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THE METHOD OF MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION

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SFI.CfInW m)\la~ csos

The Method of Mathematical Induction

© English Translation, Mir Publishers, 1975

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+--
(1)(2) (2)(3) 3
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S 1 1 1 1 4
+--+-- +--
, (1)(2) (2)(3) (3)( 4) (4)(5)
·~1Jrlti,n;lV 4

n Sn = n+l

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6

X-I x2-1 X3-1 X"-l X'-l X·-l

X-I

(X-I) (x+i )

(X-I) (X2+X+l)

(X-I) (x+i ) (X2+1) (X-I) (X'+x3+x2+X+l)

(X-I) (x+i ) (X2+X+l) (X2-X+l)

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1uil fl.ff. 1938 1111111 Uspekhi Mat. Nauk (No.lY) hi LlIU!lUllfl111J 191vunmil91ffll191f~ii;i!l Liiv~'IJ!l~lI11mVi 1'lfL1V 9l;i!l L!lu.~. L'IIlummi ~~yhulr1LlIu!lMiin11il~11w1L~mil'!l!h~~1~1l~ 1. 1!l11U!lyj liuniflY111il" 1I1Ju~~il~11W1'1i1~iuLi'JuiJl~ ri111i'U 111U11J Xn-l L~!J~n1u!lvni1 105 Lm1d1uyjnL91!lfl1li~ 'lJm X 10' -1 fi!lVil1U11J

X48+X47 +X46 _X43 _X42_2X41_X40_X39+X36+X35+X34+X 33+X32+ X31_X28_X26_X24 -x 22_X20+X 17 +x 16+X 15+X 14+X 13+X 12_X 9 -X8-2X 7_

X·_X'+X2+X+ 1 ~~hjiill1Ju~iiVj~1!W1'1i1~.yU

• Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, No. IV, 1941, 11';) 313-317.

7

.01

urn n = 0

Iii!) n = 1 .01

Ill!) n = 2

.01

Ill!) n = 3

Iii!) n = 4

22° + 1 = 3 221 + 1 = 5 222 + 1 = 17 223 + 1 = 257

22' + 1 = 65 537'

~11.l11.11i~~1l'lfl~~M.h~iilil1.l~11.l11.1L1l'l'l1: UnflWYlffllTYI{ 'lm~r~lff~jj;i!lLifV~11.1fl~lT~tlYl1ml~ 17 ;ill iluv{ l"ll Ilvl{lll~ hinci11!l1~11 ~11.l11.11inll'lfl~~lTllll~()I;jV1.l11.1l1Jir"lni11i11.1 ~11.l11.1111'1'11: Uvim'111.1fl~lT~ffYl1~nl~ 18 1~1l!)1.I~1{" Il!)VI~!){ tl1.l'l'lU11

22' + 1 = 4294967297 = (641) (6 700 417) lil1.I1i11.l11.11h:n1lU

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8

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9

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10

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~.¥ 91~U

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~ <

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(1) lYlJ1j~!lullill~~ I~ll n = m

(2) al'HrulilU1Ulil1lJ'lflii n YjOili1Ullvoil m lYlJ1jii!lU Ii'JUIl~~ (Oril1iiollril~'Hii~Mil m li'JulilU1Ulil1lJ'lfl~lilU1U 1I10~~lYlJ1j~!lUllilll~ )

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• Nthuo,.':;11Jldertt'.1n"Hd'ltJ,"ib ,. 1~o~,::11i"'~fl1'1J,j()Ld8>lh.uifOln~fI'1J1J' Ldo~"n ~iflflm)~ui'"iuR ~,Jl .. 1\.1nl~1!'nrl1ann"QtluULi-lflliilllffltr"nu"trud' 'lJ1'ui-l;Ao";' (u,;;;W ltl'ui;ai.n7mlO;1) l1oflnnqthrlni;afHilillt'fln'flf IdaiLfln:~ooHan4n:'"tri1'1iofl"~lI'e,Jrru1ln nuuJeof)1Ji'urru~iiJ1U6ul~1I(ll i,nrulH"nflli1Io.s1AOOOlJi'ullli'nm,qu,r'Hi;afttUlllfI'lft'lIIfotil;a tnu~rh~ni' Lilunul!iiJlu~Ullioii8 ua:1thill,:nni''li8f1111Jd'tillJrT''''1nri811~\ll\.1n"ijollJ "U1Ul"U'I1R fJl1un:aOtlfl'tl.'nUYlri,J""lvun::lfli',Jao!ht6~~nrillo,J\JIm~\.1

11

n1u'~oiY1l,uil nW"\1~Ul1tlnOl''lt.hrlJli~f1Wlilflllflilf 1,r mru1iil avl'lf"'7Jnav''lf'''''ml'lf'''''mV7U1U1i1111'1fl~iimJ1';num Ii1U 7lii7trh V7V,yVnal7fflJVRif,jjuHmr'jt1V7ntJt1UlJl';~flrii"'fIlff"'{ J'uFiv WVfl17lJ~iYV~iYlJlJllriU v7f11i'wvfI17lJ7f1wvfI17lJ l1if~ljjUfffl)yVul1if~ 1unniitJ7lJV7U1U7i11lJ'lf7~ Ull::fI:: 7fiD n WVfl17lJl1if~Ii1U7lCJJJ5V7I ~~"'7lJt1n~llIr1iitJlJ7i'l1rfnnntJt1utJ 1';~flrii"'fI1iY",fti1UUl)l'tfJJi

4. liill"~a\l,nRO~Jl,,ol1i1nlll1!nhr£JI:W~f1WYlfllaYli

. .

1101111 1l1'l~\l\luTRom;jb\Jlii'ltlU£JI:W~f1till'lfilaYl' Ill'

... ~ ... .:r!ll ... t .... .!:III" _t .,

Yf\l\lU'IIURUllJUfll'''\l\lU 2 1I1J~IJ.lun \llllJUYllHlJ'::Il11\JRlO

2 .ilu

1IIJ\la\JlI 2 lil11lU~lU1Ulill1J'!I19i k 1Yl"l tillf1J~~!lU Li1\1~1~lill1lU n = k 11';1 lf1J~~!lU~::Li1u~1~lill1lU n = k+ 1

til Mii fll'l~\1~UYl 'rIlQUmf~lfll~Y1C]lIii lYlVl1tlll fll'lIlUUV 1;j~f1WY1tlllfYlf 1Y1J~9i1l1U~::liJU~1~lill1l\JlilU1Uli'l'l1J'lt1~ n

"Ilni1

Sn

1 1 1 1

(1)(2) + (2)(3) + (3)(4) + ... + n(n+1)

12

5 =..!. 5=.z. 5=~ 5-.1.

1 2' 2 3' 3 4' .- 5

lUOltiiii'>i: hj,h~Y1..},L'!iuil,h lU911!lri1~il 1 Ull:~: 11i(ilJ .hUnllnri11li'1~li'uYii1 lY1115UIi1U1U1illlJ'lI1~ n 'ln911

5n

n n+1

t11ll:lTY1l:1~UIl:nri11i1 m~~1ltlJ1HIlUln 51' 5., 5., S, !l'i1\!1Y1ll1LIl'U!lll'lJlj~1I1U (nllfl1Y1Lm) i1 5 = _n_ lY1115U

n n+1

1i1U1U1illlJ'l!1~ n'ln911 ull:m1ui1 Il'lJlj~1l1uLiJU'i;~ L~!l n = 1,2,3,4 ~:1'li'l:LijuuiiillthruL<i~f1WY1tl11l'Y1fml~ll'!lu i1Il'lJlj~!1ULiJU~;~

5 =

1

L 2

.r~tfu mw n= 1 LiJU~;~

'JIq'll~U'n 2 Il'lJlj~i1 Il'lJlj~1l1ULiJU~;~ L~!l n=k

1 --+

(1)(2)

k k+1

1 1

(2)(3) + ... + k(k+l)

a1115U;i1U1U1inlJ'l!1~ k -W1J~ui1Il'lJlj~1l1ULiJU~;~a1l15U n = k+1 ~lU

13

tTUfl6 Sk>. k+l
k+2
.I S = Sk + 1
lU6~'ln
k>. (k+l)(k+2)
v C; Sk>. k 1 l~!Jl'Illlj~!lU
~~UU
k+l (k+l)(k+2) k2+2k+l (k+l)(k+2)

k+l k+2

~1 nnln~'i1~ll''I1llllijumf~l'I!l~ l'I11111(1 h711nnnll~tl,r!JL;~ t1\UM1l'1l1Lf alt.1·;h

n n+l

l;IJ8"JIOIII 1 1i1Li'Juii~:~!l~LUUi1nl1il'i1~u101lJ1:Lij!Jui~~tl,rlJ

...... ..........e _

L'H~tltlJ91f'lll'1;Ll91!l~Yl'i1~Um'l1lllllJU'l1 1 lLa: 2

~lnNamla:LM~!)'I1llllijU'l1 2 (i16!iHii 2) 9l11Uil' m~:lLl'I91~ hi'L11Ui1L111lil'll11llCln:mlJoi6'11llllijU'I1 1 l'liUr1U il~UtlJ1i16!h~oill'tlil'

14

Y1q'll~1J'I1 3 IilU1U~11lJ'lfl~l'ln~lLl'i1n1Jli1'U1U~11lJ'lfl~ ~lo~itl

Yll!~ul~u l'li'1:LijU1Ji~QtlUUL;~f1N~ffllT~{ ~~;f

lTlJ~~il k k+1 (I)

~:Yl\1~ll'il

k -: = k+2 (2)

~:Ll1Uil!i'l1Jln L L'Ii'1yf~lTll~'Ii'WlJiHlTlJnl1 (1) MlTlJnll (2) ~~,rU !i'llTlJ~~!lULUU~'S~lYl'I111J n = k Ll<i'llTlJ~~!lU LUU~'S~ri'11111J n = k+ 1 ~lU

1l11LtnSfI IilU1Un11lJ'tfl~l'ln"lLl'hnu

'li'1li:i~~al~1l~~1~il1U 'li'1li:i~~al~llQ9I1~~ill'l(1'llQUl1 1 ~~ ~l LUU lYl111U III 11'1l'11<1 nllllQtluUL;~f1 N9IffllT9I{ tT~hjMiinnYll!~ll'Lm:hj~1~ MYll!~ll'L~U~l1C]'IIQUl1 2 Ll'h,ru

yf~l1C]'IIQUl1 1 Lla: 2 vil~iiiifl11lJlYlrl\)JLIl~1:il 1l1~n~11ill1C]'IIQUl1 1 LUlL!lU~~:1'Il'Qtluu 11C]'IIi.j Ul1 2 hmiYl1ii1~uhj~ln~luIll11JU1U!lU;f1~U tl9l1lLlJ1i iYl1iilunn~:~llL~lnmtULIl~l:itlmruo~'lti ~ln n itl n+J

15

ol'1iiimlvt~~Ul1!]llQUl1 1 iiu.inm~~~u n!]llQUl1 2 (~i16ril~ii 10) n~:'1iii!l'Uii~:l'll'~thTV ~~ 'i'mllJl11Jlvii~:l'll'l1!]llQUl1 2 Lrt6~~ln '1iii6: h 111'11VlV

ol'1iiinnvt~~Ul1!]llQUl1 2 iiLl.imlvt~~u l1!]llOUl1 1 (~i1lJril~ii 1 LIn: 2) ii~LlJJiil!l'Uii~: l'll'llthTV LI.i'll1~iTl1~ii~:'IIV1V~ln~1'U;f

VBaJlfllll 2 mjjvu1il~thTvii1Lml:11,rl~.r'Ul'1l'ffl111Umwii~lV ii,!~ l'Umwii'lfu'll'tl'U.rlJ~iinmJilJlJl~l1!]llQUl1 1 LIn: 2111Ll1lJl:l'IlJ

Ul~fLf~nwVl~~u~tl'Uii 2 hjl.JtllftVLVlv~ fL11lJLi'J'U~1~al111U n = k Lyilli''U LI.i.rlJ~l'Il'mllJ Li'J'U~1~al111U n = k -1 .J1V l'UmwL'li'Um'U~tl'Uii l1rt~.r tl~~ l1 ~ l'ItlU11lTlJ ~ ~! l'ULi'J'U~l~ ffl111mh 2 filii~~n'U '11m n

tn-lflf-lnl'i~~t;)tfc;)VU~ 2 ~ij-ll,rC1'lJlJ~!l'U LiI'U~~~ ffll1rUiil'U1u~nlJ'LI1~VJfli1iiulJVn11 n ~lil'U~:l'lui11lril~L'li'U;fl'U~tl'U.ilJ '1 lt1 (~i1lJril~ ii 7 'IItl~~lJ'Uii 1 l1Ul 28)

16

U1~f1f~lI'lJl.j9i!lU 1li1imlil rill1i'lloijlu1U~nlJ'ti19i n 'lni1 U9irill1i'll~lU1UI~1J~lJlnnil m" 1unloh'liuUlu i'l{)UIl1mJ!J~nwrl~~U~:1~1Ji'l11~lI'{)ll rill1i'll n = rn- 1 ua:

. v ~ v

l1alVf1l~{)~i'l1ni'l11J1J1i'l1V

5. fl\l111U11l1n~1!l!h~~ 1 iillf11~ lfi!l '1il'il\lll~n;ltity 'IJ{)~mii[J1Jlil~tlu[Jli~f1tiiYlfllaYllB[h~u;ilJi'YI

