81.

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4602020102(4309000000) - 2 5 2
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N


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.
port, sort, start, sector, tractor, class, press, canal, capital,
pilot, plastic, operator
. .

df

k m

bolt, fact, disc, radio, lift, risk, defect, motor, metal,

cosmos, material, milliard, compass, doctor
18

. .

g n u v x
Jr
. H
plan, text, moment, contact, contrast, mineral, segment,
index, crystal, product, focus, ocean, vacuum, ferment

.
.
2. , .

. - (. z = . \):
meteorite, climate, type, azote, cube, oxide, litre, metre,
nerve
. -a: lamp, norm, firm, form,
logic, program, person, planet, diagram, orbit, mass, system
. -e . -a: zone,
structure, date, capsule, paste, figure, minute, turbine
3. e, s, , / .
, .

- export, moment, experiment, electron, document

s - realism, rose, contrast, nose, organism, crystal
- class, cement, cyclone, focus, ocean, scene, disc
1 - canal, null, role, metal, profile, style, tunnel
4. ( . 1 - 3).

minute, climate, structure, code, tunnel, figure, type,

rone, segment, data, norm, index, impulse, procedure, centre,
model, cycle, plastic, process, spiral, base, textile, dose

- (. compass, null, process).
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.
ck ph qu sh th
ch
4 i J *
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block, nickel, photo, phase, finish, shock, aquarium,
method, thermos, quartz, graphite, shelf, dock, diaphragm,
sulphate, microphone, theme, sphere, thesis, theorem
19

6. , c/i
. , , .

character, machine, chord, scheme, champion, epoch,

chance, chlorophyll, champion, chaos, chloroform
7. , .

.
.

ai

' *'

raid, pause, reef, group, foot, fauna, leader, three, peak,

balloon, conveyer, author, resource, Australia
8. ( . 5 - 7).

peak, author, sphere, graphite, character, theme, nickel,

machine, three, shelf, scheme, pause, leader, method, chance,
dock, phase, bismuth, resource, Austria, foot, epoch

, .

, .
9.
, - (
!). ,
.

1)
, Mn, V, Cl, - vanadium, helium, calcium,
manganese, chlorine 2) , , S, H - sulphur, oxygen, hydro
gen, carbon 3) Na, W, Fe, - iron, ferrum; wolfram, tung
sten; kalium, potassium; sodium, natrium
10.
. .

diagnosis, music, catarrh, portrait, artery, polyp, fresco,

icon, muscle, tablet, pleura
,
.
11. , .

1 quarter. 2
school. 3 Flame
. 4 scale
.
20



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21

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(3) 1 (4).

(3). (4) (1).

6 - 7 , 13. .
13. .

above, before, change, cycle, dozen, easy, equal, gain,

job, join, know, law, mark, out, over, page, quick, quite,
rare, scope, screw, usual, very, vary, wait, yield, zero
,
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(1)
(2)
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V W

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16. 2 . 3
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.)
1 .
.

22

(1) dry, gap, back, end, aid, far, can; (2) net, lay, hand,
key, inch, jet, mix; (1, 2) gap, jet, net, back, far, can, mix,
Inch, aid, lay, dry, hand, key, end; (3) play, set, use, run,
op, quest, own; (1 -3 ) top, play, key, net, far, back, inch,
end, mix, own, run, use, quest, hand, can, aid, dry, set, jet,
; (4) year, well, zero, value, xenon; (3, 4) play, xenon,
op, own, run, value, set, year, quest, zero, use, well; (1 - 4)
mix, gap, use, play, can, year, aid, top, far, well, lay, own,
value, back, inch, run, key, zero, net, dry
18.

cut, content, carry, claim, crack, chance; it, upon, each,

from, all, such, form, both, since, into, but, under, else
19.

resist, rope, receive, raise, rupture, rise, repair, row, rely,

rest, rough, release, resume, right, require, reach
20. 14 15.

,
,
.

(. 5):
1- , 3-, 2- 4-.-
,
,
- .

. 5.
21.

.

drop, knock, perform, warm, field, lever, soft, yield, in

cline, rule, happen, soil, draw, vanish

, . HAL . 256 .

, - .
23

22.

30 .

chief, gold, angle, deep, far; into, never, know, mea

jump, late; occur, quick, run, task, play, soon, use, only
-
-
-

^ -

light I [lait]
1. 1)
;
;
2)
;

( .
.); 4) / & ; 5) / ;

; ( .
light II) ,

- bring to ~ ,

; com e to -

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(lit,

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( * )
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; - rain

;
3)
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; - mood ^

. 6.

24

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light (I, II),
(. 6, . 24).
24. light I;
light II?
25. . ,
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(6), (5).

plank, space, grow, tall, needle, reflex, enteric, public

. 6 ,
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25

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square ( .
28 - 30).
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(.
31-34).
28. - .
.

film ;
decade
square
mixture ;
meeting ;
motion

- ()
- ( )
- ( )
- ()
- ( )
- ()

29. .
.

1 (collision) 2
(motion) 3 ,
(decade) 4
(square) 5
(concern) 6
(repetition)
30. . 29.
.

26

31. .

1 (advance)
2 (matter)
3 (ring) 4
(problem)
5 (note)
6 (accord)
7 (paragraph)
8 (meeting)
32. . 31.
.
33.
.

1 absorption - (., .) 2 appendix -

(.) 3 box- (.) 4 check- (.)
5 contribution - , 6 inspection -
7 matter - (.) 8 number - 9 phe
nomenon - 10 product - , 11 pro
gress - 12 protection - ,
34. (. . 33),
.

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28

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( 1)

1.
. ,
. , ,
.

base , ; colour , ; form

; start ; stop ; study ;
;
2. (. 1),
.

force , . , .. ; matter
. ; number , , ;
paper , . , powder , ;
water
3. .
-

solid . ; Earth ; Moon ;

liquid ; gas ; Sun
4. .
.

29

part , . (); state .

; portion , ; shape ,

5. . ,
. ,
, .

base ; colour ,
; form , ; start
, ; stop ,
; study ,
6. , .

study, form, base, stop, colour, start

7.
. ,
. , ,
.

apply ; compose ; consist

.-.; determine ; occur
, . ; relate ,
.-.; yarv , , ; press
,

8.
. .
. , ,
.

black ; equal , . ; hard

; large ; liquid
9. .

small , ; soft , . ;
solid , ; white ; vellow

10. - .

black, soft, large, white, small, hard, yellow

11.
, - .

solid, liquid
30

 ( 2)

2. . -, -ry, -ies
, : biology, chemistry,
mathemat/cs.
12. .

acoustics, astronomy, economy, philosophy, cybernetics,

dynamics, physics, veterinary
3. . -ion, -ation, -ition (. -)
: iormation '
, .
13.
. ,
. , ,
.

application , ; composition
, . ( ); determi
nation ; relation ; variation
,
14.
.

apply - application; compose - composition; determine determination; form - formation; relate - relation; vary - vari
ation
4. . ,

(~), . . 6.
,
: absorb - absorp
tion; -
-i- : vary - variation.
,
.
15.
, - ,
. .

absorption ; convertion ;
detection , . ; production
,
31

 5. . -, -, - (. - .)
: resonance
, competence , structure .
16.
(. 1) (
!).

consistence , ; distance
, ; measure ; mixture * (
), nature , ; science ;
substance , . ; pressure
6.
.
de-: deformation , ; decom
position ; deoxidation .
non-: non-metal ,
17. 6 .

7.
:
-ai: equal ; partial ; neutral
*
-: peculiar ; ; similar

-ent: present , ; equivalent

-ic: scientific ; cyclic ; metric

-ive: relative ; productive

-ous: various , ; amorphous

18. 7
.
( 4)

8. , ,
- ,
, .
,
: microelement , chemical element
32

 .
( !),
: control element [control
( ) - ,
]
.
,
; ,
.
19. .

1 cubic metre [] 2 volt meter [

, ] 3 quantum theory 4sea-water

9.
: ()
, - .
.
( 19)

10. ,
: ( N)
(TN; . , . 9).
,
(water) (liquid,
energy) (Asia).
11. .
( 14, 15), -
, :
( )
the. () ,
, .
. The , ;
. .
: a (an); any ; the: one ;
two ; ijs , , ; their , (. 1).
12. .
( 5),
.
3 . . .,
: he, she, it (.
2285

33

1) ,
. it , ,
- , (. .),
(. .) (. .).

its (. 11). , its line
' ,
(. .) (. .).
' ,
(. .).
.
.
. 106.
13. .
. . -s (norms)
-es (gases). - . . . .
: two,
their.
( 11), , . . ,
- . . (a norm - norms).
.
14. .
-s, -es, ->
. ( -es s, , bases- . . base!). -es
-1-, - (studies- study).
20.
.

()

1 conies 2 allovs 3 tubes 4 bodies 5 properties

21. . .

N, TN: 1 a form 2 forms 3 any part 4 the part 5 their

part 6 solid 7 a non-metal 8 their voltmeters
( 20)

15.
.
,
, {element iso
topes ')-, {nickel
cylinder '),
{stop position ), -,
{powder metallurgy -i
) .
\
34

 (NN)
. , stop position
position .
stop :
- ? - ?
- ?...
,
: ,
, .
NN
control element (8).
.
22. . .

1) NN, TNN: 1 their Moon studies 2 absorption theory

3 energy conversion 4 any non-metal crystals 5 two Earth
sciences 6 iron powder - powder metallurgy 7 a paper fil
ter - filter paper
2) AN, TAN: 1 an effective position 2 ultraviolet radia
tion 3 any gaseous mixture 4 one soft metal 5 two
amorphous souds 6 solid state 7 their atomic numbers 8 the
yellow substance 9 a peculiar relation 10 one similar
composition l i t he present deformation 12equal portions
3) AAN, TAAN: 1 two black solid components 2 any
hard white metal 3 various scientific results
( 22)

16.

. and , or
.
(,
): the Sun, the Earth, or the Moon.
23. . .

1) NP-cj-NP: 1 matter or energy 2 the Sun and its plan

ets 3 one hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms 4 the Earth
and its Moon 5 hard portion or soft portion
2) NP-cj-NP-cj-NP: 1 copper, zinc, and nickel 2 white
solid, black liquid, or yellow gas
( 23)

17.
.
,

2*
35

 : radiation from the Sun

(+ . .) . : the
formula o f water .
: the study by physical methods
,
. :
, ; by 1) . . 2) ; for ;
from , ; m ; of 1) . . 2) ; tp 1) . . 2)
, ; with .
24. . .

1) NP-prep-NP: 1 an instrument [,
] for their detection 2 similar distances in miles
3any studies by chemical methods 4 the Earth with one
Moon 5 the distance to the Sun
2) NP-prep-NP-prep-NP: 1 any combination of sulphur
with metal 2 the mixture formation as a result of the pro
cess 3the present conversion of metal from its liquid phase
25. .

1 two shapes of the Moon 2 a small cylinder of iron

3the distance from the Earth to its Moon 4 electrical energy
from mechanical energy
( 21)

18. ,
, , .
.

: a powder yellow in colour [ ]
, '.
26. .
. .

1 the forces atomic in their nature 2 the distance, in

metres, equivalent to one mile 3any part of the line per
pendicular to the diameter 4 two components present in the
mixture 5 any substance - or element - in nature

( 24)

19. I
(7).
20. , , .
, ., 3 . . . 3
36

. . . .
. -s, -es (stops, presses).
- . . (stop, press); . . 2.
21. .
-s, -esf . (
-es -s, , relates- . .
relate!). -es

-: studies - study.
27. - .

1 turns 2 expand 3 relies 4 values 5 mixes

28. . .

VP: 1 start 2 forms 3 colour 4 bases 5 starts 6 study

7 relates 8 applies 9 converts 10 produce 11 vary
( 25)

22.
.
,
(starts with the facts )
(studies the facts *).
(7);
the facts - ( 25).
23. . .
,
(stop),
(liquid).
,
(stop in water )
(stop the machine "). -
.
,
: 1)
;
. 2) (,
" ") ,
.
29. .
. .

VP-NP, VP-prep-NP: 1 start the reaction 2 applies vari

ous powders 3 occurs as calcium sulphate, CaS04 4 vary in
their colours 5 consists of two atoms 6 detects any defect
37

 ( 27)

24. , ( 16),

.
30. () .
. .

VP-cj-VP: 1 absorbs equal portions and produces a sub

stance of peculiar nature 2 vary in the shape of thier crys
tals or occur as amorphous substances
( 26)

25. 18
.
31. .
.

1 studies crystals similar in form 2 occurs as calcium sub

phate white in colour 3 produce silver bromide, AgBr

32. 1) . 2) . 3) .

1 to 2 and 3in 4 its 5 an 6 with 7 one 8 of 9 or 10 by

33. 1) 2) .

1 enormous 2 rupture 3 evident 4 exploration 5 resistance

34. 1) , 2)
, 3) .

1 two large parts 2 any action 3 small electric currents

35. 1) . 2) .

1 any equilibrium of two substances 2 varieties of glass

for optical purposes
36. - .

1 sulphur combinations 2 water in its gaseous state 3 the

paper for the filters 4 combinations with sulphur 5 gaseous
water 6 the filter paper
37. 1) , 2)
.

1 colours the available paper filters 2 detects the partic

ular compound by chemical means
38


26. .

(corrosion), {special glass),
{a white glass).
38. .

1 any bond 2 locates one target 3 mutual rods 4 its mould

5 continue their change 6 electrolytic bath
27.
f 26)
(forms - forms , ),
,
. ,
, - {forms the bases
). , {forms and their functions
). , > {forms of the bases ; forms
rom the bases );
: ?
?

39. 1) . 2) .

a. exists in two solutions b. volumes of gas c. bodies with

constant temperature d. come to the cells from the blood
40. 1) , 2) .

a. small changes in body water b. applies one particular

phase c. compete in a biological system d. form an equimolecular mixture e. covers two phases of the substance

41.

, ( )
. , ;
.
, ,
.
,
.
.

SILICON. Si. Element. Atomic Weight 32.0641. Atomic

1
, .

39

number 14. A non-metal similar to carbon in its chemical

properties. Occurs in two allotropic forms: a brown amor
phous powder and dark grey crystals.
?
(element, atomic, non-metal, chemical,
forms, amorphous, crystal),
, . St
14 , .
?
. -ic {7}, atomic weight -
AN weight
. A non-metal,., .
- {7} to
{18}, -

.
, .. .
tn TAN,
,
. , and .
-ous {7}, - . .,
. .; brown, dark, grey
; dark grey - -. (,

.)

42. .
1,5 ., 2,5
.

A. CALCIUM. . Element. Atomic weight 40.08.

Atomic number 20. A soft white metal; tarnishes
in air.
SULPHUR. S. Element. A.W. 32.064. At. No. 16. A nonmetallic element, occurs in allotropic forms. Combines with
metals and forms sulphides. Occurs as an element in
volcanic regions and as sulphides of metals.
. AMALGAM. An alloy of mercury. ASTRONOMY.
Scientific study of heavenly bodies, their motion, relative po
sitions, and nature. GEOMETRY. The mathematical study
of the properties and relations of lines, surfaces, and solids
in snace. HYDRAULICS. The practical application of hydro
dynamics to engineering. HYDRODYNAMICS. The mathe
matical study of the forces,' energy, and pressure in liquids
in motion. NORMAL (math.). A line perpendicular to a
surface. PHYSICS. The study of the properties of matter
40

and energy. QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS. The

determination of the chemical nature of substances;
identification of substances present in a mixture.

