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Index
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TRANSFORMERS

LossesandEfficiency

Thereatwotypesofpowerlossesoccurinatransformer
1. Ironloss
2. Copperloss
1)IronLoss: This is the power loss that occurs in the iron part. This loss is
duetothealternatingfrequencyoftheemf.Ironlossinfurtherclassifiedinto
twootherlosses.
i. Eddycurrentloss
ii. Hysterisisloss
i. Eddycurrentloss:Thispowerlossisduetothealternatingflux
linkingthecore,whichwillinducedanemfinthecorecalledthe
eddyemf,duetowhichacurrentcalledtheeddycurrentisbeing
circulatedinthecore.Asthereissomeresistanceinthecorewith
this eddy current circulation converts into heat called the eddy
currentpowerloss.Eddycurrentlossisproportionaltothesquare
ofthesupplyfrequency.
ii. Hysterisis loss: This is the loss in the iron core, due to the
magneticreversalofthefluxinthecore,whichresultsintheform
ofheatinthecore.Thislossisdirectlyproportionaltothesupply
frequency.
Eddycurrentlosscanbeminimizedbyusingthecoremadeofthin
sheetsofsiliconsteelmaterial,andeachlaminationiscoatedwith
varnishinsulationtosuppressthepathoftheeddycurrents.
Hysterisislosscanbeminimizedbyusingthecorematerialhaving
highpermeability.
2) Copper loss: This is the power loss that occurs in the primary and
secondary coils when the transformer is on load. This power is wasted in the
formofheatduetotheresistanceofthecoils.Thislossisproportionaltothe
sequenceoftheloadhenceitiscalledtheVariablelosswhereastheIronlossis
calledastheConstantlossasthesupplyvoltageandfrequencyareconstants
EFFICENCY:It is the ratio of the out put power to the input power of a
transformer
Input=Output+Totallosses
=Output+Ironloss+Copperloss
TomorrowGames

Efficiency=

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outputpower
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CANCEL
=
outputpower+Ironloss+copperloss
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V2I2cos
=
V2I2cos+Wiron+Wcopper
Where, V2 is the secondary (out put) voltage, I2 is the secondary (out put)
currentand
cosisthepowerfactoroftheload.
ThetransformersarenormallyspecifiedwiththeirratingsasKVA,
Therefore,
Efficiency=(KVA)(10 3)cos

(KVA)(10 3)cos+Wiron+Wcopper
Since the copper loss varies as the square of the load the efficiency of the
transformeratanydesiredloadXisgivenby
Efficiency=X(KVA)(10 3)cos

X(KVA)(10 3)cos+Wiron+(X)2Wcopper
whereWcopperisthecopperlossatfullload
Wcopper=I2Rwatts
CONDITIONFORMAXIMUMEFFICIENCY:
Ingeneralfortheefficiencytobemaximumforanydevicethelossesmustbe
minimum.Betweentheironandcopperlossestheironlossisthefixedlossand
thecopperlossisthe variable loss. When these two losses are equal and also
minimumtheefficiencywillbemaximum.
Thereforetheconditionformaximumefficiencyinatransformeris
Ironloss=Copperloss(whicheverisminimum)
VOLTAGEREGULATION:
The voltage regulation of a transformer is defined as the change in the
secondaryterminalvoltagebetween no load and full load at a specified power
factorexpressedasapercentageofthefullloadterminalvoltage.
(percentage voltageregulation) (No load secondary voltage)(Full load
secondaryvoltage)
=

x
100
(Fullloadsecondary
voltage)
Voltage regulation is a measure of the change in the terminal voltage of a
transformerbetweenNoloadandFullload.Agoodtransformerhasleastvalue
oftheregulationoftheorderof5%
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Problems

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