( - "-KQ (XW Sszzxtam Asszz-Xtam?: Ckvem-Aniv) N-JNWKV Lukv

{_“-kq{Xw
ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam?
F≥. Fw. lpssk≥
Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv

tImgn-t°mSv, Xncp-h\- ¥
- ]- p-cw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, Xriq¿, IÆq¿
{]kvXm-h\
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-I-fn¬ tI{µ-ÿm\w \¬I-s∏-ń-cn-°p-
∂Xv AssZz-X-Øn-\m-Wv. am\-h-cm-in-bpsS Zm¿i-\n-Im-t\z-
jWw CtXmsS ]q¿Øn-bmbn F∂ ań-emWv i¶-cm-ssZzXw
kzoIm-cyX t\Sn-sb-Sp-ØXv.
cmam-\p-PmNm-cy-cpsS hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xtam am[zm-Nmcy-cpsS
ssZz-Xtam th≠{X N¿® sNø-s∏-SmsX t]mb-XmWv AssZz-
X-Øns‚ {]Nm-cW hnP-b-Øns‚ apJy Imc-Ww. Xm¿°nI
`{Z-Xbpw Zm¿i-\nI ta∑bpw A\¿l-ambn i¶-cm-ssZz-X-
Øn\v hI-sh®p sImSpØp.
AtX-k-a-bw, C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS Ncn-{X-sØ-°p-dn®
kXy-k-‘-amb ]T\w i¶-cm-Nm-cy-sc-t∏mse a‰p thZm-¥n-
I-sfbpw AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ thZm¥ k¶¬]-ß-fn¬
ambm-hm-Ztam Pohm-flm-˛-]-c-amflm kao-I-c-Wtam ImWm≥
Ign-bn-√. thZm¥ Z¿i-\-Øns‚ B[mc {KŸ-amb _mZ-cm-
b-Ws‚ {_“-kq{Xw apt∂m-´p-sh-°p∂Xv ssZzX-amtWm
AssZz-X-amtWm F∂ At\z-jWw {]k-‡-am-Wv.
i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ ho£W-ßƒ thZm¥ ]mc-
º-cy-Øn\v CW-ßp-∂-X-√. ssZzX-amWv {]mam-Wn-I-sa∂pw
AssZzXw bp‡n-]-c-ambpw thZm-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw kzoIm-cy-
a-s√∂pw ÿm]n® thZm-¥n-I-fp-≠v.
AssZzX cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ X\n°v IS-∏m-Sp-≈-Xmbn i¶-cm-
Nm-cy¿ kΩ-Xn-°p∂Xv KuU-]m-Zt- \mSm-Wv. {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚
A¥x-kØ - bv°v \nc-°mØ ImgvN∏ - mSv KuU-]m-Zs
- ‚bpw i¶-
cm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw kzbw-IrX k¶¬]-ß-fm-sW∂v ]T-\-ßƒ
sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ {_lva-kq-{X-Øn¬ ImWm-
ØXpw Ah-bnse A[ym-]-\-ßƒ°v \nc-°m-Ø-Xp-amb
hmZ-ßƒ ]n¬°m-eØv i¶-c-`m-jy-Øn-eqsS Ib-dn-°q-Sn-
b-Xm-sW∂v Npcp°w.
a‰p Z¿i-\-ß-sf-°p-dn® A⁄-X-bmWv AssZz-X-Øns‚
_ew. C¥ybnsebpw hntZ-i-sØbpw XXz-Nn¥m X¬]-c-cp-
sSbpw {KŸ-I¿Øm-°f - p-sSbpw k¶p-NnX kao-]\- a- mWv thZm-
¥-sØ-°p-dn® At\z-j-W-ßƒ apgps° i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cn¬
tI{µo-I-cn-°m≥ CS-bm-°nb-Xv.
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥b - psS kXy-k‘ - a- mb ]T-\Ø
- n\v t{]cn-∏n-°p-
∂-Xm-Wv, kztZ-i-sØbpw hntZ-i-sØbpw Ht´sd ]fin-X-sc
D≤-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Cu IrXn. bYm¿Y sshZnI ]mc-ºcyw
a\- n-em-°p-∂Xn\v CXv Gsd klm-b-I-am-Ip-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-
°p-∂p.
{]km-[-I¿
D≈-S°w
À apJ-°pdn 11
À Ah-Xm-cnI 21
À Z¿i-\-Øn-te°v 27
À {]Nm-cW clkyw 53
À {_“-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam? 71
À AssZzXw: bp‡nbpw thZhpw 85
À ambmhmZ-Øns‚ DXv]Øn 109

F≥.-Fw. lpssk≥
1965-˛¬ Xriq¿ Pn√-bnse Ago-t°mSv P\-\w. ]nXmhv \Sp-hn-eIØv apl-
ΩZv Ipń amÃ¿. amXmhv Fd-aw-K-eØv sIm®p-_o-hm-Øp So®¿. [\-im-kv{X-
Øn¬ _ncp-Zm-\-¥c _ncp-Zw, ]pcm-hkvXp imkv{X-Øn¬ Untπm-a. ssk‘-
h-\m-K-cn-I-Xbpw ]pcm-W-I-Y-Ifpw F∂ BZy-IrXn 1992-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-
®p. Um¿hn-\nkw: {]Xo-£bpw {]Xn-k-‘n-bpw, ssk‘-h-`mj: Ncn-{Xhpw
hymJym-\-ß-fpw, B[p-\nI A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ, ê-kvXzo\pw ]m›m-Xy-
am-[y-a-ß-fpw, \h -B-cy-hm-Z-Øns‚ cmjv{Sobw, sk]vXw.11: Ata-cn-°-bpsS
bp≤-X{¥w, CdmJv A[n-\n-th-i-Øns‚ cmjv{Sobw F∂n-h-bmWv a‰p IrXn-
Iƒ. ]pcm-h-kvXp-im-kv{Xw, imkv{X-Z¿i-\w, Ct¥m-f-Pn, A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ,
]mcm-ssk-t°m-f-Pn, tlmtfm-Im-Ãv, Ata-cn-°≥ hntZ-i-\bw F∂o taJ-e-
I-fn¬ Xm¬]-cyw. BZy-Ir-Xn°v A_q-Z_n apkvenw ssd-t‰gvkv t^mdw
Ahm¿Upw taØe {io\m-cm-bW kamPw Kpcp-Z¿i\ Ahm¿Upw e`n-®p.
im¥-]pcw Bÿm-\-am-bp≈ dnk¿®v hnwKn¬ Akn-Ã‚mbn tPmen.
`mcy sI.-Fw. sskZ (ko-\n-b¿ Akn-Ã‚ v, sIm®n≥ bq\n-th-gvkn-‰n)-. aIƒ
ln_.
hnemkw:
XVIII/204 A
]n.-H. sIm®n≥ bq\n-th-gvkn‰n
sIm®n≥-˛22
apJ-°pdn
{]oUn-{Kn°p ]Tn-°p∂ Ime-ØmWv F\n°v XXz-Nn-¥-bn¬ Xm¬-
]cyw P\n-°p-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI Zm¿i-\n-I-scbpw Ah-cpsS hnNm-c-K-Xn-
I-sfbpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ s{]m^. ]n.-Sn. Nmt°m-bpsS IrXn A°m-
eØv £W-Øn¬ hmbn-®p-Xo¿Ø-Xmbn Hm¿°p-∂p. Ct±-l-Øns‚
Xs∂ "ico-chpw Bflm-hpw', "hn⁄m-\hpw ho£-Whpw' F∂o IrXn-
Ifpw H‰-bn-cn-∏n¬ Bhm-ln® A\p-`qXn Ct∏mgpw a\- n¬ ambmsX
\n¬°p-∂p. A∂v Cw•o-jnep≈ XXz-Nn¥m ¢mkn-°p-Iƒ hmbn®p
{Kln-°m-\p≈ Ign-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. C∂pw AXn\v ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-≠v.
F¶nepw A°m-eØv CΩm-\p-h¬ Im‚n (Immanual kant) s‚ hnJym-X-
amb Critique of Pure Reason Rm≥ Iøn- s e- S p- Ø p. ssh⁄m- \ nI
IºwsIm≠p≈ FSp-Øp-Nm´w F∂-Xns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. Ipd®p
Imcy-ßƒ a\- n-em-bn. Iptd Imcy-ßƒ hg-ßmsX \n∂p. F∂n´pw
B Bth-i-Øn\v ]n¬°m-eØv Ipd-hp-≠mtbm F∂Xv kwi-b-am-Wv.
GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ°papºmWv Fkv.-F≥. Zmkv Kp]vX-bpsS A
History of Indian Philosophy ˛bpsS hmfy-ßƒ I≠-Xv. CXm-sI A©p `mK-
ß-fp-≠v. AXn¬ am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXZ¿i-\s - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ Nne ]cm-
a¿i-ßƒ hmbn®v AXn-i-bn-®p-t]m-bn. Xm¿°nI tijn-bnepw Zm¿i-
\nI kv^pS-X-bnepw i¶-c-Zm¿i-\n-I-cp-sS-b{X Xs∂ {]K¬`-cmbh¿
am[z-k-c-Wn-bnepw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv ZmkvKp]vX tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂Xv. Pb-Xo¿Y, hymk-Xo¿Y F∂o ssZzX-Nn-¥-Isc Dt±-in-®mWv
Cßs\ ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xv. tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW-t‚-X-S°w C¥y-
°mcpw hntZ-io-b-cp-amb ]e-cp-sSbpw IrXnIƒ hmbn-®n-cp-s∂-¶nepw
ZmkvKp-]vX-bpsS hm°p-I-fmWv F∂n¬ IuXp-I-ap-≠m-°n-b-Xv. a‰p-≈-
h-cmcpw A{X kv]jvS-ambn C°mcyw Ipdn-®n-ń√ F∂Xp am{X-a-√
ImcWw. ZmkvKp-]vX-sb-t∏mse C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v kq£va-
ambpw kphy-‡-ambpw Fgp-Xn-b-h¿ F{X t]cp-≠mIpw? Ct±-l-Øns‚
cN-\-bpsS Bghpw ]c∏pw AXp-ey-amWv. Cu B[n-Im-cn-I-X-bmWv
ta¬]cm-a¿isØ Imcy-am-sb-Sp-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv.
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn¥ D®-ÿm-\o-bX t\Sp-∂Xv i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
AssZz-X-tØm-sS-bm-sW∂mWv AXp-h-scbpw Icp-Xn-b-Xv. Cu hnj-b-
I-amb Hs´√m {KŸ-ßfpw Cu [mc-W-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Fgp-X-
s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. CXmWv icn-sb-¶n¬ Pb-Xo¿Y-bp-sSbpw hymk-Xo¿Y-bp-
sSbpw ssZzXm-\p-Iqe hmZ-ß-tfmSv a\o-jn-bmb ZmkvKp-]vXbv°v aXn-
∏p-≠m-Im≥ km[y-X-bn-√t√m? {]tXy-In®pw, At±lw CXn-te-sX-¶nepw
Hcp hn`m-K-tØmSv hnti-jn-s®mcp Xm¬]cyw sh®p-]p-e¿ØmØ Bfm-
sW-∂n-cns°? Cu kwi-b-ß-fp-ambn GXm\pw h¿j-ßƒ Ae-™-
Xns‚ ê-amWo eLp-Ir-Xn-sb∂p ]d-bmw.
Pb-Xo¿Y, hymk-Xo¿Y F∂n-h-sc-°p-dn®v aXn-t∏msS ZmkvKp]vX
Fgp-Xn-bXv hmbn-®-t∏mƒ Ch¿ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvX thZm¥ Nn¥
F¥m-sW-∂-dn-bm-\p≈ BImw-£-bp-≠m-bn. am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ]n≥Km-
an-Ifpw ssZzX-]m-c-º-cy-Ønse {]kn-≤-cmb hymJym-Xm-°-fpambn-cp∂p
Ch-sc∂v a\- n-em-bn. am[zm-Nm-cy-scbpw At±-l-Øns‚ XXz-Nn-¥-
sbbpw ]‰n tUm. _n.F≥.sI. i¿abpw a‰pw FgpXnb IrXnIƒ I-gn-
bm-hp-∂{X ]Tn-®p. i¶-cm-\p-Iq-en-Iƒ I≠n-ń-√m-ØXpw(I-≠n-s√∂p \Sn-
°p-∂-X√; Adn-hn-√m-™n-´m-Wv.) hntZ-in-I-fm-Is´ kztZ-in-I-fm-Is´
th≠pw-hÆw {Kln-®n-ń-√m-Ø-Xp-amb as‰mcp kao-]\wIqSn thZm-¥-
tem-I-Øp-s≠∂pw a\- n-em-bn.
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-I-fn¬ Xm¬]-cyhpw {]mK¬`y-hp-ap-≈-h¿ i¶-cm-
ssZz-X-Øn¬ AXym-hiyw [mc-W-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw. Zm¿i-\n-I-ambpw
B[p-\nI imkv{X-Ønse Nne kt¶-X-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®pw AXv ka¿Yn-
°m≥ Ign-hp-≈h - c
- p-am-bn-cn-°pw. CØ-c°- m-c\
- mb Hcp A[ym-]I
- ≥ Fs‚
kplr-Øm-Wv. ZmkvKp-]vX-bpsSbpw i¿a-bp-sSbpw ]T-\-ßƒ hmbn-®-
tijw At±-lh - p-ambn kwkm-cn-®p. ""i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ PKXv amb-bm-sW∂p
]d-bp-∂p-≠-t√m. PK-Øns‚ bmYm¿YysØ \ap-s°-ßs\ \ntj-[n-
°m≥ Ignbpw?'' F∂v Rm≥ At±-l-tØmSp tNmZn®p. kplr-Øns‚
adp-]Snbnß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p: ""PKXv Ds≠∂v tXm∂p-∂Xv \ap°v icn-
bmb ⁄m\-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. Ccp-fn¬ Hcp Ibdv A\-ßp-∂Xv
I≠m¬ AXv ]mºm-sW∂v \mw sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ {]Im-i-a-
Sn®- tijw t\m°n-bm¬ AXp Ib-dm-sW∂ icn-bmb hnh-c-ap-≠m-Ip-
∂p. CXp-t]mse ]c-a⁄ - m\w t\Snbm¬ PK-Øns‚ anYym-hÿ \ap°v
a\- n-em-Ipw.'' ]n∂oSv Rm≥ tNmZn-®Xv Cßs\: ""i¶cm-Nm-cy-sc-t∏mse
{]K¬`-\m-sbmcp thZ-˛-D-]-\n-jXv ]fin-X-\m-bn-cp-∂t√m am[zm-Nm-cy¿.
C°mcyw At±lw F¥p-sIm≠v \ntj-[n®p? PKØv amb-b-s√∂pw
apJ-°pdn
10
bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂pw am[zm-Nm-cy¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?''
CXn-\p≈ A[ym-]I kplr-Øns‚ hni-Zo-I-cWw: ""Rm≥ IqSp-X¬
hne I¬∏n-°p-∂Xv i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Bi-b-ßƒ°m-Wv. am[zm-Nm-
cy¿ A{X-bv°v t]mcm F∂mWv tXm∂n-bn-´p-≈-Xv.''
""am[zm-Nm-cy-sc-°mƒ i¶cm-Nm-cy¿°v Xm¶ƒ F¥p-sIm-≠v hne-
I¬∏n-°p∂p'' F∂v At±-l-tØmSv Xnc-°n. AXn-\p≈ {]Xn-I-c-Ww
Cß-s\-bm-bn-cp∂p: ""CXp shdpw bp‡n-bpsS am{Xw {]iv\-ambn ImW-
cp-Xv. lpssk\v a\- n-em-ImØ A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS Xe-ap≠v. Fs‚ Pohn-
X-Øn¬ A¬]-sams° AXp-Iq-Sn-bp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.'' kwkmcw ChnsS
kvXw`n®p F∂p ]d-bmw. CXp-t±-in®p Xs∂-bm-hWw At±lw A\p`h-
Øns‚ Imcyw FSp-Øn-´-Xv. Hcp hnj-b-sØ-∏‰n c≠m-fp-Iƒ kwkm-cn-
°p-tºmƒ c≠pt]¿°pw ]c-kv]cw ssIam-dm-hp∂ Xe-Øn¬ \n-∂p-
sIm-≠m-hWw kwhmZw. F¶nte Bi-b-hn-\n-abw km[y-am-Iq. bp‡n-
]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-s°, bp‡n-bpsS Xe-Øn-
e√, A\p-`-h-Øns‚ _e-Øn-emWv Rm≥ Cßs\ hmZn-°p-∂-sX∂
\ne-]m-Sn-te°v Hcmƒ amdn-bm¬ ]ns∂ kwhmZw AkvX-an-°p-∂p. Hcmƒ
bp‡n-bpsS Xe-Ønepw A]c≥ A\p-`-h-Øns‚ taJe-bnepw \n∂m¬
H∂pw ssIam-dm-\m-hn-√. Cß-s\-bp≈ hgn-ap-´-ep-I-fp-≠m-Ipw. ChnsS
{]iv\-a-X-√. Ign-bm-hp-∂n-S-tØmfw bp‡n-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Hcmƒ kwkm-
cn-°p-∂p. bp‡n-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xs∂ AXv XpS-cp-∂p. bp‡n-]-c-ambn
hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-hmsX hcp-tºm-gmWv CSbv°v A\p-`-hsØ hen-®n-g-
bv°p-∂-Xv. Cu kao-]-\-Øn¬ ]¥n-tI-Sp-≠v. bp‡n-]-c-ambn C°mcyw
F\n°p t_m[y-am-bn-ń√ F∂p Xpd∂p kΩ-Xn-°p-∂X - n\p ]Icw A\p-
`-h-Øns‚ cl-kym-h-cWw ]pX-∏n-°m≥ Hcp-sº-Sp-∂-tXmsS Fs∂-t∏m-
ep-≈-h¿°v kwibw h¿[n-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-I. hy‡n-]-c-amb A\p-`-
h-ßsf Rm≥ \ntj-[n-°p-∂n-√. Aßs\ ]d-bp-∂-bmƒ \pW-b-\m-
sW-∂pw hmZn-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬, Abmƒ Hcp Imcyw kΩ-Xnt® Xocq:
"Rm≥ ChnSw hscbpw bp‡nsb B{i-bn-®p. C\n-ta¬ bp‡n Fs∂
klm-bn-°n-s√∂v tXm∂p∂p. AXn-\m¬ Rm≥ A\p-`-hsØ Ah-ew-
_n-°p-I-bmWv' F∂v. \ap°v ]ncn-bmw F∂m-Wn-Xns‚ [z\n.
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Xm¿°nI ]mS-h-Øn¬ A`n-am-\n-°p∂ AssZzX
hnizm-kn-Iƒ hgn-at[y bp‡n-bp-ambn Ie-ln-°p-∂Xv BZy-sams°
F\n°pw hnNn-{X-ambn tXm∂n. F∂m¬, ]T\w XpS¿∂-tXmsS Ch¿
BNm-cys\ AWp-hn-SmsX A\p-[m-h\w sNøp-I-bm-sW∂pw a\- n-
embn. Imc-Ww, i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿Xs∂bpw CtX \ne-]m-SmWv ssIs°m-
≠n-cp-∂-Xv. F¶n¬ A\p-bm-bn-I-fn¬\n∂pw adn®v {]Xo-£n-°m-tam?
ambbpw {_“hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w bp‡n-]-c-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-
°m-\m-hn-s√∂ ImgvN-∏m-SmWv i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°pw, tijwh∂ AssZzX
Zm¿i-\n-I¿°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. PKØv anYy-bm-sW∂pw {_“w am{Xta
bmYm¿Yy-am-bn-´p-≈q-sh∂pw ka¿Yn-°m≥ bp‡nsb Iq´p-]n-Sn-°p-Ibpw
Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘w bp‡n-k-l-ambn hnh-cn-°m-\m-hmsX h∂-t∏mƒ
AXns\ ssIsbm-gn-°pIbpw sNbvX coXn Z¿i-\-Øn\p tNcn-s√-¶nepw
IuXp-I-Øn\p sIm≈m-a-t√m!
]T-\-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ a\- n-ep-S°nb as‰mcp Imcy-an-XmWv: AssZz-X-
sØ-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xnb _lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn\pw AssZzXw am{Xta Adnbq.
"IÆp-≠m-bm¬ t]mcm ImWWw' F∂ ]g-samgn ss{]adn hnZym¿Yn-
Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂X - p-t]msebpw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂X - p-t]m-sebpw Ahcpw
Nne kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ BKn-cWw sNøp-∂p. ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥\ - Ø- ns‚ {]iv\w-
t]mepw DZn-°m-Øh - n[w AS™ A[ym-bß - f
- mbn Ch IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂p.
ssZzX Z¿i-\s - Øtbm B kc-Wn-bnse Xm¿°n-I∑ - m¿ Db¿Ønb sh√p-
hn-fn-Is- ftbm ]‰n Ch¿°p tI´p-tIƒhnt]mepw D≠m-IW - s- a-∂n-√. A]-
hm-Z-ambn A]q¿hw Nnesc It≠-°m-sa-¶nepw s]mXp ÿnXn-bnXmWv.
hnhn[ Nn¥m-K-Xn-Isf Xmc-Xayw sNbvX-Xn\pw ]c-kv]cw hne-bn-cp-
Øn-b-Xn\pw tijw Zm¿i-\n-I- `{Z-X-bp≈ Hcp hyh-ÿ-sb∂ \ne-bn¬
AssZzXw kzoI-cn-°s - ∏-´X
- m-sW∂v Icp-Xm≥ hø. F√mhcpw icn-sb∂
\ne-bn¬ Bh¿-Øn-°p-∂Xpw DZvtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ho£-WsØ
a‰p-≈h - cpw A∏Sn hngp-ßp-Ib - m-Wp-≠m-bs
- X∂v CXn¬\n∂v hy‡-amWv.
{]i-kvX-cmb Fgp-Øp-Im¿t]mepw CØ-c-samcp Zm¿i-\n-Im-\p-I-c-W-
Øns‚ Cc-I-fm-sW∂v DZm-l-c-W-ß-tfmsS Cu IrXn-bn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øns‚ F√m hi-ß-sfbpw hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ {iaw
Ffp-∏-a√; Cu {KŸ-Im-cs‚ Ign-hn¬ HXp-ßp-∂-Xp-a-√. AXn-\m¬, Xmc-
X-tay\ {][m-\-s∏-´-sX∂v tXm∂nb Hcp hisØ am{Xw {]tXy-I-am-
sb-SpØv ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bm-Wn-Xn¬ sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. "{_“-kq{Xw'
thZm¥ Z¿i-\-Øns‚ auenI t{kmX- p-I-fn¬ H∂m-W-t√m. i¶-cm-
Nm-cy-cpsS {_“-kq{X hymJym\w Gsd {]kn-≤-hp-am-Wv. {_“-kq-{X-
Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p-≈Xv AssZz-Xa - m-sW∂ Dd® hnizm-kØ - n-emWv Gh-
cp-ap-≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬ i¶-cm-ssZzXw {_“-kq{XØns‚ A¥x-k-Ø-bp-
ambn F{X-am{Xw s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂v Is≠-Øm-\mWv Rm≥
{ian®Xv. Cu At\z-j-W-Øns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬Xs∂ Hcp hkvXpX
t_m[y-am-bn. Cß-s\-sbmcp hni-I-e-\-Øn\v AssZzX hmZn-Iƒ hnap-
J-cm-Wv. Cu {]iv\-Øn¬\n∂pw Hgn-™p-am-dm-\mWv Ah¿ A[n-I-]-
£hpw {ian-®n-cp-∂X - v. AssZz-Xt- ØmtSm ssZzX-tØmtSm {]tXyI B`n-
apJ-°pdn
12
ap-Jy-an-√mØ Nne ]fin-X-∑mtc CXn\v Xp\n-™p-≈q. Ah¿X-
s∂bpw Aßn-ßmbn Nne ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-t´-bp-≈q. A¬]w
{i≤ tI{µo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Cu hiw ]Tn-°-W-sa∂v F\n°v
tXm∂n-bXv AXp-sIm-≠m-Wv.
AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I-cp-sSb-{X-Xs∂ {]K¬`-cm-b-h¿ ssZzX-hm-Zn-
Iƒ°n-S-bnepw D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂ hkvXpX ta¬ kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m.
F¶n¬ ssZzX k¶¬]w C¥y-bn¬ {]Nmcw t\Sm-Xn-cp-∂-Xn\p Imc-
W-sa¥v F∂ kwi-b-ap-≠mbn. {_“-kq-{X-Øn\v ssZzXm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-
ep≈ hymJym-\-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw Ah-sbm∂pw hnizm-ky-X-
bp-sStbm ¢njvSX - b- p-sStbm Imcy-Øn¬ AssZzX `mjy-sØ-°mƒ H´pw
]nd-In-em-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw hy‡-ambn. F∂n´pw Ch AwKo-Imcw t\SmsX
t]mb-sX-¥p-sIm≠v F∂v H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-®n-´p-≠v.
{_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ i¶-c-`m-jy-Øn\v {]mapJyw e`n-°m-\p≈ ImcWw
aqe-{K-Ÿ-tØmSv G‰hpw \oXn-]p-e¿Øp∂ hymJym\w AXm-b-Xp-sIm-
≠-s√∂pw a‰p Nne kml-N-cy-ß-fmWv AXn\p \nan-Ø-am-b-sX∂pw
a\- n-em-bn.
c≠mw A[ym-b-Øn¬, {_“-kq-{X-Øn-e-S-ßn-bn-´p-≈Xv ssZzXtam
AssZz-Xtam F∂ N¿®-bm-Wv. Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ io¿j-Ihpw
a¿ahpw AXp-X-s∂. {_“-kq-{X-Im-c≥ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-sc-t∏mse AssZzX-
hm-Zntbm ambm-hm-Z-°m-ct\m Bbn-cp-∂n-s√∂v X¬kw-_-‘-ambn Kth-
j-W-ßƒ \S-Ønb kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS hm°p-Iƒ D≤-cn®v
ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≠v. {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬ am{X-a-√, thZ-ß-fntem D]-\n-j-Øp-
°-fntem s]mXp-hm-sbmcp kn≤m-¥-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿
k¶¬]n-®-Xp-t]m-ep≈ AssZz-Xtam ambm-hm-Ztam s]mXp-[m-c-bmbn
{]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂v aq∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p∂p. ]Xn-\m-
bn-c-°-W-°n\v thZ-˛-D-]-\n-jZv hmIy-ß-fn¬ H∂p-t]mepw i¶m-c-ssZz-
X-Ø-n\p A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-ń√ F∂p Rm≥ hmZn-°p-∂n√. Ah-bnse Nne
hmNI-ßfpw {]tbm-K-ßfpw i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ho£-W-ßsf km[q-I-
cn-°p-∂-Xmbn tXm∂mw. F∂m¬, A\p-Iq-e-sa∂v hnNm-cn-°m-hp∂
CØcw {]kvXm-h-ß-fpsS ]Xn-∑-Sßv ssZzX-Nn-¥°v _ew \¬Ip-∂-
h-bmbn thZ-ß-fnepw D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fn-ep-ap-≠v-˛-{]-tXy-In®pw {_“-kq-
{X-Øn¬. AXn-\m¬, {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ A¥x-kØ bYm¿YØn¬
i¶cm-ssZz-XsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-I-b√, Zp¿_-e-am°p-I-bm-sW∂v Cu
`mKØv ka¿Yn-°p-∂p. bp‡n-]-c-ambn t\m°n-bmepw i¶-cm-ssZz-X-
Øn¬ kµnKv[X-I-fp-s≠∂v Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
Cu ]T\w XpS-cp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ ImWm-\n-S-bmb sNdpXpw hep-Xp-
amb IrXn-I-fn¬ {_“-kq-{X-sØ-°p-dn®v h∂n-´p≈ A`n-{]m-b-ß-sf√mw
Fs‚ \nK-a-\sØ IqSp-X¬ _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. auen-I-X-bp-
≈Xpw B[n-Im-cn-I-hp-amb ]T-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw X¬kw_-‘-ambn Bh-
iy-am-bh Cu IrXn-bn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. ae-bmf {KŸ-I¿Øm-°ƒ°n-
S-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Kpcp \nXy-ssN-X\y bXn Fgp-Xn-bXv ChnsS
sImSp°mw:
"]e Xc-Ønepw ImSp-I-b-dn-t∏mb thZm¥ imJ-Iƒ apºn-en-cn-°p-
∂-Xp-sIm≠v _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ thZm-¥-kq-{X-ßƒ ]fin-X-∑m¿°p-
t]mepw Ct∏mƒ Nn¥m-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p-∂p. Bb-Xn-\m¬ i¶-c-˛-cm-am-
\pP {]`r-Xn-Isf am‰n-sh-®n´v _mZ-cm-bW kq{X-Øn-te°v Xncn-sI-
t∏mbn kq{X-Im-c≥ {]am-W-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fpsS
shfn-®-Øn¬ thZm-¥sØ ]p\x-{]-h-N\w sNbvXm¬ am{Xta {_“w,
Bflm-hv, Poh≥, PK-Øv, {]IrXn F∂n-h-bv°v B\zo-£nIo imkv{X
(Epistemology)Ønepw {]amW imkv{X (Methodology)Ønepw {]tbm-P-\-
imkv{X (Axiology)Ønepw kp\n-›n-X-amb hnh-£-Isf km¿h-{Xn-I-
amb AwKo-Imcw e`n-°-Ø-°-hÆw ÿm]n-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp-≈q. ]mc-
º-cy-tØm-Sp≈ Af-h‰ `‡n-sIm≠pw ]q¿hm-Nm-cy-∑msc hna¿in-
°p∂Xv Kpcp-Xz-tZmjw hcp-Øptam F∂ `bw-sIm≠pw, Ah¿ \ΩpsS
apºn¬ sh®n-´p≈ {]tl-fnI ImWp-Ibpw AXp-sIm≠v Akz-ÿ-cm-
Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]fin-X-∑m¿ Ct∏mgpw Ad-®p- \n¬°p-∂-tX-bp-≈q.
F∂m¬, [oc-amb Xocp-am-\-sa-SpØv thZm¥ kq{X-ßƒ°v ip≤hpw
Ak-µn-Kv[-hp-amb Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw \mw sImSp-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.'
(`m-c-Xob a\x-im-kv{Xw, t]Pv. 112, Id‚ v _pIvkv, 1992)
CXn-\p-th≠ Zm¿i-\nI [ocX ]fin-Xh - t- c-Wy-cn¬\n∂pw C\nbpw
D≠m-bn-ń-s√-∂m-Wt√m CXns‚ [z\n. {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ aqew ]cn-
tim-[n®v hnhn[ `mjy-ßf - n¬ GXmWp IqSp-X¬ A\p-tbm-Py-am-bs - X∂v
Is≠-Øm-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ Imcy-amb tXmXn¬ \S-∂n-ń-√. Brahmasutras
and their Principal Commentaries F∂ tUm. _n.-F≥.-sI. i¿a-bpsS aq∂p
hmey-ßƒ {it≤-b-am-Wv. _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ aqe-Ir-Xn-bn¬ F¥m-Wp-≈-
sX∂v At\z-jn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ H∂m-a-Xm-bn, AXn-ep-≈Xv i¶-cm-ssZz-X-
am-sW∂ ]c-º-cm-KX [mc-Wsb A∏Sn apJ-hn-ebv-s°-Sp-°msX Hcp
h´-a-¶nepw ]p\¿hn-Nn-¥\w \S-Ø-Ww. tijw F¥p\nK-a-\-Øn-se-
Øm\pw At\z-j-I\v kzmX-{¥y-ap-≠v. CXp-h-scbpw tI´p-h-∂-Xn-\-∏p-
d-tØ°v Rm\n√ F∂ imTyw Iq]afiq-I-Øns‚ Zm¿i-\nI \ne-]m-
Sm-sW∂ Imcyw Hm¿a-bn-ep-≠m-I-Ww.
_rl-Zm-c-WyI D]-\n-j-Øn\v \nXy-ssN-X\y bXn Fgp-Xnb
hymJym-\-Øns‚ Bap-J-Ønepw ta¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xn\v kam-\-amb ]cm-
a¿iw I≠p (The Brahadaranyaka Upanishad, D.K. Print World, New Delhi, 1994).
apJ-°pdn
14
"_mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ X\na hy‡-ambpw a\- n-em-°nb GI-Zm¿i-\n-I≥
Hcp ]t£ i¶-c-\mWv' F∂v bXn Fgp-Xp-∂p. XpS¿∂v i¶-c- Z¿i-\-
sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ {io Ac-hnµ tLmjns‚ hmNIw bXn D≤-cn-°p-∂p.
AXn-ß-s\-bmWv: "D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-te°v shfn®w hoip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠√
kz¥w Z¿i- \ - Ø n- t e°v hgpXn amdp- ∂ - X p- s Im- ≠ m- W v , Cß- s \-
sbms°bmsW-¶nepw i¶-c-`mjyw ck-I-c-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.' (neverthless,
it remains true that Sankara's commentaries is interesting not so much for the light it
sheds on the Upanishads as for its digression into his own Philosophy'). F¥mWv
CXn-\¿Yw? D]-\n-jZv Z¿i-\-ß-sf°mƒ i¶-cm-NmcycpsS kz¥w Z¿i-
\-ß-fmWv AssZz-X-Øns‚ D≈-S°w F∂p -X-s∂.
sX‰mb [mc-W-Isf XncpØn ÿm]n-°pI Ffp-∏-a-√. icn-bmb
ImgvN-∏mSv cq]o-I-cn-®-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw AXv km[n-°-W-sa-∂n-√. Ht´sd
kmaq-lnI ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS Iq´mb bXv\w AXn\v th≠n-hcpw. C°m-
eØv C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n Fgp-Xp-∂-h-cn¬ {]ap-J\mb tUm. Zbm
IrjvW-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ {it≤-b-amWv: "ssh⁄m-\nI taJ-e-I-fn-ep≈
]Sn-™m-dns‚ DØpw-K-X-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Bflob hy‡n-Xz-Øn-\m-
bp≈ AXns‚ tX´hpw ]Sn-™m-d≥ Ct¥m-f-Pn-°¬ ]T-\-ßfpw HØp-
tN¿∂-t∏mƒ C¥y-bpsS Zm¿i-\nI ]mc-º-cy-sØ-∏‰n Hcp {]tXyI
Nn{Xw cq]o-Ir-X-am-bn. C¥y-bnepw hntZ-i-Øp-ap≈ A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw
hnZym¿Yn-If - p-sSbpw ]e Xe-ap-dI - f
- n¬ AXpXs∂ am‰-an-√msX sImØn-
shbv-°s∏-´p. AkwJyw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ Cu Imgv-N-∏m-Sns\ tNmZyw
sNøtem ]pXn-b-sXm∂v Bhn-jvI-cn-°-tem Akm-[y-am-Ip-amdv, AXp-
Xs∂ Duń-bp-d∏ - n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.' (Indian Philosophy, Oxford, Delhi, 1996,
P.VII).
tUm. Zbm-IrjvW kqNn-∏n® {]iv\w ISp-Ø-Xm-sW-∂-Xn¬ kwi-
b-an-√. F∂m¬, ]m›m-Xy-cmb Ct¥m-f-Pn-Ãp-Iƒ°v am{X-a-√ CXn¬
]¶p-≈Xv; kztZ-in-I-fmb ]fin-X-∑m¿°pw DØ-c-hm-ZnXz-Øn¬\n∂pw
ssII-gp-Im-\m-hn-√. Zbm-Ir-jvW-bpsS ]pkvX-I-Ønse {]ta-b-ßƒ
am{Xw IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-tºmƒ `mcw ]m›m-Xy Ct¥m-f-Pn-Ãp-Iƒ°p
am{X-am-bn-cn-°mw. F∂m¬, C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥sb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p∂
Zm¿i-\nI kcWn AssZz-X-am-sW∂ sX‰mb [mcW ]m›m-Xy¿°v
]I¿∂p sImSp- Ø Xv C¥y- ° m- c mb ]fin- X - ∑ m- c m- s W- ∂ - X mWv
hkvXpX. Cu {KŸ-Im-cs‚ Hc-\p-`hw Ipdn-°-s´:
ssZzX-˛-A-ssZzX hnhmZw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\nsS hfsc aptº hmbn®
tUm. {^ntPm^v Im{]-bpsS "Xmthm Hm^v ^nknIvkv'(Tao of Physics)
ho≠pw adn-®p-t\m°n. PKXv amb-bm-sW∂Xv C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-bnse
G‰hpw apJy-amb ho£-W-am-sW∂p Im{] [cn-®n-´p-≈-Xmbn a\- n-
em-bn. Cu hnj-b-I-ambn GXm\pw kwi-b-ßƒ D∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v tUm.
{^ntPm^v Im{]bv°v Rm≥ IsØ-gp-Xn. Ch-bvs°m∂pw bmsXmcp hni-
Zo-I-c-Whpw XcmsX adp-]Sn At±lw c≠p hcn-bn¬ HXp-°n: "Ccp-]-
Xn-tesd h¿j-ßƒ°p apºmWv Rm≥ Xmthm Hm^v ^nknIvkv Fgp-
Xn-b-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw Rm≥ C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-sb-°p-dn®v ]Tn-®n-ń-√.
AXn-\m¬, Cu tNmZy-Øn\v DØcw \¬Im≥ Rm≥ tbmKy-\m-sW∂p
tXm∂p-∂n-√.' C¥y-bnse Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m-cn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw PK-
Øns\ \ntj-[n-®-h-c-s√∂pw PK-flmbm kn≤m-¥sØ FXn¿Ø-h-cm-
sW∂pw Fs‚ IØn¬ DZm-lc-W-k-lnXw hy‡-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p. tUm.
Im{] "Xmthm Hm^v ^nkn-Ivkv' Fgp-Xn-b-Xn\p tij-ap-≠mb hf¿®-
b√ CXv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ign™ Ccp-]Xp h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn¥ ]Tn-°p-Ib - p-≠m-bn√ F∂Xv Hcp Hgn-Ig- n-hmbn t]mepw
ImWm-\m-hn-√. C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-sØ-∏‰n a\- n-em-°m≥ {ian-®-t∏mƒ
AssZzX ho£-W-°m-cp-tSXv am{X-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ Im{] ]T\w
]cn-an-X-am°n F∂-XmWv {]iv\w. AXn\p ]pdØv AXn¬\n∂p `n∂-
am-b, hncp≤w t]mep-amb Nn¥-Iƒ hnImkw {]m]n-®n-cp∂p F∂v Is≠-
Øm≥ Im{]bv°p km[n-®n-√. Hcp \nebv°v CXn¬ Akzm-`m-hn-I-X-
bn√. C¥y-°mcpw hntZ-io-b-cp-amb ]finX ]pwK-h-∑m¿ CtX sX‰mb
[mc-W-bmWv Bh¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ip≤-K-Xn-tbmsS AXns\
Ah-ew-_n-®-XmWv {^ntPm^v Im{]bv°p ]nW™ ]niIv. C¥y≥
XXz-Nn-¥-bnse Hcp hi-sØ-°p-dn®pw kvs]jy-ssekvUv Bb ]T\w
Im{] Dt±-in-®n-cn-°n-√. Izm≠w _e-X-{¥-Øn-sebpw ]uckvXy Z¿i-
\-ß-fn-sebpw D]-cn-πh kmZr-iy-ß-fmWv At±-lsØ BI¿jn-®-Xv.
Chsb at\m-l-c-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ign™p F∂Xpw t]mÃv
tamtU¨ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXn\p e`n-°m-hp∂
h≥hn-]Wn kzmb-Ø-amsb∂Xpw Im{]-bpsS ho£-W-ßƒ°v klm-
b-Ia- m-bn. Fs‚ Cu hne-bn-cp-Øe - ns\ kmµ¿`n-Ia
- mb H∂mbn I≠m¬
aXn. C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-ßsf ]m¿-ń°vƒ ^nkn-Ivkp-ambn tUm. Im{] Xmc-
X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv hni-Z-ambn as‰mcp kµ¿i-`-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
AssZz-X-Øn¬ P\n®v AssZz-X-Øn¬ Pohn®v AXn¬Xs∂ kam-
[n-bm-Ip-∂-h-cmWv C¥y-bnse A[nI ]fin-X-∑m-cpw. A[nI t]cpw
CXc ho£mKXn-°m¿ AssZz-X-sØ-°p-dn®v F¥p ]d™p F∂-Xn¬
A⁄-Xb - p-≈h - c
- m-Wv. AssZz-XØ
- ns‚ ASn-ÿm\ k¶¬-]ß - sf \nin-
Xhpw ka¿Y-hp-ambn Jfin-®n-´p≈ IrXn-Iƒ Ipd-h√ F∂-XmWv
hkvXp-X. am[z-k-c-Wn-bnse hymk-cm-b (1478˛1539) F∂ Xm¿°n-I≥
i¶- c m- s sZz- X sØ bp‡n- b p‡w \ncq- ] Ww sNbv X IrXn- b mWv
"XmXv]cy N{µnIm'. cLp-\mY Xo¿Y(1695-˛1742) cNn® "tij-˛-Xm-Xv]cy
apJ-°pdn
16
N{µnIm' bnepw kZr- i - a mb {]Xn- ] m- Z - \ - ß ƒ ImWmw. ]fl- \ m`
Xo¿Y(1318-˛74) bpsS "KoXm-`mjy `mh-Zo-]nI', \c-lcn Xo¿Y(1324-˛83)
bpsS "`mh-{]-Im-inI' hymk-Xo¿Y(1478-˛1539)-bpsS "\ymbm-arX' XpSßn
F{Xtbm IrXn-Iƒ Cu Zni-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv. CØcw taJ-e-
I-fn-te°v hmb-\-°m-cpsS {i≤ Xncn-™m¬ Cu {KŸ-Im-cs‚ e£y-
ß-fn-sem∂v k^-e-am-bn!
temI kZvKp-cphpw hniz-Zm¿i-\n-I-\p-amb {io i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
ho£-W-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ F\n-°p≈ tbmKyX tNmZywsNø-s∏-
t´-°mw. CXn-\p≈ kam-[m-\-an-Xm-Wv: Fs‚ Ffnb _p≤n-bn¬ \n∂p-
Zn-®tXm Npcp-ßnb ImesØ a\-\-Øns‚ êtam A√ Cu IrXn-
bnse D≈-S-°w. {]i-kvXcpw tbmKy-cp-amb \nc-h[n kwkvIrX ]fin-
X-∑m-cp-sSbpw {_“-kq-{XsØ {]tXyIw ]Tn-®-h-cpsSbpw Is≠-Ø-
ep-Iƒ bp‡n-`-{Z-ambn tIm¿Øn-W-°p-I-bmWv Rm≥ sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv.
Fs‚ F√m {]kvXm-h-ßfpw B[n-Im-cnI ]T-\-ßsf B[m-c-am-°n-bn-
´p-≈-Xm-Wv. Ah-bpsS t{kmX v IrXy-amb ASn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn¬ hy‡-
am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬, Cu IrXn-bnse hmZ-ßsf Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-hm≥
B{K-ln-°p-∂-h¿ Imcy-Im-cW klnXamIWw AXp sNtø-≠-sX∂v
DW¿Ø-s´.
i¶m-c-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-hm-Zhpw AssZz-Xhpw bp‡n-lo\w am{X-a√,
thZ-{]-am-W-ßƒ°p \nc-°m-Ø-Xp-am-sW∂v ka¿Yn-®Xv thZm-¥n-I-fn¬
{]ap-J-\mb am[zm-Nm-cy-cm-Wv. kwkvIrX ]fin-X\pw thZm¥ -_p-≤n-
bp-amb am[zm-Nm-cy¿ F¥p-sIm-≠n-ßs\ Xo¿Øp ]d-™p-sh∂p ]cn-
tim-[n-°m-\p≈ k∑-\ v AssZz-Xm-\p-Iq-en-Iƒ°p-≠m-IWw F∂ anX-
amb \n¿tZ-i-amWv F\n-°p-≈-Xv.
hmgvØs - ∏-SmØ Fs∂-t∏m-ep≈ Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS cN-\I - sf AwKo-
I-cn-°m≥ ÿnc-{]-XnjvTcmb ]fin-X-∑m¿°p aSn-bp-≠m-tb-°pw.
CXn\p ]n∂nse Imc-W-ßƒ kwth-Z-\-£-a-X-bp-≈-hsc kw_-‘n-®n-
S-tØmfw Kth-jWw Bh-iy-am-b{X k¶o¿Wa-√. Ah Gsd-°psd
kpXm-cy-am-Wv. H∂pam{Xw Nq≠n-°m-´mw: i¶-cm-ssZzXw FSp-Øm¬
s]mßmØ{X Kwò- c - a m- s W∂p ]ecpw hnNm- c n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v . CXp
ssIImcyw sNøm≥ am{Xw F\n°p tbmKy-X-bpt≠m F∂mIpw Ch-
cpsS kwi-bw. Hcphn[w a\p-jy¿s°m∂pw a\- n-em-ImØ{X Kl-\-
amWv Cu k¶¬]-ß-sf∂pw AXn-am-\pj _p≤nt° AtX-°p-dn®v
Fs¥-¶nepw ]d-bm-s\m°q F∂pw Nne¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-t´-°pw. Ch¿
Bflm¿Y-am-bmWv Aßs\ hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. CXn\p {][m\ ImcWw
i¶-cm-ssZzXw AXn-_p-≤nIƒt° a\- n-emIq F∂-X√; adn-®v, Cßs\
]d-bp-∂-h-cpsS hnNm-c-tijn hfsc Xmsg-bmWv F∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp ]t£,
icm-i-cn-sb-°mƒ Xmsg.
hfsc sNdn-sbmcp ]cn-[n-°I - Øp \n¬°p∂ GXm\pw hnj-bß - tf
CXn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈q. CXpt]mepw ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn-em-sW∂v
kΩ-Xn-°-s´. i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øns‚ D≈-S-°-tØbpw ]cn-k-c-tØbpw
H∂msI ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂X - n\v Zm¿i-\nI cwKw hn´v kmaq-lnI imkv{Xw,
[¿aw, kZm-Nmc k¶¬]w XpS-ßn a‰p taJ-e-I-fn-te°p IqSn \oß-
Ww. {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ cN-\, Ime-K-W-\, I¿Xr-Xzw, hymJym-\-ßƒ,
D]-\n-jØpw ambm-hm-Zhpw XpSßn IqSp-X¬ io¿j-I-ßƒ Cu IrXn-
bpsS ]cn-jvIcn-°p∂ ]Xn-∏n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-∂mWv B{K-lw.
CXns‚ cN-\sb klm-bn-®-h-sc-∏‰n: kmc-k-º-∂hpw {]uV-hp-
amb Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xn-Ø∂ tUm. hn.-B¿. apc-fo-[-c\v (M.Phil, Ph.D
in Sanskrit) Af-h‰ \µn Ipdn-°p-∂p. kwkvIr-X -`m-j-bnepw {KŸ-ß-
fnepw Akm-am\y ]mS-h-ap≈ Cu bph{]Xn-`bpsS Ah-Xm-cnI A\p-
{K-lam-bn-Øs∂ Rm≥ ImWp-∂p. kplr-Øp-°-fmb s{]m^. Sn.-_n.
hnP-b-Ip-am¿(-Xr-iq¿), sI.-sI. Peo¬(-sIm-®n), tUm. {^m≥knkv Ako-
kn(-sIm-®n) F∂n-h-scbpw kvacn-°p-∂p.
Ago-t°mSv
'98, am¿®v 28 lpssk≥
Ah-Xm-cnI
18
Ah-Xm-cnI
"H∂ns\-Øs∂ _p≤n-am-∑m¿ ]e-Xmbn ]d-bp∂p' F∂-¿Yw
hcp∂ Hcp sshZnI kq‡-ap-≠v. Cu kq‡-Øns‚ B≤ym-flnI
hymJym-\-ßƒ kpe-`-am-Wv. ]t£, ]e-t∏mgpw F¥p-sIm≠v _p≤n-
am-∑m¿ ]e-Xmbn ]d-bp∂p F∂ tNmZyw Bcpw D∂-bn-°m-dn-√.
Bflob Zp¿hym-Jym-\-ß-sf-°mƒ B tNmZy-Øn\p {]k‡n IqSp-
sa-¶nepw _p≤n-am-∑m-cpsS ]n∂mse KXm-\p-K-Xn-I-\ym-tb\ \S-°p-
∂-Xn¬ kpJw Is≠-Øp-∂-h-cmWv an°-h-cpw. {]mtbW D]-\n-jZv
hmIy-ß-fpsS ka-\z-b-kz-cq-]-amb {_“-kq-{X-ßsf X\n-s°m-Ø-
hÆw hf-s®m-Sn®p Ah-X-cn-∏n® {io i¶-cs‚ _p≤n-Iu-i-e-Øn\p
apºn¬ ]ecpw auVy-tØmsS \n∂p-t]m-bn. B[p-\nI Ime-Øp≈
]e Zm¿i-\nI{]Xn-`-Iƒ t]mepw i¶-c-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ {]`m-h-e-b-
Øn¬ hymap- K v [ - a - X n- I - f mbn Xo¿∂ Ncn- { X- a mWp≈- X v . AXn-
\m¬Xs∂ {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ ssZzX-]-c-X-sb-°p-dn®pw ambm-hm-Z-
Øns‚ A¿∆m-No-\-X-sb-°p-dn®pw {io. F≥.-Fw. lpssk≥ kwi-
b-ap-b¿Øp-tºmƒ bmYm-ÿn-XnI _p≤n-Po-hn-Iƒ Dd-™p-Xp-≈n-tb-
°mw. ]c-º-cm-KX hn⁄m-\sØ tNmZyw-sN-øp-∂Xpw kwi-bn-°p-
∂Xpw ]m]-am-sW-∂mWv B¿j k¶¬]w.
i¶-cs‚ AssZzX Z¿i\sØ tNmZyw sNbvX-Xn¬ {][m-\n-Iƒ
thZm-¥n-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. cmam-\p-P\pw am[z\pw \nw_m¿°\pw `mkvI-
c\pw a‰pw AssZz-XsØ \ncm-I-cn-°m≥ {][m\ambpw c≠p Imc-W-
ß-fm-Wp-≈X- v. H∂m-aX - mbn AssZzX Z¿i\w {_“-kq-{X-ßf - psS A¥x-
k-Øsb ]e-t∏mgpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂n-√. c≠m-aX - mbn i¶-c- Z¿i\-Øns‚
Dd-hnSw ]e-t∏mgpw kmwJy-˛-_u-≤-˛-am-≤y-anI Z¿i-\-ß-fm-Wv. ta¬]-
d™ kmwJy-˛-_u-≤nI ]≤-Xn-Isf G‰hpw FXn¿Ø Bƒ IqSn-bmWv
i¶-c-s\-¶nepw i¶-cs\ {]—∂ _u≤-s\∂pw a‰pw hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv
]n¬°me thZm-¥n-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p. i¶-cs\ `mc-XØnse G‰hpw
alm-\mb Zm¿i-\n-I-\m-°n-bXv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ aowamw-k-I\pw _p≤n-
cm-£-k-\p-amb Ipam-cn-`-´-\m-bn-cp-∂p. _u≤-Z¿i\ kmc-{Kmln-bmb
i¶-cs\ _u≤-hn-tcm-[n-bm-°n-bXv a‰m-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.
i¶-c-Z¿i-\-Ønse {][m\ XXz-ß-fpsS t]mcm-bva-Ifpw ]ng-hp-
Ifpw tkmZm-l-cWw lpssk≥ FSpØp ImWn-®n-´p-≠v. AXn-\m¬,
a‰p Nne {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-dn®p Nn¥n-®p-t\m-°mw. i¶-cs‚ ambm-hm-
Zhpw PKXv-anYym hmZhpw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ a\p-jys\ AI¿a-Wy-X-
bn-te°pw sshcm-Ky-Øn-te°pw a‰pw \bn-®-tXmsS ùXnI hnIm-
k- ß - f n¬ Ahs‚ {i≤ Ipd- ™ p. _p≤ Ime- L - ´ - Ø n¬ DZbw
sIm≠ Bbp¿thZw apX-emb Pt\m-]-Im-c-{]-Z-amb ùXn-I-im-kv{X-
ßƒ t]mepw hf¿® apc-Sn-®p-\n-∂p. tIhe ssk≤m-¥nI N¿®-
Iƒaqew {]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-ßƒ ad-°m-\n-S-bm-bn. am\h ]ptcm-K-
Xn-sb-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xn\p ]Icw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS anYym-Xz-
Øn¬ \mw Dgdn \n∂p. Npcp°w ]d-™m¬ Pohn-Xm-`n-c-Xnbpw X∑q-
e-ap≈ {]h¿Ø-\-hp-amWv \sΩ \ne-\n¿Øp∂ LS-Iw. AXns\
\nc-kn-°p-hm\pw Ae-k-amb Bflo-b-hm-Z-Øn¬ apgpIn t\cw If-
bp-hm-\p-amWv AssZzX Z¿i\w If-sam-cp-°n-bXv.
a‰p- ]e hi-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw \mw i¶-c-Z¿i-\sØ hne-bn-cp-Øp-
hm≥ {ian- t °- ≠ - X p- ≠ v . kmaq- l y- ] - c - X - b n¬\n∂v AI- ∂ p- \ n∂v
tIhew Zm¿i-\nIamb hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWv ]e-t∏mgpw \S-∂p-h-cp-∂Xv.
AØcw th¿Xn-cnhv ]T-\-ß-fpsS {]k-‡n-bn-√mbva C\nbpw ]ecpw
{i≤n-®n-ń-√. Hcp Zm¿i-\nI ]≤-Xn-bpsS DZb hnIm-km-]-N-b-ß-fpsS
Imc-W-ßƒ At\z-jn®p Is≠-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ \mw CXp-h-scbpw Adn-
™n-s√∂p \Sn® Nne kXy-ßƒ a\- n-em-t°≠n hcpw. kmwJy
Z¿i- \ - Ø n¬ G‰hpw {][m\w aqe- { ]- I r- X n- b m- W v . aqe- { ]- I rXn
kvss{XW i‡n-bpsS {]`m-h-amWv. B i‡n-bmWv Pohn-X-bm-{Xsb
\bn-°p-∂-Xv. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS klm-b-an-√msX ]pcp-j\p \ne-\n¬]p
t]mep-an-√. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ k¿K-]-c-X- (Creativity) Xs∂-bmWv
{]Ir-Xn-sb∂p ImWmw. kmwJy-Ønse ]wKz-‘-\ym-b-Øn¬ hnI-
e-\mb ]pcp-j\pw Ahs\ \bn-°p∂ A‘-\mb {]Ir-Xnbpw kv{Xo
]p-cpj kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn-s‚bpw AXn¬Xs∂ kv{XobpsS {]map-
Jy-tØbpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.
Cu Z¿i-\-sØ hn]-co-X-am-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS kv{Xohn-cp-≤-amb \ne-
]m-SmWv ambm-hm-Z-Øn¬ i¶-c-\m-hn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kmwJy-Øn¬ A{]-
[m-\hpw hnI-e-\p-amb ]pcp-js\ i¶-c≥ ]q¿W\pw kXy-hp-ambn Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn aqe-{]-Ir-Xn-sb∂ kvss{XW kØsb amb-
Ah-Xm-cnI
20
sb∂pw anYy-sb∂pw CIgvØn ]d-bp-I-bp-amWv sNbX-Xv. kaq-l-
Øn¬ kv{Xo°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]m[m-\ysØ C√m-Xm°n Hcp ]pcp-j-
ta-[m-hnXz kaq-l-kr-jvSn-°m-bn-°qSn i¶-c-Z¿i\w CS-h-cp-Øn-sb∂
Imcyw \mw hnkva-cn-®p-Iq-Sm. kv{Xo-XzsØ amb-sb∂pw tamln-∏n-
°p-∂-sX∂pw ]d™ i¶-c\pw kmwJyXXz-Øns‚ hne Adn-bm-
am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬Xs∂ i‡n°v {]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ Nne Io¿-
Ø-\-ßfpw At±-l-Øn-s‚-Xmbn \ne-hn-ep-≠v. F{X \ntj-[n-®mepw
\jvS-s∏-SmØ H∂mWv krjvSyp∑p-J-X-bpsS kv{XoXz {]Ir-Xn-sb∂p
]d-bmw.
kaq-l-Ønse Nqj-W-ß-sfbpw sX‰p-I-sfbpw h©-\-I-sfbpw
s]mcpXn tXm¬]n-°m≥ Hcp-sº-Sp-tºmƒ CsX√mw anYy-bm-sWt∂m
tbmK-am-sWt∂m ]d™p ]n¥n-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]n∂nep≈ a\x-
imkv{Xw hfsc efn-X-am-Wv. Nqj-I\v Nqjn-X-s\-Xnsc {]tbm-Kn-°m-
hp∂ G‰hpw \√ Xpcp-∏p-io-´mWv anYym-hm-Zw AYhm ambm-hmZw. AXn-
eqsS Nqj-I≥ Xs‚ hmIvkm-a¿Yyw ImWn-°pI am{X-a-√, Nqjn-Xs\
h√m-ØXpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xp-amb {]Xn-k-‘n-bn¬ sNs∂-
Øn-°p-I-bpamWv sNøp-∂-Xv. Adn-hp-]-tbm-Kn®v \S-Øp∂ Nqj-W-sa∂v
am{Xta CXn\p ]d-bm-hq. kl-Po-hn-kvt\-l-Øn\p t]cp-tI´ _p≤-a-
X-Øns\ \J-in-Jm¥w FXn¿ØXn\p ]n∂nse a\x-im-kv{Xhpw as‰m-
∂p-a-√. an° Zm¿i-\n-I¿°pw ]‰nb t]mse i¶-c\pw kza-X -ÿm-]\
hy{K-X-bn¬ Nne ]ng-hp-Iƒ ]‰n-bXpw lpssk≥ FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-
∂p-≠v.
PK-sØ√mw amb-bm-sW∂p ]d-bp∂ i¶-cs‚ F√m kn≤m-¥ß - fpw
{]mXn-`m-knI Zim-¥¿K-X-ß-fm-I-bm¬Xs∂ amb am{X-am-sW∂p ]d-
bm-hp-∂t- X-bp-≈q. hmIvIk¿-Øn\p acp∂p as‰m-∂pa-√t- √m. aI≥ hniz-
hn-Zym-e-b-Øn¬ ]Tn®v ]fin-X-\mbn aS-ßn-h-cp∂ Znhkw Irjo-h-e-
cmb A—-\-Ω-am¿ Ah\p \¬Im-\mbn c≠p amºgw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂t{X.
aq∂p t]cpw `£-WØn-\n-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ A—≥ c≠p amº-gt- a-bp≈q F∂p
Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-t∏mƒ CXp-X-s∂-bmWv Fs‚ ]mfin-Xy-{]-Z¿i-\-Øn\p
Ah-k-c-sa∂p Icp-Xnb ]p{X≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑msc X¿° ]mS-h-Øm¬
aq∂p amß-bp-s≠∂p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Xp\n-™p. Abmƒ Hcp
amßsb sXm´v FÆn "H∂v', c≠m-asØ amßsb sXm´v FÆn "c≠v',
F∂n´p ]d™p: "At∏mƒ H∂pw c≠pw IqSn-bm¬ "aq∂v.' BsI aq∂p
amß.' aIs‚ ]mfin-Xy-Øn¬ hnkvabw tXm∂nb ]mhw Irjo-he-
\mb ]nXmhv Hcp amß- `mcybv°p sImSp-Øp. as‰m∂p kzb-sa-SpØp.
_p≤n-am-\mb aI-t\mSp ]d™p: "aI-t\, \o aq∂m-asØ amºgw FSp-
Øp-sIm-≈q' F∂v. CØcw {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xsb _p≤n-]c-X sIm≠v
sIm™-\w- Im-Wn-°p∂ i¶-c-t\mSpw \ap°p ]d-bmw, ""Rßƒ Cu
anYy-bmb PK-Øn¬ D≈-h-sb-Sp-Øp-sIm≠p Xr]vXn-s∏-Smw. Xm¶ƒ Cu
anYy-bn-sem∂pw hniz-kn-°p-Itb th≠'' F∂v. ASn-Ød sI´msX
BIm-i-t°m-´-Iƒ cNn-°p-hm≥ B¿°pw Ign-bpw. AXns\ a‰p-≈-h¿°v
t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]‰n-s√∂ Imcyw Ah¿ Nn¥n-°p-∂n-s√∂p am{Xw.
CXp-sIm≠v h∂ tZmj-ßƒ Nn√-d-b-√. ap≥]p kqNn∏n®-Xp-t]mse
ùXnI imkv{X-ß-fpsS hf¿®-bn¬ apc-Sn∏v A\p-`-h-s∏-´p. ]gb IrXn-
I-fn¬ `mh-\m-hn-em-k-Øm¬ ]d-™p-sh® Imcy-ßsf Ab-hn-d-°n,
F√mw thZ-Øn-ep≠v F∂p ]d™v a‰p-≈-h-cpsS apºn¬ ]cn-lm-ky-
cm-hm\pw CS-h-∂p. sshZnI KWn-X-Øn-s‚bpw ]pjv]I hnam-\-
Øns‚bpw hnhn[ {_“m-kv{X-ßf - psS al-Xz-tØbpw ]pIgvØ - n kzbw
s]m´-°n-W-‰n¬ hoW Xh-f-sb-t∏mse A¥¿ap-J-cm-Im\pw \mw kabw
sNe-h-gn-®p.
Bflob Nn¥sb \ntj-[n-°p-hmt\m tami-am-sW∂p hcp-Øp-
hmt\m A√ C{Xbpw ]d-™-Xv. kaq-l-Po-hn-bmb a\p-jys‚ kmaq-
lnI {]Xn-_-≤-Xbpw am\-hnI aqey kwc-£-Whpw [¿am-N-c-Whpw
X∑qew \ΩpsS sshb-‡nI tim` ]pjvI-e-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ
\mw Bflob kpJw Bkz-Zn-°p-∂p F∂p ]d-bmw. AI¿a-Wy-X-bn-eq-
sS-b-√, t\sc-a-dn®v kI¿a-Wy-X-bn-eq-sS-bm-IWw \mw e£yw t\tS-
≠Xv F∂p am{Xw. kz[¿a I - ¿a \n¿h-lW - Ø
- n-ep-]cn as‰-¥m-Wp-≈Xv?
AXn\p \mw PK-Øns‚ anYym-Xz-a√ Dss®-kvXcw tLmjn-t°-≠-Xv.
PK-Øns‚ sshhn-[y-ßsf Adn-bp-I-bmWv th≠Xv. tZzj-Øn-eq-sStbm
sshcm-Ky-Øn-eq-sStbm A√, kvt\l-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]tcm-]-Im-c-Øn-eq-
sS-bp-amWv \mw e£yw t\tS-≠X - v. AXp ]Tn-∏n-®Xv _u≤-cm-Wv. Ahsc
hmKvhn-X-fi-I-fn-eq-sS-b√ t\cn-tS-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. {]tXy-In®pw Ah-cpsS
Bi-b-ßsf ssIs°m-≈p-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf ]pI-gvØp-
I-bm-bn-cp∂p \√-Xv.
i¶cZ¿i-\Ø - ns‚ \√ hi-ßƒ htc-Wy-Xb - psS auen-Ih - m-ZØ
- n\p
]W-b-s∏´ Zb\o-b Ncn-{X-amWv AssZz-X-Øn\p ]d-bm-\p-≠m-Ip-I.
{_“-kq{Xw hymJym-\n-°p-tºmƒ A]-iq-{Zm-Zn-I-c-Whpw a‰pw hnkvX-
cn-°p∂ i¶-cs\ `mc-Xob Zm¿i-\n-I -k¿h-⁄-]oTw Ib-dnb alm-
s\∂p hnfn-°p-tºmƒ A]-am-\n-Xa - m-Ip-∂Xv hniz-kmtlm-Zc - y-sa∂ hnim-
em-ib- a
- m-Wv. `‡n-{]-ÿm-\Ø- n-eq-sSbpw ssZzX-Øn-eq-sSbpw {]m]-©nI
{]iv\-ßsf Nn¥n-°p-hm\pw ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øm\pw {ian® cmam-\p-
P\pw am[z\pw a‰pw i¶-c-s\-°mƒ kaql {]Xn-_-≤-X-bp-≈-h-cm-Wv.
Ah-cpsS am¿K-amWv ]n≥Ime thZm-¥n-I-fmb Fgp-Ø-—\pw I_odpw
Xpf-ko-Zmkpw \mcm-bW Kpcphpw hnth-Im-\-µ\pw ]n≥Xp-S¿∂-Xv.
Ah-Xm-cnI
22
{]mtbm-KnI thZm-¥-Øns‚ h‡m-hmb cma-IrjvW ]c-a-lw-k\pw
hnth-Im-\-µ\pw i¶-cs‚ ssk≤m-¥nI Z¿i-\-Øn¬ HXpßn\n∂-h-
cm-bn-cp-∂n-√. i¶-c≥ kz_p-≤n- ssh-`-h-Øm¬ kzkn-≤m-¥-ßsf ]gp-
Xn-√mØhÆw AS®p `{Z-am°n Ah-Xc - n-∏n-®t- ∏mƒ Ah-bv°p ]g-ab
- psS
]g-°-®p-hbpw ho¿∏papépw D≠m-sb-¶n¬ AZv`p-X-s∏-Sm-\n-√. hna¿i-
\-Øn\v AXoX-\mbn Bcp-an√; Bcp-ap-≠m-Ip-Ibpw Acp-Xv.
Bi-bm-Z¿i-ß-fpsS _mlym-Uw-_cw {]I-Sn-∏n-°m\pw a‰p≈ Z¿i-
\-ß-fpsS A¥x-k-Øsb Du‰n-sb-SpØv Ahsb AK-Wy-tIm-Sn-bn¬
X≈n-∏-d-bm\pw AssZz-X-tØmfw as‰mcp Z¿i-\-Øn\pw Ign-™n-ń-√.
Cuiz-ct\m at‰m ÿm\-an-s√-¶nepw kvtXm{X Imhy-ß-fpsS {]f-b-Øn-
\p-Xs∂ AssZz-Xn-Iƒ a’-cn-°p-∂p≠v. ambsb ]c-{_-“-Øns‚ ]´-
a-ln-jn-bmbpw i‡n-bmbpw hio-I-cW kma¿Yy-ap≈ kv{Xoc-Xv\-am-
bp-ap≈ {]kvXm-h-ßƒ an° tZho-kvtXm-{X-ß-fnepw ImWmw. ]d-bp-
∂Xp XXz-sa-¶nepw AXn-s\-Xn-cmb {]hr-Øn-I-fn¬ apgp-Ip∂ ioew
Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fn¬ At{K-k-c-∑m-cmb Ch¿°v s]mXpth I≠p-h-cp∂p.
ChcpsS kphn-Z-Kv[-amb hmIv]m-Shw km[m-c-W-°m-c-s\-t∏mepw
tamln-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. cmam-b-W-˛-a-lm-`m-cX Imhy-ß-fn¬ t]mepw AssZzX
[¿a-ßƒ hmcn-\n-d®v Imhy-Kp-WsØ C√m-Xm-°p-Ibpw tIhew [¿a-
imkv{X {KŸ-ßf - m°n am‰p-Ibpw sNbvX IY {]kn-≤a - m-Wv. B Zpxkzm-
[o-\-Øns‚ Zpc-¥-^-e-amWv Fgp-Ø-—s‚ cmam-b-W-Ønepw a‰pw
ImWp∂ Bflob h¿W-\m-]-c-amb kµ¿`-ß-fpw, hnti-jW cln-X-
\mb ]c-{_“w Xs∂ Ht´sd ]Z-ß-fm¬ hnin-jvS-\m-bn, ambm-a-b\pw
Nn∑-b\pw PK-∑-b\pw a‰p-ambn h¿Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xp ImWp-tºmƒ
hnkvabw tXm∂pw. apºp ]d-™-t]mse Nqj-W-Øn-\p≈ \s√mcp
D]m-[n-bm°n Z¿i-\sØ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa∂p hy‡-am-°nb GI Z¿i-
\-am-Wn-Xv. kv{Xo˛-iq-{Zm-Zn-Isf C{Xbpw Ah-K-Wn-°p∂ as‰mcp Z¿i-
\-apt≠m F∂pXs∂ kwi-b-am-Wv. F∂n´pw Imjm-bmw-_c _lp-IrX
thj-∑m¿ DZ-c-\n-an-Ø-ambn A[zm-\-Øn¬ Xm¬]-cy-an-√m-sX, hnb¿s∏m-
gp-°msX, Imcy-em-`-Øn-\mbn {]mXn-`m-knI kØ-I-fn¬ \sΩ hymtam-
ln-∏n-°m≥ {ian®v A[n-Imcw ssIb-S-°m≥t]mepw {]m]vX-cm-Ip∂Xp
ImWp-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS ]mc-am¿YnI Zi-sb-°p-dn®v \mw Xncn-®-dn-tb≠
kabw AXn-{I-an-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ]d-bmsX hø.
AXn-\m¬ {io. F≥.-Fw. lpssk≥ cNn® Cu {KŸw F√m A¿Y-
Ønepw Ahiyw ]Tn-®n-cn-t°≠ Hcp IrXn-bm-Wv. hy‡n-]-c-amb
bmsXmcp kv]¿i NnIn-’-Ifpw \S-ØmsX XnI®pw ap≥]-T-\-ßfpsS
shfn-®-Øn¬ kXy-k-‘-amb kao-]-\-Øn-eqsS, CXp-h-scbpw {i≤n-
°msX InS-∂n-cp∂ Hcp kXy-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-I-bmWv At±-lw.
AssZzX ]£-]m-Xn-I-fmb Zm¿i-\n-I-∑m-cpsSXs∂ D≤-c-Wn-I-fn-eqsS
At±-l-Øn\p Dt±-in® Imcyw k^-e-am-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠v. Bcm-[\m
`mh-tØmsS am{Xw ss]Xr-IsØ kao-]n-°p-∂-h¿°v hmb\ shdp-
samcp D]m-[n-bmWv. \ap-°n-∂m-hiyw shdpw hmb-\-b√; t\sc adn®v
]p\¿hm-b-\-bmWv. hmb-\-tbm-sSm∏w Nn¥n-°m\pw kXysØ hy‡-
am°n ]p\x-kr-jvSn \S-Øm\pw Ign-bp-tºmtg {]bXv\w k^-e-ambn
F∂p ]d-bm-\m-hq. A°m-cy-Øn¬ {io lpssk≥ \qdp iX-am\w hnP-
bn-®n-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ t¢i-`q-bn-jvT-amb Cu {iasØ A`n-\-µn-
°m≥ AXoh kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. C\nbpw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ kwcw-`-ßƒ°v
Cu IrXn t{]c-I-am-Im-Xn-cn-°n-√. A_≤ [mc-W-I-fpsS amaq¬ kn≤m-
¥-ßsf XpS®p hrØn-bm-°p∂ {]{Inb XpS-cm≥ {io. lpssk\v
ho≠pw ho≠pw Ah-kc - ß
- ƒ ssIhcs´ F∂v Biw-kn-°p-∂p. apjn∏p
IqSmsX Zm¿i-\nI kw_-‘-ambn hne-]n-Sn® ]e XXz-ßsf {Kln-
°m\pw Ah-bpsS aqey \ncmkw \S-Øm\pw hmb-\-°m¿°v Inń-bn-
´p≈ Ah-kcw Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ kq£va hmb-\-bn-eqsS \nd-th-ds´
Xriq¿
F∂pw B{K-ln-°p∂p.
26.03.1998
tUm. hn.-B¿. apc-fo-[-c≥,

