ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY

1. It is a chemical composition of asphalt that gives color and hardness.

Asphaltene
2. It impart ductility and high break point and provides stickiness in asphalt.
Resin (petrolenes)
3. It provides softness and viscosity of asphalt.
Oily constituents (petrolenes)
4. It is an interconnected cracks forming a series of small blocks resembling an alligators or chicken wire.
Alligator crack
5. It is an upward movement of asphalt in an asphalt pavement resulting in the formation of a film of asphalt on the
surface.
Bleeding or flushing asphalt
6. It is a localized buckling or shattering of a rigid-type pavement, occurring usually at transverse crack or joint.
Blow-up
7. It is a form of plastic movement typified by ripples across the pavement surface.
Corrugation (wash boarding)
8. It is a separation of the pavement due to natural causes, traffic action, or reflections from an underlying pavement.
Crack
9. It is a downward vertical movement of a pavement surface due to the application of a load to the surface.
Deflection
10. It is a localized low areas of limited size that may or may not be accompanied by cracking.
Depressions
11. It is the breaking up of a pavement surface from its original shape.
Disintegration
12. It is a bowled shape holes of varying sizes in the pavement resulting from localized disintegration.
Potholes
13. It is the progressive separation of aggregate particles in a pavement from the surface downward or from the edges
inward.
Ravelling
14. It is cracks in asphalt overlays that reflects the crack pattern in the pavement structure underneath.
Reflection cracks
15. It a channelized depression that may develop in the wheel tracks of an asphalt pavement.
Rutting
16. It is a form of plastic movement resulting to localized bulging of the pavement.
Shoving
17. It is a condition that might contribute to making a pavement slippery.
Skid Hazard
18. It is cracks caused by lack of bond between two pavement layers (sometimes crescent shape).
Slippage crack
19. It is the localized upward displacement of a pavement due to swelling of the sub grade or some portion of the
pavement structure.
Upheaval
20. It is the primary quality control mechanism for the production of asphalt mixture
Job-mix formula
21. It is the most commonly used method in the design and evaluation of bituminous concrete mixes
Marshall Stability Method

22. It is the ratio of wet to dry stability of the asphalt mix (compressive strength)
Index of Retained Strength
23. It is a test to determine the IRS of the mix.
Immersion/Compression Test
24. It is a test that determines the asphalt content of the mix.
Extraction Test
25. It is a test that determines the particle size distribution of coarse and fine aggregates.
Grading Test
26. It is a test that determines the degree of compaction.
Laboratory Density Test
27. What is the maximum speed of the roller.
5km/hr
28. Placing temperature for bituminous mixes measured in the truck prior to dumping.
At least 107C
29. When tar is used, what is the temperature that the asphalt mix shall be placed?
66C 107C
30. Equipment used for initial rolling (breakdown compaction)
Pneumatic Tire Roller
31. Equipment used for final rolling (erase the equipmet marks)
3-wheel tandem type steel wheel roller (tandem smooth wheeled roller)
32. What is the minimum degree of compaction of asphalt pavement?
Not less than 95% of the density of the laboratory compacted specimens.
33. Maximum variation of the surface from the testing edge of the straight edge between contacts with the surface in
Item 310.
6mm
34. What is the size of the sample in Item 310 taken for each days operation?
150mm x 150mm x 100mm dia.
35. In bituminous mixture composition, percent of aggregates ranges from?
92% - 95%
36. The percent of asphalt used in bituminous mix ranges from
5% - 8%
37. What is used in hot climate?
Low penetration grade or hard asphalt
38. What is used in cold climate?
Higher penetration grade or softer asphalt
39. What are the two types of bitumen that are commonly used in the bituminous mixture?
a. Tar is a viscous liquid obtained from the distillation of coal or wood
b. Petroleum Asphalt are the products of the distillation of crude oil
40. What are the solvents of cut-back asphalt?
a. Gasolene for rapid-curing type
b. Kerosene for medium curing type
c. Diesel for slow curing-type
41. Emulsified asphalt are either _____ or _____?
a. Cationic emulsion works better with wet aggregates and in cold weather. It is a positively charged electron
b. Anionic emulsion adheres better to aggregates which have positive charge. It is a negatively charged electron.
42. How many weeks do the producer of asphalt mix or the contractor shall submit the job-mix formula?

