!

;
~I

s;mply Supported Beam,

Slope

.....

Px (3L2 _ 4x 2 )

Iii

f~ - x

0 -

L2_-_
b2~)
_ _ _Pb_ (~
6LEl

02 =

+ Pa (L2 - a~)

at x = a

forO s x s a

6LEJ

Mf--)., - - - -- - - .,4-- ~I
E

Pbx (l2 _ b2 _ x 2 )
v =- 6LE1

Pa2b2
3LEl

v =---

0 -

PL3
48El
2

I: ' . :- --~----:c ,~

....

=-

vrn""

forO ::Sx::S~

ip

l )

PL2
= - 02 = - 16El

~E

Elastic Curve

v = - 481

'
7L,~) '"----~-;m.:l\:":f-x
2

Deflection

0i

ML2

ML

vnrn. = - 9JJE1

= - 31

v - - M x (2L2 - 3Lx + x2 )

ML
IJi = + 6EI

..

wx =

L(l-~]

6LEI

ii/'}:,!--~--~~-!
__:~~!J,-x
~IE
:___j
~ b_

vrnax

wO

= - 02 = - 24El

Swl4
Vm ox

v -- - 241
wx (L1 - 2lx2 +

= - 384/

2
o1 = _ 24LEJ
wa
(2l

k1 r1r r r r r r 1 {
. .o~

.... -

+ 2a2x2
+ 4a2L2 _ 4a3L + a4)

v = - ~ ( L x3 - 4aLx2

- a )2

24LEJ

wa 3

v = - 24LEJ (4l2 - 7aL

+ 3a2 )

~-x

I: ;1 :----~---:i , .I

wa 2

02 = + - - (2l2 - a2)
24Le/

ill:

x = a

for O ::S x ::S a

v - - wa2 (2x3 - 6Lx2 + a2x

24LEJ
+ 4L2x - a 2 L }
for a s x s

wo

6
~

IE

x3 )

b_

Iii

-x

01 =

7WoL3
360El

02 = + woL3
451

vffill)( = - 0.1)0652 woL4

El

at x

= 0.5 193l

v = - 3; ~ / (7L - 10l2x 2

+ 3x4 }

cantilever Beams
Slope

Beam

'

rl-------- ----------

-----

!' '

Ela.~tic Curve

Deflection

PL2
Omax = - '2.EI

Vmax

PL3
= - 3E/

- - Px2 (3L - x)
6EI

v -

~ - - - - ~ [.

d-- J!~,
___f. '
~
!:_

!:_

PL2
Ornax = - 8E/

L
forO~x~ 2

v = - PL2

L
fur-~x~L
2

_ _ Px (3L - 2x)
12/

vvm,x

5PL3
= - 48E/

----+l ---,;

48E/ (6x - L)

~~

9 I (( ....

ontl."<.

--~

ML2

ML

-,ii

V -

vmax = - 2/

Mx
2/

............... Ornax

I E - - - - - - ,.-----__,,.,
v

qil}).JJ.U
l

10

l : __l_ l l \

- ... _____

'
~

max

wL3
Omax = - 6EI

vmax

=-

wL4
8E/

y max

wx 2

v = - - -(6L2 - 4Lx + x2)

24El

vy--wo

11

:---=
~
---

fvma:

woL3
Omax = - 24EI

woL4
Vmax = - 30E/

w0x 2

- (10L3 - IOL2 x + 5Lx 2

I20LE/

v= - -

x 3)

This page is intentionally left blank

Average Properties of
Selected Materials

Mechanical properties of metalic engineering materials vary significantly as a result of

mechanical working, heat treatment, chemical content, and various other factors. The
values presented in Table D.la and D.lb should be considered representative values that
are intended for educational purposes only. Commercial design applications should be
based on appropriate values for specific materials and specific usages rather than the average
values given here.

Table D.1a Average Properties of Selected Materials (U.S. Customary Units)

Shear

Materials

Ultimate Modulus modulus

strength of elasticity
(1,000
(ksi)a
(1,000 ksi)
ksi)

Percent
Coefficient
elongation of thermal
Poisson's over :Z.in. expansion
ratio
gage length (lo-'lF)

weight

Yield
strength

Ohlft3)