{io i¶-cm-Nmcy kwkvIrX k¿h-I-em-ime
Xriq¿ {]mtZ-inI tI{µw.
Z¿i-\Ø
- n-te°v
24
1
Z¿i-\-Øn-te°v
a\p-jy¿ {]mNo\ ImewapXte XXz-Nn-¥-bnepw X¬]-c-cm-bn-cp∂p
F∂p Icp-Xmw. F√m a\p-jycpw Zm¿i-\nI Nn¥I-fn¬ apgpIn-sb-∂√
]d-bp-∂-Xv. Ipd-®p-t]-sc-¶nepw Np‰p-]mSpw t\m°n CsXms° Fß-s\,
F¥p-sIm≠v F∂v A¤pXw Iqdn-bncn-°pw. AXn-\m¬ "a\p-jy≥ D]-
I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂ Pohn-bmsW'∂v \chw-i-im-kv{X-⁄¿ \n¿∆Nn®
t]mse "a\p-jy≥ XXz-Nn-¥-I-\mb Pohn-bmsW'∂v Zm¿i-\n-I¿°pw
hne-bn-cp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. a\p-jys\ XXz-Nn-¥-I-\mb Pohn-sb∂v \n¿∆-
Nn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ F√m a\p-jycpw XXz-Nn-¥-I-cm-I-W-sa-∂n-√-t√m. _lp-
`q-cn-]-£hpw XXz-Nn-¥m-X¬]-c-c-s√-¶n¬ t]mepw Aßs\ \n¿∆-Nn-
°mw. a\p-jy≥ D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂ Pohn-bm-sW∂ \n¿∆-N\w \c-
hw-i imkv{X-⁄¿°n-Sn-bn¬ k¿∆mw-Ko-Ir-X-am-Wv. F∂m¬ a\p-jy-
cn¬ F{X-t]¿ D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂p≠v? Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Ct∂m-f-ap-
≠mb tImSm-\p-tImSn a\p-jy-cn¬ F{X-t]¿ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ \n¿an-®p-
ImWpw? AXn-\m¬ a\p-jys\ XXz-Nn-¥-I-\mb Pohn-sbt∂m kn≤m-
¥-ß-fp-≠m-°p∂ Pohn-sbt∂m \n¿∆-Nn-°p-∂-Xn¬ bmsXmcp A]m-I-
X-bp-an-√. GXm-bmepw D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-≠m°mØ a\p-jy¿t]mepw GsX-
¶nepw kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS h‡m-°-fm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p-d-∏m-Wv. AXv aX-
amImw; ùXn-I-hm-Z-am-Imw.
GsX-¶nepw ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ sh®p-]p-e¿ØmsX Hcp a\p-jy-
k-aqlhpw Ign-™p-t]m-bn-ń-√. Ah-bpsS kz`m-h-Ønepw \ne-hm-c-
Ønepw hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠m-Imw. Ah icn-bm-Imw, sX‰m-Imw. icn-bp-
sSbpw sX‰n-t‚bpw an{in-X-hp-am-Imw. F¶n¬t]mepw GsX-¶nepw Xcw
XXz-im-kv{X-Øn¬ hniz-kn-°msX a\p-jy\v Pohn-°m-\m-hn√ F∂-
XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. aX-ß-fntem ùXn-I-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{X-ß-fntem hniz-
kn-°msX Ign-bp-∂-h¿ t]mepw kzIm-cy-ambn Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n Nne [mc-
W-Iƒ sh-®p]p-e¿Øp-∂-h-cm-bn-cn-°pw. AXn{]m Ir-X-sct∂m AXy-
¥m-[p-\n-I-sc-t∂m hyXym-k-an-√msX Zm¿i-\n-Im-\p-`-h-Øn¬ `mK-`m-°m-
ImØ a\p-jy-cpt≠m F∂v kwibamWv. Cub¿Y-Øn¬ a\p-jy≥ D]-
I-c-W-ap-≠m-°p∂ Pohn-bm-sW∂ \n¿∆-N-\-sØ-°mƒ {]k-‡-amWv
kn≤m-¥-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂-h-\m-sW-∂-Xv.
BZy-Ime a\p-jy-sc-∏‰n k¶¬]n®p t\m°q. GXm\pw aWn-°q-dp-
Iƒ Ign-bp-tºmƒ shfn®w IqSn-hc - p-∂Xmbn Ah¿ ImWp-∂p. D®-tbmsS
ISpØ NqSpw shfn-®-hpw. apI-fn¬ Ft¥m IØn \n¬°p-∂p. GXm\pw
aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ°Iw AXv ]Sn-™mdp `mK-tØ-°p- \oßp-∂p. shfn®w
Ipd™v CcpƒaqSm≥ XpS-ßp-∂p. Np‰p-]mSpw I\Ø Ccp-´v. H∂pw ImWm-
\m-hp-∂n-√. ho≠pw aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ°Iw ]I¬ {]Xy-£-am-Ip-∂p. `qan
kqcy-\p-Np‰pw Id-ßp-Ibpw kzbw Xncn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv
cm∏-Ie- p-Iƒ amdn-amdn hcp-∂s- X∂v a\- n-emb C°m-esØ a\p-jy¿°v
CsXmcp IuXp-I-am-I-W-sa-∂n-√. F∂m¬ kuc-bqY hyh-ÿ-sb-∏‰n
H∂p-a-dn-bm-Ø-h¿ B›-cy-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°ptam? CØcw At\z-j-W-
ßƒ°v hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Im-\p≈ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ \o≠ {ia-ß-fpsS
ê-amWv hm\-im-kv{Xw. Hmtcm hn⁄m\imJbpw hf¿∂Xv CØcw
IuXp-I-ßƒ k©-bn-°-s∏-´m-Wv. ChnsS {]k-‡-am-bXv XXz-im-kv{X-
am-W-t√m. ImWp-∂Xpw tIƒ°p-∂Xpw AXn-\-∏p-d-ap-≈-Xp-amWv a‰p
hn⁄m\-im-J-I-fpsS hnj-b-ßƒ. AXn-\-∏p-d-amWv XXz-Nn-¥-bp-sS
At\z-jW taJe. Z¿i-\w, XXz-Nn-¥, AXn-ù-Xn-I-imkv{Xw F∂n-
XymZn t]cp-I-fn¬ hyh-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv CØcw hnj-b-ß-fm-Wv.
a\p-jy-i-cocw Fß-s\-bmWv {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂v ^nkn-tbm-f-
Pnbpw A\m-´-anbpw a‰p imkv{XimJ-Ifpw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°p-∂p.
F∂m¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ A¿Y-sa-¥m-sW∂pw ac-W-Øn\p-tijw F¥p-
≠m-Ip-sa∂pw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ {iaw Z¿i-\-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. ùXn-
tI-X-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ am{X-am-Wv Z¿i-\-Øn¬ s]SpI F∂√ CXn-
\¿Yw. ùXnI Imcy-ß-fpsS Xs∂ ]e hi-ßfpw CXns‚ `mK-am-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn Np‰p-]mSpw ]e-Xcw hkvXp-°ƒ \mw ImWp-∂p. I√v,
aÆv, cmk-hk - vXp-°ƒ, {Zmh-Iß - ƒ, hmX-Iß- ƒ, {]Im-iw, i_vZw F∂n-
XymZn FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ Xcw ùXnI ]Zm¿Y-ßƒ. Ch-bpsS ASn-
ÿm-\-sa¥mWv? auen-I-ambn Fs¥ms° IqSn-t®¿∂mWv Ch-bp-≠m-
bXv? Cu tN¿®°v B[m-c-amb \nb-a-ß-fpt≠m? CXymZn At\z-j-W-
ßƒ.
GsXmcp ùXn-I-h-kvXp-hn-s\bpw C∂v \ap°v et_m-d-´-dn-I-fn¬
AXn-kq-£vaa - mbn ]cn-tim-[n-°m-\m-hpw. F∂m¬ BZy-Ime a\p-jy¿°v
Z¿i-\Ø- n-te°v
26
CsX-∏‰n Nn¥n-°m≥ am{Xta km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. Gdn-bm¬ aÆp
hmcn t\m°mw. Is√-SpØv Xncn®pw adn®pw t\m°mw. Fdn™pw DS®pw
t\m°mw. sh≈w Hgp-Ip-∂Xpw NqSm-Ip-∂Xpw \ocm-hn-bm-Ip-∂Xpw \nco-
£n-°mw. _m°n Nn¥°v hnSp-∂p. AtXmsS Z¿i-\-Øns‚ XpS-°-ambn.
A°m-esØ et_m-d-´-dn-Iƒ a\p-jy-cpsS Xs∂ \nco-£-W-ßfpw A\p-
`-h-ß-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. C¥ym D]-`q-J-fi-Ønse G‰hpw ]g-°-ap≈
(_n.kn. 6˛mw \q‰m-≠v) XXz-Nn-¥m-k-c-Wn-bmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ kmwJy-
Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS At\z-j-W-ßƒ DZm-l-c-Ww. ùXn-I-˛-at\mbmYm¿Yy-
ß-fpsS auenI kz`m-h-sa-¥∂v Ah¿ Nn¥n-®p. {]]-©-Ønse a\p-
jy\v A\p-`-h-t`-Zy-am-b-sX√mw D≠m-bn-´p-≈Xv aq∂p ASn-ÿm\ KpW-
ßƒ hnhn[ Af-hn¬ IqSn-t®¿∂m-sW∂v Ah¿ A\p-am-\n®p (triguna
theory) kØ, cP-kv, Xakv F∂n-h-bm-W-h.1
Hcmƒ Itkc ImWp-∂p. AXv kw_-‘-amb t_m[-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p.
Abm-fpsS t_m[-Øn-eqsS ItkcbpsS kØ shfn-hm-Ip-I-bm-Wv.
Itkc ImWp-tºm-tg°pw t_m[-a-fi-e-Øn¬ Itk-c-bpsS Nn{Xw
sXfn-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-bmWv? Itk-c°v \mev Imtem aq∂Sn Db-ctam
D≠m-b-Xp-sIm-≠√ Cßs\ kw`-hn-®-Xv. Aß-s\-bm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬
Itkc C√m-Øt- ∏mgpw Itk-cb - psS Nn{Xw ho≠pw t_m[-afi
- e
- Ø
- n¬
hcp-∂-sX-ßs\? Itk-cXzw F∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ kØm-]-c-amb KpWw
AXn-\p-≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cßs\ kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv F∂v kmwJy-Zm¿i-
\n-I¿ kn≤m-¥n-®p. CXmWv kXz-Kp-Ww. Itk-c-sb-°p-dn®v t_m[-ap-
≠m-Ip-∂-tXmsS AXns‚ cq]w, I\w XpS-ßnb kz`m-h-ßƒ IqSn {]Xn-
^-en-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Itk-c-bn-ep≈ Xtam-Kp-W-amWv CXn\v Imc-W-am-
Ip-∂-Xv. Itkc HSn™p t]mImw, Xobn¬ hoWm¬ Icn™p t]mImw,
Ime{ItaW {Zhn-®p-t]m-sb∂pw hcmw. Cu am‰-ßƒ°v B[m-c-amb
KpW-amWv ctPm-Kp-Ww.
B\sb ImWp-tºmƒ B\-bpsS \qdn-sem∂p hen-∏-ap≈ akvXn-
jv°-Øn¬ B\-bpsS òam-Im-c-cq]w Ib-dn-°q-Sp-∂-sX-ßs\? hen∏w
F¥p-sIm≠v t_m[-X-e-Øn¬ A\p-`-hn-°m-\m-hp∂p?. ImcWw cq]w,
I\w XpS-ßn-bh - °
- m-[m-ca
- mb XtamKpWw sIm≠m-sW∂v kmwJy-Zm¿i-
\n-I¿ A\p-am-\n-®p. a\pjy akvXn-jv°sØ°pdn®pw {Kmly-hy-h-
ÿsb (cognitive system) ∏‰nbpw Gsd ]T\w \S∂ C°m-eØv CØcw
hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ _men-i-ß-fmbn tXm∂mw. F∂m¬ ]Xn-\©v \q‰m-
≠p-Iƒ°v apºv ]pdØv \n¬°p∂ B\sbbpw B\-sb∂ t_m[-
sØbpw _‘-s∏-SpØn as‰¥p hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv \¬Im-\m-hpI?.
Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah A°m-esØ D∂-X-amb Zm¿i-\nI Nn¥-I-fm-bn-cp-
∂p.
]n¬°m-esØ hn⁄m\ hf¿®-bn¬ A°m-esØ Ht´sd [mc-W-
Iƒ XnckvIr-X-am-bn-´p-≠-t√m. F¶nepw A°m-esØ kwi-b-ßƒ hen-
sbmcp ]cn-[n-hsc C∂pw tijn-°p-∂p-≠v. ta¬ kqNn-∏n-®h Xs∂
DZm-l-c-Ww. a\p-jy≥ hkvXp-hn-s\tbm Pohn-sbtbm as‰-s¥-¶nepw
{]Xn-`m-k-ß-sftbm \nco-£n-°p-tºmƒ akvXn-jv°-Øn¬ \S-°p∂
{]{In-b-Ifpw XpS¿∂p-≠m-Ip∂ ad-hn, Hm¿Ω, {Kl-Ww, hni-I-e-\w,
hnizmkw XpSßn AXpambn _‘-s∏´ At\Iw {]iv\-ßfpw C°m-
eØpw {Kl-W-a-\-imkv{X (cognitive Psychology) Øn¬ kPoh N¿®m-
hn-j-b-ß-fm-Wv.
kmwJy-Z¿i-\Ø - n\v Cuiz-ch
- m-Z]
- c
- hpw \nco-iz-ch
- m-Z]
- c
- h
- p-amb c≠v
Dƒ∏n-cn-hp-I-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ XnI®pw \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-]-c-sa∂p ]d-bm-hp-
∂Xpw B[p-\n-I- Im-esØ ùXn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ imkv{Xo-b-sa∂v hnti-
jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb temImbX Z¿i-\-Ønepw CØcw At\z-j-W-ßƒ
ImWmw. temImbX Zm¿i-\n-I¿ (N¿∆m-I¿ F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.)
t\m°p-tºmƒ FÆn-bm-sem-Sp-ßmØ Xcw ùXn-I-h-kvXp-°ƒ {]Ir-
Xn-bn¬ ImWp-∂p. CØcw ùXnI bmYm¿Yy-ß-fn¬ am{Xta Ah¿
hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. ssZhhpw BXvamhpw kz¿K \c-I-ß-fp-sams°
anYym k¶¬∏-ß-fm-sW∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xn. F¶nepw Zm¿i-\nI Nn¥
Ah-cnepw DW¿∂p. I√p-Iƒ I≠m¬ Ah-bn¬ am{Xw hniz-kn-°p-
Ibpw Pohn-I-sf-°-≠m¬ Ah-bn¬ am{Xw hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw Im‰pw
agbpw an∂epw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ah am{Xw kXy-sa∂p hniz-kn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ am{Xw a\kv Zm¿i-\n-I-ambn kwXr-]vXn-b-S-bn-√.
AXn-\m¬ Cu ImWp-∂Xpw tIƒ°p-∂-Xp-amb hnhn-[-Xcw ùXnI
hkvXp-°-fpsS auen-I-amb tNcp-h-Iƒ F¥m-sW∂ At\z-jWw
Ah¿°p {]k-‡-ambn tXm∂n. `qan, sh≈w, AKv\n, hmbp F∂o
\mev LS-I-ß-fmWv {]]-©-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ `qX-ßƒ F∂ \nK-a-
\-Øn-emWv temI-mb-X≥am¿ FØn-b-Xv. Cu \nK-a-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-
\-sa-¥mWv? D]-cn-X-e-Øn-se-hnsS t\m°n-bmepw atÆm ]mdtbm
ImWp∂p. Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂Xv Pem-i-b-ß-fm-Wv. hkvXp-°ƒ XΩn-ep-c-
kn-bm¬ Xobp-≠m-Ip-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw Xo{]-f-b-ßƒ t]mepw ImWm-\m-
hp-∂p. Im‰pw k¿h-km-[m-cWw. kz`m-hn-Ia - mbpw Ch-bn-sem-∂pw-s∏-SmØ
\qdp-I-W-°n\v ùXnI {]Xn-`m-k-ßfpw hkvXp-°fpw {]Ir-Xn-bn-ep-s≠-
¶nepw Af-hn¬ Gsd ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Cu \mep-L-S-I-ßƒ tN¿∂m-bn-
cn°mw Ch-sbm-s°bpw D≠m-bXv F∂v temIm-b-X-∑m¿ Nn¥n®p
ImWpw. C°m-esØ hn⁄m\ \ne-hm-c-a-\p-k-cn®v Xo¿Øpw _men-i-
amb Nn¥-bm-bn-cp∂p CsX∂v hy‡-am-Wv. F¶nepw temIm-b-X-∑m-cpsS
kao-]\w imkv{Xo-b-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂v A`n-am-\n-°p-∂-h-cmWv C∂sØ
Z¿i-\Ø
- n-te°v
28
ùXn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ.2 bYm¿Y-Øn¬ temIm-b-X-°m-cpsS \nco-iz-c-hmZw
F¥mWv hy‡-am-°p-∂Xv? ùXn-Ih - mZw hfsc {]mNo-\a
- m-sbmcp Nn¥m-
K-Xn-bm-sW-∂t√? {]Ir-Xn-bnse k¿∆-km-[m-c-W-amb ùXn-I-h-kvXp-
°sf°pdn®v F´pw-s]m´pw Xncn-bm-Xn-cp∂ A°m-e-Øp-t]mepw \nco-
iz-c-hm-Zhpw ùXn-I-hm-Zhpw henb Zm¿i\nI hyh-ÿ-bmbn Nne¿ {]N-
cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ imkv{X-hp-ambn AXn\v bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-s√-
∂mW¿Yw. GXm-bmepw ]co-£-W-˛-\n-co-£-W-ß-fn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb
imkv{Xmt\z-j-W-ßƒ°pw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v aptº \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ AXn-
{]m-No-\-am-sbmcp ho£-W-amWv ùXn-I-hmZw F∂¿Yw. Bcw-`-Øn¬
\nco-iz-c-hm-Z-]-c-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mImw kmwJy-Zm¿i-\n-I¿°pw AXp-
t]mse temIm-b-X-Zm¿i-\n-I¿°pw "I√n-s‚bpw aÆn-t‚bpw tIh-e-
amb ùXn-I-ko-a-Iƒ' I∏pdw Nn¥m-ioew hf¿Øm≥ Ign-™n-√. Cu
ImWp∂ ùXnI {]]-©-Øn-\-∏pdw bmYm¿Yy-ß-sfm-∂p-an-s√∂v aptº
Xocp-am-\n® Ah¿°v AXn-\-∏p-d-tØ°v Nn¥n-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-sX-
ßs\? Ch-cpsS Nn¥m-coXn a\-kn-em-°m≥ GXm\pw DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ
\¬Imw.3
AKv\n-cpjvtWm Pew ioXw
ka-kv]¿i-kvXYm \ne:
tIt\Zw Nn{XnXw XkvamXv
kz`m-hmXv XZv hyh-ÿnXn:
(Xo NqSp-≈-XmWv; sh≈w XWp-Ø-Xpw, hmbp NqSpw XWp-∏p-an-√m-
Ø-Xp-am-Wv. BcmWv Cu sshNn-{Xy-sa-√m-ap-≠m-°n-bXv? kz`m-hw-˛-{]-
Ir-Xn-\n-b-aw˛ sIm≠mWv Ah-sb√mw Aß-s\-bm-b-Xv)
{]mNo\ ùXn-I-hm-Z- Nn-¥-I-cpsS _meni a\-ÿn-Xn°pw Zm¿i-
\nI iq\y-X°pw aXn-bmb sXfn-hm-Wn-Xv. {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ°v
Zm¿i-\nI hni-Zo-I-cWw At\z-jn-°p-∂-hsc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw
CsXmcp hni-Zo-I-c-Wta As√-∂p-≈-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. AKv\n°v NqSp-
≠m-bXpw sh≈w XWp-Ø-Xm-bXpw F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂v C∂sØ
Hcp kvIqƒ hnZym¿Yn A[ym-]-I-t\mSv tNmZn®p F∂n-cn-°-s´; AXn\p
ImcWw {]IrXn \nb-a-am-sW∂v adp-]Sn ]d-bp∂ A[ym-]-Is\
C∂sØ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒt]mepw A{X- a-Xn-t∏msS ho£n-s®-∂p-h-cn-√.
]ns∂bt√ Zm¿i-\n-Is\! {]IrXn {]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ F¥p-sIm≠v F∂
kwib-Øn\v tNmZyw-Xs∂ Bh¿Øn-°pw-a-ń¬ AXv AXns‚ {]Ir-
Xn-bm-sW∂ hymJym\w {]mNo-\-am-bmepw B[p-\n-I-am-bmepw _men-
i-am-ImsX Xc-an-√. Hcp hyh-ÿ-bpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw
AXn-\-∏p-d-ambncn°pw. Iw]yq-´-dns‚ AXy¬`pX-I-c-amb {]h¿Ø\
sshNn-{Xy-ßƒ I≠v CsX-¥p-sIm≠v F∂v tNmZn-°p-∂-bm-tfmSv
AXv Iw]yq-´-dns‚ {]Ir-Xn-bmWv F∂v adp-]Sn ]d-™m¬ kmam-
\y-_p-≤n-sb-¶n-ep-ap-≈-h¿ (temIm-bX- Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS ]n≥apd-°m-
c-\m-sW∂v ta\n \Sn-°p-∂-bm-fm-bm-epw) ]cn-l-kn®v X≈n-sb-∂n-cn-
°pw. Imc-Ww, {]IrXn Hcp bmYm¿Yy-amWv; hni-Zo-I-c-W-a√ (Na-
ture is a fact not an explanation).
{Zhy-Øns‚ LS-\tbm KpW-ßtfm {]h¿Ø-\ -X-Xz-ßtfm F{X
khn-kvXcw Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-®mepw {]]-©-sØbpw a\p-jy-s\bpw
Ipdn-®p≈ auenI kwi-b-ßƒ°v hni-Zo-I-c-W-am-Ip-∂n-√. DZm-l-c-W-
ambn ùXn-I-temIw F{X-Xcw IWn-I-Iƒ Fßs\bp≈ A\p-]m-X-
Øn¬ tN¿∂mWv D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂ G‰hpw efn-Xamb tNmZyw
FSp-°mw. CXn\v IrXy-amb hni-Zo-I-cWw C\nbpw e`y-am-bn-ń-√. Ccp-
\q-tdmfw auenI IW-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-\mbn F∂-√msX Ch-bpsS
FÆw bYm¿Y-Øn¬ F{X-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Duln-°m≥ t]mep-am-hn√.
AYhm Duln-°p-∂-Xn¬ henb A¿Y-sam-∂p-an-√. `qan-bnepw sXm´-
SpØ {Kl-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ {Zhy-i-I-e-ßƒ kkq£vaw ]Tn-°m-\m-bm¬
t]mepw {]]-©-Øns‚ A\¥ {]hn-iy-I-fn-ep≈ {Zhy-kw-bp-‡-ßƒ
Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v Is≠-ØpI Akm-[y-amWv. {Zhy-Øns‚ AXn-
cp-Iƒ°IØv \n∂p-sIm-≠p≈ CØcw At\z-j-W-ßƒ t]mepw Fhn-
sSbpw FØn-bn-ń-√m-Xn-cns° {]]-t©m¬∏-Øntbm IW-ß-fpsS
D¬`hw t]meptam ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ ssh⁄m-\nI tijn-sb-
∏‰n ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bmhpw DNnXw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Aev]-sa-¶nepw
kmam-\y-t_m-[a - p≈ imkv{X-⁄∑ - m¿ C°m-eØpw AXn-s\m∂pw apXn-
cm-ØXv. Pohn-®n-cn-°p∂ ùXnI imkv{X-⁄c - n¬ H∂m-a≥ F∂p hnti-
jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ (sF≥ssÃ\v tijw temIw I≠ G‰hpw {]Xn-`-bp≈
imkv{X-⁄≥ F∂mWv s]mXp-sh-bp≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬) Ão^≥ tlm-
°nwKv cNn® "F {_o^v lnÃdn Hm^v ssSw' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ Cßs\
ImWmw:
"lmhm-Un¬ tem_v {]`m-j-W-ßƒ \S-Ønb tijw ka-b-sØbpw
ÿe-sØbpw Ipdn®v Hcp efn-X-amb ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xm≥ Rm≥ Xocp-
am\n-®p. BZna {]]©w apX¬ ªm°v tlmfp-Iƒ hsc-bp≈ hnj-b-
ß-sf-°p-dn®v AXn-\Iw [mcmfw _p°p-Iƒ Cd-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. G‰hpw
\√ IrXn Ãoh≥ ssh≥s_¿Kns‚ "^Ãv {Xo an\p´vkv' BWv. G‰hpw
tamiw IrXn-bpsS t]cv Rm≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Ch-sbm∂pw
Fs∂ JtJmf Kth-j-W-cw-K-tØ°v \bn® {]iv\-ßƒ ssIImcyw
sNbvXncp-∂n-√. FhnsS \n∂pw {]]-©a - p-≠mbn? Fßs\ F¥p-sIm≠v
AXp¬`hn®p? C\n-bXv \in-°ptam? F¶n¬, Fßs\? CØcw kwi-
Z¿i-\Ø
- n-te°v
30
b-ßƒ \ap-s°√mw Xm¬]-cy-ap-≈-Xm-W-t√m.'4
{]]-©-Øns‚ Bcw-`-L-´-sØ-]‰n (Early universe) bp≈ G‰hpw
\√ IrXn-bmWv tlm°nwKv kqNn-∏n® Ãoh≥ ssh≥s_¿Kns‚ "Zn
^Ãv {Xo an\p´vkv.' AXn¬ t]mepw {]]-t©m¬∏-Øn-sb-∏‰n H∂pw
]d-bp∂ns√-∂mWt√m tlm°nw-Kns‚ ]cm-Xn. "F¥p-sIm≠v' H∂pw
]d-bp-∂n√ F∂ Imcyw am{Xw tlm°nwKv Nn¥n-°p-∂n-√. e`y-amb
{]m]-©nI ]T-\-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]]-t©m¬∏-Øn-sb-∏‰n
imkv{Xo-b-ambn Fs¥-¶nepw ]d-bm-\p≈ Ignhv imkv{Xw t\Sn-bn-ń√
F∂-Xp-sIm-≠mImw Cu au\w F∂v Icp-Xn-°qtS? GXm-bmepw CØ-
c-samcp ]cm-Xn-bp-ambn Cd-ßnb tlm°nwKv Xm≥ CØcw hnj-b-ßƒ
{]Xn-]m-Zn-°m-\mWv {KŸ-c-N\ \S-Øn-bXv F∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p. "{]]-
©-Øns‚ D¬`-hhpw ]cn-WXnbpw' F∂ Hc-[ym-bhpw tlm°nwKns‚
]pkvX-I-Øn-ep-≠v. F¶nepw Cu {]iv\-ßƒ°v Ak-µn-Kv[-am-sbm-cp-
Øcw At±lw \¬Ip-∂n-√. "{]]-©-Øn-s\mcp XpS-°-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXn-
s\mcp krjvSm-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p Icp-Xmw' F∂v tlm°nwKv A`n-
- ∏-Sp-∂p.5 Cß-s\-sbmcp A`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-°m≥ tlm°nwKns\-
{]m-bs
t∏mse D∂-X-\mb Hcp imkv{X-⁄s‚ Bh-iy-an-√. \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn
Nn¥m-io-e-cmb F{Xtbm t]¿°v Adn-bm-hp∂ Imcy-am-WnXv. {]]-©-
Øn\v XpS- ° - a p- s ≠t∂m Cs√t∂m imkv { Xo- b - a mbn ]d- b m≥
tlm°nwKn\m-hptam F∂-XmWv {]iv\w. ""{]]©w kzbw]cym-]vXhpw
AXn-cp-I-fn-√m-Ø-Xp-am-sW-¶n¬ ]ns∂ ssZh-Øn\v F¥v {]k‡n?''
F∂pw Ah-km-\-ambn At±lw tNmZn-°p-∂p. Chn-sSbpw {]iv\w as‰m-
∂-√. {]]©w kzbw ]cym-]vX-am-sW∂v imkv{Xob sXfn-hp-I-tfmsS
Xo¿Øp ]d-bm≥ tlm°n-wKn-\m-hptam? {]]-©-Øn\v AXn-cp-I-fn-s√∂v
imkv{Xw sXfn-bn-®n-´pt≠m? H∂pw Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn ]d-bm-\m-hmsX
F¶n¬, F¶n¬ F∂v hn°n-∏-d-bp-I-bmWv Cu hntizm-Øc imkv{X-
⁄≥. {]]-©-Øn\v D¬`-h-ap-s≠t∂m Cs√t∂m ssZhw Ds≠-t∂m
Cs√t∂m tlm°nwKv Xo¿Øp-]-d-bp-∂n-√. H∂pw hy‡-am-°msX
Fs¥m-s°tbm shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂ {]XoXn krjvSn-°p-∂-Xnepw t`Zw
ssh≥s_¿Kn-s\-t∏mse au\w ]men-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂p hmb-\-
°m-c\p tXm∂n-bm¬ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hp-tam-? Npcp-°-Øn¬, CØcw
auenI kwi-b-ßƒs°m∂pw imkv{X-Øns‚ ]°¬ C∂pw hy‡-
amb hni-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fn√ F∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. F∂n-cn-s°, CØcw
auen-I-Zm¿i-\nI {]iv\-ß-sfms° H∂c kl-{km-_vZ-ßƒ°p apºv
temIm-bX Zm¿i-\n-I¿ ]cn-l-cn®p F∂v Bsc-¶nepw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-
´m¬ Ah-sc-°p-dn®v kl-X-]n-°mt\ \n¿hm-l-ap-≈q.
tlm°n-wKns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ-°v Hcp adp-hiw IqSn-bp-≠v. H∂m-a-
Xmbn, {]]-©-Øn\v D¬`-h-ap-s≠∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-\mWv C∂v imkv{Xob
sXfn-hp-I-fp-≈-Xv. {]]©w F°m-ehpw C∂sØ \ne-bn-em-bn-cp∂p
F∂v kn≤m-¥n-°p∂ "ÿnc-˛-ÿnXn kn≤m¥'(Steady theory)-Øn\v C∂v
imkv{X-tem-IØv Imcy-amb kzm[o-\tam ]n¥p-Wtbm C√. ]Icw
ÿehpw ka-bhpw C√m-Xn-cp∂ (Zero) Hcp AXohkm{µ -_n-µp (singu-
larity)-hn¬\n∂pw {]]©w hnkvt^m-S-\-Øn-eqsS \ne-hn¬ h∂p F∂
"_nKv_mßv' kn≤m-¥-Øn-\mWv sXfn-hp-I-fp-≈-Xv. G‰hpw HSp-hn-em-
bn, 2006-˛se ùXn-I-im-kv{X-Øn-\p≈ s\mt_¬ kΩm\w t\Snb
tPm¨ amXdpw tPm¿Pv kvaq´pw imkv{X-Øn\p \¬Inb {][m\ kw`m-
h\ "_nKv_mßv' amXr-Isb i‡n-s∏-SpØn F∂-Xm-Wv. 1940 Ifn¬
B¬^¿, Kmtam, sl¿a≥ F∂o imkv{X-⁄¿ apt∂m-´p-sh® Cu
amXr-Isb _e-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Ht´sd sXfn-hp-Iƒ Ct∏mgpw e`y-am-bn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂p F∂-XmWv hkvXpX. tPm¨ amX¿ t\XrXzw \¬-
Inb imkv{X-kwLw (B-bn-c-tØmfw Kth-j-I¿) ªm°v t_mUn tdUn-
tb-j≥ ÿnco-I-cn-®-tXmsS {]]-t©m¬`hw imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-ap≈
km[y-X-bmbn amdn. AXn-\m¬ tlm°nw-Kns‚ Xs∂ \ymb-{]-Imcw
Hcp {kjvSmhv D≠mtb Xocq.
{]]©w kzbw-]c - ym-]vXhpw AXn-cp-If - n-√m-ØX- p-amtWm? BsW∂p
Icp-Xm≥ e`y-amb imkv{Xob hnh-cß - s - fm∂pw A\p-hZ- n-°p-∂n-√. kzbw
{]h¿Ø\ \nc-X-am-Im-hp∂ Hcp sa°m-\n-k-tØm-sS-bmWv {]]©w
Bhn¿`-hn-®-sX-¶n¬ t]mepw AXn\pX° tijn ùXn-I-{]-]-©-Øn¬
X\nsb cq]-s∏-´p-sh∂v hniz-kn-°m-\m-hn-√. Cu sa°m-\nkw AS-°-
ap≈ {]]-©-Øn\v D¬`-h-ap-≠m-bn-cns° krjvSn-˛-kw-hn-[m-b-I-\n-te-
°m-WXv hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂-Xv.
{]]©w AXn¿Øn-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-sW∂v h∂m¬ Xs∂bpw A\¥
(infinite)amI-W-sa-∂n-√. `qan°v AXn¿Øn-I-fn-√(boundryless)-t√m. ]t£,
A\-¥-a√ Xm\pw. AXp-sIm≠v AXn¿Øn-I-fn-√mØ {]]©w A\-¥-
am-sW-∂-Xn\v sXfnhp e`n-°m-Øn-S-tØmfw tlm°nwKv kqNn-∏n-°p∂
Cu km[yX Hgn-hm-Ip-I-bm-Wv. am{X-a-√, "_nKv_mßv' amXr-I-bmWv
icn-bmbsX¶n¬ {]]©w A\-¥a - m-IpI km[y-a√ - . ka-bØ - nepw ÿe-
Ønepw {]mcw-`-ap≈ ùXnI {]]-©-Øn\v A\-¥-am-Im≥ km[y-a-√.
kn¶p-em-cn-‰n(-{]-]-t©m¬]Øn Bcw-`n-°p∂ _nµp) bn¬\n∂pw hnI-
kn-°m≥ XpS-ßnb {]]-©Ø - ns‚ {]mbw-(time) ]cn-an-Xa - m-bn-cns° ÿe-
]-c-ambn AXv A\-¥-am-In-√. AXn-\m¬ Ão^≥ tlm°nw-Kns‚ Cu
hmZ-ßƒ°v bmsXmcp imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-Ø-d-bp-an-√. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw
imkv{Xo-b-ambn FØm-hp∂ GI \nK-a\w CXp am{X-amWv: e`y-amb
Z¿i-\Ø
- n-te°v
32
{]]© ]T-\-ßƒ {]Imcw Hcp {kjvSm-hns‚ AkvXnXzw bp‡n-k-
l-am-sW∂p am{X-a√ \ntj[w Aim-kv{Xo-b-hp-am-Wv.
ip≤-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ taJ-e-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ {]Ir-Xn-hy-mJym-\-Øn¬
am{X-a√ Bflo-bm-Nm-c-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xnepw CtX _men-iX
N¿∆m-I¿ {]I-S-am-°n. acn-®-h¿°v ]pWyw In´m≥ {im≤w Du´p∂ A\p-
jvTm-\-Øn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ Ah-cpsS hmZ-an-XmWv:
arXm-\m-a]n P¥q\mw
{im≤w tNXv Xr]vXn-Im-cWw
K—-Xm-anl P¥q\mw
hy¿Yw ]mtY-b- I¬]\w
"acn-®-h¿°v {im≤w Xr]vXn-b-cp-fp-sa-¶n¬ temI-Øn¬ bm{X-sN-
øp-∂-h¿°v s]mXn-t®mdv Iøn¬ Icp-tX≠ Bh-iy-an√!' F∂¿Yw.
AXm-bXv Bsc-¶nepw bm{X-]p-d-s∏-´p-sh-∂n-cn-°s´. aq∂p-t\-chpw Ah-
cpsS hoń¬ {im≤-aq-ń-bm¬ bm{X-°m-c\v hni-°n-√t√m F∂mWv
temIm-b-X-∑m¿ ]cn-l-kn-®-Xv. Ah-cpsS as‰mcp hna¿i-\-anXm:
kz¿K ÿnXm bZm Xr]vXnw
K t—bp-kvX{X Zm\X;
{]mkmZ tkym]-cn-ÿm-\m˛
a{X Ikvam∂ ZobtX?
"Zm\w sIm≠v kz¿K-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ Xr]vXn-t\-Sp-sa-¶n¬, F¥p
sIm≠v amfnI apI-fn-ep-≈-h¿°v ChnsS XmgsØ \ne-bn¬ `£-Wm-
Zn-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂n√' F∂¿Yw.
`qan-sbbpw kz¿K-sØbpw Ccp-\n-e-s°-ń-S-Øns‚ Xmsgbpw tase-
bp-ap≈ c≠v \ne-I-fmbn ImWp-∂-Xn-\-∏pdw temIm-b-X-∑m-cpsS `mh-
\-t]mepw hf¿∂n-cp-∂n√ F∂m-Wn-Xn¬\n∂pw a\-kn-em-Ip-∂-Xv. ]ns∂-
bt√ Zm¿i-\n-I-]m-Shw? AXp-sIm-≠mImw temIm-bX Nn¥-Isf `hy-
X-tbmsS ImWp∂ tUm. DWn-Øncn t]mepw Cß-s\-sb-gp-Xn-bXv: "Cu
hmZ-ß-fpsS emfnXyw temIm-b-X-cpsS al-Xz-Øn-s‚-sb-∂-t]mse Ah-
cpsS ]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Hcp kmam\y-cq]w \ap°v \¬Ip-∂p. Cu
alXzw kq£va k¶o¿W-Xtbm ]mfinXy {]I-S-\tam sIm≠-√. Ah-
bn-sem∂pw Ah¿°v H´pw {i≤-bn-√.... {im≤ I¿Ω-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\
[mc-W-sb, AtX-∏‰n XmXzn-I-amb Hcp hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-
sN-√m-sX-X-s∂, ]mtS \ncm-I-cn-°p∂ temIm-b-X -co-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.' 6
tUm. DWn-Øncn XpS-cp-∂p: "{]mNo\ `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-Øn¬ kXy-
Øns‚ am\-Z-fi-sØ-∏‰n as‰m-t´sd \ne-]m-Sp-I-fp-≠v. AXyp-∂-X-
cmb Zm¿i- \ n- I ¿ B \ne- ] m- S p- I sf \ymbo- I - c n- ® n- ´ p- a p- ≠ v . B
ÿnXn°v, kXy-Øns‚ bYm¿Y- am\-Z-fi-amWv {]tbm-K-sa∂v hmZn-
®p-d-∏n-°pI £n{]-km-[y-a-√. hncp-≤m-i-b-ß-sfbpw \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw
Jfin-®p-sImt≠ CXp km[n-°q. temImbX-cm-Is´ AØcw h√
{iahpw \S-Øn-bn-´p-s≠∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. AsX-°p-dn®v Ah¿ t_m[-
hm≥am-cm-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂p-Xs∂ kwi-b-am-Wv.... AXp-sIm-s≠-¥p-
≠mbn? temIm-bX hmZ-ßƒ Kuc-h-am-sb-Sp-t°-≠-Xn-√m-Ø{X efn-
X-am-sW∂ {]XoXn kwPm-X-am-bn.' 7
temIm-bXm \nco-izc hmZ-ßƒ efn-X-am-sW-∂Xv "{]XoXn'b√
bmYm¿Yyw (appearence and reality) Xs∂-bm-Wv. {]Ir-Xn°v \¬Imhp∂
G‰hpw _men-i-amb hymJym-\-amWv ùXn-I-hm-Zw. AXv {]Ir-Xn-
bmYm¿Yyß-fn¬\n∂pw XpSßn Ah-bn¬Xs∂ HSp-ßp-∂p. ê-Øn¬,
{]IrXn bmYm¿Yy-ß-fn¬\n∂v XpS-ßp-∂pt]m-ep-an√ F∂¿Yw. {]Ir-
Xn-bn¬ F¥mtWm ImWp-∂Xv AXpXs∂ Bh¿ Øn-°p-∂-h-cmWv
ùXn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ. {]]-©-Øns‚ ùXnI koa-Iƒ °-∏pdw "H∂p-an√'
F∂p-am{Xw ]d-™p-sIm≠v Z¿i-\-Øns‚ BZy]Sn-t]mepw Nhn-
´m≥ aSn-°p∂ ho£m-K-Xn-bmWv Ah-cp-tS-Xv. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ ùXn-I-
hmZw Hcp Z¿i-\-ta-b√ F∂v Zm¿i-\n-Imht_m[-ap-≈-h¿°v tXm∂n-
°q-Sm-bvI-bn-√.
"s]m´-°n-W-dnse Xh-f-bpsS temIw' F∂ sNm√ns\ A\p-kva-cn-
∏n-°p-amdv {]]©sØ, AXn\-IØv \n∂p-sIm≠pw ]cn-an-X-amb
GXm\pw {ZhyiI-e-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®pw hymJym-\n-°m-\p≈ ùXn-I-hm-
Zn-I-fpsS kl-P-amb Zm¿i-\n-I- ]-cn-anXn C¥y-bnse temIm-bX ]mc-
º-cy-Øn¬s∏´ F√m Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-I-fnepw ImWmw. kmwJyw, aoamwkm
Nn¥-I-∑m¿ DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv (kmJyw, aoamwkm Nn¥-IcpsS BZy-
X-e-ap-d-°m¿ \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂ tZ_o-{]-kmZv NtXm-]m-
[ym-b-bpsS A`n-{]mbw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ. CXp-X-s∂bpw icn-bmtWm
F∂v At\z-jn-t°≠ hnj-b-am-Wv.)
F¶nepw Ch¿s°m∂pw A[n-II - mew hc≠ ùXn-Ih - m-ZØ - n¬ XpS-
cm-\m-bn√ F∂v ImWmw. C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-I-fnse ùXn-I-hm-Z-]m-c-
ºcyw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ C∂sØ kwkvIr-X-]-fin-X-cn-sem-cm-fmb
tUm: DWn-Øncn Fgp-Xp∂p: "\nco-iz-c-hmZw aoamwkm Z¿i-\-Øns‚
At`Zy `mK-am-Wv. AXn¬ hn´p-hogvN sNøp-∂Xv Xß-fpsS Z¿i-\-
Øns‚ ASn-Ød Xs∂ XI¿°p-sa∂v aoamw-k-I¿ IcpXn. I¿aw kzb-
tah êw \¬Ip∂p F∂ Xß-fpsS \nb-a-Ønse ]gp-X-S-°m≥
Z¿i-\Ø- n-te°v
34
A]q¿h-kn-≤m¥w Bhn-jv°-cn-®-Xn-eqsS aoamw-k-I¿ hy‡-am-°p-
∂Xv krjvSn-˛-ÿn-Xn-˛-kw-lm-c-I¿Xmthm I¿a-ê-Zm-Xmthm Bbn
Hco-iz-cs\ Xßƒ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-s√-∂-t{X.'8
CtX aoamwkm Zm¿i-\n-I¿°v ]n∂o-sS¥p kw`-hn-®p-sh∂v tUm:
DWn-Øncn Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: "F∂m¬ ]n¬°me aoam-wk-I¿
Cu \nco-iz-c-Xz-Øn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°p-∂n-s√∂p ImWmw. Zh-\m-Y≥ (12-
˛mw iXIw) \b-hn-th-IØ - n¬ thZ{]amW kn≤-\mb Cuiz-cs\ AwKo-
I-cn-°m≥ Xbm-dm-hp-∂p. \µo-iz-c≥ (13-˛mw iXIw) {]`m-Ic - h
- n-Pb - Ø- nepw
CtX \ne-]mSv ssIs°m-≈p-∂p. Cuiz-cm¿]W _p≤n-tbmSpIqSn
sNøp∂ I¿Ωw tam£ tlXp-hm-sW∂v B]-tZ-h≥ aoamw-km-\ym-b-
{]-Im-i-Ønepw euKm£n `mkvI-c≥ A¿Y-kw{K-lØnepw {]kvXm-
hn-®p-sIm≠v Cuiz-cs\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.'9
{]mNo\ C¥y-bnse {][m\ Z¿i-\-ßsf B[p-\nI ]fin-X-∑m¿
apJy-ambpw Bdmbn FÆn-bn-´p-≠v. Ah jUvZ¿i-\-ßƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p. kmwJyw, tbmKw, \ymbw, sshti-jn-Iw, aoamwk, thZm¥w
F∂nh. Chsb-∏‰n hnh-cn® BZy ]m›mXy ]fin-X\mb amIvkv
ap≈¿ Xs‚ IrXn°p \¬Inb t]cp Xs∂ "knIvkv knÃwkv Hm^v
C¥y≥ ^ntem-k^n' F∂m-bn-cp-∂t√m. _u≤-˛-ssP\ Nn¥-I-cpsS
kº-∂-amb Zm¿i-\nI ]mc-ºcyw Ch°p ]pd-sa-bp-≠v.
ssPan\n (F.-Un. 2˛mw iX-Iw) bpsS aoamwkm kq{X-Øns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnI-kn® aoamwkm Nn¥-Iƒ \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-Øn¬\n∂pw
Cuiz- c - h m- Z - Ø n- t e°v \oßn- b - X mbn \mw - I ≠p. - j Uv
Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬s∏´ as‰mcp Zm¿i-\nI kc-Wn-bmWv \ymbw. {]Xy£w,
A\p-am-\w, D]-am-\w, i_vZw F∂o {]am-Wß - sf Bkv]Z- a - m°n hf¿∂
\ymb-Z¿i\w X¿°-im-kv{X-Øns‚ an°-hmdpw e£-W-ßƒ {]I-S-am-
°p-∂p-≠v. ]n¬°m-eØv \ymbhpw sshti-jn-Ihpw IqSn-t®¿∂v \ymb-
˛-ssh-ti-jnI Z¿i-\-ambn amdn. IWm-Zs‚ (F.-Un. c≠mw \q‰m-≠v)
AWp-kn-≤m-¥-amWv sshti-jnIw F∂-dn-b-s∏-´-Xv. Ch°pw F¥mWv
kw`-hn-®-sX∂v `mc-Xob Z¿i-\-ß-fnse ùXnI hmZ-Øns‚ {]tbm-
‡m-hmb tUm: DWn-Øncn Xs∂ hy‡-am-°s´:
""BZy-Ime \ymb-˛s - sh-ti-jnI Z¿i-\ß - ƒ ùXnIhmZ-]c - hpw \nco-
iz-c-hm-Z-]-chpw Bbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Cu \ne amdp-∂-
Xm-bmWv \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. ]Ømw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn XnI®pw Cuiz-c-
hm-Z Z¿i-\-ambn \ymb˛-ssh-ti-jnIw Adn-b-s∏´p XpSßn.''10
Xo¿Øpw ùXn-Ih - m-Z]- c
- s
- a∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ temIm-bX - ˛- k
- mw-
Jy-˛-\ym-b˛-ssh-ti-jnI Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS KXn-bn-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ `mKn-
I- a mb a‰p ùXn- I - h mZ {]ÿm- \ - ß - f psS ÿnXn Duln- ° m- h p-
∂tXbp≈q. ChnsS Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-°-s´. ]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn\pw
A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw FXn-cmb t]mcm-´-sØbpw
\ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw Nn¥-I-sfbpw ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øntem \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-
Øntem Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-√. {]mNo\ `mc-Ønse CØcw {]h-W-X-I-
sf-°qSn ùXn-Ih - m-Z- ]m-cº - c
- y-Øn¬s∏SpØn ]ecpw FÆm-dp-≠v. ho£-
W-]-c-amtbm Ncn-{X-]-c-amtbm CXv icn-b-√. ùXnI-hm-Z-Øn-t‚-Xmb
CS-ap-dn-bmØ Hcp ]c-ºctbm ùXn-Ih - m-Zm-[n-jvTn-Xa
- mb \mK-cn-IX- tbm
Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Hcp ImeØpw D≠m-bn-ń-√. C\n-sbm-cn-°¬t]mepw D≠m-
hp-I-bp-an-√. ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ C°m-esØ {]Nm-c-I¿ CsXm∂pw
AwKo-Ic - n-s®-∂p-hc - n-√. F∂p-Xs - ∂-b√ C√mØ Ncn{Xw sIń-bp-≠m°n
ùXn-I-hm-ZsØ Ae-¶-cn-°m-\mWv Ah-cpsS {iaw. temIm-bX Z¿i-\-
Øns‚ {]Nm-c-sØ-∏‰n am¿IvknÃv Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mb Fw.-F-kv. tZh-
Zm-kns‚ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-an-Xm-Wv:
""{]mNo\ bpK-ß-fn¬ EtKz-Z-Øns‚ {]mcw-`-Im-ew(-{In.- ap. 16-˛mw
\q‰m-≠v) sXm´v {InkvXm_vZw 7,8,9 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ hsc C¥y-bnse km[m-
cW P\-ßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ temIm-bX - Ø
- n\v {]Nm-ca - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂X- n\v
kwi-b-an-√.''11
H∂m-a-Xm-bn, C∂-Im-eØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ hy‡n As√-¶n¬ C{X
]g-°-ap≈ IrXn F∂v IrXy-ambpw A\p-am-\n-°m-hp∂ bmsXm∂pw
temIm-b-X-°m-cp-tS-Xmbn Is≠-Sp-°-s∏-ń-ń-√. Ahsb ]cm-a¿in-°p∂
a‰p-≈-h-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ \n›-b-ambpw {]mNo-\-Im-e-tØ-sX∂v ]d-bm-
hp-∂h hnc-f-hp-amWv. Fw.-F-kv. tZh-Zmkv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ G‰hpw
]g°w hymks‚ alm-`m-c-X-am-Wv. ]e L´-ß-fn-embn Iqń-t®¿°-s∏´
Hcp kam-lm-ca - mWv alm-`m-cX - s
- a-∂X - n-\mepw AXnse "_m¿l-kv]Xyw'
kmµ¿`n-I-amb ---- --- ] -- cm-a¿iw am{X-am-b-Xn-\mepw temIm-bX P\-Io-b-am-
sbmcp Z¿i-\-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v sXfn-bp-∂n-√. F.-Un. c≠mw \q‰m-≠p- ap-
X¬ Ime-∏-g°w \¬Im-hp∂ Nne temIm-bX Nn¥-I-∑m¿ D≠-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-∂-√msX AsXm-cn-°se¶nepw Hcp P\-Io-b Z¿i-\-am-bn-cp-∂p-
sh-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp sXfn-hp-an-√. Cu ]mc-ºcyw F.-Un. ]Ømw \q‰m-
t≠msS AkvX-an-°p-∂-Xmbn tUm. DWn-Øncn Nq≠n-°m-ń-bXv ta¬
kqNn-∏n-®-t√m. Npcp-°-Øn¬ F´v \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ Nne temIm-
bX Nn¥-I-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂-√msX A°m-e-Øp-t]mepw AsXmcp
P\-Iob ASn-Ø-dtbm {]Nm-ctam D≈ ho£-W-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v
bmsXmcp sXfn-hp-an-√. F¶nepw Fw.-F-kv. tZh-Zmkv Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn-ß-
s\-bmWv:
Z¿i-\Ø - n-te°v
36
""sshZnI aX-hn-izm-k-ßƒ°pw F√m-Øcw Bflob hmZ-Øn\pw
kam-¥-c-ambpw AtX-k-abw Ah-s°√mw FXn-cmbn \nc-¥cw ]S-sh-
ń-s°m-≠p-amWv c≠m-bn-cØ - n-e[ - nIw h¿jw P\-ßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ AXns‚
sImSn XmgmsX \ne-\n-∂-Xv.''12
Cu Ah-Im-i-hmZw Akw-_-‘-am-sW∂v A¬]w kq£va-ambn ]cn-
tim-[n-®m¬ CtX-h-cn-I-fn¬\n∂p Xs∂ a\- n-em-°mw. ""c≠m-bn-c-Øn-
e-[nIw h¿jw P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬'' ""sImSn XmgmsX'' \ne-\n¬°m≥
Ign-hp‰ Hcp PohnX hyh-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p temIm-bX Z¿i-\-sa-¶n¬
AXn\v ""\nc-¥cw ]S-sht´≠'' Bhiyw DZn-°p-∂n-√. ""\nc-¥cw ]S-
sh-t´≠n'' h∂p F∂-Xn-\¿Yw (A-Xm-bXv c≠m-bncw h¿j-ßƒ!) Ah-
Im-i-s∏´ Ime-L-´-ß-fn-sem∂pw AXn\v Imcy-amb kzm[o\w P\-
ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂m-Wv.
""c≠mbncØn--e[nIw h -- ¿jw'' "-- "\nc-¥cw ] -- S-sh-ń''sb∂ {]kvXmhw
Xs∂ ASn-ÿm--\c-- l -- n-X-am-Wv. Aßs\ ]S-sh-´m-hp-∂{X Bƒ _etam
Ipd™ tXmXn-se-¶nepap≈ P\-kzm-[o-\tam temIm-bX ]mc-º-cy-
°m¿°p-≠m-bn-cpt∂m F∂p-t]mepw kwi-b-am-Wv. GXm-bmepw Ch-
cpsS "]S-sh-´¬' F{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw F{X-Imew \o≠p-\n-∂p-
sh∂pw (""\nc-¥cw'') t\m°mw. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, temIm-bX ]mc-º-cy-
Øn¬ s]´-sX∂v Nne-sc-¶nepw Icp-Xp∂ \ymb˛ sshti-jnI Z¿i-\-
ß-fpsS ÿnXn ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
""BZy-Ime \ymb-˛ssh-ti-jnI Z¿i-\ßƒ ùXn-Ih - m-Z]
- c
- hpw \nco-
iz-c-hm-Z-]-chpw Bbn-cp∂p'' F∂v tUm. DWn-Øncn Fgp-Xn-bXv apºv
kqNn-∏n-®p-h-t√m. Cu Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n At±lw \¬Inb hnhc-W-ßƒ
IqSn {i≤n-°pI:
""...-B-i-b-hm-Z-Øn\pw Abp-‡n-I-X-°p-sa-Xnsc Ah¿ bp‡n-i-c-
ßƒ Xpcp-Xpsc {]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw \ap°v ImWmw. Ah¿ C{]-Imcw
AXn-\n-in-X-ambn Bi-b-hm-Z-J-fi\w \S-Øp-∂n¬ A¬`p-X-s∏-Sm≥
bmsXm-∂p-an-√. ImcWw X¿°hpw AWp-kn-≤m-¥-hp-amWv Xß-fpsS
Z¿i-\Ø - ns‚ Pohn-X k - ¿∆-kz-sa∂pw Bi-bh - m-ZØ - n-\p-th≠n sNøp∂
GXp sNdnb kuP-\yhpw Cu cs≠-Æ-Øn\pw amc-I-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂pw
\ymb˛-ssh-ti-jn-I¿°v \√-t]mse Adn-bmw.''13
At±lw XpS-cp∂p:
""\ymb-˛ssh-ti-jnI Z¿i-\sØ -kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw H´pw A{]-
[m-\-a-√m-Ø-XmWv Abp-‡n-I-X°pw At⁄-b-hm-Z-Øn-\p-sa-Xn-cmbn,
bp‡n-hm-Z-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ymb-- h --- m-Zw. Bi-b-hm-Zhpw AXns‚
FXn¿]-£hpw XΩn-ep≈ auen-I-k-acw Abp-‡n-I-Xbpw bp‡n-
t_m[hpw XΩn-ep≈ ka-c-Øns‚ cq]w kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ `mc-Xob ]cn-
tXm-h-ÿ-bn¬ CXns‚ {]m[m\yw H´pw Ipd-®p-Im-ń-°q-Sm. ASn-ÿm-\-
]-c-ambn \ymb˛-ssh-ti-jnIw bp‡n-hn-Nm-c-tØmSv {]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-am-
b-Xp-sIm-≠v, AXn\v Ahiyw aX-\n-c-t]-£-am-hm-Xn-cn-°m≥ hø.
thZsØ {]am-W-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ km[y-a-s√-∂¿Yw.''
F∂m¬ tUm. DWn-Øncn B{K-ln-°p-∂-t]mse \ymb-˛-ssh-ti-jn-
I-°m¿ Ah-cpsS kn≤m-¥-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-®mtWm {]h¿ Øn-®Xv?
As√∂v hy‡-am-Wv. \ymb-X-Xz-Nn¥ Bhn-jvI-cn® (F.-Un. 2˛mw
\q‰m≠v) KuX-a\pw At±-l-Øns‚ "\ymb-kq{X'sa∂ {KŸ-Øn\v
hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xnb hm’ym-b-\-\pw(-F.-Un. 5˛mw \q‰m-≠v) sshti-jnI
Z¿i-\-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hmb IWm-Z-\pw(-F.-Un. 2˛mw \q‰m-≠v)
bYm¿Y-Øn¬ F¥p-sN-bvXp-sh∂v tUm: DWn-Øncn Xs∂ hy‡-am-
°-s´.
""IWm- Z ≥ sshti- j n- I - k q- { X- Ø n¬ "XZv - h N- \ m- Z m- a v \ m- b ky
{]mamWyw' F∂ kq{Xw Bh¿Øn-®p-sIm≠v thZw shfn-]m-Sm-sW∂v
{]Jym-]n-°p-∂Xpw KuX-a≥ \ymb-kq-{X-Ønepw hm’ym-b-\≥ \ymb
`mjy-Ønepw thZ-Øns‚ A\ntj-[y-amb {]mam-WysØ sXfn-bn-°m≥
t]mepw {ian-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS [mc-Wsb _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-ap-≠v.''14
\ymb-˛ssh-ti-jn-I° - m¿ thZ-{]-am-WysØ AwKo-Ic
- n-°p-∂X - n-\m¬
BkvXn-I-- c--- -- ---- m-- s-- W∂v ]c-º-cm-KX ]fin-X-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p. CXns\ _e-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv Ah-cpsS thZ-{]m-am-WysØ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ ta¬
hmIy-ßƒ F∂mWv tUm. DWn-Øncn A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. \ymb˛-ssh-
ti-jn-I-°m¿ temIm-bX ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-sW∂v hmZn-°p∂
tUm. DWn-Øn-cn-sb-t∏m-ep-≈-h¿ ChnsS Hcp kwi-b-Øn\v hni-Zo-I-
cWw \¬Im≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-hp-∂p. \nco-izc ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬s]´-h¿
thZ-{]mamWyw AwKo-I-cn-®-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? CXn\p hni-Zo-I-c-W-sa-
t∂mWw tUm. DWn-Øncn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""IWm-Z-s‚bpw KuX-a-s‚bpw
ImeØv sshZnI bmYm-ÿn-Xn-IXzw im--- kv{X-Øn-s\-Xnsc `b-¶-c-amb
{]Xn-tcm-[t- a¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v AWp-kn-≤m-¥Ø - n-s‚bpw
X¿°-Øn-s‚bpw D]-⁄m-Xm-°ƒ°v Xß-fpsS Bi-b-ßƒ kpc-£n-
X-ambn \n¬°-Ws - a-¶n¬, thZtØmSpw {_m“W ]utcm-ln-Xy-tØmSpw
]pd--- ta----- s°-¶nepw BZcw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°pw \√-sX∂v tXm∂n-
b-Xn¬ sX‰n√.''15
CXmWp bmYm¿Yy-sa-¶n¬ (Cu hymJym\w icn-bm-I-W-sa-∂n√
F∂Xv thsd {]iv\-am-Wv), CXns\ "]S-sh-´¬' F∂pw "\nc-¥c' ka-
c-sa∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\? "\nc-¥-c- Iog-S-ß¬' F∂t√ ]d-
Z¿i-\Ø - n-te°v
38
tb-≠Xv? {_mlvaW ]utcm-ln-Xy-tØmSv ]pd-ta-s°-¶nepw BZcw
{]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂Xv \√-Xm-sW∂v \ymb-ssh-ti-jn-I¿°v tXm∂n F∂p-
Xs∂ Icp-Xp-I. ]t£, AXn¬ sX‰n√ F∂p hn[n-I¬]n-°m-\m-hptam?
{]tXy-In®pw "\nc-¥c t]mcm´w' Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p∂ A`n-\h am¿IvknÃv
Fgp-Øp-Im¿°v?
Fw.-F-kv. tZh-Zmkv XpS¿∂v Fgp-Xp∂p: ""F°m-eØpw AXv
sslµh aX- ta-[m-hn-I-fn¬\n∂p am{X-a-√, _u≤ ssP\ aX-ß-fpsS
{]Nm-c-Icn¬\n-∂p-IqSn ]e-t∏mgpw ITn-\-amb FXn¿∏n\v ]m{Xo-`-hn-
®n-´p-≠v.''
sslµh hnizm-kn-Ifpw _u≤-˛-ssP\ aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb `c-Wm-
[n-Im-cn-Ifpw B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øp-Ibpw Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-csØ kmaq-
ln-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cmWv {]mNo\ Ime-L-´-Øn¬
C¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. P\-ßƒ°n-S-bnepw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°n-S-
bnepw A°m-eØv {]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv Cu hnizm-k-ßƒ°m-bn-cp-
∂p. F¶n¬ ]ns∂ at‰Xp Ime-ØmWv temIm-b-X°v {]Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-
cp-∂Xv? temIm-bX hnizm-kn-bmb Hscm‰ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-sb-sb-¶nepw
{]mNo\ C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw Nq≠n-°m-´m-\m-Ip-tam? temIm-bX ho£-W-
°m-c-\mb Hcp \m´p-cm-Pm-hn-s\-sb-¶nepw {]mNo\ `mcX-Øn¬\n∂pw
Nq≠n-°m-´m-\m-hp-tam?
tUm. F≥.-hn.-]n. DWn-Øncn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""{]kvXpX Z¿i-\-Øns‚
{KŸ-ßs - fm∂pw I≠p-In-ń-bn-ń-√.''16 temIm-bX
- °
- m-cpsS Hcp eLp-teJ
t]mepw I≠p-In-ń-bn-ń√ F∂v ]d-bp-I-bmhpw IqSp-X¬ icn. Fw.-Fkv.
tZh-Zmkv Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-t]mse "c≠m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw h¿jw P\-ßƒ°n-
S-bn¬' "sImSn XmgmsX \ne-\n∂' Hcp {]ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p temIm-b-
X-°m-cptSsX-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS Hcp {KŸwt]mepw Ahti-jn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-
