lgikIf ;dfrf/ / k|:6 ljrf/sf nflu

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@)&# ;fn j}zfv % ut] cfOtaf/ (April 17, 2016)

Pg;]nsf] 7uLwGbf
sf7df8f}F. gofFgofF em'Sofpg]
vfnsf
lj1fkg
u/] /
k|of]ustf{x?nfO{ 7Sb} cfPsf] Pg;]n
km]l/ s/ 5nLdf ljjfbdf tflgPsf]
5. k|of]ustf{nfO{ h;/L ;/sf/nfO{
klg em' S ofpg] k| o f; ul//x] s f]
Pg;] n sf] vl/b laqmL;DaGwL
kl5Nnf] ljj/0f ;/sf/n] dfu]sf] 5.
df] a fOn ;] j f k| b fos sDkgL
Pg;] n sf] :jfldTj dn] l;ofsf]
PlShP6f / g]kfnL nufgLstf{ efjgf
l;+x >]i7n] lsg]sf] lj1lKt ;fj{hlgs
ePkl5;F u } Pg;] n km] l / s/sf]
ljifodf ljjflbt ag] sf] lyof] .

Pg;]nn] xfn;Dds} 7"nf] sf/f]af/df

k'h
F Lut nfes/df pGd'lQm lbg] tof/L
eO/x]sf] eGb} rf}tkmL{ lj/f]w ePsf]
lyof]. ;/sf/n] sf/f]af/ ;lsPsf]
$ lbgkl5 laxLaf/ Pg;]nnfO{ kq
sf6]/ ;f] ljj/0f dfu]sf] xf]. Pg;]ndf
o;cl3 *) k|ltzt ;]o/ /x]sf]
o'/f]k]nL sDkgLsf] 6]lnof ;f]g]/fsf]
lj1lKtcg';f/ sl/a ! va{ #@ ca{df
p;sf] ;]o/ PlShP6fn] lsg]sf] xf].
g]kfnL nufgLstf{ lg/h uf]ljGb
>]i7sf] @) k|ltzt lx:;f eg] efjgf
l;+xn] $ ca{ *) s/f]8df lsg]sL
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

sf7df8f}F . g]kfn /fi6 a}s

+ } n] oxL
j}zfv & ut]bl] v @$ ut];Dd a}bl] zs
/f]huf/ artkq)&* sf] laqmL v'Nnf
ug]{ ePsf] 5. a}zfv @( ut] artkqsf]
lgisfzg ul/g] /fi6 a}s
+ n] hgfPsf] 5.
rfn" cfly{s jif{leq} ** ca{ ?k}ofF
cfGtl/s C0f p7fpg] sfo{tflnsf
;fj{hlgs ul/;s]sf] ;/sf/n] klxnf]
r/0fdf @% s/f]8 ?k}ofF a/fa/sf]
a}bl] zs /f]huf/ artkq lgisfzg ug{
nfu]sf] xf]. of] ;/sf/L artkq ePsfn]
8'Ag] ;Defjgf x'bF g} . @)&* j}zfv @(
ut] ;fFjf e'QmfgL x'g] /fi6 a}s
+ } n] hgfPsf]
5. a}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf g]kfnLx?n]
cfk"m jf cfgf] kl/jf/sf] ;b:o -a'jf,
cfdf, >Ldfg, >LdtL, 5f]/f, 5f]/L_ sf]
gfddf vl/b ug{ ;Sg]5g\. of] artkq
lwtf] /fvL o; a}s
+ afx]s cGo a}s
+ tyf

ljQLo ;+:yfaf6 shf{ lng/lbg ;lsg]

5. a}s
+ tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] #/$
k|ltzt dfq} Jofh lbO/x]sf a]nf /fi6
a}s
+ n] hf/L ug{ nfu]sf] of] artkqdf
nufgL ug{' kmfObfhgs x'g] /fi6 a}s
+ sf
k|jQmf lqnf]rg k+ug] Ln] atfP. artkqdf
( k|ltzt Jofh lbg] /fi6 a}s
+ n] hgfPsf]
5. To;/}u/L, ^/^ elxgfdf ul/g] Jofh
e'QmfgL artkq vl/btf{ :jo+sf] jf
p;n] rfx]sf] JolQmsf] a}s
+ vftfd} hDdf
x'g] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] /fi6 a}s
+ n] hgfPsf]
5. 36Ldf % xhf/ ?k}ofF / a9Ldf s'n
lg:sfl;t /sdsf] ;Ldf ga9fO{ %
xhf/n] efu hfg] c+sdf nufgL ug{
;lsg] k+ug] Ln] hfgsf/L lbP. o;cl3
klxnf] r/0fdf r}tdf j}bl] zs /f]huf/
artkq @)&& lg:sf;g ul/Psf] lyof].
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

a}b]lzs /f]huf/ artkqsf] laqmL v'Nnf x'b}

;'Gg ge'Ng'xf]nf .

Pdfn] g]tfx?sf aLr b"/L / w'/L r'lnb}

sf7df8f}F. ljjfb, km'6 / u'6aGbL
Pdfn]n] w]/} em]n]s f] 5. @)%$
;fndf afdb]j uf}tdn] dxfsfnL
;lGwsf] lj/f]wsf] gfddf kf6L{ g}
km'6fP. t/, kl5 ;+;b\df Ps l;6
klg Nofpg g;s] kl5 pgL km]l/
Pdfn]d} kmls{P. gjf}+ dxflwa]zg
cf;kf;af6 eg] lj/f]w / c;xdltsf
aLr klg Pdfn] Psl9Ssf ePsf]
b]lvPsf] lyof]. t/, kl5Nnf] ;do
km]l/ Pdfn]df g]tfx? / ;d"xx?aLr
b"/L a9\b} uPsf] 5. clxn] Pdfn]
g]tfx? cfgf] klxrfg / x}l;otsf
cfwf/df w'/L ;d]t v8f ub}{ lxF8\g
yfn] sf 5g\ . h;sf] kmn:jk
Pdfn]df g]tfx?sf aLrdf b"/L / w'/L
a9\b} hfg yfn]sf] :ki6 ;+s]t b]lvg
yfn]sf] 5.
cf]n Ln] Psnf} 6L u/]s f] cf/f]k
kf6L{ cWoIf tyf k|wfgdGqL s]kL
zdf{ cf] n Ln] ljBf e08f/LnfO{
/fi6kltdf k|:tfj ug]{ s'/f ;xsdL{
al/i7 g]tfx?eGbf klxnf cGo cfk"m
lgs6sf g]tf;Fu / Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIf

k'iksdn bfxfn;Fu u/]sf] cf/f]k

g]tfx?sf] 5. /fi6kltsf] pDd]bjf/
rogsf nflu a;]sf] :yfoL ;ldltsf]
a}7s g} cfGtl/s ljjfbsf sf/0f
s]xL lbg nlDaPsf] lyof]. ;f] ;dodf
klg al/i7 g] t f dfwjs' d f/
g]kfn;lxtsf g]tfn] xfdLnfO{ g}

g} ;fdfGo 3f]liftc3f]lift dte]b

/fVg] sfd dfwj g]kfnn] z'? u/]sf]
/ of] O{uf] k|f]Jn]dsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cf]nL
lgs6sf Ps g]tfsf] bfjL 5. pgsf]
ts{ s] 5 eg] cf]nL kf6L{ g]t[Tj eP
kl5 kf6L{sf] x}l;ot klg dfly cfPsf]
/ P]ltxfl;s sfdx? ;/sf/n] ug{

hfgsf/L geO{, lg0f{o g} geO{ s;/L

ljBf e08f/L /fi6klt x'g] agfpg]
eGg] s'/f aflx/ cfof]< eg]/ k|Zg
u/]sf lyP. @)&! c;f/ #@ ut]
kf6L{ cWoIfdf dfwjs'df/ g]kfnnfO{
k/fhLt ub}{ cf]nL lgjf{lrt ePb]lv

;s]sf] eGb} lj/f]w ub}{ lxF8\g' unt

x'g] ts{ pgsf] 5. t/, cGo kIfsf
g]tfx?n] eg] k|foM lg0f{ox?df dgk/L
9+ un] hgjfbL k| lqmofeGbf klg
dgjfbL k|lqmofaf6 kf6L{ cWoIfn]
cfgf dfG5]x?sf nflu lg0f{o ug]{

5. t/ cfk"lt{sf] cj:yf c;fWo}

b'?xk"0f{ 5. xfn b}lgs %%) d]ufjf6
ljB' t \ k| j fx eO/x] s f] 5.
gfsfaGbLkl5 vfgf ksfpg] Uof;,
k]6f]n, l8h]n, dLt]nsf] cefjdf
;a} s f] Wofg ljB' t \ l t/ uof] .
k| f lws/0fsf %%) eGbf a9L
6fG;kmd{/ hn] eg] sl/a Ps xhf/
sG8S6/df ;d:of k} b f eof] .
k|flws/0fsf] s]Gb|Lo 6fG;kmd{/ dd{t
s]Gb|sf k|d'v /fh]Gb|s'df/ rf}w/Lsf
cg';f/ bIf hgzlQmsf] cefjdf
hn]sf ;fdu|L dd{t ug{ nfdf] ;do
nfUof]. o:t} e"sDk, gfsfaGbLsf
sf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd hnljB't\
cfof]hgfsf] sfd cj?4 x'g k'Uof].
cfly{s gf]S;fg;+uF } lgdf{0ffwLg cfof]hgf
lgwf{l/t ;dod} ;DkGg x'g ;s]gg\.
k| f lws/0fn] cufl8 a9fPsf]
rd]lnof cfof]hgfsf] nfut / ;do

a9\ b } uPsf] 5 eg] DofUbLdf

cfof]hgf:yn /x]sf] /fx'3f6sf] lj:t[t
cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg / 7]Ssf;DaGwL
sfuhft k| f lws/0fsf] g] t [ T jn]
g6'o\ fPsf sf/0f cufl8 a9\g ;s]sf]
5}g. o:t} dflyNnf] lqz"nL y|L P
e"sDksf sf/0f p7\g} g;Sg] u/L
;d:ofdf km:of] eg] s'nv
] fgL t];f| ]sf]
cj:yf klg c? of]hgfeGbf km/s
/x]g. lrlnd]n] cufl8 a9fPsf]
;fFh]g, dflyNnf] ;fGh]g, /;'jfu9L /
dWo ef]6]sf];Lsf] sfd e"sDk /
gfsfaGbLaf6 k|efljt aGof]. o:t}
$%^ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] dflyNnf]
tfdfsf];L cfof]hgf e"sDksf sf/0f
cfufdL jif{ ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /flvP
klg b'O{ jif{ k5fl8 ws]lnPsf] 5.
klZrd ;]tL cfof]hgfsf] sfd @)&@
;fnleq} ;'? x'g] ck]Iff /flvP klg
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

lj;+ @)&@ M e"sDk / gfsfaGbLsf] rk]6fdf pmhf{ If]q

sf7df8f} F . lwtf] kq af] 8 { s f

cg';f/ casf] s]xL dlxgf leqdf
cfwf bh{geGbf a9L sDkgLx?sf]
;fwf/0f z]o / lgisfzg x'F b}5 .
;fwf/0f z]o/ lgisfzgsf nflu
cfj] b g lbPsfdWo] clwsf+ z
sDkgLx?n] klxnf] r/0fsf] sd]G6
kfO;s] sf] af] 8{ n ] hgfPsf] 5.
lwtf]kq lgisfzgsf] ;a} k|lqmof k"/f
ubf{ tLgb]lv rf/ dlxgfleqdf
clwsf+ z sDkgLx?sf] cfOlkcf]
lgisfzg x'g] 5. ;fwf/0f ;] o/
lg:sf;gsf nflu kfOknfOgdf /x]sf
sDkgLx? o; k|sf/sf 5g\
l;ghL{ kfj/ 8] e nkd] G 6
sDkgLn] & s/f]8 ?k}ofF a/fa/sf]

;]o/ lg:sf;g ug]{ 5. :yfgLox?sf

nflu sDkgLn] of] ;]o/ hf/L ug]{
ePsf] xf]. of] sDkgLn] bf]nvfdf
(=^ d]ufjf6sf] l;lk| hnljB't
cfof]hgf lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5. ;]o/
lg:sf;gsf] d'Vo k|a4{s l;len
Soflk6n dfs]{ 6 /x]sf] 5. !)
d]ufjf6 ljB't Ifdtf /x]sf] bf]nvfsf]
l;lk| vf]nf xfO8f]df sDkgLsf]
nufgL /x]sf] 5. lu|g 8]enkd]G6
a}+s of] ljsf; a}+sn] !) s/f]8
?k}ofF a/fa/sf] ;]o/ hf/L ug{sf
nflu lwtf]kq af]8{df lgj]bg lbPsf]
5. PgcfO{aLPn Soflk6nn] d'Vo
k|a4{ssf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] 5.
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

sf7df8f}F. ;/sf/n] !) jif{df

!) xhf/ d]ufjf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg
ug] { nIo;lxtsf]
pmhf{
;6sfn;DaGwL cjwf/0ff cufl8
;f/] klg ut jif{ d'ns
' sf] pmhf{ If]qdf
cGo ;sf/fTds ultljlw eg] cufl8
a9\ g ;s] g g\ . ef/tsf]
gfsfaGbLkl5 d' n ' s df ljB' t \
pTkfbgnfO{ g} ljz]if hf]8 lbg'kg]{
cfjfh p7] klg ;} 4 flGts
sfo{qmdeGbf c? sfo{qmd cfpg
;s]g. s]kL zdf{ cf]nLsf] g]t[Tjdf
;/sf/ u7g ePkl5 Ps jif{leq
ljB't\ef/ s6f}tL d'Qm ug]{ of]hgf
;fj{hlgs ul/of]. t/ lgdf{0ffwLg
cfof]hgf / ef/taf6 cfoft ul/Psf]
ljB't\sf] tYof x]bf{ Ps jif{leq
d'n'snfO{ ljB't\ef/ s6f}tL d'Qm ug{
;lsg] cj:yf 5}g. xfn d'n'sdf
Ps xhf/ #&) d]ufjf6 ljB't\ dfu

sf7df8f}F. lvDtL9Ns]a/ @@)

s] e L ljB' t \ k| ; f/0f nfOgsf]
d'cfAhfdf 6f7faf7fn] /hfOF u/]sf
5g\ eg] ;f]emf;femf :yfgLojf;L
cfgf] yftynf] 5f8\g'kg]{ ePkl5
lrlGtt b]lvG5g\. lvlDt9Ns]a/
@@) s]eL ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOgsf]
xfO6]G;gsf 6fj/ lj:tf/ ug]{ qmddf
afa'afh]sf kfnfb]lv ef]urng ub}{
cfPsf] k}t[s ;DklQ 5f8\g kbf{
pgLx? s]xL uDeL/ b]lvPsf x'g\.
pgLx? cfgf] ufpFdf ljB't\ ljsf;
x'g nfu]sf]df eg] v';L ePsf 5g\.
;f] emfl;wf s]x L ufpF n ] d' cfAhf
lng;d] t uPsf 5} g g\ . s] x L
6f7faf7fn] eg] cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt
/sdnfO{ ;b'kof]u u/L sf7df8f}Fdf
;d]t 3/ tyf ;DklQ hf]8]sf 5g\.
gu/kflnsfcGtu{ t 7" n L6f/,
/tgr' / f, eb| s fnL, ss{ / ] ,
as'8f8fnufot uflj;sf ufpFn]n]
lvlDt9Ns]a/ @@) s]eL ljB't\
k|;f/0f nfOg kLl8t ;if{ ;ldlt

u7g u/L kLl8t kIfnfO{ xslxtnfO{

Wofg lbg cfu|x u/]sf 5g\. ;ldltn]
;DalGwt kIfnfO{ bafa lbg
wgf{;d]t lbFb} cfPsf] lyof]. :yfgLo
k| x /L k| z f;gn] ut cfOtaf/
wgf{:yndf ;fdfGo an k|of]u u/L
cfof] h gf cufl8 a9fPsf] 5.
k|x/L;Fusf] ;fdfGo em8kdf k/L s]xL
ufpF n ] 3fOt] ; d] t ePsf 5g\ .
;ldltsf cWoIf ;'/]Gb|:j/ df]Qmfgn]
Gofof] l rt ?kdf Ifltk" lt{ tyf
cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt x'g] /f]huf/Lsf]
cj;/, ;]o/ nufotdf ;xefuL
u/fpg dfu u5{g\.
lvDtL9Ns]a/sf] cfof]hgf ljZj
a}sf] nufgLdf ;g\ @))@ df ;'?
ePsf] lyof]. ;g\ @))^ df cfof]hgf
sfof{ G jogsf nflu 7] s ] b f/;F u
;Demf}tf ePsf] lyof]. ;g\ @))(
df cfof]hgf ;Sg] nIo /flvPsf]
lyof]. ljleGg sf/0fn] tL sfo{ k"/f
x'g ;s]sf] lyPg. k|d'v lhNnf
clwsf/L tf/faxfb' / sfsL{ n] ;f]

cfof]hgfn] b]zsf] ljB't\ pTkfbgdf

7"nf] dxTj /fVg] / cGo cfof]hgfsf
;d]t ljB'tn
\ fO{ ToxLFaf6 tfGg] Joj:yf
ul/Psfn] To;nfO{ s;}n] klg cj/f]w
ug{ gx'g]df hf]8 lbP. pgn] /fli6o
uf}/jsf] cfof]hgfnfO{ s;}n] klg
cj/f]w u/]df To;nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
cfjZos ;'/Iff :yfgLo k|zf;gn]
ldnfpg] hfgsf/L lbP. nfdf]
;do;Dd /f] l sPsf] cfof] h gf
;DalGwt kIfsf] ;/f]sf/ ePsf sf/0f
tyf ;/sf/n] ;'/Iff k|bfg u/]sf sf/0f
cufl8 a9fpg nfluPsf] 5. o;nfO{
cuffl8 a9fpg] qmddf cj/f]w ug{
gx'g] / ljleGg kIf ljkIfdf ufpFn]
ljeflht x'g klg x'bF g} .
lvDtL9Ns]a/ cfof]hgf k|d'v
Zofd ofbjn] :yfgLonfO{
lgodcg';f/ lbg'kg]{ ;'ljwf pknAw
u/fO;lsPsf] hfgsf/L lbF b }
cfof]hgfnfO{ rfF8f] ;DkGg ug{ ;s]df
To;sf] nfe :yfgLojf;Ln] klg k|fKt
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

z]o/df nufgL ug]{ eP===

d"No ?= !).

u/]sf] cGo kIfsf] cf/f]k 5.

dfwj g] k fnnfO{ jfO{ k f;
clxn] :ki6 Pdfn]sf] Pp6f w'/L
dfwj g]kfn 5g\. :jefljs kf6L{df
nfdf] ;do g]tT[ j u/]sf / km]l/ gjf}+
dxflwj]zgsf] cWoIfsf] k|Tof;L ePsf
sf/0f klg pgsf] g]t[Tjdf Pp6f
alnof] s] Gb| 5 Pdfn] df. ljBf
e08f/LnfO{ /fi6kltsf] pDd]bjf/ eg]/
k|rf/df cfPkl5 dfq} hfgsf/L kfPsf
dfwjs'df/ g]kfn clxn] klg ljb]z
ljefusf] k|dv
' 5g\. rLg, ef/t;lxt
ljleGg d'ns
' df hlt klg g]tf sfo{stf{
uO/x]sf 5g\, tL ;a}sf] hfgsf/L dfwj
g]kfnnfO{ glbg] u/]sf] ;f] ;d"xsf] egfO{
5. ljb] z ljefu k| d ' v nfO{ g}
hfgsf/L glbO{ ljb]z e|d0fdf kf6L{
g]tf k7fpg] cWoIfsf] of] s] tl/sf
xf]< of] k|Zg hf/L s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf
lgs} k]lrnf] tl/sfn] dfwj g]kfn kIfn]
p7fPsf] 5. o;nfO{ dxflwj]zgdf
v'n]/ gnfu]sf k"j{k|wfgdGqL tyf
cWoIf emngfy vgfnn] klg ;fy
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

cGt/f{li6o ls;fg
;Dd]ng sf7df8f}d+ f x'g]
sf7df8f}F . cfufdL h]7 @! b]lv
@# ut] ;Dd sf7df8f} Fd f k| yd
cGt/f{li6o ls;fg ;Dd]ng x'g] ePsf]
5. ;Dd]ngsf] tof/L ;'? ul/Psf]
d]nf tof/L ;ldltn] hgfPsf] 5.
;Dd]ngn] ljZje/sf ls;fgx?sf
;d:ofaf/] Ps} ynf]df a;]/ 5nkmn
u/L sf7df8f}F 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ug]5{ .
o;cl3 ef/tdf blIf0f Pl;ofnL
d'ns
' sf s[ifsx?sf] If]qLo ;Dd]ng
ePsf] lyof]. ljZje/s} ls;fgx? Ps}
ynf]df e]nf x'g] of] klxnf] k6s x'g5] .
;Dd]ngdf %) eGbf a9L /fi6sf s[ifs
k|ltlglw ;xefuL x'g] ;Dd]ng ;+of]hs
e}/j/fh /]UdLn] atfP. ljZje/sf
ls;fgx?sf] ;femf ;d:of ljZjJofkL
kdf p7fg ug{ h?/L ePsf] 5.
o;sf nflu ;Dd]ngn] e"ldsf v]Ng]5,
s[lif pkef]Qmf 8anLdf cfOtaf/
-afFs L clGtd k]h df_

lvDtL9Ns]a/ cfof]hgfsf] d'cfAhfdf 6f7faf7fsf] /hfO k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfdf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf

