Pang Cha Moua

EDU 383
January 24, 2016

THEORIST GRAPHIC

Jean Piaget
After observing many children, he believed that all children went through four stages. The first stage is from birth to two years of age, the sensorimotor
period. At this stage, children learn from their parents and care-givers and imitate what they see and hear as well as experiment with making muscle movements
and sounds. The second stage is from two to six or seven years of age, which is called the preoperational period. During this stage, children uses mental imagery
and language and views the world around them through only their point of view. The third stage is from six or seven to eleven or twelve years of age, called the
concrete operational period. During this stage, children can understand others point of view in addition to theirs. They can also work out story problems and
reason. Lastly, the fourth stage is from eleven or twelve years of age up, called the formal operational period. During this stage, children are self-motivators and
capable of thinking both logically and abstractly.

Jerome Bruner
Bruner believed that curriculum should foster the development of problem-solving skills. He identified three stages of representations. The first stage is
called enactive, which is the representation of knowledge through actions. This stage involves the encoding and storage of information. The second stage is called
iconic, which is the visual summarization of images. This stage involves an internal representation of external objects visually in the form of a mental image or
icon. The third stage is called symbolic representation, which is the use of words and other symbols to describe experiences. This stage is when information is
stored in the form of a code or symbol, such as language.

Lev Vygotsky
Vygotsky believed that adults in a society foster childrens cognitive development in an intentional and systematic matter by engaging them in
challenging and meaningful activities. He places emphasis on culture, social factors, the role of language, and adults contributing to cognitive development. He
described something known as the zone of proximal development (ZDP), which has two levels. The first level is the present level of development, which
describes what the child is capable of doing without help. The second level is the potential level of development, which is what the child could potentially be
capable of with help from others.

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References

"Jean Piaget." Psychology History. N.p., n.d. Web.

http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/piaget.htm
"Learning Theory." Learning Theory. N.p., n.d. Web.
http://www.theoryfundamentals.com/bruner.htm
"Learning Theories for Maths." Learning Theories for Maths. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2016.
http://visual.ly/learning-theories-maths
"Theories of Cognitive Development: Lev Vygotsky." Psycho Hawks. N.p., 03 Nov. 2010.
https://psychohawks.wordpress.com/2010/11/03/theories-of-cognitive-development-lev-vygotsky/