∂-sX-ßs\? Npcp-ßn-bXv, Hcp {KŸ-sa-¶nepw kwc-£n®v ]n¬°me
Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°v ssIam-dm-\p≈ tijnt]mepw C√mØ AXoh Zp¿_-e-
cm-bn-cp∂p {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime ùXn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒ F∂t√ CXn¬\n∂pw
sXfn-bp-∂Xv?
_n.kn 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-apºv apX¬ F.-Un. 9˛mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc "C¥y-
bnse km[m-cW P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬' ùXnI hmZ-Øn\v {]Nm-c-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wt√m am¿IvknÃv Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mb Fw.-Fkv. tZh-Zm-
kns‚ hmZw. C¥y-bn¬ ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øn\v kº-∂-am-sbmcp ]mc-º-cy-
ap≠v F∂v ka¿Yn-°m≥ Hcm-bp-jvImew sNe-hm°nb {KŸ-Im-c-\mWv
tZ_o-{]-kmZv NtXm_m-≤ym-b. a‰p cmPy-ß-fn-sem∂pw Cß-s\-sbmcp
]mc-ºcyw ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øn-\n√ F∂pw tZ_o-{]-kmZv ]d-bp-∂p. Npcp-
°-Øn¬ c≠m-bn-c-Ø-™qdv h¿j-ßƒ \o≠ Ime-b-f-hn¬ C¥y-
bn¬ am{X- a mWv ùXn- I - h mZw P\- I o- b - a m- b n- c p- ∂ Xv F∂¿Yw.
`qanbn¬ as‰- ß p- a n- √ msX C¥y- b n¬ am{X- a mbn Aß- s \- s bmcp
{]Xn`m-k-ap-≠m-hptam Fs∂-¶nepw Ch¿°v Nn¥n-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ncn-
{X-Øn¬ aXtam GsX-¶nepw Xcw ùXo-Im-XoX hnizm-k-ßtfm
C√mØ Hscm‰ \mK-cn-I-Xtbm kwkvIm-ctam t]mepw D≠m-bn-ń-
s√∂v e`y-amb F√m ]T-\-ßfpw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-
≠n¬t]mepw ùXn- I - h m- Z m- [ n- j v T n- X - a mb imkv { X- k m- t ¶- X nI
kwkvImcw cq]wsIm≠-t∏mƒ AXv ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn¬ A`y-
kvX-hn-Zy¿°n-Sn-bn¬ HXpßn \n¬°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. _lp-P-\-ßƒ
hnizm- k - ] - c - a mbn `mK- ` m- ° m- h p∂ Hcp ùXn- I - h m- Z m- [ n- j v T nX
kwkvImcw B[p-\nI Ime-Øp-t]mepw D≠m-bn-ń-√ Ft∂m¿°pI.
CXp Xs∂bpw C∂-{]-Xy-£-ambn hcn-I-bm-Wv. ]m›mXy \mSp-I-
fn¬ ùXn-I-hmZw £bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ISpØ ùXn-I-
hm-Zn-Isf tasºm-Sn-°p-t]mepw In´m-\n-√mØ Ahÿ kwPm-X-ambn
hcn-I-bm-Wv. aX-hn-izmkw Poh-im-kv{Xm-Sn-ÿm-\-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂v a\-
n-em-°nb C∂sØ Zm¿i\n-I¿ "ssZh-Po≥' Is≠-Øm-\p≈ {iaw
t]mepw km[p-hmbn Icp-Xp-∂p. CXmWv bmYm¿Yy-ß-sf-∂n-cns°
Bflo-b-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Nne IrXn-I-fn¬ \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-Isf ]cm-a¿in-
°p∂ Nne `mK-ß-fp-≠mbn F∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬
c≠m-bn-c-Ø-™qdv h¿j-ß-fpsS temIm-bX Ncn{Xw k¶¬]n-®p-
≠m-°p-∂Xv A]-lm-ky-am-hnt√?
tUm. DWn-Øn-cn-bpsS hcn-Iƒ {i≤n°q:
""Npcp-°-Øn¬, FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ Jfi-t\m-t±-iy-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw ]cn-
l-kn-°m≥ th≠nbpw \¬Inb hnh-cW - ß
- f
- n¬\n-∂p am{X-amWv temIm-
bX Z¿i-\sØ∏‰n \ap°v Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.''17 Fs¥mcp KXn-
tISv?!
hna¿i-I-cpsS {KŸ-ß-fn¬ am{Xw Pohn-°m≥ hn[n-°-s∏-´(-AXpw
Jfi-\hpw ]cn-lm-khpw t]dn!) GsX-¶nepw Hcp Z¿i\w temI-Ncn-
{X-Øn¬ thsd D≠m-bn-´pt≠m F∂v temIm-b-X-°m-cpsS C¥y-bnse
]n≥Km-an-Iƒ F∂-hI - m-is
- ∏-Sp-∂h - ¿ At\zjn°p-∂Xv a‰p-≈h - s- c-°mƒ
Ah¿°p-Xs∂ D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-tb-°pw. ChnsS {]k-‡-amb {]iv\w
as‰m-∂m-Wv. C∂sØ Nne am¿IvknÃv Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xp-t]mse {]mNo\ C¥y-bn¬ ùXn-I-hmZw P\-Io-b-am-sbmcp ho£-
W-am-bn-cpt∂m? Bbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ kz¥-amb Hcp eLp-teJ t]mepw
Ah-ti-jn-∏n-°m-sXbpw Hcp \m´pcmPyw t]mepw krjvSn-°m-sXbpw
Z¿i-\Ø- n-te°v
40
hna¿i-I-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ GXm\pw ]cm-a¿i-ß-fn-sem-Xp-ßnbpw
AØ- c - s amcp ssh]p- e y- a m¿∂ ]mc- º cyw A{]- X y- £ - a m- h p- ∂ - s X-
ßs\? DØcw hy‡-am-Wv. {]mNo\ C¥y-bn¬ ùXn-I-hmZ Nn¥m-
KXn P\-Io-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ A`yqlw ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-am-sW∂p
am{X-a-√, hymtPm-‡n-I-fn¬ sIń-∏-Sp-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.
{]mNo\ `mc-Xob ùXnI hmZ-sØ-∏‰n ae-bm-f-Ønepw Cw•o-
jnepambn N¿®-Iƒ \S-°p-Ibpw tIc-f-Ønse XXz-Nn¥m X¬]-c¿°n-
S-bn¬ am¿IvknÃv hymJym-\-ßƒ {]N-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXp-sIm≠v
A¬]w Zo¿L-ambn AXns\ hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xm-Wv. Cu IrXn-bpsS
{]tabw {_lva-kq-{X-am-b-Xn-\m¬ PK-Øn¬\n∂pw {_“-Øn-te-°v
\otß-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
{]]-©w, {]Ir-Xn, PKØv Fs∂ms° hyh-lc - n-°s
- ∏-Sp∂ Cu Zriy-
tem-I-Øn\v hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Im≥ {ian-°p-tºm-gmWv {Zhy-tem-I-Øn\v
]pdØv IS-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv. ùXn-I-hmZ ]mc-ºcyw Ds≠∂v Icp-X-s∏-
Sp∂ \ymb-˛-ssh-ti-jn-I-cpw a‰pw ùXnI am{Xm hnizm-k-ß-fn¬\n∂p-
b¿∂v AXn-ù-XnI bmYm¿Yy-ß-sf-∏‰n At\z-jn-°m≥ XpS-ßp∂Xv
CXns‚ e£-W-am-Wv. BkvXnI Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬Xs∂ {]Ir-Xym-XoX
bmYm¿Yy-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ tXSm-\p≈ Xzc-bp≠mIp-∂Xv as‰mcp
e£-W-hpw. {_“-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-jWw Chn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv.
_mZ-cm-bWs‚ "{_“-kq{X' Ønse H∂m-asØ hmIyw {i≤n-°pI:
""AYmtXm {_“Pn-⁄mkm.'' "A\-¥cw CXp Imc-W-ambn {_“sØ
Adn-bm-\p≈ Pn⁄mk'sb∂¿Yw. c≠m-asØ kq‡w A¬]hpw IqSn
hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ \¬Ip∂p: ""P∑m-Zyky bXx.'' "D¬∏Øn ÿnXn
ebßƒ°v CXmWp ImcWw' F∂v kmcw. kzman ⁄m\m-\µ kc-
kzXn Cu hmIy-Øn\p \¬Inb hymJym-\hpw IqSn {i≤n-°pI: ""PU-
amb Cu temI-Ønse hnNn-{X-ß-fpw, hn`n-∂-ß-fp-amb hkvXp-°-sf-
bpw, Ah-I-fpsS D¬∏-Øn-sbbpw, ÿnXn-sbbpw, \mi-sØbpw t\m°n-
°m-Wp∂ GXp hn⁄m-\n°pw B›cyw P\n-°msX Ign-bn-√. AXy-
¤p-X-I-c-amb Cu PKXv hym]m-c-Øns‚ ]n∂n¬ GtXm Hcp Znhy-i‡n
D≠m-hmsX Xc-an-√. B Znhy-i-‡nsbXs∂ ]cm¬]-c-s\-∂pw, ]c-a-
]p-cp-j-s\-∂pw, Cuiz-c-s\∂pw Hs° ]d-bp-∂-Xv.... amß I≠m¬ F{]-
Imcw amhns\ t_m[n-°ptam AXp-t]mse Imcy-kz-cq-]a - mb {]]-©sØ
ImWp∂ Hcmƒ°v ImcW kzcq-]a - mb Cuiz-cs\ As√-¶n¬ {_“sØ
at\m-_p-≤o-{µn-b-ß-sf-s°m≠v Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-s√-¶nepw Ds≠∂p
t_m[n-°m-Xn-cn-°≥ hø.
temIw Ds≠-∂pw, AXp PV-am-sW∂pw \ap-°-dn-bmw. ktN-X-\-
amb Hcp i‡n-bpsS kpi-‡-amb {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ IqsS-b-√msX
Cu cq]-Øn¬ kw`-hn-°m≥ hø. AXn-\m¬, tZh-˛-A-kp-c-˛-a-\p-jy-
˛-]-ip-˛-]-£n-˛-hr-£-˛-k-ky-˛-e-XmZn At\-I-Pohn ]cn-]q¿Whpw, BZn-
Xy-N{µ \£{X {Klm-Zn-I-tfm-Spw, \m\m-tem-Im-¥-c-ß-tfmSpw IqSn-
b-Xp-amb Cu {_“mfiØn\v Ahiyw Hcp I¿Øm-hp-≠mtb Xocq.
AXmWv {_“w.''18
{]]©w bmYm¿Yy-am-Wv. AXv krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xpw kwhn-[m-\n-
°-s∏-´-Xp-am-Wv. CXn-s\√mw ]n∂n¬ {_“w F∂ A]-cn-tab i‡n-
bm-Wp-≈-Xv. Cu ho£Ww kv]jvS-am-Wv. Ahy-‡-X-bn-√m-Ø-Xm-
Wv. a\p-jys‚ kmam\y _p≤n°pw AXn-_p-≤n°pw Hcp-t]mse
{Kmly-am-Ip-∂Xpw kwXr]vXn \¬Ip-∂-Xp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Chn-sS-
\n∂pw At\z-jWw ho≠pw apt∂m-´p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ Nne kwi-b-
ßƒ Db-cmw. {]]-©hpw {]]-©-kr-jvSmhpw bmYm¿Yy-am-sW-¶n¬
c≠pw Htc-t]m-ep≈ bmYm¿Yy-ß-fmtWm? AtXm `n∂ bmYm¿Yy-
ßtfm? F¶n¬ F{X Xcw bmYm¿Yy- ß - f p≠v ? ˛C- X ymZn kwi- b -
ßƒ°v `n∂ adp-]-Sn-I-ƒ \¬I-s∏-´-Xmbn ImWmw.
C°m-cy-Øn¬ {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ ho£-W-sa-¥mWv ? DØcw
kv]jvS-am-Wv. PKØv AYhm {]]©w {_“-Øns‚ krjvSn-bm-Wv.
{_“w krjvSm-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ Zm¿i-\n-I-ZrjvSym A\m-Zn-bm-I-Ww. kzm`m-
hn-I-ambpw ]ca bmYm¿Yyhpw. PKØv krjvSn-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ BZn-bp-
≈Xpw A¥y-ap-≈Xpw BWv, kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw £WnI bmYm¿Yy-
hpw. Cu ImgvN-∏m-SmWv ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fp-tS-Xv, am[zm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xv, At±-
l-Øn\v apºpw tijhpap≠mb C¥y-bnse ssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I-cp-tSXv.
F∂m¬ Cu kwi-b-ßƒ°v {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-cWw
{i≤n-°p-I. "{_“-kXyw PKØv anYy' F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚
k¶¬]w. AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I¿°n-S-bn¬ G‰hpw {]mam-Wy-ap≈ kq{X-
hm-Iy-am-Wn-Xv. F∂m¬ kq£va hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Akw-_-‘-]q-cn-X-
am-sbmcp k¶¬]-am-Wn-Xv. {_“w kXy-am-sW-∂Xp icn-Xs - ∂. F∂m¬
PKØv anYy-bm-hp-∂-sX-ßs\? PK-Øns\ £Wn-I bmYm¿Yyw F∂p
hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xp A¿Y-h-Øm-Wv. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Xs∂ PK-Øns\
Hcn-SØv "hyh-lm-cnI kXyw' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠-t√m? hyh-
lm-cnI kXyw anYy-bm-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\? ChnsS Nne¿ Cßs\ hmZn-
t®- ° mw: {]]©w £Wn- I - a m- b - X p- s Im≠pw {_“- Ø ns‚ ]ca
bmYm¿Yy-hp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ {]]-©-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏pw
kØbpw \n m-c-am-b-Xp-sIm≠pw BImw "PKØv anYy' sb∂p ]d-
™-Xv. Cu \ymb-hmZw A¿Y-iq-\y-am-Wv. PKØv £WnI bmYm¿Yy-
amWv F∂v hy‡-am-°m\pw AXns‚ hni-Zo-I-c-W-Øn\pw kwkvIrX
Z¿i-\Ø
- n-te°v
42
`mj- b n¬ ]Z- £ maw C√m- X n- c ns° sX‰n- ≤ m- c - W - b p- ≠ m- ° p- ∂ Xpw
Akw-K-Xhpw ]q¿W-ambpw A_-≤-hp-amb "PKØv anYy' Fs∂mcp
{]tbmKw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-sX-¥n\v? Cß-s\-sbmcp IrXyw Bcp
sNbvXmepw G‰hpw Npcp-ßn-bXv Bi-b-{]-Im-i-\-Øn\v Ign-hn-√m-
Ø-h≥ Fs∂mcp hna¿i-\sa-¶nepw \ymb-ambpw D∂-bn-°-s∏-Sm-
at√m? PKØv hyh-lmcnI bmYm¿Yy-am-sW-¶n¬ AXns\ anYy-
sb∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv Zm¿i-\n-I-ambpw `mjm-]-c-ambpw A_-≤-
am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fpambn kwhmZw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºv
AssZz- X - h m- Z n- I ƒ°n- S - b n¬ N¿® \S- ° s´. "PKØv anYy' F∂-
XmtWm AtXm "PKØv hyh-lm-cnI kXyw' F∂-XmtWm Xß-
fpsS ho£-W-sa∂v! GXm-bmepw AssZz-Xm-Nm-cy≥ {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-
cy¿Xs∂ c≠pw ]d™ ÿnXn°v CXn¬ GXmWp icn-sb-∂-Xn-
s\-∏‰n At±-l-Øn\p Xs∂ \n›-b-an-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv a\- n-
em- t °- ≠ - X v . At∏mƒ i¶- c m- \ p- b m- b n- I ƒ°v C°m- c y- Ø n¬ Hcp
Xo¿∏p I¬∏n-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
]cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-bmepw Cs√-¶nepw Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-Wv. i¶cm-
ssZz-X-Ønse kl-P-amb Cu Ahy-‡X a‰p-≈-h-cn¬ Bi-b-°p-g-∏-
ßƒ krjvSn-®n-´p-≠v. {][m\ ImcWw i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Ønse Ahy-‡-
X-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h-cn-te°v ]I-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. PK-Øns‚ krjvSn-˛-ÿn-Xn-˛-eb
I¿Øm-hmWv {_“w F∂v {_“-kq{Xw kv]jvS-am-°p-∂p. PKØv anYy-
bm-sWt∂m {_“w am{Xta kXy-am-bp-≈p-sht∂m {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬
Fhn-sS-bp-an-√. c≠p-Xcw kXy-ß-fp-s≠∂pw {_“-kq-{X-Øn-en-√.
PKØv krjvSn-bm-bX - n-\m¬ £WnI bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂v \ap°v {Kmly-
amIpw F∂p am{Xw. Cu ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ bmsXmcp Ahy-‡-X-bp-an-√.
F∂m¬ {_“kq{X-Øn\v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ hymJym\w \¬Im≥ XpS-ßp-
∂-tXmsS Ahy-‡-X-I-fp-sSbpw sshcp-≤y-ß-fp-sSbpw tLmj-bm-{X-bm-
cw-`n-°p-I-bm-bn. Cu ImWp∂ PK-Øns\ krjvSn-®Xv {_“-am-sW∂
ho£-W-Øn\v kv]jvS-Xbpw bp‡n-`-{Z-Xbpw Bthm-f-ap-≠v. {_“w
]c-ab - m-Ym¿Yyhpw PKØv £WnI bmYm¿Yy-hp-am-sW∂v hcp-∂t- XmsS
F{X-Xcw bmYm¿Yy-ßf - p≠v F∂ {]iv\hpw ]cn-lr-Xa - m-hp-∂p. F∂m¬
i¶-cm-ssZz-XØn-s‚ KXn as‰mcp hgn-°m-Wv. "{_“w am{Xw kXyw'
F∂ AkXy {]kvXm-h-tØmsS PKØv anYytbm bmYm¿Yytam F∂
{]iv\w XpS-ßp-I-bm-bn. {_“w am{Xta kXy-am-bn-´p-≈q-sh-¶n¬ PKØv
anYy-bm-sW∂v hmZn-°m≥ Ah¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-hp-I-bm-Wv. PKØv anYy-
bm-sW-¶n¬ ]ns∂ bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂ "tXm∂¬' D≠m-Ip-∂-sX-¥p-
sIm≠v? AhnZy sIm≠m-sW∂v i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS adp-]-Sn. F¶n¬
AhnZy ]ca bmYm¿Yy-am-tWm, AtXm anYy-bmtWm F∂ kwibw
Db-cp-∂p. CXn\v c≠v adp-]-Sntb AssZz-Xn-Iƒ°v \¬Im-\m-hq. ]ca-
bm-Ym¿Yy-sat∂m anYysbt∂m am{Xw ]d-™m¬ {_“w IqSmsX
as‰mcp ]ca bmYm¿Yyw˛A-hn-Zy-˛-Iq-Sn-bp≠v F∂p hcpw. CXv {_“w
am{Xta kXy-am-bn-´p≈q F∂ AssZz-X-Øns‚ apJy XXz-Øn\v
\nc-°p-∂-X-√. AhnZy anYy-bm-sW∂v ]d-™mtem? anYy-sb-ßs\
as‰mcp anYysb krjvSn-°p∂p F∂ kwibw Db-cpw. kwi-b-ßƒ
Xocp- ∂ n- √ . anYy- b mb PKØv Ds≠∂v tXm∂mØ a\p- j y- c n- √ .
F∂m¬ Cu PKØv Ds≠∂v tXm∂n- ∏ n- ° p∂ Ahn- Z y- b m- I s´
Ds≠∂v B¿°pw tXm∂p-∂p-an-√. CsX¥psIm≠v? Xm¿°n-I-ambpw
{]mam- W n- I - a mbpw AssZz- X - s Ø- ° mƒ `{Zw ssZzX- a m- s W∂v
CXn¬\n∂pw sXfn-bp-∂p. {_“w-˛-bmYm¿∞y {]iv\-Øn¬ am{X-
a√, AssZz-X-Ønse sNdpXpw hep-X-pamb Hmtcm k¶¬]-ßfpw
sshcp- ≤ y- ß ƒ \nd- ™ Xpw bp‡n- i q- \ y- h p- a m- s W∂v XpS¿∂p≈
A[ym-b-ß-fn¬\n∂pw {Kln-°m-\m-hpw.
"PKXv krjvSm-hmb {_“'Øn\v i¶-c-hym-Jym-\-Øn-eqsS F¥p
kw`-hn-®p-sh∂v At\z-jn-°p-∂Xv IuXp-I-I-c-am-hpw. {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-
cpsS "hymJym-\-]m-Shw' AssZz-XsØ Fhn-sS-s°m-s≠-Øn-®p-sht∂m?
i¶cmssZzXw \nco- i z- c - h m- Z - ] - c - a m- s W∂v kwi- b n- ° p∂Xn- t e°v
kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ Nne-sc-¶nepw FØn-t®¿∂p. tUm. DWn-
Øn-cn-bpsS Cu hnh-cWw {i≤n-°pI: ""thZm-¥sØ kw_-‘n-®n-S-
tØmfw cmam-\p-Ps‚ hnin-jvSm-ssZzXw am[zs‚ ssZzXw apX-emb thZm-
¥-im-J-Iƒ hnjvWp-hn-s‚bpw IrjvW-s‚bpw a‰pw cq]-Øn¬ Cuiz-
cs\ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw i¶-cs‚ AssZz-X-th-Zm¥w ]mc-
am¿YnI Zi-bn¬ \nco-iz-ch - m-Z]
- c - a
- m-- hnt√
---- --- F∂ kwibw Aÿm\Ø√.
AXm-b-Xv, AssZz-X-Øn¬ ]mc-am¿YnI kXyw {_“w am{X-am-Wv,
{]]©w anYy-bm-Wv-˛-]-c-am¿Y-Øn¬ C√m-Ø-XmWv; Ds≠∂v tXm∂pI
am{Xw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.... At∏mƒ {]]-©-Øns‚ krjvSn˛-ÿnXn˛-
kwlmc I¿Øm-sh∂ \ne-bn-tem, I¿a-^-e-Zm-Xm-sh∂ \ne-bn-tem,
Bcm-[y-aq¿Øn-sb∂ \ne-bntem k¶¬]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Cuiz-c\v AssZz-
X-Ønse ]mc-am¿Yn-I-Z-i-bpsS BXy-¥n-I- ]cn-W-Xnbn¬ ÿm\-an-√m-
Xm-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww, Nne ]fin-X-∑m¿ AssZzX-
th-Zm¥w \mkvXn-I-am-sW∂v hne-bn-cp-Øn-b-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-am-bn, òam-
Nm-cy≥ Xs‚ \ymb-tIm-i-Øn¬ kmwJy-tØm-sSm∏w AssZzX thZm-
¥-sØbpw \mkvXn-I-Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ Dƒ∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. At±lw
]d-bp∂p: ""ambm-hmZo thZm-¥y]n \mkvXnI Gh ]cy-h-kmt\ kº-
ZytX.'' (am-bm-hm-Zn-bmb thZm-¥nbpw A¥na ]cnKW\bn¬ \mkvXn-
I≥ Xs∂.) [`m-c-Xob Z¿i-\w, II, t]Pv A©nse Ipdn-∏n¬ cm[m-Ir-
Z¿i-\Ø
- n-te°v
44
jvW≥ D≤-cn-®-Xv].'19
{_“sØ ÿm]n-°m≥ F∂ `mth\ PK-Øns\ \ntj-[n-®-Xp-
sIm-≠p-≠mb Zm¿i-\nI hn\ t\m°tW! {_“-hmZw HSp-hn¬ Nne
kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS t\m´-Øn¬ \mkvXn-I-hm-Z-ambn HSp-ßn.
CXv a‰m-cpsSbpw A]m-IX sIm≠√. {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Zm¿i-\n-I-
amb ¢njvS-X-bn-√mbva sIm≠m-sW∂v hy‡w. CØcw {]iv\-ß-
sfm∂pw A¬]w-t]mepw kv]¿in-°msX Zm¿i\nI ta∑-tbmsS ssZzX
ho£Ww \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CØcw {]Xn-k-‘n-I-sf-∏‰n tI´p-
tIƒhn t]mep- a n- √ mØ kztZ- i - s Øbpw hntZ- i - s Øbpw AssZz-
Xm‘hnizm-kn-Iƒ Xß-fpsS ho£-W-amWv C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬
A{Kn-a-ÿm-\-sØ∂v Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
{ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsSbpw ]n¬°me AssZz-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw hymJym-\-
ßfn¬ Gsdbpw bp‡n-kl - a
- s
- √∂p am{X-a√ thZ-˛D - ]
- \
- n-jZv {]mamWyw
C√m-Ø-h-bp-am-sW∂v Ht´sd kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-ń-bn-
´p-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "t\Xn,- t\Xn' (C-X-√, CX-√) F∂ _rl-Zm-c-
WyI D]- \ n- j - Ø nse(4.4.22) {]tbmKw t\m°mw. {_“- Ø ns‚
AkvXnXzw ÿm]n-°s∏Sp-∂-tXmsS as‰mcp At\z-jWw Bcw-`n-°p-
I-bm-bn. {_“w \n¿Kp-W-\mtWm AtXm kKp-W-\mtWm? Imcp-Wy-
hm≥, \oXn-am≥, k¿h-i-‡≥ F∂n-XymZn KpW-ßƒ {_“-Øn\v
Ds≠∂v ]d-bm-tam? AtXm Ch-s°√mw AXo-X\m-b, a\p-jy\v
k¶¬]n-°m-hp∂ KpW-ßƒs°√mw A∏p-d-ap≈ \n¿Kp-W-\mtWm
{_“w? i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS hymJym-\-{]-Imcw {_“w \n¿Kp-W-\m-Wv.
CXn\p sXfn-hmbn ta¬kq-Nn∏n® D]-\n-j-Zv{]-tbmKw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.
{_“-Øns‚ KpW-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-cn-°p-tºmƒ "CX√ CX√' Ft∂ ]d-
bm-\m-hq, CXmWv F∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p∂ KpW-ßƒ H∂pw Xs∂-bn-√
F∂mWv AssZz-X-hmZw. 16˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I\pw Ihn-
bp-am-bn-cp∂ hmZn-cmP Xo¿Y "bp‡n-a-√nI' F∂ _rlZv IrXn-bn¬
Cu {]iv\w N¿® sNbvX-Xmbn ImWmw. Hcp D]-\n-jZv hmIy-Øns‚
Ah-km-\-amWv "t\Xn t\Xn' F∂ {]tbmKw hcp-∂-Xv. B hmIy-an-
XmWv:
""a°ƒ°p-th-≠n-bp≈ B{Klw kº-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ B{K-l-
am-Wv. kº-Øn\pth≠n-bp≈ B{Klw Cu temI-Øn\pth≠n-bp≈
B{K-l-am-Wv. Xo¿®bm-bpw, Ch c≠pw A{K-l-ßƒ am{X-am-Wv. Cu
Bflmhv CX-√, CX-√.''20
ta¬ D]-\n-jZv hmIy-Ønse Bibw hy‡-amWv: `mjm-]-c-amtbm
LS- \ m- ] - c - a mtbm bmsXmcp Ahy- ‡ - X - b p- a n- √ mØ Cu hnh- c - W -
Øn¬\n∂pw F¥mWv a\- n-em-hp-∂Xv? a°ƒ°pw kº-Øn\pw
th≠n-bp≈ a\p-jys‚ B{K-lw, kº-Øn\pw temI-Im-cy-ßƒ°pw
th≠n-bp≈ a\p-jys‚ B{K-lw-˛Cu c≠v B{K-l-ßfpw B{K-l-
ßƒ am{X-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Cu Bflmhv Ch-sbm-∂p-a√ F∂¿Yw.
Bflm- h n- s \bpw a\p- j ys‚ imco- c nI C—- I - s fbpw th¿Xn- c n®v
ImWn-°p∂ D]-\n-jZv hmIy-am-Wn-Xv. a°ƒ, kºØv F∂o ]cm-
a¿i- ß - f p- ≈ - X n- \ m¬ a\p- j y- s \- ∏ - ‰ n- b mWv D]- \ njZv hmIy- s a∂v
hy‡-am-Wv. "Bflm≥' F∂ kwkvIr-X-]Zw hy‡n-I-fpsS Bflm-
hns\ Ipdn-°m-\mWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jys‚ Bflmhv shdpw
CO-I-fpsS kwLm-X-a√ F∂v [cn-∏n-°p-I-bmhmw Cu hmIy-Øns‚
e£yw. Cu hmIyw {_“-sØ-°p-dn-®-s√∂v H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬ Xs∂
hy‡-am-Wv. BZysØ "CX√' sIm≠v Dt±-in-®Xv a°-sfbpw c≠m-
asØ "CX√' temI-Im-cy-ß-sf-bp-am-sW∂v hmZn-cmP A`n-{]m-b-s∏-
Sp-∂p.21 AXn-\m¬ Cu D]-\n-jZv kq‡w {_“-sØ-°p-dn-®p-a-√,
{_“hpw PKØpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-sØ-°p-dn-®p-a-s√∂v At±lw
]d-bp-∂p. F¶n¬ CXv {_lva-sØ-°p-dn-®m-sW∂v AssZz-X-hm-Zn-Iƒ
]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-sa-¥mWv? i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Aß-s\-bmWv
hymJym-\n-®Xv F∂-Xp-sIm≠v "]nsº Kan°pw _lp tKm°-sf-√mw...'
F∂-t]mse a‰p-≈-h-cpw AXm-h¿Øn®p F∂p-am-{Xw. F{X-tØm-f-
sa-∂m¬ C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n {it≤-b-amb Hcp-]-T\w Xøm-dm-
°nb Ão^≥ ^nen]vkv Fgp-Xn-bXv ImWp-I.
Here also is the proclamation probably most often quoted by Advaitins, ''neti,
neti'' ''[Brahmam is] not thus, not thus'')22
{_“- s Ø- ° p- d n- ® mWv Cu D]- \ n- j Zv hmIy- s a∂v ^nen]v k v
{]kvXm-hn-°p∂Xv i¶-cm-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ Aßs\ hmZn-°p∂p F∂-Xp-
sIm≠p am{X-amWv. XpS¿∂v At±-l-sa-gp-Xp-∂Xv ''This statement un-
derscores themes 3 and 9, the transcendence and inconceivability of Brahmam''
F∂mWv. aq∂v, HºXv F∂o Bi-b-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sWt∂m?
3 Brahmam is transcendent of ''names and forms'' (nama-rupa), ie, is transcen-
dent of finite individuality.
9 Brahaman is beyond the power of thought uninformed by mystical awareness.
{_“-sØ-∏-‰n-b-√mØ Hcp D]-\n-jZv kq‡-Øn¬\n∂pw {_“-
sØ-∏-‰n-bm-sW∂ hymtP\ C{X-tbsd hymJym-\-ßƒ sIń-®-a-®p-
≠m-°m≥ AssZz-X-hm-Zn-Iƒ Xøm-dm-hp-sa-¶n¬ {_“-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈
D]-\njZv kq‡-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ah-sc-s¥ms° sIń-®-a-®p-≠m-°p-
sa∂v Duln-°m-hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q. Bi-b-kv^p-S-X-bp≈ Hcp D]-\n-jZv
Z¿i-\Ø
- n-te°v
46
kq‡sØ C{X°v Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNøm≥ Ah¿ [rjvS-cm-hp-sa-
¶n¬ Ahy-‡amb D]-\n-jZv kq‡-ßsf Ah-sc¥p sNøp-sa∂v
Duln-°m-hp-∂-tXbq-≈q.
"Bflm≥' F∂ kwkvIrX ]Z-Øn\v kmam-\y-ambn a\p-jym-
flmhv F∂m-W¿Yw. CXn\v kµ¿`m-\p-kmcw a‰¿Y-ßƒ \¬Im-dp-
s≠-¶n¬ t]mepw ta¬ kqNn-∏n® D]-\n-jZv kq‡-Øn¬ "a\p-jym
flmhv' F∂p Xs∂-bmWv A¿Y-am°nbn´p-≈-sX∂v kµ¿`-Øn¬
\n∂pw sXfn-bp-∂p-≠v. Chn-tS-°v {_“w IS-∂p-h-cm≥ Hscm‰ hgn-
tb-bp-≈q. ]c-am¿Yn-Im¿Y-Øn¬ {_“hpw Bflm\pw H∂m-sW∂v
i¶-cm-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ hmZn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu hmZw Xs∂bpw bp‡n-
]-camtbm {]mam-Wn-I-amtbm \ne-\n¬°-Ø-°-X-s√∂v ]n∂o-Sp≈
A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≠v. {_“hpw Bflm\pw H∂m-sW∂v
hy‡-am-°p∂ Hscm‰ thZ-˛-D]-\n-jZv hmIyhpw i¶-cm-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ°v
lmP-dm-°m-\m-bn-ń-√. {_“w am{X-amWv kXyw F∂v BZyta hmZn-
®p-t]m-b-Xn-\m¬ PK-Øns\ \ntj-[n-t°≠ KXn-tISv kzbw hcp-
Øn-Øo¿Ø-h-cm-Wt√m i¶cmssZzXn-Iƒ. Bflm≥ AYhm Pohm-
flmhv bYm¿Y-am-sW∂p h∂mepw Ah¿°v {]iv\-amWv. AXn-\m¬
Pohm-flm-hn-s\bpw \ntj-[n-°msX \nhr-Øn-bn-s√∂p h∂p. CXn\p
Is≠- Ø nb X{¥- a mWv Pohm- fl m- h p- X s∂ {_“w F∂- X v . ASn-
ÿm\-c-ln-Xhpw sshcp-≤y-ßƒ \nd-™-Xp-amb Cu kao-I-c-WsØ
Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bmWv ta¬ D]-\n-jZv hmIy-Øn¬ Pohm-flm-hns‚
ÿm\Øv Ah¿ {_“sØ XncpIn°b-‰p-∂-Xv.
Cu kq‡-Øns‚ as‰mcp hiw t\m°mw. a°ƒ°p-th-≠nbp≈
B{Klw kº-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-sW-∂pw kº-Øn-\p≈ B{Klw Cu
temIw t\Sm≥ th≠n-bm-sW-∂p-am-Wt√m D]-\n-jZvkq‡w hy‡-am-
°p∂-Xv. a°fpw B{K-lhpw kºØpw Cu temIhpw bYm¿Y-Øn¬
D≈-Xm-sW-∂t√ CXn-\¿Yw? Ch-sbms°bpw anYy-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cß-
s\-sbmcp D]-\n-jZv hmIyw A¿Y-iq-\y-am-hnt√? am{X-a-√, PKØpw
a°fpw B{K-lß - fpw kºØpw anYy-bm-sW∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p∂ Hscm‰
thZ-˛-D-]-\n-jZv hmIyßfpw Ct∂-hsc Nq≠n-°m-´mØ i¶-cm-ssZz-Xn-
Iƒ Ch-sbm-s°bpw bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂p hy‡-am-°n-Ø-cp∂ Cu D]-
\n-jZv hmIysØ F¥p sNøm-\mWv? Ah¿-°msI Adn-bm-hp-∂Xv
Zp¿hym-Jym-\hpw Zm¿i-\n-I-amb sIń-®-a-bv°-ep-I-fp-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬
{_“- s Ø- ° p- d n- ® - √ mØ Cu D]- \ n- j Zv hmIysØ {_“- Ø ns‚
\n¿KpW kn≤m¥w \¿an-°m-\p≈ Icp-hm°n Ah¿ am‰p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p
F∂-\p-am-\n-°mw.
"t\Xn t\Xn' F∂-h-km-\n-°p∂ D]-\n-jZv hmIy-Øn\v {_“-
Øns‚ \n¿Kp-W-Xz-hp-ambn _‘-an-s√-∂-Xn-cn-s°-s´. {_“w \n¿Kp-W-
am-sW∂v {]kvXm-hn-°p∂ Hscm‰ thZ-˛-D-]-\n-jZv hmIy-ßfpw i¶-cm-
ssZz-Xn-Iƒ CXp-h-scbpw apt∂m-´p-sh-®n-ń-√. F∂m¬ {_“w kKp-W-
\m-sW∂p hy‡-am-°p∂ \nc-h[n thZ˛D]-\n-j-Zv-˛-{_-“-kq{X hmIy-
ßƒ D≠v-Xm-\pw. Cu IrXn {_“-kq-{X -kw-_‘nbmI-bm¬ XZvkw-
_-‘-amb Nne kq‡-ßƒ \¬Imw.
{_“-kq{Xw 3˛mw A[ymbw 2˛mw ]mZw 37-˛mw hcn CXmWv:
""At\\ k¿∆-K-XXzw Abmami_vZm-ZnZyx''
"C{]-Imcw t`Zm-t`-Z- \n-cq-]WØmepw {ipXn-bn¬ hym]-I-Xm-kq-N-
Iß-fmb i_vZ-ß-sf-s°m≠pw {_“w k¿h{X hym]vX-sa∂pw kn≤-
am-hp∂p' F∂¿Yw. ChnsS {_“-Øns‚ Hcp KpW-ambn k¿∆K-X-
XzsØ (k¿∆-hym-]n-Xzw) FSpØp ]d-bp-∂p. "Hav\n-{]-k‚ v' (omnipres-
ent) F∂v Cw•o-jn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p∂Xpw CXp-X-s∂. CtX hmIy-Øn-
ep≈ "Bbmam' F∂ hm°n\v ÿe-]-c-amb hym]-IXzw (unlimited ex-
tension in terms of space) F∂m-W¿Yw. Cu c≠v ]Z-ßfpw {_“-Øns‚
hnti-j-W-ß-fm-Wv. {_“w \n¿Kp-W-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ {_“-kq-{X-Im-c≥
Hscm‰ kq‡- Ø n¬Xs∂ c≠v hnti- j - W - ß ƒ \¬In kKpW
{_“sØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-am-bn-cpt∂m?
{_“-Øns‚ KpW-˛-K-W-ßƒ IrXy-amtbm hy‡-amtbm a\- n-em-
°p-∂Xnepw `mj-bn-eqsS {]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-epw a\p-jy\v ]cn-an-Xn-I-
fp≠v F∂Xv Ghcpw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v
{_“w \n¿Kp-W-\m-sW∂v hcp-∂n-√. ssZhnI KpW-ßƒ \n¿h-N-\o-b-
ßf√ F∂ hmZw icn-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ \n¿Kp-W-\m-sW∂ hmZ-am-Is´
Akw-_-‘-am-Wv. "\n¿Kp-W≥' F∂m¬ kwkvIrX- `mj-bn¬ KpW-
ß-fn-√m-ØXv F∂m-W¿Yw. a\p-jy\v k¶¬]n-°m-hp∂ KpW-ßƒ°v
AXo-X≥ F∂ A¿Yw "\n¿Kp-W≥' F∂ ]Z-Øn\v kn≤n-°p-∂n-√.
CØcw hkvXp-X-Iƒ {Kln-®-Xp-sIm-≠mImw BZy-Ime thZm¥ Nn¥-
I-sf-∏‰n Bg-Øn¬ ]T\w \S-Ønb kwkvIr-X-]-fin-X-\mb tUm.
lPnan \I-apd Cßs\ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´Xv: ""i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ k¶¬]n-®-
Xn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn kKpW {_“-sØ-bmWv {_“-kq-{X-Im-
c≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.23''
i¶m- c m- s sZz- X n- I ƒ {]tXy- I - a mbn kn≤m- ¥ n® {_“w am{Xw
bmYm¿Yyw, PKXv anYy, \n¿KpW {_“w, Pohm-flm-˛-]-c-amflm kao-I-
cWw XpSßnb Hscm‰ k¶¬]-hpw {_“-kq-{X-Øn\v \nc-°p-∂X - s
- √∂p
am{X-a√ bp‡n-lo\w IqSn-bm-Wv. XpS¿∂p≈ A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ C°mcyw
Z¿i-\Ø
- n-te°v
48
Ipd-®p-IqSn hni-Z-am-°mw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. A.S. Gupta, Essays on Samkhya (M.R.Sen: Allahabad) 1977, p.1
2. ""temI-kr-jvSn-sb-∏‰n ùXn-I-hm-Z-]-chpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb ho£-W-amWv N¿∆m-
I¿°p-≈Xv'' tUm. DWn-Øn-cn, {]mNo\ `mc-Xob Z¿i-\w(-Nn¥ ]ªn-tjgvkv: Xncp-
h-\-¥-]p-cw) 1993, t]Pv. 26
3. am[zm-Nmcy¿ "k¿∆-Z¿i\ kw{Kl'Øn¬ D≤-cn-®-Xv. ta¬Ir-Xn, t]Pv: 24
4. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time( Bantam Books: NewYork) 1989, P.VI
5. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 149. {]]-©-Øn\v Hcp krjvSm-hp-s≠t∂m Cs√t∂m imkv{Xob
sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm--- --- \-- Ø -- n¬ Xo¿Øp ]d-bm≥ (X¬°m-e-tØ-s°-¶nepw!)
Ão^≥ tlm°nwKv Xøm-dm-bn-ń-√. \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bm-bn´pw imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ ssZh-\n-tj[w km[p-hm-sW∂v tlm°nwKv {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂n-s√-∂Xv {it≤-
b-am-Wv. ùXn-I -im-kv{X-⁄-cn¬ A{K-K-Wy\pw hnizm-k-]-c-ambn \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-
bp-amb tlm°nwKv imkv{Xm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \ntj-[- \n-K-a-\-Øn-se-Øm-Ø-
Xn¬\n∂pw Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-Wv; \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bmb Hcp AXyp-∂X imkv{X-
⁄-\p-t]mepw imkv{Xo-bm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ssZhm-kvXn-Iy- \n-tj[w km[y-a√
F∂v. F∂m¬ imkv{X-sØ-°mƒ kz¥w hnizm-ksØ Du∂m≥ {ian-°p∂ Imƒ
kmK≥ tlm°nw-Kns‚ IrXn°v Bap-J-sa-gp-Xn-b-t∏mƒ Imcyw adn-®m-bn. ÿe-]-
c-ambn AXn-cp-I-fn-√m-ØXpw Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\-hp-an-√m-Ø-Xp-amb {]]-©-Øn¬
ssZh-Øn\v H∂pw sNøm-\n√ F∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv tlm°nwKv FØn-b-sX∂v
kmK≥ Ip-dn-°p-∂p. CXv XnI®pw sX‰m-Wv. {]]©w AXn-cp-I-fn-√m-Ø-Xm-sWt∂m
Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\-hp-an-√m-Ø-Xm-sWt∂m tlm°nwKv ]d-bp-∂n-√. "BsW-¶n¬'
F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ ssien. BsW∂v {]kvXm-hn-°m≥ imkv{Xo-b-ambn
km[y-a-s√-∂Xp sIm≠m-Wt√m Cu ssien. Hcn-SØv tlm°nwKv Cß-s\ IqSn
Fgp-Xp-∂p-≠v: Science seems to have uncovered a set of laws that, within the limits set by
the uncertainty principle, tell us how the universe will develop with time, if we know its
state at any one time. These laws may have originally been decreed by God, but it appears
that he has since left the universe to evolve according to them and does not now intervene
it.'' (p.129)
CXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tlm°nwKv ssZhm-kvXn-Iyw AwKo-I-cn®p F∂pw hmZn-
°m-hm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. ]m›m-Xy-tem-IsØ imkv{X-⁄¿°pw Zm¿i-\n-I¿°pw
CØcw auenI {]iv\-ßfn¬ hy‡-amb Hcp \ne-]mSv FSp-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXv
F¥p-sIm-≠m-sW∂ At\z-j-W-Øn\v {]k-‡n-bp-≠v. imkv{X˛km-t¶-XnI
cwKØv Ah¿ ap∂n-em-sW-¶nepw Zm¿i-\n-I-˛-[m¿anI taJ-e-I-fn¬ Ah-cn-t∏mgpw
ssiih Zi-bn-em-sW-∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. ùXn-I-hm-Zm-[n-jvTnX imkv{X kwkv-
Im-c-Øn¬ \n-∂p-sIm≠v tlm°nw-Kns\t∏mep≈ ISpØ ùXn-I-hm-Zn-Iƒt]mepw
ka-bs- Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ XnI®pw imkv{Xo-ba- m-sbmcp IrXn-bn¬ ssZhsØ∏‰n Nn¥n-
°m≥ XpS-ßp∂p F∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. tlm°nwKv \nco-iz-c-∑m-cn¬ Ah-km\
Xe-ap-d-°m-c-\m-sW∂p ]d-bmw. _p≤nbpw t_m[hpw t\c-sØ-bp-Zn-®-h¿ aptº
CXv XpS-ßn-bn-cp-∂p.
6. tUm. DWn-Øn-cn, {]mNo\ `mc-Xob Z¿i-\w, t]Pv. 185
7. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pp-Iƒ 185-˛186
8. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 37
9. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 39. Du∂¬ {KŸ-Imct‚-Xv.
10. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 18. Cu hmN-Iß
- ƒ°p-tijw {KŸ-Im-c≥ Fgp-Xp∂p: ""At∏mgpw
AXv AWp-kn-≤m¥w ssIsh-Sn-bp-∂n-s√-¶nepw Cuiz-cs\ IqSn AtXm-sSm∏w
AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ sshcp≤yw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.'' H∂p-In¬ AWp As√-¶n¬ Cuiz-
c≥ F∂ {KŸ-Im-cs‚ _men-i-t_m-[-Øn\v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]k-‡n-t]mepw
Cs√∂v \ymb-˛ssh-ti-jn-I-cpsS Zm¿i-\n-I am‰w sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. Cuizc krjvSn-
sb∂ \ne-bn¬ {]Ir-Xnsb IW-°m-°p-∂-tXmsS AWp-˛-Cu-izc sshcp[yw A{]-
Xy-£-am-Ip-sa∂v {Kln-°m≥ ]Øp \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p apsº-¶nepw \ymb-˛-ssh-ti-
jn-I¿°v Ign-™p. F∂m¬ ùXnI-hm-Zn-bmb {KŸ-Im-c\v 21˛mw \q‰m-≠nepw
AXn\v km[n-°p-∂n-√. ùXn-I-hm-Z-Øns‚ kl-P-amb ]cn-an-Xn°v Pohn-°p∂
DZm-l-c-Ww!
11. Fw.-F-kv. tZhZm-kv, am¿IvknÃv Z¿i\w, t]Pv. 62. tUm. DWn-Øncn D≤-cn-®-Xv.
Du∂¬ F-t‚-Xv.
12. ta¬ IrXn, Du∂¬ F-t‚-Xv.
13. tUm. DWn-Øn-cn, {]mNo\ `mc-Xob Z¿i-\w, t]Pp-Iƒ 186-˛187
14. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pp-Iƒ. 187-˛188
15. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 188
18. {_“-kq-{Xw, hymJym\w: kzman ⁄m\m\µ kc-kz-Xn, (B-\µ IpSocw: I\ym-
Ip-am-cn) 1993, t]Pp-Iƒ. 2˛3
19. tUm. DWn-Øn-cn, {]mNo\ `mc-Xob Z¿i-\w, t]Pv. 42
20. S. Radhakrishnan, Principal Upanishad, p. 279
21. L. Stafford Betty, Vadiraja's Refutation of Sankara's Non-Dualism (Motilal Banarsidass:
Delhi) 1978; D.N. Shanbhag, Vadiraja: The Dvaita Poet (Shri Rama Prakashana:
Dharwad)1996.
22. Stephen Philips, Classical Indian Metaphysics (Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi)1997, p.10
23. Hajimi Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosphy (Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi),
1983, p.486
{]Nm-cW clkyw
50
2
{]Nm-cW clkyw
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-bnse G‰hpw {]Nmcw t\Snb Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-
bmWv thZm¥sa∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. sshcp-≤yhpw sshhn-[y-hp-
am¿∂ \nc-h[n N¥m-hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ AS-ßp-∂-XmWv C¥y≥ Z¿i\w.
F¶n-epw, C°m-eØv apJy-[m-c-bmbn thZm¥w AwKo-Imcw ssIh-
cn-®n-´p-≠v. C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-®-h-cn¬ {]kn-≤-\mb P∏m-
\okv {KŸ-Im-c≥ tUm. lPnan \I-ap-d-bpsS A`n-{]mbw t\m°q:
""C¥y-bpsS ss[j-WnI Xe-Øn¬ thZm¥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn\v al-
Ømb {]m[m-\y-ap-≠v. B cmPysØ {][m\ Nn¥m-[m-cbpw Zm¿i-\nI
{]Xn-\n-[n-bp-am-W-Xv.''1
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:
""thZm¥Z¿i\w AXy¥w {i≤-b¿ln-°p-∂p. AXns‚ Zm¿i-\n-I-
aqeyw am{X-a√ CXn\p Imc-Ww. `mc-X-Ønse aX-tØmSv G‰hpw
ASpØv _‘-s∏-´-Xm-sW-∂p-≈Xpw `mcX `qJ-fi-Øn-ep≈ at‰Xp
hnNm-c-]-≤-Xn-sb-°mfpw kPo-h-am-sW-∂p-≈Xpw CXns‚ {]m[m-\y-
Øn\p Imc-W-am-Wv.''2
tXmakv \oens‚ hm°pIƒ:
""i¶-c-s\bpw At±-l-Øns‚ thZm-¥-sØbpw C¥y≥ Bflo-b-X-
bnse ]c-tam-∂XirwK-ambn IW-°m-°mw. Imc-Ww, ap≥Im-e-th-Zm¥
Z¿i\w ]cn-]I - zX {]m]n-°p-Ibpw ]n¬°me Nn¥-bpsS ]cm-a¿i tI{µ-
am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX Zim-k-‘n-bm-W-Xv.''3
thZm¥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ {][m-\-ambpw aq∂v [mc-Iƒ ImWmw. {ioi-
¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS AssZz-Xw, cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-cpsS hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xw, am[zm-
Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXw F∂nh. Ch-bn¬ G‰-hpw -{]-kn-≤-am-bXv i¶-cm-
ssZz-X-am-Wv. C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-I-fn¬ tI{µ-ÿm-\amWv AssZz-X-Øn-
\p-≈-Xv. ]fin-‰p-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]c-º-cm-KX ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬
Bdn¬ A©p-t]cpw i¶c ]c-ºc - b
- n¬ s]´-Xm-sW-∂n-cns° CXv kzm`m-
hn-I-am-Wv.4
thZm¥ kq{X-ß-fpsS Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\v Bap-J-sa-gp-Xnb
tPm¿Pv Xnt_m-ńs‚ A`n-{]mbw Cu s]mXp[mc-W-sb {]Xn-^-en-∏n-
°p-∂p-≠v. "]uckvXy temIsØ ]hn{X {KŸ-ßƒ' F∂ ]c-º-c-
bn¬ i¶-c-`mjyw Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xns‚ Hcp Imc-W-ambn At±lw Fgp-
Xn-b-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:
""ip≤-amb Zm¿i-\nI ImgvN-∏m-Snepw ssZh-imkv{X ]cn-K-W-\-I-
fmepw C¥y≥ aÆn¬ Db¿∂ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏-´Xpw Bth-i-`-cn-X-
hp-amb kn≤m-¥-amWv i¶-c≥ apt∂m-´p-sh-®-Xv. i¶-c-\n¬\n∂pw hn`n-
∂-amb thZm-¥cq]-ßƒt°m at‰sX-¶nepw thZmt¥-Xc hyh-ÿ-
Iƒt°m ssÿcyw, Bgw, Nn¥m-]-c-amb kq£vaX F∂o Imcy-ß-
fn¬ AXn-t\mSv InS-\n¬°m-\m-hn-√.''5
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-I-fn¬ Ct∂-‰hpw {]i-kvX-am-b kcWn i¶-cm-
ssZz-X-am-Wv.6 F¥p-sIm-≠mWv i¶-cm-ssZzXw C{Xbv°p {]Nmcw t\Sn-
b-sX∂ tNmZyw {]k-‡-am-Wv. Xm¿°nI `{Z-X-bnepw Zm¿i-\nI ta∑-
bnepw AXv ]pe¿Øp∂ AZzn-Xo-bX - b
- m-Wn-Xn\p Imc-Ws- a∂v s]mXpsh
hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu [mcW F{X-am{Xw icn-bmWv? i¶m-c-ssZzX
Zm¿i-\n-I-cp-sS-b{X Xm¿°nI tijn-bp-≈-h¿ ssZzXm-\p-Iq-en-Iƒ°n-
Sn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂nt√? hnin-jvSm-ssZzX hmZn-I-fn¬ Bcpw-Xs∂ i¶c
Zm¿i-\n-I-cp-sS-b{X {]K-¤-cm-bn-cp-∂n-s√-∂-XmtWm icn? CØcw kwi-
b-ßƒ km[m-c-W-bmbn Db-cm-dn-√. C¥y-bnse C∂p≈ XXz-Nn¥m
cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ s]mXpsh Cu Zni-bn-ep≈ At\z-j-W-ßfn¬ X¬]-c-
c√. i¶-cm-ssZz-X-tØmsS am\-h-cm-inbpsS Zm¿i-\n-Im-t\z-jWw ]cn-
]q¿Øn-bm-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂p-hsc ]ecpw [cn-®p-h-®n-´p-≠v. Cu hI \nK-
a-\-ßƒ hkvXp-X-I-fp-ambn CW-ßp-∂p-t≠m?
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS Ncn{Xw kXy-k-‘-ambn ]Tn-®m¬ Cs√∂
\nK-a-\-Øn-emWv FØn-t®-cp-I. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-sc-t∏mse Zm¿i-\nI kn≤n
a‰p thZm-¥n-Iƒ°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {]tXy-In®pw, am[z-k-c-Wn-bnse
XXz-Nn-¥-I¿°v. Pb-Xo¿Y\pw hymk-Xo¿Y\pw ssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I-cn¬
{]ap-Jc - m-bn-cp-∂p.- thtZm]\n-jØ
- p-Isf Bkv]Z- a - m°n ssZzX-hm-Za
- mWv
{]mam-Wn-I-sa∂pw AssZzXw bp‡n-]-c-ambpw thZm-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw
kzoIm-c-tbm-Ky-a-s√∂pw Ch¿ ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≠v. Ch-cpsS cN-\-I-sfbpw
AssZzX kmlnXyßsfbpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Fkv.-F≥.-Zmkv
Kp]vX Fgp-Xn-bXv {it≤-b-amWv. A©p hmfy-ß-fn-embn C¥y≥ XXz-
{]Nm-cW clkyw
52
Nn¥m Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb Kp]vX \memw hmfy-Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬
Ipdn-°p∂p:
""Fs‚ A`n- { ]m- b - Ø n¬, Pb- X o¿Ybpw hymk- X o¿Y- b p- a mWv
C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw D∂-X-amb Xm¿°nI ]mS-hsØ {]Xn-
\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS Ah-km-\-L-´sØ i¶-
cs‚ AssZzXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-sh-s∂mcp s]mXphnizmkw [mcmfw
t]¿°n-S-bn-ep≠v. ]t£, Cu hmfy-Øn¬ Pb-Xo¿Y-bpsS, {]tXy-
In®pw hymk-Xo¿YbpsS Z¿i\w hnh-cn-®Xp hmbn-°p-∂-h¿°v ssZzX
kao-]-\-Øns‚ i‡nbpw hy‡n-{]-`m-hhpw a\- n-em-Ipw. hymk-
Xo¿Y-bpsS Xm¿°nI kn≤nbpw AXns‚ Bghpw C¥y≥ Zm¿i-
\nI taJ-e-bn-em-I-am\w Gsd-°psd sh√p-hn-fn-°-Xo-X-ambn \ne-
sIm-≈p-∂p.''7
CXmWv hkvXp-X-sb-¶n¬ F¥p a\- n-em°mw? Xm¿°nI kn≤n-
bnepw Zm¿i-\nI ta∑-bnepw AssZz-Xs - Ø-°mfpw AssZz-Xn-Is - f-°mfpw
H´pw ]nd-In-em-bn-cp-∂n√ ssZzXhpw ssZzX-hm-Zn-Ifpw F∂p-X-s∂. am{X-
a-√, ZmkvKp-]vXb
- psS Xmc-Xay ]T-\{- ]-Imcw ssZzX Zm¿i-\n-Ic - m-bn-cp∂p
AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I-sc-°mƒ XXz-Nn-¥m-]m-S-h-Øn¬ anI®p \n¬°p-
∂-Xv. CXn-te°v shfn®w hoip∂ kw`h hnh-cWw \¬Imw.
am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS injy-∑m-cn¬ HSp-hn-e-sØ-bm-fmb At£m`y
Xo¿Ybpw {]kn≤ AssZz-X-Nn-¥-I≥ hnZym-c-Wybpw XΩn¬ Hcp
kwhmZw \S-∂p. ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠nse hnin-jvSm-ssZz-XI - m-c\- mb thZm-
¥-tZ-in-J-bm-bn-cp∂p tamU-td-‰¿. hnjbw XXz-akn Xs∂. tImem-
dn¬\n∂pw ]Øp ssa¬ AI-se-bp≈ apƒ_m-Ke - n-em-bn-cp∂p kwhmZw.
hnP-bn-®Xv ssZzX Nn¥-I\ - mb At£m-`y-Xo¿Y-bm-sW∂v A[y-£\ - mb
thZ-m¥-tZ-inJ hn[n ]d-™p. hnin-jvSm-ssZzXw ssZzX-sØ-°mƒ ASp-
ØXv AssZz-Xt- Øm-Sm-Wv. F∂n-cns° hnin-jvSm-ssZz-X° - m-c\ - mb A[y-
£≥ ssZzX-hm-Zn-bmb At£m-`y-Xo¿Y hnP-bn®Xmbn {]Jym-]n-®p-sh-
∂-Xn¬\n∂pw kwhm-Z-Øn¬ AssZz-X-hmZn Ak-µn-Kv[-ambpw ]cm-P-
b-s∏-´p-sh∂v a\- n-em-°mw. hymk-Xo¿Y-bpsS "Pb-Xo¿Y hnPbw' F∂
IrXn-bn¬ Cu kw`hw ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-ń-´p-s≠-∂v(11, 54.68) s{]m^.
_n.-F≥.-sI. i¿a tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.8 kwhm-Z-hn-Pbw kvacn-°m≥ Hcp
I¬kvXq]w ÿm]n-®-Xmbpw hymk-Xo¿Y Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Chn-sSbpw
IuXp-I-I-c-amb as‰mcp kw`hw IqSn-bp-≠m-bn. Nne AssZz-X-hm-Zn-Iƒ
hn[n Ah¿°-\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. F.-hn. tKm]m-
em-Ncy 1907˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® "bmZhm`yp-Zb' F∂ IrXn-bpsS Bap-
J-Øn¬ Aßs\ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. bmsXmcp sXfnhpw kqNn-∏n-°m-
sX-bmWv Cu Ah-Im-i-h-mZw. F∂m¬ hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xn-I-fpsS IrXn-
I-fn¬ ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fmWv Pbn-®-sX-∂-Xn\v sXfn-hp-s≠∂ Imcyw
Ch¿ ad-°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv s{]m^. i¿a Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂-Xv. am{X-a-√,
kwhm-Z-hn-Pbw kvacn-°m≥ apƒ_m-K-en¬ Hcp I¬kvXq]w ÿm]n-
®-Xmbn hymk-Xo¿Ys‚ "Pb-Xo¿Y-hn-Pb'Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-p-≠-
t√m. CtX ÿe- Ø p- \ n∂pw hnIr- X - a m- ° - s ∏´ Hcp I¬kv X q]w
]n¬°m-eØv Ipgn-s®-Sp-°-s∏-´-Xmbpw s{]m^. i¿a hy‡-am-°p-
∂p.
ssZzX-Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS ]c-º-c-bn¬ {]K¬`-∑m-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p
hymk-Xo¿Y≥(1478˛1539). Ct±-l-Øns‚ "\ymbm-arXw' F∂ IrXn-bn¬
AssZz-X-Ønse Zm¿i-\nI sshcp-[y-ßƒ Xpd-∂p-Im-ń-bn-´p≠v. {]Ir-
Xn-bpsS bmYm¿∞yw \ntj-[n-°p-∂X - nse \nc¿Y-IX
- bpw bYmXY XXz-
Nn-¥-bpsS km[p-Xbpw CXn¬ N¿®sNøp-∂p. {]Xy£ hkvXp-X-Isf
BK-a, \nK-a-\-ß-fp-]-tbmKn®v Zp¿_-e-am-°m-\p≈ AssZzX hmZn-I-