sf7df8f}F. /fli6o k'gMlgdf{0f
k| f lws/0fn] k' g Mlgdf{ 0 f /
k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf
kl/rfng;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&@
hf/L u/] s f] 5. e" s Dkkl5sf]
k' gMlgdf{ 0 fsf nflu /fli6 o tyf
cGt/f{li6o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t
k|fKt x'g] ;xof]unfO{ ;/n, ;xh,
kf/bzL{, PsLs[t Pjd\ k|efjsf/L
9n] kl/rfng ug{ k|flws/0fn] ;f]
sfo{ljlw tof/ u/]sf] xf]. e"sDkaf6
k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'gMlgdf{0f ug]{
;DaGwdf ag]sf] P]g, @)&@ sf] dd{
/ efjgfcg'?k sfo{qmdsf] th{'df,
:jLs[lt, sfof{ Gjog, cg'udg /
d"Nofg ug]{ sfo{df ;xof]u k'ofpg
;f] P] g sf] bkmf #! n] lbPsf]
clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L k|flws/0fn]
sfo{ljlw agfPsf] xf]. k|flws/0f
lgb] {z s ;ldltsf] s] x L lbgcl3
a;]sf] a}7sn] ;f] sfo{ljlw kfl/t
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ldl8of / ldl8ofsdL{ klg p:t} x'G5.
ljrf/df Pstf gxf] n f, ld;g
kqsfl/tfdf Pstf gxf]nf t/ Joj;flos
kqsfl/tfdf k|lt:kwf{ dfq} ug'{ cfhsf]
kqfl/tfsf] lhDd]jf/L / bflxTj xf] ls
g]kfnL ahf/nfO{ pTyfg ub{} kqsfl/tfsf]
Pp6f d"No / dfGotfnfO{ sfod g} /fvL
kqsfl/tfsf] dfWodaf6 g]kfnL cy{tGq
/ s'n ufx{:y pTkfbg lhl8kLdf ;xof]u
k'ofpg'kg{] xf] Tof] klg Vofn u/f}+ .
slxn];Dd o;/L pwf/f] kqsfl/tf
ug{] / slxn];Dd o;/L ahf/ lgs[i6
aGg]. /fHosf] rf}yf] c+u kqsfl/tf ubf{
;fg x'g' k' g{] 7fpFdf cfh cfP/ lgs[i6
Pp6f k]zfh:tf] eP/ lxF8g\ k' 5{, s'g} alnof]
;+:yfdf kqsf/nfO{ rGbf dfUg lxF8g\ ]
sfo{stf{sf] Jojxf/ x'G5 t st} nHhfaf]w
u/fpg] zflAbs yKk8, kqsf/ cfkm}d+ f
uDeL/ O:o"x?sf] p7fg ubf{ ef}lts ;'/Iff
/ gubf{ cfkm\gf] ul/dfsf] c;'/Iff x'bF f
emg} ;+s6df k/]sf 5g\. lxhf]dfq} slkg
clwsf/LnfO{ l;+xb/af/leq} s'6lk6 eof],
s]xL ;do cufl8 c?0f l;+xflgof dfl/P
/ hldg zfxx? dfl/P, s[i0f ;]gx?
dfl/P / cem w]/} o:tf s[i0f, hldg /
c?0fx? hlGdg] vt/f b]lvG5. Psflt/
u'08fubL{s f] xflnd'xfnL csf{ ]lt/
/fhgLlts ljt08f ePsf] g]kfnsf]
cj:yfdf kqsfl/tfsf] eljio ls t
hldg zfxsf] h:tf] x'g5] ls t gf/fo0f
>]i7sf] h:tf] knfogtfjfbL To;}n]
ha;Dd ldl8ofsdL{sf] Pstf x'bF g} ,
ldl8ofleq} u2f/Lkgsf] cGTo x'bF g} , ef}lts
/ cfly{s ;'/Iffsf] Uof/]06L x'bF g} /
ahf/nfO{ PsLs[ t ug{ ;lsGg
Tolta]nf;Dd ldl8ofx? Nffdf] ;do
l6Sb}gg\ clg ldl8ofsdL{ l6Sb}gg\ / oxfF
km]l/ bnfn, u'08fubL{ / c;fdflhs
tTjx?sf] xflnd'xfnL a9\5, a]nd} f ;f]rf}+
ldl8of dh{dfq} xf]Og, Joj;flos hLjgdf

cleefjsx? x'gx' G' 5 cfh kqsfl/tf

ug{] sltko ldqsf] 3/df C0fsf] em'08n]
tgfj b]lvPsf] 5, ldl8of ;~rfnsx?
cfh knfogtflt/ 5g\, ahf/df Joj;foL
lj1fkg lgs} sdhf]/ 5, b}lgs,
cw{;fKtflxs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs, dfl;s
ldl8ofx? klg cfh ;d:ofu|:t b]lvG5g\,
s'g} klg ldl8ofsdL{ olb wgL ag]sf]] 5
t p;sf] kqsfl/tf / ;+:yf alnof]
eP/ xf]Og p;sf] kfj/, /fhgLlts
e/f];f / lktkqsfl/tf ag]sf] 5. bfn
eft vfgsf] nflu kqsfl/tfdf kLt
kqsfl/tf ug'k{ /]sf] u'gf;f] cfhef]ln
lrof vfFb} ubf{ s]xL kqsf/ ldqx?n]
eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5. o:tf b'Mv /
kL8fx?af6 u'h/] | g]kfnL ldl8ofx? slt
;do;Dd l6Sg]. lxhf] gf/fo0f >]i7x?
knfog eP, cfh k|d] aflgofFx? knfog
x'g] t/v/df 5g\, tNnf ldl8ofsdL{ t
knfogsf] e]n g} 5, slxn] kqsf/ aG5g\
/ slxn] kqsfl/tf 5f]85\ g\ 6'f] g} 5}g,
To;}n] logLx? / xfdLx? knfog x'gs
' f]
k5fl8 stfstf ldl8ofsf] ahf/ /
ldl8ofsf] k|ltkmndf e/ kb{5. s]xL
alnof ldl8ofx?n] vn{Kk} lgn]sf] ahf/df
k'u/] k|lt:kwf{ ug{s
' f] nflu ca slt
ldl8of hGdfpg], 5f8f}+ ca ldl8ofsf]
hGd k'lu;Sof] o;nfO{ x'sf{pg /
a9fpglt/ nfuf}+ . gofF ldl8of hGdfpg
/ ldl8ofdf 6]Sg ufx|f] 5}g l6Sg / x'sf{pg
uf/f] xf] To;}n ljt\ ldqx? cfhsf] ldl8of
/ ldl8ofsf] ahf/ clg g]kfnL cy{tGq
/ ahf/df k'u/] ca slt ldl8ofx?
b]zn] wfGg ;S5 ahf/n] wfGg ;S5 o;nfO{
h/}af6 ax; ug'k{ g{] 68\sf/f] cfjZostf
b]lvG5. k|lt:kwf{df xf]8afhL gu/f}+
cfpg'xf];\ ;xsfo{ u/f}+ cfh}af6 ldl8of
dh{sf] laifodf ax; u/f}+ .
-n]vs a'6jnaf6 k|sflzt uh{g
kf]i6 ;fKtflxssf ;x;Dkfbs x'g\ ._

@)&# ;fn j}zfv % ut] cfOtaf/

hgtfn] g]tfsf] hLjgz}nLaf6 /fhgLlt a'b5g\

qmflGt k" / f ug{ s f nflu

qmflGtnfO{ hgtf;Fu hf]8g clgjfo{
5. qmflGtnfO{ hgtf;Fu hf]8\g]
lhDd]jf/L o'jfx?sf] sfFwdf cfPsf]

pTkL8g u/]sf] 5. xfd|f] b]zdfly

ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf] k /
cltqmd0f 5. @!cf}F ;tfAbLdf klg
hgtfx? ufF;, af;, lzIff, :jf:Yo,

s] s' /f a9L dxTjk" 0 f{ 5 eg]

hgo'4af6 cfPsf] d'Vo g]tT[ jn] wf]sf
lbPsf] 5, To;n] qmflGtsf] af/]df
cg]sf}+ e|dx? k}bf u/]sf] 5. To;n]

g]qljqmd rGb ljKnj

Jojxf/n] hgtfsf] dg lhTg' qmflGtnfO{
hgtf;Fu hf]8g] c;n tl/sf xf].
hgtfsf] dg s;/L lhTg ;lsG5<
ljrf/sf] s'/f u/]/ of qmflGtsf] s'/f
u/]/ dfq lhTg ;lsG5 t< Toltdfq
s'/f u/]/ hgtfsf] dg lhTg ;lsFbg} .
hgtfn] /fhg}lts ljrf/sf] s'/faf6
dfq qmflGtnfO{ a'g ;Sb}gg\ of ljrf/sf s'/faf6 dfq s'g ;xL
xf] / s'g unt xf] ;xh a'g ;Sb}gg\. hgtfn] s'g g]tf /
sfo{stf{ s:tf] hLjg latfPsf] 5, s:tf] Jojxf/ ub{5,
hgtfnfO{ sl7gfO{ kbf{ s] ub{5, eGg]af6g} ljrf/nfO{ a'b5g\.
cfh xfd|f] ljifodf emg\ s] s'/f a9L dxTjk"0f{ 5 eg] hgo'4af6
cfPsf] d'Vo g]tT[ jn] wf]sf lbPsf] 5, To;n] qmflGtsf] af/]df
cg]sf}+ e|dx? k}bf u/]sf] 5. To;n] qmflGtsf ;Gbe{df cg]sf}+
cfz+sf / e|d k}bf ePsf5g\. bzf}+ xhf/ of]4fx?sf] alnbfgaf6
cfPsf] kf6L{ g]tT[ jn] lbPsf] wf]sfsf sf/0f kf6L{ g]t[Tjk|lt
uDeL/ k|Zgx? p7]sf5g\. o; a]nf qmflGtdf hgtfnfO{ ;xeflu
agfpFg o'jfx?n] Jojxfl/s ?kn] hgtfsf] dg lhTg h?/L5.
Jojxf/af6 dg lhTg] eGgfn] hgtsf /fhg}lts, Jojxfl/s,
JolQmut hLjgdf ;Sbf] ;xof]u ub},{ hgtf;Fu cfTdLo ;DaGw
sfod ub}{ sfo{sz
' ntf k|bz{g ug{' xf]. hgtfsf] dg lhTg xfd|f
o'jfx?n] hg;]jf ;+rfng ug{' kb{5, hgtfsf] aLrdf ;xf]ufTds
sfo{x? ;+rfng ug{' kb{5. b'Mv si6df ;fylbg] sfd ug{' kb{5.
hgtfsf] efjgfsf] sb/ ub}{ /fhg}lts ljrf/nfO{ hf]8g\ ' kb{5.
xfdLn] Odfgbf/Lsf ;fy sfo{ ;~rfng gu/];Dd, Jojxf/af6g}
dg glht];Dd qmflGtnfO{ hf]8g\ sl7gfO{5.
5. qmflGtsf/L o' j fx?n] of]
P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{' k/]sf]
5. xfdLnfO{ ljZjf; 5 ls o'jf
qmflGtsf/Lx?n] o; P] ltxfl;s
lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k'/f ug{ lbnf] Hofgn]
nfUg]5 g\ . qmflGtnfO{ hgtf;Fu
s;/L hf]8\g] cyf{t hf]8\g] tl/sfx?
s] x'g,\ o'jfx?n] s'gs'g ljifodf Wofg
lbg' knf{< xfd|f] ljrf/df o'jfx?n]
qmflGtnfO{ hgtf;Fu hf]8g lgDg
ljifodf hf]8 lbg' kb{5.
!_ ljr/nfO{ hgtf;" u uf": g'
qmflGtnfO{ hgtf;F u hf] 8 g]
;a}eGbf klxnf] tl/sf xfd|f] kf6L{sf]
ljrf/nfO{ hgtfdf :yflkt ug{' xf].
qmflGt / hgtfnfO{ hf]8\g] klxnf]
cfwf/ ljrf/ xf]. xfdLn] g]kfndf
qmflGt ;DkGg ug] { , k' / fgf]
k|ltlqmofjfbL ;QfnfO{ abNg] /
hgtfsf] ;Qf lgdf0f{ ug]{ ljrf/
lnPsf 5f}F. of] ljrf/ xfd|f] kf6L{sf]
s'/f xf]Og o;sf] ;DaGw cfhsf]
g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] k5\of}6]
hLjg, pTkLl8t hLjgnfO{ kl/jt{g
ug];
{ uF 5. g]kfnL hgtfsf] hLjgnfO{
;'vb / ;Dj[4 ug]{;Fu ;DalGwt 5.
g]kfndf nfdf] ;dob] lv bnfn
k'FhLjfbL ;Qfn] g]kfnL hgtfnfO{
pTkL8g, lje]b, zf]if0f u/]sf] 5.
ls;fg, dhb'/, dWodju{, hghflt,
blnt, dw]zL, dlxnf, o'jfx?nfO{

;"rgf, /f]huf/L cflb clwsf/af6

al~rt 5g\ . g] k fndf bnfn
k' F h LjfbL ;Qf sfod /x] ; Dd
hgtfsf] of] hLjg kl/jt{g x'g]
;Defjgf 5}g.
t;y{, bnfn k'FhLjfbL ;Qflj?4
qmflGt ;DkGg ug{' g]kfn / g]kfnL
hgtfsf] d'lQmsf] lglDt P]ltxfl;s
cfjZostf ag]sf] 5. of] ;RrfO{nfO{
hgtfdf :yflkt ug{' / hgtfnfO{g}
qmflGtsf] nflu tof/ ug{' qmflGtnfO{
hgtf;Fu hf]8g\ ' xf]. xfd|f o'jfx?n]
of] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k'/f ug{ cu|0fL
e"ldsf k"/f ug{' kb{5.
@_ Jojxf/n] hgtfsf] dg lhTg'
Jojxf/n] hgtfsf] dg lhTg'
qmflGtnfO{ hgtf;Fu hf]8g] c;n
tl/sf xf]. hgtfsf] dg s;/L lhTg
;lsG5< ljrf/sf] s'/f u/]/ of
qmflGtsf] s'/f u/]/ dfq lhTg ;lsG5
t< Toltdfq s'/f u/]/ hgtfsf]
dg lhTg ;lsF b } g . hgtfn]
/fhg}lts ljrf/sf] s'/faf6 dfq
qmflGtnfO{ a'g ;Sb}gg\ of ljrf/sf
s'/faf6 dfq s'g ;xL xf] / s'g
unt xf] ;xh a' g ;Sb}g g\ .
hgtfn] s'g g]tf / sfo{stf{ s:tf]
hLjg latfPsf] 5, s:tf] Jojxf/
ub{5, hgtfnfO{ sl7gfO{ kbf{ s]
ub{ 5 , eGg] a f6g} ljrf/nfO{
a'b5g\. cfh xfd|f] ljifodf emg\

qmflGtsf ;Gbe{df cg]sf}+ cfz+sf /

e|d k}bf ePsf5g\. bzf}+ xhf/
of]4fx?sf] alnbfgaf6 cfPsf] kf6L{
g]t[Tjn] lbPsf] wf]sfsf sf/0f kf6L{
g]tT[ jk|lt uDeL/ k|Zgx? p7]sf5g\.
o; a]nf qmflGtdf hgtfnfO{ ;xeflu
agfpFg o'jfx?n] Jojxfl/s ?kn]
hgtfsf] dg lhTg h?/L5.
Jojxf/af6 dg lhTg] eGgfn]
hgtsf /fhg} lts, Jojxfl/s,
JolQmut hLjgdf ;Sbf] ;xof]u ub},{
hgtf;Fu cfTdLo ;DaGw sfod ub}{
sfo{sz
' ntf k|bz{g ug{' xf]. hgtfsf]
dg lhTg xfd|f o'jfx?n] hg;]jf
;+rfng ug{' kb{5, hgtfsf] aLrdf
;xf]ufTds sfo{x? ;+rfng ug{'
kb{5. b'Mv si6df ;fylbg] sfd
ug{' kb{5. hgtfsf] efjgfsf] sb/
ub}{ /fhg}lts ljrf/nfO{ hf]8\g'
kb{5. xfdLn] Odfgbf/Lsf ;fy sfo{
;~rfng gu/];Dd, Jojxf/af6g} dg
glht] ; Dd qmflGtnfO{ hf] 8 \ g
sl7gfO{5.
#_ hgtfnfO{ ;l7t ug{'
/fhg}lts ljrf/nfO{ hgtfdf
:yflkt u/] / dfq klg qmflGt
hgtf;Fu hf]l8b}g. To;sf nflu
xfdLn] clgjfo{ ?kn] hgtfnfO{
;l7t ug{ ;Sg' kb{5.
klxnf] s'/f, ;l7t gePsf]
hgtfn] s'g} klg sfddf ;kmntf

k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g. dfcf]n] Ps k6s

eGg' ePsf] lyof] ls ;l7t hgtf
dfq kmnfd] lsNnf xf]. of] ;fFrf] klg
xf] ls hgtf Oltxf;sf lgdf{tf x'g\
/ kmnfd] lsNnf klg x'g k/Gt' ;lx
ljrf/;lxt ;l7t ePsf hgtf
dfq x'g\. 5l/P/ /x]sf of c;l7t
hgtf lsNnf hlt x'g'kg]{ xf] x'g
;Sb}gg\.
bf];|f] s'/f, s'g}klg /fhg}lts
cfGbf]ng of qmflGt hgtfsf] ;+u7g
clgjfo{ x'G5. qmflGtsf nflu Ps
dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg g} ;7g xf]. olb
hgtfsf] ;7g alnof] 5}g eg]
qmflGt ;+rfng ug{ / ;DkGg ug{
sl7g x' G 5. To;} n ] dfcf] n ] g }
;\7gnfO{ qmflGtsf] Ps ;fwg klg
eGg' eof].
xfdLn] g]kfndf qmflGt ;DkGg ug]{
;f]lr/xFbf hgtfnfO{ ;7gdf cfa4
ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lgs} pRr /x]sf]5.
xfd|f o'jfx?n] ;l7t ?kn] of]
sfo{nfO{ ;+rfng ug{ h?/L 5.
ls;fg, dhb'/, dlxnf, o'jfnfO{ ufpF
/ ;x/df ;7gsf] dxTj a'emfpFg
hf]8 lbg' kb{5. alnof] / cg'zfl;t
?ksf] ;+ul7tlagf s'g}klg /fhg}lts
sfo{x? k|efjsf/L k|sf/n] cufl8
j9fpg ;Dej x'Fb}g. t;y{, xfd|f
o'jfx?n] hgtfnfO{ hlt ;Sof] Tolt
g} /fd|f] tl/sfn] tLa| ultdf ;l7t
ug{ hf]8 ug{' kb{5.
hgtfsf] dg s;/L lhTg
;lsG5< ljrf/sf] s'/f u/]/ of
qmflGtsf] s'/f u/]/ dfq lhTg ;lsG5
t< Toltdfq s'/f u/]/ hgtfsf]
dg lhTg ;lsF b } g . hgtfn]
/fhg}lts ljrf/sf] s'/faf6 dfq
qmflGtnfO{ a'g ;Sb}gg\ of ljrf/sf
s'/faf6 dfq s'g ;xL xf] / s'g unt
xf] ;xh a'g ;Sb}gg\.
$_ hgtfnfO{ ;+3if{df ;dfj]z ug{'
hgtfnfO{ qmflGtdf hf]8\g] csf]{
tl/sf eg]sf] hgtfnfO{ Gofok"0f{
;if{df ;xefuL agfpg' xf]. qmflGt
s]xL g]tf / sfo{stf{sf] ljifo dfq
eP/ cufl8 a9\g ;Sb}g. qmflGtdf
hgtfsf] ;xeflutf hlt z;Qm /
Jofks x'G5 qmflGt Toltg} zlQmzfnL
/ tLa| ultdf cufl8 a9\5. hgtf
;xefuL gePsf] /fhg}lts cfGbf]ng
of qmflGt sdhf]/ x'G5, sdhf]/ eof]
eg] qmflGt ;kmntf;Dd k'Ub}g.
qmflGtg} hgtfsf] d'lQm / pHh\jn
eljiosf] nflu xf] eGg] ;RrfO{
;Qfaf6 pTkLl8t ePsf hgtfnfO{g}
a' e mfpF g ' kb{ 5 . xfd| f o'j fx?n]
hgtfnfO{ Gofok" 0 f{ ;if{ s f]
cfjZostf / ;if{ d f hgtfsf]
;xeflutfsf] dxTj ulx/f] u/L
a'emfpg' kb{5. k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qf
/ zfifs ju{n] u/]s /fhg}lts,
;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;fF:s[lts pTkL8g
/ zf]if0flj?4 Gofok" 0f{ ;if{x ?
;l7t ug{' kb{5. hlt ;lsG5
b} l gs hghLjgsf ;d:ofb] l v
e|i6frf/, sfnf]ahf/L, dx+uL, t:s/L,
;'bvf]/L cflblj?4 ;if{ ;+rfng ug{'
kb{5, To;tf ;if{x?df pgLx?sf
rfxgf, efjgfx?nfO{ cfGbf]ngsf]
?kdf Jojl:yt ug{' kb{5 / hgtfsf]
;xeflutfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{' kb{5.
lgrf] 8
xfdLn] )^$ ;fnb]lv cfh;Dd
;+ ; bjfbL bnfnx?n] hgtfnfO{
lbPsf] wf]sflj?4 ;if{ ;+rfng
ul//x]s f 5f} F. xfdLn] dfcf]j fbL
cfGbf] n gdf
b] v f
k/] s f]
cfTd;dk{0fjfb, wf]sf u2f/Llj?4 klg
;if{ ;+rfng ul//x]sf 5f}F. oL b'j}
;if{df xfdLn] lgs} sl7g ;if{
;+rfng ug{'kof]. cem kf6Ll{\eqsf]
b'O{ ljrf/sf] ;if{df lgs} sl7gfO{
em]Ng' kof]{. oL ;if{df ;a}eGbf
cufl8 cfP/ qmflGtsf/L wf/fsf]
kIfdf sfFw yfKg] zlQm o'jfx? x'g\.