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44.
45.
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47.
48.
49.
50.

Three (3) weeks

Item 310 shall have a mass percent of air voids with range of?
3% - 5%
What is the minimum dry compressive strength of Item 310?
1.4MPa (200psi)
What is the required Index of Retained Strength of Item 310 when tested by AASHTO T65?
70% minimum
Job-mix tolerance for temperature in the mixture for Item 310?
10C
What is the required tolerance for bituminous material in job-mix formula for Item 310?
0.4%
Job-mix tolerance in Item 310 for grading, passing No.4 and larger size.
7
Job-mix tolerance in Item 310 for grading, passing No. 8 to No. 100 sieve.
4
Job-mix tolerance in Item 310 for grading, passing No. 200 sieve
2

PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT (Item 311)

1. The minimum flexural strength of beam sample when tested by third point loading?
3.8 MPa
2. The minimum flexural requirement of beam sample when tested by middle point loading?
4.5 MPa
3. The compressive strength of beam sample when tested at 14 days?
24.1 MPa or 3500psi
4. What is the slump of a workable concrete if not vibrated?
40-75mm
5. Slump of workable concrete if vibrated?
10-40mm
6. What is the maximum deviation from true line of forms in contact with the foundation?
1 cm at any point
7. How many hours after concrete pouring shall the forms remain undisturbed? (removal of forms of concrete
pavement)
24 hours
8. When mixed in a central mixing plant, the mixing time shall not be less that _____ nor more than _____.
50 seconds nor more than 90 seconds
9. What is the maximum time required in transporting mixed concrete from the time the water is added to the mix
until it is deposited in place at the site when hauled in non-agitating trucks?
45 minutes
10. Vibrators shall not be operated longer than how may seconds in any location?
15 seconds
11. How many set of test specimens shall be taken from 330 sq.m. of pavement for testing? (230 depth)
1 set of 3 beam samples
12. The minimum depth of the weakened joint.

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17.
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20.

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27.

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29.
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31.

50mm
The maximum width of the weakened joint.
6mm
What shall be done if cracks appear at or near the joint prior to the time of sawing?
Sawing shall be omitted
The sawing of joints shall commerce usually within how many hours?
24 hours
What is constructed when there is an interruption of more than 30 minutes in the concreting operation?
Transverse construction joint or cold joint
No cold joint shall be constructed within _____ of an expansion, contraction joint or plane of weakness.
1.5 meter
What kind of bar is placed perpendicular to the longitudinal construction joint?
Deformed steel tie bar
Tie bar shall not be coated or painted with?
Asphalt or other materials
What is the material that is used as a load transfer device held in a position parallel to the surface and center line of
the slab pavement?
Dowel
To protect dowels from corrosion and to facilitate sliding in concrete, it shall be coated with what?
Thin film of bitumen
What is the maximum depth of corrugation produced by brooming in the surface of the pavement?
1.5 mm
The surface of a newly put concrete when has sufficiently set shall be cured for a period of ____?
72 hours
When is the right time to seal the joints?
After the curing period or before it is opened to traffic
It is a linear fracture in concrete that can result either from the applied loads or from temperature or moisture
change.
Cracks
It is a crack that develops before the concrete has hardened, usually between 1 and 8 hours after placing and occurs
on or near the surface of the concrete.
Plastic cracks
It is a crack which may take several weeks to develop usually occurs when large volumes of plain concrete are placed
because of restraint to contraction on cooling from a temperature peak caused by the heat of hydration of cement.
Thermal cracks
It is a crack in large sections are induced by tensile stresses due to internal restraint caused by differential shrinkage
between the surface and the interior of the concrete usually take weeks or months to develop. It occur also because
of external restraint to movement provided by another part of the structure or by the subgrade.
Drying shrinkage cracks
In controlling shrinkage cracking in unreinforced concrete, the contraction joints are spaced at?
4-7m (5m)
In controlling shrinkage cracking in reinforced concrete, the contraction joints are spaced at?
12-30m
When placing the concrete, the required temperature should be less than?
29C