~~11011FolaU1n

1 1 1

--- + + ... +

(1)(2) (2)(3) n(n+l)

n n+1

1i'l1'lf1: I jj Vll'i ~ iltluv I~~ f1 Iii YI Tn lI'YI{lvllJ OUVU lI'lll.j ~ !lU 1'Iff1~~lI'llJ1111(jUVUlI'lJl.j~!lU~llI'UlJ~UlJl nlIll'UlJlI'lJl.j~!lU ~'lit;]nill~ f11llJ'ViV1VllJ~~:Vl<.1~unl)lJQlln 2 1l:rilh1111U'Illl fji'l'VialYl~Il~lI'lll.j~!lUM

ft'l6th~~ 11 \;'it1'HU1NtlU1n

Sn

1 -- +

(1)(2)

1 (2)(3)

Sn

n+1 3n+1

lI.11I1 (I) IUll~1~mtii n = 1 Ivm= S = 1

, 2

k+l = 3k+1

,j'lIiill Sk<' k+2
3k+4
~=M11 Sk<l Sk + 1
(k+l) (k-z) k+1

3k+1 (k+l) (k-z)

k' + 4k2 + sk + 3 (k+l) (k-z) (3k+1)

17

+ ... +

1 n(n+l)

(I)

18

~:I';hdl ~lntnllJ1ihJlih~ll~~911 (1) dl'lli'U n = k l'f1tl l1iMil~911 (1) liJU~l~dl'lIi'U n = k+l 1l~:hitiUVlUil~911 (1) liJUlii~

~~,rU miilJul~'ltl\l!lli~tHumnUA'tl,,!q!1A''I1nflatl1J a)Jlj~illU ';~liiflmnn11!iu'IIlnl.),t') 'hl tlnIUfia)JIj~!!lU~Li'lu lii;)lIa:[juri'ua)JIj~!!lU~li'lU;)'i~ lUmlffmJ1mnhl:liivu'iiiQtlUVI~~flru9lflll'f9lf\tI1i ~!H 'i Iflll:l1if 1Jj'll11'll rilnli lU1Ulll n lVi V~Vl II

l;ill'lliinL~v~mlli u T1qllQUTI 1 » ll~: " T1qllQUTI 2 »

oil'lfln 1'1191nMil~: lillty<i'nlloJ

1 0 LLl'lU;ttl'U~l1i1.J

2° UTlU9IllU~l'fll~~mmlVj~~U 191V!jtlUVI~~flru9li'flU9I{ (PillUI'llrilnliJUl1')h~ll~T1qllQUmf~l'fIl~ ~~n11Vj~~U

l'f)Jl,!~l1umllil:liivu'iiiQtlUVl~~flru9lflll'fPl{) Ulln~lnn~:ILVn ~lllril~ ll~:ifIJj'llllllln~lnI1U ~1Ilril~~:Pllll011VlIlMllril~~:liiV9I if ty'lll,TuJJHh1' qtilU ffnlll 011 V PlU lll~ ,Jll;1IIU: l~ V1 1111 mlilfl iflJj'lll,!n,JIl~:Il~nlvlrill 1J1~flf~,Jll;111U:~:liJulViv~n1n:Ij1i~ III nl'fllti'l~ii~lfl'lli'U qtilU lU1J1~nl!jj~:liJu nmlfi'iJ fJI'II1,Tu Ilril~l'flllJloJ

Clau~ 1. nlsiiia~UIt)nanl:Hli

u

'--- ... " . .--' uryt11Inaonunql:Jfiiluou

1

o

Go d' ., d'

n1'i'W ,lIil'ULO n it n1=tW

..

it 'Y'YI1 L ~ 0 ';,,1 \J 'r1 'l1=t~ ,j1'U 'J 'U

1, 3, 5, 7, ...

....... .... ..1... ......1 ...

Ll'nU~1Ll1nmU U, Ll'nU~1'nlllJ~mU U2 Ll'nU~1'nllllJ~1U

... ~ 4 ~

U3 LLII:lJU'l uunu U,= I, u2= 3, U3= 5, U,= 7, ... LlII:~~

ifqpml~il' : ~~l'Ilg'~m11L;juulilU1U~~Li'JuU1n Un 1~U!llffU9i'1 n iil1!lUl'llU

LnnH~

IilU1U~iiLi'JuU1nlilu1ULlm U, llllJn()L;juuhli~il U, = 2(1)-1

(1)

22

• ..I.,j i'J ...1 - , ~v.l' ~lU1Ufll1l U1J1n~lU1Ul1lf!l~ U2 1f1lllll1l"lJU ~~~U

u. = 2(2)-1

• .,j.,j i'J ...1 • , ~v.l' ~lU1Ufll1l U1J1n~lU1Ul1lflll U, lflllnl1l"lJU ~~~U

U, = 2(3)-1

(2)

(3)

, .... ~v ... ~. 0.... U ~

!l!ln~lnlf!l~lm"!l~ml1l1!llJmlJ UUfl!l lflllllJ~lU1UI~lIlJ1nYl

li'JuilU1U~.r1~ n jj\!~l

U = 2n - 1 n

_ ... .t ...

~:Yi\!~U11\!~lUCJn~!l~

1° ~ln (I) IIlf~~il\!~l (4) Ii'JU~1~ mtii n = 1

2° lflllj~il\!~l (4) Ii'JU~1~ril1l1lJ n = k ,rufi!lilU1U~

.,j i'J v ..I i1 tI

ru UlJ1n 1i11Yl k !lQ Ul Uk = sk-i

~:-W\!~Uil\!~l (4) li'Ju~·hrilllfuilU1U~~Ii'JUlJ1n.r1~ k-r ~1lJ ,rUfi!l~lU1U~~Ii'JUlJ1n.r1~ k-i !lQ1ulti

Uk-, = 2(k+ 1 )-1

1I7!l'Ultl~l'I'lIl:!~nU tiD

Uk>, = 2k+1

IviD~~: MilU1U~~Ii'JUlJ1n.r1~ k+ 1 Ii'JUnllIYlU~Yi!l~~:lJ1n 2 1'Ii'1'tlnlJilU1u~~Ii'JUlJ1ni1~ k ,rufi!l

23

Uk., = ~+2 LL9i~ln!!1Jlj9l!lU Uk = sk-i

~ ~

,,~UU Uk., = (2k-l)+2 = 2k+l

Alltl Un = 2n-l

mnfi"

UYlu~~u1nii.rll~ml.r1!J Sn ti'UfltJ

Sn = 1+3+5+ ... + (2n-1)

ii~"1l'hiMu1'111lltU"ff1!!,,{al111UUollllJ1111.h:LIlYlil u9i ell 'hJ1i'~"lalL'i~ {)1~~:1i'mii!JU1~'llhr!JL~~lltU"ff1MI{L~llmlrll.r 1"!JL~1JUln.rll~!!i'1~!!1Jlj9l!lU ~lnmlYW1!Jl1JL~mil"tJu

111' n iifimilti'u 1, 2, 3, ... m:.,h~ULil!J~l'ttJii~:!!i'l~ !!1Jlj9l!luiiun:1iM 11t1~~lmfuL11iillLil!J~"11~!!tJU!!1Jlj9l!lUil 101!Jl:Lii!JU1~'lthr!JL~~lltU"fll!!"{

OIlluil') n II [h~;fU e ~ rlU n 11ff~ 10 "ii11t1 n LL 11 ~1J'IJ tJ~ rj uoll 1lJ111 ;fU!J~ti'UIl111J!!11Jn()ii~:Lm~~'lJtJ~mohh1tl~lnmOiLlll'tl:

24

'iln~U!lUif elilnuil\l!lU':h lumliili'11tl

s = nt n

..,. .. .x ..

'i:'I'I?J'iU11l'flJllill!lUUlJnille~

1° I1Tl1ru n = 1 llau1milu~lU1Ul~1J1lThnu 1 lla: ril111U n = 1 lla1 n2 iiL,ilnu 1 l'liunu i~Ju l'flJll9illluli'lulI;~mlii n = 1

2° l'f1J1l9i11l'flJll9i!lUlilulI;~a,111U n = k li'utie Sk = k2 1I:~1J1I,r11l'f1J1l9i!lU~e~lilulI;~11111fu n = k+i li'u tie

iJeymif 1

1I~111 Un 11l1111Ulla111 U1 1 lla:rill1fu~lU1U

lilllJ'In9i k>l Uk = Uk_1+3

25

• .r 3(1)-2
'IItJ'lfIlU:: u ,
U2 3(2)-2
i1t!1mit 2 1l~111FolI1U1n
s n 1 +2+22+23+ ... +2n-1
'fiBYIIU:: s, 2-1
s. 22-1
s, 2'-1 1l111l1iHn 3 ~~-W~~UilFolI1U1n~Il~~1\j1\j~~~lJ'lIl~ n 1Il111m • v n(n+l)

rmnu -2-

I11nti~

if\l!111ifll~n>iH~lnif\jj111~\j '1 ~lhlnOlJlrill\jl\jmru~hj ~lLtl\j"Il~lYi'Wt'l'lJlj~!l\jl\j.,j'Il;f L',m: 1~11111LL<i1 ~~~~~\j1lr lYlJlj~!1\jLtl\j~1milJ\j

UY1tJHnU1n~91f)~nl'j~1U s uufia

n

Sn = 1 +2+3+ .. -n

= J+2+3+ ... -k = k(k+l) 2

(k+l)(k+2) 2

26

.. L\J!l~~ln

k(k+l) + (k-r) 2

(k+l)(k+2)

2

u ,d ...... • .... •

I'IltJ[Jl~'I1 4 ~~V1\1'~\Jl1f.1~Uln'IJ!l~mM\'I'!l~'IJ!l~~1\J1\J

nnlJ'I11~ n ~1\Jl\JLL1mYhnu n(n+I)(2n+l)

111 s,(n)

I' = L(L+l) [2(1)+1] 6

s,(k)

k(k+l)(2k+l)

k(k+l)(2k+l) + (k+i )" 6

(k+ 1 )[(k+ 1)+1][2(k+ 1)+ I]

27

Q ,

YI~Il'll

1° Ll1'11'1l'~dll'flJlj~!l\jLiJ\j~l~L~!l n = I [(_1)° = I) 2° 111

k(k+l) \ = 1_22+32_ ... +(_1)k-1 k2 = (-1/-1--2-

~:Vil!~uil

(_I)k (k+I)(k+2) 2

Shl Sk+(-I)k(k+I)'

(-d-' k(k+l) + (-1/ (k+I)2 2

(-1/ [(k+I)- ~)(k+l) 2

(-1/ (k+l)(k+2) 2

28

n(2n-l)(2n+l) 12+32+52+ ... +(2n-l)2 = -'---'3'-'---'-

i1qprr;f 4

~~Yil!lIU .. hfjtlU1fl'IJll~fi1ti'~lf11J'lJll~~'\j1\jnl1J'II19i

• • u [n(n+l)]"

n s urruumrmnu --2-

n e 2

(1)(2)+(2)(3)+(3)(4)+ ... +(n-l)n = (n-I)n(n+l) 3

1° (1)(2)

(1)(2)(3)

2° ci, (1)(2)+(2)(3)+(3)(4)+ ... +(k-l)k = (k-I)k(k+l) 3

(1)( 2 )+( 2)( 3 )+( 3)( 4 )+ ... «(k -I )k+k(k + I) (k-l)k(k+l) + k(k+l)

3

29

= k(k+l)(k+2) 3

i~~~~UY11Ilri'~~ 6 Iln'il:1AlJ''iI'nH!WIl~Y11Ilri,~~ 3 U!'l:~ 4 ti'n~Ln9li, (1 )(2)+(2)(3)+(3)( 4)+ ... +(n-l)n

1( 1 + 1 )+2(2+ 1 )+3(3+ 1)+ ... +(n-l) [(n-l)+I]

[12+22+32+ ... +(n-l )'1+[ 1 +2+ ... +(n-l)]

vQrrnfl 6 'iH~~~Ui,a'l1llJli'U1U~~~lJ'lI,9i n lJnY11

(1 )(2)( 3 )+( 2)( 3)( 4 )+( 3)( 4)( 5 )+ ... +n(n+ 1 )(n+2)

n(n+l) (n+2) (n+3)

4

1 1 1 n

(1)(3) + (3)(5)+'" + (2n-l)(2n+l) 2n+l

12 22 n2

(1)(3) + (3)(5) + ... + (2n-l)(2n+l)

n(n+l) 2(2n+l)

1

--+

(1)( 4)

1 1 1

-- + -- + ... + .,......--:-:---,

(4)(7) (7)(10) (3n-2)(3n+l)

= _n_ 3n+l

30

_1_ + _1_ + __ 1_ + ... + _---'1'-- __

(1)(5) (5)(9) (9)(13) (4I1-3)(4n+1)

= _n_ 4n+1

1 1

a(a+1) + (a+l)(a+2) + ... +

(a+n-1)(a+n)

n a(a+n)

fl18[h~n 7 ~~Yil!~u"il 01 v 0 = 2, V, = 3 U!l:<Yll1nJli1ll1U nmJ'!fl~ k 'ln~1 tl111Hiini'ui Vk .. = 3Vk - 2Vk_, li'Ju~;~

~: Mil v = 2"+ 1 <Yll1rlJli1U1UL~1J n ;0 0

n

1 0 l'!1J1j~!lULiJU~l~ L~tl n = 0 U!l: n = 1 20 l'!1J1j~il Vk_, = 2k-'+1; v = 2k+1

31

til U = a2 - ~2

1 Q_ ~ ,

u = a3_~3

2 a- fl

fflJ'I1tl,j U = (a + fl) l\-, - afluk_2 L\'Jtl~~~
k
Il:M11 U = an+l_ ~n+l
n a-fl ~l!l!h~~ 8 H~t!\U (1)(2)(3) ... (n) Ulltl~lVfftynnllnr n! u~:lhtl11 "uyJnlltJi~va n"

nrurn 1 !