dfcf] j fbL g] t fx?sf] 7" n f] x' n

qmflGtaf6 larlnt x'Fb} ubf{ b]ze/
qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ / em08fnfO{ prf]
kfg{ ;fy} k'gu{ l7t ug{ o'jfx?n] cu|0fL
e"ldsf k"/f u/]sf x'g\. cfh xfdL
k'gu{l7t qmflGtnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg]
/ qmflGtnfO{ ljhosf] lbzf lbg nflu
k/]sf 5f}F. xfd|f] ljrf/ / lg0f{oaf6
;a} v fn] k| l tlqmofjfbL /
ca;/jfbLx? 56\ k6fPsf 5g\ .
k| ltlqmofjfbLx? xfdLnfO{ ;'? d}
3]/faGbL u/]/ ;vfk kfg{ nflu k/]sf
5g\. Gofok"0f{ ;if{df klg o'jfx?nfO{
lu/tf/ ug]{ / ;tfpg]lt/ nfu]sf
5g\ . cj;/jfbLx? qmflGtsf/L
ultljlwaf6 ddf{xt ePsf 5g\.
pgLx? leqleq} e|d 5g]{ / qmflGt
s' g } klg xfntdf cufl8 hfg
g;sf];\ eGg]df ;lqmo ePsf 5g\.
g:k/Gt' xfdL eg] pRr dgf]jn
/ b[9 c7f] 6sf ;fy qmflGtnfO{
lbgk|ltlbg Jojl:yt ub}{ cufl8
al9/x]sf 5f}F. qmflGt / k|ltqmflGt
cfdg] ;fdg] eO/x]sf 5g\ . of]
l:yltdf xfd|f o'jfx?n] h'g d]xgt
qmflGtsf] kIfdf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\,
To;nfO{ cem} Jojl:y ub}{ qmflGtk|lt

k"0 f{ cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy cu| 0fL

e"ldsf lng h?/L 5. o'jfx? eljio
x'g\. b]zsf] eljio o'jfx?df lge{/
5. hgtfnfO{ wf]sf x'Fbf / b]znfO{
cK7\of/f] kbf{ o'jfx? cl3 ;/]/ sfFw
yfK5g\ of yfKb}gg\ eGg]df b]zs}
eljio lgwf{/0f x'G5. xfd|f] b]z olt
a]nf Oltxf;s} sl7g df]8df plePsf]
5. b]zleq bnfnx?n] cfgf] t'R5
:jfy{sf] nflu hgtf / b]zlj?4 h]
klg ug{ tof/ 5g\ eg] ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfb / ;fd|fHojfbL tTjx?n]
g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ bnfn k'FhLjfbsf]
bf; agfpFg, g]kfnnfO{ s7k'tnL
agfO{ /fVg / g]kfnnfO{ n'6\g cg]sf}+
bfp nufO/x]sf 5g\.
o:tf] a]nfdf g]kfnL o'jfdf s]xL
dfqfdf ePklg lg/f;f cfpFnfls eGg]
lrGtf klg 5 t/ xfd|f o'jfx?n] lelq
/ aflx/L 3]/faGbLlj?4 ;if{ 5]8b}
g]kfnsf] cw'/f] qmflGt k'/f ul/ 5f8\g
;lqmoe"ldsf k'/f ug{' kg]{ ePsf] 5.
qmflGtnfO{ hgtf;+u hf]8g] lhDd]jf/L
olxg]/ pRr vfnsf] 5. xfdLnfO{
k" 0 f{ ljZjf; 5 ls qmflGtsf/L
o'jfx?n] of] lhDd]jf/L k'/f ug]{5g\.

hg:jo+;]js dfl;saf6

kf]v/f cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] lznfGof;

sf7df8f}F. k|wfgdGqL s]kL zdf{ cf]nL;lxtsf d'Vo /fhgLlts bnsf
g]tfx?n] uta'waf/ kf]v/fdf cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:ynsf] Ps ;fy lznfGof;
u/]sf 5g\. lrlgofF ;xof]udf lgdf{0f x'g nfu]sf] kf]v/f cGt/f{li6o
ljdfg:ynsf] lznfGof; ePkl5 kf]v/]nLx? xlif{t ePsf 5g\ eg] ;xefuL
g]tfx?n] lgwf{l/t ldltd} lgdf0f{ k"/f ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfPsf 5g\. k|wfgdGqL
tyf g]skf Pdfn] cWoIf cf]nL;lxt PsLs[t g]skf dfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf
k'iksdn bfxfn k|r08, pk|k|wfgdGqL tyf /fk|kf g]kfnsf cWoIf sdn
yfkf, pkk|wfgdGqL tyf dw];L hgclwsf/ kmf]/d nf]stflGqsf cWoIf
ljhos'df/ uR5bf/, g]kfnL sf+u|];sf dxfdGqL ;zf+s sf]O/fnfnufotn]
ljdfg:ynsf] lznfGof; u/]sf 5g\. lznfGof; ub}{ g]tfx?n] of] ljdfg:yn
lgdf{0fdf ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xdlt ePsfn] tf]lsPsf] ;do ;g\
@)@) d} lgdf{0f k"/f ug]{ k|ltj4tf hgfPsf 5g\.
kf]v/fdf cGt/f{li6o ljdfg:yn lznGof; x'g] ePkl5 o; If]qsf
gful/s pT;flxt ag]sf 5g\. $) jif{ cl3b]lvsf] ;kgf ;fsf/ x'g
nfu]sf] eGb} kf]v/]nL xlif{t ePsf x'g\. pgLx?n] lznfGof;;Fu} lgdf{0f
sfo{ klg ;'? ug{ cfu|x u/]sf 5g\. kf]v/fsf] l5g]8fF8fdf ljdfg:yn
lgdf{0fsf nflu $) jif{cl3 g} tLg xhf/ Ps ;o ^ /f]kgL hUuf clwu|x0f
ul/Psf] lyof]. To;df hUuf ck'u x'g] ePkl5 clxn] yk ^ ;o @( /f]kgL
hUuf clwu|x0f ul/Psf] 5. yk hUufsf] d'cfAhf ljt/0f klg ()
k|ltzteGbf a9L ;lsPsf] ljdfg:yn cfof]hgfn] hgfPsf] 5. ljdfg:yn
lgdf{0fsf] lhDdf lrlgofF sDkgL l;PPd;L Ol~hlgol/n] kfPsf] 5.
ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf nflu rLgsf] PlShd a}+s, @! s/f]8 cd]l/sL 8n/
;:tf] Aofhb/df ;x'lnot C0f lbg] 5.
7]Ssf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ ljdfg:yndf wfjgdfu{, 6\ofS;L j], Pk|f]g,
cGt/f{li6o / cfGtl/s 6ld{gn lalN8, Po/ 6flkms sG6f]n 6fj/, sfuf]{
6ld{gn lalN8, Po/kf]6{ Xof\u/nufot lgdf{0f x'g5
] g\. kf]v/fdf ljdfg:yn
lgdf{0fsf nflu ljdfg:yndf $% ld6/ rf}8fO / b'O{ xhf/ % ;o ld6/
nDafOsf] wfjgdfu{ x'g]5. o;df af]O &%& cfsf/;Ddsf hxfh p8fg
cjt/0f ug{ ldNg] 5.

yk ;ft cfsfz] k'n agfOb}

sf7df8f}F. sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsfn] ofq'sf] a9L rfk x'g] :yfgdf

yk ;ft cfsf;] k'n lgdf{0f ug]{ ePsf] 5. dxfgu/kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L
clws[t ?b|l;+x tfdfsf cg';f/ ofq'sf] rfk;Fu} x'g] u/]sf] b'3{6gf sd
ug{ k'n lgdf{0f ug{ nfluPsf] xf]. clxn] sf7df8f}Fsf afg]Zj/, dxf/fhuGh,
lqrGb|, rfalxn, lqk'/]Zj/ nufot :yfgdf cfsfz] k'n agfpg] tof/L
5. To;dWo] lqk'/]Zj/df ;8s lj:tf/sf] sfd eO/x]sfn] s]xL ;do
nfUg] b]lvPsf] 5. 6flkms Joj:yfkg / ofq'sf] ;xhtfsf nflu dxfgu/n]
cfg} nufgLdf cfsf;] k'n agfpg nfu]sf] xf] k|d'v tfdfn] atfP .
pgsf cg';f/ cfsf;] k'nsf] jl/kl/ k;n /fVbf k}bn ofq'nfO{ lxF8\g
;d:of ePsf] u'gf;f] cfO/x]sfn] ubf{ ca lgdf{0f x'g] k'nsf] j/j/ eg]
s'g} klg lsl;dsf k;n ;~rfng ug{ kfOg] 5}g. gofF aGg] k'ndf k;n
/fVg gldNg] u/L l8hfOg ul/g]5. zf/Ll/s czQmnfO{ t cfsf;] k'n
gx'Fbf ;8s kf/ ug{ lgs} sl7g kg]{ xF'bf ca aGg] cfsfz] k'n ckfd}qL
x'g] sfdkfsf] egfO 5, h;df zf/Ll/s ?kdf cIfdn] ;xh} k'n pSng /
cf]ng{ ;Sg] Joj:yf x'g]5.
clxn] gofF k'n lgdf{0fsf nflu l8hfOg tof/ ug]{ sfd ;'? ePsf] 5.
6flkms k|x/L / dxfgu/Lo k|x/L kl/;/sf] ;'emfjsf cfwf/df cfsf;] k'n
lgdf{0f ug]{ 7fpF to ePsf] 5. ;a} cfsf;] k'n tLg jif{leq lgdf{0f
ul/;Sg] dxfgu/kflnsfsf] of]hgf 5. o:tf cfsf;] k'n lgdf{0fdf ? Ps
s/f]8eGbf a9L vr{ x'g] dxfgu/sf] cg'dfg 5. clxn] k|of]udf /x]sf
eb|sfnL, ;'Gwf/f, hdn, jL/ c:ktfn, ef]6flx6L, snL / gofF a;kfs{df
ePsf cfsf;] k'ndf x'g] cfk/flws lqmofsnfk /f]Sg] / /]lnsf] prfO
36fP/ kf/bzL{ agfOg] klg sfdkfn] hgfPsf] 5. cfsf;] k'n lgdf{0fsf
nflu ;8s ljefu;Fu ;xsfo{ eO/x]sf] 5.

@)&# ;fn j}zfv % ut] cfOtaf/

k'Ug} kg]{ 7fp M k"j{sf] kz'kltgfy cyf{t\ vf]6fsf] xn];L dxfb]j n]lggsf] zj ;+/If0f ug{ b'O{ nfv cd]l/sL 8n/

sf7df8f}F. sf7df8f}Fb]lv #))

lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f k"jL{ kxf8L lhNnf
vf]6fdf /x]sf] kljq wfld{s:yn
xn];L dxfb]j:yfg k'Ubf hf] sf]xLnfO{
klg cfk"m s'g ;+;f/df cfOk'u]sf] xf]
h:tf] cfZro{hgs cg'e"lt x'G5.
pRr kxf8df Ejf agfP/ lj/fhdfg
eujfg\ z/ / cGo b]jLb]jtfsf]
cjl:yltn] ;a} n fO{ crlDet
agfOlbG5. xn];L u'kmfnfO{ cw{
rGb| f sf/ u/L 3] / ] / vf] 6 f /
cf]vn9' fsf] l;dfgf x'Fb} au] sL
b"wsf];L gbL dxfk'/f0fdf plNnlvt
sf}lzsL gbLsf] Ps x'g] . b"wsf];Lsf]
kljq hndf :gfg u/]/ xn];Lsf] bz{g
ugf{n] o; nf]sdf ;'v, ;d[l4 kfO{
k/nf]sdf d'lQm;d]t k|fKt x'G5 eGg]
egfO 5. :yfgLojf;Lsf
egfOcg';f/ plxn] ;Too'udf xn];L
dlGb/ jl/kl/ hn /x]sfn] ToxfF
af3, efn', 3f]/n, d[u, h/fof], sflnh,
ltqf OToflb kz'kIfL k|z:t dfqfdf
kfOg] / To; hndf To;} ufpFsf
:yfgLojf;L ls/fFt hftsf dflg;n]
g} l;sf/ ug]{ / hLjhGt' dfg]{ sfd
ub{y]. elgG5, hxfF eujfg\ z/
tyf b]jLb]jtf /x]sf] u'kmf nx/fn]
h]lnPsf] cj:yfdf lyof] ToxfF u'kmf
5 eGg] s'/f s;}nfO{ yfxf lyPg.
syfcg';f/ s'g} Ps ;dodf
Pshgf ls/fFtL l;sf/L l;sf/ v]Nb}
hfFbf ;f] l;sf/Lsf] k|xf/af6 3fOt]
ePsf] d[u n8]/ lzjhLsf] u'kmfleq
v;]5. ;f] d[u lng hfFbf cFWof/f]
u'kmfleq aQLh:tf] rlDsnf] Hof]lt
l;sf/Ln] b] v ]kl5 l;sf/L cfFv f
ltld{/fP/ a]xf]; x'g k'u]5. pQm
a]xf]; l;sf/LnfO{ eujfg\ z/n] bz{g
lbg' eO{ To; u' k mfleq cGo
b]jLb]jtfsf] klg pTklQ eP5 / ;f]
l;sf/Ln] dlGb/ cf;kf;df xToflx+;f
gug{' egL r]tfjgL lbP eGg] egfO
5. xn] ; L dlGb/df ljz] i fu/L
dxflzj/flq, /fdgjdL /
afnfrt'bz
{ Lsf kj{df dlGb/df ljz]if
k"hf ul/g'sf ;fy} lzj, kfj{tL /
u0f] z nfO{ j:q tyf uxgf
klxofOG5. o;afx]s klg x/]s
;f]daf/ tyf ;fpg dlxgfel/ klg
k"hf ul/G5. oxfF b'O{j6f u'kmf 5g\,
tL dWo] j;fxsf] u'kmfdf j[sf;'/af6
aRg cfk"m efUgsf nflu eujfg\

z/n] kxf8sf] km]baf6 Kjfn kf/]/

cfk"m ;Fu}sf] a;fxnfO{ ToxLF 5f8L
leq k;]/ cfk"m kxf8sf] 6'Kkf]lt/
lg:sFbf ag]sf] eGg] egfO{ 5. o;/L
lg:sFbf u'kmfsf] leQfdf 6]s]/ lg:sg'
ePsf] dflgPsf] eujfGsf] Ps
kfOnfsf] 5fk clxn] klg xfdLn] x]bf{
k|:6?kdf b]Vg] ub{5f}F. of] u'kmfsf]
k|j]zf/df eujfGsf] a;fxsf] d"lt{
5 tyf u'kmfleq k:g] lalQs} b]a]|kl
leQfdf :jlgld{t z 5, h'g z
ahfpFbf aHb5, z;Fu} s]xL leqkl
:ju{f/ /x]sf] 5. oxL u'kmfsf]
dflyNnf] l;lndf ufO{sf] y'g ag]sf
5g\ hxfF a f6 b" w cfpF 5 eGg]
ljZjf;sf ;fy eQmhg ufO{sf] y'gdf
xft /fv]/ b"w b]pm dfO{ eGb} k'sf/
ub{5g\. efUodfgLsf] xftdf b"wsf
yf]kf emb{5 eGg] hgljZjf; 5.
a;fx:ynb]lv sl/a !)) ld6/ k/
Psbd} lgd{n hnsf] d'xfg 5, h'g
hn eujfg\ z/sf] kfpaf6 cfPsf]
eGg] egfO 5. lzjhLsf] u'kmf
eujfg\ z/ a;fxsf] u'kmfaf6 dfly
lg:s]kl5 ;f]xL kxf8df csf]{ Pp6f
vfN8f] k/]/ cfk"mleq k;]/ a:g'ePsf]
u''kmf g} lzjhLsf] u'kmf xf]. o;}
u'kmfleq k|j]z ug]{ f/nfO{ g} d"n
k|j]zf/ dflgG5. d"n k|j]zf/sf]
bfofFkl u0f]zhLsf] dlGb/ 5 eg]
afofFkl df/tLsf u'D af lgdf{0 f
ul/Psf] 5. k|j ] z f/af6 k| j ] z
ul/;s]kl5 u'kmfsf] leqL efu 9'fsf]
l;F 9Laf6 sl/a @)) ld6/ tn
u'kmfdf k"j{kL kms]{/ eujfg\ z/
lj/fhdfg x' g'ePsf] b]lvG5 eg]
k"j{kL pxfFs} ;Dd'vdf s]xL prfO{df
kfj{ t Ldftfsf] :yfg b] l vG5.
cu|efudf jL/eb|, dxfsfnL cflb
f/kfn 5g\ eg] eujfg\ lzjsf]
bfofFafofF eP/ hGdf/, sd{f/,
wd{f/ / kfkf/ /x]sf 5g\. oL f/sf]
bz{g u/L k|j]z u/]/ kf/ x'g ;s]df
x/]s f/sf cfcfg} k|sf/sf] kmn
kfOg] ljZjf; ul/G5.
xn];L dlGb/ jl/kl/ rf/ e~Hof
k/]/ aLrdf p7]sf] kj{tdf cjl:yt
k|s [ltsf] dgf]/d b[Zon] u'kmf /
dlGb/df ;bf ;j{bf oxLF al;/x'F x]/L
/xF'h:tf] cg'e"lt x'G5. tTsfnLg
/fhfdxf/fhfn] k"hfsf nflu a|fXd0f
/fVg'kg]{ eGb} lu/L y/sf Pshgf

Hof]ltifLnfO{ ;f]xL dlGb/sf] k"hfcfhf

tyf /]vb]v ug{' egL lhDdf nufP/
;f]xL Hof]ltifLsf kl/jf/ uf]kfn lu/Ln]
xfn k"hfcfhf ub}}{ cfPs 5g. @)^@
;fn dl\;/ ! ut]b]lv ;j{kIfLo
;ldlt lgdf{0f u/]/ dlGb/df r9fPsf]
e]6LnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ yflnPsf] 5.
>Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0fsf] bzd
:sGbsf] c7fl;cfF} F cWofodf o;af/]df
j0f{g ul/Psf] 5. Ps k6ssf] s'/f
xf] zs'gLsf] 5f]/f j[sf;'/n] tk:of
ug]{ ljrf/ u/L hfFb} ubf{ gf/b ClifnfO{
e]6] / a|Xdf, lji0f' / dx]Zj/dWo]
;a}eGbf l56f] k|;Gg x'g] b]jtf s'g
x'g\ eg]/ ;f]w] . gf/bhLn] eg], eujfg\
z/ g} ceGbf l5} k|zGg x'g'x'G5
t;y{ pxfFsf] g} pkf;gf u/.
lbgxF' 7"nf] cfuf] afn]/ cfuf]kl
lgx'l/P/ lz/} xf]Dg] h:tf] u/L sl7g
tk:of ub}{ hfFbf ^ lbg laTof] t}
klg j[sf;'/n] bz{g kfPgg\. k'gM
;ftfF} lbg klg tk:of ug{ nfu].
o;/L cfgf] lvGgtf b]v]/ eujfg\
z/ k| s 6 eP. j[s f;' /n] ;a}
b]jtfnfO{ gf; ug]{ pkfo;lxt j/bfg
dfu]. To;}a]nf pgnfO{ hutdftf
kfj{tLsf] ;Demgf cfof] / ;f]Rg nfu]
ls olt /fd|L klTg kfP t slt cfgGb
x'GYof] xf]nf. o;df dnfO{ afwf ug]{
klg t log} lzjhL g} x'g\ egL s'enf]
lrtfP. o;/L z+s/ eujfGnfO{ g}
gfz ug{ nv]6\g nfUbf eujfg;Fu
efUg' lzjfo s]xL pkfo klg /x]g.
eujfg\ efUb} hfg'ef], j[sf;'/ klg
xft p7fP/ nv]6b\ } nv]6b\ } uP. ;f/f
;+ ;f/ ljZj a|X df08 3'D bf klg
j[sf;'/af6 aRg] 7fpF st} ge]l6Pkl5
efUg] qmddf pQ/ lbzf x' F b }
lxdjTv08lt/ nfUg'eof]. eujfg\
yfls;Sg'ePsf] / j[sf;'/ klg yfs]sf]
ePklg eujfGnfO{ nv]6\b} lyof].
o;/L eujfg\ g]kfnsf] k"jL{kxf8L
lhNnf vf]]6fsf] o; :yfgdf cfOk'u
eGg] egfO{ kfOG5.
j[sf;'/nfO{ /fv]/ kxf8df Kjfn
kf/L cfk"m leq k|j]z u/] / dflylt/
lg:sFbf j[sf;'/ dflylt/ hfG5 eg]/
cfk"m ToxLF kxf8df csf]{ vfN8f] kf/]/
tnlt/ leq k;]/ a;]. vfN8f]sf]
d'vdf dfs'/fsf] hfnf] nufO{ lbP tyf
nx/fn] h]nL lbP. of] b[Zo x]l//x]sf
b]jLb]jtf ;a qfxL, qfxL gf/fo0f,

Pgcf/Pg o's] f/f k':tsfnonfO{ cfly{s ;xof]u

gf/fo0f eGb} eujfg\ z/nfO{

arfpg] s'g} pkfo lgsfNg >L lji0f'
eujfg;Fu laGtL u/]. eujfg\ lji0f'n]
klg t'?Gt Pp6f ;fw'sf] ?kwf/0f
u/] ;f]xL kxf8sf] km]bdf k'u] hxfF
j[sf;'/ klg ylst cj:yfdf :jfF :jfF
ub}{ cfOk'Uof]. j[sf;'/n] ;fw'?kL >L
lji0f' n fO{ b] V g gkfpF b} lji0f' n ]
j[sf;'/nfO{ af]nfpFb} eg] , P zs'gLsf
5f]/f j[sf;'/hL tkfO{+ o:tf] ylst
cj:yfdf olt 6f9f o:tf] ljs6 7fpFdf
lsg cfof} , Psl5g lj>fd u/.
lji0f' eujfGsf o:tf cd[tdo
jrg ;'Ggf;fy j[sf;'/sf] ysfO d/]/
uof]. pgn] ;f/f j[QfGt >L lji0f'nfO{
;'gfP. lzjhLnfO{ h;/L klg e]6g\ k' g]{
s'/f ;'g]kl5 lji0f'n] eg] j[sf;'/hL
tkfO{n
+ fO{ dxfb]jn] em'SofP5g\ lsgls
bIfk|hfkltsf] >fk k/]kl5 pgn]
lk;frj[ l QnfO{ u| x 0fj[ s f;' / hL
tkfO{n
+ fO{ dxfb]jn] em'SofP5g\ lsgls
bIfk|hfkltsf] >fk k/]kl5 pgn]
lk;frj[lQnfO{ u|x0f lji0f' eujfGsf
o:tf cd[ tdo jrg ;' G gf;fy
j[sf;'/sf] ysfO d/]/ uof]. pgn]
;f/f j[QfGt >L lji0f'nfO{ ;'gfP.
lzjhLnfO{ h;/L klg e]6\g'kg]{ s'/f
;'g] kl5 lji0f'n] eg] j[sf;'/hL
tkfO{n
+ fO{ dxfb]jn] em'SofP5g\ lsgls
bIfk|hfkltsf] >fk k/]kl5 pgn]
lk;frj[lQnfO{ u|x0f u/]/ e"tk|]tsf]
;d|f6 ePsf 5g\. o:tf] cj:yfdf
pgsf] s'g} zlQm 5}g, g t pgn]
lbPsf] j/bfg g} k'U5 g t >fk g}
nfU5 t;y{ pgsf] s'/fdf kTof/
gu/. eujfg\ lji0f'sf] o; s'/faf6
pgn] o;sf] k/LIf0f ug{ rfx] / cfg}
6fpsfdf xft /fVbf tTsfn} eid eP.
o;/L eid eP/ d/]sfn] j[sf;'/nfO{
e:df;'/ klg elgPsf] kfOG5.
o:tf] b[ Zo x] l//x] s f ;Dk" 0 f{
b]jLb]jtf cfsf;af6 k[ikj[li6 ub}{
hohosf/sf ;fy ToxLF cfOk'u].
lji0f' klg ;fw'?k Tofu]/ cfgf]
rt'jf{x :j?kdf k|s6 eo. kfj{tL
klg cfP/ lzjhLs} ;dLkdf a:g
k'u]. u0f]zhL klg f/df cfP/ a;
eGg] sxfjt kfOG5. eujfg\ z/sf]
dlGb/ xn];Lwfd cfh klg k"j{sf]
kz'kltgfysf] ?kdf ;'k|lz /x]sf]
/ xhf/f} F eQmhgnfO{ cfslif{ t
ul//x]sf] 5.

