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Outline
Introduction
Cracking Reaction
Process Flow Diagram
Introduction
www.timesonline.com
Byproducts
Methane
Hydrogen
Gas
Propane
Steam Cracker
170 MW heat duty
Modeled as 2 100MW
separate pyrolysis
furnaces
Each furnace 100 MW
capacity
Operates at 80%
capacity.
Distillation Columns
3 Total Columns
8 stage de-methanizer
10m high
3m diameter
20 stage de-ethylenizer
15m high
3m diameter
40 stage de-ethanizer
27m high
3m diameter
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Air pollution
Primary Nitrogen dioxide, Particulate
Matters, Volatile Organic
Component
. Secondary Ozone
Incinerators
Polyethylene
12
Some history
Polyethylene was first produced by British company
Imperial Chemical Industries. Preparation required
temperatures up to 200 deg C and pressures up to
2000atm.
Karl Ziegler prepared a high molecular weight
polyethylene at room temperature in 1952 while
working at Dacron Industries.
ICI polyethylene had shorter, branched chains, and was
waxy and easily deformed. Zieglers puppy was had
and rigid, and could easily be easily drawn into fibers.
Giulio Natta extended Zieglers research, eventually
showing how the geometry of polyethylene could be
controlled by certain catalysts (produced by Ziegler).
Crystalline regions
lie in alternating
fashion with
amorphous regions,
which creates
scattering of light
Pure
polyethylene,
low- and highdensity
polyethylene
(LDPE, HDPE)
A polymer made
form just one
monomer is
polyethylene. It
is the most
common plastic
you see.
It is used for
bottles, buckets,
jugs, containers,
toys, even
synthetic
lumber, and
many other
things.
High-Density Polyethylene
Absence of branching results in a more
closely packed structure, more crystalline,
higher density, and chemical resistance
slightly higher than that of LDPE.
Resists alcohols, acids, bases, esters, and
aldehydes
Specific Gravity: 0.94 to 0.97
Melting point 130 to 135 deg C
Carbon chains can are 10,000 to 100,000
carbon atoms long
Translucent
Low-density Polyethylene
(LDPE)
Small amount of branching on the chain
gives a more open structure
Melting point of 109 to 125 deg C
Does not react at room temperature
Resists alcohols, esters, acids, and bases.
Limited resistance to aldehydes.
Translucent to opaque
Used for plastic food or garment bags,
spray bottles, plastic lids.
Pure Polyethylene
Low density arises from minimal amount of
branching in chain, gives a more open
structure.
Translucent to opaque
Resists acids, bases, esters, alcohols,
hydrocarbons. Limited resistance to
aldehydes.
Does not react at room temperature
Translucent to opaque.
Properties
Poylethylene is a solvent
for fats, oils, and grease.
Dissolving occurs
slowly.
Electrons are tightly
trapped in their C-C and
C-H bonds, which results
in an inability of
electrical current to flow.
Also results in inability
for water and ions to
penetrate interior of
solid.
Properties
As a thermoplastic it can be remelted
and re-extruded as sheet, piping,
bottles.
PE is limited to use at low
temperatures due to creep/viscoelastic
deformation.
It is chemically resistant to the point
of being difficult to bond to other parts
except by welding or by mechanical
joining.
H
C
C
H
Other Facts
Polyethylene is a thermoplastic. That is, it
becomes soft and malleable when heated,
and hard and solid when cooled. (So, basically, its a
plastic..)
R-E-C-Y-C-L-E, Recycle. . .
Polyethylene does
not biodegrate
unless first oxidized.
Polyeofins are highly
susceptible to
photooxidation, or
oxidation caused by
the exposure to light.
Hindered-amine
light stabilizers are
film, which is widely used for
then used to preventPolyethylene
packaging, is formed by extruding the molten
plastic through a ring-like gap and inflating it
photooxidation.
like a balloon.
The favorite properties of plastics are that they are inert and won't
react with what is stored in them. They also are durable and won't
easily decay, dissolve, or break apart. These are great qualities
for things you keep, but when you throw them away, they won't
decompose.