2! 2

3 !

4 ! 24

5 ! 120

IHlI1

Sn

(1)1! + (2)2! + (3)3! + ... + (n)n!.

S, = (1)1! = 1

S2 = (1)1! + (2)2! = 5

S3 = (1)1! + (2)2! + (3)3! = 23

S, = (1)1! + (2)2! + (3)3! + (4)4! = 119

32

5. = 2!-1
5 = 3!-1
2
5 = 4!-1
3
5, = 5!-1 <i~~:lh ltl~lI'1JIj~!l'Uil 5n = (n-r)! - 1

... .. .. of

~:'W~~'UlI'1JIj~!l'U'U

1 0 lI'1JIj~!l'ULil'U~l~ Ldll n = 1 L'W~l:

5, (l)l! = 2!-1

20111' 5k (1)1!+(2)2!+ +(k)k! = (k+l)!-l. ~:hi'il

5k., = (1)1!+(2)2!+ +(k)k!+(k+l)(k+l)!

\ +(k+l)(k+l)!

[(k+ I)! -l]+(k+ 1 )(k+ I)!

(k+l)! [l+(k+l)]-l

(k+l)!(k+2)-1

(k+2)'-1

33

1+)(

2

+ --

1+X2

8 2n

1 +X8 + ... + 1 +X2n

4

)(-1

~'ltJth~~ 9 nll1UYl a + fl = m LL!'I: a fl = a

tTUfill all1i'1J k > 1 Ab,

a rn- rn=T

A,

a

a m--m-j

m-

m-

a

a

m----

a

rn- m-I

A

n

(a"'- fl"') - (a' - fl') (a'-fl')-(a'-'-fl'-')

(I)

34

Q ,

" \Ill'll

1° <1!l'lllLm~:Vl~~ui"~91l (1) lUU~;~l~!l n = 2 191U

lI'lJ1j9i!lU

a m- -m-r

aJ3 (a+J3) - (a+J3H

a' +13' +aJ3-a-13 a+!}-l

(a3_J33)-(a'-J3') (a'-J3')-(a-J3)

111,,f~Lff)jUfl=thU~1tJ a-J3~:: 1il'1l a'+J3'+aJ3-a-J3

a+!}-l

(ak+'_13k+') _ (ak -13k) (ak _13k) _ (ak-'_J3k-')

~:Vl~~uil~:.r!l~lUu~;~til'l1rlJ n = k+i ~1U ';Ufl!l

(2)

35

Ak+1

(a"+'_llk+2Hak+I_llk+l) (ak+I_Ilk+I)-(ak_llk)

a

<\+1 m - -\

(ak+2_1lk+2) _ (ak+I_llk+l) (ak+I_llk+l) _ (ak_llk)

i1C!Jmfl 14 ,h'I1WI'UlJ{h~~lU

1- ~ + X(X-l) _ ... +(_1)" X(X-l) ... (X-n+l)

I! 2! n!

A8tJ (_1)" (X-I) (X-2) ... (x-n) n!

36

,r'llllh-1~ 10 Il~Yi!J'IJ\rill'fllJllt1~lVl~UIUUlilU'lUl~lJ1IUa· 1~'1 ~lJlnnil 7 l~vhjii01n1(JU 1~vl'li~uu~llun:!lllJ1IUn un:~uu~llun:lfl11Un

;;911U

1 0 !llJlj~!lUIUU'iI~~al11i'U 8 llUn (l'rm: 8 llUn = 3 llUn + 5 llUn)

20 llf!llJlj9i!lUIUUIl~~al11i'U k llun l~v~ k luulilU1U

CI" .......

l~lJ 'lI~lJlnn'l111l!Jl111nU 8

iimw~luulU'l~ 2 mw

(1) lilv k llun ~1V~UU~l1ull:!lllJlIUllll'il,fU

(2) ~lV k llUn ~1V~UU~l1un:lfl!IUntHh~,rllV i lu

lumwllln ~:~ll~ 1'Ii~UU~1 lUn:!lllJ1IUnll!h~,rllV 3 lu

Ivm: k > 8 lUn1wtl Ivlll~~:~lV k+t llUn Ul1U~uu~l1un: !l1lJ11Un 3 lutl~1v ~uu91l1un:lfl1IUIl 21u

lUmW~!lll~ Ivlll~Il:~lV k+l !IUn llnU~UU~l1un:lfl lIUll~1V~UU9111ull:!lllJ!IUn 21u

·l11JltHlf,,"O<3qmJn : 11fin\iI\jl1\.hrH~'U"'1"t)-10fl"t1M01~1'11t1tJ"un:''\Io-1i'rl'loitl'u \I.,UII

37

i~8ti'~~ 11 '~Y;UIijU11f.4a1J1n"f)~rila'H"'lJ"{)~~1'U1U lilllJ'lf1~lI'lJ~'U1Ul1V~rlUl1'1~'V 9 Mil

Q ,

YI~'ilU

1° ~aUln 13+2'+33 l1n~,V 9 a~i1 i~JUlIlJ~~!'UlUU ~; ~ lfi!l ~'U 1 'U III n 'II!l~ ~''U 1 U Ii nlJ'" ~ lIllJ~' U 1U 11 V~ rl'Ufl!l 1

2° 1,., k3+(k+I)3+(k+2)3 l1'l~lV 9 Mi11jj!l k lUU ~''U1'UlinlJ''1~

(k + 1)3 +(k+2)3 +k3 +9k2+27k+27

[k3 +(k + 1)3 +(k +2 )3}+9(k 2+3k+3) lU'U~aU1n'll!l~lI!l~~aU1n~~~h~iil1'1~1V 9 Mil i~J'U~~11'1~1V 9 a~i,~,V

iJcymit 15 ~~Yi\!~Uil a'l1i'U~''Ul'Ul~lJ n '" 0

A = 11n•2 + 12·n•1 l1n~,V 133 Mi1

n

fl1tllh~~ 12 1~!ln~''U1'U n+ 1 ;i'U1U ~'n;i'U1U I, 2, ... , 2n ~~Vi\!~ui' lU~'U1U~I~!lnlJ,;j'jj!l!h~,r!lV 2 ;i'U1'U ~~jji1

~ .. '" ~ v

11'U~11'1!ln~nl1'U~!l~~1

38

Yi'Il~·

1 0 lflJljA!l\lIi'J\l~l~l~ll n l'rhnu 1 IIfl: 2

20 lflJljA11lfllJllOliilln n+1 'iil\l1\l~ln'iil\l1\l 1, 2,._, 2n lYlO~ n ~ 2 IIfl:hjii'iil\l1\llYllflO~111l~10

. . ..,..; .......

~1\l1\lll\lflHI1 Il'Illfl11lJn:YlYllYl IIYl\lI'll9l~ll~

'iil\l1\l~liillnll1ril;f~10 M.", ~:ii~~U11mlmOliilln n 'iil\l1\l~ln 'iil\l1\l 1, 2, ... , 2n-2 lYlO~'1iii'iil\l1\l lYllflO~111l~10'iil\l1\l~\lfl~9l'1

iimw~Ii'J\lhJM 4 mw

(1) Mn" '1iiiJ~ 2n-1 1111: 2n (2) Mn" ii 2n-1 II~l1iii zn (3) Mn" ii 2n lI9ii1iii 2n-1

. ~

(4) Mn" lJYl~ 2n-1 1111: 2n

n1W 1 Illl'iil\l1\l11~~lllln~ln Mn" 111all n 'iil\l1\l 119ifl: 'iil\l1\l l1ilnnn11 2n-2 l1iii'iil\l1\l lYll1Uol10iin'iil\l1\l

.. u

11\l~fl~Yl1

mw 2 Illl'iil\l1\l 2n-1 Illlnlnn Mn" 111all n 'iil\l1\l lI~fl: 'iil\l1\li1ilJ1nn11 2n-2 l1iii'iil\l1\llYllu n 'iil\l1\l;f

•• .. u

111~lln~1\l1\l11\l~M9I1

39

mtii 4 rie'llij'll~~«~Ln~r"il Iil'111'11 n hie21'11 Mn'l L'l'm:ci'le~ Il:jj 2 Iil'11l'11 (zn U~: n) I'll 11,,'1 1~!J~lil'111'11l1rt~

~ •• oJ w

111~~1!Jen~1'111'1111'11~M~1

LOl zn-r LL<l: 2n een~ln Mn'l L;j!J'IILLn'llL'I!~ 'IIe~lil'111'11~LI1iieY)1!J Mn-1 Lvi1Jlil'111'11 n L.,j'l1tIl'll Mn_1 Il:jj n Iil'111'11 hijjlil'111'111~1J1nnil 2n-2 ~:

LLlY~~il1'11 n Iil'111'11d 'lijjlil'11l'111~l1nY)1!J1inlil'111'11

oJ v

11'11~<l~~1

I'll Mn'l llijj 2 Iil'11l'111~ ~~lil'11l'11l1rt~111~~1V 1inlil'11l'11l1rt~Mil i~,r'll 'lijj 2 ~l'11l'11L'li'll,r'lll'11 Mn_1 ~~Ll1ii(lLViM';e~l'h111J'II1~il hijj 2 Iil'111'11L'li'll ,r'llL~(lL~1J n L,Jl'11

LYltln1~dLiJ'IIn1~LViV~Wtl~~:Vi~~uil

(1) 'lijjlil'11l'111~ I'll 11,,-1 ~111~~1V n Mil (2) n 111~~lVlil'111'111~1'11 Mn_1 lli<l~il ,JtlLL~miJ'IIfl<l~lnwjjlil'11l'111~1'11 M.-l jjril1J1nnil

20-2

,Jtll1fl~LiJ'IIfl<l~ln~ zn lm';1!Jlil'11l'111~1'11 M.-l lli<l~il

.r",r'll ci'llY1JIl~~l'11LiJ'IILYi~ ri1l1rulil'111'11 2n Iil'11l'11 iill 1, 2, ... , zn LLli1lY1Jlj~!l'11LiJ'IILYillrill1rUlil'11l'11

40

2 (0-1) 1i11.nllflll 1, 2, ... , 20-2 L"I'Il1=Il=JlI01 m.J1j9if1l1LUll~;~th.,fuIi11l1'U 2 (0-1) i1'U111flll 1, 2, .. , 20-2 Un1lflJlj9i!lU~=LUll~;~lhld"1J1i1U1U 20 1i11l1Uflll 1, 2, ... , 20 ~1V

~l'I~lnOlllUilul'I= 10 lfltlMi1 lflJlj9i!lULUUII;~ li1Mi'u1i1U1U 1, 2, ... , 20 l~vil 0 LUUli11l111 1illlJ'In9il~'1

lf~LnOlil1nllr'lilliliiunYi~~u~lV '1 ti'~il Llilln lil1l1U 0+1 1i1U1Ul~'1 InnlilU111 1, 2, ... , 20 unu L9I0I'lJll~1i1U1ULMlhilA1V Mn.,

M1llilU1UtiU9i1'l=ti'1illl~1u Mn., 1~v1i1U1Uil L,jltlU 2 vnnl,,~lilU1U1imJ'IJl9i1Jl~ti'1 lh 1l1'~1'I""I'Ii ilMLUulilU1U~ UnUL9I0I'lJll~~1'I""I'IiLMri1ilUl'l=001U1U ~'l'Jn.r11u M.,., oI'1V M'n., ii1i1U1U~ n+l IilU1Ull~1u M'n., 1~viluril'l=1i1U1UUllVni1 2n

Liill~~lniiIi1U1U~~LUU1J1m.f~l1lJ~

• ..I

n ~11l1un

2 Iilu1ulu

.. • ....... oJ ..... , ..