(ksi) l>

175
175
170

42
60
40

62
70
45

10.6
10.6
10

4
4
3.8

0.33
0.33
0.33

20
13
17

12.8
12.8
13.1

550
550

18
17

44

37

16.7
12

6.4
4.5

0.307
0.33

45
30

10.4
10.0

490
465

48
45

95
90

15.2
16

6.5
6

0.34
0.316

20
8

12.2
9.0

450
450
450

20
80
65

12.2

55
45

24.4

26

5
9.3
10.2

0.22
0.32
0.27

<1
6
8

5.0
6.0
6.7

490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490
490

36
50
62
60
82
90
131
238
132
36
165

11.2
11.2
11.6
11.5
11.5
11.S
11.5
11.5
12
12.5
12.5

0.3
0.3
0.29
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.:3
0.29
0.1 2
0.12

21
21
15
25
16

147
263
150
85
190

29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
28
28

280

120

130

16.5

6.2

Specific

Aluminum Alloys
Alloy 2014-T4 (A92014)
Alloy 2014-T6 (A92014)
Alloy 6061-T6 (A96061)

Brass
Red Brass C23000
Red Brass C83600

Bronze
BroRZ C86100
Bronze C95400 TQ50

Cast Iron
Gray, ASTM A48 Grade 20
Ductile, ASTM A536 80-55-06
Malleable, ASTM A220 45008
Steel
Structural, ASTM-A36
Structural, ASTM-A992
AISI 1020, Cold-rolled
AISI 1040, Hot-rolled
AISI 1040, Cold-rolled
AISI 1040, WQT 900
AISI 4140, OQT 1100
AISI 5160, OQT 700
SAE 4340, Heat-treated
Stainless (18-8) annealed
Stainless ( 18-8) cold-rolled

58

65
90
90
97

118

6.5

6.5
6.5
6.3
6.3

22

6.3

16
20
55
8

6.2
6.2
6.0
9.6
9.6

0.33

10

5.3

36

48.8
65.6
14.5
100
88
22.6
47.2
35

Titanium
Alloy (6% Al, 4%V)

Plastics
ABS
Nylon6/6
Polycarbonate
Polyethylene, Low-density
Polyethylene, High-density
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
V10y I, rigid PVC

66
69
90
58
60
71
73
81

6
9
16
1.4
3.3
11
7.5
6.7

5.5

17
1.7
4.3
12
7.5
5.5

0.3
0.2
1.1
0.029
0. 128
0.9
0.54
0.41

0.2
0. 145

0.33
0.42

721
4
39
100

aFor ductile metals, it is customary to assume that the properties in compression have the same values as those in tension.
hFor most metals, this is the 0.2% offset value.

~
~

Table D.1b Average Properties of Selected Materials (SI Units)

Percent

Materials

Specific
Yield
weight strength
(kN/m3) (MPa)8h

IBtimate Modulus
strength of elasticity
(MPa)
(GPa)

Shear
modulus
(GPa)

elongation Coefficient
over 50of thermal
Poisson's mm gage expansion
(10~/0C)
ratio
length

Aluminum Alloys
Alloy 2014-T4 (A92014)
Alloy 2014-T6 (A92014)
Alloy 6061-T6 (A96061)

27
27
27

290
414
276

427
483
310

73
73
69

28
28
26

0.33
0.33
0.33

20
13
17

23.0
23.0
23.6

Brass
Red Brass C23000
Red Brass C83600

86
86

124
117

303
255

115
83

44
31

0.307
0.33

45
30

18.7
18.0

Bronze
Bronze C86100
Bronze C95400 TQ50

77
73

331
310

655
621

105
110

45
41

0.34
0.316

20
8

22.0
16.2

Cast Iron
Gray, ASTM A48 Grade 20
Ductile, ASTM A536 80-55-06
Malleable, ASTM A220 45008

71
71
71

379
310

138
552
448

84
168
179

34
64
70

0.22
0.32
0.27

<1
6
8

9.0
10.8
12.1

Steel
Structural, ASTM-A36
Structural, ASTM-A992
AlSI 1020, Cold-rolled
AlSI 1040, Hot-rolled
AlSI 1040, Cold-rolled
AISI 1040, WQT 900
A1SI4140, OQT 1100
AISI 5160, OQT 700
SAE 4340, Heat-treated
Stainless (18-8) annealed
Stainless (18-8) cold-rolled

77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77

250
345
427
414
565
621
903
1,641
910
248
1,138

400
450
621
621
669
814
1,014
1,813
1,034
586
1,310

200
200
207
207
207
207
207
207
214
193
193

77.2
77.2
80
80
80
80
80
80
83
86
86

0.3
0.3
0.29
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.29
0.12
0.12

21
21
15
25
16
22
16
9
20
55
8

11.7
11.7
11.7
11.3
11.3
11.3
11.2
11.2
10.8
17.3
17.3

Titanium
Alloy (6% Al, 4%V)