fpsS {ia-ßsf kbp-‡nIw Jfin-°p∂p. {_“-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
\n¿KpW, \ncm-Im-c, kz {]Im-i-Xz, Ahm-NyXz k¶¬]-ßsf ka-{K-
ambn \ncq-]Ww sNbvXv ssZzX ho£-WsØ ÿm]n-°p-∂p.
ssZzX Nn¥-I-cpsS \o≠ ]c-º-c-bn¬ hymk-Xo¿Y\v Nne {]tXy-
I-X-I-fp-≠v. am-[zm-Nm-cy¿, Pb-Xo¿Y≥, hnjvWpZm-km-Nmcy XpS-ßnb
ap≥Km-an-I-fpsS cN-\-Isf Ct±lw Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw X\n-a-
bp≈ hni-I-e-\-ßƒ hymk-Xo¿Ys‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ ImWmw. ap≥Km-
anbmb hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-cy-bpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏Sm-Xn-cp∂ ]e AssZzX
IrXn-I-sfbpw At±lw ]cn-tim-[n-®n-´p-≠v. Hcp]t£, AssZzX cN-\-
I-fn¬ G‰hpw hyp¬]-Øn-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I≥ hymk-
Xo¿Y-\m-Imw. am{X-a√ hymk-Xo¿Y-s\-t∏m-se, ssZzX IrXn-I-fn¬
Bghpw ]c∏pw t\Snb GsX-¶nepw AssZzX Nn¥-I-cp-≠m-bn-cpt∂m
F∂v kwi- b - a m- s W∂v s{]m^. i¿a \nco- £ n- ° p- ∂ p- ≠ v. 9
hymkXo¿Ys‚ ap≥Kman F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-
cy\pw(1390-˛1440) ]e hnti-jX - I
- f
- p-≠v. hymk-Xo¿Ys‚b{X-Xs∂ Zm¿i-
\nI ]Sp-hm-bn-cp∂ Pb-Xo¿Ys‚ {]apJ IrXn-bmWv "hmZm-heo.' CXnse
hni-I-e-\-ßƒ Iptd-IqSn hni-Z-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv hnjvWpZm-km-Nm-
cys‚ "hm-ZcXv\m-hen'bmWv. aoamw-k-bp-sSbpw hymI-c-W imkv{X-Øn-
s‚bpw XXz-ßƒ {]tbm-P\ - s
- ∏-SpØn ssZzX-ho-£Ww ka¿Yn-°p-Ibpw
AssZzX \ncq-]Ww \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX BZy Zm¿i-\n-I≥ Ct±-l-
amImw. Ipam-cn-f≥, `h-\m-Y≥, hc-Zc - m-P≥ XpS-ßnb aoamw-kI- c
- psS hmIy-
ßfpw sPan-\n-kq-{X-ßfpw hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-cy≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. "XXv
Xzw Akn' F∂ D]-\n-jZv {]am-W-Øn\v Ccp-]Xv hymJym-\-ßƒ
{]Nm-cW clkyw
54
Ct±lw \¬Ip-∂p. "GIw Gh-Zzn-Xobw' F∂-Xn\v Ggp hymJym-\-
ßfpw. Ch-sb√mw i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS AssZzX hymJym-\-Øn\v hncp-
≤-am-Wv. Poh\pw (hy-‡n-I-fpsS Bflm-hv) {_“hpw c≠m-sW∂v
ka¿Yn-°p-∂-h-bmWv Cu hymJym-\-ß-sf-√mw. "alm-`mjy', "]Z-a-
RvPcn' XpS-ßnb {]mam-WnI kwkvIrX {KŸ-ß-fn¬\n∂pw sXfn-
hp-Iƒ \nc-Øn temIw amb-bm-sW∂ hmZ-sØbpw hnjvWpZm-k≥
Jfin-°p-∂p.
Cu IrXn-bnse H∂mw A[ymbw Xs∂ ambm-hm-ZsØ Jfin-
°p-∂-Xm-Wv. PKXv anYym-hm-Z-Øns‚ ]Xn-s\m∂v km[y-X-Iƒ hni-
Z-ambn ]cn-tim-[n®v \ncq-]Ww sNbvXn-´p-≠v. a\p-jys‚ t_m[-hpw
(-[r-Iv) AXns‚ hnj-bhpw(Zr-iy) H∂ms-W∂v Fßs\ ]d-bm-\m-Ip-
sa∂v hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-cy≥ tNmZn-°p-∂p. Ch XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Fß-
s\-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂v h∂mepw t_m[-Øn\v hnj-bo-`-hn-°p∂ Zriy-{]-
]©w anYy-bm-sW∂p hcp-∂n-√. Zriy-{]-]©w Cs√-¶n¬ hnjb˛hn-
jbo _‘-Øns‚ N¿®-t]mepw A¿Y-iq-\y-am-hpw. thZ-˛-D-]-\n-j-Øp-
I-fn¬ Poh-s\bpw {_“-sØbpw c≠mbn hnh-cn-®-Xn\v Ht´sd DZm-l-
c-W-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Poh-˛-{_“ At`-Z-sa∂ i¶-c-ho-£-
WsØ {KŸ-Im-c≥ Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂p.- Po-h-s\bpw {_“-sØbpw
H∂mbn ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ Xm¿°n-I-amb ka-ky-Ifpw
hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nmcy Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p. {_“sØ A⁄m\w aqSn \n¬°p-
∂p-sh∂ hmZ-sØbpw At±lw Jfin-®n-´p-≠v. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ kn≤m-
¥n-®-t]m-ep≈ BtKmf A⁄m\w thZ-˛-D-]-\n-j-Øp-°-fn¬ ImWp-
∂n-s√∂v hjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-cy≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. \n¿Kp-W-hm-ZsØ
Jfin-°p-Ibpw kKp-W-{_-“-Øn-s\-Xnsc AssZz-X-hm-Zn-Iƒ D∂-bn®
hna¿i-\-ß-fnse A]m-I-X-Iƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Npcp-
°-Øn¬ hnjvWp-Zm-km-Nm-cys‚ "hmZ-c-Xv\m-hen' i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øns‚
ka-{K- J-fi-\-am-Wv.
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-bnse Hcp {][m\ kc-Wn-bm-Wt√m \ymb-˛-
ssh-ti-jn-Iw. AssZz-X-Øn\v t\¿hn-cp-≤-amb ho£-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
Ch¿°v. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ {_“w Hgn®v as‰√mw anYy-bm-sW∂p hmZn-®-
t∏mƒ Hs∂m-gn-bmsX F√mw bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂v \øm-bn-I∑ - m¿ hmZn®p.
ka-bw, ÿew, Bflm-hv, {_“w, {]m]-©nI XXz-ßƒ (universals),
{]mtZ-inIXXz-ßƒ (particulars) XpSßn F√mw bmYm¿Yy-ß-fm-Wv.
F∂p Xs∂-b√ A¬]hpwIqSn IS∂v anYy Xs∂bpw (non-existence)
bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂p hy‡-am-°n. C√m-bva (nothingness)bpw bmYm
¿Yy-at√? As√∂v hmZn-°m≥ AssZzX ambm-hm-Zn-Iƒ°m-hp-tam-?
kz]v \ hpw Hcp bmYm- ¿ Yyw Xs∂- b t√? Cub¿Y- Ø n¬ F√mw
bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂v hmZn-°p-∂-hsc Xm¿°n-I-ambn t\cn-Sm≥ Hcp
AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I\pw km[n-®n-ń√ F∂-XmWv kXyw. DZn-tZm-I-c,
{]im-¥-]m-Z≥, hmN-kv]Xn an{i, DZ-b-\m-Nm-cy≥ XpSßn \nc-h[n
{]K¬`-cmb Zm¿i-\n-I¿ \ymb-˛-sshti-jnI Nn¥sb kºp-jvSam-
°n-bn-´p≠v. Ch-cn¬ hmN-kv]Zn an{i-bm-bn-cp∂p G‰hpw ka¿Y≥.
\ymb- ˛ - s sh- t i- j nI Nn¥- b psS Ncn- { X- s a- g p- X nb [¿tΩ- { µ- \ mY
imkv{Xn ""Zm¿i-\nIcwKØv Hcp ]t£, i¶-c-s\°mƒ ka¿Y-\m-
bn-cp∂p hmN-kv]Zn an{i''sb∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-´p≠v.10 an{i-bpsS
{][m\ IrXn-bmWv "\ymb-˛-hm¿Øn-I-˛-Xm-Xv]-cy-˛-ToIm'. \ymb-˛-ssh-
ti-jnI Z¿i-\-Øns‚ G‰hpw \ne-hm-c-ta-dnb Ah-X-cWw CXn-em-
Wp- ≈ - X v . ]mfin- X y- Ø ns‚ Imcy- Ø n¬ hn⁄m- \ - t Im- i - ] - c hpw
X¿°-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn tdbvk-dns‚ aq¿®-bp-amWv Cu IrXn-bpsS
hnti-j-X-I-sf∂v imkv{Xn hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.11 C¥y-bnse sshhn-
[y-am¿∂Xpw sshcp-[y-am¿∂-Xp-amb XXz-Nn-¥-Isf kw{K-ln®pw ka-
Xp-en-X-ambpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ IrXn-bmWv hmN-kv]Zn an{i-bp-sS-
sX∂pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. X\n°v hntbm-Pn-∏p≈ Nn¥m-
K-Xn-Iƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ t]mepw Ah-bpsS A\p-bmbn F∂-
t]mse hf-s®m-Sn-°msX kXy-k-‘-ambn hmZ-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-bm-
fmWv hmN-kv]Zn an{i-sb∂v imkv{Xn Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p-≠v.
AssZzX hmZ-°m¿ \nc-Ønb hmZ-ßs - f√mw Imem-Im-eß - f
- n¬ kbp-
‡nIw Jfin-°-s∏-ń-´p-s≠∂ Imcyhpw {it≤-b-am-Wv. {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-
cy-cpsS hmZ-ßƒ am{X-a-√, ]n¬°me AssZz-Xn-I-fp-tS-Xpw. {ioi-¶-cm-
Nm-cy¿°p-tijw G‰hpw {it≤-b-cmb AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I-cn¬ {]ap-J-
\m-bn-cp∂p {iol¿j≥. \ymb XXz-hm-Zn-bmb KtW-i≥ {iol¿j Nn¥-
Isf \ncq-]Ww sNbvXp-sIm≠v "XXz-Nn-¥m-aWn' Fs∂mcp IrXn Xøm-
dm-°n. Ct±-l-Øns‚ aI-\mb h¿[-am-\≥ {iol¿js‚ "Jfi-\-J-
fi-ImZy' F∂ {KŸ-Øn\v as‰mcp hna¿i-\hpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I-bp-
≠m-bn. AXn-\p-tijw as‰mcp \ymb-Zm¿i-\n-I-\mb i¶-c-an-{ibpw
{iol¿js‚ AssZz-X-hm-Z-ßsf \ncq-]Ww sNbvXp. \n¿KpW {_“-
sa∂ k¶¬]w D]-\n-jØ - p-If- psS ]n¥p-Wb - n-√m-ØX - m-sW∂v \nc-h[n
D]-\n-jZv hmIy-ßƒ \ncØn i¶-c-an{i ka¿Yn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
Zm¿i-\n-I-ambn AssZzX hmZn-Isf°mƒ ]mShw sXfn-bn-®-h¿
ssZzX-k-c-Wn-bpsS h‡m-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw {]Nm-c-W-]-c-am-b (pro-
paganda)- hn-Pbw t\Sm≥ Ah¿°v km[n-®n-√.
AssZz-X-Øn\p ssIh∂ Cu {]Nm-c-W-Øns‚ clkyw IpSn-sIm-
≈p∂ GXm\pw hkvXp-X-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°mw.
{]Nm-cW clkyw
56
H∂v, AssZz-X-Øn-\-∏p-dw-˛-{]-tXy-In®pw i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS-˛-aq-ey-h-
Ømb as‰mcp Z¿i-\h - p-an-s√∂ hnNm-cØ - n\v apJy-Im-cWw, CXc ho£-
W-ß-sfbpw Ah-bpsS _em-_-e-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ A⁄-X-bm-Wv.
i¶-cm-ssZzXw a\- n-em-°n-b-Xns‚ ]Ip-Xn-t]mepw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cys‚
hnin-jvSm-ssZz-X-tam, am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXtam a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠m-
hn-√. Chsb Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm \ncq-]W ZrjvSym hne-bn-cp-
Øp-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≠m-hn-√. C¥y-bn-sebpw hntZ-i-sØbpw XXz-
Nn¥m X¬]-c¿°n-S-bnepw {KŸ-I¿Øm-°ƒ°n-S-bnepw Hcp-t]mse
\ne- \ n¬°p∂ k¶p- N nX kao- ] - \ - a m- W n- X v . {]i- k v X - c mb XXz-
Nn¥mcNbn-Xm-°-fpsS ÿnXn t]mepw hyXy-kvX-a-√.
{io i¶- c m- N m- c y- c psS thZm¥ kq{X- ` mjyw Cw•o- j n- t e°p
hnh¿Ø\wsNbvX tPm¿Pv Xnt_m´v AXn\v \q‰n-]-Xn-s\´p t]Pp-Iƒ
\o≠ Bap-J-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬, AXn¬ Hcp JfinI t]mepw
ssZzX-ho-£Ww ]cm-a¿in-°m≥ \o°n-sh-®n-ń-√. am[zm-Nm-cy-cp-sStbm
]n¬°m-esØ ssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I-cp-sStbm t]cp-Iƒ t]mepw At±lw
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\mb cmam-\p-Ps‚ Z¿i-\-hp-
ambn AssZz-XsØ Xmc-Xa - y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬, AssZz-Xh - p-ambn
auenI `n∂X ]pe¿Øp∂ ssZzXsØ Xs‚ Xmc-Xay {]{In-b-bn¬
Xnt_m´v ]¶m-fn-bm-°p-t∂-bn-√. CsX-¥p-sIm≠v kw`-hn®p?
i¶-c-Z¿i\w krjvSn® {]Nm-c-W-tIm-em-l-e-Øn¬ ssZzX-hm-Z-
Øns‚ i‡nbpw kuµ-cyhpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Xnt_m-ń\pw AXp-t]m-
ep≈ ]m›m-Xy ]fin-X-∑m¿°pw Ign-™n√ F∂-XmImw Imc-Ww.
]m›mXy ]fin-X¿°n-S-bnse as‰mcp alm-c-Y-\m-bn-cp∂ amIvkv-
ap-≈d- psS ÿnXnbpw `n∂-a√ - . "Z knIvkv knÃwkv Hm^v C¥y≥ ^ntem-
k^n'bn¬ C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-sØ-∏‰n hni-Z-ambn ap≈¿ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-
s≠-¶nepw i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw cmam-\p-P\pw am{Xta At±-l-Øn\p hnj-
bo-`-hn-®p-≈q. am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzX-Nn-¥-sb-∏‰n ap≈¿ Xo¿Øpw \n»-
_vZ-\m-Wv.
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥sb∏‰n [mcmfw ]T-\-ßƒ djy≥ ]fin-X-∑m-cp-
tS-Xm-bn-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bnepw CtX {]h-WX ImWmw.
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥sb hne-bn-cp-Øn-s°m≠v hn. s{_mtUmhv Fgp-Xnb
IrXn-bn¬ C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-sØ-°p-dn®v Ign™ GXm\pw Zi-I-ß-fn¬
{]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb IrXn-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, ZmkvKp-]vX, lncn-b-Æ, Nm‰¿Pn, ZØ, dmwtam-l≥
-tdmbv F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-I-sf-bmWv kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Cu `mKØv
s{_mtUmhv \¬Ip∂ ASn-°p-dn-∏n¬ Cu ]T-\ß - ƒ H∂pw i¶-cs - ‚bpw
cmam-\p-Ps‚bpw ho£-W-ßƒ°-∏p-d-ap-≈-hsb Ipdn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-
∂n-s√∂v \ymb-ambpw ]cm-Xn-s∏-Sp-∂p. s{_mtUm-hns‚ Cu hne-bn-cp-
Ø-en-e-S-ßnb sshNn-{Xy-sa-¥m-sWt∂m? H∂m-a-Xm-bn, At±lw kqNn-
∏n-® Fkv.-F≥. ZmkvKp-]vX-bpsS A©p hmfy-ß-fn-sem-∂n¬ am[z-Z¿i-
\-sØ-∏‰n khn-kvXcw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≠v F∂-Xm-Wv.
as‰m-∂v, s{_mtUm-hns‚ IrXn-bn¬ am[z-cpsS Nn¥-I-sf-∏‰n Hcp
JfinI t]mep-an√ F∂ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. thZm¥ Z¿i-\-Ønse alm-
c-Y-∑m-cmbn hnti-jn-∏n-°s∏Sp∂ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-scbpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-
scbpw ]‰n Fgp-Xnb s{_mtUmhv am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS t]cv t]mepw Xs‚
IrXn-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]cm-Xn-tbm, a‰p-
≈-h¿ i¶-c\pw cmam-\p-P\pw A∏pdw t]mIp-∂n-s√∂pw! AssZz-X-
Øns‚ {]N-fi-amb {]Nm-cWw aqew ssZzX-Nn-¥-tbm-Sp-≠mb Ah-
KW\ Adnt™m Adn-bm-sXtbm s{_mtUm-hn-s\bpw _m[n-®-Xns‚
ê-am-Wn-Xv.12
P¿a≥ kwkvIrX ]fin-Xcn¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂ F.-_n. IoØv
"F lnÃdn Hm^v km≥kv{In‰v en‰-td-®¿' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ i¶-cs‚bpw
cmam-\p-P-s‚bpw ho£-W-ßƒ hnh-cn-®-tijw "a‰p hymJym-Xm-°ƒ'
(other commentators) F∂ D]io¿j-I-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bXv t\m°q:
""{]m[m-\y-Øn-s‚ Imcy-Øn¬ i¶-cs - ‚bpw cmam-\p-Ps
- ‚-Xp-ambn Xmc-
X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ a‰p hymJym-\-ß-fn-√. C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-Ønse G‰hpw
ÿmbn-bmb ss[j-WnI {]b-Xv\-amWv BZy-tØ-sX-¶n¬ kmam\y
ss{IkvXh hnizm-k-hp-ambn Ht´sd kmZr-iy-ß-fp≈ kn≤m-¥-amWv
c≠m-a-tØ-Xv.''13
XpS¿∂v, ssZzX-Z¿i-\sØ IoØv c≠p hcn-I-fn-sem-Xp°n F∂Xp
am{X-a√ {]iv\w; thZm¥ Nn¥-I-fn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ cs≠-Æw,
{ioi-¶-c-s‚Xpw cmam-\p-P-t‚-Xp-am-sW∂pw hy‡-ambn ]d-bp-∂p.
kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-Øns‚ G‰hpw ka-{K-amb Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb
hn‚¿\n-‰vkpw CXn¬\n∂p `n∂-\-√. aq∂v _rlZv hmfy-ß-fp≈ At±-
l-Øns‚ "lnÃdn Hm^v C¥y≥ en‰-td-®d- ns‚' H∂mw hmfy-Øn¬ {_“-
kq-{X-sØ-°p-dn®v Fgp-X-ptºmƒ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-scbpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-
scbpw am{Xta hn‚¿\n‰vkv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p≈q F∂Xv {i≤n-t°-≠-
Xm-Wv.14
Cu hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw sXfn-bp-∂-sX-¥mWv?
an° ]fin-X-∑m¿°pw i¶-cm-ssZzXw am{X-a-dn-bmw. Nne¿°v cmam-\p-
Ps‚ hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xhpw ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn¬ ]cn-N-b-ap≠v. F∂m¬,
Ch¿°m¿°pw am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXtam, B ho£m-tIm-Wn¬ ka¿Yn-
{]Nm-cW clkyw
58
°-s∏´ ssZzX-hm-Z-ßtfm A⁄m-X-am-Wv! i¶-cm-ssZzXw Zm¿i-\nI
hf¿®-bpsS A¥n-a-L-´-ambn Ch¿ IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]ns∂ A¤p-
X-Øn-s\-¥-h-Imiw?
{]K-¤- hntZi kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑m-cm¬ am{X-a√ ssZzX-hmZw
XXz- N n- ¥ - b psS ]pd- t ºm- ° p- I - f n- t e°v AI‰n\n¿Øs∏- ´ n- ´ p- ≈ - X v .
C¥y-bnse thZ-˛-D-]-\n-jZv ]fin-X-∑mcpw Aß-s\-bmWv sNbvXn-
´p-≈-Xv. AssZz-X-Øn-\-∏p-dtam C∏p-dtam Z¿i-\-ta-bn√ F∂ ań-
emWv Ch-cpsSsb√mw XXz-Nn-¥m-hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ. XXz-Nn¥m ]mc-
ºcyw AssZzXsa∂ Hscm‰ XqWn\p Np‰pw Id-ßp-∂-Xm-sW∂
sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bmWv C¥y-bnse Zm¿-i\nI¿ ]m›mXy kwkvIrX
]fin-X-∑m¿°v ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-sX∂v ]d-bmw. C°mcyw kv]jvS-
ambn hy‡-am-°p∂ \mK-cmP i¿a-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ D≤-cn-°s´:
""C¥y-bn-sebpw hntZ-i-sØbpw ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-
ßfpw t\´-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn´pw C¥y≥ Zm¿i-\nI hyh-ÿ-Iƒ ]m›m-
Xy-tem-IØv icn-bmw-hÆw a\- n-em-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm Bkz-Zn-°-s∏-Sp-
Itbm sNbvXn-ń-√. C°m-eØv hntZ-io-b¿ Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvX-
Xn-s\-°mƒ C¥y≥ Z¿i-\sØ kztZ-io-b¿ Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNøp-
∂-XmWv ss[j-WnI temIØv henb \mi-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. Nne a’-
c-_p-≤n-Iƒ ]m›mXy temIsØ {]km-[-\m-e-b-ßƒ°pw tP¿W-
ep-Iƒ°pw th≠n C¥y≥ Z¿i-\sØ Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvXv Ah-
X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-Øns‚ Zp¿hym-Jym-\-ßsf almkXy-
ß-sf∂ hymtP\ ]hn-{Xo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Bkq-{XnX {ia-ß-fp-≠v.15
{_“-kq-{X-Øn\v cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cycpw am[zm-Nm-cycpw hymJym-\-
ß-sf-gp-Xn-bn-´p-s≠-¶nepw Ahsb A¿ln-°pw-hn[w ]cn-K-Wn-°msX
i¶-c -hym-Jym-\-Øn¬ am{Xw ZrjvSn-I-fq-∂p-I-bmWv ]fin-X-∑m¿
sNbvXXv. Cu Ah-K-W-\-bpsS êw Duln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ign™
c≠p \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ thZm¥ Z¿i-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-
ß-sf√mw i¶c tI{µo-Ir-X-ambn Xo¿∂p-sh∂v lPnan \I-apd Nq≠n-
°m-´p-∂p.
""]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ thZm-¥-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Kth-j-Ww
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb am‰-ß-sfbpw hnIm-k-ß-sfbpw Hs´ms° ]q¿W-am-
bpw Ah-K-Wn-®p. i¶-c-s\(-F´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy ]Ip-Xn) H∂m-
asØ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚
{_“- k q{X `mjyØns‚ hnh¿Ø- \ - s Øbpw hymJym- \ - s Øbpw
am{Xw tI{µo-I-cn-®mbn Kth-j-W-ßƒ.''16
thZm-¥-Ønse FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp∂ c≠v hymJym-\-ßƒ {io
i¶-c-s‚bpw cmam-\p-P-s‚-Xp-am-sW∂v F._n. IoØv A`n-{]m-b-s∏-
´p- h - t √m. am[zm- N m- c y- c psS ssZzX- h m- Z - s Øbpw B kc- W n- b nse
Zm¿i\nI kXysØbpw Ipdn- ® p≈ A⁄- X - b - √ msX as‰m∂pw
CXn¬-\n∂pw shfn-hm-Ip-∂n-√. thZm-¥-Ønse c≠v {]apJ hymJym-
\-ßƒ F∂ \ne ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬t]mepw am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzX-Nn-
¥sb ]cm-a¿in-°msX hnSm-\m-hn-√. Imc-Ww, IrXy-amb `n∂X
]pe¿Øp∂ thZm-¥-Ønse c≠v [mc-I-fmWv AssZz-Xhpw ssZzX-
hpw. F∂m¬ Ch-bv°n-S-bnse A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-hp-ambn Xmc-X-
ay- s ∏- S p- Ø p- t ºmƒ AssZz- X hpw hnin- j v S m- s sZz- X hpw XΩn- e p≈
`n∂X eLp-hm-Wv. {]K-¤-cmb AssZz-X-hm-Zn-Iƒ Xs∂ CXv hy‡-
am-°n-bn-´p-s≠-∂XmWv IuXp-I-I-cw. sI. \mcm-bns‚ hm°p-Iƒ
{i≤n°q:
""i¶c thZm- ¥ - Ø ns‚ FXn- c m- f n- I - f n¬ Hcp- ] - t £, G‰hpw
i‡w am[zhyh-ÿ-bm-Wv. a‰p-≈-h¿, DZm-l-c-W-ambn cmam-\p-P≥
i¶-cs‚ Bib Z¿i-\sØ hyh-ÿm-]n-X-ambn hna¿in-°m≥ {ian-
®n-´p-≠v. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Ah-cpsS Xs∂ XXz-imkv{X \ne-]m-Sp-I-
fpsS ê-ambn am[z ]£-°m-cp-sS-b{X i‡n-tbm-sSbpw hocy-tØm-
sSbpw cwK-Øn-d-ßm≥ Ah¿°v km[n-®n-√. am[z-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ hn´p-
ho-gvN-bn-√mØ bYm-X-Y-hm-Zhpw kºq¿W ssZzX kao-]-\hpw At±-
lsØ i¶c Bi-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ ISpØ FXn-cm-fn-bm-°n.''17
XmXzn-I-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ `n∂X am{X-a√ Ch¿°n-
S-bn-ep-≈-Xv. i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øns‚ \ninX hna¿i-\-ßƒ am[z-k-c-Wn-
bnse Zm¿i-\n-I-cn¬\n-∂mWv h∂n-´p-≈-Xv. kz¥w ho£-W-ßsf
Ipdn®v ho≠p-hn-Nmcw \S-Øm≥ AssZz-Xn-Isf t{]cn-∏n-°p-amdv AXn-
i-‡- \ncq-]-W-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p Ch. i¶-cm-\p-Iq-en-bmb sI. \mcm-
bns\ ho≠pw D≤-cn-°s´:
""Cu hna¿i-\-ß-fpsS Ncn-{X-Øn¬, am[zs‚ Jfi-\-amWv Hcp-
]-t£, G‰hpw i‡hpw Atem-k-c-I-c-hp-am-b-Xv. am[zs‚ I¿i-\-
ssZzX-\n-e-]m-SmWv CXn\v Imc-Ww. Ah-cp-sS, {]tXy-In®pw Pb-Xo¿Y-
bp-sSbpw hymk-Xo¿Y-bp-sSbpw B{I-a-W-Øns‚ hnj-en-]vXX i¶c-
]- £ - ° msc, Xß- f psS Zm¿i- \ nI ASn- Ø - d - I ƒ ]p\x- ] - c n- t im- [ n-
°m\pw a[p-kq-Z-\s‚ "AssZz-X-kn≤n' t]mep≈ \ymbo-I-cW {]_-
‘-ßƒ cNn-°m\pw \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-°n.''18
i¶-cm-ssZz-Xn-I-fpsS \nco-£-W-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS i‡-cmb {]Xn-
tbm-Kn-Iƒ hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xn-I-f√ ssZzXn-I-fms-W-∂¿Yw. ho£W
hyXym-k-Øns‚ Xo£vWX am{Xw IW-°n-se-Sp-Øp-sIm-≠p≈ hne-
{]Nm-cW clkyw
60
bn-cp-Ø-e√ CXv. kz¥w kn≤m-¥-ßƒ IrXy-ambpw hy‡-ambpw
Xm¿°nI ]mS-h-tØm-sSbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xn-I-
sf-°mƒ hfsc ap∂n-em-bn-cp∂p ssZzX-hm-Zn-Iƒ. i¶-c-\p-tijw
AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I¿°n-Sb - n-ep-≠mb {]K¬`∑m-cn-sem-cm-fmbn \mcm-bn≥
kqNn-∏n® a[p-kq-Z\ kc-kz-Xn(1500 AD) _wKm-fnse {iocm-a an-{i-
bpsSIpSpw-_-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p. ip≤m¿Y Zo]nI (KoXm hymJym-\w),
AssZzX cXv\-c-£-W, {]ÿm-\-t`-Z, `‡n-c-km-b\, thZm¥ I¬]-
XnIm XpSßn At\Iw cN-\-Iƒ Ct±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-bp-≠v. am[z-k-c-Wn-
bnse ssZzX Nn¥-I-\mb hymk-Xo¿Y-bpsS "\ymbm-arX' F∂ IrXn-
bn¬ D∂- b n® FXn¿hm- Z - ß sf a[p- k q- Z \ kc- k zXn "AssZz- X -
kn≤n'bn¬ Jfin-°p-∂p. AssZz-X-˛-ssZzX Nn¥-I¿°p-≠m-bn-cp∂
Xm¿°nIkn≤n hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v ZmkvKp]vX
Nq≠n-°m-´p∂p:
""]pXnb Nn¥-Iƒ hnI-kn-°p-∂-Xn\v t{]c-W-bm-Im≥ X° t{kmX-
m-bn-cp-∂n√ hnin-jvSm-ssZzX Z¿i-\w. Cu kc-Wn-bnse Xm¿°nI
hnZ-Kv[¿ i¶-c-s‚bp am[z-s‚bpw kc-Wn-bnse {]apJ Nn¥-I-cp-ambn
Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ hy‡-ambpw Xmgv∂ \ne-hm-c-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-
∂p. cmam-\pP Nn¥m-K-Xn-bpsS Ct∂m-f-ap≈ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Xm¿°nI
kq£va-X-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Pb-Xo¿Y-tbmtSm hymk-Xo¿Y-tbmtSm Xmc-
X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ Hcmƒt]mep-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.''19
thZm- ¥ - Ø nse hnh[ [mc- I sf N¿®m hnt[- b - a m- ° p- t ºmƒ
ssZzXsØ Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂Xpw I≠n-s√∂p \Sn-°p-∂Xpw Zm¿i-\n-I-
ambn bmsXmcphn[ \ymbo-I-c-Whpw A¿ln-°p-∂n-s√∂v CXn¬-\n∂p
hy‡-am-Wv. kmam-t\y\ ]pe¿Øn-h-cp∂ Cu kao-]-\-ssh-I-eysØ
_n.-F≥.-sI. i¿a kw{K-ln-®-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:
""C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-Øn¬ ssZzX Nn¥m-KXn Ncn{Xw krjvSn-®n-´p≠v.
]t£, Cu Ncn{Xw CXp-h-scbpw Fgp-X-s∏-ń-ń-√.''20
{]Nm-c-W-]-c-amb AssZz-X-Øns‚ hnPbw ssZzX-Nn-¥sb IqSp-X¬
A]-cn-Nn-X-am-°n. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Xm¿°nI ]mShw a\- n-em-°m≥
Ign-™-h¿°p-Xs∂ am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS {]mK¤yw {Kln-°m≥ Ah-k-c-
ap-≠m-bn-√. C°mcyw ZmkvKp]vX hy‡-am-°p∂p:
""AssZzX hmZn-I-fmb i¶-c-h-‡m-°fpw ssZzX-hm-Zn-I-fmb am[h
h‡m-°fpw XΩn¬ \S∂ hnhm-Z-ß-fn¬, A[n-I-am-fp-Iƒ°pw i¶c-]-
£-Øn-\\p-Iq-e-amb sXfn-hp-I-sf-∏-‰n-b-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ Gsd t]¿°pw
am[-hm-\p-Iqe \ymb-ß-sf-∏‰n Adn-hn-√.''21
cmP-i¿asb ho≠pw D≤-cn-°s´:
""Hmdn-b‚-en-Ãp-I-fpsS {ia-ßƒ i¶-cs‚ AssZzXw ]Tn-°p-∂-
Xn¬ ]cn-an-X-am-bn. CXp-hgn XmXzn-I-Nn-¥-bpsS hnIm-k-Øns‚ Ncn-
{X-]-c-amb ss\c-¥cyw a\- n-em-°m-\m-bn-√. F∂p-am-{X-a-√, i¶-c-
\p-tijw Zm¿i-\n-I-cw-KØv ]T-\tam At\z-j-Wtam A¿ln-°p∂
bmsXm-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-ń-s√∂ sX‰n-≤m-cW ]c-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. am[-
hs‚ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ hni-Z-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´m¬ A-Xns‚ Zm¿i-
\n-I- Dƒ°m-gvNbpw kº-∂-Xbpw Xm¿°nI kwÿn-cXbpw ImWm-
\m-hpw. Imcy-t_m-[-ap≈ Hscm‰ XXz-Nn¥m Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw CXns\
Ffp∏w Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-hn-√.''22
thZm-¥-sØ-°p-dn®v C∂p \S-∏p≈ N¿®-I-fn-se√mw Cu GI-]-
£o-b- `mhw ImWmw. hhn[ "{_“kq{X' hymJym-\-ßsf Xmc-Xay
hnt[-b-am-°p-∂n-S-Øp-t]mepw am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzX hni-I-e\w ]cm-
a¿in-°-s∏-Sm-dn-√. _n.-F≥.-sI. i¿a-bpsS hm°p-I-fn¬:
""Cw•o-jn¬ {]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb {_“-kq-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A[nI
IrXn-I-fnepw am[h hymJym-\-ßƒ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm A{i-≤-
ambn ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm BWv ]Xn-hv. As√-¶n¬ Imcy-amb Zm¿i-
\nI KpWn-an-√m-Ø-sX∂ ań¬ GXm\pw hm°p-I-fn¬ Npcp-°p-∂p.''23
CXv A\o-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v At±lw XpS¿∂v ]d-bp-∂p.
thZm-¥-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-Iƒ i¶-cm-ssZz-XsØ Np‰n-∏-‰n-bm-b-
Xns‚ Imc-W-amWv ta¬ kqNn-∏n-®-Xv. AXm-bXv thZm-¥-Ønse CXc
ho£-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v, {]tXy-In-®v am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzX-hm-Z-sØ-∏‰n
]fi-nX-∑m¿°p≈ A⁄-X. CXv \sΩ as‰mcp tNmZy-Ønte°v \bn-
°p-∂p. thZm-¥sØ Ipdn-®p≈ At\z-j-W-ßƒ apgps° i¶-cm-Nm-cy-
cn¬ tI{µo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sm≥ F¥mWp ImcWw? C\n-bp≈ `mK-ßƒ Cu
At\z-j-W-Øn-te°v shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bm-Wv.
{_“-kq{Xw {][m-\-ambpw aq∂v hn[-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°-s∏-ń-´p-
≠t√m. ]c-kv]c hncp-≤-amb Cu ho£-W-ßƒ DS-se-Sp-°m-\p≈ Imc-
W-ß-fn-sem∂v {_“-kq-{X-ß-fnse Zp¿{Km-ly-X-bm-Wv. Bi-b-ßfpw
hmZ-ßfpw Atß-b‰w kw{K-ln-®p-≠m-°nb hcn-I-fm-Wn-Xn-ep-≈-Xv. hnh-
c-W-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw IqSp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v s]mXpsh Bi-b-kv^p-
SX h¿[n-°p-sa∂v ]d-bmw. CXn\p t\¿hn-]-co-X-amWv kq{X-Im-cs‚
coXn.
tUm. \I-ap-dsb D≤-cn-°s´:
""hymJym-\-an-√msX {_“-kq-{XØnse Hcp hmIyw t]mepw a\- n-
em-°m≥ {]bm-ka - m-Wv. AXnse Hcp hmIy-Øn¬ hnj-btam hnj-bntbm
C√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv km[m-c-W-am-Wv. Nne-t∏mƒ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´ ]Zw
{]Nm-cW clkyw
62
Xs∂ hn´p-t]m-bn-cn-°pw. AXn-√msX hmNIw {Kln-°m-\m-hn-√. ct≠m
Gdn-bm¬ ]tØm hm°p-If - S- ß
- n-bX
- mWv Hcp kq{Xw. Zo¿L-amb kq{Xw
A]q¿h-am-Wv. Nne-t∏mƒ Hcp kq{X-Øn¬ Hscm‰ hmt° ImWq.''24
as‰m-cn-SØv \I-apd XpS-cp∂p:
""hmN-I-Ønse ]e `mK-ßfpw hn´p-I-f™v hfsc B‰n-°p-dp-
°n-b-h-bmWv X\-Xmb kq{X-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXns‚ Dt±-iyw hy‡-
am-°m≥ Ht´sd hm°p-Iƒ tN¿t°-≠n-h-cpw. hy‡-X-bv°p-th≠n
GXp hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-∂Xv hymJym-Xm-hns‚ Xocp-am-
\sØ B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amb hm°p-
Iƒ Iqń-t®¿°-s∏-Smw. Htc hm°p-Iƒ hn`n∂ kµ¿`-ß-fn¬ ]c-
kv]c hncp-≤-amb A¿Y-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-°-s∏-t´-°mw. Htc kq{X
Øn\v XnI®pw hncp-≤-amb hymJym-\-ßƒ \¬I-s∏-Sm≥ CXv hgn-
sbm-cp-°p-∂p.''25
kq{X-ßƒ C{X-am{Xw km{µo-Ir-X-am-b-Xns‚ Imc-W-ßƒ Nne
]fin-X-∑m¿ Nq≠n-°m-ń-bn-´p-≠v. ChnsS AXn-s‚- hn-i-Zmw-i-ß-fn-te°v
IS-°p-∂n-√.
D¿lm¿ńs‚ hcn-Iƒ IqSn D≤-cn-°s´:
""Dt±-iy-ßs- f-¥m-bn-cp-∂m-epw kq{X-ßƒ Zp¿{Km-ly-ßf - m-sW-∂X
- n¬
bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-√. kt¶m-N-te-i-at\y hm°p-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°n-bn-´p-
≠v. D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p≈ hm°p-I-fmIs´ hmN-Im¿Y-Øn-te°v kqN\
\¬Ip-∂-h-bp-a-√. ]ns∂tbm km[m-cW ]Z-ß-fm-Wv. Ch ]pXn-sbm-c-
t\z-j-Is‚ ]T-\-ßsf klm-bn-°pI F∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ ka¿Y-\mb
hnZym¿Yn-bpsS Hm¿a ]pXp-°m≥ Dt±-in-®n-´p-≈-h-bm-Wv.''26
`n∂m-`n-{]m-b-ß-fpsS Cu {]fbw thZm¥ ]T-\-Øn-\n-d-ßn-b-hsc
sXs√m-∂p-a√ {]bm-ks∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. GsX-¶nepw Hcp hymJym-\-
{KŸsØ Ah-ew-_n-°msX kq{X-Øns‚ Bibw a\- n-em-°m-\m-
hn√ F∂ \ne-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw {_“-kq-{X-Ønse X\-
Xmb Bi-ßbƒ Fs¥-∂p {Kln-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ°v km[y-X-bn-
√m-Xm-bn. ]Icw GsX-¶nepw Hcp `mjy-Im-c-\n-eqsS e`n-°p-∂-Xns\
D]-Po-hn-°m≥ Ghcpw \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. hymJym-\{KŸ-Ønse Bi-
b-ßƒ {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ aqe k¶¬]-ß-fp-ambn tbmPn-°p-∂-XmtWm
F∂ At\z-jWw Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\mcpw Xp\n-™p-an-√. {]Nm-
c-Øn-ep-≈-Xns\ A∏Sn kzoI-cn-°p-I-sb∂ kao-]-\-amWv Ghcpw
ssIs°m-≠-Xv. D¿lm-¿ńs‚ hm°p-Iƒ {it≤-b-amWv:
""kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ Nne hi-ßƒ Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw a‰p Nneh Du∂n-
∏-d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xn-\mepw A[n-I-`m-K-ß-fnepw Ahy-‡-Xbpw
Zp¿{Km-ly-Xbpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\mepw hymJym-Xm-°ƒ°v ta¬ss°
e`n-°p-∂p. ]n¬°m-esØ Cu hni-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fpsS klm-b-an-√msX
kq{X-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m-\m-hn-√. AXn-\m¬ hymJym-\n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\-
°mƒ hymJym-\-ßƒ°v {]m[m\yw h∂p-Iq-Sp∂p. C°m-c-W-Øm¬
kq{X-ß-sf-∏‰n hni-Z-ambn N¿® sNøm≥ {]-bm-k-am-Wv. {]Nm-c-Øn-
ep≈ hymJym-\-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°mt\m kq{X-ßsf e`y-amb `mjy-
ß-fpsS shfn-®Øn¬ t\m°mt\m D]-tZ-in-°p-I-bmWv CØ-c-sam-c-
h-ÿ-bn¬ Ic-Wobw.'' 27
C°mcyw t]mƒ Uyqks‚ hcn-I-fn¬:
""a‰v C¥y≥ Zm¿i-\n-I-hy-h-ÿ-IfpsS B[mc {KŸ-ß-fn-te-Xp-
t]mse {_“-kq-{X-Ønepw kq{X-ß-fpsS \nc-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. CXns‚
hm°¿Yw "NcSv' F∂m-Wv. he-bpsS aqe-L-S-Ißƒ Nc-Sm-sW-¶nepw
Ah s\bvsX-Sp-Ømte he-bmbn amdq. AXp-t]mse hn`n-∂-ß-fmb
kq{X-ßsf hymJym-\-ß-fn-eqsS hmsam-gn-bmtbm hc-sam-gn-bmtbm Cg
tN¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Cß-s\-b-s√-¶n¬ ct≠m aqt∂m hm°p-I-f-S-ßnb
A[nI kq{X-ßfpw a\- n-em-hn-√...-C-sX√mw hymJym-Xm-hn\v hnSm≥
Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.''28
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvWs‚ hm°p-Iƒ t\m°q:
""hm°p-Iƒ Ign-bm-hp-∂{X Ipd-bv°m-\p≈ Xnc-°n¬ kq{X-ßƒ
Zp¿{Km-ly-am-hp-Ibpw hymJym\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.''29
tUm. tXmakv \oens‚ A`n-{]m-b-an-XmWv:
""F√m kq{X-ß-sfbpwt]mse D]-\n-jZv Nn¥sb Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂
{_“-kq{Xw kw{K-l- kz-`m-h-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. AX-∏Sn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Bi-b-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. `mjytam
hymJym-\tam IqSmsX AXp a\- n-em-°m-\m-hn-√.''30
]m›m-Xy-cm-Is - ´, C¥y-°m-cm-Is
- ´ {]Nm-cØnep≈ `mjy-sa∂ \ne-
bn¬ ]fin-X-∑m¿°v Ffp∏w e`y-am-bXv {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ i¶-c`m-
jy-am-bn-cp-∂p. aqe-{KŸØns‚ HutZym-KnI hymJym-\-sa∂ sX‰n-≤m-
c-W-bn¬ an°-hcpw CX-∏Sn kzoI-cn-®p.
{]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈Xv i¶-c-`mjyw am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂Xv Xnc-s™-
Sp-∏n-\p-≈(Choice) km[yXt]mepw C√m-Xm°n F∂p ]d-bmw. i¶-cm-
Nm-cy¿°v apºpw Ht´sd kq{X-hym-Jym-Xm-°-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn¬
kwi-b-an-√. D]-h¿j _u≤m-b≥, {_“m-\-µ≥, {_“-Z-Ø≥, `¿Xr-
an{i, `¿Xr-{]-]©- ≥, S¶≥, Krl-tZ-h≥, Zmcp-Nn, I]m¿Zn, kpµc-]mfiy
XpS-ßn-b-h¿. F∂m¬, Ch-cpsS cN-\-I-sfm∂pw In´m-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n√.
{]Nm-cW clkyw
64
G‰hpw BZysØ `mjy-sa∂ \nebn¬ e`y-am-bXv i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
hymJym\w am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p.31
a‰p `mjy-ß-sf-∏‰n kqN-\-Iƒ e`n-°p∂Xv e`y-amb a‰p hymJym\
{KŸ-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-am-Wv. "am[z-˛-hn-P-b-˛-`m-h-˛-{]-Im-inI' F∂ IrXn-bn¬
am[zm-Nm-cy¿°v apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ccp-]-sØm∂v {_“-kq-{X-`m-jy-Im-c-
∑m-sc-°p-dn®v \mcmbW ]fin‰v ]d-bp∂p. F∂m¬, Ch-bn¬ \ap°v
e`y-ambXv shdpw ap∂v `mjy-ß-fm-Wv. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿, `mkvI-cm-Nm-
cy¿, cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy¿ F∂n-h-cp-tSXv am{Xw.32
CØ-c-samcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ thZm-¥-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m-\n-d-
ßn-b-h¿°v i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS `mjysØ B{i-bn-°msX \nhr-Øn-
bn-s√∂p h∂p. Cu \n¿_-‘n-Xm-h-ÿ-sb-∏‰n tUm. \I-apd Fgp-
Xn-bXv {it≤-b-am-Wv: ""{_“-kq{Xw AXoh km{µhpw hni-Zmw-i-
ßƒ hn´p-I-f-™-Xp-am-b-Xn-\m¬ A¿Yw {Kmly-a-√. thZm¥ Z¿i-\-
sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Kth-jWw Bcw-`n® ImeØv i¶-cs‚ {_“-kq-
{X-`mjyw B[m-c-am-°n-bm-WXv a\- n-em-°n-b-Xv. A\-¥-c-^-e-ambn
{_“-kq-{X-Ønse Nn¥-Iƒ kzX-{¥-ambn ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-bn-√. Cu
hymJym-\-tØm-sSm-∏-amWv F√m-bvt∏mgpw AtX-∏-‰n-bp≈ At\z-j-
W- a p- ≠ m- b - X v . {_“- k q- { Xhpw i¶- c s‚ Nn¥bpw H∂p- X - s ∂- b m-
sW∂ [mc-W-bm-bn-cp∂p CXns‚ ê-am-bp-≠m-b-Xv.''33
thZm¥ Nn¥-Isf BZy-ambn hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb tXmXn¬ ]m›m-
Xy¿°v ]Icw sImSp-Ø-h-cn¬ {]ap-J-\mb t]mƒ Uyqk≥(Paul Deussen)
Xs∂ Cu A\n-hm-cy-Xbv°p _en-bm-Sm-b-Xn\v H∂m-¥cw DZm-l-c-W-
am-Wv. ""Das System des Vedanta'' F∂ Uyqks‚ IrXn-bpsS Cw•ojv
hnh¿Ø\w Nmƒkv tPm¨Ã¨ 1912-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. thZm-¥-sØ-
°p-dn-®p≈ Uyqks‚ hnh-c-W-Øn¬ cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-cpsS hnin-jvSm-
ssZz-Xtam am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXtam N¿®m-hn-t[-b-am-Ip-∂n-√; B\p-
jw-Kn-I-ambn t]mepw. thZm¥ Z¿i-\-Øns‚ B[m-c-IrXn {_“-kq-
{X-am-bn-cn-s°, AXn\p \¬I-s∏´ hnhn[ `mjy-ßsf Uyqk≥ ]cn-K-
Wn-°p-t∂-bn-√. ]Icw thZm¥ k¶¬]-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-
Øp∂Xv i¶-cm-ssZzXw am{X-am-Wv. C°mcyw At±lw Xpd-∂p-]-d-bp-
∂p-ap≠v:
""Imcy-ßsf Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn `mKn-°m-sX, Cu IrXn thZm¥ kq{X-
sØbpw i¶-c`- m-jy-sØbpw B[m-ca - m-°n-bmWv cNn-®n-´p-≈X
- v. Ch c≠n-
s\bpw th¿Xn-cn®v ssIImcyw sNøm-\p≈ {iaw CXp-h-scbpw D≠m-
bn-ń-√. \ΩpsS hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb hnh-c-W-Øn\v Ch c≠pw H∂mbn
]cn-K-Wn-°p-I-bm-Wv.''34
Hcp \q‰m≠p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ÿnXn-bm-Wn-sX∂pw ]n∂o-S-Xn\p
am‰-ap-≠m-sb∂pw Bcpw sX‰n-≤-cn-t°-≠. {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ GI-`m-
jy-sa∂ hymtP\ i¶-cm-ssZz-XsØ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw
Ct∏mgpw XpS-cp-I-bm-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ am{X-a-√, hntZ-i-ß-fn-epw. tUm.
\I-ap-d-sb-Øs∂ km£n-bmbn lmP-cm-°s´:
\I-apd Fgp-Xp∂p:
""C¥y- b nse C∂sØ ]fin- X - ∑ m¿°n- S - b n¬ t]mepw CtX
kz`m-h-°m-c-√m-Ø-h¿ Ipd-hm-Wv. ]mc-ºcy hn⁄m\w A\-¥n-c-sa-
Sp-sØ∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ _lp-`q-cn-]£w ]fin-‰p-Ifpw i¶c ]c-
º-c-bn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. AXn\m-e-h¿ At±-l-Øns‚ `mjyw hna¿i-
\m-Xo-X-amb BXy-¥nI kXy-am-sW∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. AXv {_“-kq-
{X-Øns‚ icn-bmb A¿Y-Øn\p \nc-°p-∂-XmtWm At√ Fs∂mcp
kwibwt]mepw Ah¿ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n-√.''35
tI´pw I≠pw ]cn-N-bn® Cu k{º-Zmbw A\p-I-cn-°pI am{Xw
sNøp∂ thZm¥ ]fin-X-∑m-sc-∏‰n tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW\v A{X aXn-
∏n-s√∂v Xmsg hcn-I-fn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-°mw(-A-Sn-h-c-bn´ `mKw {i≤n-
°p-I):
""D]-\n-jØp ]Tn-°p∂ B[p-\nI ]fin-X-∑m¿ Xßƒ ap≥Iqń
kzoI-cn® GsX-¶n-ep-samcp kn≤m-¥sØ ASn-ÿm-\a-- m-°n-bmWv A[y-
b\w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Bfp-Iƒ°v Xß-fpsS kzX-{¥-amb \n¿W-
bØn¬ hnizmkw Ipd-hm-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v GsX-¶nepsamcp {]mam-Wn-
I-s\bpw ]mc-º-cy-sØbpw B{i-bn-°p-∂p. euInI hyh-lm-c-Ønepw
BNm-c-hn-Nm-c-ß-fnepw Pohn-X-bm-{X-bnepw am¿K-Z¿i\w \¬Im\pw
B{i-b-ambn \n¬°m\pw Ch XnI-®pw aXn-sb-¶nepw kXysØ kw_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw A¥¿ ZrjvSnbpw kzbw-\n¿W-bhpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
C∂p Nn¥-I-∑m-cn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn-s‚bpw A`n-{]mbw Nmbp-∂Xv
i¶-cs‚ ]£-tØ-°mWv:''36
kXym-t\z-jIs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Cu {]hWX Bim-ky-a-
s√∂v tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW\v A`n-{]mbaps≠¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ hnh-
c-Whpw CXn¬\n∂p ap‡-a-s√∂v "C¥y≥ ^ntem-k-^n'bpsS c≠mw
hmfyw hmbn-®m¬ a\- n-em-Ipw. CXnse Ggmw A[ymbw "thZm-¥-
kq{X'sØ°p-dn®m-Wv. F´mw A[ymbw i¶-cm-ssZz-X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw. Cu
hnh- c Ww Ccp- \ q- ‰ n- ∏ - s Øm- º Xv t]Pp- I ƒ \o≠- X m- W v ( - ` m- c - X ob
Z¿i\w˛-11)
F∂m¬ am[z-cpsS ssZzX ho£Ww {]Xn-]m-Zn-°m≥ tUm. cm[m-
Ir-jvW≥ \o°n-sh-®-tXm, shdpw ]Xn-\mev t]Pp-Iƒ!
{]Nm-cW clkyw
66
_mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ {_“-kq-{X-Ønse km£m¬ {]Xn-]m-Z-\-hp-ambn
kzX-{¥-ambn HØp-t\m-°msX, i¶-c-`m-jyw-Xs∂ ]ca kXy-sa∂
hnizm-k-Øn¬ thZm-¥-Z¿i-\-Øn¬ aqSp-d-∏n-°m≥ Ign-™p-sh-∂-XmWv
AssZz-Xn-I-fp-sS- hn-P-b-c-lkyw.
CXc hymJym-\-ß-fp-am-bp≈ Xmc-X-ay-Øn¬\n∂pw Ah-cn¬ hf-
sc-t∏¿ t_m[-]q¿hw hn´p-\n¬°p-∂p. ap≥Iqń kzoI-cn® k¶¬]-
ßsf ]p\x]-cn-tim-[n-°msX AtX-]Sn \ne-\n¿Øm≥ Cu bmYm-ÿn-
XnI at\m-`mhw klm-bn-°p-∂p. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS `mjyw Cw•o-jn-te°p
hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX tPm¿Pv Xnt_m´v Fgp-Xp∂p:
""i¶-c-]-£sØ C¥y≥ ]fin-‰p-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Cu
tNmZy-Øn\p t\sc Ah¿ apJw Xncn-°p-∂p. IrXy-am-bn-∏d - ™- m¬ Cß-
s\-sbmcp kwibw Db-cm-Xn-cn-°m-\h - ¿ {i≤n-°p-∂p.-hn-hm-ZØ- n\pw kwi-
b-Øn\pw AXo-X-amb ÿm\-amWv i¶-c\v Ah¿ \¬Ip-∂Xv. i¶-c-`m-
jysØ _mZ-cm-bW - s‚ {_“-kq-{X-hp-ambn HØp-t\m-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\mWv
an°-t∏mgpw {ian-°m-dv. ]Icw A\p-am-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, i¶-
cs‚ Zm¿i-\nI ho£-W-amWv _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ kq{X-ßfpsS Htc-sbmcp
icn-bmb hymJym-\-sa∂p hcp-Øm≥ {ian-°pw.''37
i¶-c-`m-jysØ _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ X\-Xmb A¿Y-
hp-ambn HØp-t\m-°p-∂Xp am{X-a-√, i¶-cm-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°p-∂-Xv.
CXc thZm-¥n-I-fpsS hyXy-kvX-amb ho£-W-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-
Sp-Øm\pw Ah¿ hnapJX ImWn-°p-∂p. i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øn-\-∏pdw Zm¿i-
\nI temI-an-s√∂v hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw thZm-¥-tem-IsØ CXc ho£-
W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v XnI™ A⁄X kzmb-Ø-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-XmWv
i¶-cm-ssZz-Xn-I-fpsS {]Nm-c-W-]-c-amb hnPb-Im-c-W-ß-fn¬ {][m-
\sa∂p ]d-bmw.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. Hajimi Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy p.1
2. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i\w (a-e-bmf hnh¿Ø-\w, amXr-`qan ]ªn-
jnwKv lukv)1975, hmfyw c≠v, t]Pv. 420.
3. Thomas O'Neil, Maya in Sankara (Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi) 1980, p.71
4. M. Winternitz, A History of Sanskrit Literature, vol: 111(Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi) 1990,
p. 432; A. Barth The Religions of India (Light life Publishers: New Delhi) 1978, p.206; H.
Zimmer, Philosophies of India(Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi) 1990, p.458
5. George Thibaut, Vedanta Sutras with the commentary of Sankaracharya(Motilal Banarsidass:
Delhi)1998, p.XIV
6. F. F¬ _jm-ans‚ \nco-£Ww t\m°pI: "Sankara's greatness lies in his brilliant
dialectic. By able use of logical argument, and, we must admit, by interpreting some phrases
very figuratively, he reduced all the apparently self-contradictory passages of the upanishads
to a consistent system which, though not unchallenged, has remained the standard philoso-
phy of intellectual Hinduism to this day'' (The Wonder that was India, p. 331)
7. S.N. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy (Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi) 1991, Vol: IV,
P.VIII
8. B.N.K. Sharma, A History of Dvaita School of Vedanta (Motilal Banarsidass: Delhi) 1981,
p. 230
9. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv: 300
10. D.N. Shastri, The Philosophy of Nyaya-Vaisesika and Its conflict with the Buddhist