sf7df8f}F. rlr{t sDo'lgi6 g]tf Enfbld/ n]lggsf] zj ;+/If0f ug{sf

nflu ?;n] of] jif{ b'O{ nfv cd]l/sL 8n/ vr{ ub}{5. ?;sf] :6]6
k|f]Sof]/d]G6 Ph]G;Lsf] j]a;fO6df atfOPcg';f/ olt vr{ u/];Fu} n]lggsf]
zjnfO{ lhljt h:t} cj:yfdf /fVg d2t ldNg]5. afof]d]l8sn k4ltf/f

n]lggsf] nf;sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;/sf/n] s'g} Ph]G;Lsf] vf]hL vf]hL klg
ul//x]sf] 5. ?;L afof]d]l8sn 6]Sgf]nf]hL l/;r{ P08 6]lg+u ;]G6/n] ;g\
!(@$ b]lv g} n]lggsf] zjsf] x]/rfx ul//x]sf] 5. hgtfsf] bz{gsf nflu
n]lggsf] zjnfO{ klxnf]k6s d:sf]sf] /]8 :SjfP/df /flvPb]lv g} ;]G6/n]
n]lggsf] zjsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5.t/ ;f]leot ;+3 lj37g eP;Fu}
n]lggsf] zjsf] cGTo]li6 ul/g'kg]{ dfu p7\g yfNof] / clxn]klg o:tf] dfu
e}/x]sf] 5.
xfn}sf] Ps cgnfOg dg ;e]I{ f0f cg';f/ ^@ k|ltzt dflg;n] n]lggsf]
zjnfO{ ;Ddfg;fy cGTo]li6 ul/g'kg]{ atfPsf 5g\. t/ ?;L ;/sf/n] eg]
n]lggsf] zjsf] cGTo]li6 ug]{ s'/fnfO{ klxn] b]lv g} cl:jsf/ ub}{ cfPsf]
5. n]lggsf] zjsf] ;+/If0fdf eO/x]sf] vr{nfO{ lnP/ ;f];n ldl8ofdf
dflg;x?n] lgs} rrf{ tyf cfnf]rgf ug]{ u/]sf 5g\. Ps nf;sf] ;+/If0f,
dd{t tyf x]/rfxdf olt w]/} vr{ ug{' clt g} ePsf] sltkosf] /fo 5.
sltkon] eg] o;/L n]lggsf] zjnfO{ ;+/If0f u/]/ /flv/xg' :jo+ n]lggsf]
gLltsf] lj?4df /x]sf] atfpg] u/]sf 5g\. n]lgg cfkm}n] s;}sf] d"lt{ jf
zflns agfP/ /fVg] s'/fsf] lj/f]w uy]{. Ps ;f];n ;fO6 k|of]ustf{n]
lv;L6\o'/L ub}{ eg]sf 5g\ sDo'lgi6x?nfO{ of] ljZjf; 5 sL Pslbg
af]N;]les g]tf cfgf] Snf]g tof/ u/L ;Qfdf lkmtf{ cfpg ;Sb5g\. t/,
n]lggsf] zjsf] cGToli6 ug{ gx'g] dt /fVg]x? klg 5g\. Pshgf ;f];n
;fO6 k|of]ustf{ n]lggsf] zjsf] cGToli6 ug]{ s'/fsf] lj/f]w hgfpFb} eG5g\
olb n]lggsf] cGToli6 ug]{ s'/f x'G5 eg] To;eGbf klxn] af]l/; o]tlN;gsf]
lrxfg vGg'k5{.

lev dfUgs} nflu b'aO{

sf7df8f}F. b'aO{df levf/Ldfly :yfgLo k|zf;gn] s8fO ug{ yfn]sf]

5. ;x/nfO{ levf/Ld'Qm agfpg] p2]Zon] gu/kflnsf :t/df lg/LIfsx?
kl/rfng u/L levf/LnfO{ lu/tf/ ug{ yflnPsf] 5. ;dfrf/ Ph]G;Lx?sf
cg';f/ ;g\ @)!^ sf] klxnf] q}dfl;s cjlwdf %( levf/LnfO{ lu/tf/

Psn slatf jfrg

sfo{qmd ;DkGg
sf7df8f}F. emfksf] lemnlemn]
ls/ft /fO{ ejgdf em08} b'O{ zts
a]nfot latfPsf k'a{ a]nfotL ;]gf
ef]hk'/sf o'4sla g/]; sfdf
/fO{sf] Psn slatf afrg sfo{qmd
;DkGg ePsf] 5. pQm ca;/df
cfof] h s w/dk' / ;flxlTos
k|lti7g cWoIfo la/f6 ls/fFtLn]
!$ cf]6f slatf afrg u/]sf lyP,
h;dWo] rf/j6f c? sljx?n]
afrg u/]/ ;xof]u u/]sf lyP.
sljtf afrgdf
bdssf ofd
y'n', Onfdsf z'idf ?kfa' /fO{,
w/fgsf >Lz[ z f /fO{ , bdssf
/fhs' d f/ clglZrtn] ;3fPsf

ul/;s]sf] clwsf/Lx?n] hgfPsf 5g\. lu/tf/ ul/Psf levf/Ldfly

cg';Gwfgsf qmddf pgLx? lgs} wgf9\o kfOPsf] klg atfOPsf] 5. Pp6f
levf/Ln] dlxgfdf &# xhf/ %)) 8n/;Dd sdfO u/]sf] /x:o klg
cg';Gwfgsf qmddf v'n]sf] 5. b'aO{ gu/kflnsfsf dfs]{6 ljefusf k|d'v
km}hn cn albofjLsf cg';f/ s]xL levf/L;Fu /fxbfgLsf cltl/Qm Jofj;fo
Pj+ ko{6ssf] le;f;d]t km]nf k/]sf] 5. pgsf cg';f/ ljb]zaf6 tLg
dlxgfsf] k|j]zf1f lnP/ b'aO{ cfpg] / eLv dfu]/ nvklt eO{ kmls{g]
u/]sf] klg kfOPsf] 5. Ph]G;L

PrkLn] Nofof] ljZjs} ;a}eGbf l:nd Nofk6k

sf7df8f} F . Pgcf/Pgo' s ] s f
;Nnfxsf/ Pjd\ Rofl/6L laefu
pk;+of]hs sNkgf cf\ax' fn] g]kfn
nfOa|/] L kmfp08]zgnfO{ ?= %),))).
cfly{s ;xof]u u/]sL l5g\. pgLn]
Pgcf/Pgo'ss
] f ;xdxf;lrj ch{g'
s6'jfnsf] kxndf sfo{;ldlt kbflwsf/L,
;b:o ;+/Ifs Pj+ ;Nnfxsf/x?n] ;xof]u
u/L ;lnt /sd ?= %),))). sf]
r]s ;+ud k':tsfno ufO{3f6 pbok'/df
O{k':tsfno :yfkgfy{ / ;f]sf] k|fljlws
Aoa:yfkgsf nflu g]kfn nfOa|]/L
kmfp08]zg sf7df8f} +n] ug] { u/L

sf7df8f}s
+ f sfo{qmd clws[t wgs'df/
>]i7nfO{ Ps ;df/f]xaLr x:tfGt/0f
u/]sL x'g\ . pQm ca;/df pd]; s6'jfn
/ Po/ PDa' n ] G ; g] k fnsf
k|ltlglwx?nufotsf] pkl:ylt lyof].
pQm Ok':tsfno :yfkgfsf nflu
;+/Ifs dx]Gb| sF8n] af6 ^% kfp08, s[i0f
bfxfn %) kfp08, adf{ vgfn af6 @)
kfp08 / afFsL /sd Pgcf/PgP o'ss
] f
kbflwsf/L / sfo{;ldlt ;b:ox?af6 ?=
%)))). -krf; xhf/_ ;+sng ul/Psf]
lyof]. h;df d'R5]q u'?, /fi6 /fO, of]u
kmufdL, zflGt yfkf, ch{g' s6'jfn,

a'l4/fd yfkf, lbks >]i7, nlnt g]pkfg],

v';L lnDa', ;gb u'?, ;'zLnf /fO{, l/r8{
u'?, ;'/f]h df:s], nlnt u'?, 5ladfof
k'g, ;flns ;fksf]6f, k|;fb 5GTofn, ldng
u'?, /fh]Gb| yfkf / ;Nnfxfsf/ s]zj
k'8f;}gLnufPotn] ;xof]u u/]sf lyP.
cfly{s ;xof]u k|bfg sfo{qmddf ;xof]uL
xftx? ;a}df wGojfb JoQm ub}{ g]kfn
nfOa|/] L kmfp08]zgsf] tkm{af6 Pgcf/Pg
o'ss
] f ;Dk"0f{ l6dnufot ;xdx;lrj ch{g'
s6'jfnnfO{ cfufdL lbgdf ;xof]u ;b\efan]
lg/Gt/tf kfpg] ck]Iff;fy d'/Ld'/L wGojfb
Pj+ ;fw'jfb JoQm ul/Psf] lyof] .

lyP. pQm ca;/df klxrfg

k'/:sf/ sf]ifsf nflu b= sf]l/ofdf
ljleGg ;+3;+:yf ls/ft /fO{ ofof]Vvf,
tfdf ;+ 3, e' h] n ;+ 3 , ;Lo
;dfhafbL kmf]/d, ;Lo lnDa'jfg
;dfhafb, g]kfn cflbaf;L dxf;+3
u0ftGqaf6 p7]sf] Ps nfv Psfjg
-!%!)))_ xhf/ klxrfg k'/:sf/sf
;+ :yfks g/]; sfdf /fO{ nfO{
x:tfGt/0f ul/Psf] lyof].

sf7df8f}F . cd]l/sL sDkgL PrkLn] ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf kftnf] Nofk6k :k]S6/

!# ahf/df NofPsf] 5. !#=# O~hsf] l:qmg ePsf] of] Nofk6k !)=$ PdPd
kftnf] 5. PrkLn] of] Nofk6kdf Pp6f df]l8kmfO{ nf]uf] ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5. of]
nf]uf] PrkLn] oxL Nofk6sf nflu ljz]if l8hfOg u/]sf] xf]. ljG8f]h !)
ck/]l6 l;:6ddf rNg] of] Nofk6kdf k"mn Pr8L l8:Kn] x]g{ ;lsg]5. * lhaL
ofd /x]sf] Nofk6df @^% lhaL d]df]/L /x]sf] 5. of] Nofk6df Pp6f ljz]if lx6
kfOk h8fg ul/Psf] 5. of] kfOksf] dfWodaf6 Nofk6ksf] k|f;] ;
] /sf] lx6
aflx/ lg:sg]5. of] afx]s b'Oj{ 6f zlQmzfnL ofg klg Nofk6kdf h8fg ePsf
5g\. logn] Nofk6ksf] db/af]8{ tyf k|f;
] ;] /nfO{ tfTgaf6 hf]ufpg]5g\. :k]S6/
!# of] Nofk6ksf] l8hfOgdf clwsf+z efu cNd'lgodsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5. c?
efudf sfa{g kmfOa/ k|of]u ePsf] 5. o;n] ubf{ Nofk6k lgs} xnf}+ 5. lkmN8
ug{sf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ePsf] of] Nofk6ksf] cfwf/e"t df]8nsf] d"No !!^(
cd]l/sL 8n/ tf]lsPsf] 5. Ph]G;L

@)&# ;fn j}zfv % ut] cfOtaf/

;+;f/sf !) /x:odoL j:t', h;sf] cfh;Dd cWoog x'g ;s]sf] 5}g

sf7df8f}F . ;+; f/sf] Oltxf;
crDdsf] /x:on] el/Psf] 5. xfdL
dWo] s;}n] klg ltgLxsf] af/]df
cWoog u/]/ lgisif{ lgsfNg w]/} ;do
nfUg]5. t/, leqL /x:o gv'n]sf
a:t'xnfO{ x]g{ ;a}nfO{ /f]rs nfU5.
tL dWo] /x:o gv'n]sf ljZjsf !)
/f]rs j:t' o:tf 5g\.
!= df] cf r/f
df]cf r/f p8\g g;Sg] r/f x'g\.
Go'lhNofG8df a;f]af; ug{] oL rf/x

!% ;o jif{ nf]k ePsf lyP. df]cf/L

l;4fGtcg';f/ tL r/fx dfl/Psf
lyP. aL;f}+ ztfAbLdf ePsf] Pp6f
ofqfsf bf} /fg j} 1flgsxn] tL
r/fsf] k~hf e]fPsf lyP.
@= k]?sf] ;fS;]jfdfgsf] dlGb/ kl/;/
df]6f{/sf] Ps yf]kf klg k|of]u
gu/L ag]sf] 9'+ufsf] dlGb/ kl/;/

;fF R r} crDdsf] 5. dlGb/df

/flvPsf 9'+ufsf] aLrdf Ps ;fgf]
sfuhsf] 6' q mf ;d] t l5/fpg
ldNb}g. x/]s Ansdf lrNnf] / uf]nf]
s'gf 5. of] s;/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
lyof]. s;}nfO{ yfxf g} 5}g.
#= u]6 ckm ;g, af]lnleof
af] l nleofsf] Ps k| f rLg /
/x:odo zx/ l6jfGs'df u]6 ckm
;g /x]sf] 5. s]xL k'/ftTjljb\x
klxnf] ztfAbLdf Ps ljzfn

;fd|fHosf] s]Gb| /x]sf] ljZjf; u5{g\ .

u]6df s'g lrq /x]sf] s'/f sf]xL;Fu

klg ts{ 5}g. ;DejtM of] ljifodf

s]xL Hof]ltif dxTj 5.
$= n+Uo' u'kmf, rLg
oL u'kmfx dfgjf/f lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] xf]. of] s7Lg sfd ;DkGg
ug{ xhf/f} dflg;sf] ;xeflutf lyof].

oBlk oL u' k mfxsf] s] lx klg

P]ltxfl;s /]s8{ 5}g. ;fy} of] lgdf{0f
ul/Psf] ljlwaf/] klg clxn];Dd
hfgsf/L 5}g.
%= cw'/ f] :df/s, OlhK6
of] cw'/f] :df/s 9'+ufdf l;w}
lgdf{0f ug{ nfu]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5.

t/, k"0f{ kdf eg] lgdf{0f ;lsPsf]

5}g. :df/s vf]k]/ lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
cj:yfd} 5. of] s'g k|of]hgsf] nflu
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] clxn];Dd v'ns
] f]
5}g.
^= of]gfu'g, kfgLd'lgsf] ;x/, hfkfg
of] k|frLg ;x/sf] af/]df lsxflr/f]

c/ftfsLn] ;+of]hn] kQf nufPsf

lyP. kfgL d'lgsf] of] ;x/ af/] ;a}
j}1flgs l;4fGt x}/fg 5. 3'd]sf] of]

;x/sf] !) xhf/ jif{ klxnf] lgdf{0f

ePsf] ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 , h'g
OlhK6sf] lk/fld8 eGbf klg k'/fgf]
xf]. s]lx k'/ftTjljb\sf cg';f cflbd
o' udf dflg;x u'kmfdf a:y] .
u'kmfnfO{ ;x/ agfPsf] ljZjf;
ul/Psf] 5.
&= d[ t ssf] l9:sf] , kfls:tfg
of] ;x/sf] ktg s;/L eof] eGg]
ljifodf j}1flgsxnfO{ aiff{};Dd
x}/fg kf/]sf] 5. !(@@ df ef/tLo
k'/ftTjljb cf/8L aghL{n] l;Gw'
gbLn] eTsfPsf k|frLg vG8x/sf]

ljifodf vf]h u/]sf lyP. of] k|rfLg

;x/sf] cGTo s;/L eof] egL hlxNo}
k|Zg p7\g] u/]sf] 5. oxf /x]sf
dflg;x stf uP eGg] nufotsf
k|Zgx cem} cg'Ql/t 5g\.
*= n]G; cS; dL8f]h , Sofg8f
Sofgf8fsf] k'/ftflTjs :yn Ps

xhf/ aif{ klxn] :yfkgf ePsf] ljZjf;

ul/G5. tYo cg';f/ :Sofl8gfleogx
lqm:6f]km/ sf]nDa;sf] hGd klxNo}
k'us
] f lyP. t/ o; ljifodf cem}
olsg ul/Psf] 5}g.
(= :6f]gPh ;'?
Ps e" l dut ;' ? , hf]
:s6NofG8b]lv 6sL{;Dd 5. of] ;'?
o'/f]ksf clwsf+z b]zsf] leqleqaf6
6sL{;Dd k'u]sf] 5. o;n] :6f]g

Phsf lzsf/Lx ;fdfGo lyPgg

eGg] b]vfp5. t/ o;sf] jf:tljs
k|of]hg s]sf nflu lyof] eGg] /x:od}
5. s]xL cg';Gwfgx hf8f] tyf
ljleGg ;+3if{af6 aRg o;sf] k|of]u
ePsf] ljZjf; u5{ g. t/ s] xL
;'/lIft ofqfsf] nflu ;'? k|of]u
ePsf] 7fG5g\.
!)= sf]:6fl/sfsf] ljzfn kTy/x
oL /x:odoL 9'u+ fx k"0f{ uf]nfsf/
cfs[ltdf 5g\. t/ of] s'g k|of]hgsf]
nflu hDdf ul/Psf] eGg] cem}
/x:odf 5. oL 9'+ufx ;g\ !(#)

df :yfgLon] s]/f v]tLsf] nflu h+un

km8fgL ubf{ kQf nufPsf lyP.
:yfgLo a'9fkfsfxn] ToxfF leq ;'g
/x]sf] x'g ;Sg] atfPsf lyP. t/
tLgLxnfO{ k"m6fP/ x]bf{ s]lx klg
km]nf k/]g.

ljZjdf df]6f dflg;sf] ;+Vof cTolws

sf7df8f}F. ljZjdf a;f]af; ug]{
df]6f dflg;x?n] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df
b'Anf dflg;x?nfO{ pl5g]sf 5g\.
;fdfGo eGbf sd tf}n ePsf cyf{t\
b'Anf]kgfaf6 u| l;t dflg;x?sf]
;+ V ofeGbf df] 6 f] k gfaf6 u| l ;t
dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof al9 ePsf] Ps
tYof+sn] b]vfPsf] 5. a]nfotsf]
n08gl:yt ODk] l /on sn] h sf
zf]wstf{x?n] u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/
ljZjdf df] 6 f] k gfaf6 u| l ;t
dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof ;g\ @)!$ d} ^$
s/f]8 !) nfv k'u]sf] 5. of] ;+Vof
;g\ !(&% df !) s/f]8 %) nfv
lyof]. zf]wstf{x?n] ;g\ !(&% b]lv
;g\ @)!$ sf] cjlwdf ljZjsf @
s/f]8 jo:s dflg;x?sf] ;/L/sf]
df]6f]kgfsf] dfkssf] ?kdf /x]sf] a8L
df; OG8]S;sf] dfkg u/L To;sf]
tYof+s ljZn]if0f u/]sf x'g\. bL
NofG;]6 hg{ndf k|sflzt zf]wsf d'Vo
zf]wstf{ k|fWofks dlhb Ohftn]
ljZjdf r/d df]6f]kgfsf] dxfdf/L g}

km}lnPsf] atfPsf 5g\.

zf]wstf{x?n] ljZjsf ljleGg !
;o *^ b]zsf jo:sx?sf] 8f6f
;+sng u/]sf x'g\. zf]wstf{x?sf
cg';f/ o; cjlwdf ljZjdf sd
tf}n ePsf cyf{t\ b'Anfx?sf] ;+Vof
## s/f]8af6 a9]/ $^ s/f]8 @)
nfv k' u] s f] 5. zf] w stf{ x ?sf
cg';f/ ;g\ !(&% b]lv @)!$ sf]
cjlwdf ljZjsf k' ? ifx?sf]
df]6f]kgfsf] b/ #=@ k|ltztaf6 a9]/
!)=* k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5. To:t}
dlxnfsf] df] f 6f] kgfsf] b/ ^=$
k|ltztaf6 a9]/ !$=( k|ltztdf
k'u]sf] cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5. o;
cg';f/ ;g\ @)!$ ;Dddf ljZjdf
df]6f]kgf ePsf] k'?ifsf] ;+Vof @^
s/f]8 ^) nfv k'us
] f] 5 eg] dlxnfsf]
;+Vof #& s/f]8 %) nfv 5.
zf]wstf{sf cg';f/ kl5Nnf] $)
jif{df ljZjdf df]6f]kgf eo+s/ ?kn]
a9]sf] 5. $) jif{cl3 ljZjdf
df]6f]kgf ePsf dflg;x?sf] t'ngfdf

sf7df8f}F . ef/tsf] s]/nl:yt

k'ltn dlGb/df ePsf] 36gfaf6 ;a}
:tAw 5g\ . 36gfdf cfkmGt
u'dfPsfx? zf]sd} 5g\. t/, Pp6f
kl/jf/ eg] zf]saf6 crfgs v';L
kfPsf] 5. h'g pgLx?n] hLjge/
e' N g] 5} g g\ . ef/tLo ;+ r f/
dfWodx?sf cg';f/ Ps kl/jf/n]
36gfdf cfgf] 5f]/f d/]sf] 7fg]/
c:ktfnsf] zju[ xaf6 nf; 3/
Nofof]. zjsf] clGtd ;+:sf/ klg
ul/of]. clGtd ;+:sf/kl5 b'MvL
kl/jf/ ha 3/ k'Uof], ta To;sf]
s]xLa]/d} pgLx?nfO{ kmf]g cfof]. of]
kmf]g c? s;}sf] geP/ h'g 5f]/f d/]sf]
7fGb} clGtd ;+:sf/ u/]sf] lyof], o;}sf]
lyof]. o;/L ha cfgf] 5f]/f hLljt}
/x]sf] hfgsf/L kfof], v';Lsf] s'g} ;Ldf
g} /x]g. k|df]b gfdsf pgL ToxL
7]s]bf/sf nflu sfd ub{y], h;n]

k'lt+un dlGb/sf nflu k|ltalGwt

k6fsfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf lyP. a]xf];L
cj:yfdf clt+un c:ktfndf /x]sf
k|df]bsf] ha ;f]daf/ /flt xf];\ cfof]
ta pgn] d+ u naf/ cfgf]
kl/jf/hgnfO{ kmf]g u/]sf lyP.
k|df]bn] eg] of] Ps k|sf/n] d]/f]
k'g h{Gd g} xf]. ljikmf] 6sf a]nf
36gf:ynd} x'bF f klg v} d s;/L lhljt}
/x]F . oBlk of] clUgsf08df k|df]b 3fOt]
eg] ePsf 5g\. pgsf] ;'Gg] zlQmdf
s]xL sdL cfPsf] 5. of] 36gfn]
k|zf;gnfO{ yk ;d:of l;h{gf u/]sf]
5. ca k|df]b 7fg]/ pgsf] kl/jf/n]
clGtd ;+ : sf/ u/] s f] JolQmsf]
klxrfgdf h'6]sf] 5. :d/0f/xf];\,
k'lt+un dlGb/df cfOtaf/ k6fsf
5f]8b\ f ePsf] cfunfuLdf !!! hgfsf]
d[To' ePsf] lyof]. 36gfdf 7"nf] ;+Vofdf
;j{;fwf/0f 3fOt] ePsf lyP. Ph]G;L

d[tsn] kmf]g u/]kl5===

sd tf}n ePsf cyf{t\ b'Anfx?sf]