( 1)

1. ;
- .
, ,
.

act ; divide , ; direct

, . ; move , ;
suspend ; solve ;
action ; division ; direction
; move , ; suspension , ;
solution ;
2. . 1 ( ). .
3. . 1. 2 .

differ ; exist ; resist

; heat , ; weigh
, ; measure
difference ; existence ; resis
tance ; heat
4. .
.

boil , , . ; compare
; livg ; melt , ; pass
, , . , , ;
travel , ; arrange
, .

5. , . , 8,
.

a. end-product b. ice-hockey . leaf-metal d. light meter

41

1 , 2 3
4 ,
6. . 5 .

a. star-light b. time-signal . unit distance d.wave energy

1 2 3 ,
4
7.
. - .
.

light source ; point source

(); zero point ; space
current ; lazer ray
8. ,
.

1) balance ; salt ; nought ; order

; particle .
2) origin , ; poison ; travel
; vapour ; compound .

9. ,
.

1) dense , ; fine ; long

; strong , ; thick ;
short , . ; accurate (
)
2) dark ; near ; only
, . one; pale ; rare , ;
red ; common
10. . 9 (. 1. 2) .

28. : only ; rather
-; very ; in principle ; in
general ; in a sense ; in
some senses ; of the order
, .
11. 28
.
only - .

42

 ( 2)

29. . -ate - (filter - filtrate

'');
: filtrate - filtrat/? *.
12. . ,
. .

1) 1 pulse - pulsate 2 air - aerate 3 origin - originate

2) 1 isolate - isolation 2 illustrate - illustration 3 vibrate vibration 4 assimilate - assimilation 5 separate - separation
13. .

V-N: 1 postulate - postulate 2 co-ordinate - co-ordinates

3 concentrate - concentrate

30.
: in-, -.
14.
.

original ( ); fre
quent ; usual ; unusual; identical
; specific
31. . -able, -ible, -

: separable , ..
.
15. . .

V-A: 1 move - movable 2 solve - soluble 3 vary - variable

32. . -less
: salttess
, .. .
16. . .

N-A: 1 colour - colourless 2 shape - shapeless 3 water waterless

17. . .

1 defectless 2 detectible 3 weightless 4 invisible 5 motionless

6 absorbable 7 visible 8 inapplicable
43

18. . .

1 common
6 usual

2 equal

3 equivalent

4 identical

5 normal

19. . .

1 common 2 distant 3 equal 4 5 different 6 near

20. . .

1 frequent 2 usual 3 common 4 5 different 6 peculiar

7 specific 8 identical

33. . -ingt -ment

(. -): heat * - heating
*.
21.
V-N. .

1 mix - mixing 2 solve - solving 3 boil - boiling 4 move movement (cp. motion) 5 melt - melting 6 pass - passing
7 weigh - weighing 8 arrange - arrangement
34. . -ity, -, -/
, (. -,
-, -).
22.
A-N. . (
!)

1 dense - density 2 intense - intensity 3 similar - similarity

4 soluble - solubility 5 frequent - frequency 6 constant - con
stancy 7 equivalent - equivalency 8 long - length 9 strong Strength

35. . -/ ,
: near * - nearly ,
*.
,
. basically *,
largely - *, * ..
23. . .

1 chemically 2 partially 3 similarly 4 strongly 5 commonly

6 rarely 7 equally 8 usually 9 practically 10 especially
44

 ( 4)
24. . .

1 atomic number 2 atomic weight 3 ammeter [am(pere) +

meter] 4 atmosphere [atmos . nap] 5alfa particle
6 melting point 7 radio wave

( 19,10 - 13)

36. : a few
; a certain , ; each
; many ; more ; other ;
same ; some , -; three
. : some of the re
sults - .
37. . leaves
. . leaf . Men, women, teeth- . .
man , *, woman , tooth
others other
. ., , other metals.
25. . .

1 some point 2 a few points 3 many of the stars 4 more

leaves 5 a certain mixing 6 certain mixings 7 some other in
strument 8 some of the compounds 9 their heating 10 their
waves 11 any leaf 12 each movement 13 each division 14 the
same origin IS the same particles 16 three applications
( 20. 15)
26. . .

1) NN, TNN: 1 water vapour - vapour pressure 2 contact

point - point contact 3 particle energy - energy particle 4 radio
wave - wave theory 5 ice melting - melting process 6 light
source - source point - source material 7 the same water cur
rent 8 each metal leaf 9 Moscow time 10 zero energy
11 more light rays 12 star light 13 any ice pressure 2) AN,
TAN: 1 absolute weighing 2 colourless compounds 3 a certain
relative order 4 different properties 5 the same characteristic
arrangement 6 a few thick leaves 7 other poisonous sub
stances 8 equal amount 9 many of small particles 10 insoluble
salts l i t he natural order 12an invisible ray 13the only
difference 14 a few of rare minerals 15 each of the heatings
16 the Black Sea 17 the usual origin 18 a certain common
45

means 3) DAN, TDAN: 1 three rather poisonous liquids

2 other very different properties 3 practically equivalent
results 4 the rather intensive heating 5 the partially different
results
38. . -Ing
.
-ing. , ,
: ,
, : the iron melting
* . ( )
: ,
, , ,
( 25, 22): melting iron .

().
39. .
-ing, -ing: heatf/ig -* heat.
1)
-: dividing -* divide, 2)
: stopping -* stop. : dying
-* die, lying -* lie. (
v!)
27. ,
.

1 beginning 2 denying 3 falling 4 producing 5 driving

28. .
. .

1 the intense mixing 2 measuring pressure 3 heating in

tensely the pale yellow liquid 4 three common pressure mea
surings 5 weighing the constituents accurately 6 applying each
of three methods
( 22. 16)

40.
: but ; as well as .
29. . .

1) NP-cj-NP: 1 more alpha particles or more electrons

2 a oasically similar colourless liquid but unusually dense
vapour 3the same formula but largely different properties
4 any balance as well as some other accurate instruments
5 the movement and its origin 2) NP-cj-NP-cj-NP: 1 their
nature, their origin, and their amount 2 some nearly identical
46

 ( 23. 17)

41. : above
, ; at , ; between ; owing to
; relative to ; under , ;
within ; on ; outside ; prior to ,
; through .
30. -.

1 to 2 above 3 within 4 under 5 from 6 outside

31. . .

1) NP-prep-NP: 1 a position on the surface 2 a position

at the surface 3 a position between the surfaces 4 a position
relative to the surface 5 a position under the surface 6 a po
sition within the surface 7 a position outside the surface 8 a
position above the surface 9 a movement through the air
10 a movement owing to the air 2) NP-prep-NP: 1 certain
positions on other long surfaces 2 a few salts within the
same dense mixture 3the movement relative to the metal
surface 4 one or more instruments for comparing currents
5 the origin of co-ordinates 6 the temperature outside the
substance 3) NP-prep-NP-prep-NP: 1 the separation of each
of the insoluble salts prior to any heating 2 some decom
posing owing to pressure above the cylinder 3the motion of
other liquids through the space 4 an ion current of the or
der of 10 mA outside the instrument
( 21. 18)

32.
.
. .

1 an element with some properties characteristic o f [

] metals and others characteristic of nonmetals 2 a measure of water vapour present in the air 3the
number of cycles of a wave motion, usually in one second
4 the temperature of equilibrium between ice and water un
der normal atmospheric pressure, Le. [ (..)] the
melting point of ice San arrangement similar to an ammeter
6 heating silica, SiO>, with carbon 7 water, H20 , in the
gaseous state 8 a pale green, poisonous liquid, boiling point
211C
47


( 24, 19)
33. . .

VP: I exist 2 arrange 3 heats 4 separates 5 compare 6 suspend

7 weighs 8 boil 9 divides 10 moves 11 melt 12 measures 13 vibrate
14 isolates
( 25, 22)
34. . .

VP-NP, VP-prep-NP: 1 exist with the same formula

2 forms some different arrangement 3 forms in the liquid
4 determine direction 5 divides time 6 compare small currents
7 measures their weight 8 melts at 4C. 9 melts the com
pound at 1500C. 10 applies the original method 11 applies
to the original method 12 vibrates at the surface
42.
(22),

.
35. . .

1 similarly arranges the chemical elements within the pe

riodic system 2 boils usually at 100C. 3 rarely travels from
point to point 4 differ partially in the number of their elec
trons only 5 in a sense produces light of various wave
lengths 6 strongly resemble uranium 7 especially weighs the
substance in an analytical balance [in a balance ]
8 equally separates the compound from a liquid 9 directs
softly the discussion to a special problem 10 occur in the
order of their weights 11 vibrates relative to other atoms
( 27, 24)
36. . .

1 resembles sodium and occurs basically in a few rare

minerals 2 travels similarly through the space but stops ow
ing to the resistance of air 3 determine accurately the colour
of the water as well as measure its amount 4 compares the
equivalent weights or compares the atomic numbers of ele
ments
( 26. 25)
37. . .
.

48

1 occurs in the atmosphere (1 part in 55,000) 2 in

principle, consists of an arrangement similar to an ammeter
3 occurs in certain natural gases in the U.SA. and in the
atmosphere (1 part in 200,000) 4 in general, includes any
rays, wave motion, or particles {e.g. [] alpha
particles, beta particles, neutrons) from a source

38. 1) , 2) . 3) .

1 its 2 as 3 each 4 owing to 5 other 6 as well as 7 an

8 relative to 9 at 10 between 11 under 12 more
39. 1) , 2) , 3)
, 4) .

1 lineable 2 in a sense 3 treatment 4 very 5 wealth 6 in

some senses 7 novation 8 mobility 9 in general 10 only
40. 1) . 2)
, 3) .

1 the permanent association 2 animal behaviour study

3 certain new substances 4 each of the compounds 5 other
samples
41. 1) . 2) , 3)
.

1 some very elastic pipe above the massive poles of an

electromagnet 2 electromagnetic waves through space 3two
vibrations in planes at right angles 4 the temperature of the
body and the nature of its surface
42. - .

1 the water vapour 2 a source of light 3 a contact point

4 the process of melting 5 the vapour pressure 6 a point of
contact 7 the theory of waves 8 the melting process 9 the
pressure of the vapour 10 a light source 11 the wave theory
12 the vapour of water

, 43. , 26,

: isolate;
-
() (42): in a sense resembles uranium;
boils usually at 100C.
44.
. ,
49

 .

.
18 ,

: the distance equivalent to one
mile.
: the distance nearly
equivalent to one mile.
some means very suitable for the
grouping of the molecules suitable
(. -able) for; ,
. very#
, : some
means very suitable for...
: ,
9.
43. 1) . 2) .

a. successive parts of equal phase of a

interval peculiar to a person c. appear
various for different alloys d. difference
between different parts of the electrolyte
upper surface visible through water

wave b. the time

in a proportion
in concentration
e. reflect at the

44. . 43 .
45. .

1 absorbs actively neutrons in a nuclear reactor 2 an

agent for preventing the growth 3 spaces between the atoms
in a crystal 4 organic substances rather soluble in water
5 photographic films sensitive to green light 6 deviates from
behaviour in principle typical for metals 7 the force propor
tional to the mass of the planet and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance from its centre

46.

, ( )
. ,
; .
, ,
.
, .

CORROSION. Surface chemical action, especially on

metals, by action of moisture, air, or chemicals.
50

 , corrosion, chemical,
metals: . , ,
: , ,
, , .
(-/); ,
or {16} /, -
. , ,
NP-by-NP-of-NP {17}
,
, {16}.
action.
.

SODIUM CHLORIDE. Common salt, salt. NaCl. A

white crystalline soluble salt, melting point 801C. Occurs
extensively in sea water and as halite.
NaCl,
(. common salt, halite
). : ,
, .
. ( . - {8}) {15}
{18}. -
{22, 42},
occurs
in, as.

47.
.
, 2,5 .

ACCELEROMETER. An instrument for measuring ac

celeration, especially the acceleration of an aircraft or rocket.
CLASSICAL PHYSICS. Physics prior to the quantum theory
(or in some senses prior to the theory of relativity). CY
TOPLASM. The protoplasm of a living cell [
(.)] outside its nucleus. FERROALUMINIUM. An alloy
of aluminium and iron. FILTRATION. The process of sepa
rating solids from liquids by passing through a filter. GEN
ERATOR. A machine for producing electrical energy from
mechanical energy. HYGROSCOPE. An instrument for
showing variations of relative humidity of the air. MI
CROBALANCE. A balance for weighing objects of very
small weights, i.e. of the order of 10'3 to 10'* g. OXIDE.
A binary compound with oxygen. WAVEMETER. An in
strument for measuring the wavelength of a radiofrequency
51

electromagnetic radiation. ZERO. Nought; the starting point

of any scale of measurement.

( 1)

1. , - .
.

contain , , . ; finish
, ; occupy (,
), . ; revolve ,
; . -

2. .

begin , ; concern
.-., -.-.; connect ,
; deal - , .-.; define ;
have , , ; join ,
; make , ; obtain
; possess , ; unite ,

3. .
.

1 begin 2 concern 3 connect 4 deal 5 start 6 unite

4. .
.

1 connect 2 contain 3 determine 4 define 5 have 6 include

7 join 8 possess
5. .
.

1 begin 2 divide 3join 4 separate 5 stop 6 unite

6. .

broad ; definite ; moist

; narrow ; wet ; wide
7. . 6 .
8. .

52

direct ; dry ; flai ; plane

; . ; right
9. . 8 .
10. .
.

1 dry 2 narrow 3 plane 4 right 5 wet 6 wide

11. . .

1 broad 2 definite 3 direct 4 dry 5 flat 6 moist 7 narrow

12. .

free ; main ; pure ,

; straight

13. ,
.

angle ; field , . - .
(); pair ; term ; value
, , . ( )
14. .

rate ; side ; volume , .

V

45. : in proportion
; by weight .
( 2)

46. . -ize - (real - realize

);
(realize - realization ).
15. . .

1) N-V: 1 nickel - nickelize 2 crystal - crystallize 3 signal signalize 4 synthesis - synthesize 2) A-V: 1 normal - normalize
2 central - centralize 3) 1 ionization 2 minimization 3 centra
lization
47. . inter- , : interct , intersect ,
.

53

48. . -ing
( 33, 38), (.
-): mixing \
. -ed (.
-)\ mixed , .
16. . .

1) I containing 2 finishing 3 occupying 4 revolving 2)

1 contained 2 finished 3 occupied 4 revolved 3) 1 beginning
2 concerning 3 connected 4 dealing 5 defined 6 included 7 join
ing 8 obtained 9 possessing 10 uniting
49. . -in g i
- e d . 39.