Dignaga school (Bharatiya Vidhya Prakasham: Delhi) 1976, p. 132
11. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv: 137
12. V. Brodov, Indian Philosophy in Modern Times (Progress publishers: Moscow) p.33
13. A.B. Keith, A History of Sanskrit Literature (Motilal: Delhi) 1993 p. 479
14. M. Winternitz, A History of Sanskrit Literature Vol: I, p. 246
15. R. Nagaraja Sharma, Reign of Realism in Indian Philosophy (The National Press: Madrass)
1937 p.3
16. Hajimi Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, p. 4
17. K. Narain, A Critique of Madhva Refutation of the Sankara School of the Vedanta (Udayana
Publications: Allahabad) 1964, p.1
18. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv: 5 (Preface)
19. S.N. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol: III, p. III
20.B.N.K. Sharma, A History of Dvaita School of Vedanta, p. XVIII
21. S.N. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol: IV, p. VIII
22. Reference 15, p.4
23.B.N.K. Sharma, The Brahmasutras and their Principal Commentaries (Bharatiya Vidhya
Bhavan: Bombay) 1971, p.X
24. Reference 16, p.440
25. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv: 442
26.W.S. Urquhart, the Vedanta and modern thought (Gian Publishing House: Delhi) 1986
p.40
27. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv: 40
28. Paul Deusson, The System of the Vedanta (D.K. Publishers: Delhi) Reprint 1995, pp 25-26
29. S. Radhakrishnan, The Brahma Sutra (George Allen : London) 1971, P. 23
30. Reference 3,P.69
31. G.C. Pande, Life and Thought of Sankaracharya (Motilal : Delhi) 1994, P. 145
33. Reference 16, P.440
36. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, `mc-Xo-b-Z¿i\w, hmfyw H∂v, t]Pv 116. Du∂¬ Ft‚-Xv.
37. Reference 5,P.xv
{_“-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam
68
3
{_“-kq{Xw
ssZzXtam AssZz-X-tam?
thZm¥ Z¿i-\-Øns‚ B[m-c-{K-Ÿ-amWv _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ {_“-
kq-{Xw.1 hn`n-∂hpw ]c-kv]c hncp-≤-ßƒt]mep-amb hymJym-\-ßƒ
CXn\p \¬I-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS AssZz-Xhpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-
cy-cpsS hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xhpw am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS ssZzXhpw Ah-bn¬ {]ap-
Jam-Wv. {_“-kq-{X-sØ-°p-dn®pw thZm¥ Nn¥-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw {]Xn-]m-
Zn-°m-dp≈ {KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ Ch-cpsS hyXykvX ho£-W-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-
∏n-°m-dp-≠v. AssZz-XsØ hni-Z-ambpw \ymbo-I-c-W-ß-tfm-sSbpw hnh-
cn-°pw. ssZzX-sØ GXm\pw hcn-I-fn¬ HXp-°p-Itbm Xosc ]cm-a¿in-
°m-Xn-cn°p-Itbm sNøpw. CXmWp ]Xnhp coXn.
as‰mcp ÿncw {]h-WX IqSn-bp-≠v. "{_“-kq{X'Øn\p \¬I-s∏´
`n∂ hymJym-\-ßƒ A∏p-dhpw C∏p-d-hp-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-dp-≈-h¿
Xs∂bpw Hcp {][m\ {]iv\w Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂p. GXp hymJym-\-amWv
"{_“-kq{X'hpambn IqSp-X¬ tbmPn-°p-∂-sX∂ At\z-j-W-am-W-Xv.
i¶-cm-ssZz-X-sØ-°p-dn®v {KŸ-ßƒ cNn-®-h¿ AXn¬ am{Xw ZrjvSn-I-
fq-∂p-Ibpw CXc kq{XhymJym-\-ß-sf-∏‰n au\w ]men-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. i¶-cm-ssZz-XØ- n-\p≈ bp‡n-Iƒ Is≠Ø--pI-sb-∂X - n-\∏
- pdw AXp
kw_-‘-amb at‰-sX-¶nepw ]p\¿ hn-Nm-c-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ X¬]-c-c√.
hnhn[ hymJym-\ß - ƒ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°m≥ kln-jvWpX-bp-≈h - ¿Xs∂bpw
aqe-{K-Ÿ-tØmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-Øp-\n¬°p-∂-tXXv F∂ hne-bn-cp-Ø-
en\v hnap-JX Im´p-∂p.
i¶-c-`m-jyhpw cmam-\p-P-`m-jyhpw Cw•o-jn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w
sNbvX kwkvIrX ]fin-X-\mWv tPm¿Pv Xnt_m´v. cmam-\pP`mjy-
Øns‚ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ apJ-hp-c-bn¬ Xnt_m´v Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-ß-
s\bmWv :
""kq{X-ß-fpsS icn-bmb A¿Yw GXm-sW∂ At\z-jWw Ipd-
s®ms° Bth-i-I-c-am-Wv. CØcw {]iv\ßfnep≈ Xm¬]cyw Ffp-
∏-Øn¬ A[n-I-∏-‰mbpw ht∂-°mw. Cu {]iv\w Rm≥ ssIImcyw
sNbvX-Xns\ hna¿in-®-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ A{X hne-s∏-´-h-bmbn
F\n°p tXm∂p-∂n-√. kq{X-ß-fpsS icn-bmb A¿Y-sØ-∏‰n Rm≥
D∂-bn® {][m\ hmZ-ß-sf(-cm-am-\pP hymJym-\-tØmSv AXv A{X-
sbm∂pw A\p-Iq-e-a-√.) Ah¿ kv]¿in-®n-ń-√. Cu {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-
°m-\m-hn-s√∂v Rm≥ Hcp hn[-Ønepw hnNm-cn-°p-∂-n√. apgp-h≥
kq{X-ß-sfbpw e`y-amb F√m hymJym-\-ß-tfm-sSbpw hni-Z-ambn
]pXn-sbmcp hni-I-e\ ]mS-h-tØmsS At\z-jn-®p-sIm-≠m-IWw CXv
\ n ¿ h - l n
-t°-≠-Xv2''
Hcp \q‰m-≠p ]g-°-ap≈ hne-bn-cp-Ø-em-WnXv. i¶-c-`mjyhpw cmam-
\p-P-`m-jyhpw HØp-t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ icn-bmb hnh-
£-tb-sX∂v Is≠-Øp-∂Xv {]k-‡a - m-sW∂v Xnt_m-ń\p a\- n-embn.
F∂n-cp-∂mepw cmam-\pP hymJym-\-Øn-\p-a-∏pdw ssZzX ho£Ww IqSn
Xmc-Xay ]T-\-Øn\p ]cn-K-Wn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kcw At±-l-Øn\p e`n-
°p-I-bp-≠m-bn-√. Xnt_m´v Bin-®-Xp-t]mse e`y-amb F√m hy--mJym-
\-ß-sfbpw Xmc-Xays∏SpØn hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ ]e ]fin-X-∑mcpw
]n∂oSv {ian-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-hm-ZsØ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambpw Zm¿i-\n-I-ambpw
hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ Hcp {KŸw˛ Maya in Sankara˛tXmakv H.\o¬ cNn-
®n-´p-≠v. AssZzX ho£WØns‚ At`-Zy-`m-K-amWv ambm-k¶¬]w.
{]]©w AYhm PKØv a-- mb-- b --- m- s---- W∂v i¶cm- N---- m-cy¿ {]kvXm-hn-®Xv
{_“w am{Xta kXy-am-bn-´p≈q F∂ AssZzX Z¿i\w ka¿Yn-°m-
\m-Wv. ambm kn≤m-¥sØ H. \o¬ khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p-s≠-
¶nepw CXv {_“-kq-{X-Ønse hnh-c-W-ß-fp-ambn F{X-tØmfw A\p-
\-b-Øn-em-sW∂v At\z-jn-°p-∂n-√. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°p apºp≈ sshZn-
I-{K-Ÿ-ß-fnse ambm -k-¶¬]-sØ-∏-‰nbpw H. \o¬ hni-Z-ambn Fgp-
Xp-∂p-≠v. F¶nepw Cu BZy-Ime ]mc-º-cy-hp-ambn i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
ambm k¶¬]w F{X-tØmfw HØp-t]m-Ip-∂p-s≠∂ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-
amb At\z- j - W - Ø n¬\n∂pw {KŸ I¿Ømhv Hgn- ™ p- a m- d p- ∂ p.
C°mcyw At±-lw-Xs∂ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂Xv ImWpI:
""BZy-Ime ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ amb-bpsS IrXy-amb A¿Y-sa-¥m-bn-
{_“-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam?
70
cp∂p F∂v Is≠-tØ-≠Xv \ΩpsS H∂m-asØ e£y-a-√. \ΩpsS
At\z-j-W-Øn\p ]pd-Øm-WXv... i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-k-¶¬]w
BZy-Ime ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ "icn-bmb hymJym\'ambn-cpt∂m At√
F∂Xv Hcp X¿° hnj-b-a-√.''3 sshNn{Xyw \nd™ \ne-]m-SmWv
CsX∂v ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS k¶¬]w {_“-
kq-{X-Øns‚ kØ-tbmSp \nc-°p∂pt≠m F∂ ]cn-tim-[-\bv°p
an\-s°-Sp-∂n√ F∂p am{X-a-√, i¶-cs‚ ambm-hmZw BZy-Ime ]mc-
º- c y- Ø ns‚ IrXy- a mb hymJym- \ - a m- s W- ∂ - X n¬ X¿°- a n- s √- ∂ ,
XnI®pw A_-≤-]q¿W-amb {]kvXm-h-\-IqSn {KŸ-Im-c≥ \S-Øp-
∂p. ]e {]K-¤-cmb kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑mcpw i¶-cs‚ ambm-hm-Z-
Øn\v sshZn-I-˛-ssh-Zn-Im-\-¥c kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ sXfn-hn-s√∂v Nq≠n-
°m-Wn-®n-´p-≈Xv hgnsb D≤-cn-°mw. AXn-cn-°-s´, i¶-c\p tijw
thZm-¥-Ønse alm-c-Y-∑m-cmb `mkvI-cm-Nm-cycpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cycpw
C°mcyw Xs∂-bt√ sXfn-bn®p Imń-bXv? Cu c≠v kc-Wn-bn-sebpw
F{Xtbm {]Xn- ` m- i m- e n- I ƒ PKØv amb- b - s √- ∂ - X n\v AkwJyw
km£y-ßƒ \nc-Øn-bn-´p≠v? ]t£, i¶-c-`m-jy-Øn\pw AXns‚
al-Xz-h¬I-cWw Dt±-iy-am°n Fgp-X-s∏´ IrXn-Iƒ°pw ]pdØv
Z¿i\w F{X hym]-cn-®n-´p-s≠∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ Xm¬]-cy-an-√m-
ØXp- s Im- ≠ mImw kzm`m- h n- I - a mbpw CsXmcp hnhm- Z - h n- j - b ta
As√∂p tXmakv \o¬ \ncq-]n-®-Xv. F∂m¬, Xs‚ IrXn-bn-sem-cn-
SØv i¶-cs‚ ambm-k-¶¬]sØ cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cycpw am[zm-Nm-cycpw
hna¿in-®-Xmbn \o¬Xs∂ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠p-Xm-\pw.4 CsXmcp X¿°-
hn-j-b-a-s√-¶n¬ ]ns∂ hnhm-Zhpw hna¿i-\hpw D≠m-Ip-∂-sX-ßs\?
AXn-cn-°s´, \ap°v BZyw kqNn-∏n® hnj-b-Øn-te°p Xncnbmw.
Zm¿i\n-I-aqeyw Adn-bm-Ø-Xp-sImt≠m A{i-≤-bmtem t_m[-
]q¿htam Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sm-dp≈ Cu {]iv\-amWv XpS¿∂v ]cn-tim-[n-
°p-∂-Xv:
{_“-kq-{X-Øn¬ AS-ßn-bn-´p-≈Xv AssZz-X-amtWm ssZzX-amtWm
hnin-jvSm-ssZz-Xa
- mtWm F∂mWv Is≠-tØ-≠X - v. AXoh km{µ-Xb - n¬
HXp-°n-∏d- ™ Npcp°w Nne hm°p-Itf B IrXn-bn-ep-≈q.5 tUm. cm[m-
Ir-jvWs‚ A`n-{]mbw Xmsg sImSp°mw:
""kz`m-th\ kq{X-ßƒ _p≤n-K-ay-ß-f-√, F√m Imcyhpw `mjy-Im-
c-∑m¿°p hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. Ah t{]mń-b-kn-s\-t∏mse kv]jvS-
ambn Hcp cq]-Øn¬ ]nSn-sIm-Sp-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂n-√. Ah-bnse
⁄mt\m-]-tZ-i-ßƒ Nnte-SØv Cuiz-chm-Z-Øns‚ Du¿P-kz-e-amb
kv]jvSX-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snbpw Nnte-SØv \nc-t]£ {_“-hm-Z-Øns‚ Akv]-
jvS- `mhm-fl-I-co-Xn-bnepw hymJym-\n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p... hymJym-Xm-
°-fn¬ i¶-c≥, `mkvI-c≥, bmZ-h-{]-Im-i≥, cmam-\p-P≥, tIi-h≥,
\oe-I-WvT≥, am[z≥, _e-tZ-h≥, h√-`≥, hn⁄m-\-òjva F∂n-h-
cmWv {]ap-J-¿. Htc A`n-{]m-b-a√ Ch-sc-√m-hcpw hnI-kn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-
Xv. kq{X-Øns‚ icn-bmb A¿Y-{K-l-W-Øn\v Ch-bn-te-Xn-s\-bmWv
am¿K- Z ¿inbmbn kzoI- c n- ° m≥ Ign- b p- I - s b∂ {]iv \ w Xocp- a m-
\n°pI Ffp-∏-a-√. Fs¥-∂m¬, kn≤m-¥-ßƒ Kpcp-X-c-amb ktµ-
l- Ø n\pw Kwò- c - hmZ- { ]- X n- h m- Z - ß ƒ°pw hnj- b - a m- b n- c p∂ Ime-
ØmWo `mjy-ßƒ cNn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂Xv. Ch¿ X-ßfpsS ]q¿h-\n-›n-
X- ß - f mb A`n- { ]m- b - ß sf ap∂n¬ sh®p- s Im- ≠ mWv Xß- f psS
hymJym-\-ßsf hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Nne-t∏m-fn-h¿ Xßƒ kz¥-ambn
kzoI-cn® Zm¿i-\nI kn≤m-¥-ßƒ°v {]mam-Wy-ap-d-∏n-°m≥ kq{X-
ß-fn¬ kΩ¿±w sNep-Øp∂ {ia-Øn¬ i_vZ-ß-fpsS kXym¿Y-
ß-sfbpw kv]jvSm¿Y-ß-sfbpw {i≤n-°msX t]mIp∂p. Hmtcm-cp-
Ø¿°pw Xm¥m-ß-fpsS tbmKy-X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v {]Xnêw t\Sm-
hp∂ A]q¿h {KŸ-ß-fn-sem-∂mWv thZm-¥-kq-{Xw.''
kq{X-hym-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ s]mXpth ImW-s∏-Sp∂ A]m-I-X-I-fmWv
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂X - v. F√m hymJym-Xm-°ƒ°pw _m[-
I-am-Im-hp∂ \ncq-]W - a- m-Wn-sX-¶nepw Ch-cn¬ BcpsS `mjy-amWv {_“-
kq-{X-Ønse hmIy-ß-fpsS Bi-b-tØmSv IqSp-X¬ tbmPn-°p-∂-sX∂
]cn-tim-[-\bv°p {]k‡n Ipd-bp-∂n-√. {_“-kq-{Xhpw `n∂ hymJym-
\-ßfpw X\-Xmb cq]-Øn¬ e`y-ambm¬ kwkvIrX `mj-bnepw {]mNo\
`mc-Xob kmln-Xy-ß-fnepw Bgw t\Sn-b-h¿°v Cu Zni-bn-ep≈ hne-
bn-cp-Ø¬, Ffp-∏-a-s√-¶nepw km[y-am-sW-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. ta¬
kqNn-∏n® hymJym-Xm-°-fpsS `mjy-ß-sfbpw km£m¬ {_“-kq-{X-
sØbpw \njv]-£-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNbvX ]e thZm¥ Kth-j-Icpw
Cu hnj-b-I-ambn A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ kv]jvS-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
F∂m¬, Cu {]iv\w ssIImcyw sNøm≥ tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ss[cy-
s∏-Sp-∂n-√. At±lw AXn\p \¬Ip∂ \y--mbo-I-cWw IuXp-I-I-c-amWv:
""i¶-cs‚ Z¿i\w {]mNo\ in£-W-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmtWm ]p\¿hym-
Jym-\-am-tWm, AYhm A\p-_-‘-amtWm F∂pw \n›-bn-°pI Xo¿®-
bmbpw hnj-a-am-Wv. \ap°p ]g-b-Xn¬\n∂pw ]pXn-b-Xns\ Xncn-®-dn-
bm≥ Ign-bn-√. Fs¥-∂m¬ Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]g-bXv ]pXn-b-Xpw, ]pXn-
bXv ]g-b-Xp-am-Wv.7 CsXmcp hnja {]iv\-am-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-°mw. ]g-
b-Xn¬\n∂pw ]pXn-b-Xns\ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw ]pXn-b-Xn¬\n∂pw ]g-b-
Xns\ Xncn-®-dn-bm\pw {]bm-k-ß-fp≠v. F∂p IcpXn Cu ka-kysb
ssIsXm-SmsX hnSm≥ Zm¿i-\n-It- _m-[a - p≈ Bsc-¶nepw Xøm-dm-Iptam?
72
Ffp-∏-a-√m-ØXpw AXn-k-¶o¿W-hp-amb tNmZy-ßƒ°p ]n∂mse
]mbp-∂Xv ss[j-WnI el-cn-bmbn ImWp∂ XXz-Nn-¥-Is\ Cu
hI {]bm-k-ßƒ \ncm-i-\m-°p-I-b√, D¬kp-I-\m-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-
I. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Akm-[y-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Dt]-£n® Cu
At\z-jWw a‰p ]e Kth-j-Icpw Gs‰-Sp--°p-I-bp-≠mbn F∂Xv
{it≤-b-am-Wv.
D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw {_“-kq-{X-hp-ambn i¶-c-\p≈ _‘w tUm.
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. ""At\Iw thZm¥ hnZym¿Yn-I-
fmb ]fin-X-∑m¿ hninjym Xnt_m, cmam-\p-P-\mWv thZm-¥-kq-{X-
Im-cs‚ Dt±-iy-ß-tfmSv G‰-hp-a-[nIw Iqdp ]pe¿Øp-∂Xv F∂ A`n-
{]m-bsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-h-cmsW''∂v cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ kΩ-Xn-°p-
∂p. ]t£, ASn-°p-dn-∏n¬ ""i¶-c≥ _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ IrXn-bpsS `‡n-
am-\mb Hcp hymJym-Xm-hmtWm A√tbm F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ B¿°pw
Dd-s∏m∂pw ]d-bm≥ Ign-bn√'' F∂mWv cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp-
∂Xv .8
{_“-kq-{X-Øn\v {io i-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Fgp-Xnb `mjyw Ct∂sd
{]kn-≤-am-Wv. F∂m¬, i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v apºpw tijhpw Ht´sd
kq{X-`m-jy-ßƒ Fgp-X-s∏-ń-cp-∂p-h-t√m. AXm-b-Xv, AssZz-Xm-Sn-ÿm-
\- Ø n- e p≈ i¶- c m- N m- c y- c psS hymJym\w At\Iw {_“- k q{X
hymJym-\-ß-fn¬ H∂p am{X-am-sW-∂¿Yw. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Cu `mjy-
ß-fn¬ G‰hpw apg®p \n¬°p∂ A`n-{]m-bm-¥cw ssZzXhpw AssZz-
Xhpw XΩn-em-Wv. Ch-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbn bYm-{Iaw am[zm-Nm-
cy-scbpw i¶-cm-Nm-cy-scbpw ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. ta¬ kqNn-∏n® {]iv\-
Øns‚ ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v Cu c≠v hn`m-K-ß-fp-sSbpw h‡m-°sf hn[n-
I¿Øm-°-fm-°p-∂Xv kmam-\y-am-bn-Øs∂ km[p-hmb coXn-bm-hn√.
ssZzX-hm-Zn-Iƒ Xß-fp-sS hymJym-\-amWv {_“-kq-{X-tØmSv ASp-
Øp- \ n¬°p- ∂ - s X∂pw AssZz- X - h m- Z n- I ƒ Xß- f p- s S- X mWv kq{X-
Øns‚ kØbv°p \nc-°p∂ `mjy-sa∂pw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-\p≈
km[y-X-bp-≠v. AXn-\m¬, Cu hymJym\ kc-Wn-I-fpsS h‡m-°-
fpsS hm°p-Iƒ \man-hnsS sXfn-hmbn lmP-cm-°p-∂n-√. adn-®v, C¥y≥
XXz-Nn-¥-sb-∏‰n ka-{K-ambn ]Tn-®n-´p-≈, GsX-¶n-ep-samcp tNcn-tbmSv
{]tXyI ]£-]m-XnXzw h®p-]p-e¿Øn-sb∂ Btcm-]-W-Øn\v hnt[-
b-am-bn-´-n√m-ØtXm AXn\p km[y-X-bn-√m-ØtXm Bb kwkvIrX
]fin-X-∑msc am{Xta Cu hnj-b-I-ambn D≤-cn-°p-∂p-≈q.
C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS Ncn{Xw ka-{K-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-h-cn¬
{]ap-J-\mb Zmkv-Kp-]vX-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ t\m°q:
""kq{X-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn[n-I¬]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬
i¶-cs‚ Zm¿i-\nI kn≤-m¥sØ {_“-kq{Xw ]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂-
Xmbn F\n°p tXm∂p-∂n-√. i¶-c≥ Xs∂bpw ssZzX-kz-`m-h-Øn¬
hymJym-\n® Nne kq{X-ßƒ AXn-ep≠v Xm\pw''9
Kp]vX as‰m-cn-SØv Fgp-Xp∂p:
""{_“-kq-{X-Øn\v Bdn-e-[nIw sshjvWh hymJym-\-ß-fp-≠v.
Ah i¶-cs‚ hymJym-\-Øn¬\n∂pw `n∂-am-sW∂p am{X-a-√, ]c-
kv]cw hyXy-kvX-ß-fp-am-Wv. ssZzX ho£-W-ßƒ°v Ah \¬Ip∂
Du∂¬--]ehn[Øn-em-Wv. AsXs¥ms°bm-Is´ i¶-cs‚ hymJym-
-\-ßsf-°mƒ kq{X-ß-tfmSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-ØXv {_“-kq-{X-ß-fpsS
ssZzX hymJym-\-ß-fm-sW∂v Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.''10
{_“-kq{Xw Xs∂bpw D]-\n-jZv ho£-W-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-
°n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. ]c-kv]c sshPm-Xy-ß-tfmsS Nn∂-n®n-Xdn InS∂
D]-\n-jZv ]mcm-hm-csØ Nn´-tbm-sSbpw kw{K-l -cq-]-Ønepw ]p\-
cm-hn-jvI-cn-°p-I-bmWv {_“-kq-{X-Im-c≥ sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. D]-\n-j-
Øp-Iƒ°p \¬Is∏´ hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb hymJym-\-ßsf _mZ-cm-
b-W≥X-s∂ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. kq{X-Im-cs‚ Dt±-iy-sa-¥m-bn-cp-
∂p-sh∂v cm[m-Ir-jvWs‚ Xmsg-s°m-SpØ hcn-I-fn¬\n∂p kv]jvS-
am-Wv.
""D]-\n-jZv Z¿i-\-Øns‚ hni-Zo-I-c-W-amWv {_“-kq-{Xw. ]c-
º-cm-KX Nn¥-I-f-S-ßp∂ hnhn[ D]-\n-jZv [mc-Isf Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øm-
\p≈ {ia-am-W-Xv......- D-]-\n-jZv A[ym-]-\-ßsf kw{K-ln-°p-I-bm-
bn-cp∂p {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ e£yw F∂ Imcy-Øn¬ F√m hymJym-
Xm-°fpw tbmPn-°p-∂p.''11
{_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ B[mcw D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ D]-\n-j-
Øp-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xv ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam F∂ tNmZy-Øn\v
{]k‡n- b p- ≠ v . {_“- k q- { X- Ø ns‚ A¥x- k - Ø - t bmSp tbmPn-
°p∂Xv. AssZz-X-a-√, ssZzX-am-sW∂ ZmkvKp-]vX-bpsS km£yw
\map-≤-cn-®p-ht√m. D]-\n-jZv Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn i¶-cm-ssZzXw F{X-
am{Xw HØp-t]m-Ip-∂p-s≠∂v At±lw At\z-jn-°p-∂p-≠v. AXns‚
êhpw `n∂-a-√. ZmkvKp-]vX-bpsS hcn-I-ƒ Xmsg:
""Xs‚ Z¿i\w D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂v sXfn-bn-
°p-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p i¶-c\v Xm¬]cyw ]t£, BkvXn-I-hm-Z-]-chpw
ssZzX ho£-W-ß-tfmSp IqSn-b-Xp-amb [mc m--- fw hmIy-ßƒ D]-\n-
j-Øp-I-fn-ep-≠v. `mjm-]-c-amb Iuiew F{X-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂mepw i¶-
cs‚ kn≤m-¥sØ A\p-Iq-en-°p∂ A¿Yw Cu hmN-I-ß-fn¬\n∂pw
74
\njv]m-Zn-∏n-°m-\m-hn-√.''12
hntZ-iob kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂p P¿a≥
Im-c≥ F.-_n. IoØv. thtZm-]-\n-jØv kmln-Xy-ß-sf-∏‰n Ht´sd IrXn-
Iƒ cNn-®n-´p≈ Ct±lw Cu hnj-ba - mbn F¥p ]d-™p-sh∂v t\m°mw.
F.-_n. IoØns‚ hm°p-Iƒ:
""i¶-cs‚ kn≤m¥w i‡amsbm-cm-bp-[-am-Wv. D]-\n-j-Øp-IfpsS
Nn¥m-hy-h-ÿsb Hscm‰ Zm¿i-\nI Xzc-bmbn hymJym-\n-°m≥ AXn\p
Ign-bpw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw BXy-¥n-I-ambn icn-sb∂v hn[n-°m-\m-hmØ
X{¥-]-c-am-sbmcp {ia-am-W-sX-∂Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√...... D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ
hni-Za- mbn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ CsX-fp∏w a\- n-em-°m-\m-hpw. {_“-kq{Xw
Xs∂bpw i¶- c s‚ \ne- ] m- s S- S p- ° p- ∂ n√ F∂- X p- X s∂ CXp-
hy‡amhm≥ aXn-bm-hpw.''13
IoØv "F lnÃdn Hm^v km≥kv{In‰v en‰-td-®¿' F∂ IrXn-bn¬
Cu hnj-b-ambn FgpXn:
""i¶-cs‚ ambm kn≤m-¥-Øn¬ _mZ-cm-b-W≥ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂n-
s√∂v hy‡-am-Wv. {_“-Øn¬\n∂pw D¬`q-Xam-bXm-sW-¶nepw Pohm-
flmhv hyXy-kvXhpw bmYm¿Yy-hp-am-sW∂ ho£-W-am-bn-cp∂p _mZ-
cm-b-W-\v.''14
i¶-c-`m-jy-sØbpw AXn\p apºp≠mbn-cp∂ thZm¥ k¶¬]-ß-
sfbpw ]‰n ]T\w \S-Øn-b-h-cn¬ {]ap-J-\mWv tUm. lPnan \I-ap-d.
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw `mkvI-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw
`mjy-ßƒ Xmc-Xayw sNbvX-tijw \I-apd Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:
""hm°p-Isf hymJym-\n-®-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t\m°n-bm¬ i¶-
cs‚ `m--- jyhpw Ah-ew-_n-°m≥ tbmKy-amWv. ]mc-ºcy ho£Ww
AXpƒs°m-≈p-∂p-≠v. ]t£, At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-I-fnse s]mXphmb
Nn¥m-coXn {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ X\-Xmb A¿Y-Øn¬\n∂v XnI®pw
hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.''15
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ hfsc sshPm-Xy-ap≈ k¶¬]-ßƒ ImWmw.
Cu hn`n-∂X F{X cq£-am-sW∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ thZm¥ ]fin-X-
cn¬ {][m-\n-bm-bn-cp∂ tKbvØns‚ hm°p-Iƒ aXn-bmIpw:
""Hcp {]tXyI Nn¥m- k - { º- Z m- b sØ A¬]w- t ]mepw ap∂n¬
ImWmsX kzX-{¥hpw [oc-hp-ambn kXyw Is≠-Øm-\p≈ {ia-ßf - mWv
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-te-Xv. Hcp {]tXyI kn≤m¥w D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ ]Tn-∏n-
°p-∂p-sh∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv \oXo-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. Imc-Ww, Htc D]-\n-j-
Ønse Htc `mK-Øp-Xs∂ ]c-kv]c hncp-≤-amb Jfin-I-Iƒ \mw
ImWp- ∂ p.'' 16
Ah-bn¬ ]e hmIy-ß-sfbpw AssZz-X-]-c-ambn hymJym-\n-°m≥
kuI-cy-ap-≠v. F∂m¬, D]-\n-j-Øp-Isf H∂m-sb-Sp-Øm¬ i¶-cm-ssZz-
X-tØmSv Ah tbmPn-°p-I-bn-s√∂v ]e ]fin-X-∑m-cpw hy‡-am-°p∂p.
F.-_n. IoØns‚ hm°p-Iƒ ta¬ D≤-cn-®-t√m. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ°n-W-
ßp∂- ho£-W-amWv i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-sX∂v h∂m¬ t]mepw {_“-
kq-{X-hp-ambn Ah s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sptam F∂ Imcyw kwi-b-am-Wv.''17
D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse hnhn[ hnNm-c-ßsf A∏Sn ]p\-c-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-
I-b√ kq{X-Im-c≥ sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv; ]Icw Ahsb Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-sb∂
ZuXyw IqSn \n¿h-ln-®n-´p-≠v. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ°v hnhn[ hymJym-\-ß-
fp-≈-Xmbn {_“-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb _mZ-cm-b-W≥ Xs∂ FSp-Øp-]-d-bp-
∂p-≠v.18 Chsb GIo-Ir-X-am-sbmcp Z¿i-\-ambn ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn-°p-I-
bmWv kq{X-Im-c≥ sNøp-∂-Xv. BZy A[ym-b-Øn\p \¬Inb t]cp-
Xs∂ "ka-\z-bw' F∂m-sW-∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬, D]-\n-j-
Øp-I-fnse GsX-¶nepw hmN-I-ßƒ ]n≥_-e-ambn lmP-cm-°n-b-Xp-sIm-
≠p-am{Xw AssZzXw ]mc-ºcy Z¿i-\-ßƒ°n-W-ßp-∂-Xm-sW∂v sXfn-
bp-∂n-√. "{_“-kq{X'sØ B[m-c-{K-Ÿ-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-S-tØmfw
Imew kq{XØnse {]Xn-]m-Z-\-hp-ambn hymJym-\-ßƒ°v CW-°-ap-≠m-
I-Ww. C°m-esØ thZm-¥-]-fin-X-cn¬ {][m-\n-bmb D¿lm´v i¶-c-
`m-jysØ {_“-kq-{X-ß-fp-ambn kzX-{¥ambn Xmc-X-ay ]T-\Øn\p -
hn-t[-b-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ \nK-a\w Xmsg sImSp°mw:
""i¶-cs‚ kn≤m-¥-Ønse apJy k¶¬]-ßƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-Øm¬
{_“-kq-{X-ß-fpsS icn-bm-sbmcp hymJym-Xm-h√ At±-l-sa∂ \nK-a-
\-ØnemWv \msa-Øn-t®-cp-∂-Xv. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse {][m\ {]h-W-X-
Isf i¶-c≥ ]p\¿\n¿an-°p-Ibpw _lp-Zqcw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.''19
i¶-cm-ssZz-Xhpw {_“-kq-{Xhpw XΩn¬ F{X tN¿®-bp-s≠∂v
Is≠-Øm≥ DZm-l-c-W-ambn ambm-kn-≤m-¥sØ ]cn-tim-[n-°mw. i¶-
cm-ssZz-XØ
- ns‚ At`-Zy-`m-Ka - mWv ambm-kn-≤m-¥w. s{]m^. Ad-]p-db
- psS
hm°p-I-fn¬:
""C∂sØ `mj-bn¬, i¶-c≥ apJy-ambpw Hcp Zm¿i-\nI ssZh
imkv{X-⁄-\m-bn-cp-∂p. thZm-¥-Øns‚ tI{µ-k-tµ-isØ G‰hpw
bp‡n-\n-jvT-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn\v AXoh
Xm¬]cyw. CXv At±-lsØ AssZz-X-hm-Z-Øn-se-Øn-®p. CXns‚
Xm¿°n-I-amb A\n-hm-cy-X-bpsS A\p-_-‘-^-e-sa-t∂mWw ambm-kn-
≤m-¥-ap-≠m-bn.''20
76
ambm kn≤m¥{]Imcw Cu {]]©w (P-K-Øv) anYy-bm-Wv. {_“w
am{Xta bmYm¿Yy-am-bn-´p≈q F∂p ka¿Yn-°m≥ {]]©w anYy-bm-
sW∂v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v hmZn-t°-≠n-h-∂p. F∂m¬, {]Ir-Xntbm {]]-
©tam PKtØm anYy-bm-sW∂v thZ-ßtfm D]-\n-j-Øp-Itfm {_“-
kq-{X-ßtfm ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-t≠m? Cs√-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. PK-Øn-s\-
∏‰n Ah-bn¬ [mcmfw hnh-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. ùXnI {]]©w kz]v\-sØ-
t∏mse Ab-Ym¿Y-am-sW∂ ]mT-a√ s]mXpsh Ah \¬Ip-∂Xv. PK-
Øn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ Cu hnh-c-W-ßsf i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ \ntj-[n-°p-∂n-√.
Ch anYy-bm-sW-¶n¬ F¥p-sIm≠v D≈-Xp-t]mse hnh-cn-°-s∏´p F∂
tNmZyw Db-cm-a-t√m? AXn-\p≈ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS hni-Zo-IcWw hnNn-
{X-am-Wv. {_“sØ ]c-am¿∞nI bmYm¿∞y-sa∂pw PK-Øns\ hyh-
lm-cnI bmYm¿∞y-sa∂pw At±lw c≠mbn Xncn-®p. thZ-˛D-]-\n-jZv
˛{_“-kq-{X-ß-fnse PK-Øn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ h¿W-\-Iƒ hymh-lm-cnI
bmYm¿∞y-sa∂ \ne-bn-em-sW-∂mWv i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ hmZn-®-Xv. Chn-sS-
bp-b-cp∂ kwi-b-an-XmWv:
bmYm¿∞ysØ ]c-am¿Yn-I-sa∂pw hymh-lm-cn-I-sa∂pw c≠mbn
Xncn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Hscm‰ ]cm-a¿i-sa-¶nepw thZ-˛-D-]-\n-j-Zv-˛-{_-“-kq-
{X-ß-fn¬ ImWm-\m-hp-tam-? Cs√-∂-XmWv kXyw. CØcw th¿Xn-cnhv
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Ir{Xna krjvSn-bm-Wv. thZ-˛-D-]-\n-j-Øp-I-fntem {_“-
kq-{X-Øntem Aß-s\-sbmcp h¿Ko-I-c-W-an-√. PK-Øns\ anYy-bm-b√
bmYm¿Yy-am-bn-Ø-s∂-bmWv Ah-bn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬,
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS `mjy-Øn¬ {_“-kq-{X-Ønse hm°p-Isf icn-bmb
coXn-bn¬Xs∂ hnkvX-cn-®n-´p-≠v. ]t£, {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ A¥x-k-
Øbv°p \nc-°m-ØXpw AXn¬ em©-\-bm-bn-t]mepw {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm-
Ø-Xp-amb ambm-hmZw i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Ir{Xn-aa - mbn sa\-s™-Sp-°p-Ib - mWv
sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬, {_“-kq-{X-Ønse hm°p-Iƒ°v \¬I-s∏´
A¿Yw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n t\m°n-bm¬ G‰hpw DNn-X-amb hymJym\w
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xm-sW∂v hniz-kn-°p∂ tUm. \I-apd Fgp-Xp∂p:
""A\m-h-iy A`yq-l-ßfpw Bi-b-ßfpw i¶-c≥ Xs‚ `mjy-Øn¬
Xncp-In-°-b-‰p-∂p. {_“hpw Pohm-- fl -- mhpw XΩn--- e p--- ≈ ------ _‘sØ
ssIImcyw sNbvXXv DZm-l-c-W-am-sb-Sp-°mw. kq{X-Ønse hm°p-Isf
icn-bmb hn[-Øn-emWv i¶-c≥ hymJym-\n-°p-∂X - v. ]t£, F∂n-´t- ±lw
Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bmWv: "CXv hymh-lm-cn-Im¿Y-Øn-ep≈ hni-
Zo-I-c-W-amWv: ]c--am¿YnI Xe-Øn-ep-≈-X-√. ]c-am¿YnI Xe-Øn¬ Ch
c≠pw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.' i¶-c-\n¬\n∂p-≠m-Ip∂ CØcw Nn¥ {_“-
kq-{X-Øns‚ kØ-tbmSp \nc-°p-∂-X-√.''21
{]kn≤ thZm¥ ]fin-X-\mb D¿lm¿´v Fgp-Xp∂p:
""BZy-Ime D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn-sem∂pw ambm-kn-≤m¥w hy‡-ambn
{]Xy-£s - ∏-ń-ń-s√∂v Dd-∏n®p ]d-bmw. {]]©sØ bmYm¿Yy-ambn IW-
°m-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb [mcmfw sXfn-hp-Iƒ Ah-bn-ep-≠v.''22
D¿lm¿-ńs\ ho≠pw D≤-cn-°s´:
""ssZh-Øn\v Cu temI-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w N¿® sNøp-tºmƒ
i¶-cs‚ ambm-kn-≤m-¥sØ {_“-kq{Xw ]n¥p-W-bv°p-∂pt≠m
F∂-t\z-jn-°mw......-{_-“-kq-{X-ß-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv kKpW
{_“- a m- W v . i¶- c - \ m- I s´ kKpW {_“sØ amb- b psS krjv S n-
bmbmWv I≠n-´p-≈-Xv. CXns‚ ISbv°p IØn-sh-bv°p∂ kKpW
k¶¬]-amWv {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv.''23
BZy-Ime thZm-¥-sØ-∏‰n {]tXyI ]T\w \S-Øn-bn-´p≈ tUm.
\I-ap-d-bpsS hmN-I-ßƒ t\m°q:
""Cu {]mXn-`m-knI {]]-©sØ kXyhpw bmYm¿Yy-hp-ambmWv;
ambtbm Bfl-\njvT {]Xo-Xn-bmtbm A√ {_“-kq{Xw IW-°m-°p-
∂-Xv. Atß-b‰w bYm-X-Y-amWv AXns‚ \ne-]m-Sv. Cu \nebv°v i¶-
cs‚ ho£-W-Øn\v t\¿hn-cp-≤-amWv AXns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sv. Nne BZy-
Ime thZm-¥n-I-fpsS k¶¬]-Øn\pw hncp-≤-am-W-Xv. {_“-kq-{X-ß-
fn¬ ambm-hmZw kn≤m-¥-n°-s∏-´-nń-s√∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-Øm≥ \mw
\n¿_-‘n-X-cmWv.''24
{]]-t©m¬]-Øn, kwc-£-Ww, \miw F∂n-XymZn {]Xn-`mk-ß-
sf√mw {_“-Øn¬\n-∂p-≈-Xm-sW∂v kq{X-Øn¬ IrXy-ambpw {]kvXm-
hn-®n-´p-≠v. _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ IrXn-bnse c≠m-asØ hmIyw CXp kw_-
‘n-®m-Wv. kakvX temI-Øn-s‚bpw t{kmX v {_“-am-sW∂v Ak-
µn-Kv[-ambn AXn¬ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. {]]©w D¤-hn®-tijw \S-∂p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ F√m {]{In-b-Ifpw {_“sØ B{i-bn-®m-Wn-cn-°p-∂-
Xv. HSp-hn¬ AXns‚ A¥yhpw {_“-sØ IqSm-sX-b√. "P∑mZn Aky-
b
- Ym' F∂ {_“-kq-{X-hmIyw ssXØ-cob D]-\n-jØ - nse (III-I) hnkvX-
cn-®p≈ Hcp {]Xn-]m-Z-Øns‚ kw{Kl cq]-am-Wv.25 kIe D◊-Ifpw
P\n-°p-∂Xpw Pohn-°p-∂Xpw aS-ßp-∂Xpw {_“-Øn-em-sW∂v AXn¬
{]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. I¬]m-cw-`-Im-eØv PKØv {_“-Øn-¬\n∂pw P\n-
°p-∂p. ]ns∂ {_“w PK-Øns\ \bn-°p-∂p. I¬]m-¥-Im-eØv P-
KØv {_“-Øn-te°v aS-ßp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Cu kq{X-Øn\v tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ \¬Inb hymJym\w CXmWv:
""{]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb hymJym-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ ssZh-im-
78
kv{X-amWv Cu kq{X-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. A\p-`-h-t`-Zy-amb \nco-£-W-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw BXy-¥nI bmYm¿Yy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kn≤m¥w \mw cq]o-
I-cn-°p-∂p. ASpØ kq{Xw sshZnI t{kmX- p-I-fn-te°v \ΩpsS {i≤
Xncn-°p-∂p. temI-Øns‚ kz`m-h-sØ-∏‰n Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ GI ]-c-
tam-∂X bmYm¿Yy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ \nK-a-\-Øn-emWv \msa-Øp-∂-Xv.
temIw AkvXn-Xz-Øn\pw \ne-\n¬]n\pw hne-b-\-Øn\pw Ah-ew-_n-
°p∂ kz-bw-]-cym-]vX\mb kr-jvSn-ssh-`-h-\n¬ \msa-Øp-∂p.''26
AXm-b-Xv, {_“-kq{Xw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv k¿h-i-‡\pw
k¿h-⁄\pw k¿h \nb-¥m-hp-amb {_“-sØ-bm-Wv. F∂m¬, Cu
KpW- ß ƒ \ntj- [ n- ° m≥ i¶- c m- N m- c y¿ Is≠- Ø nb D]m- b - a mWv
ssZhsØ c≠mbn Xncn-°p-I-sb-∂-Xv.
H∂v-˛-{_-“w, c≠v-˛-Cu-iz-c≥ F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv hn`-P-\w. Cu hnh-
cWw {_“sØ Dt±-in-®-s√∂pw hymh-lm-cnI Xe-Øn-ep≈ ssZhw
AYhm Cuiz-cs\ Dt±-in-®m-sW∂pw i¶m-cm-Nm-cy¿ kn≤m-¥n-°p∂p.
{]]-©-Øns‚ krjvSn, kwc-£-Ww, \miw F∂-nXym-Zn-I-sf-∏‰n {_“-
kq- { X- I m- c ≥ ]d- b p- t ºmƒ {]]©w anYy- b m- s W- ∂ - √ , bmYm¿Yy-
amsW∂mWt√m sXfn-bp-∂-Xv. CXv adn-I-S-°m≥ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ ta¬
kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]m-e-p≈ hmZw sa\-bp-∂p. AXm-b-Xv, ]c-am¿Yn-I-X-e-
Øn¬\n-∂p-sIm-≠-√, hymh-lm-cnI Xe-Øn¬\n-∂p-sIm-≠mWv kq{X-
Im-c≥ temI-sØ-∏‰n C∆n[w ]d-bp-∂-sX-∂mWv i¶-c-`m-jyw. ChnsS
{it≤-b-amb Imcy--an-Xm-Wv. bmYm¿YysØ c≠mbn Xncn-°p-∂Xpw
ssZhsØ c≠mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw {_“-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb _mZ-cm-
b-W-\√; {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cm-Wv. (CXp X∂bpw HcpXcw ssZzX at\m-`m-
h-Øns‚ {]Xn-^-e-\-at√?) {_“-kq-{X-Øn-se-hn-sSbpw bmYm¿Yyw
c≠m-sWt∂m aq∂m-sWt∂m kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-t]m-ep-an-√. {_“w F∂Xv
]c-am¿Yn-I-am-sW∂pw Cuizc≥ hymh-lm-cn-I-am-sW∂pw AXn¬ Fhn-
sSbpw Ahy-‡-am-bn-t∏mepw {]kvXm-hn-®n-ń-√. CXn¬\n∂pw \ymb-
ambpw FØm-hp∂ \nK-a-\-sa-¥m-Wv? PKØv AYhm {]]©w anYy-
bm-sW∂ hnizmkw {_“-kq-{X-Im-c\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Cu k¶¬]w
i¶m-cm-Nm-cy¿ Ir{Xn-aa - m-bp-≠m°n kq{X-hym-Jym-\Ø
- n-eqsS ASn-t®¬]n-
°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
PK-Øns‚ t{kmX- mbn {_“sØ ImWp∂p kq{X-Im-c\ - mb _mZ-
cm-bW - ≥. F∂m¬, i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS kn≤m-¥{- ]-Imcw PKØv Fs∂mcp
bmYm¿Yy-an-√. CXm-bn-cp∂p kq{X-Im-cs‚ hnizm-k-sa-¶n¬ {_“sØ
PK-Øns‚ Imc-W-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-tam-? Ahn-Zy-bmWv PKØv
bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂ tXm∂-ep-≠m-°p-∂-sX∂v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ ]d-bp-∂p.
AXm-bXv PK-Øns‚ km£m¬ ImcWw Ahn-Zy-bm-sW-∂¿Yw. i¶-
cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-hm-Zw, _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ hnizmk-{]-am-W-am-bn-cp-s∂-
¶n¬ ""{_“-amWv {]]-©-Øns‚ ImcWw'' F∂√ ""Ahn-Zy-bmWv {]]-
©-Øns‚ ImcWw AYhm t{kmX v'' F∂m-bn-cp∂p {_“kq-{X-Øn¬
{]kvXm-hn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
Xs‚ {_“-kq{X hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw hymJy-\-Ønepw i¶-cm-Nm-cy-
sc-bmWv ]n¥p-S-cp-∂-sX∂v Xpd-s∂-gp-Xn-bn-´p≈ tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥-
(apJ-hp-c, t]Pv.11) t]mepw A©mw hmIysØ ({_-“-kq{Xw: 1.1.5)
hni-Zo-I-cn-°sh Cßs\ Fgp-Xp-∂p:
""AhnZy sIm≠mWv temIw bmYm¿Yy-ambn tXm∂p-∂-sX∂
Imgv N - ∏ m- S √ {_“- k q- { X- I m- c - \ p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ - s X∂p hy‡- a m- W v .
{]]©-krjvSn Kuc-h-I-c-amb {]iv\-am-bmWv kq{X-Im-c≥ I≠n-´p-
≈- X v . kmwJy- ∑ m- c psS {]Ir- X n- b √ {]]- © - Ø n\p Imc- W - s a∂pw
AXoh _p≤n-bmb {_“-amWv AXns‚ krjvSn°p ]n∂n-se∂pw
kq{X-Im-c≥ hmZn-°p∂p. temIw amb-bm-sW∂ bmsXmcp kqN-\bpw
Chn-sS-bn-√.'' 27
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ hymJym-\n® ta¬hm-Iy-Øn¬ kmwJy-Z¿i-
\sØ _mZ-cm-bW - ≥ Jfin-°p-Ib - m-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-bnse kI-ea - m\ {]{In-
b-I-sfbpw hnIm-k-sØbpw {]Ir-Xn-]-c-amb Imc-W-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-
\-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂ kmwJy-Z¿i-\-Øn-s\-Xncmb kq{XIm-cs‚
hmZw _p≤n-lo-\-amb {]IrXn Fß-s\-bmWv _p≤n-tbmsS kwhn-[m-
\n-°-s∏-´-Xmbn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv F∂m-Wv. _mZ-cm-b-W≥ PK-Øv anYy-
bm-sW∂v hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ PK-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw AwKo-I-cn-
®p-sIm-≠p≈ FXn¿hmZw D∂-bn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. {_“w anYy-bm-sW∂v
hniz-kn® kmwJy-Zm¿i\n-Isc kXy-Øn¬ PK-ØmWp anYy-sb∂v
ka¿∞n®v kq{X-Im-c≥ t\cn-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p. PK-ØmWp ]ca bmYm¿Yy-
sa∂p i‡n-bmbn hmZn® kmwJy Z¿i-\-Øn\p t\sc-bmWv kq{X-Im-
cs‚ A{I-aWw G‰hpw ItTm-c-am-bn-´p-≈Xv Ft∂m¿°p-I.28
F∂n´pw Hcn-S-Øp-t]mepw PKØv bmYm¿Yy-a-s√∂v _mZ-cm-b-W≥
]d-bp-∂n-√.29 i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ho£-WsØ _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ {_“-kq-
{X-hp-ambn Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v tUm. \I-apd Fgp-Xp∂p:
""{]]-©-Im-c-W-amb {_“hpw BXy-¥n-I-{_-“hpw c≠m-sW∂v
i¶-c≥ kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ {_“-kq-{X-Imc≥ {]]-©-Im-c-WXzw
{_“-Øns‚ A\n-hmcy KpW-ß-fn-sem-∂mbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXn-
\m¬, {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ cN-bn-Xmhv {_“sØ c≠mbn Xncn-°p-∂n√.
{]]-©-Øns‚ ImcWw {_“-am-sW-∂Xv {_“-kq-{X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw AS-
ßn-bn-´p≈ ASn-ÿm\ ho£-W-am-Wv.''30
80
Aò-jvS-{]-Imcw krjvSn \S-Ønb {_“-sØ-bmWv _mZ-cm-b-
W≥ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. kmwJy-cpsS AtN-X\ {]Ir-Xn-s°-Xnsc
ktN-X-\hpw k¿h-⁄\pw Bkq-{X-W-ssh-`-h-\p-amb {_“-sØ-
°p- d n- ® mWv hnh- c - W w. i¶m--c - m- Nm- c y- c psS \n¿Kp- W- { _“w F∂
k¶¬]w {_“-kq-{X-Øn-se-hn-sS-bp-an-√. tUm. \I-ap-dsb ho≠pw
D≤-cn-°s´:
""hy‡n-Xz-ap≈ _p≤n-i-‡nt° Nn¥n-°m≥ km[n-°q. {_“-
kq-{X-Ønse CØcw JfinI ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ {_“w AYhm
Bflm≥ Hcp hy‡nXz XXz-am-W∂v kq{X-Im-c≥ a\- n-em-°p-∂-
Xmbn hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. {_“-kq-{X-{]-Imcw temI-kr-jvSn-th-f-bn¬
{_“- Ø ns‚ Aò- j v S - a mWv krjv S n- b psS Imc- W - a mbn h¿Øn- ® -
sX∂v {_“-kq-{X-Øn-ep-≠v. Cub¿Y-Øn¬ {_“sØ \n¿Kp-W-
\m-b√ kKp-W-\m-bmWv kq{X-Im-c≥ I≠n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬, i¶c≥
kKpW {_“sØ Cuiz-c-\mbn IW-°m-°p-Ibpw km£m¬ {_“-
Øn¬\n∂pw AXv `n∂-am-sW∂p hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {_“-kq-
{X-am-Is´ Cß-s\-sbmcp th¿Xn-cnhv \n¿tZ-in-°p-∂n-√.''31
"amb' F∂ ]Zw {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬ Hcn-SØp am{Xta {]tbm-Kn-
®n-´p-≈q ({_-“-kq{Xw: 3.2.3). "ambm am{Xw Xq Im¿Xvkvt\y\m-\`n
hy‡kz-cq-]-Xzm¬' F∂mWv kq{X-hm-Iyw.
kz]v\-temIw AXns‚ kz`m-h-Øn¬Xs∂ tXm∂-em-sW∂pw
DW¿∂n-cn-°p-tºm-gp≈ Ah-ÿ-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ AXn-\n-s√-∂p-
amWv CXns‚ Bi-bw. temIw amb-bm-sWt∂m PKXv anYy-bm-sWt∂m
A√ ChnsS _mZ-cm-b-W≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv; adn-®v, kz]v\w Ab-Ym¿Y-
amWv F∂m-Wv. IqSmsX DW¿∂n-cn-°p-tºm-gp≈ Ah-ÿ-bp-sS {]tXy-
I-X-Iƒ kz]v\-Øn-\ns√∂pw kv]jvS-ambn ]d-bp∂p. AXm-b-Xv,
kz]v\w amb-bm-sW∂pw temIw amb-b-s√-∂p-amWv {_“-kq-{X-Øn-ep-
≈-Xv.
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS kKp-W\ - n-tj-[hpw ]c-am¿Yn-I˛- h - ym-hl - m-cnI hyh-
tO-Zhpw PKXv ambm-hm-Zhpw {_“-kq-{X-Øn\p \nc-°p-∂-X-s√∂ \nK-
a-\-Øn-te-°mWv ta¬ hnh-cWw \sΩ-sb-Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. D]-\n-j-Øp-Ifpw `K-h-ZvKo-Xbpw thZm-¥-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ t{kmX- p-I-fmbn
IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬, Ch-bnse Bi-b-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-®n-´p≈ {KŸ-
sa∂ \ne-bn¬ _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ {_“-kq-{X-Øn\v {]apJ ÿm\-ap-≠v.
2. George Thibaut, Vedanta Sutras of Ramanuja (trans), Introduction.
3. Thomas O'Neil, Maya in Sankara, P. 39
4. Ibid, pp 92-93
5. {_“-kq-{X-Øns‚ Zp¿{Kl kz`m-h-sØ-∏‰n Cu IrXn-bn¬ as‰m-cn-SØv hni-Zo-
Icn-®n-´p-≠v.
6. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, `mc-Xob Z¿i-\w, thmfyw c≠v, t]Pv 421
7. ta¬Ir-Xn, t]Pv 459
8. ta¬IrXn, t]Pv 461
9. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol.II, P. 2
10. Ibid, Vol. I pp 420-421
11. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, pp 21-22
12. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. II, P.2
13. Keith, Philosophy of Veda and Upanishads, Vol, II, P.508
14. Keith, Philosophy of Sanskrit Literature, P. 475
15. Nakamura, History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, P.464
16. V.S. Ghate, A Study of the Brahmasutras, P. 9
17. Keith Fgp-Xn: "His dealectical skill is very great, and, though he doubtless misrepresents
Badarayana the does more justice to the Upanishads in so far atleast as they seem to
consider that at death the soul when released is merged in the absolute and does not con-
tinue to be distinct from it (A History of Sanskrit Literature, P. 477)
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvWs‚ hm°p-Iƒ: ""D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ PK-Øn-s\-∏‰n kwK-X-amb
Hcp ho£Ww \¬Ip-∂n-√. Ah-bpsS I¿Øm-°ƒ ]e-cm-Wv. Ah-sc√mw Htc
Ime-L´- Ø - n¬ s]´-hc
- √
- . PK-Øn-s\-∏‰n GIm-`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-∏n-°W
- s
- a∂v Ah¿
Dt±-in-®n-cp-∂pthm F∂p-IqSn kwi-b-amWv'' (`m-c-Xob Z¿i\w, hmfyw c≠v, t]Pv
459)
18. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P.25
19. Urquhart, The Vedanta and Modern Thought, P.71
20. Arapura, in Two Truths in Budhism and Vedanta, P. 109, quoted by Thomas O'Nail, Maya
in Sankara, P.93
22. Urquhart, The Vedanta and Modern Thought, P.70-71
23. Ibid, P.70
25. "P∑mZn Aky bYm' ({_-“-kq{Xw 1.1.2)
26. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P.236
27. Ibid, P.252
28. Keith, A History of Sanskrit Literature, P. 475
29. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb tKmhn-µ-]m-tfi-bpsS hcn-Iƒ {i≤n-°pI.
D]-\n-j-Zv-˛-{_-“-kq{X Z¿i-\hpw i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ho£-Whpw XΩn-ep≈ tN¿®-
bn-√mbva ]mtfi-bpsS hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ \ng-en-°p-∂p≠v: "The Brahmasutra at the
outset defines Brahman as that from which the organaization etc. of the world takes place.
