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Cardiovascular System Packet

Anatomy of the heart notes 10 points
Labeling
Blood Flow of the Heart: 10 points
Notes on the Cardiovascular System Functions
Notes on Aortic Rupture: 10 points
Practice Questions: 7 points
Score for online practice assessment 10 questions: Research the
correct answers to the questions missed and why that is the
correct answer 20 points
Aerobic Activity 13 points

Total 70 points

What is the Cardiovascular System?

Comprises a complex transport network consisting of the heart,
blood, and blood vessels acting together to maintain blood
pressure
If blood pressure is sustained, then the transport of oxygen
and nutrients to all regions of the body will satisfy the
metabolic needs of the tissues.
Eliminatesmetabolic waste products and carbon dioxide
Helps regulate blood pH
Helps maintain a constant internal body temperature
Transports fuel and nutrients to working muscle and other tissues
Delivers hormones to their sites of action

The heart is a dual pump consisting of two atrial chambers and two
ventricular chambers separated by the atrioventricular valves.
The right_ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation
The left__ventricle pumps blood to peripheral tissues.

The Heart Pump

Four-chambered organ
Two atria and two ventricles
Right and left heart pumps work in parallel and pump the same
amount of blood at the same rate throughout each heartbeat.
The interventricular septum is a thick muscular wall that divides
the right and left sides of the heart and prevents blood from
mixing between the right and left ventricles.
Four one-way valves

Cardiac Tissue
Roughly the size of your fist
Cardiac chamber dimensions, which can affect stroke volume,
tend to be smaller in women.
Beats continuously throughout the life span (possibly up to 3
billion times)
Nourishes itself through its own blood supply
Can beat on its own without prior stimulation

Pericardium
Serves as a protective covering over the heart and anchors the
large blood vessels entering and exiting the heart
Includes two separate layers of tissue
Serous pericardium (inner layer)
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Pericardial space (space between two serous layers)
Fibrous pericardium (outer layer)
Cardiac Wall
Endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart and lines all the
chambers of the heart and cardiac valves.
Myocardium is the middle and largest of all the cardiac wall
layers.
Cardiac muscle
Epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart and is
synonymous with the visceral pericardium.
This layer houses the major coronary blood vessels, cardiac
nerves, and other small vessels.

Myocardium
Cardiac muscle is striated, which allows cardiac muscle to
contract like skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle functions involuntarily. It has no motor
units and only type I muscle fibers (slow twitch, aerobic),
The myocardium has the ability to contract as one muscle
The myocardium relies almost exclusively on aerobic
metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) to meet the
significantly high energy demands of continuous function.
Can be forced to rely on anaerobic metabolism in
situations of decreased oxygen (i.e., coronary artery
disease)
Meaning the heart relies on oxygen to function

Blood Flow of the Heart Activity

With the flashcards research the blood flow throughout the body and
make a chain in order with your flashcards to represent this. Each
person needs one. This will help you study.
The function of the Cardiovascular System:

The myocardium relies on aerobic metabolism to produce ATP.

ATP is a molecule found in every cell that is required for muscle
contraction.
The heart can only last a few minutes without insufficient blood
supply before irreversible damage is done.
Lactate can be used for a short amount of time but will not work
for long.
Fat and glucose are the primary sources of breakdown for ATP.
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation:
Pulmonary circulation: take deoxygenated blood to the lungs to
receive oxygen.
Starts at the right atrium to the tricuspid valve to the right
ventricle through the pulmonary valve through the pulmonary
arteries to the lungs

The pulmonary artery will branch into arterioles to connect to

capillaries (which have thin layers that allow gas exchange) then
connect to the venules to the veins which carry the blood back to
the heart

The newly oxygenated blood enters the heart through the

pulmonary veins then to the left atrium to the mitral valve to the
left ventricle to the aortic valve through the aorta to the body
o This is the systemic circulation

Pressure gradient:
The left side of the heart is a high-pressure area.

The aorta measures around 120 mmHg of pressure where as the

right atrium measures about 2 mmHg. The difference is 118
mmHg, which is the pressure gradient.
The difference in pressure is what helps blood move throughout
the body.
The pressure will slow down when it gets to the arterioles in
order to properly get rid of wastes and transport nutrients.

Coronary Circulation:
5 coronary arteries
1. Right coronary artery
2. Left coronary artery
3. Left anterior descending
4. Left Circumflex
5. Posterior descending artery

The greater pressure and the longer the duration of diastole

(rest) the greater coronary circulation
In exercise diastole is shorter but the beginning of diastole the
pressure is higher.
Electrical stimulation:
A nerve impulse must trigger the heart to contract
An electrical impulse must come before the mechanical impulse.
Depolarization: the process where sodium and potassium come
out of the cell and calcium enters. Without calcium the heart
muscle could not contract.

Order of electrical impulses:

SA node-AV node-Bundle of HIS-right bundle branch left bundle
branch purkinjie fibers

EKG: measures the electrical impulses of the heart

Can tell structure and function diseases this way
Can indicate ischemia (lack of blood flow)

Cardiac Cycle:
Diastole: rest and filling
Systole: contraction

The cardiac cycle in order is: atrial depolarization atrial

contraction, ventricular depolarization and ventricular
contraction.

