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Extrinsic pathway
Infection and inflammation

Intrinsic pathway
Genetic alterations leading
to oncogene activation

Activation of transcription factors

(e.g. NF-!B, STAT3) in tumour
cells causing production of
chemokines, cytokines and
prostaglandins

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Activation of transcription factors

(e.g. NF-!B, STAT3) in
inflammatory cells, stromal cells
and tumour cells

Production of chemokines,
cytokines and prostaglandins