Thibaut has pointed out that the Brahmasutra apparently regard Brahman as the cause of
the universe to be the same Brahman who is to be enquired into in Vedanta as proposed in
the earlier sutra. such Brahman is obviously not the highest reality for Sankara. So it
would seem that the point of view of the Brahmasutra is that of atheistic monism and does
not agree with the illusionistic and absolutistic monism of Sankara'' (Govind Pande, Life
and Thought of Sankaracharya, P. 191)
30. Nakamura, History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, P. 487
31. Ibid, P.488
AssZzXw bp‡nbpw sshZhpw
82
4
AssZzXw:
bp‡nbpw thZhpw
a\p-jy≥ BcmWv, ico-chpw Bflmhpw IqSnb Pohn-bmtWm
a\p-jy≥, Fß-s\-bmWv hn⁄m-\-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv, {]Ir-Xn-sb-¥m-
Wv, {]Ir-Xy-XoX i‡n Fß-s\-bp-≈-Xm-Wv, AXn\v {]]-©-hp-am-
bp≈ _‘-sa-¥m-Wv, PohnX e£y-sa-¥v, ZpxJ-ß-fpsS Imc-W-ß-
sf-¥v, AXn¬\n∂pw ap‡n {]m]n-°p-∂-sX-ßs\ XpS-ßn-b- tNm-Zy-
ßƒ thZm¥ Zm¿i-\nIcn¬ {]ap-J-\mb {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS hnNn-
¥-\-Øn\v ]m{X-am-bn-´p-≠v. thZ-˛-th-Zm¥ kmln-Xy-ß-fpsS ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn¬ C¥y-bn¬ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn D∂-bn-°-s∏´ kn≤m-¥-
ßsf Xt‚-Xmb ssien-bn¬ ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°p-I-bmWv At±lw
sNbvXXv.
Zm¿i-\nI Xe-Øn¬ CXn-\p≈ {iaw \S-Øn-sb-∂-√msX ta¬kq-
Nn-∏n® {]iv\ß - f
- n¬ H∂p-t]mepw bp‡n-`{- Z-ambn hni-Ie- \w sNømt\m
]cn-lm-cßƒ ka¿∏n-°mt\m {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v km[n-°p-I-bp-≠m-
bn-√. F∂p-Xs - ∂-b√- , AssZz-Xh
- n-Pb
- t- Lm-jØ
- n-\p-tijw Ncn{Xw I≠
G‰hpw Po¿W- kmaq-lnI hyh-ÿ(-h¿Wm-{i-a-[¿aw) C¥y-bn¬
]q¿thm-]cn {]_-e-am-hp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. AssZz-X-Øns‚ kmaq-ln-I-
imkv{Xw Cu IrXn-bpsS hnj-b-a-√. ta¬ kqNn-∏n® Zm¿i-\nI ka-
ky-Iƒ°v {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Is≠-Ønb DØ-c-ßƒ ⁄m\-im-kv{X-
]-c-ambn km[p-hmtWm F∂v At\z-jn-°mt\ ChnsS {ian-°p-∂p-≈q.
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Xm¿°n-I-]m-S-hhpw Ah-X-cW NmXp-cnbpw a‰p
Zm¿i-\n-I-cp-sS -hn-Nn-¥-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-® Adn-hn-√m-bvabpw HØp-tN¿∂-
t∏mƒ Ime-{I-taW Hcp sX‰n-≤m-cW {]_-e-am-bn. Zm¿i-\nI ka-ky-
Iƒ G‰hpw \∂mbn ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂Xv i¶-cm-ssZz-X-am-sW∂ hnizm-
k-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. at‰Xp thZm-¥n-I-sf-°mfpw i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
Nn¥m-]-≤-Xn-bmWv XXz-imkv{X {]iv\-ßsf ian-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnP-
bn-®Xv F∂ [mc-Wbpw {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. i¶m-c-ssZz-X-Øn\p ta¬
hmcn-t°m-cn-bn-Sp∂ {]iwkm hN-\-ß-fpsS bYm¿Y ImcWw CØcw
A]Iz \nco- £ - W - ß - f m- W v . tUm. cm[m- I r- j v W s‚ Xmsg- b p≈
hm°p-Iƒ t\m°q:
""i¶-cs‚ {KŸ-ßƒ Kpcp-X-c-ß-fmb kq£va hnNm-c-ß-fm¬
]q¿W-ß-fm-Wv. Ah hmbn-°p-tºmƒ AXy¥ kq£va-amb A¥x-
{]-thi i‡nbpw {]Km-V-amb B[ym-fln-I-X-bp-ap≈ Hcp _p≤n-
tbmSv \mw kº¿°w ]pe¿Øp-∂p-sh-∂Xv \ap°v t_m[y-am-Im-Xn-
cn°m≥ hø. A]-cn-ta-b-amb hniz-tØmSp X\n-°p≈ Xo{h hnIm-c-
Ømepw Bflm-hns‚ AKm[ cl-ky-Øn-te-°p≈ Xs‚ D÷z-e-
Zrjv S n- b mepw ka¿Y- \ o- b - a m- b - X n¬ am{Xw G‰- ° p- d hp IqSmsX
]dbpI F∂ Xs‚ ZrV-\n-›-b-Ømepw i¶-c≥ a[y-Ime `mc-X-
Ønse an°- h mdpw sshhn- [ y- a p≈ aX- N n- ¥ - I - c psS kaq- l - Ø n¬
H∂mw InS-bn-ep≈ Hcp hoc-hy-‡n-bmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. At±-l-
Øns‚ XXz-hn-Nmcw ]q¿thm-Ø-cm-t]£ IqSmsX ]cn-]q¿W-am-bn-
cn-°p-∂p. AXn\p Iem-in¬]-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-kz-`m-h-amb Hcp
]q¿W- X - b p≠v . AXp kz¥- a mb F√m ]q¿h k¶¬]- ß - s fbpw
hymJym-\n-°p-∂p. kz¥w e£y-Øn-\p-th≠n h¿Øn-°p-∂p. Xs‚
F√m XXz-ß-sfbpw ÿnchpw bp‡n-kw-K-Xhp-amb ]co-£-W-Øn\p
hnt[-b-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p.''1
CXv shdpw ]¿h-Xo-I-c-W-am-Wv. thZm-¥-k-c-Wn-bnse at‰Xp
Zm¿i-\n-I-sc-°mfpw ˛cm-am-\p-P≥, am[z≥˛ ]q¿WX i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°p-
s≠∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv At±-l-tØm-Sp≈ ]q¿h-`-‡ym-Z-c-Øm-em-Wv. ASn-
ÿm\ Zm¿i- \ nI ka- k y- I ƒ°v hnin- j v S m- s sZz- X tam ssZzXtam
apt∂m-´p-sh-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ hne-s∏-´tXm {]k-‡tam Bb ]cn-
lm- c - ß - s fm∂pw i¶- c m- s sZz- X hpw ka¿∏n- ° p- ∂ n- s √- ∂ - X mWv
hkv X pX. F∂p- X - s ∂- b - √ , at‰Xp thZm¥ ]≤- X n- s b- ° p- d n®pw
Db¿Øm-hp∂{X kwi-b-ßƒ°v i¶-cm-ssZz-Xhpw CSw \¬Ip-∂p-
≠v .
{_“- a mWv temI- Ø ns‚ krjv S n°pw \ne- \ n¬]n\pw \mi-
Øn\pw Imc-W-sa∂v {_“-kq{Xw IrXy-ambpw hy‡-am-°p∂p:
""P∑m-Zyky bXx'' (1: 1: 2)
""CXns‚ D¬]Øn ÿnXne-b-ßƒ bmsXm∂p tlXp-hm-bn´v''
AssZzXw: bp‡nbpw thZhpw
84
F∂mWv ta¬ kq{X- Ø ns‚ A£- c m¿Yw. CXns‚ A¿Y- s Ø-
s®m√n B¿°pw `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-an-√. {]]-©-Øns‚ D¬∏-Øn, ÿnXn,
kwlm--c-ßƒ°v ImcWw {_“-am-sW-∂mWv kmam\y hnh-£. Chn-
sSbpw X¿°-an-√. hymJym\w Bcw-`n-°p-tºmƒ `n∂X Xe-s]m-°p-
∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn "P∑mZn' F∂ ]Zw. ""P∑hpw BZn-bm-b-hbpw''
F∂mWv Cu kwkvIrX hm°n-\¿Yw. "P∑w' F∂Xv hy‡-am-Wv.
BZn- b m- b h AYhm apX- e m- b h F∂- X p- s Im≠v kq{X- I m- c ≥
F¥mWv Dt±- i n- ® Xv ? Duln- ° mt\ \¿hm- l - a p- ≈ q. GXm- b mepw
krjvSn, ÿnXn, kwlmcw F∂nh AXn¬ s]Sp-sa∂v Gsd-°psd
hy‡-amWv. an°-hmdpw F√m hymJym-Xm-°fpw CXwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
(Nne hymJym- X m- ° ƒ a‰p Nneh IqSn CXn¬ Dƒs∏Sp- Ø m≥
{ian®n´p≠v). Npcp-°-Øn¬ {]]-©-kr-jvSn, ÿnXn, kwlmcImcWw
{_“- a m- s W- ∂ - X n¬ {ioi- ¶ - c m- N m- c y¿ AS- ° - a p≈ {_“- k q{X
hymJym-Xm-°ƒs°√mw GIm-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv. AXm-bXv {_“-kq-{X-
Im- c ≥ {]]- © - Ø ns‚ krjv S n, ÿnXn, kwlmc Imc- W - a mbn
{_“sØ IW-°m-°n-sb-∂¿Yw. {]]©w krjvSn-°-s∏-´Xpw kwc-
£n-°-s∏-Sp∂Xpw kwl-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amsW∂t√ CXn¬\n∂pw
{Kmly-am-hp-∂Xv? PKØv anYy-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ {_“-kq-{X-Im-c≥
Cßs\ Acp-fp-am-bn-cp-t∂m-? ÿnXn, kwlm-c-ß-sf-∏‰n kq{X-Im-
c≥ ]d-bp-∂n-s√-¶nepw PKØv P\n-®-Xm-sW∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠-
t√m. anYybmb H∂v P\n- ® p- s h∂p ]d- b p- ∂ Xv A¿Y- i q- \ y- a t√?
C√mØ H∂ns\ Fßs\bmWv kwc- £ n- ° p- ∂ Xpw kwl- c n- ° p-
∂Xpw?
Chn- s S- b mWv i¶- c m- N m- c y¿ hymJym- \ - h p- a mbn hcp- ∂ - X v . Hcp
hmt°m hmIytam hymJym-\n-t°-≠n hcp-∂Xv Ft∏m-gmWv? H∂p-
In¬ hmt°m hmIytam Ahy-‡-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. As√-¶n¬ `mKn-I-
amtbm ]q¿W-amtbm Zp¿{K-l-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. DZm-l-c-W-ambn, ""kqcy≥
Ing°v DZn- ° p∂p'' F∂ hmN- I w. CXns‚ A¿Yw hy‡- a m- W v .
A¬]w t]mepw Zp¿{Km-ly-X-bn-√mØ hmN-Iw. ChnsS hymJym-\-
Øns‚ Bh-iy-ta-bn√; A¬]w t]mepw. Cu hmIy-Øn\v hymJym\w
Na-bv°m≥ apXn-cp-∂-bmƒ°v _p≤n-ÿn-c-X-bpt≠m F∂m-sc-¶nepw
kwi- b n- ® m¬ AXns\ Ip‰s∏- S p- Ø m- \ m- h n- √ . ""kqcy≥ sIm≠v
ChnsS hnh- £ n- ° p- ∂ - X v . ..'' F∂v ]d™p XpS- ß p- t ºm- t g°pw
kmam\y _p≤n-bp-≈-hcpw alm _p≤n-am-∑mcpw Nncn XpS-ßn-sb∂p
hcmw. AXp-t]mse ""Ing°v sIm≠¿Y-am-°p-∂-Xv...'', ""DZn-°p∂p F∂-
Xns‚ bYm¿Y A¿Yw...'' Fs∂ms° GXv hniz-Kpcp ]d-bm≥ XpS-
ßn-bmepw êw XssY-h. ImcWw ta¬hm-N-I-Øn¬ bmsXmcp Ahy-
‡-X-bp-an-√ F∂-Xm-Wv. ""PK-Øns‚ P\-\hpw Pohn-Xhpw \mihpw
{_“w Imc-W-amWv'' F∂ {]kvXm-h-Ønepw bmsXmcp Zp¿{Km-ly-
X-bp-an-√. AXn-\m¬ CXns\ hymJym-\n-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-√. PK-Øn-
s\-°p-dnt®m P\\w, PohnXw, \miw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dnt®m hni-Zmw-
i-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂Xv {]k-‡-am-Wv.
F∂m¬ Cu ]Z-ßƒsIm≠v as‰-s¥-¶n-ep-amWv A¿Y-am-°p-∂-
sX∂v Hcp alm]fin-X-\mWv ]d-bp-∂-sX-¶nepw AXv Akw-_-‘-am-
bn-cn-°p-sa∂v am{X-a√ B kao-]\wt]mepw Akw-K-X-am-bn-cn-°pw.
hymJym-\-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw Xm¿°n-I-ambpw sshZnI kmln-Xym-Sn-ÿm-
\-Ønepw Cu coXn A_-≤-am-sW∂p hy‡-am-Wv.
H∂m-a-Xm-bn, PKXv F∂-Xn\v {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬ {]]-©w, {]IrXn
Fs∂ms° am{Xta A¿Y-ap-≈q. PK-Øn\v as‰-s¥-¶nepw hnh-£-I-fp-
≈-Xmbn {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬ Fhn-sSbpw hnZqc kqN-\t- ]mepw C√. {_“-
kq-{X-Ønse Hcp hmIysØ Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvXp-t]mepw PK-Øn\v
as‰-s¥-¶nepw hnh-£-I-fp-≈-Xmbn ka¿Yn-°m-\m-hn-√. AXp-sIm≠p
Xs∂-bmImw {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ t]mepw Aß-s\-sbmcp {iaw \S-Øm-
Xn-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ {_“-kq-{X-Im-c≥ Dt±-in® PKØv Cu ImWp-
∂Xpw a\p-jy\v A\p-`-h-t`-Zy-hp-amb {]Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. AXv P\n-®-XmWv
F∂v kq{X-Im-c≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xn¬\n∂pw PKØv AkvXn-Xz-ap≈
H∂m-sW∂v sXfn-bp-∂p.
c≠m-a-Xm-bn, PKØv C√m-Ø-Xm-sWt∂m amb-bm-sWt∂m tXm∂-
em-sWt∂m anYym-bm-sWt∂m kz]v\w-t]m-se-bm-sWt∂m H∂pw {_“-
kq-{X-ß-fn¬ Fhn-sS-bp-an-√. Hscm‰ kq{X-hm-Iy-sØbpw Zp¿hym-Jym\w
sNbvXm¬t]mepw PKØv anYy-bm-sW∂ Bibw e`n-°p-∂n-√. AXp-
sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bmImw {_“-kq-{X-Øn\v i¶-cm-Nmcy¿ \¬Inb hymJym-
\-ß-fn¬ Fhn-sSbpw AØ-c-samcp {_“-kq-{X-hmIyw DZm-lc-W-ambn
t]mepw \¬Im-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. PKXv anYym hmZw {_“-kq-{X-ß-fn-en√
F∂mWv CXn¬\n∂pw sXfn-bp-∂-Xv.
aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, {_“-kq-{X-Ønse CØcw ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ°v i¶-cm-
Nm-cy¿ \¬Inb hymJym-\hpw hkvXpXm hncp-≤-am-sW∂pImWmw.
{_“-kq-{X-Im-c≥ PK-Øns\ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂Xv hymh-lm-cn-Im¿Y-Øn-
em-sW∂pw ]c-am¿Yn-I-am-b-s√-∂p-amWv i¶-c-`m-jyw. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿
tkzOm-]q¿hw Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-sh-∂√ - msX hymh-lm-cn-Ia
- mb
hnh-c-W-am-Wn-sX∂v {_“-kq-{X-ß-fn¬ Fhn-sS-bp-an-√. {_“-kq-{X-ß-
fn¬ PK-Øns\ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xv hymh-lm-cn-Im¿Y-Øn-em-sW∂v at‰-
sX-¶nepw sshZn-I-˛-ssh-Zn-Im-\-¥c cN-\-I-fn-ept≠m? Cs√-∂-XmWv
86
bmYm¿Yyw. Cß-s\-sbmcp Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-Øn\v i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS `mh-
\-bn¬ am{Xta \ne-\n¬∏p-≈q. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ PK-Ø-√, i¶-cm-
ssZz-X-amWv amb; bmYm¿Yy-tem-IØv \ne-\n¬°m-Ø-Xv.
{_“-amWv temI-Øns‚ krjvSn°pw \ne-\n¬]n\pw \mi-Øn\pw
Imc-W-sa∂v {_“-kq{Xw (1.1-˛2) IrXy-ambn {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠-t√m.
temIw AYhm PKØv amb-bm-sW∂ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS kn≤m-¥-{]-
Imcw CXns\ hymJym-\n-°m≥ AssZz-Xn-Iƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-Wv.
krjvSn-∏n-s\-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂Xv hymh-lm-cn-Im¿Y-Øn-em-sW∂v i¶-
cm- N m- c y¿ hmZn- ® p. F∂m¬, ]n¬Im- e sØ i¶- c - h Iv - X m°ƒ
A¬]wIqSn hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Im≥ {ian-®-t∏mƒ `n∂m-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ
DS-se-Sp-Øp. {_“-amWv {]]©Øn\p Imc-W-sa-∂-Xns\ AssZz-
Xn-Iƒ°v \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, ]c-am¿Yn-Im¿Y-Øn¬
{]]©w Cs√∂pw krjvSn \S-∂n-ń-s√∂pw {]]©w Ds≠∂ tXm∂-
ep-≠m-Ip-∂Xv AhnZy sIm≠m-sW-∂p-amWv Ah¿ kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂-
Xv. ChnsS Db-cp∂ kwi-b-an-XmWv. PK-Øn\p ImcWw {_“tam
AtXm Ahn-Zy-tbm? CXn\p aq∂phn[-Øn¬ DØcw \¬Im-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. H∂v: {_“w am{X-amWv Imc-Ww. c≠v: {_“hpw Ahn-Zybpw
Imc-W-am-Wv. aq∂v: AhnZy am{X-amWv ImcWw. Ch-bn¬ GXp Xnc-
s™-Sp-°m\pw ssk≤m-¥n-I kq£va-X-sbm∂pw Bh-iy-an-√. GXp
kzoI-cn-®mepw Zm¿i-\n-I-ambn IqSp-X¬ ta∑ ssIh-cp-I-bp-an-√. \ne-
]mSv GXm-sW-¶nepw kwi-b-ßƒ°p≈ km[yX Gdp-sa∂p am{Xw.
AXm- b Xv i¶- c m- N m- c y- c psS ""XXz- h n- N mcw ]q¿thm- Ø - c m- t ]£
IqSmsX ]cn-]q¿W-am-bn-cn-°p∂p''sh∂ cm[m-Ir-jvWs‚ hne-bn-cp-
Ø¬ s]m≈-bm-sW-∂¿Yw.
]n¬°me AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I¿ ta¬ sImSpØh-bn¬ aq∂p-
Ø- c - ß fpw \n¿tZ- i n- ® n- ´ p- ≠ v . i¶- c m\pbmbn k¿h- ⁄ m- fl - a p\n
"kwt£-]im-cocI' F∂ IrXn-bn¬ {_“w am{X-amWv temI-Øn\v
Imc-W-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂p. kptc-izc F∂ Ct±-l-Øns‚ Kpcp-hn\pw
Cu ho£-W-am-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. B`m-k-hm-Z-sa-∂m-Wn-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-
∂- X v . ]fl- ] mZ, hmN- k v ] - Z nan{i F∂n- h ¿ {_“hpw Ahn- Z ybpw
tN¿∂-XmWv (A-h-tO-Z-hm-Zw) Imc-W-sa∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p. aZ-\-an-
{ibpw {]Im-im-\-µbpw AhnZy am{X-amWv temI-Øn\p Imc-W-sa∂v
({]-Xn-_nw_ho£-Ww) hmZn-°p-∂p.2
H∂m-asØ hymJym\w {i≤n-°pI. temI-Øns‚ ImcWw {_“-
am- W v . CXv hy‡- a mbpw {_“- k q- { X- Ø n¬ D≈- X m- W v . temIw
bYm¿YØn¬ D≈-Xm-sW∂pw AXns‚ D¬]-Øn°p ImcWw {_“-
am-sW-∂p-ap≈ hnizm-k-{]Imcw Cß-s\-sbmcp {]iv\-ap-Zn-°p-∂n-√.
F∂m¬, {]]©w amb-bm-sW∂pw AXn\p ImcWw Ahn-Zy-bm-sW∂pw
kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂-tXmsS (A-ß-s\-sbmcp kn≤m¥w {_“-kq-{X-Im-c≥
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.) {]]-©-Øn\p ImcWw ambtbm {_“tam AtXm
c≠pwIqSntbm F∂ kwi-b-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. {_“w am{X-am-sW-¶n¬
]ns∂ Ahn-Zy-bp-≠m-°p∂ {]]-©-sa∂v ]d-bp-∂-sX-ßs\ icn-bmIpw?
as‰m∂p IqSn: AhnZy BcpsS krjvSn-bmWv? AXn\p ImcWw {_“-
amtWm? BsW-¶n¬ {_“w Ahn-Zy-bpsS Imc-W-sa∂ AssZz-Xn-I-
fpsS {]kvXmhw hymh-lm-cnI kXytam ]c-am¿YnI kXy-tam? hymh-
lm-cnI kXy-am-sW-¶n¬, AssZz-X-{]-Imcw AhnZy Fs∂m-∂n-s√∂pw
AXv tXm∂-em-sW∂pw ]d-tb-≠n-h-cpw. AXm-b-Xv, {]]©w amb-bm-
sW∂v AssZz-X{- ]-Imcw ]d-bm-\m-hn-s√-∂¿Yw. F∂m¬, amb-bm-sW∂v
Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. CXv sshcp-[y-amWv.
C\n ]cam¿YnI kXy-am-sW∂p Icp-Xp-I. F¶n¬, {_“-hp-ap≠v
Ahn-Zy-bp-ap≠v F∂Xv ]c-am¿YnI kXy-am-sW∂p hcpw. AXm-bXv
{_“-sa∂ Htc-sbmcp ]c-am¿YnI kXy-ta-bp≈q F∂ AssZz-Xw
Zp¿_-e-am-Ip-Ibpw {_“hpw Ahn-Zy-bp-ap≠v F∂ ssZzXw Bhn¿`-hn-
°p-Ibpw sNøpw. CXpw AssZz-X-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ ssk≤m-¥nI sshcp-
≤y-am-Wv.
hmN-kv]-Zn-an-{i, ]fl-]mZ F∂n-h¿ {_“hpw Ahn-Zybpw tN¿∂-
XmWv PKØv Imc-W-ambn h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Chn-
sSbpw AhnZy ]c-am¿Yn-Itam hymh-lm-cn-Itam F∂p hy‡-am-t°-
≠n-h-cpw. ]c-am¿Yn-I-am-sW-¶n¬ ssZzX-ap-¤-hn-°pw. hymh-lm-cn-I-am-
sW-¶n¬ Ahn-Zy-Xs∂ amb-bm-Wv, C√m-Ø-Xm-sW∂pw hcpw. X¬^-e-
amb {_“hpw Ahn-Zybpw tN¿∂v {]]-©-Øn\p Imc-W-am-sb∂ hmZw
A¿Y-iq-\y-X-bn-te°p hogp-∂p.
aZ-\-an-{ibpw {]Im-im-\-µbpw Duln-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse AhnZy am{X-
amWv temI-Øn\p Imc-W-sa∂p Icp-Xp-I. F∂mepw AhnZy hymh-
lm-cn-Itam ]c-am¿Yn-Itam F∂p hy‡-am-t°≠ _m[y-X-bn¬\n∂pw
AssZz-Xn-Iƒ°v Hgn-bm-\m-hn-√. F∂p-X-s∂-b√ {]]-©-Øns‚ Imc-
W-ambn {_“sØ Nq≠n-°m-´p-Ibpw Ahn-Zysb Imc-W-ambn Fhn-
sSbpw kqNn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ \ne-]m-Sn\v
Ch¿ F¥p hymJym-\-amWv \¬IpI?
AhnZy hymh-lm-cn-I-am-sW∂p ]d-™mepw ]c-am¿Yn-I-am-sW∂p
hmZn-®mepw i¶-cm-ssZzXw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw ta¬ kqNn-∏n® sshcp-
[yØn¬ sN∂p hogpw. ssZzX Nn¥-I-cpsS AssZzX hna¿i-\-ßsf
88
i¶- c m- N m- c y- c psS ]£- Ø p- \ n- ∂ p- s Im≠v t\cn´ sI. \mcm- b n≥
C°mcyw Xpd∂p kΩ-Xn-°p-∂Xp ImWpI:
""{_“hpw ambbpw XΩn- e p≈ _‘- s a- ¥ mWv ? {_“sØ
IqSmsX \ne-\n¬]n-√mØ amb Fß-s\-bmWv PK-Ømbn {]Xy-
£-am-Ip-∂Xv? i¶-c-\p-tijw thZm-¥-Nn-¥-bpsS hnImkw \n¿W-
bn® Nne {][m\ tNmZy-ß-fm-Wn-h. i¶-cs‚ A\n¿h-N-\o-b-amb
k¶¬]sØ {_“- Ø ns‚ i‡n- b mbn hymJym- \ n- ° m- \ p≈ {ia-
ß-fmWv ]n∂o-Sp-≠m-b-Xv. Cu {]hWX-bv°v AXn-t‚-Xmb XI-cm-
dp-≠v. Imc-Ww, i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øn¬ AXv ssZzXw k∂n-th-in-∏n-°p∂p.
F∂n-cp-∂mepw thZm¥ Z¿i-\-Øn¬\n∂pw ambm-kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬\n-
∂p- s a- Ø m- h p∂ A\n- h mcy \nK- a - \ - a m- W - X v . i¶- c m- s sZz- X - Ø n¬
ssZzXw \neo-\-am-sW∂ hna¿i-\-Øn¬ \ymb-ap-≠v.''3
ChnsS Fs¥¶nepw hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬ImsX Hgnhm-Im≥ {KŸ-
Im-c\v km[n-°p-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬, i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øn\v Cu {]iv\w ]cn-
l-cn-°m≥ Ign-bm-Xn-cp-∂-Xnse bp‡n(-lo-\-X)-A-t\z-jn-°p-I-bmWv
At±-lw. \mcm-bns‚ hm°p-Iƒ ho≠pw D≤-cn-°mw:
""i¶-c≥ Xs∂bpw Cu {]iv\-sØ-∏‰n t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-
sIm-≠mWv ambm-XXzw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-Ø-Xm-sW∂v At±lw ]d-
™Xv. amb A\n¿h-N-\o-b-am-sW-∂XpsIm≠v At±-l-ap-t±-in-®Xv,
\ΩpsS _p≤n-°pw, bp‡n°pw {_“-hp-ambn amb-bv°p≈ _‘sØ
Dƒs°m-≈m-\m-hn√ F∂m-Wv... amb-bpsS bYm¿Y {]Ir-Xhpw {_“-
hp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw kIe bp‡n-I-sfbpw AXn-h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.''4
AXm-b-Xv, AssZz-X-Ønse as‰√m k¶¬]-ß-sfbpw bp‡n-bpsS
Xe-\m-cngIodn \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ {ian® {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ ChnsS
Bbp[w sh®v Iog-S-ßp-∂-Xmbn bp‡n-t_m-[-ap-≈-h¿°p t_m[y-
amIpw. bp‡n-°-∏p-dhpw bmYm¿Yy-Øn\p Ht´sd Xe-ß-fp-s≠-∂-Xn¬
kwi-b-an-√. F∂m¬, CØcw Hgn-In-gnhv i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv
bp‡yXo-X-amb Fs¥-¶nepw ImcWw D≠m-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-sW-∂√ a\-
n-em-Ip-∂-Xv. adn-®v, {_“w PK-Øns‚ Imc-W-am-sW-∂-Xn\pw PKXv
anYy-bm-sW-∂-Xn\pw Ahn-Zy-bmWv PKØv A\p-`-h-Øn\p \nZm-\-sa-
∂-Xn\pw XpSßn as‰√m AssZzX XXz-ßƒ°pw bp‡n-]-c-amb \ymb-
ßƒ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ \nc-Øn-bp-´p-≠v. F¶n¬, Ahn-Zybpw {_“hpw XΩn-
ep≈ _‘w am{Xw bp‡n-°-Xo-X-amsW∂p hnNm-cn-°m≥ F¥p \ymb-
am-Wp-≈-Xv. PK-Øn\p ImcWw {_“-am-sW∂p hniz-kn-°p-tºmƒ
PKØpw {_“hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-amWv shfn-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. PK-Øn\p
ImcWw _p≤n-iq-\y-amb {]Ir-Xn(-{]-Ym≥)-b√ F∂v kmwJy-Z¿i-\-Øn-
s\-Xn-cmbn FXn¿hm-Z-ap-∂-bn-°p-tºmƒ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ bp‡n-sb-bmWv
B[m-c-am-°p-∂-Xv. AXm-b-Xv, {_“hpw PKØpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w
bp‡n-°[ - o-\a- m-sW-∂¿Yw. PKØv anYy-bm-sW∂v hmZn-°p-hm≥ kz]v\-
Øns‚ F√m {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw DW¿®-bnse ùXn-Im-\p-`-h-ßƒ°p-ap-
s≠∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p. AXm-b-Xv, PKØpw Ahn-Zybpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ bp‡nsb icWw {]m]n-°p∂p.
{_“hpw Bflmhpw XΩn-ep≈ kao-I-c-W-Øn\pw i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v
bp‡n-bp≠v. F∂m¬, Xs‚ AssZzXw km£m¬ sshcp-[y-Øn¬s∏-
Sp∂ kµ¿`-Øn¬ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS kam-[m\w Ahn-Zybpw {_“hpw
XΩn-ep≈ _‘w bp‡n-sIm≠v hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xn-\-∏p-d-am-sW-
∂mWv! Xs‚ hmZw bp‡n-hn-cp-≤-ambn Xocp-tºmƒ AXns\ ad®p
sh°m≥ bp‡yXoX XesØ hen-®n-g-®p-sIm-≠p-h-cm\p≈ {ia-am-Wn-
sX∂p hy‡-am-Wv.
\mcm-bn≥ XpS¿∂v Fgp-Xp∂p:
""GI {_“-Øns‚ amb-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ {]Xy-£o-I-c-W-amWv PK-
sØ∂pw AXns‚ B¥-cm¿Yw a\p-jy-[m-c-W-bv°-Xo-X-am-sW∂pw \mw
a\- n-em-°m-Øn-S-tØmfw i¶-c-th-Zm-¥-Øn\v bp‡n-]-c-amb \oXo-I-
cWw Is≠-Øm-\m-hn-√.''5
AXm-bX - v, amb a\p-jy-a\
-
- n\v Dƒs°m-≈m-\m-Im-ØX - m-sW∂v \mw
[cn-°m-Øn-St- Ømfw i¶-cthZm¥mssZz-XØ - n\v bp‡n-bt- \z-jn-°p-∂Xv
Akm-[y-am-Ip-sa-∂mWv \mcm-bn≥ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂-Xv. amb bp‡y-Xo-X-
am-sW∂v AwKo-Ic - n-®m¬ i¶-ct- h-Zm¥w bp‡n-kl - a
- m-Ip-sa-∂mWv CXp
hmbn-®m¬ tXm∂p-I. lm amb! F∂-√msX F¥p-]-d-bm≥. amb bp‡y-
Xo-X-am-sW-∂w-Ko-I-cn-®m¬ AXv bp‡y-Xo-X-am-Ip-sa-∂√msX bp‡n-
]-c-sa∂v Fßs\ hcpw? CsX√mw bp‡y-Xo-X-am-sW∂p ]d-bp∂ i¶-
cm-\p-Iq-en-Iƒ ]d™v ]d™v AXmWv i¶-c-th-Zm-¥-Ønse bp‡n
F∂v D]-kw-l-cn-°pw. AXm-bXv bp‡n-lo-\-X-bmWv i¶-cm-ssZz-X-
Øns‚ bp‡n-sb∂v ]®-bmbn ]d-bmw. ]t£, Cßs\ hf-®p-sI-ń-
√msX kXyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ah¿°p aSn-bp-≠v. AXn-\m¬ \mcm-
bn≥ Cu hnj-b-I-amb N¿® Ah-km-\n-∏n-®-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:
""CXmWv i¶-cs‚ \ne-]m-sS-¶n¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ambm-k-¶¬]hpw
AssZzX Z¿i-\hpw Xm¿°n-I-ambn km[p-hm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°m-
\mhpw.''6
AXm-b-Xv, bp‡n-bn-√mØ hmZ-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xn¬\n∂pw i¶-
cm-Nm-cy-cp-tSXv bp‡n-]cambn km[p-hmb Z¿i-\-]-≤-Xn-bm-sW∂v a\-
90
n-em-°m-sa∂v!
AssZz-X-Øns‚ bp‡nbpw thZm-Sn-ÿm-\hpw kw_-‘n®v Nne
]cm-a¿i-ßƒ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Xs∂ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AXn-s\-∏‰n tUm.
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:
""i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Xs‚ "afiyq-Iy-Im-cnI'°p≈ hymJym-\-Øn¬
AssZzXw thZm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ am{X-amtWm AtXm bp‡n-bpsS klm-
b-Ømepw ka¿Yn-°m-\m-hptam F∂ tNmZyw Db¿Øn-bn-´p-≠v.''7
AssZz-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ A[ym-b-Øn¬ bp‡n-]-camb km[yX
sXfn-bn-®n-´p-s≠∂v tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ XpS¿s∂-gp-Xp-∂p. tijw,
""bp‡n-sIm≠v F√mw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. AXn\v \ne-\n¬]n-
√mØ afi-e-hp-ap-≠v'' F∂mWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. AXm-b-Xv, ta¬`m-KØv
\mcm-bn≥ {]tbm-Kn® Iui-e-amtb CXn-s\bpw ImWm-\m-hq. Ign-
bm-hp-∂n-S-tØmfw bp‡n-bp-]-tbm-Kn-®pXs∂ AssZzXw ka¿Yn-
°pI. bp‡n-]-c-ambn ka¿Yn-°m-\m-hmsX hcp-tºmƒ AXv kzkn-
≤m-¥-Ønse bp‡n-bn-√m-bva-bm-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-°m≥ Xøm-dm-Im-Xn-
cn-°p-I. Xß-fpsS Ign-hp-tI-S-√, bp‡n-bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-bmWv CXn\p
Imc-W-sa-∂m-bn-cn°pw CXn-\p≈ kam-[m-\w. bp‡n°pw _p≤n°pw
]cn-an-Xn-I-fp-s≠∂v AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-h-cp-t≠m? ]t£, bp‡n-°-Xo-
X- a m- b Xpw bp‡n- h n- c p- ≤ - a m- b Xpw XΩn¬ henb hyXym- k - a p- ≠ v .
bp‡n°v AXo-X-am-bXv Hcn-°epw bp‡n-hn-cp-≤-am-In-√. {_“hpw
Ahn- Z ybpw XΩn- e p≈ _‘w bp‡y- X o- X - a m- s W- ∂ - X n- s \- ° mƒ
bp‡n-hn-cp-≤-am-bmWv AssZz-X-Øn¬ kn≤m-¥n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv F∂-
XmWv hkvXp-X.
PK-Øns\ \ntj-[n-°p-hm≥ ambm-k-¶¬]w krjvSn® i¶-cmNm-
cy¿ ùXn-Im-kvXn-Xz-Øns‚ {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-I-b√ k¶o¿W-
am-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-kn-≤m-¥-Øn\p t\sc
Db¿∂ hna¿i-\-ßƒ t\cn-Sp-∂-Xn¬ ]n¬Ime i¶-c-Zm¿i-\n-I¿
th≠{X hnP-bn-®n-ń-s√∂p ImWmw. {_“w am{Xta bmYm¿Yy-am-bn-
´p≈q F∂-Xm-Wt√m AssZz-X-Øns‚ apJy {]ta-bw. {_“-sØ-°p-dn-
®p≈ N¿®bpw At\z-j-W-hp-amWv thZm-¥-Øns‚ kØ. F∂m¬,
Atß-b‰w Bi-b-°p-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p∂ ambm-k-¶¬]-Ønse Zm¿i-\nI
ka-ky-Iƒ HXp-°n-Øo¿°m≥ i¶-cm-\-¥c AssZz-Xn-Iƒ°p ITn-\m-
[zm\w sNtø-≠n-h-∂p. F∂n´pw Cu e£yw km[n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ah¿
]cm-Pn-Xc - mbn F∂mWp a\- n-em-Ip-∂X - v. F{X-tØm-fs
- a-∂m¬, "{_“w'
F∂ apJy-{]-tabw N¿® sNbvXv Ah-sc-Øn-bXv "amb'bnem-Wv. ]n∂o-
Sp≈ X¿°hnX¿°-ßƒ apgps° ambsb Np‰-∏-‰n-bm-bn. H. \oens‚
hcn-Iƒ t\m°q:
""{_“hpw ambbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Fß-s\-bm-sW∂ {]iv\-
Øn\v hni-Zo-Ic - Ww \¬Im-\p≈ {ia-Øn¬ i¶-c\p tij-ap≈ AssZz-
Xn-If - psS N¿® apgps° {_“-sØ-°p-dn®v BtI-≠X - n\p ]Icw ambsb
tI{µo-I-cn-®m-bn; C°m-esØ AssZzX hmZn-Iƒ CXv \ntj-[n-t®-°m-
sa-¶n-epw.''8
{_“-hmZw, ambm-hm-Z-ambn Adn-b-s∏-Sm\pw CXp Imc-W-am-bn.
\oens‚ hcn-Iƒ ho≠pw:
""AssZz-X-Øns‚ "⁄m\-ao-amwk'bnepw Z¿i\ N´-°q-Snepw
ambbv°v {][m-\-s∏´ ÿm\-ap-s≠-∂Xv kXy-am-Wv. ]t£, Hcp
{]tXyI A¿Y- Ø n- e - √ msX ambm- k - ¶ ¬]sØ kØm- i m- k v { X
(Ontology)]-c-ambn hymJym-\n-°-cp-Xv. Imc-Ww, {_“-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈
kn≤m-¥-Øn¬\n∂pw Xm¿°n-I-ambn D¬`q-X-am-Ip∂ Hcp A\p-_‘
\nK-a\w am{X-am-W-Xv. AXn-\m¬, ambmhmZ-sØ-∏‰n \ap°v F¥p ]d-
bm-\mIpw? {_“-kn-≤m-¥Ø - n¬\n∂p-≠m-Ip-∂s
- X∂ \ne-bn¬ AXns\
ssIImcyw sNøp-∂Xv AssZz-X-tØmSv \nc-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬,
AXns\ Cu hn[-a√ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dv. F¶n¬ AssZz-X-tØm-Sp≈
Atß-b-‰sØ A\o-Xn-bmIpw ambm-hm-Zw. i¶-c-\p-tijw AssZz-Xn-
Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ {_“-hm-Z-Øn¬\n∂pw ambm-hm-Z-Øn-te°v Ncn-{X-]-c-amb
hyXn-bm-\-ap-≠m-bn-´p-≠v.''9
A\m-h-iy- kn≤m-¥-h¬I-c-W-Øns‚ A\n-hm-cy- hn\-I-fn-sem-
∂mtb CXns\ ImWm-\mhq! CXp shdpw t]cp-am-‰s - Ø-b√ - , ASn-ÿm\
\ne-]m-SpI-fpsS Zm¿i-\n-I- NypXn Xs∂-bmWv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v. {]m]-
©nI {]Xn-`m-k-ß-fpsS Ab-Ym¿YX ambm-k-¶¬]-\-Øn-eqsS hni-Zo-
I-cn-°m-\p≈ AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS {iaw ]cn-lm-c-tØ-°mƒ {]iv\-
ßƒ krjvSn®p F∂m-WnXp sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv.
PKØv bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂p h∂m¬ {_“-Øns‚ ]c-am¿YnI
bmYm¿Yy-sa∂ \nebv°v Ipd-®n-ep-≠m-hp-sa-∂mWv i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ [cn-
®-Xv. Cu \nK-a\w Zm¿i-\n-I-ambpw sshZn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-Ønepw A_-≤-
am-sW-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. PKØv bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂p ]d-bp∂ CXc
thZm-¥n-Iƒ AXv ]c-am¿YnI bmYm¿Yy-am-sW∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√.
£WnI bmYm¿Yy-ambn am{Xta AXns\ IW-°m-°p-∂p-≈q. PKØv
AXns‚ D¬]-Øn°pw \ne-\n¬]n\pw \mi-Øn\pw kºq¿W-ambpw
Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂Xv {_“-sØ-bm-Wv. {_“sØ B{i-bn-°msX AXn\v
Hcp \nanjwt]mepw AkvXn-Xz-ap-≠m-Ip-∂n√. Cu \ne-bv°p≈ AssZz-
tX-Xc ho£Ww GsX-¶nepw \ne-bn¬ {_“-Øns‚ ]c-am¿YnI ]Z-
92
hnsb CI-gvØp-∂n√ F∂p-Im-Wmw. AXp-sIm-≠mWv PKØv anYy-
bm-sW∂ hmZw {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xv. D]-\n-j-Øp-
I-fpsS Bi-b- sshPmXyßƒ°n-Snbn¬ Hcp ho£-W-sa∂ \ne-
bn¬ ambm-hm-ZØns‚ em©-\-Iƒ It≠-°mw. F¶nepw D]-\n-j-
Øp-°-fpsS s]mXp-hmb ho£-W-ambn AXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-ń-
√. Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw {]_e- [mc-W-bm-W-sX∂pw ]d-bm-\m-hn-√.
thZ-km-ln-Xy-ß-fn-em-I-s´, PKØv anYy-bm-W∂ kqN\t]mepw e`n-
°p-I-bn-√.- tem-Ihpw AXnse A\p-`-h-ßfpw Atß-b‰w bmYm¿Yy-
am-sW∂ hn[-Øn-emWv Ejn-am-cpsS hnh-c-W-ßƒ. thZ-ß-fnse
E°pIƒ cNn® Ejo-iz-c-∑m¿°v {_“-⁄m-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw
AXp-sIm≠mWv PK-Ønse A\p-`-h-ßƒ A{X lrZy-ambn hnh-cn-
®sX∂pw hniz-kn-°m-\m-hp-tam?
ùXn-I-tem-I-sØbpw a\p-jys‚ A\p-`-h-ß-sfbpw \ntj-[n-
°m≥ B¿°pw km[y-a√ F∂-XmWv bmYm¿Yyw. temIw amb-bm-
sW∂v Hcmƒ ]d-bp-tºmƒ Npcp-ßn-bXv ]d-bp∂ Bsf-¶nepw bmYm-
¿Yy-am-sW-∂v kΩ-Xn-°msX Xc-an-√-t√m. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Abm-
fpsS Nn¥-bpw {Kl-Whpw hm°p-Ifpw kXy-am-sW∂v hniz-kn-t°-
≠n-h-cpw. CsX√mw \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ temIw amb-bm-sW∂
{]kvXmhhpw amb-bm-sW∂pw C√m-Ø-Xm-sW-∂p-ap≈ sshcp≤yw
DS-se-Sp-°pw. temI-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw F{X Ipd™ \ne-hm-c-Øn-
ep-≈-Xm-sW∂p hmZn-°p-∂-h¿°pw ùXn-Im-\p-`-h-ßsf iq\y-sa∂
\ne-bn¬ X≈n-°-f-bm-\m-hn√. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw AXn\v \ymb-sa∂p
tXm∂p∂ Hcp hymJym\w \¬Intb Xocq. PKØv anYy-bm-sW∂v
i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ ]d-bp-tºmƒ AXns‚ AkvXnXzw ]s‰ \ntj-[n-°p-
I-bm-sW∂v sX‰-≤-cn-°-cp-sX∂v tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW-s\-t∏m-se-bp-
≈-h¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. {_“-kq{Xw III-2.3 \v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ \¬Inb
hymJym- \ - Ø ns‚ ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬ ùXn- I - t em- I - Ø ns‚
bmYm¿YysØ At±lw \ntj-[n-®n-ń-s√∂v cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ A`n-{]m-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
""kz]v \m-h-ÿbpw DW¿®bpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw i¶-c≥
Du∂n-∏-d-™-Xn¬\n∂pw DW¿® tXm∂-e-s√∂v hy‡-am-Wv.''10
{_“-kq{X hymJym-\-Øn¬ kz]v\w Xo¿Øpw anYy-bm-sW∂v
i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ ka¿Yn-°p-∂p-≠v.11 DW¿∂n-cn-°p-tºm-gp≈ Ah-ÿ-
bpsS bYm¿Y ÿnXn AXn-\n-s√∂v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ klnXw i¶-
cm- N m- c y¿ Nq≠n- ° m- ´ p- ∂ p. Dd- ß p- ∂ - b mƒ Hcp cYsØ kz]v \ w
ImWp∂p. Hcmƒ°v cYsØ ùXn-I-ambn Dƒs°m-≈m-\m-hn-√-t√m.
B\ a\p-jy-\m-Ip-∂Xpw tImgn-bm-hp-∂Xpw kz]v\-Øn¬ ImWmw.
CsXm∂pw bYm¿Y-ambn kw`-hn-°p-∂-X-√-t√m. AXn-\m¬, PKØv
anYy-bm-sW∂ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ASn-ÿm\ \ne-]m-Sn\v A\p-_-‘-
ambn PKXv hymh-lm-cn-I-ambn kXy-am-sW∂v At±lw Xs∂ hy‡-
am- ° p- ∂ p. ]c- a m¿Yn- I - a mbn PKØv anYybm- W v ; {_“w am{Xta
bmYm¿Yy-am-bn´p≈q F∂p kmcw. BXy-¥n-I-ambn Ipd™ Af-
hn-ep≈ bYm¿Y ÿnXntb PK-Øn-\p-≈q-sh-¶n¬t]mepw i¶-cm-Nm-
cy¿ ]d-bp∂t]mse AXv anYy-bm-sW∂v {]kvXm-hn°p-∂-Xn-t\mSv
a‰p ]e thZm-¥n-Ifpw i‡n-bmbn hntbm-Pn-®p. {]kn≤ thZm¥
`mjy-Im-c-\mb `mkvI-c(-F.-Un. 1000) i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS ambm-hm-ZsØ
AXn-i-‡-ambn Jfin-°p-∂p-≠v. Ct±-l-Øns‚ ka-Im-en-I-\mb
bmZh {]Im-ibpw bmYm¿Yy-hm-Z-]-c-am-bmWv `mjyw cNn-®n-´p-≈Xv.
cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cycpw (F.-Un. 1140) am[zm-Nm-cycpw (F.-Un. 1238) {ioIm¥
(F.-Un.1400) XpSßn a‰p thZm¥ `mjy-Im-c-∑mcpw i¶-cm-ssZz-XsØ
Xnc-kvI-cn-®-h-cm-Wv.
{_“-kq-{X-Øntem sshZnI kmln-Xy-ß-fntem ambm-k-¶¬]w
ImWp-∂n√ F∂-XmWv Ch-cp-sS-sb√mw {][m\ FXn¿hm-Zw. {_“-
kq{X hmIy-Øn¬(111-˛2-˛3) kz]v\hpw DW¿®bpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw
Du∂n-∏-d-™n-´p-≠v. CXns‚ hymJym-\-Øn¬ kz]v\w shdpw amb-bm-
sW∂pw DW¿®-bnse bmYm¿Yy-Øns‚ IWn-I-t]mepw kz]v\-Øn-en-
s√∂pw i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.12 F∂n´pw as‰mcp kµ¿`-
Øn¬, AXm-bXv amfiyq-tIym-]-\n-j-Øn\v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ cNn® `mjy-
Øn¬ temIw anYy-bm-sW-∂mWv ka¿Yn-°p-∂-Xv.13 CXn\m-[m-c-am-°p-
∂-Xm-Is´ kz]v\-sØbpw DW¿®-sbbpw-Xs∂! kz]v\w Ab-Ym¿Y-
am-W∂pw DW¿® bYm¿Y-am-sW-∂p-amWv {_“-kq-{X-Øn-ep-≈X - v. AXm-
b-Xv, PKXv kz]v\w t]mse-b√ bYm¿-Y-am-sW-∂mWv _mZ-cm-b-W≥
]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ "amfiyq-Iy-Im-cnI'bn¬ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ kn≤m-
¥n-°p-∂-Xm-Is´ DW¿®bpw. AXm-b-Xv, PKXv kz]v\w t]mse-Øs∂
shdpw tXm∂-em-sW-∂pw. Cu hncp-≤-ß-fmb \ne-]m-Sp-Isf Nq≠n
`mkvIc - m-Nm-cy¿, {_“-kq-{XsØ Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvXX - n\pw P\-ßsf
I_-fn-∏n-®-Xn\pw i¶-cm-Nm-cysc hna¿in-°p-∂p.14
{_“-kq{X `mjy-Øn¬ PKØv XYy-bm-sW∂p ka¿Yn-°p-∂p. (B
kµ¿`-Øn¬ hymh-lm-cn-I-amb XYy-bmWv PKØv Fs∂m∂pw kqNn-
∏n-°p∂p t]mep-an-√.) i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ amfiyq-IyIm-cnIm hymJym-\-Øn¬
PKØv anYy-bm-sW∂v I¿i-\-ambn hmZn-°p-∂Xv kzbw sshcp-[y-am-
sW-∂-Xn-cn-°-s´, i¶c kao-]-\-Ønse ssk≤m-¥n-I- Nm©m-´-ßƒ
Chn-sSbpw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n-s√-∂-XmWv hkvXpX. alm-bm-\m-_p≤
Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS hmZ-ßsf Jfin-°p-tºmƒ temIw bYm¿Yy-am-sW∂
94
\ne-]m-SmWv i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xv. Xs‚ ambm-kn-≤m¥w Ah-X-cn-∏n-
°p-tºm-gm-Is´ t\sc Iogva-dn-bp-∂p. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS _p≤-hn-a¿i-
\-ßƒ {]tXy-I-ambn ]Tn-®n-´p≈ Zm\n-b¬ CwKmƒkv CXv Nq≠n-
°m-´p∂p:
""i¶-c-s\-Xnsc `mkvI¿ D∂-bn® Im]Syw F∂ Btcm-]Ww
t\m°mw. C°m-esØ Nne ]fin-X-∑mcpw CtX hna¿i\w D∂-bn-®n-
´p-≠v. AXn-ß-s\-bmWv: hn⁄m-\-hm-Zn-Isf FXn¿°p-tºmƒ i¶c≥
dnb-en-Ãns\t∏mse-bm-Wv hmZn-°p∂Xv. _mly-tem-I-Øns‚ (P-K-Øv)
bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬ At±lw Du∂p-∂p. F∂m¬, Xs‚ Z¿i\w hnI-kn-
∏n-°p-tºmƒ Hcp h´-a√ \qdp-h´w PKØv anYy-bm-sW∂v i¶-c≥ hmZn-
°p-∂p. am{¥n-Is‚ Iuiew t]mse, sh≈-Ønse Ipan-f-t]m-se, aco-
Nn-I-t]m-se, kz]v\w-t]mse PKØv anYy-bm-sW∂v At±-lw kn≤m-
¥n-°p∂p. CXp Im]-Sy-a-s√-¶n¬ Npcp-ßn-bXv Xm¿°nI sshcp-[y-sa-
¶n-ep-at√?15
kz]v\w bYm¿Y-a-s√∂v Bcpw kΩXn-°p-a-t√m. AXnse A\p-`-
h-ß-fpsS Nne {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ FSp-Øp-Im-´p-∂p. H∂m-a-
Xm-bn, kz]v\w ImWptºmƒ AXv icn-bmbn \S-°p∂Xp Xs∂bm-sW-
∂mWv Dd-ßp-∂-bmƒ°v tXm∂p-∂-Xv. bmYm¿Yy-\n-jvT-amb A\p-`-h-
(Objective experience)-am-Wn-sX-∂¿Yw. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, hnj-bn-˛-hn-j-b(-Sub-
ject-Object)-_‘w kz]v\-Øn-ep-ap-≠v. aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, kz]v\-Ønse kw`-
h-ßƒ°v Bcw-`hpw Ah-km-\-hp-ap-≠v. ka-b-{I-a-ap-s≠-∂¿Yw. Cu
aq∂p {]tXy-IX - I
- fpw DW¿®-bnse ùXn-Im-\p-`h- ß
- ƒ°p-ap-s≠-∂mWv
i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ hmZn-®-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v PKØv A\p-`-h-ßfpw kz]v\-Øn-
te- X p- t ]mse amb AYhm anYy- b m- s W- ∂ ¿Yw; {_“w am{Xta
bmYm¿Yy-am-bn-´p-≈q-sh-∂pw.
Cu Xmc-Xayw bp‡n-lo-\-am-sW∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ henb {]bm-
k-an-√. H∂m-a-Xm-bn, kz]v\-Øn-ep≈ A\p-`hhpw DW¿®-bnse A\p-
`0hhpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-sW-∂Xp sX‰v. kz]v\w bYm¿YwXs∂-bm-sW∂v
tXm∂p-∂Xv shdpw tXm∂-em-W∂pw kXy-as - √∂pw F√m-h¿°p-ad- nbmw.
Dd-ßp-∂-bm-fpsS A\p-`-h-ßƒ°pw hyXym-k-ap-≠v. Hcmƒ Xnf® FÆ-
bn¬ Iøn-´m¬ s]m≈p-sa-∂Xv Xo¿®. F∂m¬, Aßs\ kz]v\w I≠m-
tem? s]m≈p∂ anYym-\p-`hw D≠m-Ipw. Hcn-°epw ssI s]m≈n√.
i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Nq≠n-°m-ńb a‰p c≠p {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw anYym-cq-t]-Wbpw
hnIr-X-hp-am-bmWv kz]v\-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Imcy-Im-cW
_‘tam Ime-{I-atam bp‡ntbm H∂pw Ah-bnse kw`-h-ß-fn-e-S-ß-
W-sa∂p \n¿_-‘-an-√.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn Imcy-Im-c-W-_-‘w. kw`-h-ß-fnse GXm\pw
IÆn-Iƒ {i≤n-°p-I. Hcmƒ acw sh´p-∂p. apdn®v Nofp-I-fm-°p-∂p.
XSn- ° - j v W - ß - f p- ] - t bm- K n®v taitbm Itk- c tbm \n¿an- ° p- ∂ p.
ùXnI -tem-IØv CØ-c-samcp {IasØ D√w-Ln-®p-sIm≠v taitbm
Itk-ctbm \n¿an-°m-\m-hn-√. F∂m¬, kz]v\-Øn\v CsXmcp \ne-
bv°pw _m[-I-a-√. Cu Imcy-Im-cW irwJ-esb A\n-hm-cy-am-°p∂
\nb-a-ß-sfm∂pw kz]v\tem-I-Øn-√. DW¿®-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ Cu
Xmf-{Iaw kmam-t\y\ kz]v\-Ønepw {]Xn-^-en-°-s∏-Sp∂p Ft∂-
bp-≈q. iq\y-X-bn¬\n∂pw taitbm Itk-ctbm D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw \n¿an-
°p-∂-Xp-sa√mw kz]v\-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-am-sb∂p hcmw. AXn-\m¬,
kz]v\-sØbpw DW¿®-sbbpw kao-I-cn-°m≥ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ apt∂m-
´p-sh-°p∂ Imc-W-ß-sf-°mƒ Gsd, Ah XΩn-ep≈ `n∂X ka¿Yn-
°m≥ Nq≠n-°m-´m-\m-Ipw.
PKØv kz]v\w t]mse amb-bm-sW∂ kn≤m-¥-Øn\v FXn-cmbn
PKØv kz]v\w-t]mse bmYm¿Yy-am-W∂pw hmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. kz]v\-
Ønse Nne kw`-h-ßfpw AXn-\n-S-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXp-°fpw
C√m-Ø-Xm-sW-∂Xp icn-X-s∂. F∂m¬, kz]v\w F∂Xpw bmYm¿Yyw
Xs∂-bt√? kz]v\w I≠p Fs∂m-cmƒ ]d-™m¬, kz]v\w I≠-Xmbn
Abmƒ°p tXm∂n F∂-√t√m A¿Yw. AXm-b-Xv, kz]v\w AXn¬
Xs∂ bmYm¿Yy- a m- W v . kz]v \ - Ø ns‚ D≈- S °w anYy- b m- s W∂p
h∂mepw kz]v\w ImWp-∂-bmƒ bmYm¿Yy-am-ImsX Xc-an-√. AXn-\m-
[m-c-amb cmk-˛-ssP-hn-Im-Sn-ÿm-\-ß-sf√mw ùXnI bmYm¿Yy-Øn¬
s]Sp-∂p. kz]v\w AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ Hcmƒ°v Dd-°hpw Dd-ßp-∂-bmfpw
anYy-bm-sW∂p Icp-Xm-\m-hn√.
kz]v\-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-h-sb√mw ]q¿W-ambpw anYy-bm-
sW∂p ]d-bm-\m-hn-√. Ah-bn¬ Gdnb ]¶pw bYm¿Y-Øn-ep-≈tXm
Ah-bpsS hnIr-Xo-I-c-Wtam Bbn-cn-°pw. Nnd-Ip≈ ]q®sb Hcmƒ
kz]v\w Is≠∂p hcmw. ChnsS Nnd-Ip≈ ]q® k¶¬]-am-Wv. F∂m¬,
NndIpw ]q®bpw ùXnI temI-Øp-≈Xp Xs∂-bm-Wv. GXp hn{`-am-
flI kz]v\-ßƒ Xnc-™mepw Cu ÿnXn ImWmw.
aßnb shfn-®-Øn¬ Ib¿ A\-ßp-∂-Xmbn I≠m¬ AXp ]mºm-
sW∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-°-s∏-Smw. C{]-Imcw A⁄m\w aqew temIw D≈-
Xmbn \ap°p tXm∂p-I-bm-sW∂v KuU-]m-Z\pw tijw i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw
hmZn-®p. shfn-®a - S- n-®m¬ AXp ]mº-√, Ib-dm-sW∂p icn-bmb ⁄m\w
e`n-°p-∂p. CXp-t]mse {_“-⁄m\w B¿Pn-°p-∂t- XmsS PKØv anYy-
bm-sW∂p t_m[y-am-Ip-sa-∂mWv Ch-cpsS ka¿Y\w. Ch-cpsS DZm-l-
96
c- W - Ø n¬ kqNn- ∏ n- ° p∂ Ib¿, Ccp- ´ v , ]mºv F∂nh anYy- b √
bmYm¿YywXs∂-bm-sW∂v ad-°-cp-Xv. Ibdpw ]mºpw bmYm¿Yy-amWv.
bYm¿Y temIØv Ibdpw ]mºpw C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Cß-s\-sbmcp
sX‰n-≤m-cW t]mepw D≠m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXm-b-Xv, Cu DZm-l-cWw
t]mepw PK-Øns‚ anYym-h-ÿ-sb-°mƒ XYym-h-ÿ-bmWv sXcy-s∏-
Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
{_“-Øns‚ \ncm-{i-b-Xzhpw ]c-am¿Yn-I-Xzhpw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂-Xn¬
Zm¿i-\nI ta∑-bp-≠v. CXn-\p-th≠n PK-Øns‚ ]cm-{i-b-Xzhpw £Wn-
I-Xbpw Du∂n-∏d- b - p-∂X
- nepw A]m-IX - b
- n-√. F∂m¬ {_“-Øns‚ \ncm-
{i-b-Xzhpw BXy-¥n-I-Xbpw kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-ambn PKØv
anYy-bm-sW∂p hmZn-°p-∂Xv Zm¿i-\n-I- hne-£-W-X-bmWv. i¶-cm-ssZz-
X-Øns‚ apJ-ap-{Z-bmbn Cu Zm¿i-\nI sshcq]yw amdn-sb-∂Xv as‰mcp
hn[n ("ssh]-coXyw' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°m-\m-hn-√) bmWv. {_“ kn≤m-
¥-ambn Bcw-`n® i¶-cmssZzXw ]n¬°m-eØv ambm kn≤m-¥-ambn
Adn-b-s∏-tS≠ KXn-tI-Sn-em-sb∂Xv {i≤n-°p-I. "ambm kn≤m¥' Øn\v
{_“- k q- { X- h p- a mbn F¥v _‘- a m- W p- ≈ - s X∂- At\z- j - W - Ø n\v
ChnsS {]tXyIw {]k-‡n-bp-≠-t√m.
"amb' F∂ kwkvIr-X-hm°v ("anYy', "C√m-ØXv' Fs∂m-s°-
bmWv CXns‚ kmam\y `mjm¿Yw) {_“- k q- { X- Ø n¬ Hcn- ° ¬
am{Xta {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈q. kq{Xw CXmWv:
""ambm-am{Xw Xp Im¿’vt\y\m-\`n
hy‡-kz-cq-]-Xzm¬'' (3.2.3)
"]q¿W-ambpw hy‡-a-√mØ {]IrXw sIm≠p-Xs∂ ambm-am-{X-
amWv ' kz]v \ - s a- ∂ mWv CXns‚ `mjm¿Yw. AXm- b Xv kz]v \ w
bmYm¿Yy-a-s√-∂mWv _mZ-cm-b-W≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. kz]v\w anYy-
bm-sW∂p {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-bmƒ `wKy-¥-tcW Pm{K-Ømb Ah-
ÿbpw temIhpw a\p-jy-\pw(-kz]v\w ImWp-∂-bmƒ) bmYm¿Yy-am-
sW∂p hniz-kn-°p-sa-∂Xv hy‡-am-W-t√m. kz]v\-sØ-°p-dn-®-√msX
as‰m- ∂ n- s \- ° p- d n®pw {_“- k q- { X- I m- c ≥ amb F∂ hnti- j Ww
{]tbm-Kn-®n-ń-s√-∂n-cns° C°mcyw kpXmcmw kv]jvS-am-Wv. CXn¬-
\n∂pw Pm{K-Ømb a\p-jy\pw PKØpw AXnse kIe Ncm-N-c-
ßfpw "amb'bmsW∂ kn≤m¥w Na-bv°-W-sa-¶n¬ F{X Zm¿i-
\nI-iq-\y-amb akvXnjvI "tijn' Bh-iy-ambn hcp-sa∂v Nn¥m-
ioe¿ IW-°m-°-s´.
{_“-kq-{X-Øn\v Hcn-°epw \nc-°mØ ambm-hmZw Bhn-jvI-
cn® i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS injy-∑m¿ Kpcp-hns‚ ]mcºcyw \ne-\n¿Øn-
sb-∂Xv IuXp-I-I-c-am-Wv. Hcp-Zm-l-cWw \¬Imw: PK-Øn\v ImcWw
{_“- a m- s W- ∂ - X n¬ AssZz- X n- I ƒ°n- S - b n¬ `n∂m- ` n- { ]m- b - a n- √ .
F∂m¬ Imc-W-_‘w Fß-s\-sb-∂-Xn¬ Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ A`n-
{]mb hyXym-k-ap-≠v. {][m-\-ambpw c≠v kn≤m-¥-ßƒ. H∂v, {_“-
]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Zw. as‰m∂v hnh¿Ø-hm-Zw. BZy-tØXp {]Imcw {_“w