32. It is provided to relieve the tensile stresses due to temperature, moisture and friction thereby controlling cracking. If
it is not installed, random cracking would occur on the surface of the pavement.
Contraction or weakened plane joint
33. Its primary function is to provide space for the expansion of the pavement preventing the development of
compressive stresses which can cause the pavement to buckle.
Expansion joint
34. Its purpose is to control the magnitude of temperature warping stresses to prevent longitudinal cracking of the
pavement.
Construction joints
35. The minimum spacing of expansion joint for slabs with thickness 200 mm or greater.
60m
36. The minimum thickness of expansion joint for slabs with thickness lesser than 200mm.
40m
37. It is an instrument used to measure pavement deflections from vehicle wheel loadings?
Benkelman Beam
38. It is a manually operated device for deriving a measurement of roughness from the surface profile.
MERLIN Road Roughness Measuring Device (Machine for Evaluation Roughness using Low-cost Instrumentation)
39. It is used for surface test of concrete and asphalt pavements as soon as the concrete has hardened sufficiently or as
soon as the asphalt mix has been initiaaly compacted.
3-meter straight edge
40.

EMBANKMENT AND SUBGRADE PREPARATION

1. What is the liquid limit and plasticity index of a soil in which it is considered as unsuitable material?
Liquid limit exceeding 80 and plasticity index exceeding 55
2. What is the natural water content of the soil if considered as unsuitable material?
Exceeding 100%

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ITEM 405)

1. Class of concrete used in all superstructures and heavily reinforced substructures. The important parts of the
structure included are slabs, beams, girders, columns, arch ribs, box culverts, reinforced abutments, retaining walls,
and reinforced footings.
Class A
2. Class of concrete used in footings, pedestals, massive pier shafts, pipe bedding, and gravity walls, unreinforced or
with only a small amount of reinforcement.
Class B
3. Class of concrete used in thin reinforced sections, railings, precast R.C. piles and cribbing and for filler in steel grid
floors.
Class C
4. Class of concrete used in prestressed concrete structures and members.
Class P
5. Class of concrete deposited in water.
Class Seal

6. What is the sample for compressive strength determination of a structural concrete?

Concrete cylinder sample
7. What is the size of the test specimen for concrete cylinder taken from 75 cu.m. of each class of concrete?
6 x 12 inches (150 x 300mm)
8. How many hours should a aggregate be washed and stockpiled before batching starts?
12 hours
9. When cement is placed in contact with moist aggregates, batches will be rejected unless mixed within how many
hours of such contact.
1 hour or 90 minutes
10. In batching concrete mix, the accuracy of cement content shall be___.
1.0 mass %
11. What is the maximum range of error in measuring the water for batching?
1.0%
12. The maximum tolerance of aggregates in batching.
2%
13. What is the accuracy of the admixture measured into the mixer?
3%
14. The maximum allowable time interval for the delivery of batches?
30 minutes
15. All concrete shall be mixed for a period of _____ after all materials, including water is in the mixer.
Not less than 1 hours or 90 minutes
16. In truck mixing, what is the minimum revolutions after all the ingredients, including water, are already in the drum?
100 revolutions
17. What is the range of mixing speed in truck mixing?
4rpm 6rpm
18. When will truck mixing start?
Mixing shall begin within 30 minutes upon cement has due added 15 minutes when wet aggregates is used, as
32C temperature is present
19. What is the mixing time of concrete?
1.5 cu.m. capacity mixer, T60 seconds
Above 1.5 cu.m. capacity mixer, T90 seconds
20. In final computation of concrete in road to be paid, what is the maximum size of pipe that is negligible in the volume
computation?
100mm (4 in) diameter pipe (or less)

CONCRETE STRUCTURES (ITEM 407)