;+Vof bf]Aa/n] al9 /x]sf]df clxn]
b'Anfx?eGbf df]6fx?sf] ;+Vof em08}
@) s/f]8 al9 k'u]sf] 5. zf]wstf{
Ohftsf cg';f/ ljZjdf df]6f]kgfsf]
;d:of ;+s6k"0f{ ljGb'df k''u]sf] 5.
cWoog cg' ; f/ ljZjdf clxn]
;a}eGbf w]/} df]6f]kgf ePsf b]zx?
rLg tyf ef/t x'g\. ;a}eGbf al9
df]6f]kgf ePsf dflg;x? ePsf]
rLgdf $ s/f]8 #@ nfv k'?if clg
$ s/f]8 ^$ nfv dlxnf df]6f]kgfaf6
kLl8t 5g\. bf]>f] :yfgsf] cd]l/sfdf
$ s/f]8 !& nfv k'?if tyf $ s/f]8
^! nfv dlxnf df]6f]kgfaf6 u|l;t
/x]sf] kfOPsf] 5.

zf]wstf{x?sf cg';f/ kl5Nnf]

$) jif{sf] cjlwdf sd tf}n x'gx] ?sf]
b/ cyf{t\ b'Anf]kgfsf] b/ eg] 36]sf]
5. of] cjlwdf k'?ifsf] b'Anf]kgfsf]
b/ !$ k|ltztaf6 ( k|ltztdf
em/]sf] 5 eg] dlxnfdf of] b/ !%
af6 bz k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5. sd
tf}nsf dflg;sf] 7"nf] k|ltzt ef/t
tyf a+unfb]z h:tf b]zdf ePsf]
klg cWoogn] b] v fPsf] 5.
zf]wstf{x?sf cg';f/ df]6f]kgfsf] b/
ltj| ?kdf al9/xg' vt/fk"0f{ /x]klg
cfjZostf eGbf sd tf}n ePsf
cyf{t\ sd jhg / prfO ePsf
dflg;x?sf] ;+Vof 36\g' :jf:Yosf]
b[li6n] ;sf/fTds 5.

ljZjsf wgL / zlQmzfnL JolQmn]

n'sfPsf ;DklQsf] /x:o v'Nof]
sf7df8f}F . ;+;f/d} ;a}eGbf uf]Ko 9+un] sfd ug]{ dflgPsf] kgfdfsf]
df];fs kmf]G;]sf sDkgLsf] Ps s/f]8 bz nfv uf]Ko b:tfj]h lns ePsf] 5.
h;dfkm{t\ wgL / zlQmzfnL JolQmx?n] s;/L cfgf] wg;DklQ n'sfpg s/
5nL ubf{ /x]5g\ eGg] v'ns
] f] 5. pgLx?n] cfk"m / cfkmgf] sDkgLaf6 sdeGbf
sd s/ ltg{ s:tf s:tf z}nL ckgfpFbf /x]5g\ eGg] klg v'nf;f ePsf] 5.
b:tfj]h lns eP;Fu} df];fs kmf]G;]sfn] cfgf u|fxssf] sfnf wg j}w agfpg],
k|ltaGwaf6 aRg] tyf s/ rf]/Ldf s;/L d2t ug]{ /x]5 eGg] v'n]sf] 5.
sl/a $) jif{bl] v lagf z+sf o:tf] sfd ul//x]sf] sDkgLn] hgfPsf] 5. &@
hgf jt{dfg tyf k"j{ /fi6fWoIf o; k|s/0fdf sDkgL;Fu hf]l8Psf] klg v'ns
] f]
5. h;df k"j{ tfgfzfx;d]t ;+nUg 5g\.
hd{g cvaf/ h"68for 6\;fo6"Gun] k|fKt u/]sf] o; b:tfj]h OG6/g]zgn
sG;f]l6{od ckm OGe]i6Lu]6Le hg?:f{lni6, cfO{;LcfO{hd] fkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf]
xf]. t/, o; b:tfj]h lbg] ;"q sf] xf] eGg] cfk"mx?nfO{ yfxf gePsf] aLaL;Ln]
hgfPsf] 5. cfO{;LcfO{hs
] f lgb]z
{ s u]/f8{ /fOnn] eg] b:tfj]hdf df];fs
kmf]G;]sfsf] k|To]s lbgsf] ultljlw pNn]v /x]sf] hgfPsf 5g\. b:tfj]hdf k"j{
zf;sx? OlhK6sf xf]:gL d'af/s, nLlaofsf d'cDd/ u2fkmL / ;Ll/ofsf
/fi6klt ax/ cn czbsf kl/jf/ / pgsf ;xof]uL;Fu hf]l8Psf sDkgLsf]
uf]Ko hfgsf/L klg pNn]v 5.
b:tfj]hdfkm{t} c/af}+ 8n/sf] ckrng ug]{ ;lGbUw Ps lu/f]xsf] af/]df klg
kQf nfu]sf] 5. h;sf] ;DaGw ?;sf] Ps a}s
+ ;Fu /x]sf] tyf To;df ?;L
/fi6klt EnfbLdL/ k'l6gsf lgs6 ;xof]uL klg hf]l8Psf 5g\. k'l6gsL 5f]/Lsf]
u8kmfb/em} dflgg] pQm JolQm ;u]O{ { /f]N8"lug /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5. b:tfj]hdf
cfO;Nof08sf k|wfgdGqL l;udG8/ u'gnfGu;fgsf] gfd klg Ps uf]Ko ljb]zL
sDkgLdf s/f]8f}+ 8n/ nufgL u/]sf] elg hf]l8Psf] 5. Ph]G;L

dfG5] hq} d';f]

sf7df8f}F. a]nfotdf xfn} dfG5] hq} ledsfo d';f e]l6Psf] 5. k"jL{
n08gdf Uof; :6];gsf sfdbf/ h]D; lu|gn] xfn} $ lkm6 nfdf] d';f km]nf
kf/]sf 5g\. d';f dfg{sf nflu
/flvPsf] ljif vfP/ d/]sf] cj:yfdf
pQm ledsfo d';f km]nf k/]sf] xf].
d';f rfx] hlt;'s} 7"nf] g} lsg gxf];\
To;sf] s'g} sfd 5}g, To;}n] pQm
d';fsf] nf; e]6k] l5 To;nfO{ yfGsf]
nufpg} kof]. t/ a8]dfsf] lhp
ePsf] pQm d';f;Fu Ps k6s kmf]6f] lvRg] dg hfUof] h]D;nfO{. pgn]
cfkm\gf ;fyL 6f]gL l:dynfO{ pQm d';f;Fusf] cfkm\gf] kmf]6f] lvlrlbg eg].
olt 7"nf] d';f e]l6g' s'g} rfgr'g] s'/f lyPg / cfk"mxn] oqf] d';f km]nf
kf/]sf] k|df0f klg pgLxn] /fVg' lyof] / ;f]xL adf]lhd u/]. d';f lj1xsf
cg';f/ pQm d';f UoflDaog kfpR8 k|hfltsf] d';f xf]. of] k|hfltsf] d';f
dflg;n] 3/df kfNg] ub{5g\. of] d';fsf] nDafO $ lkm6 ;Dd x'g] atfOG5
/ of] lgs} a'l4dfg d';f xf]. t/ of] d';fsf] b[li6 Ifdtf eg] sdhf]/ x'G5.
o;sf] ;'Fg] Ifdtf eg] al9 x'G5.

cfvfaf6 cf;s' f] ;f6f] /ut lg:s]kl5

sf7df8f}F. a]nfotsL Ps lszf]/Ldf g/fd|f] :jf:Yo ;d:of b]lvPsf]
5. !& jif{sL lszf]/L dfgL /] xfjL{ cfFvfaf6 cfF;' h:t} u/] nuftf/ /ut
aUg] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t ePsL 5g\. s'g} 8n/fUbf] ljifo ;d]l6sf] rnlrq
-x// d'eL_ sf kfqsf] h:t} pgsf] cfFvfaf6 nuftf/ cfF;'sf] ;f6f] /ut
aUg] u/]sf] 5. pgsf]
sfg tyf d'vaf6 klg
/ut cfpg] u/]sf] 5.
o;n] ubf{ pgL 3/af6
aflx/ lg:sg klg
kfPsL 5} g g\ . s]
sf/0fn] ubf{ pgdf
o:tf] ;d:of b]lvPsf]
xf] eGg] kQf nufpg g;lsPsf] lrlsT;sn] atfPsf 5g\. xfjL{n] cfFvf
/f]u ljz]if1, :qL /f]u ljz]if1, x]df6f]nf]hL lj1 tyf Go'/f]nf]lh:6;Fu
k/fdz{ ul/;s]sL 5g\. t/ clxn];Dd s] /f]u nfu]sf] xf] / o;sf] pkrf/
af/] s]xL yfxf ePsf] 5}g. klxnf] kf]n]h:tf] x'g] clg cfFvfsf] gfgL
5f]lkPh:tf] x'Fb} cfF;' h:tf] u/L /ut aUg] u/]sf] xfjL{n] atfOg\. o:tf]
a]nf cfk"mn] b]Vg klg g;Sg] pgsf] egfO{ 5. pgsf] gfs, xftsf] cf}+nf
tyf lha|f]df klg /ut aUg] tyf hDg] ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5.
;g\ @)!# sf] dfr{bl] v o:tf] ;d:of ;'? ePsf] xf]. ;'?df vf]Vbf vsf/;Fu}
/ut cfpg] u/]sf] lyof]. uPsf] jif{sf] h'nfO{df pgsf] cfFvfaf6 /ut au]/ k"/}
cg'xf/ /QmfDo ePkl5 pgnfO{ c:ktfn nluPsf] lyof]. /ut s]xL ;]s0] 8 dfq}
aUg] / To;kl5 klxn]sf] h:t} x'g] xfjL{n] atfOg\. xfjL{sf] /ut k/LIf0f ubf{
s]xL v/faL b]lvPsf] 5}g. xfjL{sf] /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf shf]/ /x]sfn] o:tf]
;d:of b]lvPsf] x'g ;Sg] lrlsT;sn] atfPsf 5g\. /utsf] cfF;' cfpg'nfO{
lrlsT;sLo efiffdf lxdf]nflqmof eGg] ul/G5. cfGtl/s rf]6 tyf cfF;' u|GyLdf
/x]sf] ;d:ofsf sf/0f o:tf] x'gu] 5{. xfjL{n] oL ;a} k/LIf0f u/fPsL 5g\.
To;df klg s]xL ;d:of b]lvPsf] 5}g. o;cl3 s]xL lbg jf xKtf la/fP/ /ut
aUg] u/]sf] eP klg uPsf] b'O{ xKtfb]lv b}lgs kdf /ut aUg] u/]sf] 5.
o;n] ubf{ cfkm\gf] k9fO{ k|efljt ePsf] xfjL{n] atfOg\. Ph]G;L

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf k|f/lDes Joj:yf

;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg g]kfnL hgtfaf6 hf/L ePsf] ;+ljwfg
g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g xf].
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g].
;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{ k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g].
g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt
/x]sf].
ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm,
ef}uf]lns ljljwtfdf /x]sf ;dfg cfsf+Iff / g]kfnsf] /fli6o
:jtGqtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6o lxt tyf ;d[l4k|lt
cf:yfjfg /xL Pstfsf] ;"qdf cfa4 ;a} g]kfnL hgtf
;dli6df /fi6 xf].
g]kfn /fHoM g]kfn :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg,
wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v,
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf].
g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx /fi6efiffsf] ?kdf /xg].
b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]lvg] g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L
sfdsfhsf] efiff xf].
g]kfnL efiffsf cltl/Qm k|b]zn] cfgf] k|b]zleq ax';V+ os
hgtfn] af]Ng] cGo /fi6efiffnfO{ k|b]z sfg"g adf]lhd
k|b]zsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg].

g]k fn ;/sf/

sfg'g , Gofo tyf ;+; bLo

dfldnf dGqfno

g]k fn ;/sf/

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno

;"rgf ljefu

@)&# ;fn j}zfv % ut] cfOtaf/

l8ef];L{ s]6L

s'g} s]6f;Fu af]lnof] / xfFl;of]

eg] klg lalu|PsL s]6Lsf] ;+1f lbG5
;dfhn]. k|d] sf] rSs/df k/]sf] yfxf
eof] eg] t afFsL s] /xG5 /< To;}n]
d k'?ifb]lv ;Sbf] 6f9f /x]F. ;Fu}
k9\g] s]6f ;fyL;Fu klg Pp6f b"/L
agfP/ a;]F. df:6;{;Dd k9\bf klg
d s'g} s]6fsf] glhs d uOgF. o;sf]
dtna ;dfhsf] gh/df d lalu|OgF.
p;sf nflu ljjfx Pp6f ;fgf] v]n
lyof]. of] ;dfhsf x/]s k'?ifsf nflu
ljjfx Pp6f ;fgf] v]n xf], p;n] v]n
v]ln;s]kl5 uNtL eof] eg]/ km]l/
;fgbf/ hLjg lhpg ;S5, t/
dlxnfsf nflu ljjfx v]n xf]Og,
hLjgel/ plDsg gkfpg] h]n xf].
df:6;{ ;s]kl5 eg] 3/kl/jf/ /
;dfh cfkm}+n] s]6f;Fu ;DaGw ufF:g
hf]8 ug{ yfNof]. k|:tfj klg w]/}af6
cfP. lsgeg] d ;lk|PsL s]6L lyPF.
ljjfx ug]{ pd]/ klg eO;s]sf] lyof].
To;}n] gfOFgfl:t ul/gF, a? 3/kl/jf/
;j}sf] lrQ a'g] s]6f vf]Hgd} hf]8
lbPF. gfOFgfl:t ug{' gkg]{ csf{] sf/0f
klg lyof], d kl5sf b'O { alxgL
x'ls{;s]sf lyP. ljjfxsf nflu d}n]
ul//x]sf] l9nf ;'l:t pgLx?sf nflu
klg afws eO/x]sf] lyof].
oxL ;Gbe{ d f Pslbg Pp6f
kl/jf/ dnfO{ dfUg cfof]. 3/3/fgf
;j} kl/jf/sf cGo ;b:onfO{ yfx}
lyof]. s]6fsf af/]df ;f]w]+, x]/]+ /
a'em]+, c:jLsf/ ul/xfNg'kg]{ cj:yf
b]lvgF. o;} klg hLjgdf clncln
;Demf}tf ug{ t hf];Fu klg kl/xfN5
eGg] nfUof]. s]6fn] klg d]/f af/]df
a'em]/} dfUg cfPsf] lyof], To;n] d]/f]
:jLs[ltkl5 p;n] s'g} k|Zg u/]g.
Pp6f dfG5]sf hLjgdf tLg6f 7"nf
36gf x'G5g\ /], hGd, ljjfx / d[To'.
tLdWo] ;'vb\ 36gf b'O6{ f x'G5g\, hGd
/ ljjfx. hGd cfk"mnfO{ yfxf x'g]
s'/f ePg, d[To' emg\ csNkgLo
eOxfNof]. dfG5]n] hLjgdf b]Vg kfpg]
/ dgfpg kfpg] pT;j Pp6f ljjfx
g xf] . To;} n ] o;nfO{ ;Sbf]
cj:d/0fLo agfpg'k5{ eGg] nfUg] g}
eof]. a]x'nL aGg'cl3 dgdf cg]s
;kgf lyP. s] s] g ul/Pnf h:tf]
klg nfu]sf] lyof], t/ ;f]rh
] :tf] gx'Fbf]
/x]5. s] k' u]g, s] k' u]g h:tf]
x'Fbf]/x]5, a]x'nL aGbf. ljjfx eof],
h:tf] eP lg /fd|f] eof]. gofF ;fyL
kfPF, hLjg lhpg] gofF af6f] ;dft].
cln cln pT;fx / cln cln 8/
lnP/ a]x'nfsf] 3/ nfluof].
lxGb"xsf] kljq:yn xl/f/df
xfd|f] ljjfx ePsf] lyof]. ToxfFaf6

@$ 306fsf] b"/Ldf lyof] s]6f 3/.

h'g 3/ ev{/} d]/f] klg eof]. Tof]
@$ 306fsf] ofqfdf w]/} sNkgf u/]+.

syf

;a}eGbf a9L t d]/f] 5]pdf a;]s}

dfG5] h'g ev{/} ljlwjt ?kdf d]/f]
;aeGbf glhssf] dfG5] ag]sf] lyof],
p;sf] af/]df ;f]r]+. p;n] lbg] dfof
/ p;n] ug]{ hLjg;fyLsf] Jojxf/
sNkgf u/] / dgleq /dfOnf]
cg'el" tn] t/+u l;h{gf ul//x]sf] lyof],
xfdL r9]sf] sf/ /f]lsof]. p;sf]
cyf{t\ d]/f] 3/ cfOk'u5
] . Tof] ;fdfg
lnP/ cfOhf, pm cyf{t\ b'nfxfn]
ems]{/ eGof]. d t a]x'nL g lyP,
To;/L dk|lt lsg ems]{sf] xf]nf<
c? s;}nfO{ eGof] xf]nf eg]/ d}n]
jf:tf ul/gF. d}n] cfgf] ;'ema'emn]
s]xL ;fdfg lnP/ 3/sf] u]6lt/ kfOnf
a9fPF. p;sf alxgLxn] 3/ k|j]z
u/fP. dnfO{ p;sf] sf]7fdf lnP/
/fv]. d;Fu} pm klg al;/x]sf] lyof].
p;sf cfkmGt dnfO{ x]g{ tF5fd5f8
ub}{ lyP. sltn] eGy], slt /fd|L.
sltn] eGy], s]6fn] b'nxL nlIf0fsL
kfof]. k9]n ]v] sL lg /}5 , s]6f]
efUodfgL eof] eg]sf] klg ;'g]+.
olQs} d f pm aflxl/of] . Psl5g
ot}st} uof] xf]nf eg]/ s;}n] ;f]wvf]h
u/]g. nfd} ;do pm sf]7fdf k|j]z
gu/]kl5 Pshgfsf] d'vaf6 of
lgl:sof], p;n] dg k/fPsf] s]6L;Fu}
ljjfx ul/lbg'k5{ lg. gdfg]klk5
o:t} x'G5. d}n] cfwf a'em]+, cfwf
a'lemgF / w]/} t jf:tf ul/gF. lsgeg]
ljjfxcl3 g} p;n] dnfO{ ne;j
ePsf] jf gePsf] ;f]w]sf] lyof]. d]/f]
k|]d ;f]Wg] p;sf To:tf] rSs/;Ss/
gxf]nf eGg] nfu]/} s]xL ;f]lwgF. dfUg
pm cfPsf] lyof], dnfO{ x]/]/ / d]/f
af/]df a'em]/ pm dfUg cfPsfn] pm
d;Fu hLjg latfpg /fhL eP/}
cfPsf] xf]nf eGg] nfUg' klg t
:jefljs lyof]. h;n] h] eg]klg
gsf/fTds ;f]Rg'x'Gg eg]/ ljjfxsf]
klxnf] /ft p;sf] k|ltIffdf a;]+.
Tof] klxnf] /ftsf x/] s kn
hLjge/sf nflu ;hfP/ /fVg]

v]df a:g]t

sNkgf lyof]. pT;fx lyof], pd+u

lyof] / yf]/} pT;fx ldl;Psf] qf;
klg lyof]. d]/f] k|ltIff Joy{ eof],
pm cfPg.
ljjfxsf] t];f| ] lbg, rng cg';f/
b'Nxg kmsf{pg'k5{. pm d;Fu} d]/f]
dfOtL3/ hfg'k5{. t/, ljxfg}b]lv
p;sf] cg' x f/ ;d] t b] l vPg.
;f;';;'/fsf] s/ / cfu|xdf pm d]/f]
dfOt hfg] eg]/ 3/ cfof]. dnfO{
dfOt k'{ofof], t/ pm cfgf] ;;'/fnL
3/df kfgL ;d]t glkP/ kmSof]{.
afcfdfnfO{ 3/df h?/L sfd ePsfn]
t'?Gt} kms]{sf] eg]/ 9fF6]+. d]/f] dgdf
lrGtfsf] cfuf] aNg ;'? ul/;s]sf]
lyof], t/ Tof] afcfdfsf] dgdf ;d]t
;Nsfpg rflxgF. lsg p;n] dnfO{
ljx] u{of]< lsg pm db]lv o;/L 6f9f
efU5< d cfkm}n
F ] ;xL pQ/ kfO/x]sL
lyOgF, c?nfO{ s] eGg'< o;/L @
jif{ lat]. d]/f] df]afOndf aHg] x/]s
3G6Ldf p;sf] gDa/sf] cfzf uy]{+.
p;n] u/]sf] kf] xf] ls eg]/ xtf/df
p7fpy]+, t/ slxNo} p;sf] df]afOn
gDa/n] d]/f] kmf]gsf] af6f] b]vg] , dnfO{
dfOtL k' { o fP/ uPkl5 cfgf]
;;'/fnLsf] af6f] gb]v] h:t}. ljjfx
ePsf] @ jif{ ljt] k l5 p;sf]
gDa/af6 kmf]g cfof]. pT;flxt ePF,
p7fPF, t/ cfjfh ckl/lrt dlxnfsf]
cfof]. s;nfO{ vf]Hg'ePsf] eg]+.
ptfaf6 pQ/ cfof], t]/f] a'9f / d
Pscsf{nfO{ w]/} dfof u5f{F } tF;uF p;n]
afWotfn] ljjfx u/]sf] xf]. p;nfO{
5fl8b].
of] ;dfhdf s;/L k'?if afWotfdf
k5{< o;}klg pm To:tf] afWotfdf
lyof] eGg] t p;sf] 3/df k'u]kl5
klg d}n] dxz'; ul/gF. ljjfx u/]s}
lbg 3/af6 x/fpg 5'6 ePsf] pm
s;/L afWotfdf kof{] d;Fu ljjfx
ug{< ;To s'/f s] xf] eg] p;sf
nflu ljjfx Pp6f ;fgf] v]n lyof].
of] ;dfhsf x/]s k'?ifsf nflu ljjfx
Pp6f ;fgf] v] n xf], p;n] v]n
v]ln;s]kl5 uNtL eof] eg]/ km]l/
;fgbf/ hLjg lhpg ;S5. t/,
dlxnfsf nflu ljjfx v]n xf]O g,
hLjgel/ plDsg gkfpg] h]n xf].
lsgeg] d ;dfhsf gh/df clxn]
Pp6f s} b ef] u] / cfPsf] dfG5]
hlQs} 5'.
p;n] hlt b"/ /fVg rfx]klg d]/f]
dgb]lv p;nfO{ b"/ /flvgF. >Ldfg\
g xf] Pslbg ljwjt ?kdf cfgL
>LdtL agfPsL dnfO{ :jLsf5{ eGg]
cfzf lyof]. oxL ;f]r]/ p;sf
cfdfa'jfsf] b'O{ jif{ ;]jf u/]+ . 3/wGbf