44

827

896

114

43

0.33

10

9.5

36

88
118
26
180
158
40.7
85
63

Plastics
ABS
Nylon 6/6
Polycarbonate
Polyethylene, Low-density
Polyethylene, High-density
Polypropylene
Polystyrene
Vinyl, rigid PVC

1,060
1,105
1,440
930
960
1,140
1,170
1,300

41
62
110
9.7
22.8
75.8
52
46

38

117
11.7
29.6
82.7
52
38

2.1
1.4
7.6
0.2
0.9
6.2
3.7
2.8

1.4
1.0

0.33
0.42

721
4
39
100

aFor ductile metals, it is customary to assume that the properties in compression have the same values as those in tension.
bfor most metals, this is the 0.2% offset value.

Table D.2

Typical Properties of Selected Wood Construction Materials

Allowable Stresses

Bending

Type and grade

I MPa

psi

Tension
parallel
to grain
psi I MPa

Horizontal
shear
psi

I MPa

Compression
perpendicular
to grain
psi I MPa

Compression
parallel to
grain
psi

I MPa

Modulus of
elasticity
ksi

I GPa

Framing L umber: 2.ID. to 4.ID. thickby 2.ID. and w1"der

Douglas Fir-Larch
Select Structural
No.2
Hem-Fir
Select Structural
No.2

1,450
875

10.0
6.0

1,000
575

6.9
4.0

95
95

0.66
0.66

625
625

4.3
4.3

1,700
1,300

11.7
9.0

1,400

900
500

6.2

3.4

75
75

0.52
0.52

405
405

2.8
2.8

1.500
1,250

10.3
8.6

1,300

11.0
9.0

1,900
l,@

l,@

13.1
11.0

850

9.7
5.9

Spruce-Pine-Fir (South)
Select Structural
No.2

1,300
750

9.0
5.2

575
325

4.0
2.2

70
70

0.48
0.48

335
335

2.3
2.3

1,200
975

8.3
6.7

1,300
1,100

9.0
7.6

Western Cedars
Select Structural
No.2

1,000
700

6.9
4.8

600
425

4.1
2.9

75
75

0.52
0.52

425
425

2.9
2.9

1,000
650

6.9
4.5

1,100
1,000

7.6
6.9

Beams: 5 ID. and thick er, w1dth more than 2 10. greater than thickness

Douglas Fir-Larch
Select Structural
No.2

1,600
875

11.0
6.0

950
425

6.6
2.9

85
85

0.59
0.59

625
625

4.3
4.3

1,100
600

7.6
4.1

1,600
1,300

11.0
9.0

Hem-Fir
Select Structural
No.2

1,250
675

8.6
4.7

725
325

5.0
2.2

70
70

0.48
0.48

405
405

2.8
2.8

925
475

6.4
3.3

1,300
1,100

9.0
7.6

1,050

7.2
4.0

625
300

4.3
2.1

6.5

575

65

0.45
0.45

335
335

2.3
2.3

675
350

4.7
2.4

1,200
1,000

8.3
6.9

1,150
625

7.9
4.3

700
325

4.8
2.2

70
70

0.48
0.48

425
425

2.9
2.9

875
475

6.0
3.3

1,000
800

6.9
5.5

Spruce-Pine-Fir (South)
Select Structural
No.2
Western Cedars
Select Structural
No.2

s :
Douglas Fir-Larch
Select Structural
No. 2

ID.

1,500

m.andlarger, w1"dth no more than 2m. greater than thickness

10.3
4.8

1,000
475

6.9
3.3

85
85

0.59
0.59

625
625

4.3
4.3

1,150
475

7.9
3.3

1,600

700

1,300

11.0
9.0

No.2

1,200
525

8.3
3.6

800
350

5.5
2.4

70
70

0.48
0.48

405
405

2.8
2.8

975
375

6.7
2.6

1,300
1,100

9.0
7.6

Spruce-Pine-Fir (South)
Select Structural
No.2

1,000
350

6.9
2.4

675
225

4.7
1.6

65
65

0.45
0.45

335
335

2.3
2.3

700
225

4.8
1.6

1.200
1,000

8.3
6.9

Western Cedars
Select Structural
No.2

1,100
500

7.6
3.4

720
350

5.0
2.4

70
70

0.48
0.48

425
425

2.9
2.9

925
375

6.4
2.6

1,000

6.9
5.5

Hem-Fir

Select Structural

800

Answers to Odd Numbered

Problems

Chapter 1

1.25

5 in. X 5 in. plate at A, 6 in. X 6 in. plate at B

1.1

P = 172.8 kN

1.27

ub = 23,900 psi

1.3

d1 = 0.691 in., di= 1.545 in.

