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By

Ir. Dr. Gue See Sew


http://www.gnpgeo.com.my

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CONTENTS
SOIL NAIL
INTRODUCTION
DESIGN CONCEPT
MODES OF FAILURES
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
TESTING

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Soil Nail Slope Failure

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Steel plate

CORRECT
Main reinforcement
at back of steel plate

Soil face
Shotcrete facing

Main reinforcement

Steel plate

INCORRECT
Main reinforcement
in front of steel plate

Soil face

Main reinforcement
Shotcrete facing

FACE FAILURE
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INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES
Minimum Loss of Land
Minimum Temporary Shoring
Minimum Earthwork

**More suitable for cut ground.

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SLOPE CHASING
Required
Space

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INTRODUCTION
DISADVANTAGES
Nail Encroachment

Lot Boundary

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DESIGN CONCEPT
Common design reference
BS8006 : Code of practice for Strengthened/
reinforcement soils and other fills (1995)
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) :
Manual for Design & Construction Monitoring
of Soil Nail Walls (1998)
Department of Transport (DoT) : Design
Manual for Roads and Bridges, Vol. 4,
Section 1, Part 4, HA68/94 (1994)
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F RE
E LE

NGT
H

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FIXE

DL

ENG
TH

DESIGN CONCEPT- FRICTION


Ultimate Unit Friction
fsu=4~6 NSPT

Ultimate Friction for Each Nail


fsuAsL

As = Surface Area of Nail


L = Length of Nail

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DESIGN CONCEPT- GROUT-STEEL BOND STRESS


Ultimate Bond Stress
1,000kPa

Conditions of Contact
Surface
Clean & Plain Bar/Wire

1,500kPa

Clean & Crimped Wire

2,000kPa

Clean Deform Bar

3,000kPa

Locally Noded Strand

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DESIGN CONCEPT- STEEL


BS8110 (Ultimate) : TN = 0.87 fy As
FHWA (Allowable) : TN = 0.55 fy As
Steel Elements/Connection : BS5950
Reinforced Concrete
: BS8110

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MODE OF FAILURES
Three Modes of External Stability

SLIDING

TOPPLING

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BEARING CAPACITY

a) Face Failure

Failure Mode
Face Failure and Active Zone
Sliding Off Front of Nails

b) Pullout Failure

Failure Mode
Nails Pull Out of Resistant Zone

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c) Nail Tendon Failure

Failure Mode
Tensile Failure of Tendon

MINIMUM FOS: 1.40

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CONSTRUCTION
Maximum
2.0m

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DRILLING- Down the Hole Hammer

Backheads

Spring
Wearsleeve

Chuck
Valve

Internal
Cylinder

Distributor

Piston

Piston
Retainer
Ring

Bit
Retainder
Ring

Bit

DTH Piston : Direct impact on bit & less loss of


impact energy
Penetration Rate Air Pressure
Compressed Air : Power Source & Flushing Medium
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DRILLING- TRICONE BIT

79mm NW
Casing Advancer
75mm Tricone
Drillbit

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DRILLING BIT TUNGSTEN CARBIDE

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SOIL NAIL

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SOIL NAIL SPECIFICATION


Galvanized thickness of 85m (Minimum)
To be checked with Magnetic Gauge
2 coats of zink coater (6 hours apart)
should be applied after threading and to
scratched surfaces
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SOIL NAIL- CENTRALIZER

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SOIL NAIL- CENTRALIZER


Minimum size = Hole diameter 12mm
Minimum of grade D PVC pipe
Must not collapse under weight of nail
Maximum 4m c/c spacing
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GROUT MIX
Specify NON-SHRINKAGE grout
W/C ratio = 0.45
Grout Mix =

Cement : A/Shrinkage Agent


: Water
50kg
:0.5kg (or as specified) : 22.5kg

Grout Strength (28 days)= 30MPa


( 7 days)= 21MPa (70%)
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GROUTING METHOD
Low pressure pump
To be grouted on the same day as drilling
Tremie bottom up with grout pipe installed
till the end of nail.
Overspill for 30 seconds
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SCHEMATICS