Stroke volume: the amount of blood that is put out with each
heartbeat
Depends on preload
Preload is the amount of blood that is in the heart before it
contracts
The more blood that comes back to the heart from the veins the
more preload there is
During cardio fitness there will be an increase of blood returned
to the heart due to muscle compression
Dehydration or low blood volume will decrease stroke volume
The slower the heart rate the more filling time, athletes have
lower resting heart rates
Athletes have larger ventricle chambers, which increases storage
amounts
Afterload: the amount of resistance that must be overcome for
the blood to contract out
Cardio exercise decreases afterload
Resistance training increases after load
Cardiac Output:
the amount of volume that is expressed out per minute
Stroke volume times heart rate
During exercise cardiac output increased
System itself is full of 6 liters
Normal Cardiac Output: 5-6L per min but in endurance athletes
can be up to 30 liters per minute

MAP: 100 or 110 when exercising, gives the overall blood pressure of
the cardiovascular system.

Hypertension 140/90 regular exercises can drop 10 mm per

hg
Rate pressure product:

HR times SBP
Helps tell the oxygen demands of the heart at that time
Exercise professionals can use this to determine the demands
at specific times during exercise
Example a patient with chest pain will have pain usually at the
same RPP number each time.

Ejection Fraction
the percentage of blood ejected from the ventricles
Normal 55-70 could be up to 80 with exercise. Can tell damage
to the heart.

The amount of blood that is circulated depends on a few

things:
Thickness of the blood
Diameter of the blood vessels: dilate increased blood flow
Parts of Blood:

Red blood cells

White blood cells
Platelets

Hemoglobin: attaches oxygen to the red blood cell

Hematocrit: the percentage of blood that is blood cells
Blood is 55 percent plasma and 45 percent blood cells

Males typically have a larger blood volume than females thus

being able to carry more oxygen
Iron is needed to make hemoglobin and carry oxygen
Females with a menstrual cycle must be aware of iron deficiency
anemia.

Neuro control of the Cardiovascular System:

The neuro system controls everything about the
cardiovascular system

Cardiac command center:

Pressor center increases bp
Depressor center decreases bp
Cardiac acceleration increases hr and bp and contractibility
Cardiac inhibitory slows down cardiac function

Sympathetic: fight or flight to respond in an emergency or crisis

HR stroke volume co all increase

Parasympathetic: recovery period

Everything decreases

Angiotensin 2 released to increase blood pressure

Epinephrine to increase blood flow

During exercise blood is only shunted to important areas brain

heart and is decreased to the kidneys GI tract
However the muscles have to ability to regulate their own supply
of blood flow depending on how many muscle fibers are working
at that moment.

Aortic Rupture Notes:

Practice Questions:
1. _____red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets___________
make up most of the solid proteins in the blood.

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

List the functions of the following:

Arteries- carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to
the tissues (pulmonary arteries carry blood to lungs for
oxygenation)
Veins- responsible for returning deoxygenated blood back
to the heart after arteries carry blood out
Capillaries- smallest blood vessel, sites of the transfer of
oxygen and other nurtrients from bloodstream to other
tissues in body, also collect CO2 waster and fluids for
return to the veins
Venules- allows deoxygenated blood to return from the
capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins,
unite to form a vein
Arterioles- regulate flow of blood into different tissues

7. ______hemoglobin______________ a complex protein

contained within red blood cells that is essential to
oxygen transportation in the circulatory system

Online Assessment:
When you are ready go to canvas under cardiac review. There
is a link takes you to a 10 question test. When you are done
put the questions you missed below and the correct answer
and why this is the correct answer.

Aerobics Research:
Based on what we have learned explain what aerobic activity
does to the following:
1. Oxygen consumption: As muscles call for more oxygen,
the breathing rate increases until your lungs cannot
breath any faster
2. Blood flow to the kidneys, GI tract: Because the majority
of the blood is needed in the muscles, the blood flow to
the kidneys and GI tract decreases during exercise.
3. Blood flow to the musculoskeletal system: The muscles
need glucose and ATP for movement and contraction so
the body needs more oxygen and must start breathing
faster causing an increase of blood to muscles.
4. Pre load: preload increases slightly with exercising by
increasing the blood volume and rate.
5. After load: The afterload decreases with exercise as it
takes less resistance to push the blood out.
6. Diastole cycle of the heart: The resting heart rate will be
reduced as the heart begins to pump more efficiently.
7. Cardiac Output- As you exercise more regularly, the heart
can more efficiently pump blood to the body.
8. Blood flow to the brain and heart: The increased blood
flow that goes to the brain allows it to function better.
The heart is able to supply more oxygenated blood to the
muscles.

9. Heart rate: The heart rate increases with physical activity

to supply more oxygenated blood to muscles.
10.
Blood pressure: The blood pressure decreases as a
result of new blood vessels forming.

Overtime what is the affect of regular aerobic exercise on the

cardiovascular system?
Regular exercise improves blood vessels and helps them
remain flexible. It also lowers inflammation of the arteries and
helps prevent heart attacks. Regular exercise also lowers the
risk of high blood pressure.