17. ( ^
!).

1 critical 2 general .3 graphical 4 principal 5 magnetic

6 periodic 7 linear 8 molecular 9 measurable 10 interatomic
11 international
50. . in- ( 30),
, //-, im-9 i r //logical
, //movable , /rrational
.
dis-: dissimilar 1 .

18. . .

1 partially - completely 2 directly - inversely 3 relatively -I

exactly 4 slightly - greatly - mainly
19. .
( !)

1 critically 2 generally 3 graphically 4 mainly 5 principalh

6 widely

51. . -ness, -ship -

: thick/7 ess relationsA/p -ij
.
i
20. . . /

1 baseless - baselessness
r>4

2 black - blackness

3 large

largeness 4 near - nearness 5 small - smallness 6 soft - softness

7 weightless - weightlessness
52. . -er (-or), -ant
: starter , ,
oxidant .
21* . .

V-N: 1 absorb - absorber 2 boil-boiler 3 convertverter 4 divide - divider 5 mix - mixer

con

22. , .

1 long - length 2 strong - strength 3 broad - breadth

23. , .

1 quantitative - qualitative 2 quantity - quality

24. ( 47). .

1 interaction 2 intersection
53. .
: micro- ,
Iso- , mono- , - , tri- , rect .
.

( 19. 10-13)

54. . :
, ; another , ; every
; four ; five ; much ; nq
.
(36): all the values () .
55. ( 13).

: . . axis, basis, analvs/s. phenomenon - . .
axes, bases, analyses, phenomena; . . radius, nu
cleus- . . radii, nuclei. . . data
.
25. . .

N, TN: 1 all the plane 2 another plane 3 bases 4 every

basis 5 five nuclei 6 any of the four radii 7 much iron 8 glass
9 much glass 10 certain angles 11 another axis 12 every vol
ume 13 quantity 14 no rate 15 no data 16 five revolutions
55

17 dimensions 18 no values 19 a few units 20 the same qual

ity 21 more fields 22 other sides
( 20, 15, 38)

56. . unit
volume ( 15),
, .
- , ,
,
. a two-phase system
(-) , two
, . the oxygen-free nitrogen
: , (
? ? ?) .
57. 12 ,
.
,
,
, , ( ?
?),
(the export o f the gas),
, (the
gas export ;
- : the export gas
, ).
26. . .

1) NN, TNN: 1 the electron microscope 2 glass manu

facture 3 crystal types 4 unit resistance 5 symmetry plane
6 the rotation axis 7 a triangle side 2) AN, TAN: 1 right diJ
rection 2 another direct result 3four main points 4 many
straight lines 5 much impure glass 6 no definite quantity
7 some flat body 8 scientific terms 9 a rectilinear figure 3)
ANN, TANN; 1 dry water vapour 2 many narrow paper fil
ters 3some main crystal types 4 a certain critical rotation
rate Sail the moist filter paper
58. : the measuring instrument
() , the measured heat
() .
27 . .

1) 1 an existing means 2 another dividing plane 3 a few

widely occurring minerals 4 each of the partially revolving
'triangles 2) I the coloured surface 2 many of the obtained
56

angles condensed water vapour 4 all separated con

stituent parts 3) 1 three intersecting lines 2 certain of the
used alloys 3some varying forces 4 much of the melted
nickel 5 many rotating planes 6 the detected substance
59.
, , a broad or a narrow side,
a broad
side or a narrow side.
.
( 22. 16. 40)
28. . .

1) NP-cj-NP: 1 the unit length and the unit resistance

2 their broad sides or their narrow sides 2) NP-cj-NP-cjNP: 1 all the wet paper filters, many of the moist paper
filters, and a few nearly dry paper filters 2 the same original
container, a partly different crystal type, but absolutely dis
similar dividing planes.
60.
. the properties of
quantities and the relationship between quantities
and.

(quantities),
: the properties of, and the
relationship between, quantities.
:
;
:
.
29. . .

the relations between, and the transformations of, chemi

cal and electrical energy
( 23, 17, 41)

. . 61. : about
; against , ,
; bv m eans of ; during
; into 1) , , , 2) , ,
, ; over , (
-) ; p er , , , , ,
, ; round ; upon (= _ ) ; u p to
.

57

30. . .

1) NP-prep-NP: I five revolutions about the joined axis

2 some beginning metal heating during another rotation 3 all
the glass cubes upon the plane surface 4 every distance vari
ation against accurately defined time 5 the same four con
nected temperature scales up to 50C. 6 any conversion into
gaseous state 7 a certain liquid heating over each minute
8 the commonly occurring salt decomposition into constituent
parts 9 electrons round their nuclei 10 some more sodium
amount per unit volume 11 the measurement by means of
the commonly used electrometer 2) NP-prep-NP-prep-NP:
1 the magnetic moment per unit volume of a magnetized
body 2 some discussion on naturally occurring form of cal
cium sulphate 3 a method of using the rotating part of an
electric motor 4 any process of studying a plane figure with
straight sides
( 21. 18. 44)

62. ,

, : a mineral
occurring in the Urals ,
; the atoms arranged in pairs ,
'. , .-
.
.
31. . .

1 coloured impure form of natural silica, Si02 2 a large

class of alloys consisting principally of copper and zinc 3 a
straight line making an angle of 90 with another line or
plane 4 a system of weights and measures originally based
upon existing the meter as a standard unit 5 the branch of
physics concerned with studying magnets and magnetic fields
6 a white amorphous powder, melting point 1975C., widely
used as a pigment in glass manufacture, in cosmetics, and
in medicine 7 the branch of biology dealing with the struct
ure and function of micro-organisms

( 24. 19)
32. . .

VP: 1 rotates 2 begins 3 contain 4 have 5 deals 6 obtain

7 unites 8 uses 9 possesses 10 concern 11 make 12 revolves
58

 ( 25, 22, 42)

33. . .

VP-prep-NP, VP-NP-prep-NP: 1 obtains every compound

by using another effective laboratory process 2 deal with all
the transformations of chemical energy into electrical energy
3 rotates the planes of polarized light about certain main
axes 4 have many standard volumes round their central parts
5 begins boiling the liquid at 120C upon some very heated
surface 6 makes more products during the beginning cycle
7 possess three identical chemical properties against other el
ements 8 revolve round the nucleus in different orbits
9 unites with some other impure forms of natural silica SiOi
10 contain from 0.1% up to 1.5% carbon1 concerned with
the type and quality of each alloy 11 uses a few methods
for separating the compound into its constituent parts
12 deals with the relations between, and the transformations
of, chemical and electrical energy
( 27, 24, 40)
34. . .

1 have five electrons in the orbits per every nucleus and

possess identical chemical properties 2 contains no impure
form of natural silica, Si02, but begins boiling at the tem
perature of the order of 100.
( 26, 25. 62)
35. . .

1 uses four alloys consisting principally of copper and

zinc 2 obtain five substances differing in physical properties
but producing identical chemical compounds

36. 1) , 2) . 3) .

1 other 2 within 3 the same 4 on 5 prior to 6 relative to

7 three 8 under 9 all 10each 11 every 12above 13but H u p
to 15 no 16 during 17 round 18 many 19 over 20 more
37. 1) . 2) , 3) , 4)
, 5) .

1 very 2 recognize 3 valuable 4 inefficacy 5 engineer 6 in

general 7 friendship 8 in a sense 9 provable 10 path 11 fitness
12 decrement 13 by weight 14 coolant
1 , 1.5% of carbon,
of.

59

38. 1) . 2)
. 3) . 4) .

1 another dim orphous substance 2 relative m olecular m ass

3 every phenom enon 4 slightly different physical properties
5 the sam e m utual attraction
39. 1) . 2) , 3)
.

I rectification of the signal by a therm ionic valve

2nucleation within the liquid prior to the aid of extrinsic ir
regularities 3 th e distance of the object from the transm itter
4 a generator of a radio frequency carrier wave

63. . -ing.
(38),
{boiling -
, ),
. the boiling water - ,
the boiling point - .
- -: the moving
molecule .
absorbing radiations
,
.

40. . .

1 a number of acting elements 2 the process of making

permanent steel magnets 3the use of cooling medium 4 an
energy transforming apparatus 5 some systems for classifying
particles 6 the space between two intersecting lines
64. .
,
,
(63).
:
the process producing an electric current

,
the process o f producing an electric current


,
(. 18): the force acting on the iron ,
.
41. . .

i the property of absorbing some of the radiations 2 the

cooling apparatus absorbing heat from the refrigerator 3the
same magnetizing force acting on the iron 4 a current pro
portional to the peak of the applied voltage 5 measures the
amount of heat energy falling on the front face 6 liquid or
solid substances added to synthetic or natural resins 7 a
glass tube containing sodium vapour 8 effective methods of
protecting the spaceship 9 the current passing through a re
sistance
42. ,
, ( )
. ,
; .
, ,
.

ANALYSIS (chem.) Decomposition of substances into

their elements or constituent parts; term usually applied to
chemical or physical methods of determining the composition
of substances.
, (.
-, -, -ent, of, Into, their,
or), - .
,
,
. -
.

applied.
{58}, {18}, applied
{62}.
usually.
, , ,
term
. or
- methods; determining... , ,
{38}.

43. .
, 2.5 .

ALGEBRA. The branch of mathematics dealing with the

properties of, and relationship between, quantities by means
of general formula. ATOMIC NUMBER. Proton number. Z.
The number of electrons rotating round the nucleus of the
neutral atom of an element, or the number of protons in
61

the nucleus. COMPOUND. A substance consisting of two or

more elements chemically united in definite proportions by
weight. ISOMERISM (chem.). The existence of two or more
chemical compounds with the same molecular formula but
having different properties owing to a different arrangement
of atoms within the molecule. PARABOLOID OF
REVOLUTION. The surface obtained by rotating a parabola
about its axis of symmetry. SALINOMETER. A type of hy
drometer used for determining of concentration of salt solu
tions by measuring their density. SOLID (math.). A threedimensional figure having length, breadth, and thickness; a
figure occupying space or having a measurable volume. SO
LUTION. A homogeneous molecular mixture of two or
more substances of dissimilar molecular structure; term
commonly applied to solutions of solids in liquids. STRAT
OSPHERE. A layer of the atmosphere beginning approxi
mately 11 kilometres (7 miles) above the surface of the
earth.
44. (1),
(2).

 II:

- -


.
.
- .
4 - 6 , , .
.
.

: ,
. .

, .
,
, , ,
. 2,
. ,

, .
:
,
.

1. ,
( 23).

1 the freezing point of water 2 some points in the dis

cussion 3 the point of a compass needle 4 two scales of the
balance 5 any scale due to the action of wet air on metals
6 a scale of length
2. .
.

1 here - there 2 now - then 3 near - far 4 always - often sometimes - seldom - never 5 back 6 thus
65. . -like ,
, :
sunftte .
63

3. . .

1 pipe - pipelike
2 sugar - sugarlike
3 spark - sparklike
4 grass - grasslike 5jet-jetuke 6 mist - mistlike
66. . -, -ly
, : milky
.
4. .
.

1 oil - oily 2 silver - silvery 3 health - healthy 4 dav - daily

5 week - weekly 6 month - monthly
67. . - (-, col-, cor-) , .
: coaxial ,
co/laborate .
5. . .

1 correlation 2 cooperate 3 cophasal 4 concentric 5 compos

ition
68. -
, : 1)
( 10), 2) ( 142), 3)
. :

to call
to ask

. .

. .

- called *
- called
- asked - asked

, 2- 3-
. -ed, ;
. 101.
to
to; .
6. ;
.
.

1 attract 2 cease 3 collide 4 emit 5 expand 6 involve

7 increase 8 continue 9 omit
69. . . to be , to have .
, to be
: 3 . . . is , ; 3 .
. . are , . to have has
(. 2).
70.
(7) : 1) 64

 be (is, are) 2) *
, , is
Med * ( ).
7* . .

3 . . .: 1 attracts - is attracted 2 heats - is heated

3 expands - is expanded;
3 . . .: 4 emit - are emitted 5 continue - are contin
ued 6 involve - are involved 7 return.- are returned
71.
: silvery-white metal -
.

( 8) : standpoint (
). .
8. . .

1 radio wave 2 daylight 3 three light-years 4 communica

tions satellite 5 water-pipes 6 sodium sulphate 7 radioactive
substances 8 three-dimensional surface 9 high-temperature
thermometer 10 glass-like bodies

72. .
: this , , ; that , ,
; these ; those .
: both ; either ;
number (oft ; such ; little ; most
.
1.

. .

this

that

. 4.

these

those

9. .
.

1 this night 2 this month 3 that entire week 4 that sphere

5 both right spheres 6 both left machines 7 either of the de
vice's 8 either conductor [ (.)] 9 such good con:t-2 8 5

65

ductors 10 any slight change 11 these daytime changes

12 those like sums 13 big. sums 14 those distant charges [
(.)] 15 the only whole charge 16 a number of figu
res [] 17 such initial figures 18 a number of random
squares 19 little oil 20 many simnle questions 21 most of the
negative answers
73. . : before
, ; after ; down , ; around
; out of ; throughout ; without ;
with resnect to (.-.); like ,
(.-.), according to (.-.)
10.
.

1 the path without an end 2 unstable pulses throughout

the combustion process within the cylinder block 3 slight
stresses [stress ] and corresponding slight strains
[strain ] 4 an increase in area according to that
answer 5 such cooperation out of the laboratory 6 a number
of high freezing points according to this law 7 many obsta
cles down the flow 8 most devices like computers 9 the posi
tion of a sphere with respect to some surface
74.
: (), ()...
,
: (= . .)
(= . .).
it. 1)
(5). 2) U
, . .,
- . it,
a gas, a line, a sea (), (
), (). the colour of a gas, the
colour of a line, the colour of a sea - (),
(), ().
2. 3- .

66

. .

it

it

.. .

they

them

11. , it.
. .

1 either of the glass rods after electrification 2 such orbit

of the Earth 3the orbit of Mars 4 certain attributes of the
body out of the position of rest
12. , they, them.
.
.

1 the like strains within another material 2 healthy radia

tion in the rays o f the Sun during the daytime 3 little free
dom in the areas o f hieh pressure

75. ,
(24), ,
.
-, -
.
, -
.
be , , become
, : is a liquid ,
becomes green .
, fflav , must ;
to: must occur . : begin , cease ,
continue , prefer , tend
, Jry ;
to: continue to move .
: begins
moving .
76. be
, : is out of clouds
.
13. , be .
. .

1 is around the sphere 2 are the left and right charges

3are before the sensitive film 4 are very complex
77.
( 70): is
measured by thermometer.
14. . .

3*

1 are outside the sphere 2 is attributed to radiations 3 is

67

inconsistent with the idea 4 prevents a chain reaction 5 arc

introduced into the tube 6 dissipates the energy
15. , .
.

1 Is a fraction of one mile 2 reflect the pulses back

called isotopes of that element 4 are very slight attraction!
5 merely scatters electrons and thus increases resistance 6 i
compared with the figures in the lis
78. it
them ( 74)
(25): is to the right of it oi
. it, them ,
(25, 22);
: contain them.
16. , it, them.
. .