]cn-W-an-®mWv PKØpw Pohm-flmhpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. hnh¿Ø-hm-Z-
{]-Imcw PKØv D≠mbn F∂Xv tXm∂¬ am{X-am-Wv. (C-hbv-°n-S-
bn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ß-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ChnsS {]k-‡-a√. as‰mcp
Imcyw Nq≠n-°m-´m-\mWv C°mcyw ]cm-a¿in-t°-≠n-h-∂-Xv). {_“-
kq-{X-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø-hm-Z-an√ F∂-Xn¬ an° kwkvIrX ]fin-X-
∑mcpw tbmPn- ° p- ∂ p. i¶- c m- s sZz- X - I m- c - \ mb k¿hm- fl ap- \ n( AD
900)bpw CXw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂p. an° ]fin-X-∑mcpw {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬
]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-am-Wp-≈sX∂ A-`n-{]m-b-°m-cm-Wv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw
AssZz-Xn-I-tfmSv ChnsS Hcp kwibw D∂-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. {_“-
kq- { X- Ø ns‚ ASnÿm\- Ø n- e p≈ XXz- N n- ¥ - b mWv AssZz- X n- I -
fptSsX-¶n¬ {_“-kq-{X-Øn-en-√mØ hnh¿Ø-hmZw \nß-sf-¥p-
sIm≠v kzoI-cn®p? CXn\v k¿hm-fl-ap\n \¬Inb hni-Zo-I-cWw
F¥m-sW-∂t√? icn-bmb kn≤m¥w ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-am-sW∂ \ne-
bn¬ {_“-kq-{X-Im-c≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ImcWw, hnh¿Ø-hm-
Z-tØmSv ASp-Øp-\n¬°p∂ ho£Ww AXm-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-sW-∂pw
AXn- s e- Ø n- b - h sc hnh¿Ø- h m- Z - Ø n- t e- ° p \bn- ° m≥ Ffp- ∏ -
amsW∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. (S.N. Das Gupta,
A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol: II, P. 44). Fs¥mcp hymJym\ tijn?
tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ AS-°-ap≈ C¥y-bnse XXz-Nn-¥-I¿°v
CsXms° "hymJym\ ]mSh'ambn tXm∂p∂p F∂-XmWv hnNn-{Xw.
CsXms° hmbn-°p∂ C¥y-bnse "sNdp-InS Zm¿i-\n-I¿' A¤p-X-
s∏-Sp-∂p; AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS [nj-Wm-tijn F{X hep-Xm-
sW∂v! temIØv C{Xbv°v hymJym\ ]mS-hhpw Zm¿i-\nI _p≤n-
bp-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ a‰mcpw C√m-bn-cp-s∂∂v Ch-scms° A`n-am-\n-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kXy-sa-¥mWv? CXv _p≤n-bp-sS-b-√, aT-b-Ø-Øns‚
e£-am-sW∂v Ch-cpt≠m Adn-bp∂p!
ssZzX hmZn-Iƒ°v Cß-s\bpw hmZn-°m-a-t√m˛ {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬
AssZzXw ImWm-\p≈ ImcWw, ssZzX-tØmSv G‰hpw ASp-Øp
\n¬°p∂ ho£Ww AXm-bX - p-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw. AssZz-Xn-Isf ssZzX-
Øn-te-°v \bn-°p-I Ffp-∏a - m-bX- p-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw. `mKy-hi- m¬ ssZzX-
98
Nn-¥-I¿°n-S-bn¬ k¿h-mfl ap\n-sb-t∏m-semcp hymJym-Xmhv D≠m-
bn-ń-√.
temIw anYy-bm-sW∂p hmZn-°m≥ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ \n¿_-‘n-X-\m-
b-Xm-sW∂p i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øns‚ LS-\m-]-{K-Y-\-Øn¬\n∂p a\- n-
em°mw. {_“w am{X-amWv ]c-am¿YnI bmYm¿Yy-sa-∂Xv AssZz-
XØns‚ H∂m-asØ {]am-W-am-Wv. CXp Xo¿Øpw icn-bm-I-W-sa-¶n¬
ùXn-I-tem-I-Øns‚ bmYm¿Yyw ]s‰ \ntj-[n-t°≠nhcp-sa∂v i¶-
cm-Nm-cy¿ Icp-Xn. i¶-cm-\p-Iq-en-bmb \mcm-bns‚ hm°p-I-fnXm:
""temI- Ø ns‚ kz`m- h - s Ø- ° p- d n- ® p≈ i¶- c s‚ hnh- c - W - ß -
fn¬\n∂pw PKØv {]Xn-`m-k-ßƒ°v A¬]wt]mepw bmYm¿Yyw hI-
sh®p sImSp-Øn-ń-s√∂v hy‡-am-Wv. "Ds≠'t∂m "Cs√'t∂m t]mep≈
GsXmcpXcw a\p-jy-[m-c-W-bmepw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-hm-Ø-XmWv temI-
sa∂v At±lw kn≤m-¥n-®p. BXy-¥nI bmYm¿Yyw A\n-b-{¥W-\o-
bhpw ip≤hpw GI-hp-am-Wv. BXy-¥nI bmYm¿Yy-Øns‚ Cu AssZzX
kz`m-hs - Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ Zm¿i-\nI \ne-]m-Sn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-Ip-hm≥ i¶-
c\pw A\p-bm-bn-Ifpw temI-Øns‚ BXy-¥nI kz`mhw anYy-bn-te°p
Npcp-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. {_“w am{X-amWv bmYm¿Yyw F∂p hmZn-
°p∂ Hcp Z¿i-\-Øn\v Xm¿°n-I-ambn FØm-hp∂ GI \nK-a\w
PKØv anYy-bm-sW-∂m-Wv.''16
At±lw XpS-cp∂p:
"hnth-I-Nq-Vm-aWn'bn¬ i¶-c≥ Ak-µn-Kv[-ambn Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-
t]mse PK-Øns‚ BXy-¥n-IXzw ÿm]n-°m-\p≈ GsXmcp {iahpw
{_“-Øns‚ BXy-¥n-I-XzsØ \in-∏n-°pw. temI-Øns‚ BXy-¥n-
IXzw as‰mcp BXy-¥nI bmYm¿Yy-ap-s≠∂p hcp-∂-tXmsS C√m-Xm-
hp-sa-∂-Xp-Xs∂ Imc-Ww. PKØv bmYm¿Yy-am-sW-¶n¬ {_“sØ
IqSmsX AXn\p \ne-\n¬]p-s≠∂p hcp-∂p. bmYm¿Yyw GI-a-s√-
∂mWv CXn-\n¿Yw'17
{_“--Øns‚ BXy-¥n-I-Xzhpw tIh-e-Xbpw bmYm¿Yyhpw ka¿Yn-
°m≥th≠n-bmWv i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ PKØv anYy-bm-sW∂p hmZn-®-Xv. CØ-
c-samcp hyXn-cn‡ k¶¬]w cq]o-I-cn-t°≠ Bh-iy-sa-¥m-sW-∂mWv
apJy-kw-i-bw. {_“w ]c-am¿YnI bmYm¿Yy-am-sW-∂Xv a\- n-em-°mw.
PK-Øv £WnI bmYm¿Yy-am-sW-∂Xpw icn-Xs∂. F∂m¬, AXns\
anYy-sbt∂m amb-sbt∂m hnti-jn-∏n-®m¬ bmYm¿YysØ \ntj-[n-
°-em-hpw. {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬ CØ-c-samcp kmt¶-XnI {]tbmKw PK-
Øns\∏‰n \S-Øn-bn-ń√ F∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. temI-Øns‚ kºq¿W
t{kmX v {_“-am-sW∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw temIw Ab-Ym¿Y-
am-sW∂v Fhn-sSbpw {_“-kq{Xw ]d-bp-∂n-√. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-sfbpw
i¶-cm-ssZz-X-sØbpw Cu hnj-b-I-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øn-s°m≠v tUm.
\I-apd FØp∂ \nK-a-\-an-XmWv:
""Cu Bibw {]mNo\ D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ t\csØ {]Xy-£-s∏-ń-
´p-≠v. F´p-Im-enbpw hebpw F∂ D]a D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ Bh¿Øn-
®-Xmbn ImWmw. temI-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-sØ-°p-dn®v ]pXnb Bi-b-
ß-sfm∂pw ]Tn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-ń-√. Ah-bpsS apJy-ho-£Ww ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-
am-Wv. ambm kn≤m-¥w t]mep≈ hymJym-\ß - s
- fm∂pw Ah-bn¬ ImWp-
∂n-√. Cub¿Y-Øn¬, "amWvUyq-Iy-Im-cnI'bn¬\n∂pw i¶-c≥ AS-°-
ap≈ AssZz-X-hm-Zn-I-fp-tS-Xn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-amWv PKØv
]cn-Wm-a-hm-Zw.''18
amWvUyq-tIym-]\ - n-jØv hymJym-\Ø - n¬ thZm-Sn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ am{X-
amtWm AtXm bp‡n-bp-sSbpw ]n≥_ew AssZz-X-Øn-\p-≠m-Iptam
F∂ Imcyw i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ At\z-jn-°p-∂p-≠v. BZy-Ime thZm-¥-
sØbpw thZm¥ kq{X-sØbpw {]tXyIw ]Tn® \I-ap-d-bpsS ta¬
\nK-a\w i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øn\v bp‡n-bpsS am{X-a-√, thtZm-]-\n-j-Øp-I-
fp-sSbpw ]n¥p-W-bn-s√-∂mWv sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
]c-am-flmhpw({_-“w) Pohm-flm-hpw(-Po-h) XΩn-ep≈ _‘-Øns‚
ÿnXnbpw as‰m∂√. ]c-am¿Yn-Im¿Y-Øn¬ Pohm-flm-hpw {_“hpw
H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ kn≤m-¥n-®n-´p-≠v.19 AXm-bXv ]c-
am¿YnI Xe-Øn¬ {_“w am{X-ta-bp-≈q, Pohm-flm-hn-√. Pohm-flmhv
anYy-bm-sW-∂¿Yw. ChnsS {]k-‡-am-Ip∂ Nne kwi-b-ß-fp-≠v.
Pohm-flmhv {_“-⁄m\w t\Sp-I-hgn {_“-am-sW∂v Xncn-®-dn-bp-
∂-Xmbn i¶-cm-ssZz-Xn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. hymh-lm-cnI Xe-Ønse Pohm-
flm-hmWv ]c-am¿YnI Xe-Ønse {_“-ambn amdp-∂p-Xv. ]c-am¿YnI
Xe-Øn¬ AkvXn-Xz-an-√mØ Pohm-flmhv Fßs\ ]c-am¿YnI Xe-
Øn¬ {_“-ambn amdp-sa∂v AssZz-Xn-Iƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
KuU- ] m- Z \pw i¶- c m- N m- c ycpw \¬Ip∂ D]- a - b n- t e°v Xncn- b p- I .
kqcy\pw sh≈-Øn-ep≈ AXns‚ {]Xn-_nw-_hpwt]mse-bmWv ]c-
am-flmhpw Pohm-flm-hp-sa∂v Ch¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. {]Xn-_nw-_w-
kqcyt\m kqcys‚ `mKtam A√. ]c-am¿YnI Xe-Øn¬ AkvXnXzw
t]mep-an-√mØ kqcy-Omb Fß-s\-bmWv kqcy-\mbn amdp-∂Xv? ]c-
am¿Yn- I - a mbn Pohm- fl mhv anYy- b m- s W- ¶ n¬ ]ns∂ BcmWv
{_lva⁄m\w t\Sp-∂Xv? {_“-⁄m\w ]cam¿YnI bmYm¿-Yytam
hymh-lm-cn-I-tam? hymh-lm-cn-I-am-sW-¶n¬ {_“-⁄m\w anYy-bm-
sW∂p hcpw. {_“-⁄m\w t\Sp∂ {]{In-bbpw anYy-bm-sW∂v hcpw.
100
]c- a m¿YnI bmYm¿Yy- a m- s W- ¶ ntem {_“sØ IqSmsX {_“-
⁄m\w Fs∂mcp ]c-am¿YnI bmYm¿Yyw IqSn-bp-s≠∂pw hcpw.
ssZzXw DS-se-Sp-°m≥ CXp aXn-bm-Ipw.
Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂ k¶¬]sØ
am[zm-Nm-cy¿ Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂p.20 At±lw Imc-W-ßfpw hy‡-am-°p∂p.
{_“-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ kq{X-hn-h-c-W-ßfpw Pohm-flm-hns\ Ipdn-®p≈
hnti-j-W-ßfpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. c≠n-s\bpw c≠m-bmWv kq{X-
Im-c≥ IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≈-sX∂v t_m[y-am-Ipw. F∂p-X-s∂-b-√, c≠pw
hyXykvX {]Ir-Xn-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂v kq{X-Im-c≥Xs∂ A¿Y-i-¶-bv°n-
S-an-√mØ hn[w kv]jvS-am-°p-∂p. {_“-kq-{X(1˛2-˛8)Øn¬ "sshti-
jyXv' (hy-Xy-kvXw) F∂p-Xs∂ {]tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. CXn-\p≈ hymJym-
\-Øn¬ cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ FgpXp∂p:
""Pohm-flmhv I¿a-\n-c-X-am-Wv. AXv B\-µ-Øn-em-Wv. KpWhpw
tZmjhpw B¿Pn-°p-Ibpw kpJhpw ZpxJhpw A\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-
∂p. ]c-am-flm-hn\v hyXy-kvX-amb {]Ir-X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. F√m Zpcn-X-ß-
fn¬\n∂pw AXv kzX-{¥-am-Wv. c≠pw XnI®pw `n∂-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Pohm-
flm-hns‚ A\p-`-h-ßƒ ]c-am-flm-hns\ _m[n-°p∂n√. Pohm-flmhv
kpJhpw ZpxJhpw A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p. Imc-Ww, AXv I¿a-hn-t[-b-am-Wv.
F∂m¬ ]c-am-flmhv AXn-\-Xo-X-hp-amWv.''21
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ as‰m-cn-SØv Fgp-Xp∂p:
""k¿K-i-‡n-bmb {_“w Pohm-flm-hn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.
Pohm-flm-hn\v kzbw-`q-hm-Imt\m kzbw \in-°mt\m Ign-hn-√. {]tbm-
P-\-I-ca√mØXpw CjvS-I-c-a-√m-Ø-Xp-amb I¿a-ß-sfm∂pw {_“w
sNøp-∂n-√. D]-Im-c-ßƒ sNtø-≠ Bh-iytam D]-{Z-h-ßƒ sNøm-Xn-
cn-t°≠ Bh-iytam AXn-\n-√. {_“-Øn\v Adn-bm-ØtXm {_“-Øn\v
]¶n-√m-Øt- Xm Bbn bmsXm-∂p-an-√. Pohm-flm-hn\v hyXy-kvXa- mb kz`m-
h-am-Wp-≈-Xv. ta¬ kqNn-∏n® ]cn-an-Xn-I-sf√mw AXn-\p-≠v.''22
{_“-kq-{X(II˛3-˛3)Øn¬ Pohm-flmhv {_“-Øns‚ Awi-am-sW∂pw
]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Awi-am-sW∂ {]tbm-K-Øn¬\n∂p-Xs∂ c≠pw H∂-s√-
∂p(Identical) hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. i¶-c-`m-jy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv
Xs‚bpw hymJym\w F∂p ]d- ™ n- ´ p≈ tUm. cm[m- I r- j v W ≥
Xs∂bpw CtX-°p-dn®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv:
""Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂v \mw Icp-Xp-∂n√,
F¥p-sIm-s≠-∂m¬ Ah-bv°n-S-bnse hyXym-k-ßƒ hy‡-ambn
{]kvXm-hn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v.''23
{_“-kq-{X(III-2-˛25)Øn¬ "Assh-tijyw' F∂pw hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-
≠v. CsXmcp sshcp-[y-ambn IW-°m-°mw. Htc {KŸ-Øn¬-Xs∂
"sshtiy-jyXv' F∂pw "Assh-tijyw' F∂pw hnh-cn-°p-tºmƒ {]tXy-
In-®pw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw {]Xy£ sshcp-≤y-ß-fmbn Chsb ]cn-K-Wn®v
hymJym-\Ø- n-eqsS ka-\z-bn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {ia-am-Wt√m `mjy-Im-c∑
- m-cpsS
{][m\ ZuXyw. {_“-Øns‚ "Awiw', "hyXykvXw', "hyXy-kvX-a√'
F∂o {]tbm-K-ßsf ]c-kv]cw Iqń-bn-W-°p-tºmƒ {_“-Øns‚ \nb-
{¥-W-Øn-ep≈ (II-3.4˛2˛¬) hyXy-kvX {]Ir-Xn-tbmSp IqSnb F∂m¬
Nne KpW-ß-fn¬ kmZr-iy-ap≈ Pohm-flmhv F∂ k¶¬]-amWv Dcp-
Øn-cn-bp-∂-Xv. F{X Cem-kvXn-I-ambn hymJym-\n®mepw {_“hpw Pohm-
flmhpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW∂ i¶-cmssZzX k¶¬]w {_“-kq-{X-
Øn¬\n∂pw Is≠-Sp-°m-\m-hn-√.
i¶-c-`m-jysØ apJyambpw Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ ]fin-X-\m-bn-´p-IqSn
{_“-kq{X hymJym-\-Øn¬ tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW\v Cßs\ Fgp-tX-
≠n-h∂p:
""Cu kq{Xhpw sXm´p-ap-ºp≈ kq{Xhpw Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw
XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw ]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-sW∂v i¶-c≥ ]d-bp-
∂p. Imc-Ww, At±-lØ - ns‚ A`n-{]m-bØ
- n¬ c≠pw H∂mWv. Cu kq{X-
{]-Imcw c≠n-\p-an-Sb - nse hyXym-kß - ƒ bYm¿Yw Xs∂-bm-Wv. F∂m¬,
i¶-c-\m-Is´ Pohm-flmhpw {_“hpw bmsXmcp hyXym-k-hp-an-s√-∂mWv
A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.''24
{_“- k q- { X- s Øbpw AXns‚ hnhn[ `mjy- ß - s fbpw kzX-
{¥ambn Xmc-Xay ]T-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°nb tUm. \I-ap-dsb Zo¿L-
ambn D≤-cn-°mw:
""IuXp- I - I - c - a mb Imcy- s a- s ¥- ∂ m¬, {_“- k q{X
I¿ØmhpXs∂ Xs‚ kn≤m¥w AssZz-X-a-s√∂v hy‡-am-°p∂p
F∂- X m- W v. kq{X- Ø n¬(2˛1- ˛ 21) tNmZn- ° p∂p: D]- \ n- j Øv
Bh¿Øn®p ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv Pohm-flmhpw {_“hpw hyXy-kvX-a-s√-
∂mWv. Zpcn-X-ßƒ \nd™ Cu temIw krjvSn-®Xv {_“-am-sW-
¶n¬ {_“-Øn\v Aò-jvS-{]-Im-c-ap≈ am‰-ßƒ hcpØn°qtS? CXv
k¿h-i-‡\pw k¿h⁄\p-amb {_“-Øn\v \nc-°p-∂-X-√. CXn\v
DØ-c-ambn {_“-kq-{X-I¿Ømhv thZ-ß-fn¬\n∂pw D≤-cn-°p-∂p.
{_“w Pohm-flm-hn\pw AXo-X-am-sW-∂-Xn-\mepw c≠pw XΩn-ep≈
hyXym-k-ßƒ thZ-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mepw {_“w A\njvS-I-c-
amb Imcy-ßƒ kzbw sNøp-sa∂v Icp-Xm-\m-hn-√.
""Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ FSp-Øp-
]-d-bp∂ Ht´sd kq{X-ß-fp-≠v. c≠n-\p-an-S-bnse {[phm-¥cw kq{X-ß-
102
fn¬ Bh¿Øn®p h∂n-´p-≠v. Pohm-flm-hns\ ]c-am-flm-hp-ambn Xmc-
X-ay-s∏-SpØn "CXcw' F∂p-Xs∂ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. (1˛1-˛16, 1˛12-
˛22, 1˛3-˛18-˛2-˛121).... ap‡n-°p-tijwt]mepw c≠pw H∂mbn amdp-∂n-
√. ap‡n-°p-ti-jhpw Pohm-flmhn\v krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tijn
ssIh-cp-∂n√. ap‡-amb Bflmhv Cuiz-c-s\-bmWv B{i-bn-°p-∂Xv
(4-˛4-˛17-˛18).... c≠n-s\bpw C{]-Imcw hy‡-ambpw {_“-kq{Xw th¿Xn-
cn-°p-∂-Xn\m¬ i¶-c-s‚Xn¬\n∂pw auen-I-am-bn-Xs∂ `n∂-am-W-
Xns‚ Zm¿i-\nI \ne-]mSv.''25
""B[p-\nI kml-N-cy-Øn¬ thZm-¥-Øns‚ {]k-‡n-sb-∏‰n
Nn¥n® D¿°vlmńs‚ hm°p-Iƒ t\m°q: ""Pohm-flmhpw {_“hpw H∂p-
X-s∂-bm-sW∂ ImgvN-∏mSv {_“-kq-{X-Øn-ep-≈-Xmbn sXfn-bn-°m≥
{]bm-k-am-Wv.''26
i¶-cm-ssZzX {]Imcw ]c-am¿Yn-I-X-e-Øn¬ Pohm-flmhv anYy-bmWv.
{_“-⁄m\w t\Snb Bflm-hmWv ap‡n {]m]n-°p-∂-Xv. AXm-b-Xv,
ap‡n {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºmWv {_“-⁄-m\w t\Sp∂ {]{Inb \S-
°p-∂-Xv. ap‡n-t\-Sp-∂-tXmsS ]c-am¿YnI \nesb {]m]n-°p∂ Pohm-
flmhv AXn-\p-apºv hymh-lm-cnI Xe-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-at√m. AXm-b-Xv,
{_“-⁄m\w t\Sp∂ {Inbbpw AXns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-Whpw AssZz-X-
{]-Imcw hymh-lm-cnI bmYm¿Yy-Øn-emWv s]SpI. CXn¬\n∂pw {_“-
⁄m-\hpw AXv B¿Pn-°p∂ {]{In-bbpw anYy-bm-sW-∂m-Wt√m sXfn-
bp-∂-Xv. CØcw Xm¿°nI {]iv\-ß-sfm∂pw {_“-kq-{X-Ønse
ap‡n-k-¶¬]-Øn-en-s√-∂-XmWv hkvXp-X. ap‡n-sbbpw \n¿∆m-W-
sØbpw Ipdn®v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ hn[-a√ _mZ-cm-b-W≥
hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv. i¶-cm-Nm-cycpsS ho£-W-{]-Imcw ]c-am¿YnI Xe-
Øn¬ {_“w am{X-ta-bp-≈q; Pohm-flm-hn-√. {_“-⁄m\w t\Sp-∂-
tXmsS Pohm- fl mhv {_“- a m- s W∂v kzbw Xncn- ® - d n- b p- I - b m- W v .
F∂m¬, "{_“-kq{X'Øn¬ {_“-⁄m\w t\Sp-∂-Xn\p apºv ]c-
am¿Yn-I-ambn Pohm-flmhv anYy-bm-sW-t∂m, {_“-⁄m\w B¿Pn-
°p-∂-tXmsS Pohm-flmhv {_“-ambn amdp-sat∂m ]d-bp-∂n-√. ap‡n
t\Sn-b-ti-jhpw AXv Pohm-flm-hmbn XpS-cp-sa-∂mWv kq{X-Im-c≥
hy‡- a m- ° p- ∂ - X v . hymh- l m- c n- I - a m- h - s ´, ]c- a m¿Yn- I - a m- h s´ (Cu
k¶¬]-ßƒ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tSXv am{Xw) Pohm-flm-hns‚ hy‡nXzw
\in-°p-∂n-s√-∂¿Yw. Hmtcm Pohm-flmhpw ap‡-am-b-˛-\n¿∆m-W-˛-A-
h- ÿ - b n¬ t]mepw kz¥w hy‡nXzw kq£n- ° p- ∂ p- s h∂v
CXn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw. {_“-kq-{X(IV 4-˛12)Øn¬ ""ZzmZ-im-h-
lXv DZ-b-˛-hn-[w, _mZ-cm-b-W-t\mY''F∂p ImWmw. CXn\p tUm.
cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ \¬Ip∂ hymJym-\-an-XmWv:
""_mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ {_“-temIw ]qInb ap‡-
amb Bflm-hn\v c≠p hn[-Ønepw \ne-\n¬°mw. icocw IqSm-sXbpw
ico-c-tØm-sS-bpw.'' 27
CXn¬\n∂pw IrXy-ambpw FØm-hp∂ A\p-am-\-sa-¥mWv? i¶-
cm-Nm-cy-cpsS hmZ-{]-Imcw Pohm-flmhv anYy-bm-Wv. F{X-tØm-f-sa-∂m¬
Pohm-flmhpw {_“hpw H∂m-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mepw ]c-am¿Yn-I-X-
e-Øn¬ Akw-_-‘-am-Wv. hymh-lm-cn-I-amtb Chsb c≠mbn kqNn-
∏n-°m-\m-hq. sI. \mcm-bns‚ hm°p-Iƒ t\m°q:
""Pohm-flmhpw ]c-am-flmhpw XΩn-ep≈ GI-Xs - b∂ k¶¬]w {]Xn-
`m-knI Xe-Øn¬ \n¬°p-tºmƒ \ap°v {Kln-°m-\m-hp-∂X - mWv. BXy-
¥nI \ne-]m-Sn¬ CXp km[y-a√ - . ]c-am¿YnI Xe-Øn¬, {_“w am{Xta
bmYm¿Yy-am-bn-´p≈q; {_“hpw Pohm-flmhpw GI-am-sW∂ N¿®-Xs∂
A¿Y-iq-\y-am-Wv.''28
Chn-sS-bp-b-cp∂ kwi-b-an-Xm-Wv. ]c-am¿YnI Xe-Øn¬ Pohm-flm-
hn-√, {_“w am{X-ta-bp-≈q-sh-¶n¬ ap‡n-°p-tijw {_“-tem-IØv
Pohm-flm-hn\v CjvSwt]mse PUw [cn-°p-Itbm [cn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Itbm
sNøm-sa∂v {_“-kq-{X-Im-c≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v? i¶-cm-Nm-
cy¿ hmZn-®-t]mse ap‡n e`n-°p-∂-tXmsS Pohm-flmhv {_“-am-sW∂
Xncn-®-dnhv t\Sp∂p F∂ kn≤m¥w kq{X-Im-c-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√ F∂m-
Wt√m CXn-\¿Yw. {_“w thsd, Pohm-flmhv thsd F∂ ho£-W-
amWv _mZ-cm-b-W-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v CXn¬\n∂p hy‡-am-Wv.
{_“-kq-{X-Imc≥ (IV 4-˛15) ap‡-amb Pohm-flm-hn\v H∂n-tesd
icocw D≠m-Ip-sa-∂p-t]mepw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Bflmhpw a\ pw AXn-
s\mcp ico-chpw D≠m-Ip-tºm-gm-Wt√m kpJm-\p-`-h-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Iptd
ico-c-ß-fp-≠m-bm¬ Ah arX-am-bn-cn-°nt√ F∂ FXn¿hm-ZsØ kq{X-
Im-c≥ Jfin-°p-∂p. ap‡-amb Pohm-flm-hn\v AXns‚ i‡n-sIm≠v
F√m ico-c-ß-sfbpw Poh-Øm-°m-\m-Ipw F∂mWv kq{X-Im-c≥ hmZn-
°p-∂-Xv. CtX-°p-dn®v tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ C{X-IqSn Fgp-Xp∂p:
""ap‡n-{]m-]n® Bflm-hn\v B¥-cn-Im-h-b-h-ß-fp≈ ico-c-ß-f-Wn-
bm≥ Ign-bpw.''29
as‰mcp `mKØv cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:
""ap‡-amb Bflm-hn\v ico-ca - p-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ DW¿®-bn-se-∂t- ]mse
B{K-l-ßfpw bYm¿Y-am-bn-´p-≠m-Ip-∂p.''30
\I-ap-d-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ {it≤-b-amWv:
104
""ap‡n-sIm≠v Pohm-flm-hn\v \mi-ap-≠m-Ip∂p F∂¿Y-an-√. B
Ah-ÿ-bnepw AXn\v CjvSm-\n-jvS-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw.''
Npcp-°-Øn¬ ambm-k-¶¬]w, Poh-˛-{_“ kao-I-cWw XpSßn i¶-
cm-ssZz-Ønse apJy-{]-ta-b-ß-sf√mw Zm¿i-\n-I-amtbm bp‡n-]-c-amtbm
{_“-kq-{Xm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øntem Xr]vXn-I-c-a-s√∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-se-tØ≠n
hcp-∂p. Cu bmYm¿Yy-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ i¶-c-th-Zm-¥sØ Dt±-
in®v Fgp-X-s∏´ Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ß-fn¬ A{X Ig-ºn-
s√∂p a\- n-emIpw:
""A\p-[m-h-\-a¿ln-°p∂ Hcp Z¿i\w F√m XI-cm-dp-I-fn¬\n∂pw
ap‡-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. Hcp Z¿i\w XXz-Nn-¥m-]-c-ambn D∂X \ne-hm-c-ap-
≈-Xm-sW-¶nepw [m¿an-I-hiw £bn-®-Xm-Imw. Bflob {]_p-≤-X-
bntem A¥¿Zr-jvSn-bntem AXv ]nt∂m-°a - m-Imw. as‰mcp Z¿i\w [m¿an-
I-\n-e-bn¬ D∂-Xhpw Zm¿i-\n-I-ta-∑-bn¬ Zp¿_-e-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw.
thsdm∂v Bflo-bX XnI-™-Xm-sW-¶n¬ ka¿Y-\-]m-Shw Ipd-™Xpw
bp‡n-lo-\-am-sb∂pw hcmw. H∂ns‚ ⁄m\-ao-amwk AXns‚Xs∂
Zm¿i-\nI \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ°n-W-ßp-∂-Xmbpw ht∂-°mw. F∂m¬ thZm-
¥ -Z¿i-\-am-I-s´... Z¿i-\-Øn-s‚bpw Bflo-b-X-bp-sSbpw ktΩ-f-\-am-
Wv... F√m Zm¿i-\nI {]iv\-ßfpw AXv {Iao-Ir-X-ambn ssIImcyw
sNøp-∂p.''32
Cu A[ym-b-Ønse hni-I-e\w D]-kw-l-cn-°m≥ {io. Ac-hn-µ-
tLm-jns\ D≤-cn-°s´:
""anYy F∂ A¿Y-Øn-ep≈ ambm-kn-≤m-¥hpw {]]©w Ab-Ym¿Y-
am-sW∂ hmZhpw Zm¿i-\nI {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°p-I-b-√, krjvSn-
°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. AkvXn-Xz-{]iv\w AXv bYm¿Y-ambn ]cn-l-cn-
°p-∂n-√; adn®v AXns\ A]-cn-lm-cy-am°n hnSp-I-bm-Wv.''33
AssZzX Z¿i-\-Øn¬ AS-ßm-Ø-Xmbn bmsXm-∂p-an-s√∂v ds\-
Usbt∏mep-≈-h¿ tLmjn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw kzman hnth-Im-\-µ≥ IqSp-
X¬ bmYm¿Yy-t_m-[-tØmsS kwkm-cn-®-Xmbn ImWmw. 1897-˛¬ hnth-
Im-\µ≥ emtlm-dn¬ sNbvX {]`m-j-W-Øn¬ Cßs\ hy‡-am°n:
""AssZzX Z¿i-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp XI-cmdv AXv Bflob Xe-Øn¬
am{Xw HXp-ßn-\n∂p {]h¿Øn®p F∂-Xm-Wv. \nß-f-Xns\ {]mtbm-Kn-
I-am-t°≠ kabw Bk-∂-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wn-t∏mƒ. AXv Hcp cl-
ky-am-Im≥ ]mSn-√. lnam-eb- Ø
- n-sebpw h\-ßf - n-sebpw Kpl-If
- n-sebpw
k\ym-kn-I-fn¬ am{X-ambn AXp ]cn-an-X-am-I-cp-Xv. AXv kmam\y P\-
ß-fpsS \nXy Pohn-X-Øn-te-°n-dßn hc-Ww......''34
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. tUm. Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, `mc-Xob Z¿i\w (a-ebmfw ]cn), hmfyw c≠v, t]Pv 436
2. S. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P. 234, 237
3. K. Narayin, A Critique of Madhva Refutation, P. 339
4. Ibid, P. 339
5. Ibid
6. Ibid, P. 340
7. Radhakrishnan, Brahmasutra, P. 104
8. Thomas O'Neil, Maya in Sankara, P. 195
9. Ibid, P. 193
11. Sankaracharya, Vedantasutras commentary, Trans. George Thibaut, Part II, P 134-136
12. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb tKmhnµ ]mWvtU-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ: "The
word maya occurs only once in the Brahmasutra (III.2.3) in the context of the dreaming
self and that too suggests that the sutrakara would not call the context of waking as maya''
(Life and Thought of Sri Sankaracharya, P.191)
13. CsXmcp ho£-W-am-‰-at√ F∂p kwi-bn-°-Ww. Imc-Ww, KuU-]m-Zs‚ Imcn-
I°v hymJym-\s - a-gp-Xn-bt- ∏mƒ temIw anYy Xs∂-bm-sW∂v i‡-ambn ka¿Yn®
i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ {_“-kq{X-`m-jy-sa-gp-Xn-bt- ∏mƒ DW¿®-bnse A\p-`h - ß
- ƒ bmYm¿-
Yy-am-W∂v Du∂n-∏d - b
- p-∂p. CXns\ Bkv]Z- n®v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ temI-Øns‚ bmYm-
¿YysØ \ntj-[n-®n-ń-s√∂v tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p (Brahamasutra P.
444) F∂m¬, Cu c≠v `n∂ ho£-W-ßƒ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Nn¥-bnse B¥-
cnI sshcp-≤y-am-bmWv kptc-{µ-\mYv Kp]vX Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂-Xv. (S.N. Dasgupta, A
History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. II, P. 28, 29)
15. Daniel Ingalls, Sankara's Arguments against Budhist Philosophy; East and West, Vol. III,
No.4 1954. quoted by G.J. Darling, An Evaluation of the Vedantic Critique of Buddhism,
P. 111
16.K. Narayin, Critique of Madhava Refutation, P.242
17.Ibid, P. 242
18. Hajimi Nakamura, History of Early Vedanta Philosophy, P. 213
19.K. Narayin, Critique of Madhava Refutation, P.275
20. am[zm-Nm-cy-cpsS "D]m-[n-J-fi\' F∂ IrXn-°v Pb-Xo¿Y `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.
\n¿W-b-km-K¿ {]kv, t_mws_. K. Narayin D≤-cn-®-Xv, t]Pv. 294-˛295.
22. Ibid, P.355
23. Ibid, P.417
24. Ibid, P.260
26. Urkhart, The Vedanta and Modern Thought, P. 68
28. K. Narayin, P. 294
30. Ibid, P. 558
32. Rannade, Vedanta: The Culmination of Indian thought, P.1
33. Sri, Aurobindo, The Life Divine, 1949, P. 418. quoted by Thomas O'Neli, P. 201
34. Quoted by Swami Ranganathananda, The message of the Upanishads, P. 115
ambmhmZ-Øns‚ DXv]Øn
106
5
ambm-hm-Z-Øns‚ DXv]Øn
i¶-cm-ssZzXw, {]tXy-In®v ambm-hmZw _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ {_“-kq-
{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂n-s√∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-em-Wt√m Ign™ A[ymbw
D]-kw-l-cn-®Xv. {_“-kq-{X-sØbpw AXn-s\-°p-dn®v Fgp-X-s∏´
hnhn[ hymJym-\-ß-sfbpw Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn hni-I-e\w sNbvX
kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ kµ¿`m-\p-kmcw lmP-
cm-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw At\z-jn-t°≠ Hcp ka-
ky-bmWv Cu A\p-am-\-Øn¬\n∂p-b-cp-∂-Xv. i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øns‚
t{kmX v GXmWv? GXp-h-gn-°mWv {_“-kq-{X-`m-jy-Øn¬ CØ-
c-samcp ho£Ww Ib-dn-°q-SnbXv?
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-c√ AssZz-X-Ønse apJy-amb k¶¬]-ß-fpsS D]-
⁄m-Xmhv. Xt‚-Xmb ssien-bn¬ AssZzX ho£-WsØ ]n¬°m-
eØv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv At±-l-am-sW∂p am{Xw. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Xs∂bpw
AssZz-X-Øn¬ X\n-°p≈ IS-∏mSv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv KuU]m-Z-\mWv.
KuU]m-Zs‚ "afiyq-Iy-Im-cnI'°v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ `mjyw cNn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-´p-≠v. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xmbn a\- n-em-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ {][m\
ho£-W-ß-sf√mw Gsd-°psd ]q¿Wamb tXmXn¬ KuU-]m-Zs‚
"ImcnI'bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. CXn-s\-∏‰n k®n-Zm-\-µ-
aq¿Øn-bpsS \nco-£Ww t\m°q:
""i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS kn≤m-¥-Øn-\p≈ {][m\ t{]c-W-bp-≠m-bXv
KuU]m-Z-\n¬ (Ggmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-tam, F´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚
BZytam) \n∂mWv . D]- \ n- j - Ø p- ° ƒ, _p≤nÃv hn⁄m- \ - h m- Z w,
am[yanI hyh-ÿ-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS kzm[o-\-Øm¬ Cu {]K¤ Nn¥-
I≥ AXoh kwÿn-c-amb AssZzXw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp.''1
KuU-]m-Z-t\mSv X\n-°p≈ IS-∏m-Sv i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿Xs∂ hy‡-
am°nbXn-\m¬ AsXmcp hnhm-Z-hn-j-b-a-√. {]tXy-In®pw ambm-hmZw
ka¿Yn-°p-∂-Xn\v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ D∂-bn-°p∂ hmZ-ßƒ A∏Sn KuU-
]m-Z≥ Xs‚ "aWvUyq-Iy-Im-cnI'bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xm-sW-∂-Xnepw A`n-
{]mb sFIy-ap-≠v. AXm-bXv kz]v\w anYy-bm-Wv, kz]v\-Øns‚ F√m
{]tXy-I-X-Ifpw DW¿®-bnse ùXn-Im-\p-`h-ßƒ°p-ap≠v; AXn-\m¬
PKØpw A\p-`-h-ßfpw anYy-bm-Wv-˛-F-∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ ka¿Y-\-ßƒ.
i¶-cs‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ tKmhnµ tbmKo-{µ°p sXm´p-ap-ºmbn hcp-
∂Xv KuU-]m-Z-\mWv. tKmhn-µ-\m-Is´ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Kpcp-hm-Wp-Xm-
\pw.2 AXm-b-Xv, i¶-cs‚ Kpcp-hns‚ Kpcp-hmWv KuU-]m-Z-s\-∂¿Yw.
ho£-W-ß-fpsS Imcy-Ønepw Cu KpcpXzw kºq¿W-am-bXv kzm`m-
hnIw.
A[ym-bm-cw-`-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n® tNmZyw i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cn¬\n∂pw
KuU]m-Z-\n-te°v amdp-I-bm-Wv; KuU]m-Z\v ambm-hmZw Fhn-sS-\n∂p
e`n®p? i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Imcy-Øn-se-∂-t]mse KuU-]m-Zs‚ ho£-
W-ßfpw a‰p t{kmX- p-I-fn¬\n-∂p-≈-Xms-W∂v ]fin-X-∑m¿ Nq≠n-
°m-´p-∂p. {]tXy-In®v ambm-hm-Z-Øn\v KuU-]m-Z≥ Ah-ew-_n-®Xv alm-
bm\ _p≤-a-X-Ønse iq\y-hm-Zn-I-sf-bm-Wv. DZm-l-c-W-ambn ambm-hmZ
(P-KXv bYm¿Y-am-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂Xv A⁄XsIm≠m-sW-∂v)saSp-
°mw. "{]⁄-]-c-an-X-kq{X'Øn¬ Cßs\ ImWmw:
""H∂pw bmYm¿Yyw AS-ßp-∂-X-√. C°m-cyw (A-h-bpsS {]IrXn
iq\y-am-Wv) P\-ßƒ°-dn-bn-√. CXmWv A⁄X (F√m hkvXp-°-fpw
anYy-bm-Wv). C°m-cy-Øn¬ P\-ßƒ A⁄-Xb - psS ]nSn-bn-em-Wv. Bth-
i- Ø m¬ hnIrX [mc- W - I fpw am\- k nI Nn{X- ß - f p- a p- ≠ m- I p- ∂ p.
CXns\bmWv A⁄-X-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. anYy-bmb hkvXp-°-fn-te°v
BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ s]mXp-P-\sØ Ipń-I-tfmSv D]-an-°mw.
sshZ-Kv[y-an-√m-ØX
- n-\m¬ Ch¿ `mh\m \n¿an-Xn-If- n-te°v ]Xn-°p-∂p.''3
DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ, ssien-Iƒ, \ymb-ßƒ F∂n-Xym-Zn-I-sf√mw [mcm-
f-ambn ]n¬Ime AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I¿ \n¿an-®n-´p-≠m-Imw. F∂m¬,
Ah-bp-sS-sb√mw kØ-bmb ambm-hmZwXs∂-bmWv ta¬ hcn-I-fn-ep-
ap-≈-Xv. ssk≤m-¥nI Dƒ]n-cn-hp-Iƒ Gsd-bp-s≠-¶nepw ASn-ÿ-
m\k¶¬]w H∂p-X-s∂. D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ s]mXp-hmbn CØ-c-samcp
ho£Ww D¬t_m-[n-∏n-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw Nne-bn-Sß - f- n¬ CXn-t\mSv kmZr-
iy-ap≈ ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ ImWmw. Chsb hnI-kn-∏n-®Xv AssZz-Xn-I-f√.
Ah¿°pw hfsc aptº alm-bm\ _p≤-a-X-Ønse am[y-an-I-∑m-cm-WXp
\n¿h-ln-®-Xv. aq∂mw(-F.-Un) \q‰m-≠nse Zm¿i-\n-I-\m-bn-cp∂ \mKm¿Pp-
108
\\v AXn¬ apJy ]¶p≠v.4 "iq\y-hmZw' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ XXz-Nn¥m
]≤-Xn-bpsS Bhn-jvIm-c-I≥ Ct±-l-am-Wv.5 "aqe-am-[y-a-Im-cnIm' Ct±-
l-Øns‚ {][m\ IrXn-bm-Wv.6
kXy-ßƒ c≠p hn[ap-s≠∂v \mKm¿Pp-\≥ Xs‚ "am[y-anI
kq{X'ßfn¬ (XXIV. 8) kn≤-m¥n-®p. Cu hyXymkw a\- n-em-Im-Øn-S-
tØmfw _p≤s‚ A[ym-]-\-ßƒ \ap°v A⁄m-X-ß-fmbn XpS-cpw.
[¿aw Cu c≠v `n∂ kXy-ß-fn-t∑-emWv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. H∂v:
kwhrXn-kXyw. (kwhrXn-sb-∂m¬ aqS-s∏-´-sX-∂¿Yw)7 c≠v: ]c-am¿Y
kXyw. hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn¬ F{Xbv°p hyXn-bm-\-ß-fp-s≠-¶nepw KuU-
]m-Z\pw XpS¿∂v i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw kXysØ hn`m-Ko-I-cn-®Xv Cu hn[w
Xs∂-bm-Wv. ùXnI Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-ßƒ kz]v\-Øn-teXpt]mse anYy-
bm-sW∂v \mKm¿-Pp-\\pw kn≤m-¥n-®n-´p-≠v. AXv am{¥n-Is‚ Iuiew
t]msebpw \nco-£-W-Ø-I-cmdpt]msebpw hnIrX [mc-W-I-fm-Wp-≠m-
°p-∂-Xv. A⁄-X-bmWv temI-Øns‚ Nn{Xw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.
\mKm¿Pp-\s‚ hm°p-Iƒ:
""hnth-I-im-en-Iƒ A⁄-Xsb D∑q-e\w sNøp-tºmƒ kXyw
ho≠pw {]Im-in-°p-∂p. ip≤-amb BIm-isØ taL-ßƒ ad-bv°p-∂p.
taL-ßƒ ambp-tºmƒ BIm-i-Øns‚ ]cn-ip≤n ho≠p ho≠pw sXfn-
bp-∂p.''8
Cu A⁄X BXy-¥nI bmYm¿Yytam AtXm ambtbm F∂
kwi-b-Øn\v DØcw ]d-bm≥ AssZz-Xn-Isft]mse \mKm¿Pp-\\pw
hnj-an-®n-´p-≠v. HSp-hn¬ Ccp Iq´-cpw FØnb \nK-a\w H∂p-X-s∂. AXv
\nKq-Vhpw hni-Zo-I-c-Wm-Xo-X-hp-am-Wv. AsX-∏-‰n anYy-sbt∂m XYy-
sbt∂m ]d-bm-\m-hn-√t{X! AssZz-XØ - n\v am[y-anI kn≤m-¥h
- p-am-bp≈
kmZriyw F{X hep-Xm-sW∂v t\m°q. i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw CXns\ A\n¿h-
N-\o-b-sa-∂mWv hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv! \mKm¿Pp-\s‚ Cu hmZ-ßƒ hn⁄m-
\-hmZ kc-Wn-bnse hkp-_‘p, ÿnc-aXn F∂n-h-cmWv hnI-kn-∏n-
®Xv. Ch KuU-]m-Zs\ kzm[o-\n®p F∂ Imcyw {]K-¤- kwkvIrX
]fin-X-¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. ZmkvKp]vXsb D≤-cn°mw:
""Cu kn≤m-¥-ßƒ am[y-an-I-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw IS-sa-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW∂v
hfsc hy‡-am-Wv. \mKm¿Pp\s‚ "ImcnI'bnepw hn⁄m-\-hmZ kn≤m-
¥-ßƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ "e¶m-h-Xmc'bnepw CXv ImWmw. Cu Imcyw
sXfn-bn-t°≠ Bh-iy-an-√m-Ø-hn[w kv]jvS-am-Wv. _p≤nÃv iq\y-hm-
Zhpw hn⁄m-\-hm-Zn-Ifpw A[ym-]-\-ßfpw KuU-]m-Z≥ kzmwio-I-cn-
°p-Ibpw D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {]t_m-[\w sNbvX ]ca kXy-Øn\v Ch
A\p-Kp-W-am-sW∂v Icp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp.''9
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:
""KuU]m-Zs‚ IrXn-bn¬ _p≤-a-X-kzm-[o-\-Øns‚ e£W-ßƒ
ImWmw. hnti-jn-®pw, hn⁄m-\-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw am[y-anI k{º-Zm-b-
ßfp-sSbpw Imcyw FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. KuU-]m-Z≥ {]Xy£
hnj-b-am-Ip∂ _mly-]-Zm¿Y-ß-fpsS Ab-Ym¿Y-Xsb sXfn-bn-°m≥
hn⁄m-\-hm-Zn-Ifp]tbm-Kn-°p∂ AtX hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.
_mZ-cm-b-W\pw i¶-c\pw kz]v\-Øn-sebpw Pm{K-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-sebpw
{]Xo-Xn-Iƒ XΩn¬ auen-I t`Z-ap-s≠∂pw Pm{K-Ønse {]Xo-Xn-Iƒ
\ne-hn-ep≈ hnj-b-ß-fn¬\n∂pw th¿s]-´-h-b-s√∂pw \njvI¿jn-
°p∂p. KuU-]m-Z-\m-Is´ kz]v\m-\p-`-h-ß-sfbpw Pm{K-Ønse A\p-`-
h-ß-sfbpw XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.''10
tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ as‰m-cn-SØv Fgp-Xp∂p:
""_p≤-a-X-Øn\v {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv KuU-]m-
Z≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw At±-l-Øn\v _p≤-aX kn≤m-¥-
ß-sf-∏‰n ]cn-⁄m-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ AssZzX kn≤m-¥-tØmSv
sshcp-≤y-an-√mØ _p≤ kn≤m-¥-ß-sf-sb√mw At±lw kzoI-cn-®p.
Xs‚ ho£Ww bmsXmcp [¿a-imkv{X {KŸ-ßs - fbpw Cuizc t{]m‡-
ß-sfbpw Znhym-\p-`q-Xn-I-sfbpw B[m-c-am-°p-∂n√ F∂ ASn-ÿm-\-
Øn¬ At±lw _p≤-a-X-°m-tcmSp \nth-Z\w sNøp-I-bp-≠m-bn. bmYm-
ÿn-XnI lnµp-°t- fm-St- ±lw Xs‚ ho£-WØ - n\v thZ- {]-am-Wy-Øns‚
kΩ-Xn-bp-s≠∂pw ]d-™p. At±-l-Øns‚ DZmc ho£-W-ßƒ _p≤-
a-X-tØmSv _‘-s∏´ kn≤m-¥-ß-tfmSv tbmPn-∏n-°m\pw Ahsb
AssZzX ]≤-Xn-tbmSv s]mcp-Ø-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw At±-lsØ ka¿Y-
\m°n.''11
]c-am-flmhpw Pohm-flmhpw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-sW-∂v {_“kq{Xw ]Tn-
∏n-°p-∂n-√. AØ-c-samcp hymJym\w KuU-]m-Z≥ Na-®n-´p-≈-XmWv.
CXm-I-s´, thZm-¥-sØ-°mƒ alm-bm\ _p≤n-k-tØm-SmWv ASp-Øp-
\n¬°p-∂-Xv. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb tKmhn-µ-]m-sfi-
bpsS hm°p-Iƒ {i≤n°q:
""_p≤nÃv hn⁄m-\-hm-Z-Øn¬\n∂pw AXns‚ tIhe hymJym-\-
Øn¬\n∂pw KuU-]m-Zs‚ Bflm≥ k¶¬]sØ th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ {]bm-
k-am-Wv.''12
KuU-]m-Z-s\-∏‰n tKmhn-µ-]mtfi as‰m-cn-SØv XpS-cp∂p:
""D]-\n-jZv Bi-b-ßsf hymJym-\n-°pI am{X-a√ alm-bm\ ]Z-
ßfpw k¶¬]-ßfpw \ymb-ßfpw hfsc hy‡-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw
110
sNøp∂p i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿. _p≤n-k-sØ-∏‰n i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ XnI®pw
t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv A\n-tj-[y-am-Wv. _p≤-t\m-Sp≈ BZ-
chv i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ kv]jvS-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. _p≤- X-Xz-amb "APmXn'sb
thZm¥w FXn¿°p-∂n-s√-∂pw At±lw {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p.13
KuU-]m-Zs‚ {_“w Cuiz-c-k-¶¬]-Øn¬\n∂pw hfsc `n∂-
amWv. _p≤n-k-Ønse "[¿a-[mXp' k¶¬]-Øn¬\n∂pw AXns\
th¿Xn-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. KuU-]m-Zs‚ {_“w iq\y-hm-Z-sØ-bmWv A\p-
kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.''14
iq\y-hm-Zn-I-fpsS k¶¬]-ßƒ thZm-¥-a∂ t]cn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-
°p-I-bmWv KuU-]m-Z\pw i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw sNbvX-sX-∂-Xn-\pw, Ch-
bvs°m∂pw {_“-kq-{X-Im-cs‚ hnizm-k-ß-fp-ambn _‘-an-s√-∂-Xn\pw
CXn¬]cw km£y-ß-fm-h-iy-ap-t≠m?
Fkv.-F-kv. tdmbn KuU]m-Z-s\-°p-dn®v \S-Ønb ]T-\-Øn¬\n∂pw
{Kln-°m-hp-∂Xpw adn-®-√. At±-l-Øns‚ hm°p-Iƒ Xmsg:
""KuU-]m-Zt‚Xp-t]m-ep≈ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ {_m“W ]mc-º-cy-Ønse
as‰mcp thZm-¥nbpw D∂-bn-®n-ń-√. \mKm¿Pp-\s‚ "aqe-am-[y-aIm-cnI',
"hn{K-l-hym-h¿Y\n' F∂o IrXn-I-sfbpw N{µ-Io¿Øn-bpsS "am[y-a-
Im-h-Xc', "{]k-∂-]Z' F∂o IrXn-I-sfbpw Ah-tbm¿an-∏n-°p-∂p.
\mKm¿Pp-\\pw [¿a-Io¿Ønbpw KuU-]m-Z-\n-eqsS thZm-¥-Øn¬ IS-
∂p-Iq-Sn-b-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂p.''15
{]apJ AssZzX Nn¥-I-\mb s{]m^: alm-tZ-h≥ Fgp-Xp∂p:
""KuU-]m-Z≥ Xs‚ amfiyq-Iy-Im-cn-I-bn¬ AssZzXw ]Tn-∏n-°m≥
_p≤nÃv ]Z-ßfw k¶¬]-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. {]tXy-In®pw
\memw A[ym-b-Øn¬. temIw anYy-bm-sW∂p ImWn-°m≥ am[y-an-I-
cpsS hmZ-ßfpw DZm-l-c-W-ßfpw At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.''16
alm-bm\ _p≤-∑m-cpsS ]Z-ßfpw k¶¬]-ßfpw KuU]m-Z≥ ISw-
sIm-≠-Xmbn alm-tZ-h≥ kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CXv AssZzX A[ym-
]-\-Øn-\m-sW-∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ hmZw. AssZzXw thZm-Sn-ÿm-\-
Øn-ep-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬ alm-bm\ _p≤-∑m-cpsS ]Z-ßfpw k¶¬]-ßfpw
Ah-ew-_n-t°≠nhcp-∂-sX-ßs\? alm-bm\ _p≤-∑m-cpsS ]Z-ßƒ
Ah-cpsS k¶¬]-ß-sfbpw, k¶¬]-ßƒ Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Bib {]]-
©-sØbpw tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂h - b
- m-bn-cn-°pw. Ch IS-sa-Sp-°p-tºmƒ kzm`m-
hn-I-ambpw Ah-cpsS Bi-b-ßƒ kw{I-an-°p-I-bmhpw êw. Cu
kmam\y hkvXpX ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ AssZzXw alm-bm\ _u≤
Bi-b-ßsf F{X-b-[nIw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂p-≠m-Ip-sa∂v Duln-°m-
hp-∂-tX-bp-≈q.
s{]m^. alm-tZ-hs‚ XpS¿∂p≈ hnhcWw Cu IS-∏mSv F{X
hep-Xm-sW∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p≠v:
""_p≤nÃv A¿Y-ß-fn¬ {]tbm-Kn-°-s∏´ {][m\ ]Z-ßƒ: DZm-
l- c - W - a mbn [¿a(- A - k vXnXzmwiw), kwLm- X (- k w- L m- X w),
A[v h m≥(\n- c o- £ - I - \ n¬\n∂pw \nco- £ n- X - Ø n¬\n∂pw kzX- { ¥-
amb), A[zm≥(-k-abw), IrX-I(-Ir-{Xn-aw), {]⁄m-]vXn(-{]m-tbm-KnI
A\p-jvTm-\w), kwt¢i (-A-ip-≤w), kwhr-Xn(-{]m-tbm-KnI kXyw),
\n¿an-XnI(-an-Yy), \nan-Øw(-Im-c-Ww), -[-- ¿a-[m-Xp(-bm-Ym¿Yy-Øns‚
kØ), ip≤-eu-In-I-(XnI®pw ùXn-Iw), temtIm-Øc (-ù-Xo-Im-
Xo-Xw), im¥n(-£-a), \n¿∆m-W(-\n¿∆m-Ww), Xmbn≥(-Kp-cp).''17
C{X-tbsd alm-bm\ ]Z-ßfpw k¶¬]-ßfpw D]-Po-hn®v sIń-
∏-SpØ i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øn\v Gsd-sbm∂pw Zm¿i-\n-I-Ø-\na Ah-Im-
i-s∏-Sm-\m-hn√ F∂-Xt√ bmYm¿Yyw?
AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-I-cn¬ G‰hpw {]¬`≥ {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cm-bn-
cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv X¿°-c-ln-X-am-Wv. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-sftbm thZ-ß-sftbm
B[m-c-am°n A{Xbv°v ka¿Y-amb Zm¿i-\nI hnNn-¥-\-ßƒ \S-Ønb
as‰m-cmƒ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v apºv Pohn-®n-cp-∂n-ń-√ F∂Xpw s]mXpsh
kΩ-Xn-°s∏´ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv, thtZm-]-\n-jXv Nn¥-Iƒ
G‰hpw hnImkw {]m]n-®Xv {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS AssZzX k¶¬]-ß-
fn-em-sW-∂¿Yw. F¶n¬ C{X°v auen-I-Xbpw {]mK¤yhpw Ah-Im-i-
s∏-Sp-s∂m-cmƒ am[y-anI˛_p≤ Nn¥-Isf C{X-tbsd ISw-sIm-≠n-´p-
s≠-¶n¬ Xo¿Øpw X\n-a-bp≈ Hscm‰ Zm¿i-\n-I\pw AssZzX Zm¿i-
\n-I¿°n-S-bn¬ D≠m-bn-t´-bn√ F∂t√ sXfn-bp-∂Xv?
]m›m-Xy-˛-]u-ckvXy Z¿i-\-ß-fn¬ Bh-Km-l-ap-≠mbncp∂ t]mƒ
{KntKm-dn-tbmkv Cßs\ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-Xns‚ ImcWw as‰m-∂-√;
""_p≤ Z¿i-\-hp-ambn hmKzm-Z-Øn-te¿s∏-´mWv lnµp Z¿i\w hnI-
kn-®Xv F∂Xv Hcp efn-X-kXyw am{X-am-Wv. C¥y-bn¬ BZy-ambn Z¿i-
\hpw X¿°-im-kv{Xhpw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-ØXv _p≤-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p.''18
C¥y≥ Z¿i-\-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ N¿®-bn¬ {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cysc Bi-
b-hm-Z-Øns‚ {]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ]ecpw IW-°m-°p-∂p. thZm¥ Nn¥-I-
cnse a‰p c≠p alm-cY - ∑ - m-cmb am[zm-Nm-cy-scbpw cmam-\p-Pm-Nm-cy-scbpw
ùXnI ho£-W-°m¿ Bi-b-hm-Zn-I-fn-emWv s]Sp-Øp-∂-sX-¶nepw
Bfl-\njvT Bi-b-hm-Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bnse At{K-k-c-\mbn Ahcpw ]cn-K-
Wn-°p-∂Xv {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-sc-bmWv. C¥y≥ XXz-Nn-¥-bpsS Ncn{Xw
112
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ {ian-®-h¿ Cu KW-Øn¬ FÆn-bn-´p≈ ]{¥≠mw
\q‰m-≠nse as‰mcp Zm¿i-\n-I-\mWv {iol¿j≥. \ymbZ¿i-\-Øns\-
Xnsc i‡-amb hna¿i-\-ßƒ \nc-Øp-Ibpw thZm¥ Nn¥-Iƒs°Xn-
cmb hna¿i-ßƒ°v adp-]Sn \¬Ip-IbpwsNbvXp {iol¿j≥. Ct±-l-
Øns‚ kw`m-h-\-I-sf-°p-dn®v khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn® {KŸ-Im-c-\mWv
k‰o-^≥ ^nen-]vkv. {iol¿js‚ Nn¥-Isf ]cm-a¿in-°p-tºmƒ Ah
_p≤nÃv AXn-ù-Xn-I-hmZ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂pw A\-¥-c-sa-Sp-Ø-Xm-
sW∂v ^nen]vkv Fgp-Xp-∂p. i¶-cm-ssZzX ]c-º-c-bnse Zm¿i-\n-I-