1. If lean concrete is required prior to the placing of RSB, what is its required minimum compressive strength?
13.8MPa (2000psi)
2. The acceptable distance of dropping of concrete in placing operations.
1.5 m
3. What is the minimum cement content of concrete deposited in water?
400 kg/cu.m.
4. Before the caps are placed, what is the minimum time shall the concrete be allowed to set? (columns,girders)
20 hours
5. The minimum hours for curing?
72 hours

AGGREGATE SURFACE COURSE (ITEM 300)

1. This item shall consist of a wearing or top course composed of gravel or crushed aggregate and binder material,
whichever is called for in the Bill of Quantities.
Item 300

1. Bituminous materials shall not be applied if the weather is what?

Foggy or rainy
2. What surfaces shall prime coat be applied?
Dry or slightly moist

BITUMINOUS PRIME COAT (ITEM 301)

1. This Item shall consist of preparing and treating an aggregate base course with material in accordance with the Plans
and Specifications, preparatory to the construction of a bituminous surface course.
Item 301
2. The rate of application of Bituminous Prime Coat?
1-2 lit/sq.m.
3. What is the minimum time that prime coat shall be left undisturbed?
24 hours

BITUMINOUS TACK COAT (ITEM 302)

1. This Item shall consist of preparing and treating an existing bituminous or cement concrete surface with bituminous
material in accordance with the Plans and Specifications, preparatory to the construction of a bituminous surface
course.
Item 302
2. The rate of application of Bituminous Tack Coat?
0.2-0.7 lit/sq.m.

BITUMINOUS SEAL COAT (ITEM 303)

1. This Item shall consist of an application of bituminous material with or without an application of aggregate on an
existing bituminous surface course in accordance with the Plans and Specifications.
Item 303
2. The minimum density of crushed slag when used as aggregate in Item 303?
960 /cu.m.
3. In no event shall seal coat be placed on newly constructed or reconditioned surfaces in less than how many days
after such surface is laid and opened to traffic.
10 days
4. What is the rate of application of Bituminous Seal Coat?
-0.9-1.8 lit/sq.m. for asphalt cement
-1.5-3.0 lit/sq.m. for cut-back asphalt
5. What is the rate of application if the cover aggregate evenly spread after the application of asphalt?
0.004-0.007 cu.m./sq.m.
6. The weight of the power roller of spreading the cover aggregate?
4-6 tonnes

BITUMINOUS ROAD MIX SURFACE COURSE (ITEM 306)

1. What is the proportion of bituminous material on the basis of total dry aggregate when cut-back asphalt is used?
4.5-7.0%

2. What is the proportion of bituminous material on the basis of total dry aggregate when emulsified asphalt is used?
6-10%
3. What is the mass percent of hydrated lime, dry aggregate basis, shall be added the mix during mixing operation?
0.5-1.0 mass percent

BITUMINOUS PLANT-MIX SURFACE COURSE (ITEM 307)

1. This item includes general requirements that are applicable to all types of bituminous plant mix surface courses
irrespective of gradation of aggregate or kind and amount of bituminous material.
Item 307
2. What is the size of the sample after each days work for bituminous pavement?
150x150mm or 100mm diameter full depth
3. If samples are not taken during each days operation, what should be the alternative?
Take a core sample for the finished pavement 1 core/100 l.m. per lane
4. The asphalt pavement represented by the cores shall not be accepted if the deficiency in density is more than how
many percent?
2%
5. If the deficiency in the core thickness is more than 5 mm, what should be done?
Additional layer may be permitted in order to meet the designed thickness, however, the minimum additional
asphalt overlay thickness should be dependent on the minimum thickness capacity of asphalt paver but it should
not be less than 50 mm (2inches) and that proper construction procedures are followed.

COLD ASPHALT PLANT MIX (ITEM 308)

1. Cold Asphalt Plant Mix shall be placed only when the specified density can be obtained. The mixture shall not be
placed on any wet surface or when weather condition will prevent its proper handling or finishing. Asphalt surface
mixture shall not be placed when the surface temperature of the base course is below 10C (50F).