1 is to the left of the initial position 2 orbit around thel

nuclei 3have like (negative) charges 4 pulls the electrons t<
the right 5 d& their work
79. -ing
. *
,
(35),
(62).
,
(35),
: combines with oxygen, forming water
, '.
(
,
).
.
,
combines, oxygen.
oxygen: combines
with oxygen passing through the tube
, .
17. (
). .

1 is a neutron spectrometer measuring the change in

speed of neutrons 2 moves down that line, measuring its
length accurately 3 reverse their motions from time to time
[ ], returning at regular intervals to their
original positions
68


80. (28, 29),

, . (
)
, - .
.

81.
: (
) (
). - : The area | is
the product [ (.)]. The sum | is constant.
The machines | work. The body | is stopped. They | may
collide. Such liquids | expand.


: a. The area | is the product of those
two dimensions, b. The sum of distances | is constant, c.
The machines of the cyclotrone type | work on rather
similar principles, d. The body | is stopped under the
influence of another body. e. They | may easily collide, f.
Such oily liquids | expand at high temperatures.

18.
81
. .

82.
() - ( 15).
- ,
(22).
.

- 81.
1)
,
( a, b, d, ).
:
- ; ,

; -
. . The machines of the
cyclotron type work on rather similar principles,
: the machines (
) rather similar
69

principles (rather - , similar - ,

).
the cyclotron type work work- , a
- .
2) ,
: ,
. - the machines.
3) ,
-5: -s
, .
: -s . : ... .
3. -s 3-
. .

. .
. .

3 .
-S

-S

83. .
( a, b, d, )
.
. . (. ) -
.
. 7 (. . 71), (+) , (-)
. ,
,
; ,
- .
84. .
,
(25, 22,
78).
, The temperature of a body denotes its place in
the continuous scale of hotness, ,
: the
temperature, Its hotness. ,
, a denotes.
-s (temperature... denotes) :

.
70

1

?

. 7.

19.
.
. .

1 The critical velocities in other directions are defined by

the sides of the square. 2 The freedom of motion of the
electrons determines the properties of the material as a
conductor of electricity. 3The charged particle in the electric
field tends to move with increased speed. 4 Pipes pass
through the core of the reactor. 5 The practical application
of the results of their numerous researches begins.
85.
. , ,
. (a) A liquid containing
coloured material in suspension is called paint,
- is called... a liquid,
a coloured material-
containing (
contain).
(containing... in suspension) ,
A liquid... is called a paint
.
71

 ,
, ,
, , . () The
high and low notes of music travel at the same speed,
and notes;
the same speed
the high and low notes (82, . 1),
travel; . . notes.
() Atomic vibration merely scatters electrons
and thus increases resistance,
vibration ( );
-s;
merely thus,
- scatters increases, and.
20. 85 . -.
21. .
. .

1) 1 Reactions in the body are controlled by substances

called enzymes. 2 A photographic film sensitive to light of
all coloures is termed panchromatic film. 3 Distant objects
crossing the path of the beam reflect the pulses back to the
transmitter. 2) IThe vibrational wave travels down the rod
and then vibrates the crystal at the other end, giving an
electrical signal. 2 Each electron can travel throughout the
entire crystal and orbit around each atom.
22. , it,
they, them. .
.

1 The atom possesses three charges. 2 Electrons meet an

obstacle in their path. 3 Base is a horizontal line. 4 These
products o f combustion are expanded through the turbine.
23. ,
. ,
it, they, them.

1 The concentration of electrons in the ionosphere varies.

The maximum of it decreases greatly during the night and
increases in the daytime. It also influences the reflection ca
pability of the ionosphere.
2 Certain elements, mainly metals, pass the electric cur
rent through them easily. They are good conductors.
86.
1) , 2) .
-
72

 :
The climate in the west is different from that in the east.
.


: These are their
results. .
24.
( 72, 86). .

1 These atoms are called isotopes of that element 2 A

position of stable equilibrium is that of a minimum potential
energy. 3The orbit of Jupiter is between those of Mars and
Saturn. 4 These are identical in chemical properties. 5 These
figures are compared with those in the list.
87. .
,
: The atomic numbers of isotopes are the same.
( ).*
, one ,
, : The
attractions between gas molecules are very slight ones. (
)
.* The normal state of this body is one of rest.
.
25. ,
. .

1 The complex substance is decomposed into simple

ones. 2 These particles compared with others are very small.
3The answer to both questions is the same.

88. ,

.

and, but, or , if
, when , while , which ,
that , . (. 1).
,
: (a) A lithi
* (*);
. 3.

73

um atom possesses three positive charges and three

electrons orbit around its nucleus. (6) This friction is the
scattering of electrons when they meet some obstacle in
their path.
26. 88 .
.
27. . .

I Atomic vibration merely scatters electrons and thus it

increases resistance. 2 A corresponding strain is produced
when* a stress is applied to a body. 3X xX2 is the major
axis, Fx and F2 are the foci, and A and are the points
on the perimeter. 4 This happens if* iron is heated to
770K.
89. which , that
-
(34).
.
28. , which ) , ) .
. .

1 They place a diamond in an electric field which* tends

move electrons to the right. 2 Base is a horizontal line
upon which* a geometric figure stands. 3 One energy is
converted into another by internal combustion, the gaseous
products of which* are expanded through the turbine.
io

29. that
( 72, 86, 89). .

1 That fixed line is the axis of rotation. 2 Thus neutron

diffraction can select atoms that* are magnetic. 3The crystal
structure of MgO is like that of NaCl.
30. ,
, . .

1 All matter is composed of atoms, while* each of them

consists of a nucleus and electrons. 2 Water shows a big in
crease in volume when* it turns to ice. force has mag
nitude. direction, and place of application and these are
three attributes of a force. 4 Some solids possess little free
electrons, others have many. 5 The nucleus is in the centre
of the atom, the mass of the atom is concentrated in it.
90. .

- .

, :
74

3
2
1
a close
formal
resemblance.
(1, 2),
: ,
(3). close
,
, ,
v;
:
.
,
.

, :
1
3
2
5
4
possesses | a definite quantity | of | intrinsic energy
.

:

(the hypothesis') explaining| the phenomenal of| electrolysis,

1
2
3
(the energy) absorbed | as | heat | during the reaction.
as, ,
(2), during - (3).
: electrolysis ( !)
phenomenon;
reaction ( heat!)
() - absorbed.
, ,

.

, .

91. .
,
(?) (
?). .
(11 Changes in the potential energy of the particles.
f2) Changes in the potential energy continue.
(3) Changes the potential energy continuously.
75

 (1) 2- 3- , ,
(potential, , - ). 1- -
. ., . . ( , ).
(
; )
; ,

, -
.
(2), potential
energy, continue. (72)
changes.
: , .

: ... ;
:
.
(3) (-/).
the potential energy -
.
; , - .
(3) - :
.

31.
, . .

1 The concentration of electrons in the ionosphere varies.

2 The laws of behaviour of bodies under the action of forces
and different environment. 3 Kinematics dealing with the
motion from the standpoint of measurement and precise de
scription is a branch or mechanics.
92.
.
(1) The cylinder is completely immersed and the side
of tne balance rises.
(2) The difference between the pressure in the tube and
the atmospheric pressure is balanced by the rise of the liq
uid.
,
, .
(1) is ( )
and ( ?).
,
(85, 88). and, 76

, is immersed; the cylinder

. . ;
- : .
and the tube -
, (72) rises - ; : ...
*. .
(2) and is balanced.
and? -
, -
; , , .
is balanced (. ) the difference (

). A and
, , ,
the difference
(between). : .
.
32. 92 .
.
33. (1) (2).
. .
.

1 The numerical value of the density of a body depends

on the units in which the mass and volume are measured.
2 American petroleum contains a high proportion of paraffins
while Russian petroleum is righ in cyclic hydrocarbons.
small force operating through a large distance produces a
large force operating through a small distance. 4 The body
displaces a volume of water equal to the volume of that
body and the loss of weight is numerically equal to the vol
ume of the immersed body.
93. . -ing. ,
63,

(79). -ing,
,
- , .
lAny moving object can do work. can
, a any
, - moving, object
moving
(38),
: ...
(?). moving
77

- ( 58), :
.
2 A molecule is a compound consisting of two or more
atoms. - a molecule, - i s a compound. consisting
- ( 18).
, :
, .
3 Moving through the air, an object pushes the air aside.
, (art object,
the air) - , -
. pushes - ;
. . (an object...
pushes) :
. , moving through the air -
(79): ,
.
4 Studying small structures is accomplished with the help
of a microscope. is accomplished (. .)
structures (. .).
-ing: studying (, 38),
small structures - :
.
5 The cause of cloud formation is the cooling of as
cending air. is the cooling the cause ( . .). cooling the

(), 38. ascending
ascending air -
( 58) air: -
.

34.
,
,
(. 8 . 79).

.
KINEMATICS. The branch of mechanics which is con
cerned with the phenomena of motion without reference to
mass or force. Kinematics deals with motion from the
standpoint of measurement and precise description, while
dynamics is concerned with the causes or laws of motion.
78

. 8.

. .
,
which. ,
; ,
.
is concerned, which-
{34, 89};
{21}.
: - ( ).
. without refer
ence to ( with respect to
{73}); reference,

,
( of, without reference
to), ,
( or).
,
.


. .
79

 while. ,
{82},
kinematics deals, deals, - kinematics.
, -
. while - is concerned,
- dynamics.
,
. -
.
,
(from, of),
, (and).
,
(of), ,
(of).
,
.
.
.
,
.

35.
. 34, . ,
,
2,5 .

FATIGUE OF METALS. The deterioration of metals

owing to repeated stresses above a certain critical value; it
is accompanied by changes in the crystalline structure of the
metal. GALLIUM. Ga. Element. A.W. 69.72. At. No. 31. A
silvery-white metal. Compounds are very rare; the metal is
used in high-temperature thermometers and gallium arsenide
is used as a semiconductor. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY.
The study of the elements and their compounds. Inorganic
chemistry' usually includes the study of elemental carbon, its
oxides, metal carbonates, and sulphides, while all other car
bon compounds belong to the study of organic chemistry.
ORDINATE. In analytical geometry, the ordmate of a point
is the perpendicular distance of the point from the x-axis.
(. . 9, . 81). PRESSURE. The force per unit area
acting on a surface. Absolute pressure is the pressure
measured with respect to zero pressure. SMOKE. /
suspension of fine particles of a solid in a gas; smoke froir.
coal consists mainly of fine particles of carbon.

-axis
<

abscissa

> P

o rd in a te

x-axis

. 9.

1.
( 83).

1 The solubility in a liquid increases with temperature.

2 Physical work increases the blood pressure. current of
10 mA is fixed by the ammeter. 4 The water currents are
very strong here and there. 5 The sports gun has a range of
200,m. 6 The wave-lengths of the rays range from 0.5 A to
10 A.
2. (. 1) ;
.
3. , (. 1),
increase, current, range.

4. .
.

1 together - apart
2 however - therefore - thus
3 so quite - much - very - almost 4 some - just - even - still
5. . .

1 probable - probably 2 necessary - necessarily 3 perfect perfectly 4 loose - loosely 5 approximate - approximately
94. . -wise -
, ;
, : corner * - comerwise
, .. .
6. . .

81

1 angle - anglcwisc 2 cross - crosswise

4 dock - clockwise - anticlockwise

3 arch - archwise

g 95. . -ful - ,
;
( -less, 32): careful .
7. . .

1 skill - skilful 2 success - successful 3 use - useful

96. . -tfy - ;
, : class - classi'/y
. . classification.
8. . .

1) 1 solid - solidify 2 simple - simplify 3 sign - signify 4 in

tense - intensify 2) 1 modify - modification 2 magnify - magni
fication 3 identify - identification
97. . en- (em-) - : list
- enlist .
9. - .
.

1 body - embody 2 close - enclose 3 circle - encircle

98. . re- , (.
-)-. construct - reconstruct .
10. .
.

1 think - rethink 2 move - remove 3 place - replace

99.
. (6),
(1) (2)
.
, .
, .
. .

sharp

sharper sharpest *

porous

more porous
most porous .

: the most porous.
100. ,

:
82

 .
, .
. .
good - better
- best
bad - worse
- worst
far - farther - farthest .

:
many, much - more - most
little, few - less - least .
11. . .

1 higher 2 greatest 3 total 4 fullest 5 new 6 suitable

7 worse 8 lower 9 closest 10 less 11 good 12 more important
13 most complete 14 difficult 15 better 16 simplest
101. 2- 3-
. - (68), :

. . . .

1)

begin

began

begun

2)

give
deal

gave
dealt

given
dealt

3)

send

sent

sent

4)

ut

cut

cut

12. ,
.

do, draw, find, know, make, write

13. ( 10),
( 70).
.

1 makes - is made 2 make - are made 3 deals - is dealt

4 cuts - is cut 5 do - are done 6 draws - is drawn 7 find - are
found 8 give - is given 9 knows - is known
102.
,
. These rises in temperature are well known,
rises , ,
( - ). The pressure rises to 180 mm
Hg. rises , ,
83

 (v). They cool the metal rings in water. \

cool . Cool watel
passes through the tube, - , |
, ().
14. ( 102) .
.
15. -
() (v).
|

1 change 2 force 3heat 4 place 5 use 6 value

16. ,
. .

1 carbon dioxide present in the atmosphere - present dif

ferent methods of analysis 2 often use much oil for heat
ing - their wide use in the laboratory 3 leads to deep falls
in blood pressure - falls slightly below zero
103. to fix
to be fixed
' ( 10).
17. . .

1 to expand - to be expanded 2 to include - to "be in

cluded 3 to give - to be given 4 to make - to be made 5 tq
cut - to be cut 6 to find - to be found 7 to do - to be done!
8 to know -to be known 9 to w rite-to be written
18. .
.

1 cross-section 2 power station 3 mass number 4 sunset

5 sunrise 6 sunlight 7 loudspeaker 8 red-hot iron 9 grey-black
solid 10 man-made satellite 11 gas-cooled reactor 12 radius
vector 13 alternating current 14 direct current
104.
- . short
lived particle
short life ,
(23).
, - (
!)
: .
19. . .

1 middle-sized rocket 2 four-masted ship 3 two-edged

knife 4 sharp-sighted researcher 5 three-cornered flat body
6 right-angled triangle 7 four-sided rectilinear figure
84



105. . : such
as , several .
20. .
.

1 such as diamond 2 either object 3 several sections 4 a

number of vessels 5 both angles 6 most equations
106.

(element isotopes , 15),
: Newton's law .
. . - s . .
: planets' orbits .
21. . .

1 the Earths atmosphere 2 the Saturns rings 3 Darvins

theory of evolution 4 the steels corrosion resistance
107. .
(point )
;
(sodium chloride, NaCl) .
22. . .

1 130 2 Figure 15 3 line OP 4 origin 5 aluminium

oxide, Al20 3 6 a mixture of methane (CH4) and air
23.
( 99, 100). .