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Steel plate

CORRECT
Main reinforcement
at back of steel plate

Soil face
Shotcrete facing

Main reinforcement

Steel plate

INCORRECT
Main reinforcement
in front of steel plate

Soil face

Main reinforcement
Shotcrete facing

FACE FAILURE
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HORIZONTAL DRAIN
Inserted deeper within the slope
(Weepholes likely to get clogged)
Wrapped around with geotextile (TS20)
Waterstop to be wrapped with geotextile
and secured with steel wire
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HORIZONTAL DRAIN

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FACING
Three types of facing
Pad Facing
Used when soil is not susceptible to surface
erosion
Presence of obstruction

Shotcrete
For soils which are prone to erosion

Grid Beam
Used when soil is not susceptible to surface
erosion
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PAD FACING

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SHOTCRETE FACING

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GRID BEAM FACING

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PULLOUT TEST

To measure and confirm fixed end friction


of soil nail

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PULLOUT TESTS
Preliminary Pull Out Test
Sacrificial test of additional point

Working Pull Out Test


Nail is stress only to working load

Instrumented
With strain gauge
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PULLOUT TEST

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By
Ir. Dr. Gue See Sew
http://www.gnpgeo.com.my

G&P Geotechnics Sdn Bhd (www.gnpgroup.com.my)

CONTENTS
Introduction
Types of Failures
Options
- Netting

- Shotcreting

- Scaling

- Rock Bolt

Design Concept of Rock Bolt


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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION
Used to stabilize weak rock mass.
Acts in the same manner as soil nail.

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TYPES OF FAILURES - SLIDING


SINGLE BLOCK/SINGLE PLANE SLIDING

SINGLE BLOCK/STEPPED PLANE SLIDING

MULTIPLE BLOCKS/MULTIPLE PLANE SLIDING

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SLIDING FAILURE

Planar Failure

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TYPES OF FAILURES - WEDGE


SINGLE WEDGE
/TWO INTERSECTING PLANES

SINGLE WEDGE
/MULTIPLE INTERSECTING PLANES

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WEDGE FAILURE

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TYPES OF FAILURES - TOPPLING


Toppling failure in hard rock which can form columnar
structure separated by steeply dipping discontinuities

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TOPPLING FAILURE

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STEREOGRAPHIC PLOT ANALYSIS

Toppling
Failure Zone
Wedge Failure
Zone

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OPTIONS
Shotcreting
To prevent loose rocks from falling

Scaling
To chisel off small loose rocks

Rock Bolt
To stabilize large rock mass

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NETTING

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SCALING

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SHOTCRETING

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ROCK BOLT

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Ff

Fg

Fgy

Fgx

Fgx = F f
mg sin ' = mg cos '
sin ' = cos '
sin '
=
cos '
= tan '
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ROCK BOLT
GROUT

FAILURE PLANE
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SCHEMATICS

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COMPONENTS OF ROCK BOLT


T40 Galvanized Steel Bars

Galvanized Steel Plates


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ROCK BOLT SPECIFICATION


Galvanized thickness of 85m (Minimum)
To be checked with Magnetic Gauge
2 coats of zink coater (6 hours apart)
should be applied after threading and to
scratched surfaces
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CENTRALIZER

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ROCK BOLT CENTRALIZER


Minimum size = Hole diameter 12mm
Minimum of grade D PVC pipe
Must not collapse under weight of nail
Maximum 4m c/c spacing
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THINGS TO CHECK - SHOTCRETE


Ensure sufficient:
Properly protected weepholes
Lapping of BRC wire mesh
Cover of BRC & rock surface

Ensure shotcreting is done TOP DOWN

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CONCLUSION
100% Check and Review Design
Site Supervision

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