UllV011 zn ~~lJ~lU111nLmnUtJV1~UtJV

M'n., 1l1'1i1U1UilL,jltlU k

~ll~Mtill Mn., iili11l1U 2 001U1U 2'k une 2'k (1~vilIi1u1u s M~tJ t 1i11l111Mi1~lll~~=L,j1tlUtJu6) ~~Mi1~ 'Ulil111U 2'k Ul'I= s'k MlltinIi1U111Mi1~Mi1

41

iJqprrfl16' 'Hri~n1i1 I<lU~H n I<lU~'1iitlunU'Ul:U1U

.J. ,_.... r;

l1Un:U1UUa:Fl1U~~I~H1nU II:UUn:U1UUU

tltlOl\'JU 2n rhu

A1i1lh~~ 13 ~~rilJ~U111:U1U n 1:U1UFi1U~<lI?iH1nu 1~H~hj~ 3 1:U1Ul~~I<lU~1~'i11J ~:uti~tfiQihn1Jii9'itltlOl\'Ju An = n(n-l)+2 tY1U

10 1:U1UL~H1Uti~tfiQiitltlnL\'Ju 2 t'i1u ua: A, 2

.r~JUl1'1Jlj9'i!lU~tlm11\'JU~1~I~tJ n = 1

20 l1'1Jlj9'i11l1'1Jlj9'i!lUL\'JU~1~L~tl n = k ,rufitl k 1:U1U LLti~tfiQiitltlOl\'JU k(k-J)+2 t'hu ~:rilJ~U11 k+l1:U1U uti~tfiQii!l!lOl\'Ju k(k+l)+2 rhu

111' P L\'JU1:U1U~ k- J P .r<lU~a:1:U1U~!l~ k 1:U1UU1n I\'JUI<lU~l~ 1 I<lU P ~~c.!nLlti~L\'JUtY1U '1 1<lV k L<lU~LL~n~l~ nUH1U~<ll1rt~ 1I1nif1l!111~ 16 l1'1t111 P c.!nuti~IlIlOl\'JU sk tY1U u~a:tY1UL\'JUlj1J1:UlU (plane angle) ~~~~~~rill1u~l11'L\'Ju ~<lU!l<l

• '~\hi1qpnii 16 Ul'I:il0riHii 13 li1U9IDuQ l"n11::1itlJuriuuli'u61IUUUlV11111H

... .."...... ...

Ylq\lt.)11lJ1'U Cl~LllJ'I:IOUlmH1'\11f)W~

42

k l:\llU us nllti~t1llJjjllll n ll'JulllJl:l1iHl1 ~1 Ul:\llU (polyhedral angle) 1IIJll1rild U1~lIlJ~nuti~llllmiJ\l 2 rb\l l"Ul:\llU P

l1'hi1IJ~Il~lfll~ri1\ll'li\ldliJ\lri1\l~ll~l:\llU~~lllllJ~1V 2 r~i! ~~lii"'illnnllYi P i"l1Ul~ll~lIlJl1~lVl:\llUJU JufimiJ\l l1rt~ lu 2k 1I1J1:\llU

i~J u ~1 \l1U 1I1J1:l1i 1~11 ~ 1 V seu lUYi ~ n uti~ Illl n liJU lfll~ ri1U l"v P 'iI:hilJ1nnil 2k

l\lm~m,ur1U u9i~:ri1\l~Il~ 2k ri1U ~~ P ~nuti~'illn~~Yi P i"r1U k l:U1UUlnfill l1Ulj11J~1l~1I1J1:l1il~11~lVl:U1Ulfll~ 1I1J;~uti~1I1J1:l1il~11~lVl:\llU ~~lii"'illn k l:U1UUlmlllmiJ\l 2 ri1\l

ilOll1J111J1Vt1111Jil Iil\l1\l1l1Jl:l1il~11~lVl:U1U ~~~n uti~ll!lmU\l 2 ri1U low P 1lilflIJlmUllVnil 2k

i~J\l'illnri1\l9il~ 'll\lilllJjj~~lii"'illn k reunnun IJl'YW~ zk ri1\llYhJ\lYi~nuti~lU\l 2 ri1\l l"u P l~ll:II:J\l()l k l:\lluuti~illlJjjllllmuu k(k-l)+2 ri1\l k+l l:\lluuti~illlJjj llllmU\l [k(k-l)+2j+2k = k(k+l)+2 ri1U ~~1Mi~'ilUlfIJ1I~!1\l Ull1

(IOU" 2. llryt11IritlOrlUWllArucllla:C1sfnruiJCi

A

A

COT A

SEC B

B~----___J

COSEC A

case

~ d

..... ~ 51iJ\m 2

il'Y'M1L~f11n\J'Wt1f1&&1LLtU:~m-nw~Gi

sin 2"+la cos a cos 20 cos 4a .. cos 2na = --- 2n•1 sin a

W~\lU

1 0 L{)m\n\Jorlih.l~~~lrl!l

cos a

_ sin 2a 2sin a

cos a cos 2a ... cos 2'a

46

cos a cos2 a ... cos2k a COS2k+l a -

sin 2k+la cos 2k+l a 2k+l sin a

sin 2k+2a = 2k+2 sin a

u ,~ v •

fl'l8[Jl~11 15 mnmm At = cos e, A. = cos 2e

LLn:lYl'Hi'ulil'UTUU11J'lf19i k > 2 ,,!ni'l ml1J<l1J~'Ui

Ak = 2 cos e Ak_t - At-> li'J'U~1~

4 ,

'I'I~~\l

1 0 111J~9i!1'Uli'J\l~1~l~ll n = 1 lln: n = 2 20 1li

Ak_. cosrk-a)e

Ak_t COs(k-l)e

2 cos e cos (k-l)e - cos (k-2)e [cos ka-cos (k-zjel-cos (k-2)e cos ks

.... • 4 ......

m!l1J1~" 16 ~~'I't~~'U11

. n+l

sin X + sin sx + ... + sin nx = sm-2- x sin ~

sin.!- 2

2

4 ,

'l't91l'U

1 0 lIlJlj~!l'ULi'J'U~l~Ldil n = 1 20 111

sin~x sin x + sin 2X + ... + sin kx = _--,:2,:--_ sin~

.kx sm- 2

sin x + sin 2x + ... + sin kx + sin (k+t ) x · k+l

smTx kx

sin 2 + sin (k+i ) x sin~

· k+r

sm-2-x . kx . k+i k+i

--- sm2 + 2 sm-- x cos-2- x

~n~ 2

· k+2

SI~X . k+l

--- Sin --x

sin~ 2

k+i x

zcos -2- x sin 2

. k+2 . kx

SlO- X-SlO-

2 2

47

48

. 211+1

1 sm-2- X

2" + cos X + cos 2X + ... + cos OX = . X

zsm 2:

sin X + zsin 2X + ssin ax + ... + nsin nx

(n+!) sin nx - n sin (n+l)x 4 sin'i

cos x + 2cos sx + ... + n cos nx

(n+!) cos nx - n cos (n+I)X - 1 4 sin' ~

i X! x ! x

-tan-+-tan-+ ... + -tan- 2 2 2' 2' 2n 2n

x

2n cot 2n - cot x (X" m n)

arc cot3 + arc cot5 + ... + arc cot (zn+t )

3 n+l

= arc tan 2 + arc tan"2 + ... + arc tann - n arc tan 1

49

. !! nx .. n1t <If. ..

(1 +1)" = 2'( cos 4" + 1 sm 4" ), n li'J'U~1'U1'UlinlJ'b'191

- ,

YI\!\l'll

1 0 lYlJlj~!l'Uli'J'U~;~ld!l n = 1 l~!l~~ln

r-i

2° 1M' (l+i)k = 2~ (cos~ + i sin~)

4 4

= 2'7- (COS (k+I)7t + i sin (k+l)1t)

4 4

(-./3 - i)" = 2" (CO~ - i sin~ )

6 6

50

~ltl!h~~ 18 IWri?J~UTlCJlIUUTl9ill't1rl'

O'~"UlUI;~<illU u lii~~'OmlA'liiuom;~ln~fltii~ (UUtill mnnn rmau mlfJOI Un=ml'lm) li,ululi1n~uuli,u1UI;~<illU X" X2' ••• ' Xn ~= M".i1Ii'U1UI;~<illU Ii (flllU~IOOI~Il~ u) lii~~,o mlA'liiumll~01nUnUflllU~100I X" X.' ... , Xn

Y1\l'ilU

10 OI11UUm ~=~?J~Ui'lY1J~~!'UlilU~l~a'l1i'uu9in=ml A'liiuml~ll~mlA'lii\Jml,r~# a'l1ruli'U1UI;~<ill\J 2 li'U1U

111' X, = a + bi, x. = c + di

X + X

I •

(a+c) + (b+d) i

= u

x + X

(a .. bi) + (c-di) (a-c) - (b+d) i

011nu 011fJOI Iln=nll11'lnlY'1J'1[l~?J~u1~u~;'Ull~ l~o1nu

20 ri'l1U~ii'l'lIlUI;~i'lnOO=~Il~Ii'U1UI;~<iIlU X" X2, ... , Xn ~~mlfi'U101ii'l'l~UI'liUrl' n~T111UM liI\Jml~'liiuml m1J lil iU~Il~l1il~ lu #011 A' liiu n111;~ In~ fl tii~uu li'U1UI;j~<illU 2 li'U1\J 1~O~011A'liiUOlll11ri,rl'

51

U =

x x + x X

1 2 3 4

x +x -X

1 , 3

(1) XtX2 U1,
(2) X3X• u"
(3) X + X U3'
1 a
(4) U - X U.'
3 3
(5) U + U U"
1 ,
(6) U + U U
• • l'IlJlj ~"i1l'1lJlj~! llJ'IJ!l~ L~l LUlJ lil~ Ih.1i'UilYi~t1 ~~ ms fillJ1WH "nl~~lLillJnu" hhnlJ k Ol~~lLillJm~ llJiiif "nl~ ~lLillJnl~n l1lJ1Vii~ rrmnn msau m~fJw l1l!lm~111~'IJ!l~ ~llJllJL;)~'1i!llJ 2 ~llJllJ ~:Yi~~t1ill'llJlj~!llJ~!l~Li'JlJ~~~~l!J all1i'uilYi~t1ihi "nl~~lLillJnl~" k- 1 Ol~~lLillJOl~

LrtlH~ln "nU';lLillJnu" ii k+l HnU~llJllJ u. LL~: U.

, J

~~LL9i~:il1'11lJl~(1fillJ1Wl~~ln "Ol~~lLillJOl~" lliLnlJ k ms

';lLillJnl~

llJmmY1lJii~llJllJ XI' X" ... , Xn ~lVfl!llJ~LOI1l'IJ!l~lTlJ

o ...I........ .. _ _

~llJllJ u. LL~: U. ~:(1nUY1lJY111l1Vfl!llJ~Lnl1l'IJ!l~lJlJfl!l U . U~: U u~ 1 J:_ ...: .~ .. I j l1l~lJlJ1oI~'IJ!l~ "m~11l1LlJlJOl~" Y1 k+ ; 'lf~fl!l U ~:!JnUY1lJ~l!J

52

(cos x + i sin x)" = cos nx + i sin nx

--~

Qt>un 3. aryt11InUOnunlsw~vu~aunls

?

•

C2> 9UlUfi 3 iJ ru1ll, L~tJ1 n\J n1''iY4 iillilUO iii 3-1 ms

~ ...

1 1 1 13

n+l + n+2 + ... + 2n> 24

~ ,

VI\1I1U

Lll1U'li'1~9flV'IJ!l~!ll'flJnU ~10 S

n

s=!_=!.!

2 12 24

i~JU!ll'flJnllliJU~1~1~!l n = 2

s > Q ~lV

k·, 24

56

s = _1_ +_1_ + ... + ~ + _1_ +_1_

k·, k+2 k+a 2k 2k+1 2k+2

s -s =

k+l k

1 1 1

2k+1 + 2k+2 -"k+l

2(k+1)(2k+1)

,rWIJ11'IJ()~!Ylln11l'!~nilurl'li'J'UU1nl!Yll() lfl11rU~1'U1'U 1inll'l11~ k 1~ '1 .r~J'U

!y1J1l~!ll'U ()!Ylln11 2" > zn- 1 li'J'U~1~lfl11rU~1'U1'U 1imJ'I11~ n 1~'l

57

- <

"~\lU

lMO!fllnmilu~'hlno n=k hw~ k lilu~lU1U 1i111l~1~

uufio 2k> 2k+1 Il=Yil!IlU11ll!fllnmr~fl~lilulll~lnO n = k- 1 lYufio 2k .. > 2 (k+t ) + 1

(2)

IrtoHln 2k hiuoVn11 2 tYll1i'U~lU1U 1i111l~1~lYl '1 inn 2k l'lil'lil~'Ii'lV uae 2 l'lil'liWIJ11 'lJO~!fllnl1 (I) 1l=1All!fllnl1~lilUlll~

2k + 2k > 2k+I+2

2k'l > 2(k+I)+1 1AYil!IlU!flllj~!lUII,h

ilf!ll11if 25 O!fllnl1 2" > 2n+1 II'JUlll~

tYll1i'U n ~~lilU~lU1U1i111l~1~lYllh~

11hil

O!fllnmilUlll~ lnll n = 1 Irto~1l1n 21 > I'

ll!fllnmilulnll InO n = 2 Irto~1l1n 2' = 2'

58

11ll1Jn1~lihJLiI~ .. lijll~~ln 23 < 32
11Jll n = 3
11ll1Jn1~lihJLiI~ l~ll .. 24 = 42
n = 4 l'UIH~ln
111l1Jn11IiJ'U~l~ ljjll .. 2s> 52
n = 5 l'UIH~ln
111l1JnmiJ'U~1~ ljjll .. 26> 62
n = 6 l'Ull~~ln 111l1Jn11il~llljjll'Uil~:liJ'U~1~1~1l n = 1 1l1l:tflM1U1il'U1'U lill1J'lflfi n 1~ '1 ~ n > 4 ~:~\!~Ull1Jljfil!l'U;f

1 0 1l1l1JnmiJ'U~l~ 1~1l n = 5

201M 2k > kq~u~ k liJ'U~1'U1'UlilllJ'lflfi~lJlflflil 4 (1)

(2)

cil 2k> 2k+1 rilM1U k > 4 (iftym~ 25)

.r~J'U cilU1n 2k l"hul~'1i'lU 1111: 2k+ 1 l"hUl~'IJ11'IJ1l~ 111l1Jn11 (I) Mil 1l1l1Jn1~ (2) liJ'U~l~

.r~J'UriHIllU fill 2" > n' l~ll n = 1 Llll:I~1l n > 4

~1!l[h~~ 21 ~~~\!~Uil (r-«)" > 1 + nn l~v~ a >-1, a ~ 0 1111: n lil'U~1'U1'UlilllJ'lf1~~~lJlflnil 1

Q ,

'I'l91l'U

1 0 1l1lIJnmil'U~1~ 1~1l n = 2 liill~~lfl a' > 0

20 1MIl1lIJnmil'U~1~ 1~1l n = k l~u~ k lil'U~1'U1'U1i~~1J'lnfi

.. . v ....