1 a longer equation 2 more general use 3 a better coal

4 the lightest object 5 any shorter wavelength 6 the com
monest type of a loudspeaker 7 the nearest star to the Sun
24. .
. (,
,
.)

1 the largest planets - the largest of the planets 2 more

opaque to X-rays [ ] - more water from
the sea 3most forms of life-the most abundant element
4 much shorter film - much air and sunlight
108. . : among
; below ; bevond , , ; due to
, ; except ; for
85

(. 17); including , ; together with

, ; with reference to .
25. .
.

1 remaining parts of the vessel below the sea level 2 an

instrument like voltmeter 3the conservation of mass due to
this law 4 their research for a number of years 5 such as
neon and argon, together with several other elements 6 that
study of water with reference to its occurrence and proper
ties 7 forces like other vector quantities 8 every day except
Sunday 9 any pressure beyond that value
26. ,
- . .

1 the magnetic effect produced by an electric current 2 a

geometry based upon the use of coordinates 3 a gas forming
approximately 4/5 of the atmosphere 4 the two or more
forces acting together 5 a flat surface of a section cut by a
plane 6 the line OA drawn from the origin
27. . 26,
. .
-

: 1) a plane passing through the cone

I
plane which passes through the cone; 2) an effect producel
by refraction -* an effect which is produced by refraction 4
28. ,
.
.

: a liquid as dense as water ,

, .
1 the planet almost as large as the Earth 2 a state of
matter intermediate between a solid and a gas 3the volume
just equal to that of the liquid 4 a substance nearly as hard
as coal

29. ,
. .

: 1) is less dense than water ,

; 2) is 5 times larger than the fixed sum 5
, ; 3) is the hottest o f the
planets ; 4) is as dense as
water (. . 28).
1 is usually more soluble than the base 2 are at least
[ , ] much smaller
86

 even much more essential 4 is nearly as frequent as

oxygen Sis the most distant planet 6 are almost as light as
cork 7 is slightly larger than Venus 8 is colder than the
Earth 9 are approximately as necessary as air 10 is 17.46
times greater than the mass of the Earth 11 is the lightest
substance 12 expands still farther 13 are less opaque to Xrays than bones
30. .
.

1 may give - may be given 2 may make - can be made

3 must know - must be known 4 may do - can be done 5 can
find - can be found 6 may cut - may be cut
31. . .

1 differ much in form [ ] 2 can be detected by

various means 3may also be in the form of water emulsion
4 is made by heating silica with carbon 5 may be replaced
by a metal 6 may be given in terms of [ ,
, ] relative humidity 7 preserve the steels corrosion
resistance 8 expands the gas and accelerates it 9 is at its
least distance from the Earth 10 lies some 400 kilometres
above the Earths surface 11 may rotate much less quickly
lhan the Earth
109. .
,
: , , .
is used for fixing pressure
(38),
is used 1in order to fix pressure ,
\ they combine, forming
water ( 76), - they combine to form water
, \
32.
.

(1)

1 is used for purifying air and water 2 is applied to a

material for breaking it covered with zinc for protect
ing iron from rusting
(2) (1) ,
( ti 109). ;

lu/iyx.

33.

(1)

1 combine with neutrons, forming stable atoms 2 reacts

with iodine vapour, producing hydrogen iodine
87

(2) (1) ,
( 109). , i#
.

110. in order *
in order , .
to: in order to exist *
. - *
: in order of their atomic number!
no .
34. . .

1 occur in the periodic table in order of increasing

atomic weight 2 considers the following analogy in order to
explain the procedure 3is under water in order to avoid
oxidation 4 are arranged in order of their importance
111. in order ,

.
,
. Hydrogen combines with oxygen to
form water, :
! : *
, .
as, so as
; - so... as ...
...
35. ,
. .

1 are arranged by D.I. Mendeleyev in such a form as to

demonstrate the periodic law 2 reacts with water to give
sodium hydroxide and oxygen gas 3are used to obtain in
formation about conditions in the ionosphere 4 combine to
produce a compound Sis qq active to be found in nature

36. . .

1 Stress is applied to a material in order to break it.

2 Most metals have more electrons than sodium. given
current may be supplied for a longer period. 4 The chief
metals in order are sodium, magnesium, aluminium, etc. [
.] 5 S02 decomposes to yield sulphur and oxygen. 6 Water
expands still further, giving ice. 7 A new concept is required
88

explain all the observed phenomena. 8 Meteor showers

about 20 times greater falls of meteors than the average
9 The nearest star to the Sun is over four light-years
i [, ]. 10 Mass of Neptune is
16 limes greater than that of the Earth. 11 This equation
be rewritten in the more general form. 12 The
liogen molecule is diatomic, i.e. contains two atoms,
iten . 13 Oxygen is the most abundant of all the
ments in the Earths crust 'including the seas and the
atmosphere. 14 This body, moving under the attraction of
the Sun, consists of a gaseous cloud containing a brighter
nucleus and a fainter tail.
112. .
( 30), ,
1) ,
, 2) , 3)
: Sometimes they are visible. Even
under a small microscope they are risible. In order to be
visible they are studied under a small microscope. 1 ,
( 83). ,
: More frequently quartz occurs as a white, opaque mass.
37.
.
. .

1 Next moment all move to the right []. 2 The

energy expands the gas and accelerates it. 3At high temper
atures small quantites of niobium preserve the steels corro
sion resistance. 4 According to the law of the conservation
of mass and energy, in any system the sum of the mass
and energy remains constant. 5 A measure of water vapour
present in the air may be given in terms of relative
humidity. 6 The emitted radiation can be detected by various
means, such as photographic films. 7 To reproduce the
image the hologram is illuminated by coherent light.

113. that,
,
: The figure shows an instrument that converts
sounds into electricity. ,
.
that : The figure
shows that the like charges are repelled.
, .

89

 ,
.
38. . .

IThe instruments indicate that the surface temperature

of Venus is about 425C. and that it is covered by dense
clouds. 2 The principle of fhe conservation of mass and en
ergy is a principle that combines the separate laws of con
servation of energy and of mass.
114. (88)
, .
, ,

. ,
.
/
: Since ice is less dense than water | , | it
floats on water. , ,
/
115-6.
,

.
,
: The energy | which is released | expands th(
gas. , , .
39. ,
. .

1 As* the temperature falls to 0C. water expands

2 When* a weight falls to the floor sound waves are pro
dticed. 3When* a mixture of iron and sulphur is heate<
they combine to form a new substance known as iron sul
phide. 4 Even under the best microscope objects are invisible
if* they are much smaller than the wavelength of light.
5 Since* the wavelength of this selected beam of neutrons is
known, it can be used to measure the spacing between
planes of atoms in the specimen.

40. ( 4. . 34),
, .

ATOMIC NUCLEUS. (1) The positively charged core of

an atom, consisting of one or more protons and, except in
the case of hydrogen, one or more neutrons. (2) The
number of protons in the nucleus is given by the atomic
90

number and the number of neutrons by the difference

between the mass number and the atomic number. (3)
Nearly the whole o f the mass [ ] of an atom is
concentrated in its nucleus, which occupies only a tiny
fraction of its volume.
(1)
.
.
(2),
(3).
,
, .
,
.
(1) ,
, , -ing
( ?), and
( ?)
, except *
( ?). ,
, . . the...
core; ,
.
, , and
: one or more protons, one or more
neutrons.
(consisting /...),
(except..). : - ,
, , ,
.
(2) and
is given.
, ..
. and,
: the number... is given;
. ,
, and
, difference, between
.
and,
the number o f protons... by
the number o f neutrons by* ,
, , , is
given .
, is given
91

 . , -
.
(3)
,
nearly, Is
concentrated, which. ,

(the whole... is concentrated; which occupies).
,
.

41. , .
3,0 .
MODERN THERMOS FLASK

DEWAR FLASK [ ; . flask - ].

glass vessel used for keeping liquids at temperatures differ
ing from that of the surrounding air. This is done by p i
during to a minimum the transfer of heat between the liq
uid and the air. Consists of a double-walled flask with the
space between the two walls exhausted to a very high vac92

mm, to minimize transfer of heat by convection and conluction. The inner surfaces of the walls are silvered to relucc transfer of heat by radiation; areas of contact between
iltc two walls are kept at a minimum to limit conduction of
beat. ISOTOPES. Atoms of the same element (i.e. having
(lie same atomic number) which differ in mass number are
called isotopes of that element. The isotopes of an element
ire identical in chemical properties, and in all physical proprties except those determined by the mass of the atom.
Ihe different isotopes of an element contain different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei. Nearly all elements
found in nature are mixtures of several isotopes. KEPLERS
LAWS. 1. The planets move about the Sun in ellipses, at
one focus of which* the Sun is situated [
(a)]. 2. The radius vector joining each planet with the Sun
describes equal areas in equal times. 3. The ratio of the
square of the planets year to the cube of the planets mean
distance from the Sun is the same for all planets.

Ltlar 6

1. - mean (I,
II, III), ) ,
) , ) , ) .

1 The word ion is derived from Greek and means

'wanderer*. 2 The means of propulsion of these microorgan
isms are carefully studied. 3 Scientists correlate empirical
facts by means of theoretical principles. 4 The results of
both experiments mean the same. 5 Some mean values are
listed below.
2. . 1 .
.
3. .
.

1 again - back - awav

much

2 since - just - also

3 still - even -

4. . .

1 permanent - permanently 2 uniform - uniformly 3 for

mer - formerly 4 substantial - substantially 5 predominant predominantly 6 increasing - increasingly
5. .
.

1 approximately 300 2 about 100 m 3 some 5 or 7 forms

117. . -ward - ,
: earth ward
.
6. . .

1 eastward - northward - southward - westward 2 forward backward - inward - downward - upward 3 leftward - rightward
118. . -wards - ,
: earth wards .
7. . .

eastwards, northwards, southwards, westwards, forwards,

backwards, inwards, downwards, upwards, leftwards
119. . -en - ,
: darken .
8. . .

1 blacken - whiten

2 lengthen - shorten

3 harden - soften

4 redden, widen, deepen, strengthen, sharpen, moisten

120. : - -,
-; auto-, self- -; contra-, counter- -; mis; multi-, poly- -; sub- -; over-,
super-, ultra- -; semi- -; mono-, uni- -;
bi-, di- -, -; tri- -; tetra- -; penta-.
9. . .

1 include - exclude 2 implicit - explicit

4 intensive - extensive 5 interior - exterior

3 impose - expose

10.
( 101) .

become, bend, bring, fall

121.
,
.
burn up
hold together
cut o ff

fall into
set u p
take in
.
, : The solid is
cut o ff by a plane. .
94

 122. .
, . light up
(. 6).
11. .
, .
.

A. a. account for b. bring out . build up d. divide up

e. fall off f. give up g. go back h. go down i. go into j. go
on
. 1 2 3 4
.-. 5 6 7 8
9 10
123. .

,
( 9): take place - , (
).
124. .
-
,
. bring to
light (. 6).
12. .
, .
.

A. a. give rise ('to') b. make use fofl c. take care (oft

d. take into account e. .pav attention (to)
. 1 2 3
4 , 5

125. . : a lot
of ; few ; neither , . ei
ther;
( 15; . 4); the last .
. -teen (13 - 19) -ty (20 - 90)!
13. . .

1 the first line spectrum 2 the last line spectrum 3 few of

these eighteen compounds 4 a lot of different waves 5 the
second optical prism 6 altogether twenty-three signals 7 only
a few particles or photons 8 neither situation
126. anybody, some*
body -; anything, something -
95

 . -body
, -thing -
. nobody
, nothing , , .
14. . .

1 anybody around
2 anything within
the
circle
3 something new 4 nothing in the vicinity 5 nobody of their
colleagues 6 none material for such a system
127. (54, 125, 126)
neither, , no
body, nothing, none: author, neither author, nobody of
the authors.
0 not all: not all stages
, only
not only... but also... ..., ...: not only
speed but also reliability 1 ,
.
128. .
: both... and... ..., ...; either... or... ...
...; neither... nor... ..., ...
(both, either, neither1.
, (and, or,
nor). ,
: The difference in both vertical
and horizontal planes ,
.
15. . .

1 either a wax or an oil 2 neither fully illuminated nor

completely dark cells 3the study of both matter and energy
129. . : because
of -; concerning .-.; except for
; on , (, ); on
account of -; to the extent of ; instead of
.
16. . .

1 a lot of information concerning the upper atmosphere

2 the use of acetylene on account of its burning with high
flame temperature 3 their presence in natural water to the
extent of about 1 part in 5000 .4 the lower part of the
Earths atmosphere except for a few local areas 5 no further
expansion of water on freezing
17. .
.

96

1 one eighth of the area of a circle 2 a number of differ

ent allotropic forms 3the number of protons in the nucleus
4 two or more forms giving rise to identical chemical com
pounds 5 the resulting products of the irreversible reaction
6 the least soluble component 7 the cells of the blood which
contain no haemoglobin

130. (75).
is (are) able fcp.
able ). m a y - is (are) allowed (cp.
allow ). m ust-has (have), is
(are).
to.
can draw a line
- is able to draw a line
may cut the solid
- is allowed to cut the solid
must be made
- has to be made; is to be made
18. 130
.
19. . .

1 is able to carry an electric current 2 has to be reheated

3are allowed to achieve necessary velocity 4 are able to de
stroy bacteria or prevent their growth 5 have to be applied
to the material
131. is (are)
, ,
; ,
( 15, 23,
63). , They are to calculate the required path.,
, :
. Their tasks are to calculate the re
quired paths, : ,
.
20. to
be ( 75, 130, 131). .

1 are able to denote by the small letter 2 is taken into

account 3is allowed to carry an electric current 4 is their
making use of oxygen 5 is of importance in holding both
parts together 6 are due to the above burning up of coal
21. ,
.

A. a. is in the way b. are of interest c. is in a position

d. are of little value e. are of the opinion f. is in accord with
g. are of importance h. is in contrast to
Q7
4285

. 1 2 3 ,
4 , 5
6 7 8
,
132.
to do ( ,
; . 2) not: does not
react , do not react . -
, to be,
do: is not changed
. - Cannot -
not.
: never :
never reacts in water ;
no longer , :
longer reach their maximum values '
;
.-.: fails to obtain optimum
results ' .
: is not
' , ..
.
22.
.

1 makes use of their different solubilities 2 is at right

angles to the radius 3are of interest to biologists 4 takes
place for any given substance under a given pressure 5 has
to be reheated by a blast of hot air 6 on cooling reaches its
maximum density at 3.98C. 7 goes up by 20C. 8 can give
rise to cooling 9 differ from one another [ ]
10 are solid solutions of the metals in each other [
] 11 is carried not by electrons but by ions 12 takes
part in a chemical reaction 13 expands both on heating and
on cooling 14 have no means of propulsion 15 may be either
acids or bases 16 penetrate other nuclei because of their lack
of charge 17 is taken as the atmospheric pressure at that
time 18 is allowed to proceed in an enclosed space
133. ( )
, , ..
( ). , a vapour
present in the air , ,
a vapour present , ,
' .
98

23. . .