;DxflnlbPF. t/, oL b'O{ jif{ Ps

zAb dL7f] af]n]sf] dnfO{ ofb 5}g.
clxn] af6f] la/fPklg pm d] / f]
b[9tfdf, w}o{tfdf / dfofdf klUnP/
Pslbg kms]{/ cfpg] cfzf lhljt
/fv]sL lyPF. To;}n] t 3/ cl3
df]6/;fOsn /f]lsPsf] cfjfh cfof]
ls pm cfof] eg] / bf}l8b} aflx/
lgl:sGy]+. t/, pm slxNo} cfPg.
cfPklg slxNo} af]n]g d;Fu.
d}n] xf/ dflg;ssL lyPF. d]/f]
w}o{tfsf] afFw w]/} lbg l6Sg ;Sg]
cj:yfdf lyPg. p;n] dnfO{ kmf]g
ug]{ yfn]sf] lyof], t/ kmf]gdf d'vdf
cfPhlt c;Eo zAb af]n]/ ufnL
uYof{]. s'g} ;do p;sf] kmf]gsf]
k|ltIffdf tl8\kg] d ca p;sf] kmf]g
cfpFbf tl;{g yfn]sL lyPF. p;n]
cfgf] hLjg / 3/af6 6f9f hfpm
eg]/ ufnL uYof{]. d cfgf] dhL{n]
cfPsL lyOgF, p;n] dfu]sf] lyof].
8f]nL lnP/ cfPsf] lyof] p d]/f] 3/
/ cfPsL lyPF d. s;/L hfpF d<
sxfF hfpF d< t/, d;Fu csf{] ljsNk
klg lyPg. d p;sf] hLjgaf6 efu]+
cyf{t\ l8ef];{ u/]+. uNtL p;s} lyof],
d efUbf :jtGq pxL eof]. d t
lxhf] klg s}bL lyPF / cfh klg 5'.
lsgeg] ;dfhn] eGg] u/]sf] l8ef];L{
s]6Lsf] xts8L d]/f xftaf6 slxNo}
lgl:sg] 5}g. pm klg oxL ;dfhdf
afFlr/x]sf] 5, csL{ s]6L;Fu ljjfx
u/]/ km'Ssfkmfn lhGbuL. d klg
oxL ;dfhdf afFlr/x]sL 5', ljgf
uNtLsL ck/fwL eP/.
;'?s} k|;+u hf]8f}+, d lalu|OgF
slxNo}. ;/f;/ k9]+, 3/kl/jf/n]
eg]s} s]6f;Fu ljjfx u/]+. t/, cfh
;dfhn] ljlu|PsL dnfO{ g} 7fG5.
pm k6s k6s ljlu|of], cfk"m dfq}
ljlu|Pg c?nfO{ klg ljufof{]. t/,
p;nfO{ ;dfhn] ;k|]sf] dfG5] 7fG5.
o;}n] t pxL OHht / pxL ;fg;lxt
lhO/x]sf] 5 pm. d eg] d]/f] gfdn]
eGbf l8ef] { ; L s] 6Lsf] pkgfdn]
kl/lrt 5'.
olt cfgf] syf ;'gfO/xFbf tL
lbbLn] w]/}kN6 cfFz'sf wf/f aufOg\.
w]/}kN6 cfqmf]zsf cfuf] aflng\. /,
cGTodf ;f]lwG, alxgL uNtL p;sf]
ls d]/f]< lalu|Psf] pm ls d<
xfd|f]h:tf] ;dfhdf o;sf] pQ/
;lhnf] 5}g. uNtL k'?ifn] u/]klg
;hfoF dlxnfn] ef]Ug'kg]{ ;dfhdf tL
lgbf{]if lbbLsf] 3fpdf d]/f] pQ/ dfq}
dNxd aGg ;Sb}g klg.

-dlxnf va/jf6, a:g] t

s}nfnLsf kqsf/ x'g\._

ufO{ / ;f9]sf] ljjfx, tLg ;o hGtL k6\ofpg ldNg] 6\ofan]6

sf7df8f}F . ef/tsf] u'h/ftdf Pp6f
ufO{ / ;f9]sf] ljjfx w'dwfd;Fu u/fOPsf]
5. oL b'O{ hgfj/nfO{ hLjge/sf nflu
aGwgdf afFlwof] ;'Gbf cln ljlrq nfu]
klg 36gf eg] ;To xf]. ufO{ / ;f9]sf]
of] zfgbf/ ljjfxdf j/ kIfsf tkm{af6
hGtL klg 6Gg} lyP. ljjfx k'/} lxGb"
l/ltl/jfhcg';f/ ul/of]. h;df # ;o
a9L kx'gf ljjfx ;df/f]xdf ;l/s ePsf
lyP. ljjfxdf ;a} dGq klg kl9of]. of]
ljjfxdf ! nfv *) xhf/ ef/tLo ?k}ofF

vr{ ePsf] lyof]. of] ljjfxn] ;a} s'/fn]

;dfhnfO{ hufpg ;kmn eof], h;sf

nflu hgfj/ dfq hgfj/ x'G5. pgLx?sf]

sf]xL x'bF g} . u'h/ftsf] efjgu/df ePsf]
of] ljjfxdf ;a} cf}krfl/stf k"/f ul/of].
of] ljz]if ljjfxsf] cfof]hgf 5f8f kz'kl| t
dflg;df hfu?stf Nofpg ul/Psf] xf].
sfo{qmdsf qmddf ePsf] vr{ Pp6f
;+:yfn] a]xf]/s
] f] lyof]. of] klg atfOxfnd
ls ljjfx ug]{ a]xn' L ufO{sf] gfd k"gd
xf]. pgsf] /]vb]v ug]{ ljho efOsf
cg';f/ pgL ufO{x?sf ;fydf ljut
#) ;fnb]lv 5g\. To;}n] ufO{sf] ljjfx

u/fpg] sfo{qmd pgnfO{ s'g} cgf}7f]

nfu]g. Ph]G;L

sf7df8f} F . blIf0f sf]l/ofnL

On]S6f]lgS; sDkgL ;fd;'n] ca
k6\ ofpg ldNg] 6\ofan]6 Nofpg]
ePsf] 5. csf]{ jif{ ;g\ @)!^
;Dddf sDkgLn] kmf]N8 ug{ ;lsg]
6\ o fan] 6 nGr
ug{;Sg] atfOPsf]
5. blIf0f sf]l/of
ldl8of O6L Go"hsf]
l/kf] 6 { s f cg' ; f/
pQm 6\ o fan] 6 sf]
cfsf/ kmf]N8 x'Fbf %
OGr / vf] N bf &
OGr
x' g ] 5 .
jf:tjdf of] Uofh]6
6\ o fan ] 6 tyf
:df6{kmf]gsf] l7dfxf
h:tf] cfsf/df x'g]5 / o;nfO{
:dfn]{6 elgPsf] 5. ;fd;'n] of]
Uofh]6df ljz]if vfnsf] cf]PnO8L
l8:Kn] k|of]u ug]{5 h;nfO{ 7\ofSs}
cfwf df]8\g ;lsG5. sDkgLn] of]
Uofh]6sf] k|f]6f]6fOk tof/ ul/;s]sf]
5. oxLF jif{sf] bf]>f] cw{jflifsL{af6

j[xt :t/df of] 6\ofan]6sf] pTkfbg

;'? ul/g] l/kf]6{df pNn]v 5.
ut hgj/Ldf ;fd;'sf l8:Kn]
ljefusf lgb] { zs rf+ u xuf] g n]
kmf]N8]an 6\ofan]6sf] ljsfz of]hgf

d'tfljs g} e}/x]sf] / o;nfO{ j[xt

:t/df pTkfbg ug] { of] h gf
agfO/x]sf] v'nf;f u/]sf lyP. ;fy}
pQm l8efO;sf] lalqmsf nflu
ljleGg ;fem]bf/x?;Fu ldn]/ of]hgf
tof/ ul//x]sf] klg pgsf] egfO{
lyof].

3gZofdnfO{ lr7L
czf]s s'j/ g]q
3gZofd
ufpF l/lTtPsf] 5
dfnLn] af]6 la?jf cGt} ;f/]kl5
au}r
F f l/TtP ;l/
vfnL vfnL 5
z"Go z"Go 5
ltdL hlGdPsf] ufpF
ltdLn] eGg] u/]sf]
ltd|f] Kof/f] hGde"ld.
gofF ;dfrf/ eGg' k5{ ltd|f nflu
ltdL cfpg] cfzfdf a;]sL
kNnf 3/] 8fOagL{ ah}
ut dlxgf laltg\
laTg'cl3;Dd ;f]lWyg\,
wgZofdx slxn] kms{G5g\ ufpF
/ km]5g{ \ ufpFsf] gS;f<
ufpF, af;L eft ePsf] 5
d'bf{3f6 ePsf] 5
ltdL ;x/ l5/]bl] v
lemFuf dfq} elGs /xG5
ltdLn] h:t}
lemFuf wkfpg], cf}ifwL l56\g]
sf]xL 5}g
dfOnf, uf]/] / cfOt]x klg 5}gg\
afFsL d 5'
d} h:tf a'9fx 5g\.
d ;DemG5'
ltd|f sfkLdf ptfl/Psf lrqx
ltdLn] ;DemG5f} of ;Demb}gf}
ptfl/Psf] x'GYof]
l;\uf] ufpFsf] lrq
agfOPsf x'Gy] gx/, k'n, k'n;
] f
nxnx em'n]sf] x'GYof] wfg v]t}el/
sfnf] kq] x'GYof] ;8s,
7l8Psf x'Gy] 7'nf 7'nf ejg.
3gZofd
lrq sf]g{] g}
nfvfkfvf nfu]kl5
ufpF ltdLn] lrq sf]/] h:t}
v} sxfF aGg ;Sof] /<
ltdLn] jf:t} /fVg 5f8]kl5
af;L eft / d'bf{3f6 ;Dem]/
lemFufxn] /hfOF ug'd{ f
s] cgf}7f] eof] /<
ltdLn] b]v]sf ;kgfx
xTof ul/g'df
s] cfZro{ /x\of] /<
3gZofd
ufpFn] ltd|f] Ifdtf lrg]g
ufpFdf ltd|f] sb/ ePg
ltdL t k9]sf dfG5]
ltdL cfkm}Fn] a'em\g"
cfkm}Fn] sb/ ug"{ of] ufpFnfO{
ltdLnfO{ ufpFsf] vfFrf] geP klg
d h:tf d[To' klv{ /x]sf a'9fsf]
dnfdL hfg] o'jf klg ge]6\6fpFbf
ufpFnfO{ ltd|f] lgSs} vfFrf] k/]sf] 5.
ltdL ufpF kms{g' k5{ 3gZofd
kmsf{pg' k5{ dfOnf, uf]/] / cfOt]x klg
wkfP/ elGs /xg] lemFuf
ltd|} lrq h:tf] agfpg' 5 ufpF
lgdf{0f ug'{ 5 gx/, k'n, k'n;
] f
nufpg' 5 v]t}el/ afnL
sfnf] kq] ug'{ 5 ;8s
agfpg' 5 7'nf 7'nf ejgx.

@)&# ;fn j}zfv % ut] cfOtaf/

wfld{s / hftLo cltjfb km}nfpg] b':k|of;

g] k fnL /fhgLltdf ljsl;t

kl5Nnf] rLg;Fu ;dw'/ ;DaGwn]
ef/tLo la:tf/jfb tyf
la:tf/jfbsf] g] kfnL blIf0fkGyL
bnfn /fhgLlts bnx, o'/f]lkog
o'lgogsf] dflx/ bnfn ;+:yfx,
lxGb' cltjfbL wfld{s s/kGyLx,
b] z b| f ] x L ef/tLo laZjfl;nf
bnfnxsf] d'6'df oltv]/ 9\of|f]
7f] s ] s f] 5. ef/tLo la:tfjfb

ef/tLo la:tf/jfb g]kfnL /fhgLltsf]

dflx/ bnfnxnfO{ ;b'kof]u ub}{
g]kfnnfO{ c;kmn /fi6 agfpg
vf]Hb}5. cfGbf]ngsf] gfddf km]l/
klg l;s] /fjt h:tf b] z b| f ] x L
cftf\ s f/LnfO{ u[ x o' 4 sf] nflu
rqmAo"x /Rg pS;fpFb}5. km]l/ klg
dxGt 7fs'/, /fh]Gb| dxtf], pk]Gb|
ofbj h:tf ef/tLo bnfnxsf]
k|of]u ub}{ g]kfnL hftLo Pstf leq

kZrft b]z ef/tLo bf;Tjaf6 d'Qm

ePsf] 5. wd{sf] gfddf lxGb'jfbL
cltjfbL zlQmx k| k ~r /r] /
wfld{s ;befj e8\sfpFb}5. b]zsf]
dxTjk"0f{ wfld{s :yfn kz'kltgfysf]
dlGb/sf] gfddf r9fPsf c/af}+ ah]6
ef/tLo la:tf/jfb k|e"Tjn] sAhf
hdfPsf] 5. ca xfdL tdfd
g]kfnLn] k|Zg ug]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5.s]
g]kfndf kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ k'hf

k|zfGt nfdf bf]

o'/f]lkog d"ns
" x wfld{s cltjfbnfO{ km}nfpg
vf]lh/x]sf 5g\. hftLo cltjfbnfO{ km}nfP/
hftLo b+u km}nfpg vf]lh/x]sf 5g.cflbaf;L
hghfltsf] gfddf /fhgLlt ug]n
{ fO{ k|Zg<
tkfOn] cflbjf;L hghfltsf] gfddf lnP/ slt
cf]6f anf agfpg Eofpg'eof]< x}g eg]
ul/a cflbaf;Lsf] gfddf a|Xdn'6 ug]{ clwsf/
s;n] lbof]< cfh ;Dd slt hgf cflbaf;L
hghflt ul/asf] 5f]/f5f]/Ln] u'0f:t/Lo lzIff
lbIff kfof]< x}g eg] g'jfsf]6, l;Gw'kfNrf]s,
/fd]5fk, wflb, sfe|s
] f] cflbaf;L hghfltsf]
5f]/Lx aDaO{sf] sf]7Ldf lsg k'U5g< vf8L
d'ns
' df lsg oL d"nsf] 5f]/Lx dfq} a]lrG5<
g]kfnsf] clwsf+z /]:6'/fF / d;fh sf/vfgfdf of}ghGo lqmofsnfkdf of] d"nsf] 5f]/Lx nfUg
lsg afWo 5g< xf]l;of/ o'/f]lkog d"ns
' sf] dflx/ bnfnx of] b]z cd"s hftsf] gfddf
s;}n] /fhgLlt ug{ kfOFbg} . clwsf/ lbnfpg] gfddf 8n/ a|Xdn'6 ug{ kfOFbg} . b]zsf]
lxtsf] lglDt ;a} hfthflt Pstfa4 x'g' cfhsf] cfaZostf xf]. va/bf/ Psn hftLo
bf;Tj lrGtg af]ss
] f lxGb' cltjfbLx, b]znfO{ cd"s wd{sf] gfddf ef/tLo bnfn ag]/
aGbuL /fVg kfOb}g. ;a} wd{sf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| agfpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf]. ;a}
hftnfO{ km'Ng] ca;/ lbg' cfaZostf xf]. ;a} ju{nfO{ kmnfpg /fHonfO{ bafa lbg'
cfhsf] cfaZostf xf].
oltv] / rLg;F u ;dlgs6tfn]
jfaf;L rn] s f] 5. g] k fnL
/fhgLltdf Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s
ef/tLo k|e'TjnfO{ lgT;flxt ub}{
g]kfnsf] ef/tLo Psf/ gLltnfO{
pN6\ o fPsf] 5. To;} n ] oltv] /

;b\ e fjnfO{ vnanfpF b } 5.

blIf0fkGyL zlQmx ef/tLo
la:tf/jfbsf] laZjfl;nf] u'nfdL ag]/
km]l/ klg b]znfO{ c;kmn agfpg]
of]hgf a'Gb}5. b]zn] rLg ;Fusf]
kf/axg ;lxbsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;+emf}tfx

ug{ ;Sg] k'hf/L 5}g< ca g]kfn

lxGb'/fi6 x'gk' 5{ eGg]nfO{ k|Zg< dlGb/
g]kfnL k'hf/L lsg ef/tLo< g]kfn
lxGb' s f] /fHo eGg] n ] g] k fnL
kz'kltgfysf] k'hf/L g]kfnL /fVg
g;Sg' sf/0f s] xf]< s] kz'klt dlGb/

ef/tn] lxGb'nfO{ lbPsf] latf{ xf]<

af3sf] vf]/df ef/tLo AjfF;f]sf] /hfOF
lsg< xfd|f] b]zsf] wfld{s :yfn dfly
ef/tLo bfbflu/L lsg< c/af} e]6L
n'6/] s/f]8sf] ;xof]u ug]{ dxfef/tLo
;s'gL kfqsf] ef/tLo k|al[ Q la4sf]
ca g]kfnL /fhgLltn] ;Rofpg' h/L
5. ef/tLo k'hf/LnfO{ lbPsf] c/af}
e]6L b]zsf] /fli6o sf]ifdf hDdf ug{'
cfjZos 5. ef/tLo k'hf/L tTsfn
lgnDag u/L g]kfnL k'hf/L lgo'lQm
ug{' cfaZos 5. ef/t;Fu ul/Psf
;a} k|sf/sf] c;dfg ;lGw vf/]h
ug{' h/L 5.
o' / f] l kog d" n " s x wfld{ s
cltjfbnfO{ km}nfpg vf]lh/x]sf 5g\.
hftLo cltjfbnfO{ km}nfP/ hftLo b+u
km}nfpg vf]lh/x]sf 5g.cflbaf;L
hghfltsf] gfddf /fhgLlt ug]n
{ fO{
k|Zg< tkfOn] cflbjf;L hghfltsf]
gfddf lnP/ slt cf]6f anf agfpg
Eofpg'eof]< x}g eg] ul/a cflbaf;Lsf]
gfddf a|Xdn'6 ug]{ clwsf/ s;n]
lbof]< cfh ;Dd slt hgf cflbaf;L
hghflt ul/asf] 5f]/f5f]/Ln] u'0f:t/Lo
lzIff lbIff kfof]< x}g eg] g'jfsf]6,
l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /fd]5fk, wflb, sfe|s
] f]
cflbaf;L hghfltsf] 5f]/Lx aDaO{sf]
sf]7Ldf lsg k'U5g< vf8L d'ns
' df
lsg oL d"nsf] 5f]/Lx dfq} a]lrG5<
g]kfnsf] clwsf+z /]:6'/fF / d;fh
sf/vfgfdf of}ghGo lqmofsnfkdf of]
d"nsf] 5f]/Lx nfUg lsg afWo 5g<
xf]l;of/ o'/f]lkog d"n'ssf] dflx/
bnfnx of] b]z cd"s hftsf] gfddf
s;}n] /fhgLlt ug{ kfOFbg} . clwsf/
lbnfpg] gfddf 8n/ a|Xdn'6 ug{
kfOFb}g. b]zsf] lxtsf] lglDt ;a}
hfthflt Pstfa4 x' g ' cfhsf]
cfaZostf xf] . va/bf/ Psn
hftLo bf;Tj lrGtg af]ss
] f lxGb'
cltjfbLx, b]znfO{ cd"s wd{sf]
gfddf ef/tLo bnfn ag]/ aGbuL
/fVg kfOb}g. ;a} wd{sf] cf:yfsf]
s]Gb| agfpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf].
;a} hftnfO{ km' Ng] ca;/ lbg'
cfaZostf xf]. ;a} ju{nfO{ kmnfpg
/fHonfO{ bafa lbg' cfhsf]
cfaZostf xf].