']j~1Jlnflll 1 'U'Ufill

59

(I+a)' > t+kn ~'!~tl'11alYlJnmtJU~~~1~a n = k- 1 ,Tuiia (I+a)'·' > l+(k+l) a

(1 )

(2)

liia~~ln 1 +u > 0 l~OlYlJlJ~'lU .r~Uu ~lnalYlJnn (1) 1~af.Jru>i'1o (I +a) ~~"'v~'\h~~:'l>i'il

(I+a)'" > (r-ko) (r-o ) (3)

(l+a)'" > l+(k+l) a+ka'

.r~\~~~r ka' ~jjfilltJuU1na1Jn1t1 MalYlJnl~ (2)

4" < (211)!

11+ 1 (11')'

60

~l<lth~~ 22 ~~Vi1,!~uil

2"-1 (a"+b") > (a-b)"

(1)

Yi~'il~

10 l~V n = 2 IHYlJn1; (1) v~1u~u 2(a2+b2) > (a-b)? ltjV~~ln a • b ~~ hi'ilVl'flJn1;

(a-b)" > 0 l\'lu~l~

(2)

(3)

U1n (a+b)21,rlJ~l'fV~,rl~'\JV~lll'flJn1; (3) ~:1.i'lll'flJnl; (2) Jufiv 1.1-W1,!~Uu<i'lilVl'flJn1; (1) l\'lu~1~1~V 11=2

20 1MVl'flJn1; (1) l\'lU~~~ l~ll n = k l.wYl k l\'lu~lmu

_ d • .:... ...

~'j,lJ'lIHl 91~lJlnn11 1 UUflV

(\'ll.J(UJ~l'fll~,rl~'\Jll~lll'flJnll (4) .11V (a-b) lnll~~ln a-b > 0 1~Vl'flJ1J~~lU ~:hi'1ll'flJnm;ll1uif

2k-l(a'+b')(a+b) > (a-b)": lY;llYl~~Vl1,!~Ulll'flJn11 (5) l\'llmmYlv~vwYl~:Vil!~uil

(6)

61

(7)

(8)

111 a > b ~~ '~il ak > bk U~~ii~lltJW"1l~~"U1UlJ1mrll~ ~lU1UnW~lV"1l~lllTlJm~ (9)

111 a < b ~~ '~il ak < bk 1I~~ii~~f.JW"Il~~lU1U~lJlTll~ ~lU1UnW~lV"1l~lllTlJml (9)

.J~lTll~mtii IllTIJm1 (9) Li'JU~l~

li'URIl Li~lum~wt!~uillllTlJm1 (1) Li'JU~l~Ldll n = k+l Li'Ju~~~lnlllTlJnmi'Ju~l~Ldll n = k

Li'JU~l~lhlli'lJ~lU1U~l~ x 1>1 '1 i1 x » 0 1I~~ril111lJ~lU1Un111J'I11~ n 1>1'1

W~;)U

10 (a) Ldll n = 1 eeurm (1) IlU1U1U 1

x + - '" 2

x

(2)

62

m!lJnll (2) 1.r1Jl~lf111<f1Jml~llIi~'Ii'~ (X - 1)2 ,,0

(b) l~ll n = 2 neums (1) ll~lultl

(3)

eaums (2) lllU~1~all1rtJlilU1U~1~ X 1~ '1 ~ X > 0 ~~Ju naums (2) ~:lllu~l~ l~lllmU~ X i1V X2 li'Ufill

x2 + _!_ ;?! 2

X2

tJ1f1 1 l'li'lYf~<f!l~'Ii'W\J!l~Il<f1Jnll'l'~li'lV;f ~:M!l<f1Jf111 (3)

2° <f1J~~il!l<f1Jnll (1) l\'JU~;~l~1l n = k 1.1V~ k l\'JulilU1U~1l1J'l11~ li'Ufill

~:V;\!~Uil!llY1Jf111 (r) l\'JU~;~ l~!l n = k+2 li'ufio

Xk<2+Xk+Xk-2+ + _1_+ 1 1

Xk.-2 ~ + F~ k-a

(6)

U1f10<f1Jnll (4) uee (6) l'li'lilUrlU 1i!llYlJnll (5) <T1t1M~~;f

63

'lu 10 (a) LL<I: (b) Y1~~Ui1!HY1Jnll (I) liJUIl1~L~ll ..

n» 1 U<I:L1Jll n=2

1u 20 Y1~~Ui1 (l1ml1Jnll (1) LiJUIl"i~L~1l n = k 11:

Mi1lllY1Jnll (I) LiJU~"i~L~1l n = k+2 >110 nri11iinllri1~l1rt~i1 20 1'11ihliinnN1U~ln n = k 'hl n = k+2

~<I~ln 10 (a) Ll<l: 20 1'11iTV1ii~~:lY(ui1 nnums (1) LiJUIl"i~all1rUlilu1Unn1J1f1~ n 1¥1 '1 ~LiJU,j1U1U~ 1¥10'i~nll L'liuL~v1nu ~<I~ln 10 (b) LL<I: 20 1'11i1V1ii~~:lY(ui1lllY1Jnn (1) LiJu~"i~all1rU,j1U1Unn1J1f1~ n 1¥1 '1 ~LiJU,jl1.l1Uti 1l1n~<lJ~ lYll~lY(ul>1i1lllY1Jnll (1) LiJU~1~all1rU,j1U1UnmJ1f19i n 1¥1 '1

oi'1ll!h~~ 24 ~~Y1~~uV1q\jQumill1Uif

01, n <ll~ ll'IJ1mU¥1'IJ1J~,j1U1u~"i~u1n him n ni1.r, n<ll~l<l'IJmU¥1 tTUiill (11 a" a2,···, an liJU,j1U1U~1~U1n Il:Mi1

11 ~ aIH2 ... an

~ 31 +a2 + ... +an n

(1)

~ ,

rt\)'ilU

1 0 L~ll n = 2 eeurm (1) llQ1u~u

(2)

(F, - ~/ ~ 0

64

9l~lilu~;~a'11i'1Jlil'U1U~;~1J1n a, uae a. l~ '1 naums (2) iifl1'lJl1lJ'!JY11m~'flIii~lfill~.rui~;1 ri1U~Il~lffU~1~ AB lh:nll1JY11!Jri1U~Il~I!fu~l~V'1 a, II": a. tYl'n~n"lJ~iifl"1J1n~ll~ a, II": a.lilum'lJ!J'11!fuH'U~'1.l!rn"'~

u I: a +a ~, u • ,3 ... r.:-:: _

~~UU ~ luUm'lJV'1~Il~lfflJ~lln~n"lJU ~!u:1'1 va,a. flll

.. .. .. ... e .... .

flHl1U~~Il~fl1'lJV'1~Il~fllll~ 'l1~fl'UII":~~mnn1J~~nlJ~ll~

ri1U~Il~lffumnf~tYll~ ('.lUflUIl1W) ~'n;1111UMi'lltYlJnU (2) lilu~;~

~ ~

A a a B

20 tYlJlj9ii'lltYlJn1l (1) lilu~;~ Idll n = k ~:~~~ui' lltYlJn1l (1) lilu~;~ Idll n = sk Y11V

2k~ala2···a2k

k~+k~ 2

2

a1 +32 +".+~ + ... +aZk

2k

65

,.wuuumhilmYlJml (I) Iuu~;~dill n = 2 A~ JUl'l'lU1~il!ll'l'lJnll (I) LUU~l~Lrlll n = 4, 8, 16 Lln:iiu'l Jufill l~V'lh'lhdll n = 2' l~v~ .; LUU IilU1UYilllJ'lfl~

30 Lvill~~:Vl~~uillll'l'lJnll (I) LUU~l~lhlli'ulilU1U YimJ'lfl~ n '1lnA1 Vl~~uilcillll'l'lJnll (I) Luu~l~ lYllli'U n = k mil Ill'l'lJnll (I) ~:LUU~l~lYllli'u n = k-I

hi a" a., ... ak_, luulilU1u~;~U1n1~ '1 LIn: A luulilU1U ~1~u1nlilu1ulli1~ ~~u~~: 1liilVllJ'IlW:il"

k"a,a •... ~_, x

a1 +a2 + ... +ak*l + A

~

k

k

k-l

k-l

66

a +a + ... +a

k-Lraa-:a-- < I 2: k-I

'I d,d2···dk• , - k-t

1M m LiJ"Uli"ul"U~n1J'I11~1¥l '1 III m = 2' i1~ hi'i11n 2° il DlT1Jnl1LiJUill~lhlllU m

III m " 2' lTl1J110Ml S l¥lv~ m uDvnil 2' LL~~~~JU lTl1J110lT'IUi¥lV l'li' 2° LL~~ 3° il!llT1JnmiJuill~rll111U n = m

-~-

C1~un 4.

msill~~unql:JfiunUl\lnql:JfiunluffillFlrualut)\lc1U

rOllS:IUllU5st)~Ulll~\lFlruamaas

,

• GlBU~ 4 n1'l'W ~;;l\r't1 '1U~\J't1\J1\1't1'r~~\J't1 L U\'itlfl mGl L ifB\lGi'U LGltl'l:a ,hJ\J16B1Jum ~\lflmGlf'l1aGl{

•

T1qll~lIT1 1 riltl~lY!l~'II!l~Vil1UllJLYhri'mmll1n'IJ!l~ri1tl~ lY!l~'IJ!l~W~UlJnVi~U U1nlY6~ Ll'il'IJ6~ fj~U1 n'IJ6~ fj~ fJ\lL'lJ6~ LL~~:

. r; u ..

fJml1lJ~ UUtl6

Q ,

.... lY~lI

1 OV l,lm (1) lYllJnI1Vll,l~u1~~Unl1fJ\lL 1"UIl11~L~6 n = 2 20 lYlJ~~ill,l1lL1 (I) Li'lu~1~all1rll n = k -i

tTUflfJ (a, +a2 + ... +ak_t)2 = a~+a~+ ... +a~_l +2S

hwll S Li'lUfj~U1n'll!l~fj~fJ\lL'IJ!l~u.;~:ti~Li'lult1hi'fr~l1lJllL'lJ6~ a" a., ... , ~_, ~:Vll,l~uil

70

(a1 +a2 + ... +ak_1 +'\.)2 = a~+a~+ ... +a~_l +a~+2S1 l~tJ~ S, LiJUfj~U1n~!m~~fJW~t)~ll9i~:~~LiJuitJ1~,f~l1lJ~~!H a" a2,···, '\-1' ale: tT'Uflfl

lJ\lL5 an = a,+d(n-I)

l~tJ~ a, LiJuVl~..rLLm une d LiJufj~~whlJ

(1)

~ <

'1'19"IlU

1° \1'\115 (I) LiJU~"i~ Lilt) n = 1

2° l'flJ1j~il\1'm (1) LiJU~"i~Lilt) n = k tTufit)

ak a, +d(k-I)

a, + d(k-I) + d a, + dk

tTufiv \1'\115 (I) LiJU~1~LjjV n = k+t .11tJ

71

T1q1!~1JTI 3 W~,r~ n 'IIIHtl'U~1JL'1JlfltiiA "'llJ'lmni~ ~ln~Al an = a.q''?

lAv~ a, LU'Uw~,rUln U~: q LU'UtlAllli1'U'i1lJ

ft\1\lU

1 0 ~A1LU'U~~~L~!) n = I

T1q1!~tJTI 4 ~1'U1'Uiih1V~mJL\J~V'Ul'IlJl~n m ~1l'11lJl1() fil'U11l11~~ln~~1

m!

fi~ilU

1 0 ri!)'U~'U~~lY~Ln~-jl P, = 1 .r~,r'U~~1 (1) LU'UiI~~l~!)

m = 1

20 1M Pk k!