1 the freezing point quoted 2 an apparatus for the deter

mination of the exact masses of individual atoms by pho
tographing the mass spectrum 'produced 3 represents the
amount of work obtainable 4 a strong bluish light emitted
134. .
a white powder
a powder which is white.
compounds with the same formula
compounds having the same formula com
pounds which have the same formula.
-
powder compounds.
.
have high sur
face temperatures, appearine white
have high surface temperatures and
appear white. :
, ' -

'.
:
Amorphous solids become pliable when they are heated.
,
.
: Amorphous solids become pliable,
when heated, When heated, amorphous solids become
pliable. : ,
, () .
24. . .

1 when slightly displaced, tends to return to its original

position 2 emits X-rays, when bombarded by electrons
the various shapes of the illuminated surface of the Moon
as seen from the Earth
135.
; ,
- , .
natural oils obtained from plants, mostly benzene derivatives
, ,

(, ).
is used in order to view the image formed by
the objective ,
99
4*

, ,
( ).
-

( 15, 23, 63, 131).

.
25. . .

1 a reflecting mirror, especially a metallic mirror, used in

a reflecting telescope 2 the flat surface of a section cut by a
plane passing through the centre

26. . .

1 For a potential difference of V volts and a current of

I amperes, the resistance, R, in ohms is equal to V/I. 2 A
photograph of the line spectrum corresponding to various el
ements may thus be obtained from the X-rays emitted. 3In
longitudinal waves, e.g. sound waves, the vibration or dis
placement takes place in the direction of propagation of the
waves. 4 Chemical equation represents the actual atoms and
molecules taking part in the reaction. 5 The modern history
of antibiotics goes back to the year 1899. 6 Stable isotopes,
on the other hand [ ], differ from one
another only in masses of their atoms. 7 Carbon is a chemi
cal element, and is found in nature both pure and in com
pounds.
136. there is, there exists (
is, exists there)
: There exists no evidence of
oxygen in the atmosphere of the planet.
,
:
.
27. . .

1 There are several systems for classifying particles. 2 For

every particle there is a corresponding anti-particle. 3 There
are similarities between the enzymes manufactured by plant
and animal organisms.
137. itself. themselves
'\ '\ '
': the error itself ( )\ .
100

- . -: changes itself
.
138.
( 127),
(132).
- , : The cells
have nuclei. .
28. . .

1 In a chemical action, no energy is gained or lost.

2 The physical mechanism of the discharge process is still
not clearly understood. 3The system has no special power
supply. 4 None of these equations is satisfactory for both
conditions. 5 The gas cannot be liquefied by pressure alone.
6 The classical laws of mechanics and electricity fail to pre
dict the behaviour of atoms. 7 At the end of its evolutionary
process the neutron star no longer has a source of internal
energy.

29. . .

1 Metabolic processes are very similar throughout the

plant and animal kingdoms and* there are therefore cor
responding similarities between the enzymes which* are
manufactured by organisms. 2 Water then expands as* its
temperature falls to 0C. machine utilizing steam power
is either a steam turbine or a reciprocating steam engine,
consisting essentially of a cylinder in which a piston is
moved backwards and forwards by the expansion of steam
under pressure.
g 139. . : whereas
; as soon as ; as long as
; so that ; till ; until
... ; unless ; because
.
30. . .

1 equilibrium reaction which* completes itself in ei

ther direction is termed a reversible reaction 2 If* a number
of conductors of electricity are connected in series [
], i.e. one after the other, so that* the current
flows through each in turn, the total resistance is the sum
of separate resistances of the conductors. solid possesses
cohesion because* it remains the same shape unless*
changed by external forces. 4 The solid cut off by a plane of
a great circle of a sphere is a hemisphere whereas* that cut
101

off by a small circle is a segment. 5 The solution containing

the mixture is evaporated until* the least soluble component
crystallizes out.
140. that.
,
( 115).
that .
113.
, , ?
.
They begin to understand flight is a physical
phenomenon, , they
is...
they begin..., is...
flight.
, ,
, . that (
) :
, .
Altimeter is one of the instruments pilots use.
.
3 /
, .

. (
) that : -
, .
31. . .

1 light year is the distance light travels in a year.

2 The grouping of the instruments depends upon the ftrnctions they perform. 3A11 the experiments show the proton
loses its energy. 4 The time each planet needs to revolve
around the Sun is called its year. 5 The heat a body con
tains is the kinetic energy of its molecules. 6 The vertical
speed varies according to the load the plane carries. 7 In
many cases the scientist has to consider the magnitude of
the velocity is of importance. 8 For example [],
isotopes differ from one another in the type of the particles
they emit.
141.
5, . 23.
, . 29.

, :
102

A longer equation is given.

. The vapour is less dense than water. -
, .

: The lower (is) the density the more
transparent is the material. ,
.
the

. ( ,
is .)
32. . .

1 The fewer is the number of elements the greater is

the variation. 2 The more the aircraft is able to fly by itself,
the more the pilot is free for other vital duties.

33. (. 79),
.

ELECTROLYSIS. (1) The chemical decomposition of

certain substances (electrolytes) by an electric current passed
through the substance in a dissolved or molten state. (2)
Such substances are ionized into electrically charged ions,
and when an electric current is passed through them by
means of conducting electrodes, the ions move towards the
oppositely charged electrodes, they give up their electric
charges, become uncharged atoms or groups, and are either
liberated or deposited at the electrode, or react chemically
with the electrode, the solvent, or each other, according to
their chemical nature.
(1)
.
.
(2).
.
,
, .
,
.
(1)
,
, -ed
. (
-ed -

 state,

.)
the... decomposition
, ,
. - ,
.
(2)

,
(<and, when, and, either... or, or, or),
(are..., is..., are...) ,
.

,
,
; either... or, or
and, /
.
, ,
. and -
(such substances are ionized), (
when) (an electric
current is passed),
. , the
ions move (. .,
3), - . . give up,
- become unchanged
-
are liberated or
deposited... or react...
,
and.
. and
, - ,

.

34.
, .
6 .

COUPLE (phys.). Two equal and opposite parallel, but

not colinear, forces acting upon a body. The moment of a
couple is the product of either force and the perpendicular
distance between the line of action of the forces.
DISPERSION OF LIGHT. The splitting of light of
mixed wavelengths into a spectrum. A beam of ordinary
104

white light, e.g. sunlight, on passing through an optical

prism or a diffraction grating, is divided up or dispersed
into light of the different wavelengths of which _it is
composed; if the beam which emerges after dispersion is
allowed to fall upon a screen, a coloured band of spectrum

. 11.

is observed. Dispersion by a prism is due to the fact that

lightwaves of different wavelengths are refracted or bent
through different angles on passing through the prism, and
are thus separated. MIXTURES. Mechanical mixtures.
Mixtures differ from chemical compounds in the following
respects: 1. The constituents may be separated by suitable
physical or mechanical means. 2. Most mixtures may be
made in all proportions; in the case of solutions which may
be regarded as molecular mixtures, there are often limits of
solubility. 3. No heat effect (except in the case of solution)
is produced on formation: the formation of chemical
compounds is invariably accompanied by the evolution or
absorption of energy in the form of heat. 4. The properties
of a mixture are an aggregate of the properties of the
constituents, whereas a compound has individual properties,
often quiteunlike those of the
component
elements.
PERIODIC LAW. The statement that the properties of the
elements are in periodic dependence upon their atomic
weights, published by Mendeleyev in 1869. The law is
brought out clearly when the elements are arranged in the
periodic table.
35.

.

105

CONTENTS

O ne:
Two:
T hree:
Four:
Five:
Index

The Family of Planets

The Planets That Follov th e Sun
M ercury, C losest to th e Sun
V enus, P lanet of M ystery
Exploring M ercury and V enus

3
17
31
43
54
63

G r a t V am pira Bat (desm odus rotundus)

D istribution from M exico to Paraguay. N octurnal.
O w es its nam e to its hab it of fe ed in g on b lo o d .
The b a t pu n ctu res th e skin of its victim w ith its
u p p e r incisors. The b a t's saliva p re v en ts th e b lo o d
from coagulating.

36.
- ,
10 .
DRAFT ANIMALS

lOHP DIESEL ENGINE

Initial cost

Relatively low initial

cost. Actual price not
stated. One pair of
animals (male and
female) would have
to be purchased.

Relatively high initial

cost.
Approximately
US jS 2500 for engine
and
accompanying
thresher.
Half the
amount for engine
alone.

Food/Fuel required

Can live off the land,

needing food and wa
ter only. Very low or
minimal cost.

Diesel fuel and oil

required.
Relatively
low. but constant ex
pense. Dependent on
availability of fuel.

Major uses

To draw ploughs, turn

water-wheels.
pull
carts.

To power a large va
riety of agricultural
implements. To pow
er transport vehicles.

106

 .
DRAFT ANIMALS
Advantages

Disadvantages

(i) Provide a renew

able and dependable
source of energy.
(ii) Relatively low ini
tial cost.
(iii) Can live off the
land - self-supporting.

(i) Slower and less

efficient than an en
gine.
(ii) Smaller range of
uses than an engine;
cannot work a thresh
er, sprayer, drill, etc.
(iii) Need shelter and
care from time to
time.

DIESEL ENGINE
(i) Efficient and fast.

(ii) Can greatly in

crease production.
(iii) Can be used
with a combination of
agricultural
imple
ments.

(i) Relatively
initial cost.

high

(ii) Dependent on sup

plies
of
relatively
costly diesel fuel and
oil.
(iii) Requires regular
maintenance.

III:

-

.
5 6.
.
III .
, ,
, :
,
, .
, .
,

.

, .

107

 , .
, , .

90. , .
:
,
- ,
.
, , ,
. ,
,
.
;
,
, .

. ,
,
- .

142. .
, . -ed
.
(the condensed vapour ;
58) (a powder used as a pig
ment , ; 62V
The press produced large forces
: ...
(?). , .
-ed :
. .
: .
. -ed . . (
) (68);
. .
( 101),
. ,
. 5

. ,
-s (,
, .!) . -ed (
!), .
108

 . 2, . . is, are
. . was *\ \ '', were
. , . .
: was produced ',
were produced '.
has, have . .
had. does, do - did.
can, may . . could.
might. must
( 130): had to. was fwere^ to ().
can: was (were^ able to: may: was
(were> allowed to.
1. . .

1 (they) cooled the metal rings in water 2 (the tempera

ture) rose to a value of 180 mm Hg. 3 (the process) was
performed by the machine 4 (they) did the task accurately
5 (the apparatus) was able to draw the line 6 were of much
interest 7 were of importance in holding both parts together
8 (the liquid) had not to be reheated 9 (they) might be
either acids or bases 10 (the chemical reaction) was allowed
to proceed in an enclosed space 11 (the substance) took part
in a chemical reaction 12 (the water) did not reach its
maximum density at 3.92C.
143.
.
. . - will
shall ( to): will absorb '
() ', will be absorbed ()
.' ,
: (they) will always combine; (the salt) will at
the same time react with water.
2. . .

1 (the current) will

be supplied for a longer period
2 (these metals) will usually be stored beneath the surface
of a protecting oil 3 (both phases) will be at equilibrium at
a given pressure 4 (the acceleration) will be due to the
Earth's gravitational force 5 (the letter g) will usually be
written instead of F.

144. it. it
(. ,
, ). It
: 1) It is proposed
to describe basic elements.
109

 / 2) It is interesting (it is of interest) to

determine the ambiguity of signals.
/ 3) It was found that the other
elements were noiseless. 4 ,
/
3. . .

1 It appears that information can be stored. 2 It was

found that crystals acted as rectifiers. 3 It is fdt that a brief
theoretical explanation is warranted. 4 It cannot be expected
that a solution to the problem of reliability will be achieved
very easily. 5 It is known that these values are in agreement
with those obtained by the conventional method. 6 It is said
that barrier layer in this region exists.
145. +
. .
( 144, 3).
It was found that the
other elements were noiseless,
: The other elements were found to
be noiseless.

the other elementsf were found (. .).
to be
noiseless: ' ... /
. . + .

-
( 144, 3): ' ,
/
4.
. .

1 It was observed that the precipitate dissolved slowly.

2 At the end of the reaction it will be found that the sub
stance consists of two elements. 3 It is supposed that the
readers know Newtons laws of mechanics.
5. . 4
. . + ( 145).
. .
6. . .

1 The result is expected to agree with theoretical predic

tions. 2 Alpha-rays were found to be merely positively
charged helium atoms. 3 Z was taken to equal 9.
110


146.
.
: The experiments were
made in 1987. () 1987 .',
1987 /,
1987 .' - it,
: It is
found that... , ...'; It was thought that...
, ...
The positive particle was given the
name of proton,
:
(?). :
... ,
-
, . :
.
7. . .

1 Objects with negative stability are called unstable.

2 The data were obtained experimentally. 3 It was found that
the substance was radioactive. 4 A more careful approach is
needed. 5 Some words may be added about the course of
the reaction. 6 It is well-known that particles interact. 7 Any
deduction is usually preceded by a number of experiments
and observations. 8 Some of the results were shown in a
simplified form. 9 The attraction between them is neglected.
147. . -ed.
,
. -
.
a. Scientists produced new elements in nuclear reactors.
.
nuclear reactors (
!), produced -
. ., scientists (
!) - .
:
.
b. The considered instruments use a lens. a
lens - ( !),
( !).
( 3) the instruments - use; , considered -. :
.
111

* Air at the front of the engine is compressed by a ra

dial compressor. : air - is com
pressed. , compressed - ( 70):

.
d. The transformers widely used in industrial processes
are electrical in character. are elec
trical - the transformers. used (
!) widely
: ,
,
/
e. The size and character of the crystals formed deter
mine the qualities of the product.
: the size..., the qualities.
- , -
- determine ( 84). . .,
: the size character ,
formed - the crystals ( 133):

.
f. The energy released expanded the gas.
-ed - ,
- (. ):
.
g. When reflected, the light gets elliptical polarization.
when reflected
- ( 134):
()
.
8. 147 -ed.

1 Some experimental facts can be explained by this sup

position. 2 The particles attracted by the anode are anions,
When freshly prepared this substance is colourless. 4 They
succeeded in obtaining reliable results. 5 The described
method is the most accurate. 6 Data obtained support previ
ous information.
9. . 8 .
.
10. (
. 79) ,
.
, .

, .
112

FIRECLAY. (1) Clay consisting principally of aluminium

oxide {62}, A120 3, and silica, Si02, which will only soften at
high temperatures and which is therefore used as a refrac
tory material. (2) Fireclays often occur beneath coal seams.
(40 .)
,
- : (consists /),
(high temperatures), (is used),
(occur).
(1) : which
and; which {85} - : will
soften, is used. ,
, .
, mg- of,
-
.
, clay,
. (,
- principally, only, therefore .)
soften . 119. refractory
material,
. which, is,
. .,
(clay ..).
(2) , (1), -
fireclays... occur.
fire clay .
STABLE EQUILIBRIUM. (1) A body at rest [ ]
is in stable equilibrium if, when slightly displaced {134}, it
tends to return to its original position of equilibrium. (2) If
the displacement tends to increase, the body is said to be in
unstable equilibrium {136}. (3) Positions of stable equilib
rium are positions of minimum potential energy; those {86}
of unstable equilibrium are of maximum potential energy (1
.)
. (1),

.
is, if, it.
if
: - a body is...
- it tends to increase.
113

, it ( body . .)
.
(2) - ,
,
. . + .
(3) , .
: positions...
are...; those... are...;
. ,

(are positions), (are).
,
.