1.29

(a) Urod = 10,190 psi

(b) r 0011 = 3,260 psi
(c) ub = 8,530 psi

1.31

(a) 'Tpin = 11.58 MPa

(b) ub = 18.19 MPa

1.33

(a) dmin = 14.42 mm

(b) dmin = 16.33 mm
(c) dmin = 6.60 mm

1.35

dmin =

1.5
1.7
1.9
1.11

UJ

= 5.09 ksi (C), Uz = 7.92 ksi (T),

U3

= 3.68 ksi (C)

d 1 = 19.96 mm, d2 = 16.13 mm

UBc

= 5.97 ksi (C), UAc = 7.51 ksi (T),

= 7.93 ksi (C)

uAB

= 41.6 MPa (T), uAc = 87.3 MPa (T),

uBc

= 62.6 MPa (C)

UAB

2.21 in.

1.13

Pmax = 13.50 kips

1.37

Un

1.15

(a) u = 4,380 psi (T)

(b) u = 1,730 psi (T)

1.39

Pmax =

1.17

P = 14.92 kN

1.41

tmin

1.19

1.43

tmin =

dmin

1.21

Pmin = 125.3 kips

1.45

1.23

(a) P = 187.5 kN
(b) u = 16.00 MPa
(c) Umax = 25.0 MPa,

= 16.77 mm

324 mm

= 3.43 ksi, 'Tnr = 5.94 ksi

479 kN

= 15.32 mm

0.900 in.

'Tmax

= 12.50 MPa

Chapter 2
2.1
2.3

82 = 0.1170 in., Bt = 825

3.13

8 = l.336mm

3.15

(a) u 1 = 87.5 MPa

(b) P = 20.4 kN
(c) vc = 13.82 mm,!,

3.17

(a) E = 30,000 ksi

(b) UPL = 60 ksi
(c) uu = 159 ksi
(d) Uy= 80 ksi
(e) Ufracture = 135 ksi
(f) true Ufracture = 270 ksi

3.19

(a) E = 138,400 MPa

(b) uPL = 234 MPa
(c) uu = 394 MPa
(d) 0.05% offset u y = 239 MPa
(e) 0.20% offset uy = 259 MPa
(f) Ufracture = 350 MPa
(g) true Ufracture = 457 MPa

3.21

(a) E = 11,180 ksi

(b) UPL = 33.6 ksi
(c) uu = 70.4 ksi
(d) 0.05% offset uy = 44.4 ksi
(e) 0.20% offset u y = 54.5 ksi
(f) Ufracture = 70.4 ksi
(g) true Ufracture = 87.9 ksi

3.23

(a) P = 5.74 kips

(b) Bz = 1,833 ,

3.25

(a) P = 18.19 kN (b) Tc= 42.7 MPa

(a) e2 = 1,147 .e
(b) e 2 = 2,260 .e

(c) e2 = 35.6 .e
2.5

B2

= 3,040 JJ.,E

2.7

(a)s=YL2

6E
(b)

- "fL

eavg -

(c) e

6E

= -yL
max

3E

2.9

'}' = 412,000 .rad,

2.11

1'Q' = 2,300 .rad

2.13

(a) YR = -0.210 rad

(b) 1's = 0.210 rad

2. 15

8 = -52.0mm

2.17

llD = 0.1999 mm, lld = 0.1762 mm,

llL = 2.54mm

2.19

35.1C

2.21

Vpointer = 0.0241 in. j

2.23

llT = 175.9C; T = 25C

= 627 kPa

+ 175.9C =

Chapter3

201C

Chapter4

3.1

(a) E = 10,360 ksi

(b) II= 0.321
(c) u PL = 43.0 ksi

4.1

(a) bar stress u = 362.5 MPa,

Uy= 550 MPa, FSyield = 1.517
(b) Uu = 1,100 MPa, FSu1timate = 3.03

3.3

(a)E = 2.17 GPa

(b) II= 0.370
(c) llthick:ness = -0.0833 mm

4.3

bar (1) red brass FS = 1.494,

bar (2) aluminum FS = 1.303

4.5

Pallow = 79.3 kips,

3.5

(a) II = 0.306
(b) E = 117.3 GPa

3.7

P = 35.3 kips (C)

3.9

3.11

bar (1): FS = 1.825, bar (2): FS = 1.600

4.7

(a) FS = 4.46
(b) FS = 2.60
(c) FS = 3.90

(a) permanent set = 0.0035 mm/mm

(b) bar length unloaded= 351.225 mm
(c) uPL = 444 MPa

4.9

(a) P max = 15.03 kN

(b) ~ = 13.46 mm

G = 64.7 psi

4.11

P max = 5.65 kips

4.13

(a) d1 = 1.335 in.