~:Vi~~,r-jl

~lnl'llJl~n k+i ~1 a" a., ... ,ak, ak., \il k ~1Llln u~:l11iiiL1V~ lYtJLtI~!J'U~LU'U1tIMyf~l1lJ~ l~Vl'IlJlI~!l'U~:ii k! iii

72

luu9i~:iiL1f1~nUl1J~flu'li1~9\'u llil1'1nyn ak>. Ill!nllu mJ1YnU~n, nIlUt'llnYn~ 2"'1 nIlUtIlJ1-in~ k Un::11a~tIlJ1-in~ k l~lViiM k+1 iil;v~nun..l~flU~Il~t'llnYn k+1 91') ~1nl1i1~ii ~1l~iil;fI~nultl~flU~Il~t'lln-in k 91') ii.,f~l111~

k! (k-r) = (k-r)! iil;fI~lfunJ~vu~Il~t'lll1-in k+t 91') ~'I\Ju~~:9\'Il~Yi91~0I'

1. ii 2 im~lu (k+1)! ii~ll~nm;v~lfultl~vu~':'nu

(1) \'I'll1.j~i,luiillfJ~nlJltl~fJ\l (k+l)! ii ii 2 ii ~':'nul;fJni, p. lin: p.llit'l1l1Yn ak'l IlQli'iu~ s lu PI l~v uU~1nl'1wilVitl~1' i~Ju ak'l IlQli1iu~ s lu p. 1~vuu~1n l'1wilVitl~11

111 ~'I eenstn PI lin: P, hiiillv~nultl~vu~~n\l ~1l~t'lll'Yn k 911 : PI lin: p,

91~Jul\lm~M PI uee p.lri ak>1 n~t'lIl~llf~lu~,~v1nu IIn:iil;v~nultlEvul~V1n\l~Il~ ai' a., ... , ak ~~,r~lIrr~nun~m~ Mt'li'1~iih;v~atJltlEvu

(2) \'I'lJ1.j~"i1 ill 1mil;v~lfultlEv\lu'~ii ~1l~mll;V~ lfultl~flUt'lll'Yn k+t 911 Ilvniiifil P 1li ~>I IlQli'91u~ S 1\l P

73

U1 ah, {J{Jn~1n p iWi~I~V~lY1JL1J~v\l p ~{J~l1'lJ1;)n k .11Uln .1~,f'Ulvl{J~~: M p lYiV~VW~~:U1i~I~V~lY1Jlt.l~V'U p lin: ltfl1'lJ1;)n ak., l'U';1U'1li~~ s U1J~1nY11~oH1V

i~lY1Jl~V~lt.l~V\I p hjfl1l~1~'H1V Irt{J~~1nU1iihlV~lY1J It.l~V'U~{J~l1'lJ1;)n k Y111IlnlJ111ni~ uae ltfl1'lJ1;)n ak., l\l';111'Hli~~ 1 ';111'Hli~~ 2 ... lln:';111'Hli~~ k+1 ~1mmoH1V .1~,f'UiihlV~cr1Jlt.lEv'U~MJ~'HlJ~ll~ n.i1~n'U uae im~ I~V~lY1Jlt.l~V'U~!Hl1'lJ1;)n k+t .11'I'lni~

~1n~m;'1lJ1lT~t.lMi1

Pk., = (k+i ) I

nqllaun 5 ~1'U1\1i~llV~lY1Jlt.l~V\I~{J~11'lJ1;)n m .111i flf~~: n .11 lT1lJ1l()ri1'U1iUM~1n1J~l

A~ = mfrn-j ) ... (rn-n+i )

( I)

Q •

Yi\!'il'U

1 0 ri{J'U~'U~~lY~ln~i1 A ~ = m .1~,f'U1J~l (1) 1\'J'U~1~ liill n = 1

20 l1'lJ~~i1 A~n = mt m-j ) ... (rn-k+t ) hw~ k c m ~:Vl1J~ui1

A~' = m(m-I) ... (rn-k ) lYi{J~~:iWi~I~V~lY1Jlt.l~U\lJ~'HlJ'W!HlTlJ1;)n m .11 1i

74

flf~~: k+t "1 LtJumllilv~~Il~~:lhl~ilV~lfuLtl5VU'lJll~!(lJl';;n m .11 1'1l'flf~~: k "1lJl,f~l1lJ>l LI~:LI~~:i~~6nlV~1V!(lJ1';;n;i ~:.11~ln!(lJ1';;n m-k i1~L11lill i~Ll0~l1ULtl~OU'lJ6~!(lJl';;n m i1 1'1l'flf~~: k- 1 "1 !(ll~;fuhlOi~;f hlOi~Ll0~l1ULtl~vu~LL\Iln ~l~nu LI~:E~ltln-:hJui~L1V~l1ULtl~VU'IJ!J~!(lJl';;n m i11'1l'flf~~: k+t "1 \'jni~~:llQlunqlJ~!(ll~~'uil

~~Ml1

A~;l = A~ (m-k ) = m (rn-j ) ... (rn-k)

llq\l~Ull 6 ~lU1Ui~;)"11~'lJll~!(lJl';;n m "1 Hflf~~: 11 "1 !(llJl1IltilU1!U 1.,0 1'11'\1'"

en m

m(m-I) ... (m-n+l) (I )(2) ... (11)

(I)

I 0 rillugll~~11~Ln",11 e~ = m .,~JU\1",lLlJU~l~

11= 1 e~, m(m -1 ) ... (m -k+ 1)

(1)(2) ... (k)

m(m-l ) ... (m-k+l)(m-k) (L)(2) ... (k)(k+l)

75

LYl!)~~= hiiihr~'I1~yf~'I1lJ~~!)~!'I'l.Jl'in m i11iflf~t1= k+ 1 i1 Loiio'Ui~Il~'I1~yf~'I1lJ~~!)~!'I'lJloin m i1 liflf~t1= k i1 mil LL~t1=i~L91lJ!'I'lJloiniit1=i1~ln!'l'lJloin rn-k i1~L'I1li!) hwl11LU'U !'I'lJloini1~ k- 1

Lli'U,r~-hi~Il~'I1~yf~'I1lJ~~1J~!'I'lJloin m i11iflf~t1= k -; i1~=Mmni~'Ii'1~;I'U 'I11n'l'l11LL~t1='i~~=Li'i~ k+i flf~

~ _.....' -

L'U!)~~ln1~~~11~ a., a2,···, ak, ak'l LO~~ln

L~!lL91lJ al L'Ii'llul'U'i~Il~l1~ a2, a3,···, ak, ak'l L~!lL;jlJ a2 L'Ii'lltft'U'i~Il~l1~ aI' a3,···, ak, ak>1

k m-k Cmk+!

m(m-! ) ... (m-k) (r )(2) ... (k)(k+!)

l1q'll~lJl1 7 ril111lJ1il'U1'U a LLt1: b 1~ '1 LLt1:~1'U1'U ~nlJ'ljl~ n 1~'1

76

q ,

"~Il"

1° I~!J n=1 M a+b = a-b i~J"~911 (1) liI,,~'h1un~wil 2° 111

(a-b)"" = (a+b)k(a+b)

(ak + C~ ak-' b + ... + bk)(a+b)

ak"+(1 + CPakb+(C~+ Ci)ak-Lb'+ ... +(C~ + Cr') ak-'b'·'+ ... +bk.,

C'·' lYl'il

k·,

aktl+C~.lak b + C~tlak-l b2+ ... +C~:11 ak-s b"! + ... + bk+1

· ....

unaoma

IlthTv (induction) (1JlIl1nti1fmmn~'U inductio utl~'h nmhms) Luunm.j"mnmtihuYil:1t1mw,r,1t1 ihtTv (deduction) (1JlIl1ntilll1lJl~1~U deductio LLtI~"i1 N~~m1J1Jl) LUU ms ~lUlll n mw,r, itl1t1 mwmwl: 'l n flumlu~ 1i~UY1U1Y1'IJtJ~ 'i~mllYi'l~mw,r, itl Illn N~mHr~Ln~LL~:mlY1~~!l~ crl'111U 'iY1Vlf11lY~{L~~tlDU'ii U1U1J1LL6,~Miiml1itJilfltii~flllY~{LUU .rULLUUi''ULiifl'IJ!l~ ml1,rl:Liivu'i~ultTv ;;H:mli~ LL;i~'IIltJ iii n~l1JLUU~mlu nu~il 'IltJfl111J~ vtJ1J1U 1U1'l11fl tii~flllY~{ (vnL')u'IlIJfl111J~11tJLUU'IltJfl111J~U!lU'IIltJiIlWIlU) .rtJ~M1J1 Illn mlVj\1IlULL~:ml'h 1t1t1l:Qn~1umwLuwl: hi1J11l1nnn il\1i1uminumw,r,1t1 (ihtTv)

80

lUlflr~alllrilJif~u'Ii'll fl11lJ "1.rii 0111,r~lhr!J nUll 01~ nil~~1H luflIu91tlll'1'91f u9i9ill~ 1,r~1!Jfl11lJL~!J1'1111l! n " ..• fl11 1illuu!J lui'lllflW9ltlll'1'flfllril~ 11 Lvilliill: 1.1 '" lLl'I'luiiLi'JulIl~ Lyhtfu n. 'li'1lfl11lJLlIriliflllJ1Ufl11lJl1110Hl1 ~:lIlJlu5~11 lUn~lJ~ll~l:L;j!Jui~9il~ 'lluflw91tl1l'1'91f ii~1nii "L~!lITu" 9llLll91 (ihuu) ulL:~1nii "llln:L;mTuL.1u9ihiLl'I'lJlllu" 191!JL'il~1: llril~ii~ril111U qiihh;lu1'111ty Clllllllril~ii qL;iuunrin fllliiLII91- flfiiilli !ln9ill~) 01 Li'Ju.r~ifll:l11LntLL<rfiill:.rfliiun11L;mTuL.1 ~ll~m;juui~ "IlUUU" llril~h ';'llril~115~1I:~uMUn111'l'1tl LlI~ ltl HlL l-Ufl Wfltlll'l'flf HlL 1'I'1tll11~ flWfltlll'1'flfii1illlJ'lnfiii L;ll ~-ulliL.1L'!i-ULfiu1nUn~1I1nn11YlfllLll~~Il~iYlUltlll'1'flfL~nIUu1i .r~J-umLi'I-Ufl11lJiifliifiiill: "m1111'1'Ilu" Y1t]lliiuYl.h~ '1 C.r~L'!i-u UnLlu-ul.rlufll LLU:lh 1'11' "fl11111'1'IlU" fl11lJ!ln9ill~ l-unufll-U1tLL l1111fllfl!JU~Il~l'I'1Jn11~~1I1111n~91nhlu)

uyj1l1~LL511liL.iLi'luL'!i-uJu Iltluu Cli'-Uflll "nmhl11~" ~ u-U1iifln11Lfll111!Jn11i~l'I'lJ~fi!1-U) iiri1Urilfi'ty!Jril~1i~ U~LU-U UYlU1Y1n111'l'11~l'I'llflL'villfiulIl '!ilU l'11'Lfllfl11lJLU-U luM~Il~ L'illLU u~'Ii'1lfl11lJlIl~ l-Uflwfl tlll'1'\i,f9i ll~ 1.1lJl111 nihu!J LvhJ-u lliii '" 1L 1'I'1ti1fl1uflwfltlll'1'flfll: L.HUn11!JlllJ1Ul11,n.rlll!lLi'J-U1l1~ lI-unl1 1I:1'I'1lJl1 ()Yl1,!1I-u1~11 LU-U '" 1L 1'I'1U1I1 n'li'!J fl n M Li1tN 9i-u

• nl1U~1JALYuifl~o1nu "011QulTvlut)wflff1rrfl{" IOOU'iI::nrnvllJtnl11lJlutl1J..lt1uuu 1;[l\n::~UlrYi(llJffo\" i\.ln1::.,r~O.JlrilJlhl'f~ (I-rlOlih.,tIi'1oth.J ~fH)U 62-631tJlluuiiV\4 Y; .. flwIII1MO E.S. Kcchetkcva Ul'I:: E.S. Kochetkov)

81

L~tJ1ri'm:LjjtJu'liiIlUUtJL~~I1Wflflll'ffif um~umti'DJfill "mjjtJu'liiIlUUtJL~~I1Wflflll'flllf" Li'JU1:aUou'lilihuo vhmoJ1 ll!h~5ti1uii~im~l'fi'mJll~n1~l'f1Um~I1WfIfIll'ffif ~~~Ll'filllUil LiJU "nmi1u~lnmtiiLlllm 1UmW,r1 1u" LiJUn1~~ltJii~:li1 M 17uhil a~iiL~tJnilIlUUtJL'i~I1Wflflll'flll{ uli~1~ua111ihi lluutJ u.iLiJu~:LjjtJu'iiin1~MLl1~~nL'i~ihutJ nnYi~~u1f1tJmjjtJu 'iiiUl:nllm11tJ 2 Ii1U

(1) IbuiiL~tJnil!llU LiJUn11Yi\1'~U (ihutJ) il'lilll11llJ ii~ll~nmiJu~1~l1l111UlilU1U~11lJ'I1l~' IilU1Ul1;j~ (l1~lll1nltJ IilU1U) (L'liUl1l111U 0 111ll 1; ;jfilliiL1tJnilYl'lllijUYl 1)

(2) .,TU'!UUO (Yl'lllijUYl 2) LiJUn11Yi\1'~U (ihutIL'liuri'u) n1W,r11u !T1111U n "lMl1 til<Ulll11llJLiJU~1~ffl111U n Ua1 <Ulll11llJJULiJUlll~!T1111U n-t ~1tJ "lHrnn11IlUUtIL'i~I1W91flll'f91{" hi'l'fi'1~;l'Ullril~1f1 '1lJ (lf1tJiiun I1W91flll'f91flilU1UlJln ollil ne fill a ll~ ri'u l'fllJ DJ ffli1 n lin: 111liJU ff~l'i ~U1U1:UU IilU1UL'i~ ff~l'i~U) l'l'llJll0l'flUlf1tJ 1innYi\1'ilul'i~ihutJMil <Ulll11llJii nri11ii~LiJU~1~ffl111UlilU1U~nlJ'I1l~lJni1~lnllluun:,fulluutJ i~Ju11iiimw1Y1ii "11ill~1U'lJllmhtJ" iililliJU~Il~ "umu" ("lY1tJIlUUtJ") ~nl'f1U MYi\1'llu Yl'lllijUYll1l111UlilU1U~nlJ'I1l9i lJni1 ~lnlllufilllilU1U 0 1i,fulluutJYi\1'~U!T1111UlilU1U I