11.

. ,

. ,
.

APOGEE. The Moon or any other Earth satellite is said

to be {145} in apogee when it is at its greatest distance
from the Earth. The opposite is perigee. AXIS. An
im a g in a ry line about which a given body or system is
considered to rotate {145}. COLOUR VISION. White light,
such as daylight, consists of a mixture of electromagnetic
radiations of various wavelengths. A surface which reflects
all of these {86} will appear white; some surfaces, however,
have the property of absorbing some of the radiations they
receive {140}, and reflecting the rest. Thus, a surface which
absorbs all light radiations excepting {129} those {86}
corresponding to green, will appear green by reflecting {38}
only those radiations. (2,0 .)
ECLIPSE. The passage of a non-luminous body into the
shadow of another. An eclipse of the Moon, or lunar
eclipse, occurs when the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon are

. 12.
114

in line, so that the shadow of the Earth falls upon the

Moon. An eclipse of the Sun, or solar eclipse, is said to
occur {145} when the shadow of the Moon falls on the
Earth. See Fig> 12 [. . 12], which also illustrates the
areas of partial and total eclipse. (1 .)
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR. A body capable of carrying {38} an electrical current {18}, a body which, if given
an electrical charge {135}, will distribute that charge over it
self. MILKY WAY. Originally a description of the luminous
band of stars encircling the heavens. It is now known {144}
that these stars are members of the Galaxy to which the
Solar system belongs, and the Galaxy is therefore often re
ferred to [] as the Milky Way. (50 .)
PARALLELOGRAM. A plane four-sided rectilinear figure
having its opposite sides parallel {62}. It may be proved
{144} that in all parallelograms the opposite sides and an
gles are equal; the diagonals bisect each other; and the di
agonals bisect the parallelogram. The area of a parallelogram
is given by (a) the product of the base and the vertical
height, and (b) the product of two adjacent sides and the
syne of the angle between them. PERIGEE. The Moon, the
Sun, or an artificial Earth satellite, are said to be in perigee
{146} when they are at their least distance from the Earth.
(1,5 .)
POLYGON OF FORCES. If any number of forces, act
ing on a particle {62}, can be represented in magnitude and
direction by the sides of a polygon taken in order {62}, the
forces will be in equilibrium. SELENOLOGY. The scientific
study of the Moon, its origin, and movements. Now that
[, ...] samples of the Moons surface are avail
able for study on Earth, selenology will become a branch of
chemistry as well as astronomy. SILICATE. A salt of silicis
acid, H2Si03. A very large number of rocks, earths, and
other minerals consist of silicates of calcium, aluminium,
magnesium, and other metals. Such silicates are conveniently
considered as being compounds [ = are considered to be
compounds {145}] of silica and the oxide of the metal in
question [ = considered {133}]. (2,0 .)
VAPOUR PRESSURE. All liquids and solids give off
{121} vapour, consisting of molecules of the substance {62}.
If the substance is in an enclosed space, the pressure of the
vapour will reach a maximum which depends only upon the
nature of the substance and the temperature; the vapour is
then saturated and its pressure is the saturated vapour pres
sure {58}. (50 .)
115

148.
. ,
(. 6).
( 20), ( 142), ( 143)
.
.

1)
have 2)
(
). , have used -
( used to use); have been
used - ( to be
used, 103).
. . ,
,
: have found many uses ( )
. . . .
,
: had found many uses
( ) .
1. . .

1 (the wave) has travelled from in time t 2 (spiral

galaxies) have evolved from elliptical galaxies 3 (the
structure) has been analyzed 4 (a substance) has been
filtered, and contains no suspended matter 5 (water) has
been purified by distillation of the substances dissolved in it
6 fa substance) has solidified in a definite geometrical form
7 (most substances) have been shown to dissolve in water to
some extent
149. .
1)
2) (
) {.. . .),
:
contains some moisture, its amount varying hourly.
-
,
. . ,
(.. ).

, :
116

 ,
\ ,
: The temperature of the oil rising, the engine stops.
( ) ,
.
to be formed
( 103) being formed.

: reacts with their oxides, a salt and water being
formed ,
\
2. ,
. .

1 was the resultant of the two effects acting at right

angles 2 is carried exclusively by the electrons, the atomic
nuclei remaining stationary 3is composed chiefly of methane,
a compound of carbon and hydrogen having the formula
CH4 4 falls to 0C., the density at 0 being 0.999841 g/cm3
5 begins to rise, indicating some change in original condition
6 has a polygon for one of its faces (termed the base), the
other faces being triangles with a common vertex
3. .
.

PARALLELEPIPED. A solid figure having six faces, all

parallelograms; all opposite pairs or faces being similar and
parallel. PRISM (math.). A solid figure having two identi
cally equal faces (bases) consisting of polygons in parallel
planes; the other faces being parallelograms equal in number
to the number of sides of one of the bases. ANGLE. The
space between two intersecting lines or planes. Measured
[=is measured] in degrees, 360 being the angle traced by
the complete revolution of a line OA about a point until
it returns to its original position.

150. .
( 30)

: Related to chemical activity are many other
effects.
. -
,
: Nowhere can they see such rapid progress as in
electronics.
117

, .

:
are related to.... related to... are).
4. . .

1 Of great importance is the fact that a few particles are

deflected. 2 Correlative with the conception of a system of
planes is that of great circle. 3Also plotted on this diagram
are the three different sets of values. 4 Concealed in the
foregoing figures are some very important facts. 5 Important
for this method was the following point.
151, .
-1 ) , 2)
do ( 132; . 2) : Does the
temperature always fall to 0C.?
0?

be, have, : Is this
problem difficult? ?
they fly in dark? ?
4.

after

because

because of

before

for

since

152. .
4,
(
118

 ).
.
5. . .

1 As mercury is used in barometers, air pressure is

recorded in centimetres of mercury. 2 The Sun may be con
sidered as the only source of the received energy on the
Earth as that {86} from other sources is negligible.
3 Alcohol is used in modern thermometers, for its expansion
is greater than that {86} of mercury. 4 Magnesium is a light
metal for which more and more uses are found. 5 It has
been known {144} for a long time that matter is composed
of atoms. 6 Since ancient times peonle studied nature and
natural phenomena. 7 The phenomena of nature are of great
importance {131} since weather is one of the chief elements
in mans life. 8 After discovery of vitamins, science into
hands of humanity a powerful means of ensuring mans
health. 9 After the rain had cleared the atmosphere the
number of marine bacteria rose. 10 Helium will neither bum
nor {128} explode because it is an inactive gas. 11 Because
of the Earths rotation there are day and night on the
Earth. 12 It is assumed {144} that before union both types
of atoms have their normal number of electrons. 13 Before
the ionic theory can be applied it is necessary {144} to
know the types of silicate ions present {133}.

153.
. The quality of these instruments can
be relied upon, ,
upon:
(?).
:
,
' .
,
:
insist on - ; send for - .

: deal with - . : account
for - (These data were widely commented on by
numerous authors.
.).
- : influence ; follow - (The rate of a reaction
119

is influenced by many factors.

.).
6. ,
. .

1A charged particle is acted on by forces. 2 The pres

ence of hydrogen peroxide is accounted for by the action of
ultraviolet light upon the moist oxygen. 3Each atom can be
thought of as a small magnet. 4 Some plants are quickly
affected by cold. 5 The method of science can be dealt with
in several wavs. 6 The problem can be approached in many
different ways.
7. (
. 79) ,
.
, .

, .

PERISCOPE. (1) Device for viewing objects which are

above the eye-level of the observer, or are placed so that
the object vision is obstructed. (2) Essentially consists of a
long tube, at each end of whicn is a right-angled prism
{150}, so situated that light is turned through an angle of
90 by each prism. (3) Thus light from a viewed object
enters the observers eye in a direction parallel to, but
below, the original direction of the light. (1 .)
. (1) which, or,
so that, . Which,
are above the eye-level, (89). So
that
. Or are placed
are above... , .. which.
device - ,
: which
so that viewing object . 38;
the object vision . 15. Which,
. . are, .
(2) which, that is a prism, is
turned .
- at each end
is,
prism - ( 150); light
120

 situated: so
,
,
. essentially consists
o f -
.
. which tube
(. .!),
. ,
, ,
90.
(3) parallel to
( 18),
( 60).
(83): light... en
ters. ,
. a viewed object
( - ? -
to view:
).
NITROGEN CYCLE. (1) The circulation of nitrogen
compounds in nature through the various organisms to
which nitrogen is essential. (2) Inorganic nitrogen com
pounds of the soil are taken in {121} by the plants, and
are combined by the plants with other elements to form
nucleic acids and proteins {109}, the latter [ (
)] being in the
form {149} in which nitrogen can be utilized by the higher
animals. (3) The result of animal waste and decay is {1311
to bring the nitrogen which the animals had absorbed back
{121} into the soil in the form of simpler nitrogen
compounds. (4) Bacterial action of various kinds converts
these {86} into compounds suitable for {18} use by plants
again. (1,5 .)
(1) to which...
,
circulation . which
.
(2) ,
compounds {are taken in; are
combined), : to
form...y the latter
being... in which... - higher animals
. .
(3) 121

which..., - the result of...

is to bring,... , - .
, ,
. ,
,
,
... (?).
. ,
absorbed back.
absorbed, back
to bring (to bring back
), .
(4) suitable for... - .
- : ac
tion... converts (83); kinds -s, . .,
(. -ous).

8.
,
. ,
. ,
.

ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES. In 1957 the first man-made

artificial satellite was launched by Russia into orbit around
the Earth. This, and subsequent Russian and American arti
ficial satellites, have been used to obtain {111}, and radio
[] back to Earth, information concerning {129}
conditions prevailing in the upper atmosphere and the
ionosphere {62}. Valuable information has also been
obtained {148} relating to {62} cosmic rays, the density of
matter and the frequency of meteors in space, the shape
and magnetic fields of the Earth, and the nature of solar
radiations. As a result of the earlier American satellites the
Van Allen radiation belts were discovered.
Communication satellites are artificial Earth satellites
used for relaying radio (and television) signals around the
curved surface of the Earth. Passive satellites merely reflect
the transmission from their surfaces, while active satellites
are equipped to receive and transmit signals. (2,5 .)
CRYSTAL. A substance which has solidified {148} in a
definite geometrical form. Most {72} solid substances, when
pure, are obtainable in a definite crystalline form. Solids
which do not form crystals {115} are said to be amorphous
{145}. Crystals are classified according to {73} the structure
122

of their lattices, or according to the type of bond which

holds them together {121}, i.e. electrovalent (or ionic crys
tals), covalent crystals, or metallic crystals. (1,0 .)
ELEMENTARY PARTICLES. Fundamental particles*
The basic units of which all matter is composed. The stable
particles protons, electrons, and neutrinos combine with neu
trons to form stable atoms {109}. But many other short
lived {104} particles and resonances have been detected
{148}which play an essential part {123} in the structure of
matter. For every particle which exists there is {136} a cor
responding anti-particle which has the same mass and spin
but opposite electric charge. Some electrically neutral parti
cles have anti-particles in which some other property is re
versed and some neutral particles are regarded as their own
anti-particles. There are {136} several systems for classifying
particles. (1 . 45 .)
KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. A mathematical expla
nation of the behaviour of gases on the assumption that [
, ] gases consist of molecules which are
in ceaseless motion in space, the kinetic energy of the
molecules depending upon the temperature of the gas {149};
the molecules are considered to be {145} perfectly elastic
particles which collide with each other and with walls of the
containing vessel {58}. The pressure exerted by a gas on
the walls of the vessel {62} is due to {108} the collisions
of the molecules with it. The gas laws {15} may be shown
to be in full agreement {145} with this theory. (1 . 15
.)
PERIODIC TABLE. An arrangement of the chemical el
ements in order {110} of their atomic numbers in such a
way as [ , ] to demonstrate the peri
odic law. In such an arrangement {112} elements having
similar properties {62} occurat regular intervals and fall
into {121} groups of related elements. From the position of
an element in the periodic table {112} its properties may be
predicted with a fair measure of success; Mendeleyev was
able {130} to forecast the existence and properties of then
undiscovered elements by means of {61} his original table.
The periodic law has since [adv\ been shown to reflect
{145} the grouping {38} of electrons ift the outer shells of
the atoms of the elements. Elements with the same num
bers of electrons in their outer shells have similar chemical
properties, as {152} these electrons determine the valencies
of the atoms. (2,5 .)
123

154. .
, 1) (): (the
studies) took them much time ()
; 2) (): (the
crystal) takes shape of a cube ()
.
Make - , : makes
the reaction to complete itself
.
Cause 1) , (.
because cj ): is caused by a virus
; 2) : causes the heart rate to
increase ()
.
155. (.
148).

be
. , is using ( to
use); is being used -
( to be used, 103).
,
-
(is using), (was using),
(will be using).
1. . .

1 They rightly concluded that some electrons were mov

ing through the vacuum. 2 Automation is being widely used
in space research. 3 The researchers apply all experience
they are gaining from the sputniks {140} in the preparation
of these programmes. 4 In our scientific age great progress
is being made in the study of outer space. 5 The day will
come when spaceships will be flying to the planets in the
Solar system and their satellites.
2. ,
be. .

1 The weight of the atom is almost entirely concentrated

at its nucleus. 2 Numerous new instruments are being used
124

in many branches of science and technology. and

more is being learned about outer space and conditions for
life there. 4 During the flight the astronauts will be observ
ing the Earth and the sky. 5 When astructure is to be built
{130}, suitable materials are to be
chosen {130} for the
parts. 6 Every element is made up {121} of minute particles,
which are called atoms. 7 One of the great problems of the
mechanical engineer is to eliminate friction {131} in the
machine.
156. .
,
to: see Fig. 5
4 . 5; translate the first line
'.
157. .
- would, could, might
: would appear before the
start ;
could connect the
resistances in series
.
158. . -
(, , 109)
-; :
an attempt to improve lenses
9
an image to be transmitted ,
\
,
- (. 79).

: is covered with zinc to protect iron
from rusting ,
9\ ,
,..9
3.
,
. .

1 the heat to melt the metal 2 can use radar to explore

the universe 3 combine to form a new substance known as
iron sulphide 4 the first man to invent the radio 5 the first
thing to be noted in considering these metals 6 may be con
structed to emit as much heat as possible 7 presses with
sufficient force to support a column of mercury 78 cen
timeters high 8 the ability to hold electricity
125


159. it is... that. 76
, The plasma resembles gas, but it is
a type of ionized gas.
, .,
it is ...; ...'.
it is (it was)
, :
It is interesting .that...
It is interesting to note that...
It is found that... ( 144)

- , ...
- , ...
- , ...

