SHOWN AT' !{AXIMUM
POSSIELELOCATTONS. POSStELE LOCATTONS.

, ..s LMcstzE .5o0MMC SIZE

- t .o10Pos zor{EAT LMc - r6 r y c
6.ffi''ffinv ,.48O INNERBOUNDARY
(vlRTuALCONDnON) ,.010 PogIoNAL (RESULTANTCONATloN) t.@0 PosrTloML-
TOL ZONEAT LMC (woRsT TOL ZONE^T MMC
c^s€)
ourERSotr.oARY(o8) (OB)
oUTEFBOUXDARY

IJFIGESTHOL€
I-^RGESTPIN ( 6.510 LMC)
( r.se MMc)
SHOWNAT ' IIAXIMUM
SHOWNAT. }'IAXIMUM
POSSTBLE LOCATIONS.
POSSIELELOCATIONS.

t.slo LMcsrzE
,5@ MMCS|ZE + 91.010POSZONEAT LMC
+ 6.tn PoszoNEATMMc 6.szo oureREouND^RY
'.52O OTJTEFBCXJNDAR (vIRTUALCONDTTTON) 6.010POSTTTONAL
(RESULTANT CONOTTTON) 6.o2oPosrTrot{AL TOL ZONEAT LMC
(uroRsTcAsE) TOL ZONEAT MMC

Theterms,virtualand resullantconditonapplyonlyto the MMCand LMCconcept.

The lB and OB conceptappliesto all geometrictolerances.
VIRTUALCONDITION- (VC) A constantboundarygeneratedby the collectiveeffect
of a sizefeature'ssp€cifiedMMCor LMCmaterialconditionandthe geometric
tolerancefor that materialcondition.

RESULTANTCONDITION(RC)- A variableboundarygeneratedby the effectsof a

sizEfeature'sspscitiedMMC or LMC materialcondition,the geometrictolerancefor
thatmaterialcondilion,lh6sizetolerance,and the additionalgeometrictolerance
derivedfromthe feature'sdeparturefrom its specifiedmaterialcondition.
 OVERVIEW
CHARACTERISTIC
GEOMETRIC

DATUMS TYPEOF CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL 2D

TOLERANCE OR
3D
STRAIGHTNESS 2D
LINEELEMENT

STRAIGHTNESS 3D
DATUMS AXIS OR MEOIANPTANE

NOT FORM
FLATNESS
D 3D
ALLOWED
CIRCULARITY
(ROUNDNESS) o 2D

CYLINDRICITY H 3D
3D
ANGULARITY .1 s€E
NOT€ 3

DATUMS
ORIENTATION PERPENDICULARITY
I 3D-
s€€
NOTE 3
3D
PARALLELISM s€ET
R EQ U IR E D // INTE

RUNOUT RUNOUT
CIRCULAR 20
/
SEENOTE
1 TOTALRUNOUT
U 3D

DATUMS
PROFILE
(LOCATION
PROFILE OF
A LINE n 2D

REOUIRED
OF
SURFACES)
PROFILE OF
A SURFACE a 3D

SEENOTE
2
LOCATION
POSITION
o 3D
OF
FEATURES
OF SIZE
CONCENTRICITY

SYMMETRY
o 3D

3D

NOTES:
AI.IDLOCATION.
I. CAI.ICONTROLFORM,ORIENTATION
2. THEREARESPECIALCASESWHEREPOSITIONANDPROFILEMAYNOTREOUIREDATUMS
CAI.IBE MADE20 BY WRITING'LINE
3. THESECHARACTERISTICS ELEMENTS'UNDER
THEFEATURECONTROLFRAT'E.
4. THESECHARACTERISTICS
CONTROLOPPOSINGMEDIANPOINTS.

66
 CHARACTERISTIC
GEOMETRIC OVERVIEW
CONTINUED
coNTROUS APPLICABILTTY APPLICABILITY
AIII OF DATUM COMMONSHAPESOF
OR OF FEATURE
!I.|RFACE MODIFIERS uoorFtERs TOLERANCEZONE
I€DIAT
rurxE
x NO N/A PARALLELLINES

CYLINORICAL
x YES t{/A PARALLELPLANES

x NO N/A PARALLELPLANES

x NO N/A CONCENTRIC
CIRCLES

x NO wA CONCENTRIC
CYLINDERS
x x YES IF SIZE YESIF SIZE PARALLELPLANES
FEATURES FEATURES CYLINDRICAL
x x YESIF SIZE YES IF SIZE PARALLELPLANES
FEATURES FEATURES CYLINDRICAL
x x YESIF SIZE YES IF SIZE PARALLELPLANES
FEATURES FEATURES CYLINDRICAL
CONCENTRICCIRCLES
X NO NO CIRCULAR
ELEMENTS
CONCENTRlC
CYLINDERS
x NO NO PARALLEL
PLANES
x NO YESIF SIZE 2 D P R O F I L EL I N E
FEATURES BOUNOARIES

x NO YESIF SIZE 3D PROFILESURFACE

FEATURES BOUNDARIES

x YES YESIF SIZE BOUNDARY

CYLINDRICAL,
FEATURES PARALLEL
PLANES
s€E NO NO
t{orE. CYLINDRICAL

SEE NO NO PARALLEL
PLANES
NOTE4
POSITION- HOLEVERIFICATION
AT MMC
The examplebelowillustrateshow to verifya positiontoreranceat MMC.

AS DRAWN

AS PROOT.|CED Z=.010ACTUAL
POSITIONDIA
.5O2DIA ACTUAL (DOUBLEHYPOTENUSE)
MATINGSIZE
.501OIA ACTUAL .@5 HYPOTENUSE
MATINGSIZE OF RIGHTTRIANGLE'
(srMU|.-ATED
8Y A PtN)
.003oFF
LOCATIONIN
.Y'DIRECT]ON

POSITIONFORMUIA
z=z{w
Positiontoleranceactualis calculatedby using'X' and 'y' deviationsin the
positionformulaor posilionchart. In orderto passacceptance,position
toleranceactualmust be lessthan positiontoleranceallowed
5- Allowedposiliontoleranceis calculatedby
\ takingthe differencebetweenthe hole MMC
\ and hole actualsizeand addingil to the posil
EnterMMC \ tolerancestatedin the featurecontrolframe.
of hole \
\ g Enter'X' deviationfrom
\ a- Enrer \ \ b*t ncaron /
\\Produced\ /
\5Enter,y.deviation
\ \de size
\ \ \ \\'basicrocation,
HOLE I{OLE I{OLE POSTT|ON 'x' POSITION
NO. Mtrc ACruAL TOLERANCE DlM DIM TOLERANCE ACCEPT BE'ECT
SIZE ALLOWED ACTUAL

1 .495 .502 .o12 -.006 +.0O1 .01rf4 x

2 .495 .501 .o11 +.0O0 +.(X)3 .010 x
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