82

Ulil llni1lltl~~~Ulti'Ulfl11i'U 2 Ulil lfl11i'U 3, ... hwiiimli1 Y1CJiliiUTllilu~1~lfl11i'u;ilU1U1inlJ'lIl~lYl -r

ti'ut'iijMYln.,~litil "~thTUl~~miiYlffllYYlf" ~Ym:miiuu iiii1«lJ-wutfmi1~uli~,rYlti'Uril "~thTu" YlllJtln~ (~ ... m:!lutfu ~~li'1l1~Ulilil~llu1umtiill"l'l'O:mOil1;1~) .,rU~tltTu (~~~h~ll1n ~ntll",lilJlIl1 ntll:lYUnmli'~~ hl'uthilU lt11Yl1U mllY1t1~~~~tltTu lu iY1UlffllYYl{1inlJ'lIl~U":«~tllJffllY>l{) ~ilU'UijlY1t1~,1t1 ~~hj .rij~ 'i'li'ijmllJW~ffil~uiin u":il~IlU1Yl1>lU liml1M~11~ ~.,~~~ihtTu ~lUn "~tltTU" ~~~tlW~ff1lYYl{-il "Ull,!lo1" ~ ... m: (~V:ijlM~llu'li'ij uYlMimln~tltTu "l1iull,!lW" ~~11ihi1MmllJfliull,!lo1) ~ilu l:~iiuuiiiihtTu ("~;jmtu1.ri'ijUltlij{~~U.l") 'IJij~mlil~ll,r

i~tfu 'b.ljjfm'hi~tltT!JIilumii[Juiilfl\1'ilU1utlw~ffla~1"" uli'1l1~uli111ii.riYl1ijmlYmllill:jjnu limiiuuiiiihtTu "QtltTu 1~~mii01ffllYYl{" lUi'llltltiiYlffllY01{!lril~nl1~'1111~

l~ijl'li'11IlYll~ti'UI'liUi1U<i1 ijlll~:1il~I'liU "QtltTulu

• YJLDmf11ii'i::"~iiohJL~[jlri1JUDJl1~~tn~i'nnTlD\~Ll1~Nl'ImrU~ln:tiill1Jl~t,ru.Q .• 'Iil'nrinlhuu'l().:,tJll\Jlll~':'ri£JhTLiifl"H'Ifh~ll1J~o~~tlutJ "1I,.1lJm" ("'t,jul\!'HU") h .. nl1ni'HnlJ~i1! llJ~-l(l'iti, ltl timl ftu'Ytfu,)v Iii 'ilil-lll1J,j L~(lfln\l' nllilfln:M u\.nd'fltil-1n11-1~11-1 ut'1::,;:;olliI11'Ufl11lJriln,uil::1111-lqthTv "1il'nJfll" un::~thrtl Li.JflW9tRlt'lwf1l1'unnnJ.Jnu How 10 Solve illY1t1 G. Polya ~,hJ'n1~HJ Princeton University Press, '945 (lf1tHtI'tn:Dtil.J~-1un~ 7)

83

Il'll1fl\1i~"' 11ltl "'luuv l'UmijMllf~f" u9i9itl~l:iintl~llfIJtlil !l1Ifl'i~fll~lfi'U1l1~ '1 III" 1~ "'lUUV1'U11'll1mij~" iifl1llJ11lJ1V u~n9il~1l1n1~ "n111il:liivUi~'lUUVloi~flW~lfllf~fl'Un11 W,!ilUY1llllaUY1~iiLii!J111Y1HI1'll1flW~" ~~Li'J'U1~~V"Vl" (u9i U~lJ,rA) (1i~u,ril1'UU1~flf~ll: 1,n'Ufl1llJ11lJ1V~I11iitl'Url'U IYl!) fl11lJflri!)~i1 l'Unll#elfl1) "'lUUV l'UflWMllf~f" Ull: "'lUUV loi~flWAlfllf~f" J'UII~ n';1~ rl'U (1i~ U,rilWllllrul~1'U111111 Ilfi11l:I11iie'Url'UlJ1n) 9i!J~ii!Jil "IjtlUVloi~flWMllf~f" IU'U til '1 I~V11111: hiMiifl11lJl1lJ1V l'Uu~ "IjUUV l'UflW~lfllf~f"

r::ljjlllJ"i;;QtiU(JI~~mjji11fl1i1'i11{ (1UltilllJlJ;1wvmIl11u HU~iTVlfillif) li1ur::ljjlllJ"i;;rfmrlJw~VUTlfJ1I5IJTl1u"i'!f1TlfJ1I5 1i1U,]U ncin1HIl::lijlli11;fu{jn7~I11~if r::IjjlllJ"i;;QtiUIII~~FHjjl11- Fl'1i1'i11{ncinii~FJCl/iI'lIlJ~TI"']7ti'!Jv~1i1U,]!I~nll'!f1ii (0. 1, 2 •... IJNFI~i11~1'liu1UI1WiTVlcillifiin7ri11nllJi11i1U,]IJ~nll'!f1ii{1i.J~,]1I 1 <d~ii7viim11Jrf1FluIjJ1111 '1 rf.JilJ) IIIl::Omcinvtiwllimll11 (11'11 IHfijil'lINilllIl::IIYllmV) iii!'] mjjlllJ'i;;a;i11J1FI1v~iiv (HIl111F1~ 1i1lJlFliV~iifJI;;II,]) 1IJn7rW~vuTlfJ1I5IJTlvh~ '11u"i'!f1TlfJ1I51i11J,]1J rfmrumtii,r'] 7ti

Ivi!)~Il: hTI11Uil,r!)f11llJ,!Y1li'1V hi1~luu11umiiu'lu q!il'U

• LI. Golovina un:: I.M.Yaglom i;VOl1\r:'nOllilJLno'1 ("t.h!nrnmUIllf'fln"f~ol liJu~ilVlJtt mlJl 21) ,.OHll\.ri1 "QUUVhH1"'fHUfl" '~Ofl11lJn::,,~fA~~yh\J1H uNl.Ilili]ul1tT,Jihl~Dl'ct(),J~nmf\r,Jno"o,J 1.5. Sominsky

84

fI111'1i'11~tltiwi~ui~11 l'UnmrfH1:lJuiTIl1'Uli~lY~"'~ll' (iinTv) ,r'U lf1Hl'Ii'1~J~lflJ~'IJtl~1:Uui1'U1'U~'UtlYrlUUl1iiv1lJ'lJtl~ml ~1Iii'UmlU'Uil'U1'UlilllJ"'19i l~v 1ifl1.hrVli~f1w"flll'1"f (1'Ii'U 1'UmliivllJmlU1n~tl'UUlniiU1lJ!1'U'lJtl~fltJUV J'Ufltl 1l1f111lJ l1lJ1 V'll tl~ m lU1 n;'1 Vl1;j~l1ltllJ''U Ii' 11"~ ~1 n,r'U IU'U,T'U fltJUV 'IJtl~Ul1iiV1lJ 1~viivllJnnU1nil'U1'Ulil1lJ"'19i1~ '1 l~v~~ 111tl2 1'UltJmliiU1lJ'lJtl~m'lU1n~1'U1'Uritl'U11,rl) 1'i1'UM'Ii'~11 IYltl~:

Ml'IlJU"9iti'11tJ'lJtl~~1'U1'Uli'l'llJ"'19i 1'Ii'U m'l~llii'UmlU1nl1ltlfJW ;'tl~l'1l' (ti1;'tl~m'l~~'Ull~~!I~"'~lM~ '1) "u'U1~" IflV1rl'U (~~ ,T'U~1 <!~'IJ tl~ "u'U 1Yl" IU'Ul'IlJU"9i~ 111lJ1:l'IlJ rill1i'U~1'U1'U li'j'jlJ"'l9i~iifil,rtlV~<!~) nril1tl[h~f1~11 '1 11M "V'll" 1tJ~ lJ l'UlJ9iti'11t1~l'I'Ul~ iill:,r'U~: hi l'IllJl'l 11 "UYl" nl'l'ri~~ll'~;'tl~m'l u~:;jiitlii~fjli1'U~~~ri111i'U n1'jVi~~ll'l'IlJ~9i!1'Uti'11t11Yl '1 I~V1rlU 11 q\Jiji 1'111'11 ci 1'1i' tlili ~ ~~~ii"1li llli~'Ii'Yl ril11i'Ul1 q\Jij~l'U 1'UU~=~'If f1w~l'U'j:~1J h~llv'U i'h~V~I"''jldl (~~nl'llJfI1'j) nl'lllv'Unl'l l'Itl'Ul'U'j:~uilili1.r1'1l''j:,uvu'iii,~~!I~",~,r 1l~tl1flvtI'j:l'IUnmU 1l~:l'I1Ul\Jriliin' lln~~~1l"1 q1i1'U~"'V1V1lJ111~j:jYlll~:iifl11lJ Viii~Vilm1:11l'i1'U111\li~~'VHl1~~~:m11J11 l'IlJU~m'ju~nU~~'IJtl~

·'umw~jjn1'jYilJ''ilUl'flJu'ii,.rl't1''tl-li1\n\J!il1lJ"ti''~'\n:::ilJ11-3i1l1U olnW~~'iIlnlJ1.r 1,jn11fJl.hrUlii-lflw~fnnllli1~u"H tN~:Ldo.nJ1'i1nn111i,jofll'lJ~l'I'l.IlJr'lnuul'l\.lnilJu (ci.:.rilull1qj'i): hj1::11()til-lui-li'~) (ti~t1~1!Jnui~0111"!f'll'W'iI"r"o.:Jn'1"1.nu ltn:uu ll"lf1W""O-lQf1f'ifllYtll "UH>l" o\!1UIU"D.:J,jDfll1lJ~fI'lJ\!nnu)

85

mlf.JOJu'UmlU1nmlJll()Yi'i!~'U1Yi U9l1lJ1YiYi!l~mlmlYi'i!'U';~ '1 (1I~fl11lJJ'UlIl1'li'U,Jii~lllJ1'Umw~iiI11~NnliltJ~Vl!l n1l9ln~1~~ln mlYi'i!~u~;~ '1 i~I'li'U ,j11ml~lnl1u~ii!lYilJ~1I91n~1~~lnll1~nmU ~l.h:'tIUYi1tJ9I'Ul!l~ 'U!ln~lmr'U !l1~~:!l1fftJf111lJfla1tJflii~,JlJ1n In'Uit]) i~J'U 1ul:iu h~ LitJ'U~~1i'911,J!l1111~tJ1nUllUUtJl;;~ flW9Iff111911 l'Ul1tJ'hn~!l~l1a~~lm1tJi'!f1~iilif!l1111~tJ1nU

'-- • 4 ... .. u .., ...

I1lJU9I'IJ!l~1:UUIl1'U1'U 'li~~ll1lJ!l'U1111!l9lfln!l~nUI11lJtyI11'Unlln:

111lJ11 n 1"1'~ 1Yi~1 u 1I~ 11: 1iflUUtJ l;;~ fl W9I ff11191fl'Ulif !l1111'li'U Y1'lllQUY1Y1i'U1lJ'IJ!l~ibi'U i~fl11lJlU'U1l1~lli'UMhj~ltJUn

flW9Iff111911111'IJ15'U '1 9i!l~limutJui;IlUUtJl;;~flW9Iff111911 lil!l~1l1nI11'IJ1J'U '1 !l1fftJY1'lllQIi1'U1'U f111lJIi11U'U,Jii 2 tlsems

l.h:n11~l1il~ flW9Iff1I1flll1a1tJI11'IJ11111~;l''U~1 nIi1'U1'U lilllJ'!fl9i (1'li'U Y1'lllQ'lJll~lil'U1'U9I11ntJ: i~\h'utiY1'lllQ'IJ!l~ Iil'U1'U1l1~)

l.h:flll~l'Itl~ Ul~111'IJ1!l11l111lJll()~f111lJ l'U1U'IJ!l~lil'U1'U (1'li'U lif!l111 ''Ull'IJlflWfl'IJ!l~ Qfl1ifll11lJll n nri11ll~1~lUYi nfl'IJ!l~ Iil'U1'U1l1~) l'Umwl'li'U,J 1'li'U I1lJlj9illl'Ul;;~11'IJ1flWflU1~l1lJlj9i!1'U !llll~: limlYi I!IlUi~!l1fftJml~fl11lJ l'Ul;;~lil'U1'Ui~ 1illUUtJ 1;;~flW9Iffll1fll !ll~ll:mil1ill'Ui'!flll'IJlflWfl (11;m,J!l1115'U) I1lJUA "IUW1:" 'IJ!l~l1lJlj~!1'Ull1rilJ'U'hjiifl11lJalt1ty'fl '1 ~!l nnYi 'i!~U i~ 1'li'U lilllJ'!fl9i'IJ!l~ a~'IJ ll~~tillJ lU1 n n'U'liii fl11lJ