(b) d 8 = 0.771 in.
(C) dA = 1.033 in.

5.37

P = 21.1 kN ,l..

5.39

(a) F 1 = 40.0 kN, F2 = 25.0 kN,

F3 = 10.00kN

4.15

Pmax = 11.28 kips

4.17

(a) Amin = 6.01 in. 2

(b) Amin = 5.78 in.2

5.41

(a) u 1 = 12.25 ksi (T), u 2 = 8.33 ksi (T)

(h) Vv = o.m'.B in. ,J..

4.19

(a) dmin = 1.578 in.

(b) drrun = 1.358 in.

5.43

Pmax = 30.9 kN

5.45

(a) u 1 = 26.0 ksi (T), u 2 = 8.66 ksi (C)

(b) FS 1 = 2.38, FS 2 = 8.66
(c) u8 = 0.1458 in. ,J..

(b) v8 = 3.40 mm ,J..

Chapter 5
5.1

dmin = 21.9 mm

5.47

UJ

5.3

P = 118.7 kN

5.49

5.5

uA = 3.18 mm--+ (i.e., moves toward C)

5.7

(a) P = 80.6 kN
(b) u8 = 0.497 mm .J..

(a) F 1 = 45.2 kN
(b) ubolt = 119.0 MPa
(c) e 001t = 0

5.51

(a) 6.T = - 94.0F

(b) dmin = 0.405 in.

5.9

(a) 81 = - 0.0581 in.

(b) Uv = - 0.0946 in.
(c) Umax = 29.0 ksi (C)

5.53

(a) u = 561 psi (C)

(b) e = 3,125 e

5.11

8 = 0.000393 in. ,J..

5.55

5.13

8 = 90.6 X 10-6 in. .J,

5.15

(a) u 1 = 158.7 MPa (C), u 2 = 26.0 MPa (T)

(b) VA= 1.190 mm ,j..
(c) P = 72.3 kN

(a) 108.6F
(b) u 1 = 20.9 ksi (C), u 2 = 31.4 ksi (C)
(c) e 1 = 283 e (C), e2 = 703 e (C)
(d) 6.width = 0.00913 in. (increase)

5.57

6.T= -50.1C

5.59

u 1 = 15.24 MPa (T), u 2 = 19.51 MPa (C)

(b) Bt = -693 e, B2 = -693 e

5.61

(a) U t = 1.550 ksi (T), U2 = 9.66 ksi (T)

(b) vv = 0.1767 in. ,I,

5.63

(a) u 1 = 74.5 MPa (T), u 2 = 9.97 MPa (C)

(b) vv = 0.454 mm ,J..

5.17

(a) Pmax = 15.05 kips

(b) vv = 0.248 in. ,J..
(c) dmin = 0.730 in.

= 22.3 ksi (T), U2 = 12.74 ksi (C)

5.19

Pmax = 77.3 kN

5.21

(a) dmin = 1.309 in.

5.23

(a) u 1 = 75.0 MPa (C), u 2 = 4.50 MPa (C)

(b) u8 = 0.450 mm .J..

5.65

(a) u 1 = 35.0 MPa (C), u 2 = 70.0 MPa (C)

(b) VA= 0.365 mm t

5.25

(a) u 1 = 74.8 MPa (T), u 2 = 6.58 MPa (C)

(b) u8 = 1.122 mm .J..

5.67

5.27

(a) u 1 = 7.84 ksi (T), u 2 = 17.10 ksi (C)

(b) U9 = 0.1254 in.--+

(a) aluminum: u 1 = 124.0 MPa (C),

cast iron: u 2 = 53.1 MPa (C),
bronze: u 3 = 186.0 MPa (C)

5.29

dmin = 26.4 mm

5.31

(a) Pmax = 130.6 kips

(b) U9 = 0.0720 in. ,I,

(b) force on supports= 148.8 kN (C)

(c) u8 = 0.01257 mm--+, uc = 0.1600 mm --+
5.69

Pa11ow = 103.3 kN

5.71

p a!Jow = 51.1 kN

5.33

Li= 28.8 in.

5.73

'min= 9mm

5.35

(a) u 1 = 25.8 MPa (T), u 2 = 11.69 MPa (T)

(b) VA= 0.554 mm ,I,

5.75

(a) dmax = 37 mm
(b) rmin = 5 mm

[Diii