rLg ;femf ldq aGg'k5{

8f= /fh] z clx/fh

;du| g]kfnsf] lxt rfx]sf] bfaL

ug]{ l5d]sL /fi6sf] sygL / s/0fL
s'g} ;dfgtf b]lvb}g. c;n l5d]sL
/fi6 eg]sf] csf]{ l5d]sL d'n's x/]s
;d'bfo, ju{ / hfltsf nflu ;dfg
wf/0ff /fVg' xf]. t/, rLgn] g]kfndf
/+ue]bL /fhgLlt ub}{ cfPsf] cf/f]k
af/Daf/ nfUb} cfPsf] 5. rLgsf]
g]kfn gLltn] g]kfns} cfwfeGbf a9L
hg;+Vof /x]sf] dw]zLxn] af/Daf/
rLgsf] em08f hnfPsf] ;j{ljlbt} 5.
g]kfnsf] ef}lts tyf hgzlQmsf]
ljsf;df ljz]if rf;f]sf ;fy ;lqmo
/x]sf] rLgn] dw]z Pj+ dw]zL;Fu
/+ue]bsf] /fhgLlt ub}{ cfPsf] 5.
g]kfnsf] ljsf;df ePsf nufgLxdf
rLgn] lxdfn kxf8 jf v;;d'bfodf
dfq s] Gb| Lt u/] / ;fDk| bflostf
e8sfpg] sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5.
dw]znfO{ u}/g]kfnLem} Jojxf/
ug]{, nufgL / cj;/df lje]b ug]{ /

hft jf /+usf] cwf/df Jojxf/ ub}{

cfPsf] 5. rLgn] g]kfndf u/]sf
nufgL, hgzlQmsf] ljsf;,
k|ltlglwd08sf] rog nufotsf cj;/
Pj+ nufgLdf dw]zLx;Fu lje]b ub}{
cfPsf] 5. g]kfnsf] ldq/fi6sf] ;+1f
kfPklg g]kfnL g]kfnLaLr ;Dk|bflostf
e8sfpg], hftLo /+ue]b ;+3if{ rsf{pg]
/ c;Gt'ngsf] /fhgLlt u/L ;fd'bflos
]if l;h{gf ug]{ sfo{df lrlgofF gLlt
/xFb} cfPsf] 5.
g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL rLg e|d0fsf]
qmddf hf/L ul/Psf] !% a'Fb] ;+o'Qm
jQmJodf dw]zsf] ljsf; jf dw]z;Fu
;/f]sf/ /fVg] Pp6f klg ljifo ;dfj]z
5}g. g]kfndf ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbf
;+ljwfg Psf+sL /x]sf] eGb} cfGbf]ng
ubf{ /fHosf] tkm{af6 kfFr bh{g hlt
dw]zLxsf] xTof eof]. To; ljifodf
rLgn] Ps zAb klg af]n]g. a
dw]zLsf] xTof ug]{ /fHonfO{ df}g ;dy{g
ub}{ cfP. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg
cfjZos /x]sf] ljZj ;d'bfon] g}
cfjfh p7fO/xFbf rLgn] To;k|lt s'g}
lsl;dsf] wf/0ff ;fj{hlgs u/]g.
rLgn] g]kfndf ;fDk|bflostfnfO{ k|>o
lbFb} cfPsf] k|i6 x'G5.
rLgsf] /f]hfO{ lxdfn Pj+ kxf8 dfq
/x]sf] kfOG5. g]kfnsf] ;+/rgfut
cl:tTjaf6 dw]znfO{ cNUofpg] vfnsf]
rLgaf6 x'g] ljsf; ;xof]u g]kfnsf]
;du| ljsf;sf nflu uDeL/ /x]sf] 5.
d'ns
' sf] cfwfeGbf a9L hg;+VofnfO{
lje]b u/]/ g]kfn;Fu rLgn] ;dfgtfdf

cfwfl/t ;DaGw sbflk agfpg

;Sb}g. g]kfndf clxn] lje]bsf
lj4 ;+3if{ ug]{ sfo{df dw]zLx
cfGbf]lnt 5g\. ;Dk"0f{ cj;/ /
bfloTjxdf ;dfgtfsf nflu
cfGbf]ngdf /x]sf dw]zL ;d'bfo;Fu
rLgn] lje]b u/]/ yk kL8fdf kf/]sf]
5u:. g]kfn ax'eflifs, ax';f+:s[lts
/ ax'wfld{s d'n's /x]sf] ljZj
;d'bfon] a'em]s} s'/f xf]. g]kfnsf
lgstd\ l5d]sL d'ns
' u0ftflGqs
rLgn] of] s'/f clxn];Dd a'em\g
;s]sf] 5}g jf a'em]/ klg a'em
krfpg vf]hs
] f] cfefif x'g yfn]sf]
5. g] k fndf :ki6kdf b' O {
lsl;dsf] /fli6otf /x]sf] s'/f oxfFsf
zf;sju{ :jod\n] :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf
5g\. dw]zL /fli6otf / u}/dw]zL
/fli6otf /x]sf] l5d]sL d'ns
' xn]
;xh} a'em\g'kg]{ xf]. g]kfndf b'O{6f
/fli6 otf /x] s f] k| df0f ljleGg
lsl;dsf 5g\ . clxn] ev{ / }
lxGb"xsf] dxfg kj{ xf]nLnfO{ g} lng]
xf] eg] kxf8 / dw]zsf nflu 5'f5'}
cfcfkm\g} dxTj /x]sf] b]lvG5.
o;}u/L ljleGg lsl;dsf g]kfnL
u}/dw]zL / dw]zLaLr leGgtf /x]sf]
5. cfk"mnfO{ g]kfnsf] ldq eg]/
k|rf/ ug]{ rLgn] g]kfnleqsf Psdfq
;d'bfosf] ldq /x]sf] k|li6Psf] 5.
rLgn] g]kfndf /+ue]bL /fhgLlt ub}{
cfPsf] cf/f]k klxnfb]lv g} nfUb}
cfPsf] 5. g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqL s]kL
zdf{ cf]nL ef/teGbf cufj} g]kfnsf

cfwf hg;+VofeGbf a9Lsf] g]tT[ j ug]{

/fhgLlts bnxn] lrlgofF
/fhb"tfjf;dfkm{t hf/L cfGbf]ng /
To;sf dfuaf/] cjut u/fPsf lyP.
t/, clwsf/sf nflu cfGbf] lnt
dw]zsf hgtfnfO{ l5d]sL /fi6 rLgn]
k"0f{kdf a]jf:tf u/]sf] 5. ;+ljwfg
hf/L x'g' klxnfb]lv g} cfGbf]ng ub}{
cfPsf hgtfdfly /fHokIfaf6
ePsf] xToflx+;faf/] ljZj ;d'bfon]
;d]t of] dfgj clwsf/ ljk/Lt
ePsf] wf/0ff /flv;s]sf] cj:yfdf
rLgn] dfgjtfsf] gftfn] klg
u}/Goflos xTofaf/] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff
/fVg'kg]{ lyof]. t/, rLg g]kfnsf]
l5d]sL jf ldq geP/ Pp6f dfq
;d'bfo -v; zf;sju{_sf] l5d]sL
/x]sf] a'em\g ;lsG5. o;k|sf/sf]
dw]zsf] pk]Iffaf6 k|li6Psf] 5 ls
g]kfndf rLgn] gZnjfbL Jojxf/nfO{
lg/Gt/tf rfx]sf] 5. k|wfgdGqL s]kL
zdf{ cf]nLsf] e|d0fsf] qmddf b'O{
d'n'saLr hf/L ePsf] !% a'Fb] ;+o'Qm
jQmJodf;d]t rLgn] dw]zaf/] Ps
zAb klg af]n]sf] 5}g. rLg g]kfnsf
;a} ;d'bfosf nflu ;femf ldq
aGg'k5{.

5f]/f;/x 5f]/LnfO{
klg :s'n k9\g
k7fcf}+ .

7
;fd"lxs anfTsf/sf] Ifltk"lt{ !@ ;o lsnf] ux'
sf7df8f}F. kfls:tfgdf ;fd"lxs anfTsf/sf] lzsf/ ag]sL Ps !$
jifL{of lszf]/LnfO{ :yfgLo eb|enfbdLn] !@ ;o lsnf] ux'F lbP/ ldnfPsf
5g\. 36gf kfls:tfgsf] l;Gw ;'a]l:yt pd/sf]6 lhNnf u'nfd gaL vfg
If]qsf] xf]. s]xL lbgcl3 !@ jifL{of kLl8tsf efO k|x/L rf}s/Lsf ph'/L
lbPsf lyP. ph'/L lbPnuQ} kL8s kIfn] kLl8t kIfnfO{ bafj lbO/x]sf]
lyof]. kLl8tsf lktfsf cg';f/ anfTsf/sf] 36gf rf}sLdf btf{ / cf/f]kL
kqmfpkl5 36gfnfO{ :yfgLo sldl6 lh/uf d} ldnfpg] bafj lbOof].
lh/uf :yfgLo eb|enfbdLn] rnfpg] cbfnt xf]. kLl8t kl/jf/sf cg';f/
d'2fsf] ;'g'jfO{ :yfgLosf] ;xeflutfdf eof]. To; qmddf !@ ;o lsnf]
ux'F kLl8t kIfnfO{ lbg] ;t{df d'2fsf] l5gf]kmfgf] ul/of]. kLl8tsf lktfsf
cg';f/ :yfgLo ;+rf/ dfWoddf 36gf ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 u'08fubL{ z}nLdf
r'krfk /xg wDsL lbOof]. lh/ufn] pgLx?nfO{ d'2f lkmtf{ lng bafj lbg'sf
;fy} olb Ifltk'lt{ :jLsf/ gu/] ufpF 5f8]/ hfg r]tfjgL;d]t lbOof].
o;}aLr dL/k'/sf ljz]if 8LcfO{hL hfj]b cfndn] P;kLnfO{ 36gfsf]
5fgljg ug{ / kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ ;'/Iff lbg lgb]{zg lbPsf 5g\. hfj]b
cfndn] cfk"mnfO{ s'g} lh/ufsf] a}7saf/] hfgsf/L gePsf] atfP.
kfls:tfgsf] cbfntn] lh/ufnfO{ u}/sfg'gL 3f]if0ff ul/;s]sf] 5. oBlk
u|fdL0f If]qdf o:tf cbfnt clxn] klg rln/x]sf] atfOG5. Ph]G;L

b|'t ultsf] hnjfo' lgoGq0f k|of;

sf7df8f}F. xfd|f] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's'ng Ifdtf j[l4 ug{ / ljZj
cy{tGqnfO{ csfa{gLs/0f -l8sfa{gfOlh_ ug]{ dfu{ / p2]Zo lgwf{/0f ug{
;g\ @)!% l8;]Da/df k]l/;df ljZjsf g]tfx? ;xdt eP. of] hnjfo'
kl/jt{g lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf sf]z]9'f lyof] t/ z'?jft dfq} lyof]. x/]s
b]z, zx/, lghLIf]q, gful/ssf] ;dy{gaf6 b|'t ultdf cfgf k|lt1fx?
k"/f ug{ cl3 a9\g' kb{5 / hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ lgoGq0fdf Nofpg' kb{5.
lgoGq0fsf nflu cfjZos ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{sf] cfjZostf dfly hlt g}
hf]8 lbP klg k'Ub}g. s'g} klg l9nfOn] gsf/fTds kl/0fltnfO{ a9fpg
lg/Gt/tf lbG5. o;n] eo/ kL8f dfq lbFbg} , vf;u/L ;+;f/sf hf]lvddf
k/]sf dflg;x?nfO{ o;n] cfpFbf bzsf}F;Dd k|efj kfl//xG5. o;n] ljZj
tfkdfg @ l8u|L ;]lN;o;eGbf tn /fVg] k|of;nfO{ lgs} dxf] agfpg ;S5.
:jR5 / k|efjsf/L phf{sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df w]/} nufgL u/L k|fKt
x'g] sfa{gcS;fO8 pT;h{gsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu b|'t k|ultsf] cfjZostf
5. ;Fu;Fu} sfa{gnfO{ lng] l; sf ?kdf /x]sf jghn l;d;f/, 3fF;]
d}bfg, emf8L / ;fd'lb|s emf/sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5. t/, lgs} cfzfjfbL
b[Zok6nleq klg h}ljs OGwgaf6 gjLs/0fLo phf{lt/ ljZjnfO{ cfl>t
agfpg] / ljZjsf] g/fd|/L Ifo x'Fb} u/]sf] jftfj/0fLo cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf]
k'ge08f/0fsf nflu ;do nfUg] lglZrt 5. o;}n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] cNksfnLg cfo' x'g] hnjfo' k|b'ifs sfnf] sfj{g WjfF;f]_, lr:ofpgdf k|of]u x'g] xfO8f] nf]/f]sfa{g, ldy]g / e"tnLo jhgx?sf]
lgoGq0f ug{' clt cfjZos 5. t/, ;kmntf k|flKtsf nflu k]l/; ;Demf}tfsf]
dfly / k/ k'Ug' cfjZos 5. ;f}efUojz o;df klg k|ult e}/x]sf] 5.
jhg tx arfpgsf nflu dlG6on k|f]6f] sf]n dfkm{t PrPkm;L xfO8f]nf]/f]sfa{g_ pTkfbg / vkt 36fpg] pkfox? cjnDag ul/Fb}5g\.
ut gf]e]Da/b]lv ;/sf/x?n] cf}krfl/s kxn ;'? u/]sf 5g\ / o;
jif{;Dd ;xdltdf k'Ug] k|of; ub}{5g\.
nueu !#% c/a 6g sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 a/fa/sf] Snf]/f]nf]/f]sfj{g
/ cGo /;fognfO{ k[YjLsf] jfo'd08ndf k|j]z lgif]w ub}{ jhg txsf]
gjLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ b'|t kfb}{ k'/fgf l;Pkm;L / cGo k|b'ifs ;|f]t h:tf
/;fognfO{ k"0f{tM x6fpg] k|of;df ljz]if O6f yKb5. sfa{gsf] pT;h{gnfO{
lgoGq0f ug{ ul/g] k|of;sf] gfddf cNksfnLg hnjfo' k|b'ifsx?nfO{
lgoGq0f ul/g' lgZro klg x'Fb}g. a? ljZjn] b'j}nfO{ ;Fu;Fu} 36fpg'
kb{5 / ;Sb5 klg. jf:tjdf sfj{g8fOcS;fO8 lgoGq0fsf k|of;x?
k]l/; ;Demf}tfsf] ;+/rgfeGbf aflx/ klg e}/x]s} 5g\. s]xL xKtf cl3
dfq} o; ljifodf k|f/lDes ;xdltdf k'uL cGt/f{li6o gful/s pog
;+u7gn] xjfO oftfoftaf6 lg:sg] k|b'if0fnfO{ sd ug{ k|of; ul//x]sf]
5. cGt/f{li6o ;d'lb|dfu{ ;Dj4 ;+u7gn] klg To:t} p2]Zox? kfgL
hxfhaf6 x'g] oftfoftsf nflu cjnDag ub}{5g\.
hnjfo' k|b'ifsf/f x'g] tfkdfgsf] j[l4 vt/gfs x'G5. o;n]
ckl/j{tgLo k|efjx?sf] z[nf g} ;'' ul/lbG5 h:t} ;d'b| ;txsf] lg/Gt/
j[l4, jgljgfz, cfsl{\6s ;d'b|sf] a/km tyf u|LgNof08sf] lxdgbL /
ltAatL pRr;d:ynL, ;bfaxf/ 708L hdLgsf] tx Ifo x'G5 / ;w}F
hld/xg] hldgsf] lxpF kUnG5. cem g/fd|f] t oL k|efjx?n] Ps csf{nfO{
k|efljt kfb{5g\. h;n] ubf{ ljZj Pp6ff gpDsg] e"d/Ldf km:g k'U5.
t/ l56} xfdL sbd rfNof}F eg] elugL ;xdlt;Demf}tf h:tf] dlG6on /
;fem]bf/L leq /xL xfO8f] nf]/f]sfj{g af/]df gjLg phf{ ;ng ug]{ lbzfdf
l56f]eGbf l56f] sfd ug{ ;S5f}+ / xfdLn] k|fs[lts ljgfznfO{ x6fO{ bL3{sfnLg
cfly{s ljsf;sf] lgZro ug{ ;S5f}F . o;af6 bLuf] ljsf;sf nIox?nfO{
k|fKt ug{ cfjZos kg]{ k|ult ;d]t ;dflji6 x'G5. csf]{ zAbdf eGbf
clk|n @@ df k]l/; ;Demf}tfdf ;/sf/x? x:tfIf/ u/];uF hnjfo' ;Da4
pT;{hgdf lnOg] sfo{b/n] ul/aL lgjf/0fnfO{ ;kmn kfg{s
' f cltl/Qm xfd|f
;Gtltx?sf] pHh\jn, :jR5 Pjd\ ;d[4 eljionfO{ lglb{i6 ug{ d2t ub{5.
/f;;, clrd l:6g/ lqml6gf lkmu/ / cg'jfb M lbnLk zdf{

-clrd l:6g/ ;+oQ' m /fi6;Lo hnjfo' sfo{qmdsf sfo{sf/L lgb]z

{ s x'g.
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cjwf/0ff ;Dd]ngsf /fi6;Lo sfo{sf/L ;lrj x'g. lqml6gf
lkmu/ /fi6;Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{g dfdnf cle;lGwsf sfo{sf/L ;lrj x'g._

gjjif{ @)&#
sf] kfjg cj;/df xfd|f ;d:t
u|fxsju{df ;'v, zflGt, ;d[l4,
;':jf:Yo, bL3f{o' Pj+ ;kmntfsf] xflb{s
dndo z'esfdgf JoQm ub{5f}+ .

g]kfn 6]lnsd
kl/jf/

sf= lh=j}k|z
= fv
sf= b=
g+= !^#@)^#^$
@)&# ;fn
% ut]
cfOtaf/

Pg;]
n sf] = ==
l5g\. >]i7n] k'FhLut nfes/afkt
@ ca{ *# s/f]8 ?k}ofF lt/]sf x'g\.
t/, afFsL *) k|ltzt sf/f]af/ d'ns
'
aflx/ ePsfn] g]kfndf s/ ltg{' gkg]{
sDkgLn] ck|ToIf kdf hgfpFb}
cfPsf] lyof]. sfof{non] cfos/ P]g
@)%* sf] bkmf (% s cg';f/ ;|f]tdf
s/ sL ug{'kg]{ Joj:yfdf 6]s]/ s/
nufpg] tof/L u/] s f] 5. t/,
Pg;]nn] eg] df]afOn k|of]ustf{nfO{
em}+ s/ sfof{nosf cfFvfdf klg 5f/f]
xfNg] of]hgfdf nfluk/]sf] 5.

lvDtL===

ug]{ atfP. To; If]qdf !%( lsQf

hUuf clwu|x0f ul/Psf]df ;8s
ljefun] sl/a ?= @@ s/f]8 tyf
cfof]hgfn] ? ^ s/f]8 d'cfAhfafkt
pknAw u/fPsf] 5. @( hgfn] dfq
d'cfAhf a'em]sf 5}gg\.
:jL6\h/NofG8 ;/sf/n] lgdf{0f
ul/lbPsf] l:j; l;Gw'nL ;]s]G8/L
Oln; :s'n klg xfO6]G;g lj:tf/sf
qmddf k|efljt ePsf] 5 hxfF ;'ne
d"Nodf c|]hLdf :yfgLo ljBfyL{nfO{
cWoog u/fOFb} cfPsf] 5. sIff !
b]lv !) ;Dd k9fOg] ljBfnodf !^
lzIfs tyf #)) ljBfyL{ 5g\ .
ljBfno ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf
adljqmd yfkfn] :yfgLo If]qsf]
ljsf; ug{k' g]d{ f hf]8 lbFb} ljBfnosf]
ljsNksf] dfu u/]. pgn] k|frLg
;dob]lv a;]sf dflg;sf] ;+:s[lt /
/Lltl/jfhnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{ gx'g]
ljrf/ JoQm u/] . g] k fnsf
cflbjf;Lsf] dfgjclwsf/;DaGwL
jlsn ;d"xsf jlsn eLd /fO{n] s'g}
klg :yfg tyf If]qdf ljsf; ug]{
qmddf ToxfF cflbdsfnb]lv a;f]af;
ub}{ cfPsf dflg;sf] efjgfnfO{
;Ddfg / ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{ atfP.

z] o /df===
afun' lhNnfdf d'Vo sfof{no /x]sf]
of] ljsf; a}+sn] sf:sL / DofUbL
lhNnfdf klg sfof{ n osf] nflu
clVtof/L kfPsf] 5.
lbAoZj]/ L xfO8f] kfj/ M of]
sDkgLn] @ s/f]8 ^$ nfv ?k}ofF
a/fa/sf] ;fwf/0f z]o/ lgisfzg
ub}{5. sDkgLn] ut k'if ( ut]
lwtf]kqaf]8d{ f z]o/ lgisfzgsf nflu
cfj]bg lbPsf] lyof] eg] af]8{ n]
sDkgLn] u/]sf] cfjb]gdf df3 !@
ut] klxnf] sd]G6 u/]sf] 5.
c?0f sfa]nL kfj/ M of] sDkgLsf]
!% s/f]8 ?k}o fF a/fa/sf] ;] o/
lg:sf;g x'g] 5. ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu
;]o/ lg:sf;g ug{ nfu]sf] sDkgLn]
k|a4{ssf ?kdf l;4fy{ Soflk6n;Fu
;Demf}tf u/]sf] 5. sDkgLn] ut
k'; @$ ut] lwtf]kq af]8{df ;]o/
cfj]bg vf]Ng lgj]bg lbPsf] lyof]
eg] af]8{af6 kmfu'g # ut] klxnf]
sd]G6 kfO{;s]sf] 5.
g]zgn dfOqmf]kmfOgfG; M of]
n3'ljQn] # s/f]8 ?k}ofF a/fa/sf]
;]o/ lbg] 5. ut df3 ^ ut] ;]o/
lg:sf;gsf nflu af]8{df lgj]bg
xfn]sf] xf]. sDkgLn] k|a4{ssf ?kdf
PgcfO{aLPn Soflk6nl;t ;Demf}tf
u/]sf] 5. of] /fli6o:t/sf] n3'ljQ
sDkgL xf]. wflbdf o;sf] d'Vo
sfof{no /x]sf] 5. sDkgLsf] cfj]bg
af]8n
{ ] ut kmfu'g @& df klxnf] sd]G6
k7fPsf] 5.
;" o f] { b o n3' l jQ M ! s/f] 8
@) nfv ?k}ofFsf] ;]o/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf
nflu lbg] eGb} of] sDkgLn] ut df3
!$ ut] af]8{df lgj]bg lbPsf] 5.
Unf]an cfO{PdO{ Soflk6n k|a4{ssf
?kdf /x] s f] 5. :of\ h fsf]
k'tnLahf/df d'Vo sfof{no /x]sf]
of] ;+:yfsf] sfo{If]q afun', DofUbL,
kj{t, :of\hf, dgf, ndh', d':tf,
u'NdL, Ko'7fg / /f]Nkf /x]sf] 5.
vfgLvf]nf xfO8f]kfj/ M ut
df3 @! ut] sDkgLn] lwtf]kq af]8{df
;]o/ lg:sf;gsf nflu lgj]bg lbPsf]
5. ( s/f]8 #! nfv ?k}ofFsf] ;]o/
;j{ ; fwf/0fsf nflu hf/L ug] {
sDkgLsf] tof/L 5. l;len Soflk6n
dfs]{6 o;sf] k|a4{ssf ?kdf 5gf]6
ePsf] 5. sDkgLn] nlntk'/sf]

e]8fF8faf6 @ d]ufjf6 ljB't / 7f]:g]

vf]nfaf6 $ bzdnj #^ d]ufjf6
ljB't pTkfbgdf nufgL u/]sf] 5.
sDkgLn] o;cl3 k|efljt :yfgLosf
nflu ;]o/ lbO;s]sf] 5.
lxdfnog kfj/ kf6{g/ M ut
kmfu'g $ ut] of] sDkgLn] !) s/f]8
^% nfv ?k}ofFsf] ;]o/ ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{
lg:sf;g ug{sf nflu af]8d{ f lgj]bg
lbPsf] 5. h;sf] ;]o/ k|a4{ssf ?kdf
Unf]an cfO{PdO{ Soflk6n /x]sf] 5.
cf/P;8L;L nB' l jQ M ut
kmfu'g !* ut] of] sDkgLn] $ s/f]8
?k} o fF a/fa/sf] ;fwf/0f z] o /
lgisfzgsf] nflu af]8{df cfj]bg
lbPsf] 5. h;sf] k|a4{ssf] ?kdf
PgcfO{aLPn Soflk6n /x]sf] 5.
af] 8 { n ] sDkgLn] k| : tfj u/] s f]
cfj]bgsf] cWoog ul//x]sf] 5.