86

1I1t11\j9l11011U1n l'liU O11U1nU9l~n11 3 foIanUII9I~n11 5 foIa 'II;IlO11U1nLlll 3 1i1nUIlll 5 1i1 O11U1ntilllJlli.i1~nu (qlilu \'I'llJ11 Cl'lll i1 II ti1~ l'liUd'l~~ 1 nlllr~ alllalJl1)

1l11l1l=iimw~"ilnll'rl\1llu~m'ltluv 1lJli'miivul~m~ 1i1U1U' u.i,TU'ltluv (ii~ulJ~=llltlVlf~YlIlUm~ll~lt1\ii91 '11111 1l111'lll~U) liJU1IlJlJ9i~lU,r1 lt1l~v1nuIi1U1UnlllJ'lS19i l;jll~~l n liJuI~Il~I~v1nUl111lJU~J\IlUUIl1~a1'11ruIi1U1Unl1lJ'lS19iYJni1 'II;1l1li"

.r~JU'ltluvI;~t1W9l1l11191fliJu1=liivui~~1'1S1unm~\1llu .,r1l1l11lJ~ii "ltlllUU" m~1i1U1U ll.illlllii "1l111'lll" liJUI1~1t1W9I 'IIlllllti1~~U (l'liulllllluunallll191f)

~~ lf~ In 91 ~1 Vl1l= Iii vui~l1~~iitl1= 1V'lSUlJlIl III a.ill 011 'ri\1IlU ~~I~VUllUU01llli'1~1i1U1UnlllJ'lS19i (0, 1, 2 ... ) 1I1lJ11Cl li1;tull1liJuUV,r1 'tI1ui~ O11~II9In.i1~nu191V§UI;~ l'liU lU9Illn 1l11191fl;~t1W9I1l11191{ 011'111\1911 ("tl1=YlIlU") ~~1Ii'1~1l1n "\1911~U~lU" ("tl1=WIlU~U!lU") A. B. c •... 191Vll1tlVlflYfln\ltU & ("lla="), v ("'11111"). ~ ("01 ... 11<11 ... ") lla= ~ ("'Ili") lIlJU~,r1 'tI~ll~lIm'ri1lIlU191V li'l:liivui~~llvn nUll fltlU!J UUnlllJ;H~~1'191V~~\1~Ul1 (I) \19111~1l~~U (!lU) ii~lJU~

• 'j"l()rilnln'Hli'~nf)iio1.1o,),jHA\J'\J(H LI. Golovina un:: I.M. Yaglom ;if) Induction in Geometry

•• J\JfiD011~'\J "~nn n 1\1 n-i" '~iinl1";;~i\rrinfi'tHi1\Jl\Hi"lJ"JflA n ,~.,

87

~A()~nll Uf1:: (2) ~lJ1J~.Jud~IU'il;~ ril'Hi'tJijA"l (X & Y), (X v V), (X :J Y) Ui1: ~ X ("tf'U'lUUU) Illnill'l'llJll()l'I'1U '~illiJ'Ulll~ <f111ful!m,r1'U <i~l'I'i'Hlllnl!~llf'U!l'Ul11rilil Il1llJfl til Ufl~~nU'lUuU l;~ fl ru~!lll'l'~fiiVtllllWll'U11U~illllrilJn l'I':~~~l Ul!<f111fU1.Iflfli1iihjiilf'U!1'Ulll~flru~!lll'l'~f

1~U,r1 'Unlll'l'i'l~ l;~flru~!lll'l'~f (11~ll~nnl'nl'l'~f) ihen llU~1 U ms ~l'Ulll na~ l~lJ 9l'U a~11rt~11~ll11 i1l Ua~ luo~a~ 111li 1~Ulll ffU ml~ lli:i'Unm~ U111~ll11i1l U ml~ llii'U nmiJ'Ulll~ ~1'U l'I'llJll()limiiuui~ "'lUUU" (<i~mlu~llti1illiJ'UiilUUUyj' '1) l'UUlliiUllJ 11i1:nllVt l!IlU (mii uui~ 'lUUU l;~ fl ruMll'l'~fiiUll UlllliJ'Ulll~ 1 'U nni lml :111;~ fl ru ~ !lll'l'~f Ifill :~1'U1'U Ill~'li l11ii!!'U~1'U1'U~nlJ'II1~ lliMliiflillnmll'l'i'1~iiu~~'Il'~iinri11ii~ ,yl~~'U i~,f'U "'luuuum:UU~1'U1'Ulll~" llihi'iil'l'lJu1i,r1M'li'U I~U1nm:liiuui~'lUUUI;~flru~!lll'l'~fl'UY1q\l~~1'U1'U Ui1:iiM ufUllti1<f111fu~l~n!lll'l'flfl;~flrufl!lll'l'flf)

IYlll11l fil ~llU <fl11fufil mu l~ U1 nu m!ii,r11u'IIll~ In!!11 1 1;~fl~m!lll'l'~fui1:I;~ flruflflll'l'flf <i~!!lilll:liiYl-if'U 1'U 11l'll!!~ qVl'U 'II!!ll1fln\llMlllnlllnl'l'l~lllfil:~l'U* 11u~illJlrilJl~n '1 il'19i'll1q

• ffmn'M'ln~1001~ii(Jltlif LHenkin, "On Mamemaricef Inductionv.Arner, Math. Mon., Vo1.67, No.4, 1960; I.V. Arnol'd, Theoretical Arithmetic, Moscow, Uchpedgiz. 1939. Sees. 13, 14, 17, 19; S.C.Kleene, Introduction to Mdamathematics, New York, Toronto. Van Nostrand, 1952, Sees. 7,13.21,38, erc.; Marhematical tuductlon .... Philosophical Encyclopedia", Moscow. 1964 (YoI.3)

88

!i1utj'ULfl!Jn\Jnmh:~n~~LiJ\I "l1.hmlJ" 'IJ()~l:LiilJ\Jiii~l.lulJ L';~flW91l'fll'l'91i'l\lflW91l'fll'l'91fl:i\JlfU!lUM()riH~mh

... ... .....

lJt>liIlU:lla:laaa

Un = 3n-2.

1° 111Jl.j~~l\HUU~l~I~!l n = 1

2° hi Uk 3k-2

3k-2+3

3(k+I)-2

Sn = 2n_1

1 ° 111Jl.j~~lUIUU~l~I~!l n = 1

2° hi Sk = 2k_1

92

(,i'JulU1A,';utiu~~:'~lJA1vnmm~n.h~ 2Sn -Sn un:Yi~~u 111l'htiu 2n-l)

3. 1 0 l'I'lJlj9i!lUIi'Ju~l~mtii n = 1 20 111'

k(2k-l)(2k+l) + (2k+l)2 3

(k+ 1 )(2k+ 1 )(2k+3) 3

4. 1 0 l'I'lJlj9i!lUIi'JU~l~ld!) n = 1

• k(k+I)]2

20"11 13+23+ ... -k" = [-2-

k2(k+I)2 + (k+I)3 4

93

6. 1° \'I'lJ~~FUL\'J1J~"i~mtii n = 1

2° hr (1)(2)(3)+(2)(3)(4)+ ... +k(k+I)(k+2)

k(k+ 1 )(k+2)(k+3)

4

~~hi'il

(1)(2)(3) + (2)(3)(4) + ... + k(k+I)(k+2) + (k+L)(k+2)(k+3)

k(k+I)(k+2)(k+3) + (k+I)(k+2)(k+3)

4

(k+I)(k+2)(k+3)(k+4)

94

7. 1 0 lrlJ'l~!lULiJu~l~mw n = 1 20 M

I I

(1)(3) + (3)(5)

+ ... +----

(2k-l)(2k+l) 2k+1

k

I I

(1)(3) + (3)(5) +",+ (2k-l)(2k+l) + (2k+l)(2k+3)

k

2k+1 + (2k+I)(2k+3)

k+1 2k+3

8. I 0 "'lJl.j~lllULiJu~l~mw n = I 20 111

.2 22

(1)(3) + (3)(5)

+ ... + _ __::kc_2 __ = k(k+l) (2k-I)(2k+l) 2(2k+l)

12 22 k2 (k+I)2

-- + -- + ... + + --'----'--

(1)(3) (3)(5) (2k-I)(2k+l) (2k+I)(2k+3)

k(k+l) (k+I)2

= 2(2k+l) + (2k+I)(2k+3)

95

k(zk+3 )+Z(k+l) = (k+l) Z(Zk+l)(zk+3)

(k+ 1)(zk2+5k+z) = Z(Zk+l)(zk+3)

(k+l) (Zk+l) (k+z) Z(Zk+l) (zk-a)

(k+ 1 )(k+z) Z(Zk+3)

9. 1 0 l1'lJll~!l"H\'JlJil~~I~O n = 1 ZO hi'

1 I 1 k

(1)(4) + (4)(7) + ... + (3k-2)(3k+l) = 3k+l

1 I

(1)(4) + (4)(7) + ·+(3k-2)(3k+l) + (3k+l)(3k+4)

k I

3k+l (3k+l)(3k+4)

k+l 3k+4

96

10. 1 0 \'f1Jl.j~!llJLi'JlJlil~LdtJ n = 1 20 ll1

1 1

(1)(5) + (5)(9)

+ ... +---=---

(4k-3)(4k+l)

k 4k+l

_1_ + _1_ + ... + + _ __::..__

(1)(5) (5)(9) (4k-3)(4k+l) (4k+l)(4k+5)

k 1

= 4k+l + (4k+l)(4k+5)

k+l = 4k+5

11. 1 0 !flJl.j~llllJLi'JlJ~l~al11rU n = 1

20 111 11k

__ + _- + +-----

a(a+l) (a+l)(a+2) ... (a+k-l)(a+k) a(a+k)

1 1

__ + _- + ... + ---''--_

a(a+l) (a+l)(a+2) (a+k-l)(a+k)

(a+k)(a+k+ 1)

k 1

= a(a+k) + (a+k)(a+k+l)

k+l

= a(a+k+l)

12. 1 0 l'IlJll~!TUlil"u~~~L~ll n = 1 UIl:: n = 2 20 111

97

98

10 ... 2
13. LU!l~~ln I+X x-I + I-X'
i~Jumtii n = 0 Lilu~l~
20 1M'
_2_ 4 2k I 2k+1
+ -- + ... + 1+X2k +~
i -x 1+X2 l+X' X-I l-x2
~:Mil
...L 2 4 2k 2ktl
+ -- + -- + .. ,+ 1+X2k + --k-'l
I+X 1+X2 1+X" 1+x2
I 2k .. 2k'1
+~ + -------=w
X-I I-Xi 1+x2
2k.+2
X-I l_X2k+2 99

14.

I~O n = 1 hi

x X-I

1 -., =

1. 1

liio n = 2 hi

X + X(X-l) 1-- --

I! 2!

X-I + X(X-l)

-- --

I 2

(X-l)(X-2) 2!

l~tl n = 3 M

I _ ~ + X(X-l) _ X(X-l)(X-2) = (X-l)(X-2) _ X(X-l)(X-2)

I! 2! 3! 2 6

-(X-l)(X-2)(X-3) 3!

oJ .x _

'If~'!fUU:1flJlj~!l\l

1 _~ + X(X-l) _ + (_I)n X(X-l) ... (X-n+l)

I! 2! ... n!

= (-I)" (X-l)(X-2) ... (x-n) n!

I 0 1!lJ1j~!l\lIi'J\I~~~I~tl n = 1 20 111

100

x X(X-I) ()k x(x-I) ... (x-k+l)

I -i!+2"! - ... + -I k!

= (-I)k (x-I)(x-2) ... (x-k) k!

I _~+ X(X-I) _ + (-I)k (x-I)(X-2) ... (x-k+l) +

I! 2! ... k!

(_I)k., x(x-I) ... (x-k) (k+I)!

(_I)k (X-I)(X-2) ... (x-k) + (_I)k., x(x-I) ... (x-k)

k! (k+I)!

(-I)k., (x-I)(x-2) ... (x-k) LX -I]

k! l.k+I

(-I)k., (x-I)(X-2) ... (x-k)(x-k-l) (k+I)!

101

15. 1° mJljii!lUIUU'~~rill1fU n = 0

2° mJljiiilmJljii!lUIUU~l~rill1fU n = k JUflfl

(11 )11 h2+(144) 122k.,

(11)11 k.2+( 133) 122k>'+( 11)122k., 1l(llk.2 + 122k·')+(133)122h, llAk +(133) 122k.,

MI;iou Ak>l lUltl'IJfl~fjnU1n;~u~n~l'ilU1111.ho 133 Mil i~Ju Ak., 1111.110 133 n~il

16. 1° \1'lJljii!lUIUU~~~I~fl n = 1 1¥1U111i'~,r¥1 2° \1'lJljiiil\1'lJljii!lUIUU~l~rill1fU n = k

JUflfl IlYU¥11~ k Iffu ~11¥1n~wiulIll~~lU~¥1I~OlnU IIU~~~U1UflflnlUUl'ilU 11¥10ljlJ~~¥1i¥1 2k ljlJ 111UM,r¥1illlfU~ k+r ~~IIU~ 2 ljlJ¥1~~,j'llJlI~n~ljlJ flflnltJU 2 l'ilU Ifj~l~ll:1fUllfU¥1~~ k+i IlfU ~~IIU~1~U1U tlflnltJU 2k+2 = 2(k+l) l'ilU