\mb {iol¿j\v thZ-ß-fp-ambn Fs¥-¶nepw XXz-Nn-¥m-_-‘-ap-≈-
Xmbn Ct±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂n-√ F∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. {ioi-¶-c\pw
{]ap-J-\mb as‰mcp AssZz-Xn°pw Zm¿i-\n-I-amb IS-∏mSv alm-bm\
_u≤ kn≤m-¥-ß-tfm-Sm-sW-∂-Xn-te-°p≈ as‰mcp kqN-\-bm-WnXv.
A\p-I-c-W-sa∂ Cu hogvN-sb-t∏mepw hnZy-bm-°m-\mWv AssZzX
Zm¿i-\n-I-cpsS {iaw. s{]m^-k¿ alm-tZ-h≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv {i≤n-
°pI:
""hymJym-\-Øn\v _p≤ ]Zm-h-enbpw k¶¬]-ßfpw KuU-]mZ≥
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Xs‚ ho£-WsØ hn⁄m-\-hm-Z-amtbm
am[y-an-I-Xz-amtbm At±lw hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂n-s√-∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv.
AssZzXw F∂ e£ysØ At±lw H´pw hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√.''19
hn⁄m-\-hm-Z-amtbm am[y-anI _p≤n-k-amtbm Xs‚ ho£-WsØ
KuU-]m-Z≥ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂n-s√∂v am{X-a√ C{X-b-[nIw tIm∏n-bSn
\S-Øn-bn´pw sNdnb tXmXn-se-¶nepw IS-∏mSv kqNn-∏n-°m\pw At±lw
{ian-®n-ń-√. Cu t_m[-]q¿h-amb IÆ-S-®n-cp-´m-°¬ AssZzX Zm¿i-\n-
I¿ e£y-t_m-[-Øns‚ e£-W-ambn IW-°m-°p∂p!20
alm-bm-\-˛-Ku-U-]m-Z-˛-i-¶-c- _-‘-sØ-∏‰n hni-I-e\w \S-Ønb
Nne Kth-j-I¿ KuU-]m-Z-t‚Xv thZm-¥m-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ Nn¥-I-fm-
sW-∂pw alm-bm-\-°m-cpsS Nne kt¶-X-ßsf At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-
´p-≈q-sh∂pw ka¿Yn-®n-´p-≠v. s{]m^. Ad-]p-d-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ AXn-
te-°p≈ kqN-\-bm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ hmN-I-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp°mw:
""am[yanI Xm¿°n-I-∑m¿ apJy-ambpw Ah-cnse \mKm¿Pp-\≥
kv]jvS-ambn cq]o-I-cn® s]mXp-hmb kwhr-Xn-kn-≤m¥-Øns‚ hI-t`-
Z-amWv ambm k¶¬]-sa-∂Xv F√m-h¿°pw Adn-bm-hp∂ hkvXp-Xb - mWv.
Cu _p≤- ⁄ m\ aowamw- k m- c oXn thZm- ¥ - Ø n¬ sIm≠p- h - ∂ Xv
KuU]m-Z-\m-sW-∂Xpw {]kn-≤-am-Wv.''
C{Xbpw Fgp-Xn-b-tijw s{]m^. Ad-]pd ka¿Yn-°p∂Xv alm-
bm-\-°m-cp-sSbpw KuU-]m-Z-s‚bpw ho£-W-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Cu kmZr-
iy-sØ-°mƒ henb `n∂-X-bp-s≠-∂m-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂ hm°p-
I-fn¬:
""KuU-]m-Zs‚ {_“-˛a - mb kn≤m-¥ß - fpw Pohm-fl˛- ]- c
- a
- mflm At`-
Zhpw D]\nj-Øp-°f - n¬\n∂pw h∂n-´p-≈X - mWv; _p≤≥ ]Tn-∏n-®h - b
- √...
At±-l-Øns‚ {][m\ {i≤ {_“-Øn-em-Wv. CXp ka¿Yn-°p-∂Xn\v
_p≤-∑m¿ cq]o-I-cn® kt¶-X-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂p am{Xw.''21
KuU]m-Zs‚ t{kmX v Nne D]-\n-jØv hmIy-ß-fm-sW-∂-Xn\v
kwi-b-an-√. F∂m¬, D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ Aßn-ßmbn Ahn-I-knX cq]-
Øn¬ am{Xw {]Xy-£-s∏´ AssZz-X-˛-ambm k¶¬]-ßƒ hnI-kn-∏n-
®Xpw Xm¿°n-I-ambn ÿm]n-®Xpw alm-bm\ _p≤-∑m-cm-Wv. CXv
km£m¬ _p≤≥ ]Tn-∏n-®-Xn¬s∏-´-X-s√∂ \nco-£-Whpw icn-X-s∂-
bm-Wv. D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fnse(hy-Xy-kvX-ß-fmb At\Iw [mc-W-I-fn¬)
Nne A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ amlbm\_p≤-∑m¿ hgn KuU-]m-Z-\n-se-Øn-sb∂
Ncn{X hkvXp-Xsb Duń-bp-d-∏n-°p-∂-XmWv ta¬ D≤-cWn. KuU-]m-
Z\v D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw alm-bm-\-°m¿°v _p≤-s‚(-lo-
\-bm-\w) ho£-W-ß-fp-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ hyXym-k-ßfpw Cu bmYm¿-
YysØ Zp¿_-e-am-°p-I-b-√; ]n¥p-W-bv°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
KuU]m-Z-s‚bpw i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw kn≤m-¥-ßƒ apgp-h≥ alm-
bm-\-°m-cp-tS-XmsW∂v B¿s°-¶nepw A`n-{]m-b-ap-≈-Xmbn tXm∂p-
∂n√. kn≤m-¥ß - f - nepw Ah-Xc - W
- c
- o-Xnbnepw Ch¿°n-Sb - nse kmZriyw
Ah-KW - n-°m-hp-∂X - n-tesd hep-Xm-sW-∂X - mWv apJy-amb Imcyw.22 ta¬
D≤-c-Wn-bn¬ teJI≥ `wKy-¥-tc-W-sb-¶nepw CXv kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-≠v.
AXm-bXv, {_“-kq-{X-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-SmØ ambm-hm-Zhpw kXy-
ßfpsS hn`m-Ko-Ic - W- hpw a‰pw i¶-cm-ssZz-XØ - n¬ IS-∂p-Iq-Sn-bXv KuU-
]m-Z≥ hgn alm-bm-\-°m-cn¬\n∂m-sW∂v CXn¬\n∂p sXfn-bp-∂p-≠v.23
KuU]m-Z≥ Hcp alm-bm\ _p≤n-Ãm-bn-cp∂p F∂ Nne ]fin-X-
cpsS A`n-{]mbw ChnsS {]k-‡-am-Wv. ZmkvKp-]vX-bpsS \nK-a\w
t\m°q.
""Aizm-tLm-j≥, \mKm¿Pp-\≥, Akw-K, hkp-_‘p XpS-ßnb
{]apJ _p≤ ]fin-X-∑m¿°p tij-amWv KuU-]m-Z≥ hcp-∂-Xv. KuU-
]m-Z≥Xs∂bpw Hcp _p≤n-Ãm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v th≠{X sXfn-hp-Iƒ
At±-l-Øns‚ hymJym\ IrXn-I-fn-ep-s≠-∂mWv Fs‚ hnizm-kw. D]-
\n-j-Øn-s‚bpw _p≤-s‚bpw A[ym-]-\-ßƒ kam-\-am-sW∂v KuU-
]m-Z≥ Icp-Xn.''24
\ymb-ambpw Db-cm-hp∂ kwi-b-an-Xm-Wv: _p≤≥ ambm-hmZnbpw
AssZzX hmZn-bp-am-bn-cp-t∂m? Hcn-°-ep-an-√. F∂n´pw _p≤ ]mc-º-cy-
114
Øn¬ Fßs\ ambm-hmZw Ib-dn-°q-Sn-sb-∂-XmWv {]iv\w. C¥y≥
XXzNn¥m Ncn-{X-Øn¬ H‰-s∏´ {]Xn-`m-k-a-√ Cß-s\-bp≈ "Zm¿i-\n-
Im-[n-\n-thi'ßƒ F∂p ImWm≥ {]bm-k-an-√. Kth-jWw \S-Øm-
sX-Øs∂ I≠p-In-´p∂ hkvXp-X-I-fn¬ s]Sp∂p CXv. {_“-kq-{X-Im-
c≥ ambm-hmZn A√m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw AXns‚ hymJym-\-ß-fn-t∑¬ ambm-
hm-Zw Btcm-]n-°-s∏-´-t√m. _p≤≥ iq\y-hmZn A√m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw iq\y-
hmZw _p≤-]m-c-º-cy-Øn-te°v kw{I-an-®Xpw kam-\-am-sbmcp BtZi-
\{]{Inb hgn-bm-Wv. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ AkwJyw hymP k¶¬]-ßƒ
_p≤s‚ta¬ alm-bm\ hn`m-K-°m¿ ASn-t®¬]n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
\mKm¿Pp-\-\m-Wt√m kwhr-X-hm-Z-Øns‚ D]-⁄m-Xm-hv. {_m“W
IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n® \mKm¿Pp-\≥ ]n∂oSv _p≤-a-X-Øn¬ tN¿∂p.
_p≤s‚ Bi-b-ßƒ A°m-eØv Hs´ms° ssII-S-Ø-ep-Iƒ°v
hnt[-b-am-ImsX \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu _p≤ {KŸ-ß-sf√mw
\mKm¿Pp-\≥ ]Tn-®p. ]t£, AsXm∂pw Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn At±-l-Øn\p
tXm∂n-bn-√-t{X. HSp-hn¬ Akw-Xr-]vX-\mbn cmPy-saßpw At±lw Np‰n-
Øn-cn-™p. Cu {]bm-WØ - n-\n-Sb
- n¬ kap-{Z-ßƒ°n-Sb- nse \mK-ßf - psS
sIm´m-c-Øn¬\n∂pw "alm-bm-\-kq{Xw' Xm≥ Is≠-Øn-b-Xmbn \mKm¿-
Pp-\≥ ]d-bp∂p.25 Ch kam-l-cn-®-XmWv "{]⁄m-]mc-anX.' CXn\p
tij-amWv Xs‚ Bfl-ob-XrjvW ian-®-sX-∂mWv \mKm¿Pp-\s‚
{]Jym-]-\w. alm-bm\ hn`m-K-Øns‚ hnip≤ {KŸ-ß-sf√mw \mKm¿Pp-
\≥ C{]-Imcw Is≠-Øn-b-Xm-Ws{X. CtX-∏‰n A°m-esØ _u≤
]fin-X-∑m¿ ]d-™Xv Ah \mKm¿Pp-\≥Xs∂ cNn-®-Xm-sW∂s{X.
BZy-Ime _p≤-∑msc lo\m-b\-∑m¿ F∂mWv ]n¬°m-e-Øp-≈-
h¿ hnfn-®-Xv. Cßs\ hnfn® alm-bm-\-∑m¿ bYm¿Y-Øn¬ BZy-Ime
_p≤ ho£-W-ß-sf X≈n-°-f-™-h-cm-Wv. \mKm¿Pp-\s‚ G‰hpw
{][m\ injy-\m-bn-cp∂ Bcy-tZ-h≥ Xs‚ IrXn-If - n¬ sNbvX ]Wnsb-
¥m-bn-cp-∂p-sht∂m? {]mNo\ _p≤Nn¥-I-cpsS ho£-W-ßsf Jfin-
°pI! tZ_o-{]-km-Zns‚ hcn-Iƒ {i≤n°q:
""_p≤s‚ ac-W-tijw GXm\pw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°-Iw At±-l-Øns‚
BNm-c˛- h- n-izmk hyh-ÿb - n¬ hfsc \mS-Io-b- am‰-ßf - p-≠m-bn. CXns‚
`mK-ambn Hcp hiØv A‘-hn-izm-k-ßƒ hf¿Øm≥ t_m[-]q¿hw
{ia-ßƒ \S-∂p. h≥tXm-Xn-ep-≠mb Cu am‰w _p≤n-ksØ Xncn-®-dn-
bm-\m-hmØ hn[w ]cn-h¿Øn-∏n-®p. B aX-Øn\v ]pXn-sbmcp t]cp-
Xs∂ Bh-iy-ambn h∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-an-√. Aßs\ alm-bm\w F∂
t]cp-≠m-bn.''26
_p≤\pw _p≤-a-X-Øn\pw kw`-hn-®-Xn\p kZr-i-amb Bi-b-hy-
Xn-bm-\-ßƒ _mZ-cm-b-W\pw thZm-¥-kq-{X-Øn\pw kw`hn-®p. Cu c≠v
DZm-l-c-W-ßfpw H‰-s∏-´-X-√. k\m-X-\-ambn C¥y-bnse Z¿i-\-ß-fn-
ep-≠m-bns°m≠n-cp∂ Ie¿∏p-I-fpsS ct≠-Sp-Iƒ am{X-am-Wnh. 27
auen-I-amb Bi-b-ß-sfbpw cN-\-I-sfbpw aen-\o-I-cn-°p∂ k{º-
Zmbw C¥ybnse k\m-X-\-am-sbmcp {]{In-b-bm-Wv. \n£n]vX Xm¬]-
cy-°m-cmWv Cu ssII-S-Ø-ep-Iƒ°v ]n∂n¬; an°-t∏mgpw ]utcm-ln-
Xy-Øns‚ ]¶v Hfn-™√ sXfn-™p-Xs∂ ImWm-\m-hpw. alm-bm\
_p≤-ImesØ Hcp {]apJ Nn¥m-kc - W
- n-bmWv ssie hn`m-K° - m-cptSXv.
]q¿h-ssi-e-°m¿, temtIm-ØchmZn-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ Ch-cn¬ A©p
hn`m-K-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw Ah¿°v aptº \ne-\n-
∂n-cp∂ aqe-Ir-Xn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS {Iahpw `mjbpw {]m[m-\y-{I-ahpw
am‰n-a-dn-®-Xmbn C¥y≥ Bi-b-hm-Z-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb tUm. ]n.-
F-kv. imkv{Xn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.28 ho£-W]-c-am-b -kwÿncXbpw
emfn-Xyhpw kv]jvSX - bpw B{K-ln-°p∂ kwip≤ a\- p-Iƒ°v CØcw
Ie¿∏p-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈m-\m-hn-√.
AssZzX cN-\I - f - psS Imcy-sa-Sp-°mw. {ioi-¶c - m-Nm-cy-cm¬ hnc-NnXw
F∂v s]mXpsh Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ "kuµ-cy-e-lcn'bn¬ ssII-S-Ø-ep-Iƒ
\S-∂-Xmbn hfscaptº A`n-{]m-b-ap-b¿∂n-cp-∂p. "tIcfob kwkvIr-
X-km-ln-Xy-N-cn{X'Øn¬ cmP-cm-P-h¿a-cmP Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kuµ-cy-e-l-
cn-bn¬ BZysØ \m¬]-Øn-sbm∂v ]Zy-ßƒ am{Xta BNm-cy-kzm-an-
I-fpsS IrXn-bm-bn-´p≈q F∂mWv sFXnlyw. Cu `mK-Øn¬ ImWp∂
Imhy-Kp-W-]p-jvSnbpw k¿thm-]cn {]`m-thm-XvI¿-jhpw a‰p ]Zy-ß-fn¬
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-∂p≈ hkvXpX hnNm-cn-°p-tºmƒ, Cu sFXnlyw
tIhew ASn-ÿm-\-c-ln-X-a-s√∂p ]d-tb-≠n-h-∂n-cn-°p-∂p.''29
"ISm-£-i-XI' `mjm hymJym-\-Øns‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ B¿.
\mcmb-W∏ - W
- n-°¿ "kuµ-cy-el - cn' {ioi-¶c - m-Nm-cy¿ Fgp-Xn-bX - √ F∂v
A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-Xmbpw cmP-cm-P-h¿a-cmP FgpXp-∂p-≠v. am{X-a√, {KŸ-
Im-c≥ Cß-s\bpw hy‡-am-°p∂p: ""BNm-cy-kzm-an-bn¬ I¿XrXzw
Btcm-]n--®p-sIm≠v AkwJyw kvtXm{X-ßƒ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-°-≠n-
´p-≠v. AXn¬ ]eXpw BZn-i-¶-cs‚ kvtXm{X-ß-f-s√∂pw Duln-°p-
hm≥ \ymb-ap-≠v.''30
CØcw Ir{Xn-aß - ƒ IS-Øn-°q-ń-bXv GXm-bmepw ]mac P\-ßtfm
km[m-c-W-°mtcm Bbn-cn-°n-s√∂p hy‡-am-Wv. kwkvIrX `mj-bn¬
Akm-am\y ]mS-h-ap-≈-h-cm-Ipw CXn\p ]n∂n¬.
ChnsS Hcp kwi-b-ap-Zn-°mw. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ _p≤ aXsØ i‡n-
bmbn Jfin-®n-´p-≠t√m? alm-bm\ _p≤ aX-°m-tcmSv i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°v
116
henb IS-∏m-Sp-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Cß-s\-sbmcp hna¿iw D≠m-Ip-
am-bn-cpt∂m? tZ_o-{]-km-Zns‚ hm°p-I-fn¬ CXns‚ ]›m-Øew
Xr]vXn-I-c-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-®n´p-≠v:
""D]-\n-jZv Bi-b-hm-ZsØ hnI-kn-X-amb cq]-Øn¬ ]p\¿hym-
Jym-\n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶nepw alm-bm\ _p≤-∑m-cn¬\n∂pw ISw-sIm-
≈m-Ø-Xmbn AXn¬ bmsXm-∂p-an-√. hºn® tXmXn-ep≈ Cu IS-
∏mSv _p≤-∑msc hna¿in-®p-sIm≠v aqSn-h-bv°p-I-bmWv i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿
sNbvX-Xv. Xm≥ Xs∂bpw {]N-cn-∏n-°m-\m-{K-ln-°p∂ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-
Iƒ apt∂m-´p-sh-®-Xn-\mWv Ahsc ]gn-Nm-cn-b-Xv. iq\y-hm-Z-Øns‚
h‡m-°-fp-ambn Zm¿i-\nI N¿® \S-Øp-∂Xv {]tbm-P\ cln-X-am-
sW∂v Ah- a - X n- t ∏msS At±lw ]d- b p- ∂ p. Imc- W w Ah¿
km[phmb hn⁄m\ t{kmX- p- I - f n- s em- ∂ nepw hniz- k n- ° p- ∂ n-
√s{X. bp‡n-tbmSv bmsXmcp aXn-∏p-an-√m-Ø-h-tcmSv Z¿i-\-sØ-∏‰n
Fßs\ N¿® \S-Øm-\mIpw! AtX-k-abw km[p-hmb F√m-Øcw
hn⁄m-\-t{km-X- p-I-fp-sSbpw bp‡n-bp-sSbpw \ntj[w kz¥w
kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ Hc-Sn-ÿm-\-ambn i¶-c≥Xs∂ IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-ap-
≠v. Xs‚ {]kn-≤-amb Zm¿i-\nI IrXn Bcw-`n-°p-∂-XpXs∂ km[p-
hmb F√m hn⁄m\ t{kmX- pI-sfbpw {]am-W-ß-sfbpw BXy-
¥nI \ne- ] m- S n¬\n∂p Xnc- k v I - c n- ® p- s Im- ≠ m- W v . kz¥w amXmhv
h‘y-bm-W∂p sXfn-bn-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-h-cp-sS-b{X \n¿e-÷-cmWv
hn⁄m-\-hm-Zn-I-sf∂v At±lw Bt£-]n-°p-∂p. `£Ww Ign-°p-
Ibpw F∂n- ´ - X ns‚ bmYm¿Yyw \ntj- [ n- ° p- I bpw sNøp- ∂ - h - s c-
t∏mse. F∂m¬, i¶-cs‚ Zm¿i-\nI \ne-]mSv A\p-k-cn®v XXz-Nn-
¥- I ¿ Ign- ° p∂ `£- W w- ˛ - ` u- X nI temIsØ as‰- √ m- ‰ n- s \bpw
t]mse˛ anYym-[m-c-W-bn¬ Ihn-s™m-∂p-a-√. hn⁄m-\-hm-Zn-Iƒ
ImWp-∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ bmYm¿Yy-sam∂pw i¶-c\pw Chbv°v
A\p-h-Zn-®n-ń√.''31
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS _p≤-hn-a¿i--Øns‚ D≈p-I-≈nIƒ CXmsW-
¶n¬ ta¬ D∂-bn® kwibw \nh¿Øn-°-s∏-Sp-a-t√m. i¶-cs‚ {_“-
kq{X hymJym-\-Øn-te°v _mZ-cm-b-W≥ apt∂m-´p-sh-°mØ XXz-
ßƒ IS-∂p-h∂ hgn kwi-b-an-√mØ hn[w kv]jvS-am-Im≥ CXp
klm-bn-°p∂p.
_mZ- c m- b - W s‚ {_“- k q- { X- Ø n¬ ImWm- Ø Xpw Ah- b nse
A[ym-]-\-ßƒ°v \nc-°m-Ø-Xp-amb hmZ-ßƒ ]n¬Im-eØv i¶-c-
`m-jy-Øn-eqsS Ib-dn-°q-Sn-sb∂v i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-sS- Xs∂ hnh-c-W-
ß-fn¬\n∂p ]tcm-£-ambn a\- n-em-Ip-∂p-≠v. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ AssZz-
X- c q- ] o- I - c - W - Ø n¬ X\n°p IS- ∏ m- S p- ≈ - X mbn {]kv X m- h n- ° p- ∂ Xv
KuU-]m-Z-t\m-SmWv; {_“-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb _mZ-cm-b-W-t\m-S-√. KuU-
]m-Z-\m-Is´ Xm≥ cNn® "afiyq-Iy-Im-cnI'bn¬ X\n°p apºv D]-
\n-j-Øp-Isf a‰m-sc-¶nepw AssZz-X-co-Xn-bn¬ hymJym-\n-®-Xmbn ]d-
bp- ∂ n- √ . {_“- k q- { X- I ¿Øm- h mb _mZ- c m- b - W s\t]mepw Xs‚
ap≥Km-an-bmbn KuU-]m-Z≥ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂n-s√∂v ZmkvKp]vX Nq≠n-
°m-´p-∂p.32 CXn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-Ip-∂Xv i¶-cm-Nm-cytcm KuU-]m-
Zt\m {_“-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb _mZ-cm-b-Ws\ Ah-cpsS ap≥Km-an-bmbn
KWn-®n-ń√ F∂mWv; Ah-cpsS thZm¥ Nn¥-bpsS B[mc {KŸ-
ß-fn-sem-∂mbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv {_“-kq-{X-am-sW-¶nepw!
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ tKmhn-µ-]mtfi Hc-[ymbw
\o°n-sh-®n-´p-≈Xv _p≤-aX hna¿i-\-ßƒ ]nc-tim-[n-°m-\m-Wv. Ah-
tbm-tcm∂pw kq£va-ambn hnh-cn® tijw ]mtfi Fgp-Xnb Cu
hcn-Iƒ {it≤-b-amWv:
""_mZ-cm-b-W≥ kn≤m-¥n-®-Xp-{]-Imcw D]-\n-j-Øp-Iƒ {_“-
sØ ]c-tam-∂X krjvSm-hmb ssZh-ambn ImWp∂p: PK-Øns\
{_“-Øns‚ ]cn-Wma ê-am-bmWv ho£n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Pohm-flm-hns‚
hyXn-cn-‡-Xsb anYybmb√ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈
thZm¥ ]mc- º - c y- Ø n¬\n∂v XnI®pw hyXy- k v X - a mWv i¶- c s‚
ImgvN-∏m-Sv. i¶-cs‚ `mjyw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv {]kn-≤-amb anYym
kn≤m¥tØm-sS-bm-Wv. XpS¿∂v kq{X-ß-fn¬ {]Xy-£-amb ho£-
W-ß-sfbpw Xs‚ BXy-¥nI \ne-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw ka-\z-bn-∏n-°m≥
c≠p-Xcw kXy-ß-fpsS kn≤m-¥-Øn-te°v i¶-c≥ FØp-∂p. Cu
_u≤ Bi-b-ßƒ KuU-]m-Z-\n¬\n∂mImw At±-l-Øn\p e`n-®-
Xv . '' 33
AXm-b-Xv, i¶-cm-ssZzXw thZm-¥-]m-c-º-cy-Øn¬\n∂v XnI®pw
hyXy-kvX-am-W∂v ]mtfi ChnsS kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p-sh-∂¿Yw!
i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øns‚ {]tXy-In®pw ambm-hm-Z-Øn-s‚- t{km-X v tXSp-
tºmƒ as‰mcp Zni-bn-ep≈ At\z-j-W-Øn\p km[y-X-bp-≠v. km[p-X-
bp-ap-≠v. "thZm¥w' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏´ Zm¿i-\nI ]≤-Xn°v GXp
Ime-ØmWv XpS°w Ipdn-®-Xv, AXns‚ D≈-S-°-sa-¥m-bn-cp-∂p. i¶-
cm-Nm-cy-cpsS AssZz-X-Ønse ASnÿm\ k¶¬]-ßƒ {]mKvth-Zm-¥-
Øn¬ Imäm-\pt≠m, Ah-bv°n-S-bn-ep≈ kmZr-iy-ßfpw sshPm-Xy-
ß-fp-sa¥v? CXymZn tNmZy-ßƒ ]cn-K-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
thZm¥w F∂ hm°ns‚ A¿Yw thZ-Øns‚ A¥yw F∂m-Wv.
thZ-Øns‚ A¥y-`m-K-ß-fmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂ D]-\n-j-Øp-°-fmWv
118
Ah-bn-e-S-ßnb kn≤m-¥-sa∂v Npcp°n∏-d-bmw. F∂m¬, GIo-Ir-
X- a m- s bmcp kn≤m¥w D]- \ n- j - Ø p- ° - f n- e p- t ≠m? Cs√∂v ]e
kwkvIrX ]fin-X-∑mcpw hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Ch-bnse XXz-hnNm-
c-ßsf Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv {_“-kq-{X-Im-c-\mb _mZ-cm-b-W≥
sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xv. hnhn[ ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eqsS {]Im-in-X-amb D]-\n-
jØv Bi-b-ß-sfbpw Ah-bn¬ {]Xy-£-ambn tXm∂p∂ sshcp-
≤y-ß-sfbpw `n∂-X-sbbpw {Iao-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv {_“-kq-{X-Im-c≥.
ka- \ z- b - I rXyw G‰hpw apJy- a mb e£y- a mbn IW- ° m- ° p- I bpw
{]Ya A[ym-bw-Xs∂ AXn\p \o°n-sh-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
{_“-kq-{Xw, DØ-c-aow-amw-k, thZm-¥-kq-{Xw, imco-cn-I-kq{Xw
F∂n-XymZn t]cp-I-fn¬ _mZ-cm-b-Ws‚ IrXn Adn-b-s∏-´p-sh-¶nepw
thZm¥w F∂ t]cn-emWv Cu Z¿i\w {]kn-≤-am-bXv. GXp Imew
apX-emWv thZm¥w F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv? C¥y-bnse BZy-
Ime kmln-Xy-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ CXn-te°p shfn®w hoip∂
sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-°m≥ km[y-X-bp-≠-t√m. {_m“W ]mc-º-cy-Ønepw
_p≤-˛-ssP\ kwkvIm-c-ßfnepw s]´ ]gb IrXn-Iƒ hni-I-e\w
sNbvX-tijw \I-apd FØp∂ \nK-a-\-an-XmWv:
""thZm-¥-Z¿i-\-Øns‚ {]mKv Bi-b-ßƒ _p≤\p apºp-≠mb
BZy-Ime D]-\n-j-Øp-I-fn¬ ImWmw. Hcp {]tXyI Nn¥m-[m-c-bmbn
Ch hI- k n- ® Xv ]n¬°me \q‰m- ≠ p- I - f n- e m- W v , _p≤n- k - Ø ns‚
kph¿W-Im-e-Øn-\p-tijw.'' 34
BZyIme _p≤ kmln-Xy-ß-fn¬ thZm-¥sØ i‡-\mb FXn-
cm-fn-bmbn ]cn-K-Wn-®n-ń-√ F∂-XmWv CXn-\p≈ {][m\ sXfn-hv.35
A\yZ¿i-\ß - s
- f∂ \ne-bn¬(-Xn¿∞n-I) _p≤ Nn¥-I∑ - m¿ ssIImcyw
sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv kmwJy-˛-ssh-ti-jnI kn≤m-¥-ß-sf-bm-Wv. _p≤-∑m-
cpsS At\Iw IrXn-Iƒ ssN\okv `mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-
ń-´p-≠v. ]ns∂ ImWp-∂Xv kmwJy-˛-ssh-ti-jn-I-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fpsS
`mjm-¥-c-ß-fm-Wv. _p≤ kmln-Xy-ßfp-ambn Xmc-Xays∏Sp-Øp-tºmƒ
Ch-bpsS Afhv hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. CØcw ssN\okv kmln-Xy-ß-fn-
sem∂pw thZm-¥-sa-s∂mcp {]tXyI Z¿i\w ]cm-a¿in-°s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
_p≤s‚ BZysØ Poh-Nc - n-{X-{K-Ÿa
- mWv "efn-Xh - n-kvXmc'. kmwJy,
tbmK, sshti-jn-I, _rl-kv]-Zob XpSßn A°meØv {]Nm-c-ap-≠m-
bn-cp∂ ]e Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-sfbpw Ch-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. F∂m¬,
thZm-¥-sa-s∂mcp Z¿i\ hn`m-K-sØ-∏‰n Ch \n»-_vZ-am-Wv.
alm-bm\ hn`m-K-Øns‚ {]mcw` Zm¿i-\n-I-\m-bn-cp∂p \mKm¿Pp-
\≥. Ct±-l-Øns‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂p Bcy-tZ-h. _p≤n-k-Øn\p ]pd-
Øp≈ Z¿i-\-ßsf Ct±lw "imkv{X' F∂ {KŸØn¬ Jfin-
°p- ∂ p- ≠ v . GI- t Ziw A©mw \q‰m- ≠ nemImw CsX- g p- X - s ∏- ´ - X v .
F∂m¬, thZm-¥n-Iƒ Fs∂mcp hn`m-KsØ]‰n Ct±lhpw ]cm-
a¿i-ß-sfm∂pw \S-Øn-bn-ń-√.
ssat{X-b-\mY Fs∂mcp _p≤ Zm¿i-\n-I≥ cq]o-I-cn® XXz-Nn-
¥m- k-c-Wn-bmWv "hn⁄m-\-]vXn-am-{XX.' F.-Un. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n-em-
WnXv. tijw h∂ Akw-K-\mWv CXp hnI-kn-∏n-®-Xv. CXn\p {]Nmcw
\¬In-bXv \memw \q‰m-≠nse hkp-_-‘p-hm-Wv. "tbmKm-Im-cm-`q-an-
imkv{X' Fs∂mcp _rl-ZvIrXn ssat{X-b-\mY cNn-®p. CXn¬ ]Xn-
\mdp Xcw A]-{`wi Z¿i-\-ß-sf-∏‰n hni-Z-ambn Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.
F∂m¬, AXn-sem∂pw thZm¥w s]ń-ń-s√-∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv.
thZm¥ Bi-b-ß-tfmSv kmZr-iy-ap≈ k¶¬]-ßƒ BZy-ambn
{]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xv alm-bm\ _p≤-∑m-cpsS cN-\-I-fn-em-Wv. AXm-b-
Xv, ]n¬Ime _p≤ Nn¥-I-∑m¿ am{Xta thZm-¥sØ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p≈q
F∂¿Yw. _p≤\p tijw Npcp-ßn-bXv Hcp \q‰m-s≠-¶nepw Ign-™mWv
alm-bm\w F∂ t]cn¬ thdn-s´mcp hn`mKw D≠m-b-sX-t∂m¿°p-I.36
{]tXyI Nn¥m-k-c-Wn-sb∂ \nen-bn¬ thZm¥w BZy-Ime _p≤
IrXn-I-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. F¶n-epw, kZr-i-amb Nne ]cm-a¿i-ß-f-
S-ßp∂ Nne `mK-ß-fp-≠v. hoSpw IpSpw-_hpw kzØpw a‰pw Dt]-£n®v
\mSp-Np-‰p∂ {_m“-W-sc-°p-dn®v Ah-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ch-cpsS
ho£-W-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ NneXv D≤-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. ]c-am¿Y
kXysØ {_“-sa∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ Ch-cm-bn-cn°mw BZysØ
thZm-¥n-Iƒ. Cu \nK-a\w icn-bm-bmepw Cs√-¶nepw at‰-sX-¶nepw Xc-
Øn¬s]´ thZm-¥n-Iƒ A°me-Øp-≠mbncp∂Xn\v bmsXmcp sXfn-
hpan-√. {_“sØ Ch¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿
kn≤m-¥n-®-Xn¬\n∂pw XnI®pw `n∂-am-bm-Wv. PKØv anYy-bm-sWt∂m
{_“hpw Pohm-flmhpw H∂m-sWt∂m Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂n-√. adn®v, ssZzX-
hm-Zn-Iƒ°p≈ {_“-k¶¬]-amWv kmam-t\y\ Ah¿°p-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂-sX∂v tXm∂p-∂p. k¿h-\n-b¥ - m-hmb ssZh-amWv temI-Øns‚ {kjv-
Sm-sh∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. Cuizc Imc-W-hm-Zn-bmbn "alm-t_m-
[n-Pm-XI'bn¬ Chsc ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hn[n-I-fp-sS-sb√mw (kpJ˛-
ZpxJ-ßƒ) Imc-W-ambn I≠n-cp-∂Xv ssZh-sØ-bmsW∂v "ssXtjm-
{Xn-]n-SI'bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. _p≤ kmln-Xy-amb "AwKp-Øc - \
- n-Imb'bnepw
"Zo¿L-\n-Imb'bnepw Chsc CtX hn[-amWv Nn{Xo-Ic - n-®n-´p-≈X- v.37 _p≤
IrXn-I-fnse {_“-hn-izm-kn-Isf∏‰n-bp≈ Cu hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂p
a\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv, BZy-Ime thZm-¥n-Iƒ F∂p hn-ti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂
120
Ch¿°v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Na-®-Xp-t]m-ep≈ hnizm-k-ß-f√ {_“-sØ-
°p-dn-®p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv F∂m-Wv.
thZm-¥-]-≤-Xn-sb-°p-dn®v kv]jvS-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn°m-Wp-∂Xv
]n¬Ime _p≤-Ir-Xn-I-fn-em-Wv. am[ya hn`m-K-°m-c-\mb `mh-hn-thI
(`-hy) Fs∂mcp Zm¿i-\n-Is‚ "am[y-a-I-˛-lr-Z-b-Im-cnI' F∂ {KŸ-
Øn¬. A©v-˛-Bdv \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°n-S-bn-te-Xm-Wn-Xv. Ct±lwXs∂
CXn- s \mcp hymJym- \ - s a- g p- X n- b n- ´ p- ≠ v . "am[yaI lrZ- b - h rØn'
AYhm "X¿°-Pzme' F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ Cu `mjy-Øns‚ F´mw
A[ym-b-Øn¬ thZm-¥-sØ Jfin-°p-∂p.
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-sc°mƒ Npcp-ßn-bXv Ccp-\qdv h¿j-ßƒ-°p-apºv
Pohn-®-bm-fmWv `hy-sb∂v tUm. \I-apd A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.38 ChnsS
{]k-‡-am-Ip∂ kwi-b-an-XmWv: `hy-bpsS cN-\-I-fn¬ {]Xy-£-
amb thZm-¥-Øns‚ kz`m-h-sa-¥mWv? AXv i¶-cm-ssZzXw t]mse-
bm-bn-cp-t∂m? As√-∂mWv a\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv.
{_“w, Bflm≥, Cuiz-c≥, ]pcp-j-a-tl-izc F∂n-XymZn t]cp-
I-sf√mw ]c-am-flm-hns\ Ipdn-°m-\mWv A°m-esØ thZm-¥n-Iƒ
D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-Wv: thZm-¥-Øns‚ `mK-
sa∂ \ne-bn¬ ambm-hm-Ztam AssZz-Xtam `hy Fhn-sSbpw N¿®
sNbvXn-ń-√.39
]n¬Ime _p≤-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ D]-\n-jZv Z¿i-\-ß-
fpsS kz`m-h-sa¥v? Ah¿°v i¶-cm-ssZz-X-hp-ambn tN¿®-bpt≠m?
Cu kwi-b-ßƒ \ΩpsS N¿®m-hn-j-b-hp-ambn _‘-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.
"AssZzXw' F∂ t]cn¬ D]-\njZv Z¿i\w am[y-an-I-km-ln-Xyß-
fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏ń-´p-≠v. F.-Un. F´mw \q‰m-≠nse _p≤ Nn¥-
I-\mb Ia-e-io-e≥ Xs‚ Kpcp-hmb im¥-c-£n-Xs‚ XXz-kw-{K-l-
Øn\v Fgp-Xnb hymJym-\-{K-Ÿ-amb "]©nI'bnse hnh-c-W-ßƒ
DZm-l-c-Ww. CXns‚ Bdmw A[ym-b-Øn¬ thZm¥ ho£-W-ßsf
Jfin-°p-∂p. F∂m¬, Cu AssZz-X-Øn\v i¶-cm-ssZz-X-hp-ambn
bmsXmcp kmZr-iy-hp-an-s√∂v tUm. \I-apd Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p.40 Ia-e-
io-es‚ IrXn-bnse thZm¥ k¶¬]-ßsf i¶-cs‚ kn≤m¥-hp-
ambn Xmc-XaywsNbvXp ]Tn®tijw \I-apd FØp∂ \nK-a-\-an-
XmWv :
""Ia-e-io-e≥ AssZz-X-sa∂p hnti-jn-∏n-®Xv ImWp-tºmƒ Bcpw
BZyw Hm¿°pI i¶-c-s\-bm-hpw. ]t£, ta¬ kqNn-∏n® {]tXy-I-X-
Isf Hmtcm-∂mbn \mw ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Ahbpw i¶-c-`m-jy-Ønse
k¶¬]-ßfpw Hcp \nebv°pw Hcp-t]m-se-b-s√∂v Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw.''41
_p≤ kmln-Xy-ßƒ am{Xta \man-hnsS kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈q. F∂m¬
C¥y-bnse GXp hn`m-K-°m-cpsS BZy-Ime Zm¿i-\nI cN-\-I-sf-Sp-
Ømepw ÿnXn `n∂-a-√. CXn¬\n∂pw A\n-hm-cy-ambpw FØm-hp∂
\nK-a-\-an-Xm-Wv: KuU-]m-Z\pw i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°pw apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂
thZm¥ k¶¬]-ß-fn¬ ambm-hm-Ztam Pohm-flm-˛-]-c-amflm kao-I-c-
Wtam ImW-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Ønse Cu ASn-ÿm\ ho£-W-
ßƒ thZm¥ ]mc- º - c y- ß ƒ°n- W - ß p- ∂ - X - √ . {_“- k q- { X- Ø ns‚
A¥x-kØ°v \nc-°mØ Cu ImgvN-∏mSv KuU-]m-Z-s‚bpw i¶-cm-
Nm-cy-cp-sSbpw kzbw-IrX k¶¬]-ß-fm-Wv. tUm. _n.-F≥.-sI. i¿a-
bpsS A\p-am\w {it≤-b-am-Wv.
""i¶-c\p apºp≈ GsX-¶nepw {_“-kq-{X-`mjyIm-c≥ ambm-
hym- J ym\w Na- ® n- c pt∂m F∂v kwi- b - a mWv . i¶- c s‚ {][m\
ap≥Kman KuU]m-Z≥ Xs‚ hymJym-\-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ {_“-kq{Xw D]-
tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm Xs‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ°v ]n¥p-W-bmbn AXns\
lmP-cm-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-ń-s√-∂Xv {it≤-b-am-Wv. {_“-kq-{X-ßsf
Xs‚ AssZzX k¶¬]- Ø n\v A\p- I q- e - a mbn hymJym- \ n- ° m≥
i¶c≥ hfsc Ijv S - s ∏- ´ n- ´ p- ≠ v . At±- l - Ø ns‚ hyJym- \ - ß - f psS
Ir{Xn-a-Xzhpw Btcm-]n-X-Xz-hp (Paranthetical)-amWv CXp-hgn sXfn-bn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kq{X-ß-fpsS kØ-bv°pw ]Z-ß-fpsS A¿Y-Øn\pw
B¥cn-I -bp-‡n°pw \nc-°m-Ø-hn[w hmZ-ßƒ hgp-Xn-t∏m-Ip-tºm-
gm-Wn-ßs\ kw`-hn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.''42
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS Poh-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb kwkvIr-X -]finX\pw
Kth-j-I-\p-amb tUm. Pn.-kn. ]mtfi BZy-Ime thZm-¥-hp-ambn
i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°p≈ _‘w N¿® sNøp-∂p-≠v. tUm. \I-ap-d-bp-tS-
Xp-t]mse hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn-te°v Cd-ßp∂ hni-I-e-\-a√ ]mtfi-bp-
tS-Xv. Hcp ]t£, Cu Dt±iyw Poh-N-cn-{X-Ir-Xn-bn¬ A`n-Im-ay-a√
F∂p Icp- X n- b Xp sIm≠p- a m- I mw. GXm- b m- e pw, i¶- c m- N m- c y¿°v
ap≥Ime thZm-¥-hp-am-bp≈ tN¿®-sb-∏‰n ]mtfi kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-
≠v. AXn-ß-s\-bmWv:
""Kp]vX Ime-L-´-Øns‚ A¥y-Ønse {][m\ Z¿i-\-ßƒ _p-
≤n-kw, ssP\n-kw, kmwJyw, \ymb-˛-ao-amwk F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]g-
btXm ]pXn-btXm Bb A\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw hn{K-l-cq-]-ß-fnepw
Ah-Xm-c-ß-fn-epw tZh-∑m-cnepw tI{µo-Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂p A°m-esØ
aXw. ]g-°-ta-sd-bp-s≠-¶nepw thZm-¥-Øn\v {]m_-ey-ap-≠m-bn-cp-
∂n√. bmYm- ÿ n- X nI BNm- c - ß fpw Cuiz- c - ˛ - \ n- c o- i z- c - h m- Z - ß fpw
]cnjv-I-cW Nn¥-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ G‰p-ap-´-en¬ AXns‚ i_vZw
122
t\¿Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Zp¿hym-Jym-\-ß-fn-e-I-s∏´
thZm-¥sØ X\-Xmb A¿Y-Øn¬ ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-embn i¶-
cs‚ apJy-{i-≤.''43
thZm-¥-Øns‚ X\-Xmb A¿Yw ]p\x-ÿm-]n®p F∂m-Wt√m
tUm. ]mtfi ta¬ hcn-I-fn¬ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. apºp-≠m-bn-
cp∂ thZm¥ hymJym-\-ß-sftbm Ah-bp-ambn i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øn-
\p≈ kmZr-iytam ]cn-tim-[n-°m-sX-bmWv {KŸ-Im-c≥ Cu \nK-a-
\-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xv. ]mtfi Fgp-Xnbt]mse Zp¿hym-Jym-\-ß-fn¬ hgn-
am-dn-t∏mbthZm¥ Nn¥sb i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ ]q¿hm¿Y-tØmsS ]p\x-
ÿm-]n-°p-I-b√ sNbv-XXv. adn-®v, AXphscbpw {_“-kq-{X-Øn\v
\¬Im-Xn-cp∂ hymJym-\-ßƒ ]pXp-Xmbn sI´-n®-a®v kq{X-Øns‚
X\-Xmb A¿Y-I¬]-\-I-fn¬\n∂pw i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ kzbw AI∂p
amdp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. ]mtfi-bpsS XpS¿∂p≈ hcn-Iƒ ]tcm-£-
am-sb-¶nepw CXn-te°v kqN\ \¬Ip-∂p≠v:
""]n¬°m-eØv sFXn-lm-kn-I-ambn IW-°m-°-s∏´ hn{ip-X-ß-
fmb hymJym-\-Ir-Xy-ß-fn-eqsS i¶-c≥ km[n-®Xv X\-Xmb thZm¥
A¿Y-Øns‚ ]p\x-ÿm-]\w am{X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√, AssZz-X-]-c-ambn
bp‡n-k-l-am-sbmcp Z¿i-\-ambn AXns\ ]p\¿hym-Jym-\n-°p∂
IrXyw IqSn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.''44
i¶-cm-ssZzXw Hcp ]p\¿hym-Jym-\-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p ]mtfi kΩ-
Xn-°p-∂p-≠-t√m. KuU-]m-Z∂pw i¶-c∂pw apºv at‰-sX-¶nepw {_“-
kq{X hymJym-Xm°ƒ Cß-s\-sbmcp hymJym\w Bhn-jvI-cn-®n-´pt≠m
F∂-XmWv ImX-emb {]iv\w. Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® sXfn-
hp-Iƒ ap≥\n-dpØn Dd-∏n-®p-]-dbmw: KuU-]m-Z\pw i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿°pw
apºv {_“-kq-{X-sØtbm thZm-¥-sØtbm ambm-hm-Z-Ønepw Pohm-flm-
˛-]-c-amflm kao-I-c-W-Ønepw A[n-jvTn-X-ambn hymJym-\n-®-Xn\v
sshZnI ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ bmsXmcp sXfn-hp-an-√.
Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
1. Sachidananda Murti, Philosophy in India: Tradition's, Teaching and Research (Motilal;
Delhi) 1985, P.40
2. T.M.P. Mahadevan,Gaudapada: A Study in Early Advaita. P.2 quoted by Thomas O'neil,
Maya in Sankara, P.52
3. Quoted by Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, What is living and what is dead in Indian Philoso-
phy (Peoples Publishing House: New Delhi) 1977, P.98
4. hkp-_-‘p, Zn·m-K≥, [¿a-Io¿Øn, Ipam-cnf≥ F∂n-h¿ a‰p {]ap-J-cm-Wv.
5. hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ°v Yan Yun Hua, 'Nagarjuna: One or more: A New Interpretation of Bud-
dhist Hagiography', History of Religion's, Vol:X, No:2, 1970.
6. Cu IrXn Cw•o-jn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Nagarjuna: A Translation of this
Mulamadhyamakarika with an Introductory Essay (Hokuseido Press: Tokyo) 1970
7. kwhrXn kXysØ \mKm¿Pp-\≥ ho≠pw c≠mbn `mKn-®p. anYym kwhr-Xn; aco-
Nn-I, kz]v\w, amPnIv t]mep≈ sFln-I anYy-I-fm-Wn-Xv. as‰m∂v XYym-kw-hr-
Xn-bm-Wv. ùXn-I-tem-Ihpw AXnse A\p-`-h-ßfpw CXn¬s]-Sp-∂p.
8. Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, What is living and what is Dead in Indian Philosophy, P 99-
100.
9. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol:I, P.423
10. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, `mc-Xob Z¿i-\w, hmfyw c≠v, t]Pv: 455. KuU]m-Z-s\-t∏mse
i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw CXp sNbvXn-´p-≠v. {_“-kq-{X-`m-jy-Øn-e-√, KuU]m-Zs‚
"amfiyq-Iy-Im-cnI'°v i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Fgp-Xnb hymJym-\-Øn¬.
11. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥, `mc-Xob Z¿i-\w, hmfyw c≠v, t]Pv: 444
12. Pande, Life and Thought of Sri Sankaracharya, P.115.
13. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv: 150
14. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv: 155
15. Roy, The Heritage of Sankara, P.9 quoted by Thomas O'Neil, Maya in Sankara, P.58.
16. T.M.P Mahadevan, 'Contemporary Relevance of the Insights of Advaita' in Contemporary
Indian Philosophy. P. 111, Edited by Margaret Chatterjee (Motilal: Delhi) 1998.
17. Ibid t]Pv: 111
18. Paul Gregorios, Enlightenment: East and West (B.R. Publishing Corp: Delhi) 1989, P.130
19. Reference 16, P.111
20. alm-bm\ _p≤ -Nn-¥-I-cpsS Bi-b-ßfpw hmZ-K-Xn-Ifpw h¿Ko-I-c-W-co-Xnbpw
samØ-ambpw Nn√-dbmbpw IS-sa-SpØ Zm¿i-\n-I-\mWv {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ F∂Xv
\ntj-[n-°m-\m-hmØ kXy-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠m-Im-at√m ]e bmYm-ÿn-XnI
]fin-X-∑mcpw {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cysc "{]O∂ _p≤≥' F∂v A]-l-kn-®-Xv. ]t£,
Cßs\-bp≈ {ioi-¶c - m-Nm-cy-sc auen-IX am{X-ap≈ Zm¿i-\n-Im-ib - ß
- f- psS tIZm-
c-am°n Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ {ia-ß-fmWv AssZz-X-hm-Zn-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Hcp-
Zm-l-cWw kqNn-∏n-°mw:
"kuµ-cy-e-lcn' {io i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cp-tS-Xm-sW∂v s]mXpsh Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ]-t£,
tIc-f-Ønse AssZzX ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ {]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂ hnZym-hm-N-kv]Zn hn.
]t\m-fn adn-s®mcp A`n-{]mbw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. At±lw Nq≠n-°m-´p-
∂Xv "kuµ-cy-e-lcn' i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ cNn-®-X-s√-∂m-Wv. Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v ""kuµ-
cy-e-l-cn-bnse BZy t«mIw Xs∂ Hc-\p-I-c-W-amWv'' F∂-Xm-Wv. Zm¿i-\nI
cwKØv A\p-I-c-W-Øn\pw B{i-b-Xz-Øn\pw "DØa' amXr-I-bmb {io i¶-cm-
Nm-cycpsS t«mIw A\p-I-c-W-am-Ip-∂-Xn¬ bmsXmcp Akzm-`m-hn-I-X-bp-an√ F∂-
XmWv hkvXp-X. bYm¿Y-Øn¬ A\p-I-c-W-am-sW-¶n¬ AXv i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS
cN-\-bm-Im-\mWv km[y-X-sb∂v Icp-Xp-I-bmWv IqSp-X¬ bp‡n-k-lw. hn.
]t\mfn Fgp-Xp∂p: ""kz¥amb Hcm-ibw sa\s™-Sp-°m≥ Ign-bmsX hcp-tºm-
gm-Wt√m A‘amb A\p-I-c-W-Øn\v Hcp-h≥ Hcp-sº-Sp-∂-Xv. "k¿h-iq\ym Zcn-
{ZXm' F∂p ]d-bm-dp-≈-Xp-t]m-se, Bi-b-Zm-cn{Zyw aqew hgn-ap-ń-b-h-\mWv A\p-
I-c-W-Øn-eqsS Imcy-sam-∏n-°m≥ tIm∏p-Iq-´p-∂-Xv.'' alm-bm\ _p≤ Nn¥-I-cpsS
iq\y-Xm-hm-Zhpw ambm-hm-Zhpw A\p-I-cn®v AssZz-X-k-cWn hymJym-\n-s®m-∏n®
{ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ "Bi-b-Zm-cn-{Zyw aqew hgn-ap-ń-b-h-\mWv' F∂v teJ-I≥ k-Ω-
Xn-°p-sa∂v {]Xo-£n-°mtam? km[y-ta-b√ F∂v At±-l-Øns‚ Cu {]Jym-]\w
km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: ""BNmcy kzman-I-fpsS `mjy-a-lm¿W-h-Øn¬\n∂v \nXy-
\q-X\- - Bi-bß - ƒ F{X-Xs∂ Du‰n-sb-Sp-Ømepw A{X-bv°{X ]ns∂bpw AhnsS
tijn-°p-∂X - mbn ImWmw.'' alm-bm\ _p≤ Nn¥-I∑ - m¿ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-®X
- n¬\n∂pw
`n∂-ambn i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øn¬ ImWp∂ ""\nXy-\q-X-\- Bi-b-ßƒ'' Fs¥m-s°-
bm-sW∂v teJ-I≥ BZyw hy‡-am-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. F¥m-I-s´, Cu ""\nXy-\q-X-
124
\- Bi-b-ßƒ'' F{X-Xs∂ Du‰n-sb-Sp-Ømepw A{X-bv°{X ]ns∂bpw AhnsS
tijn-°p-as{X! Hcp ]t£, Zzmc-ß-fm¬ Ae-¶r-X-amb ]m{Xw sIm≠v Du‰n-b-Xp-
sIm≠mImw A{Xbv°{X ]ns∂bpw AhnsS tijn-®Xv!! (hnZym-hm-N-kv]Xn hn.
]t\mfn, "kuµ-cy-e-l-cnbpw BNmcy kzman-Ifpw', amXr-`qan hmcm-¥-∏-Xn-∏v, 31
HIvtSm: 1999)
"kuµ-cy-e-lcn' bn¬ A\p-I-c-W-ßƒ ImWp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AXv {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy-
cm¬ hnc-Nn-X-am-Im≥ hø F∂ \ne-]m-SmWv tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw {]apJ
AssZzX ]fin-X\ - mb hmN-kv]Xn hn. ]t\m-fn-°v. F∂m¬ A{X-sbm∂pw ]fin-
X-\-s√-¶nepw i¶-cm-\p-bm-bnbmb s{]m^. sI. them-bp-[≥ \mb¿°v t\¿hncp-
≤-amb A`n-{]m-ba - m-Wp-≈X - v. At±lw FgpXn: ""\n¿KpW {_“-sa∂ ]mcam¿YnI
kXy-Øns‚ {]tW-Xm-hmb {ioi-¶-c≥ kvtXm{X-ßƒ cNn-°pI ANn-¥y-sa∂pw
AXp-sIm≠v Ah At±-lØ - ns‚ IrXn-If - m-Im-\n-Sb
- n-s√∂pw A`n-{]m-ba
- p≈ ip≤
AssZz-Xn-I-fp-ap-≠v. Znhym-flm-°-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ A⁄-X-bmWv Cß-s\-sbm-c-`n-{]m-
b-Øn\p \nZm\w. Htckabw Xs∂ kØ-bpsS F√m Xe-ß-fnepw F√m `mh-
ß-fnepw h¿Øn-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ hy‡n-I-fmWv Ak-Øn¬\n∂v kØn-te-°pw,
Xa- n¬\n∂v tPymXn-kn-te-°pw, arXyp-hn¬\n∂v Aar-X-Xz-Øn-te°pw Db¿∂
alm-Nm-cy-∑m¿. Ah¿°v Htc-k-abwXs∂ _nw_m-cm-[\ \S-Øm\pw kKpW
{_“-amb Cuizcs\ kvXpXn-°m-\pw, \n¿KpW {_“-km-£m-XvImcw A\p-`-hn-
°m\pw k®n-Zm-\-µ-Øn¬ ebn®v au\w Zo£n-°m\pw Ign-bpw. AXn\p Ign™
alm-flm-hm-bn-cp∂p {ioi-¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ F∂p \mw ad-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I.'' (sI. them-
bp-[≥ \mb¿, "i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw AssZz-X-th-Zm-¥hpw', amXr-`qan BgvN-∏-Xn∏v 1988
G{]n¬, 17-˛23, t]Pp-Iƒ 6˛8, 33)
""kØ-bpsS F√m Xe-ß-fnepw h¿Øn-°m≥'' Ign-hp-≈-h-cm-b-Xn-\m¬ F¥pw
{]Xo-£n-°m-sa-∂¿Yw. FhnsS \ns∂-¶nepw aT-b-Ø-ßƒ \nd™ Hcp IrXn
i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS t]cn¬ I≠pInń-sb-∂n-cn-°-s´, i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ Xm¿°n-I-]-Sphpw
[nj-Wm-im-en-bp-am-b-Xn-\m¬ CØ-c-samcp aT-b≥ IrXn cNn-°m\nS-bn√ F∂v
"ip≤ AssZz-X-hmZn'Iƒ ]d-t™-°pw. F∂m¬ them-bp-[≥ \mb-sc-t∏m-ep-≈-
h¿°v FXn¿hmZw D∂-bn-°m-\m-hpw. ""kØ-bpsS F√m Xe-ß-fnepw h¿Øn-
°m≥'' Ign-hp-≈-h-\m-I-bm¬ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ "aT-bØ'ßfpw Fgp-Xn-sb-∂n-cn-°pw.
Htc-k-abw [nj-Wm-]-c-amb hym]m-c-ß-fnepw aTb cN-\-I-fnepw G¿s∏-Sm≥ alm-
∑m¿°-√msX km[m-c-W-°m-c\p km[n-°p-tam-? "lm amb' F∂ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿
]d-™Xv Cu ""A\n¿h-N-ob k¶o¿W Ah-ÿm-¥c ]cn-Wn-Xn''(A-ssZz-X-`m-j-
bmtW!)-sb-°qSn Dt±-in-®m-Im-sa∂p t]mepw At±lw hmZn®p IqSm-bvI-bn√.
i¶-cm-ssZz-X-Øn\v t]cp-tZm-j-ap-≠m-°m≥ GXm-bmepw ssZzX-hm-Zn-Itfm hnin-
jvSm-ssZz-Xn-Itfm an\-s°-tS-≠-Xn-√. CØcw `‡m‘hnizm-kn-Iƒ HutZym-KnI
]fin-X-∑m-cm-bm¬ aXn.
21. Arapura, Truths in Buddhism and Vedanta, Ed: M. Sprung, p 112-113, quoted by O'Neil,
maya in Sankara, p 60-61
22. {_“w, Pohm-flmhv F∂n-XymZn kwh¿K-ßƒ {_“-kq-{X-Ønse aqe-[m-c-W-I-
fm-Wv. F∂m¬ thZm¥ hymJym-\-Øn¬ kq{X-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ°p \nc-°mØ "amb'
t]mep≈ k¶¬]-ßƒ i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ F¥n\v {]tbm-Kn®p F∂Xv {]k-‡-amb
tNmZy-am-Wv. Ch-bpsS t{kmX v iq\y-hmZ _p≤n-k-am-Wv.
23. i¶-cm-Nm-cysc "{]O-∂-_p-≤≥' F∂p hnfn-°m≥ CS-bmbXv Cub¿Y-Øn¬ am{X-
am-Wv. "kmwJy -{]-h-N-\-`mjy'Øns‚ Bap-J-Øn¬ hn⁄m-\-`n£p i¶-cm-Nm-
cy-sc Cßs\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. ambm-hm-Zn-I-fpsS {_“w iq\y-hm-Zn-IfpsS iq\y-
X-bm-sW∂v {_“-kq-{X-`m-jy-Øn¬ (II.2.29) am[zm-Nm-cycpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
24. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol:1, P. 423
25. Yan Yun Hua, History of Religions, Vol:X, No:2, 1970. quoted in Maya in Sankara, p 4041
26. Reference 3, P. 154
27. Cu ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS cmjv{So-bhpw kmº-Øn-I-hp-amb hn]-cy-b-ßƒ Adn-
bm≥, Ram Sharan Sharma bpsS Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient
India (Motilal; Delhi, 1991, pp 212 - 218) t\m°mw.
28. P.S. Sastri, Indian Idealism (Bharatiya Vidya Prakasam: Delhi) 1976, P.550
29. tIcf kwkvIrX kmlnXy Ncn-{Xw, t]Pv. 262, hn. ]t\mfn D≤-cn-®-Xv, amXr-`qan
hmcm-¥-∏-Xn-∏v, 31 HIvtSm-_¿: 1999
30. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 264
31. Reference 3, P. 42-43
32. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol:1, P. 422
33. Pande, Life and Thought of Sankaracharya, P.269
34. Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy P. 131
35. i¶-cm-Nm-cy-¿°v apºp≈ {_m“W Zm¿i-\nI {KŸ-ßƒ th≠{X tXmXn¬ e`y-
a-√. CXp-ambn Xmc-Xa - y-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ ssP\-˛_ - u≤ Zm¿i-\nI {KŸ-ßƒ Gsd
kº-∂-am-Wv. Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy P. 330
36. Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya, Two Trends in Indian philosphy, p 5-6.
37. Nakamura, A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy P. 135-136.
38. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 183
39. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 265
40. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 252
41. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 253
42. B.N.K. Sharma, Brahmasutra and its Principal Commentaries Vol:1, P.16
43. Pande, Life and Thought of Srisankaracharya P. 132
44. ta¬ IrXn, t]Pv. 133.

( - "-KQ (XW Sszzxtam Asszz-Xtam?: Ckvem-Aniv) N-JNWKV Lukv

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

( - "-KQ (XW Sszzxtam Asszz-Xtam?: Ckvem-Aniv) N-JNWKV Lukv

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

{_“-kq{Xw

F≥. Fw. lpssk≥

Ckvem-anIv ]ªn-jnwKv lukv

À {_“-kq{Xw ssZzXtam AssZz-Xtam? 71

À AssZzXw: bp‡nbpw thZhpw 85

À ambmhmZ-Øns‚ DXv]Øn 109

tUm. hn.-B¿. apc-fo-[-c≥,

You might also like