, it is(it was)
() -
,
that.
it is that ( who, which*).
it is...
that ,
. : It is the weight of air that
accounts for atmospheric pressure. ()
) .
4. . .

1 It is by means of radio that man receives most of the

information collected by the satellites at the borders of
space. 2 It is in this respect [ ] that the
theory differs from that {75} discussed above. 3 Radioactive
phenomena occur within the nucleus and it is here that
mass and positive charge reside. 4 It is this aspect of the
whole fuel problem which introduces the greatest difficulties.
160. for + (
) + .
( 109, 145)
. 1) In order for two molecules to react
they must be in contact.
, .
2) For a reaction to take place, an A molecule must first
[] meet a molecule.
, .
, 5
, -
, .
5. . .

1 It is possible {144} for this substance to be com

126

pressed. 2 It is not possible for a liquid to be compressed

like a gas. 3The temperature was too low for the substance
to decompose. 4 These stars are too remote for the as
tronomer to# answer these questions now. 5 The motion took
place long enough [ ] for the bodies to be
come heated.

161. .
,
( 109),
: give a true picture of the
surroundins matter is the task of natural science.
-
. - -

.
6. ,
. .

1 imagine modern science without optical instruments

is absolutely impossible. 2 To observe primary cosmic radia
tion, instruments must be projected beyond the atmosphere.
3To maintain a constant temperature in a container is an
important technical problem. 4 To convert water at 100C. to
vapour 539 calories are required. 5 One of the first to
spread light into a band of colours was Newton. 6 To com
pare the flow of electricity along a conductor with that of a
liquid in a pipe has become familiar.
7. (
. 79) ,
.
, .

, .

VOLTMETER. (1) An instrument for measuring the

potential difference [ ] between two
points. (2) In principle consists of an arrangement similar to
an ammeter {18} with a high resistance in series [(
) ] incorporated in the instrument
{62}, the scale being calibrated in volts {149}. (3) When the
instrument is connected in parallel [] between
the points where the p. d. [potential difference] is being
measured {155}, very little current flows through it, and a
correct reading [ ()] of the voltage is
obtained. (1 .)
127

 (1)
, .
(2), consists of, - ,
similar
to..., incorporated in...
the scale being... .
ammeter series;


; - ,
.
,

.
(3)
when...,
where...,
: current flows... a reading... is obtained. .
STARS. (1) Heavenly bodies of a similar nature to the
Sun, i.e. intensely hot, glowing masses which produce their
energy by thermonuclear reactions. (2) The nearest star to
the Sun is over 4 light-years away; the other fixed stars
visible to the naked eye {18} are all members of the
Galaxy and many of them are members of binary star sys
tems. (3) The stars are not uniformly distributed throughout
the universe, being grouped [] into enormous
clusters {79} called galaxies {62). (4) The nearest galaxy to
ours [= our galaxy, . 1] is some 16 x 105 light-years
away. (1 .)
Stars, Sun, galaxies, light-years... -
. (1) i.e.
,
which produce... .
bodies o f a similar nature to the Sun
, :
, .
(2) . -
the... star... is...,
-
; away
,
, -:
4 . ,
128

 visible to the naked eye,

and
: the other... stars... are all members; many of them
are members...; - .
: naked eye - ' .
(3) ,
: being grouped...
'...5 ( to be grouped, 103) called...
(4) .
WAVE MOTION. (1) The propagation of a periodic
disturbance carrying energy {62}. (2) At any point along the
path of a wave motion {112}, a periodic displacement or vi
bration about a mean position takes place {123}. (3) This
{86} may take the form {154} of a displacement of air
molecules (e.g. sound waves in air), of water molecules
(waves on water), a displacement of elements of a string or
wire,
displacement of electric and magnetic vectors
(electromagnetic waves), etc. (4) The locus of these dis
placements at any instant is called the wave. (5) The wave
motion moves forward a distance equal to its wavelength
{18} in the time taken {154} for the displacement at any
point to undergo {160} a complete cycle about its mean po
sition. (1 . 20 .)
. (1)
. -
.
(2), , , or
: ... displacement or vibration;
- . .,
,

,
. , ... displace
ment takes place.
- .
.
(3) this - may taKe
the form;
.
this displacement (. '5,
. .), '5. .
(4) 83.
(5) equal to...
taken..., for
5285

129

+ + .

the...
motion moves. moves a distance
,
.

8.
,
. ,
. , \
.

ELASTICITY. The property of a body or material oj

resuming {38} [= to resume] its original form and dimen
sions when the forces acting upon it {62} are removed. I!
the forces are sufficiently large for the deformation to caus<
a break {154} in the molecular structure of the body oi
material, it loses its elasticity and the elastic limit is said tc
have been reached {145, 148}. Hooks law applies onl]
within the elastic limit. (1,0 .)
EVAPORATION. The conversion of a liquid intc
vapour, without necessarily reaching {38} the boiling point
used [= is used] in concentrating {38} solutions by evapo^
rating off {38, 121} the solvent. As {152} it is the fastest
moving {58} molecules that {159} escape from the surface
of a liquid during evaporation, the average kinetic energy of
the remaining {58} molecules is reduced, and therefore
evaporation causes {154} cooling. (45 .)
OZONE LAYER. Ozonosphere. The layer in the upper
atmosphere, some 15 to 30 kilometres above the Earths
surface, in which most {72} of the atmospheric ozone il
concentrated. It is responsible for absorbing {38} a largl
proportion of the Suns ultraviolet radiation. Without thi|
absorption the Earth would be subjected {157} to a degree
of ultraviolet radiation lethal to plants {18}. (45 .)
PERFECT GAS. Ideal gas. A theoretical concept of a
gas which would obey {157} the gas laws exactly. Such a
gas would consist of perfectly elastic molecules, the volume
occupied by the actual molecules {62}, and the forces of
attraction between them, being zero or negligible {149}. (40
.)
SPHERE (math.). A solid figure generated by the revo
lution of a semicircle about a diameter as {152} axis {62}.
The flat surface of a section cut by a plane {62} passing
through the centre {62} is a great circle; surface of a sec
tion cut off {121} by any other plane {62} is a small circle.
130

The solid cut off {121} by a plane of a great circle is a

hemisphere; that {86} cut off by a small circle {62} is a
segment. The volume of a sphere having radius r = 4/3 nr3;
surface area = 4 nr2. (50 .)
SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT. The orbit of an artificial
Earth satellite which has a period of 24 hours. The altitude
corresponding to such an orbit {62} is about 35700 km; a
satellite in a circular orbit parallel to the equator at this al
titude {18} would appear to be stationary {145, 157} in the
skv. Communication satellites in synchronous orbits are used
for relaying radio signals between widely separated points on
the Earths surface. (50 .)
WAVELENGTH. A,. The distance between successive
points of equal phase of a wave; e.g. the wavelength of the
waves on water could be measured {157} as {152} the dis
tance from crest to crest. The wavelength is equal to the
velocity of the wave motion divided by its frequency {62}
[ ]. For electromagnetic radiation X = c/v,
where is the velocity of light and v is the frequency. (45
.)
X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. The study of crystalline
substances by observation of the diffraction patterns which
occur when a beam of X-rays is passed through a crystal. It
is particularly the result of the use of X-ray crystallography
that {159} the structure of certain proteins (e.g.
haemoglobin) and nucleic acids has been analysed {148}. (40
.)
9.
.
, .

A R A B IC N U M E R A L S
A thousand years ago a Moroccan genius introduced a system
of writing numbers that we still use. These numbers or
figureszero to nineare known today as Arabic numerals.
He shaped them so that each figure contained an appropriate
number of angles:

AZI4551XaO
As can be seen, the figure " Icontains one angle, the figure
2 two angles, and so on. Zero, meaning nothing, has no
angles.
5*

131

E lectronic w atches a re b a s e d on th e t e c h n o lo g y use d

in small calculators. They consist e ssentia lly of a
quartz crystal a nd a tiny in te g r a t e d circuit.

A. Battery
B. I n te g ra te d
ircuit

C. Quartz crystal E. M icromotor

D. Divider in te g r a te d circuit

F. W h e e l- t r a in
and hands

G. D e c o d e r int<
g r a te d circuil
H. LCD or LED
digital displa'

An electronic current from a battery makes the

quartz crystal vibrate. The integrated circuit contains
hundreds of electronic components.
It turns the*
vibrations into a pulse for every second. Then
stores the seconds to make minutes, hours and days.

Electronic watches have three w ays of showing

the time. Some watches have LED s (light emitting
diodes) which appear as small red figures. These
figures light up only when a button is pressed.
O ther w atches have an LCD (liquid crystal display)
which is continuously on.
O ther electronic w atches have ordinary watch
faces and hands. The quartz crystal controls a tiny
motor that moves the hands. These w atches are
called analogue watches.
132

This toadstool is dangerous

The D eaihcap is the most poisonous of all toadstools

It is found in woods in autumn. It has a w hite stalk
and a w hite cap at the base. This distinguishes it
from e d ib le toadstools. After the Deathcap has been
eaten 6-15 hours can pass before signs of poisoning
appear. By this time it is too late and certain death
w ill follow.

NEW TYRES FROM OLD

One of the results of progress in this century is the ugly piles

of motor tyres found in many countries. These tyres are
discarded when worn out and left to rot very slowly by
themselves. One large tyre company has campaigned for ways
to recycle them so that all the material will not go to waste. It
has been calculated that a million old tyres, suitably processed,
can be broken down into valuable ingredients: 8 000 000 litres
of oil, 4 000 000 kg of carbon black and more than 100 tons of
steel. This means that a quarter of a million new tyres can be
made from every million of the old ones, including the fuel
used in the process.
Sound waves
Sound is produced by vibrating objects: the cone of a
loudspeaker, the prongs of a tuning fork, the strings in a
guitar, the lips of a trumpet player. These produce
vibrations of the molecules of the air that is passed from
one molecule to the next and so on. When the disturbance
reaches the ear, the eardrum vibrates, causing a series of
bones in the ear to vibrate on to nerve ends which change
the mechanical vibrations into electrical vibrations which are
then transmitted to the brain.
133


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1.

I
he
she

,
him ,
her ,

his
her

it , ,

it , ,

its .

we

us ,

our

you

you .

your

they

them .

their

myself ,
himself ,
herself ,

itself , ,

ourselves
,

yourselves ,

themselves ,

2.
)
to look

I look
he looks
she looks
it looks
we look
you look
they look

looked
looked
looked
looked
looked
looked
looked

shall look
will look
will look
will look
shall look
will look
will look

135

to be
I am
he is
she is
it is
we are
you are
they are

was
was
was
was
were
were
were

shall be
will be
will be
will be
shall be
will be
will be

to have
I have
he has
she has
it has
we have
you have
they have

had
had
had
had
had
had
had

shall have
will have
will have
will have
shall have
will have
will have

to do
I do
he does
she does
it does
we do
you do
they do

did
did
did
did
did
did
did

shall do
will do
will do
will do
shall do
will do
will do

3.

after
. though
although
; ;
and
; ;
as
;,
as far as

as if
( ) ;
as long as

as soon as
. as if
as though
()
as well as

because

before
..., ...
both... and
136

but
either... or
for
hence
how
however
if
in case
in order (that)
neither... nor
nevertheless
nor
not only..., but also
now (that)
on condition (that)
once
or
(or) else
otherwise
provided (that)
providing (that)
since
so
so as
so long as
so that
still
supposing
that
that is why
therefore
though
thus
til!
unless
until
what
when
where
whereas
whether
which
while
who
whose
why
yet

; ; ;
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; ;

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...
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;




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;

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137

4.
)
12345678910 11 12 13 14 15 16 -

one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen

17 - seventeen
18 - eighteen
19 - nineteen
20 - twenty
30 - thirty
40 - forty
50 - fifty
60 - sixty
70 - seventy
80 - eighty
90 - ninety
100 - one hundred
200 - two hundred
500 - five hundred
1000 - one thousand
3000 - three thousand

)
1st - first
2nd - second
3rd - third
4th - fourth
5th - fifth
6th - sixth
7th - seventh
8th - eighth
9th - ninth
10th - tenth
5.

11th - eleventh
12th - twelfth
13th - thirteenth
14th - fourteenth
20th - twentieth
21st - twenty-first
100th - hundredth
101st - one hundred and first
121st - one hundred and twenty-first
1000th - thousandth

be
become
begin
break
bring
build
burn

was, were
became
began
broke
brought
buik
burnt

been
become
begun
broken
brought
built
burnt

138

()

 . 5

choose
come
cut
do
draw
drive
fall
feel
fight
find
fly
get

chose
came
cut
did
drew
drove
fell
felt
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found
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driven
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give
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hold
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set
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spoken
spent
stood
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taught

;
:

learned ()

139

tell
think
throw
understand
win
write

told
thought
threw
understood
won
wrote

told
thought
thrown
understood
won
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. !
( 3 . . . .)
to ask

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asked

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they

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will ask

will have asked

will have asked

will be asking
will be asking

it
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are asked

has been asked is being asked

have been asked are being asked

it
they

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-


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pleura; music, portrait, fresco, icon 11. 1 2 3 4
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24. light I: , , v; light II: 25. v - plank, grow; n - plank, space, needle,
reflex, enteric, public; a - space, tall, reflex, enteric, public 26. 1
2 3 27. 1 2 3
28. decade/, square/, motion/ 29. 1
2 3 4 5 6 31. 1
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11, 29. 11, 31.
11. 11, 32, 65, 84. II.
29, 32, 45, 85. 11, 82, 86, 103. -
64; / 64, 83; / 12; tit/ 12, 37, 70; 12, 95;
94, 95; / 12, 64, 119;
// 12, 125; 12,
64, 84, 87,125, 126, 127; 12, 54, 56, 58, 60, 64, 77, 98, 116;
46, 60, 78. 12, 42, 44, 54, 63,
81, 93.

33. 13, 33, 66, 68, 72, 95, 100, 109.
13, 33, 45, 56, 138. 13, 35, 47, 57, 66, 94, 96.
13, 35, 46,
73, 88, 89, 96, 118, 136. - 13, 67;
13, 67; 13, 67; 97.

be 64, 67, 97. it 66, 68, 109, 126. that 73, 89,
102. . -ing 44, 56, 53, 60, 68, 74. . - 56, 58,
64, 99, 108, 111.

13, 14, 33 - 36, 39, 49, 55 - 58, 66, 75 - 76, 85, 96;
13, 33, 45, 55, 65, 85, 95; 13, 33, 34;
14, 34, 56, 57, 85. 14-15, 36-38; 14, 37;
15, 37. :
36, 38, 48 - 49, 98; 87, 88;
58, 60, 68, 98; 116;
14, 17, 99; 14, 47, 48 - 49, 85.

15 -16, 69 - 73, 89, 100, 102, 111, 117, 119;

17; 16, 69;
16; 16; 66, 68, 72;
there is 100; . . + 110; /or +
+ 126; 126;
16, 89, 117. 16, 17, 73, 76, 90, 91,
101, 102. 17, 74.




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