Periodicity

Properties of elements
Sizes of atoms and ions
Electron Configuration of ions

Ionization Energy
Electron affinity
Reactivity
Metallic Character

Mary J. Bojan

Chem 110

Electron Configuration and the

Periodic Table
Location on Periodic Table is related to electron configuration
Elements in the same row (family) have the same valence shell configuration.
Example: alkali metals (row 1)
have ns1 valence configuration
(H)
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs

1s1
[He] 2s1
[Ne] 3s1
[Ar] 4s1
[Kr] 5s1
[Xe] 6s1

halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) have

Valence electrons
determine the
chemistry!

noble gases (inert) have

Mary J. Bojan

Chem 110

PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS
Electron configurations determine
the organization of the Periodic Table
AND
the properties of the elements:
reason for periodic trends in behavior

Properties of elements are determined by:

Size (n) and shape () of orbitals
Atomic number (nuclear charge)

Elemental properties:
atomic size
ionization energy
electron affinities
reactivity
Mary J. Bojan

Chem 110

ATOMIC SIZE
size increases going down group
WHY ?

size decreases going from left to right across a period

WHY ?

Mary J. Bojan

Chem 110

Trends in Radii

Mary J. Bojan

Chem 110

ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS OF IONS

Elements gain or lose electrons to form
separate ions with complete octets.
eNa
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Cl
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p5

core electrons

valence electrons

Na+
1s2 2s2 2p6
[Ne]
Mary J. Bojan

Cl
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6
complete octets
[Ar]
Chem 110

Charges of Common Ions

Mary J. Bojan

Chem 110

ION SIZES
cations are smaller than
parent atoms
Na
1.86

anions are larger than

parent atoms
Cl
0.99

Na+
0.96

Cl
1.81

atom size increases going down family

ion size also increases
Li+
Na+
K+
Rb+
Mary J. Bojan

F
Cl
Br
I

size
increases
Chem 110

Ionic Radii

Mary J. Bojan

Chem 110

ISOELECTRONIC SERIES
Isoelectronic
Isoelectronic series
a series of atoms or ions that have
Example:
O2
F
Na+
# electrons?
nuclear charge
size

Mg2+

Al3+

Put these ions in order of increasing size.

Ca2+
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S2

K+

Cl
Chem 110

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IONIZATION ENERGY
Energy needed to remove an electron
I1 First ionization energy
I1
I2 Second ionization energy
I2
etc.
-----------------------------------------------------

Mary J. Bojan

Chem 110

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IONIZATION ENERGY
Example: Mg 1s22s22p6 3s2
[Ne]
core electrons
I1=
I2=
I3=

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738
1451
7733

kJ/mol
kJ/mol
kJ/mol

valence electrons
Mg+(g) [Ne] 3s1
Mg+2(g) [Ne]
Mg+3(g) 1s2 2s22p5

Chem 110

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IONIZATION ENERGY

Mary J. Bojan

Chem 110

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IONIZATION ENERGY: TRENDS

going down a family
Li
Size? Na
K
Rb
Cs

I1 (kJ/mol)
510
490
I.E.
418
increases
403
375

across the periodic table

Na Mg
490 735
size

Al Si
P
S
580 780 1060 1005

Cl
1225

Ar
1550

I1 (kJ/mol)
I.E

I1 increases from left to right (some exceptions)

Electron further from the nucleus easier to remove, but takes extra energy
to remove electrons from filled subshells (Mg, Ar) or half filled subshells (P)
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Chem 110

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Ionization Energy

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Chem 110

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Trends in I.E.

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Chem 110

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ELECTRON AFFINITIES
Energy needed to add an electron to an atom or ion in the gas phase.
Cl(g) + e Cl(g) E.A. = 349kJ/mol
Halogens:
Group II metals (Be, Mg, Ca):
Group I metals :

Noble gases:

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Chem 110

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Electron Affinities

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Chem 110

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Metal vs. Nonmetal

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Chem 110

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METAL REACTIVITY
2Li(s) +2H2O()2Li+(aq) +2OH(aq)+H2(g)
2Na(s)+2H2O()2Na+(aq)+2OH(aq)+H2(g)
2K(s) +2H2O()2K+(aq) +2OH(aq)+H2(g)
Li
Na
K
Rb

Be
Mg
Ca
Sr

Reactivity ____ as ionization energy ____

(IE = energy need to form a positive ion)
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Chem 110

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HALOGEN REACTIVITY
2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)
2KCl(aq) + I2(aq)
2KBr(aq) + I2(aq)
2KBr(aq)
2KI(aq)
2KI(aq

no reaction
no reaction
no reaction

+ Cl2(aq) 2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)

+ Cl2(aq) 2KCl(aq) + I2(aq)
+ Br2(aq) 2KBr(aq) + I2(aq)

Cl2 more reactive than Br2 or I2

Br2 more reactive than I2

F2
electron
Cl2
reactivity
affinity
Br2
I2
Reactivity increases as electron affinity increases
Mary J. Bojan

Chem 110

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