lj;+ @)&@===

nufgL af]8{ / k|flws/0faLr tfnd]n

x'g g;Sbf cufl8 a9\g ;s]g.
k|wfgdGqL cf]nLsf] rLg e|d0fsf
qmddf ;f] cfof]hgf cufl8 a9fpg
kxn x'g] ck]Iff /flvP klg $#%
d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf] lsdfyff c?0f /
cGt/b]zLo k|;f/0f nfOg cufl8
a9fpg] ;xdlt ul/of]. o:t} /fli6o
uf} / jsf] cfof] h gfsf] ?kdf
a"9Lu08sLsf] d' cfAhf ljt/0fsf]
k|lqmof ;'? ePsf] 5. t/ gnl;+xuf8
cfof]hgf k/fdz{bftf 5gf]6sf sf/0f
ljjfbdf km;]sf] 5. oBlk, d'n'ssf]
pmhf{ If]qdf gsf/fTds dfq} xf]Ogg\
s]xL ;sf/fTds sfd ;d]t ePsf
5g\ . cj?4 /x] s f] 9Ns] a /
d'hkm/k'/ cGt/b]zLo k|;f/0f nfOg
lgdf{ 0f ;DkGg x'g ' sf ;fy} *)
d]ufjf6 yk ljB't\ cfoft x'g yfNof].
o:t} ljut !) jif{b]lv cj?4
/x]sf] lvDtL 9Ns]a/ k|;f/0f nfOgsf]
sfd ;'? ePsf] 5. lghL If]qsf
;flgdf dfO{ hnljB't\ cfof]hgfn]
lgdf{0f u/]sf b'O{ cfof]hgfaf6 @(
d]ufjf6 ljB't\ /fli6o k|;f/0f nfOgdf
hf]l8of] eg] cGo s]xL cfof]hgfsf]
!) d]ufjf6 yk ljB't\ pkef]Qmfsf]
3/df k'Ug ;kmn /Xof]. ;/sf/n]
dxTjfsf+IfL nIosf ;fy cufl8
;f/] s f] pmhf{ ;6sfn;DaGwL
sfo{o f]hgf sfo{ bnsf] jl/kl/ g}
3'ld/x]sf] /x]sf] 5. ;+;b\sf] s[lif
tyf hn;|f]t ;ldltn] pmhf{ If]qsf]
ljsf;sf af/]df bh{gf}F lgb]z
{ g lbPsf]
eP klg Psfw dfq} sfof{Gjosf]
r/0fdf k|j]z u/]. ;fj{hlgs n]vf
;ldltsf] lgb]{zg eGb} k|flws/0fn]
rd]lnof hnljB't\ cfof]hgfsf] sfd
cufl8 a9fpg c:jLsf/ ub}{ cfof].
k|flws/0f / pmhf{ dGqfnoaLrsf]
ljjfbsf sf/0f rf/ dlxgfeGbf nfdf]
;do af] 8 { a} 7 s a:g ;s] g .
;/sf/n] ah]6 jQmJo / kl5Nnf]
k6s Zj]tkqdf ;d]t pmhf{sf] If]qdf
dxTjk"0f{ sfd cufl8 a9fpg] nIo
/fv] klg ;sf/fTds kl/0ffd eg]
k| f Kt x' g ;s] g . o:tf bh{ g f} F
;d:ofdf d'n'ssf] pmhf{ If]q km;]sf]
eP klg ;/sf/n] lnPsf] gLlt, of]hgf
tyf lghL / ;fj{hlgs If]qn] lgdf{0f
ul//x]sf cfof]hgf ;dod} ;DkGg
ePsf] v08df cfufdL b'O{ jif{leq
d'n ' ssf] pmhf{ If]q df dxTjk" 0f{
pknlAw xfl;n x' g ] ck] I ff ug{
;lsG5. /d]z nD;fn, /f;;

cGt/f{li6o ===

cfof]lht kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf /]UdLn]

eg]. s[lif pTkfbg j[l4 / k'h
F Lsf]
ljsf;sf gfddf skf]/{ 6] kmfld{ xfjL
x'g' ls;fgsf nflu 3fts /x]sf] /]UdLsf]
egfO 5. tof/L ;ldltsf ;b:o;d]t
/x]sf clvn ls;fg ef/tLo ;efsf
cWoIf afa'/fd zdf{n] ax'/fli6o
sDkgLx? s[lifdf xfjL x'bF f s[ifsx?n]
cfTdxTof ug]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]
atfP. s[ifssf] lxtljk/Lt skf]/{ 6]
Plu|sNr/ / cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf;sf
gfddf lgd'vf ls;fgaf6 hUuf vf];/]
ljt/0f ul/Psf] 5, pgn] eg], ef/t
;/sf/sf] cb'/bzL{ gLltsf sf/0f
ef/tdf ;f9] tLg nfv ls;fgn]
cfTdxTof ug{ afWo ePsf 5g\. ca
ls;fgx?n] ljZjJofkL kdf ;+ul7t
eP/ cfjfh p7fpg'kg]{ a]nf eO;s]sf]

sf]l/og efiff k/LIffsf] cfj]bg ;+sng s]Gb|x? lgwf{/0f df]afOnsf] cfO{PdO{cfO{ /lh:6];g clgafo{
sf7df8f}F . cfufdL c;f/df
;~rfng x'g] sf]l/og efiff k/LIffsf]
cfj]bg ;s+ng s]Gb|x?sf] lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
5. efiff k/LIffsf] cfj]bg kmf/d
;+sngsf nflu sf7df8f};F lxt 88]nw'/f,
a'6jn, kf]v/f, w/fg / hgsk'/df
cfjb]g ;+sngsf] tof/L eO/x]sf] OkLP;
sf]l/of zfvfsf lgb]{zs l8NnL/fd
af:tf]nfn] hfgsf/L lbP. kmf/d cfufdL
j}zfv !% ut]bl] v !* ut];Dd eg{k' g]{
OkLP; zfvfn] hgfPsf] 5. kmf/d eg{sf
nflu rf/ lbgsf] ;do 5'6o\ fOPsf] 5.
tL lbgx?df k|To]s lbg laxfg * ah]bl] v
;fFem % ah];Dd kmf/d el/g]5.
pkTosfdf jgsfnLl:yt g]kfn j]b
ljBf>d ;+:s[t dflj, dxf/fhu~hsf]
sf7df8f}F EofnL pRr dflj / sLlt{k/' sf]
Nofa/f]6/L pRr dfljdf kmf/d ljt/0f
/ btf{ s]Gb| tf]lsPsf] 5. To;}u/L
;ftbf]af6f]sf] dx]Gb| cfbz{ ljBf>d /
afns'df/Lsf] Rof;n km'6an v]n
d}bfgaf6 klg kmf/d ;+sng x'g5] .
pkTosf aflx/ w/fgdf w/fg* l:yt
;efu[x, hgsk'/sf] >d sfof{no,
a'6jnsf] k|bz{gL d08k, kf]v/fsf] j8f
gDa/ !^ af6'nr
] f}/l:yt ljGWojfl;gL
pRr dflj tyf 88]Nw'/fsf] cd/u9L
gu/kflnsfl:yt sd{rf/L ldng s]Gb|df
klg kmf/d ljt/0f tyf btf{ ul/g] 5.
o;cl3 klxnf] / bf];|f] lbgdf
cTowLs eL8 nfUg] u/]sf] eGb} af:tf]nfn]
cfj]bsnfO{ t];f| ] / rf}yf] lbgsf nflu
klg k|ltIff ug{ cfu|x u/]. efiff k/LIff
eg] sf7df8f}F / kf]v/f u/L b'O{ 7fpFdf
5. cfgf ;femf ;d:ofaf/] ca klg
cfjfh gp7fpg] xf] eg] ls;fgx?
dl//xg] dl//xg'kg]{ cj:yf cfpg]
ePsfn] ls;fgsf] ;femf d'2f lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ul/Psf] pgn]
atfP. a+unfb]zsf ls;fg ;+u7gsf
g]tf ;Hhfb hflx/ rGbgn] la|l6;
zf;g sfnb]lv a+unfb]zL ls;fgx?
kLl8t aGb} cfPsf] u'gf;f] u/].
a+unfb]zsf *) k|ltzt hgtf s[lifdf
lge{/ 5g\ t/ s[ifsn] slxn] klg
vfBfGgsf] d"No kfO/x]sf 5}gg\, pgn]
eg], skf]/{ 6] xfaL x'g yfn]sf] 5, s[lifdf
7"nf] nufgL ug]{ k'h
F Lkltx?n] b]zsf
ls;fgnfO{ bdg u/]sf 5g\. la|l6;sf]
pklgj]zb]lv g} s[ifsx?n] cfgf]
clwsf/sf] nflu n8\b} cfPsf] atfpFb}
pgn] ;Dd]ngn] ljZje/sf s[ifssf]
;femf ;d:of p7fg ug]{ atfP.
;Dd]ngdf ;s];Dd w]/} /fi6sf
ls;fgx?sf] ;+ n Ugtf a9fpg]
of]hgfcg';f/ tof/L eO/x]sf] tof/L
;ldltn] hgfPsf] 5. ;Dd]ngdf
Pl;of, cd]l/sf, Nofl6g cd]l/sf,
clk|msfnufot dxfb]zsf ljleGg
/fi6sf ;xefuL g]kfn NofOFb5
} g\.
ljZje/sf ls;fgsf] cj:yfaf/]
5nkmnkl5 lgisif{ lgsfNg] / ljZj
;d'bfosf] s[ifs clwsf/tkm{ Wofgfsif{0f
u/fpg] p2]Zo cfof]hssf] 5.

j}b ]lzs===
@% s/f]8 /sdsf] artkq lg:sf;g
u/]sf]df * s/f]8 @) nfv ?k}ofFsf] dfq}
laqmL ePsf] lyof].
artkq vl/b ug{ rfxg]x?n]
artkq laqmL Ph] G 6 sxfF uO{
lgMz'Ns?kdf cfj]bg kmf/d k|fKt ug{
;Sg] /fi6 a}s
+ n] hgfPsf] 5. ;fy}, g]kfn
/fi6 a}s
+ sf] www.nrb.org.np cGtu{t
Public Debt leq Foreign
Employment Saving Bond gfdsf]
kmf]N8/af6 8fpgnf]8 klg ug{ ;lsg]
5. k|e' a}s
+ , k|e' dlg 6fG;km/, cfOPdO,
l;6L PS;k|;] dlg 6fG;km/, ;]~r'/L a}s
+ ,
;flgdf a}s
+ , ;g/fOh a}s
+ / ;]jf /]ld6sf
k|ltlglw sfof{no Pj+ Ph]G6sxfF
artkqsf] cfj]bg lbg ;lsg] 5.

Pdfn]= ==

lbPsf 5g\. cem csf]{ s'/f em08} @

;ftfb]lv al;/x]sf] kf]ln6Jo"/f] tyf
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf dfwjs'df/
g]kfnnfO{ af]Ng] ;do;d]t glbO{ cWoIf
cf]nLn] a}7s ;dflKtsf] 3f]if0ff ug{
vf]h] kl5 of] kIf cem cfqmf]lzt
ag]sf] xf]. dfwj g]kfn kIfn] clxn]
cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn ub}{ kf6L{ leq
cWoIfn] u/]sf] u'6aGbL /f]Sg eGb}
gofF tl/sfn] hfg] ;f]r agfPsf] g]kfn

dfq} ;~rfng x'g5] . kf]v/fdf cfj]bg

e/]sfx?n] ToxLFaf6} k/LIff lbg kfpg]5g\
eg] To;afx]sfsf 7fpFaf6 cfjb]g eg]x{ ?
sf7df8f}dF } cfpg'kg]5{ . sf]l/og efiff
k/LIffsf nflu !* jif{ k"/f eO{ #( jif{
ggf3]sf g]kfnL gful/sn] cfj]bg lbg
kfpg]5g\. s'g} kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf
cbfntaf6 h]n ;hfoF gkfPsf], sf]l/ofdf
uP/ u}/sfg'gL ?kdf a;f]af; u/L sf]l/og
;/sf/n] ;dft]/ lkmtf{ gk7fPsf] tyf
g]kfn ;/sf/n] cGo d'ns
' hfg /f]s
gnufPsf] JolQmn] cfjb]g kmf/d eg{
;Sg]5g\. k/LIff cfj]bg kmf/d JolQm
:jod\ pkl:yt eP/ lng'kg]5{ .
cfj]bg eg{ d]l;g l/8]an kf;kf]6{
-Pdcf/kL_ clgjfo{ ul/Psf] 5. o;jif{
kmf/d ebf{ cfj]bsn] pTkfbgd"ns
;d"xleqsf P;]Dan, d]h;{, HjfOgdWo]
Ps ;d"x /f]Hg'kg]{ 5. o:t} s[lifdf klg
s[lif / kz'kfngdWo] Ps /f]Hg'kg]5{ .
sf]l/ofnL efiff k/LIffdf ;xefuL aGg]
@$ cd]l/sL 8n/ nfUg] 5. pQm /sd
cfj]bsn] kmf/d a'emfpg] cl3Nnf] lbg
s]Gb|Lo a}s
+ n] tf]ss
] f] ljlgdo b/sf
lx;fjaf6 g]kfnL ?k}ofFsf] lx;fj u/L
a'emfpg'kg]{ 5. kmf/d /2 ePdf /sd
lkmtf{ x'g5] . sf]l/og efiff k/LIff cfufdL
c;f/ $ / % cfOtaf/ ut] ;~rfng
x'g5
] . Ps lbgdf b'O{ l;6 u/L k/LIff
;~rfng ul/g] zfvfn] hgfPsf] 5.
efiff k/LIffsf] glthf eg] cfufdL ;fpg
!! ut] k|sfzg ul/g]5. o; jif{ sf]l/ofn]
# xhf/ ! ;o g]kfnL sfdbf/nfO{ efiff
k/LIff pQL0f{ u/fpg] tof/L u/]sf] 5.
kIfsf Ps g]tfn] atfPsf 5g\. o;
ljifodf g]tf nfnafa' kl08tn] kf6L{
;+:yfut / k4lt;+ut tl/sfn] rNg'
kg]{ atfP. t/, csf{ g]tf s]zj
a8fn, dfwj g]kfn kIfn] p7fPsf]
ts{sf] v08g ub}{ eG5g\ ljb]z
ljefu ;d]t lgl:qmo 5, o;n] gLlt
agfpg] xf], lg0f{odf e"ldsf vf]h/] a:g]
xf]< cfgf] dfG5] k/]g eGb}df lj/f]w
ug{s
' f] cy{ 5}g.
afdb]j eP u'dgfd
a'6jndf ePsf] kf6L{sf] cf7f}+
dxflwj]zgdf ljleGg sf/0fn] k'Ug
g;s] klg afdb]j uf}tdn] pkfWoIf
kb hLTg ;kmn ePsf lyP. pgL ;f]
;dodf emngfy vgfn kIfdf lyP.
h'g a] n f dfwj g]kfnsf] ;d] t
;dy{gdf s]kL zdf{ cf]n L kf6L{
cWoIfdf r'gfj n8\bf k/fhLt ePsf
lyP. afdb]j uf}td ;d"xdf s]xL
;lqmo o'jf g]tfx? /x]sf] / pgLx?sf]
k|efj b]v] kl5 la:tf/} s]kL zdf{
cf]nLn] pgnfO{ xftdf lnP. cf]nL
lgjf; afnsf]6 / uf}td lgjf;
e};
F k] f6Ldf b'O{ g]tfsf] k6s k6ssf]
nfdf] jftf{ kl5 s]xL ;xdlt u/]/
afdb]j uf}td cf]nL ;d"xdf nfu]sf
lyP / pgn] r'gfj lhtfP/ klg b]vfP
gjf}+ dxflwj]zgdf. pRr ;|f]tsf
cg';f/ of] ;Demf}tf gjf}+ dxflwj]zg
cl3 uf}td lgjf; e};
F ]kf6Ldf ePsf]
lyof]. h;cg';f/ gjf}+ dxflwj]zgdf
kf6L{ cWoIf cf]nLnfO{ agfpg] /
uf}tdnfO{ al/i7 pkfWoIf agfpg].
To; kl5 bzf}+ dxflwz]gdf cf]nL
al/i7 g]tf /x]/ afdb]j uf}tdnfO{
kf6L{ cWoIf agfpg] ;xdlt
pgLx?aLrdf ePsf] lyof]. dGqL x'bF f
gx'bF f klg ;fj{hlgs sfo{qmddf af]lng}
/xg] uf}td cfhef]ln u'dgfd h:tf]
b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\. pgnfO{ vf;df
k|wfgdGqL cf]nL ePkl5 sfo{afxs
cWoIf glbPsf]df 7"nf] u'gf;f] a9]sf]
a'lemPsf] 5. r}q #) ut]otf s]Gb|Lo
;ldltsf] a} 7 s 5f8] / uf} t d
lhNnflt/ lgl:sPsf 5g\. pgnfO{
;Dks{ ug]{ k|of; ubf{ kmf]g p7]g.
a'lemPcg';f/ uf}tdn] clxn] r'krfk
/x] / klg eP klg cfufdL
dxflwa]zgdf arg k"/f u/]/ cfk"mnfO{
cWoIf agfpg] ljifodf cf]nL nfU5g\,
nfUb}gg\ Tof] k|ltIff u/]sf 5g\.
cf]nLn] klg uf}tdaf/] vf;} l6Kk0fL
gu/]sf] Ps g]tfn] atfP. Pdfn]
leqsf] of] a9\bf] b"/L / w'/Ln] km]l/
/fli6o /fhgLltdf s'g} k|efj gk/f];\
eGg] w]/s
} f] ;'e]R5f b]lvG5. g]tfx?n]
a]n}df ;sf/fTds tl/sfn] ;f]r
agfpg' pko'Qm x'g] sfo{stf{ k+lStsf]
;'emfj 5.
l;h{gf ltlD;gf

sf7df8f}F. g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flw/s0fn] gofF jif{;Fu} cj}w df]afOnsf]

k|j]z /f]Sg gofF lgb]{lzsf nfu" u/]sf] 5. k|flw/s0fn] ca clgjfo{ kdf
df]afOn ;]6x btf{ ug{k' g]{ / OG6/g];gn df]afOn :6];g OlSjkd]G6 cfO8]lG66L
-cfO{PdO{cfO{_ gDa/ btf{ ug{'kg]{ afWosf/L Joj:yf u/]sf] 5. g]kfndf u|]
dfs]{6 -cj}w tyf u}/sfg'gL tl/sf_ af6 df]afOn lelqFbf 7"nf] dfqfdf
/fh:j u'd]sf] 5 eg] u|fxssf xftdf Go"g u'0f:t/sf df]afOn k'u]sf 5g\. u|]
dfs]{6sf df]afOnn] cfk/flws sfddf ;d]t ;3fp k'of{Psf] tYof+s 5.
b"/;~rf/ pks/0fsf] cj}w sf/f]af/ /f]Sg /fli6o pks/0f klxrfg btf{sf]
sfof{Gjog;DaGwL PgO{cfOcf/ lgb]{lzsf a'waf/af6 nfu" ePsf] 5. of]
lgb]{lzsfn] u|] df]afOn ;]6sf] k|of]unfO{ k"0f{ kdf k|ltaGw nufpg] ljZjf;
k|flws/0fsf] 5. u|] dfs]{6af6 df]afOn lelqFbf x/fPdf 6ofs ug{, cfk/flws
lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg eP kqmfp ug{ ;d:of x'G5. df]afOn XofG8 ;]6sf]
k|of]u / laqmLljt/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt tyf lgoldt ug]{ ;DaGwdf cy{ dGqfno
/ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] ;+nUgtfdf k|flws/0fn] cfO{PdO{cfO{ clgjfo{
btf{sf] Joj:yf ldnfPsf] xf].
lagfcfO{PdO{cfO{ gDa/ tyf u}/sfg'gL tj/af6 cfPsf df]afOn ;]6
k|of]ustf{nfO{ ;]jf k|bfos sDkgLn] P;PdP; jf s'g} pko'Qm dfWoddfkm{t
hfgsf/L u/fpg]5g\. ljb]zaf6 pkxf/:jk cfPsf df]afOn eg] u|fxs
:jo+n] k|flws/0fdf uP/ /lh:6];g ug{'kg]{ x'G5. cfO{PdO{cfO{ /lh:6];gkl5
df]afOn x/fPdf k|flws/0fsf] k|lqmofdf uO{ lgjb]g lbPkl5 df]afOn ;]6
6ofs ug{ jf Ans ug{ ;lsg]5. ca}w tl/sfn] lelqPsf df]afOn kmf]g
g]kfndf btf{ gx'g] / g]kfn df]afOn ;]jf k|bfossf] g]6js{df ;d]t u'0f:t/Lo
;]jf lng sl7g x'G5. g]6js{sf] ;d:ofn] ubf{ dflg;x?n] b'O{6f df]afOn
af]Sg] qmd a9]sf] 5. ljZjsf] h'g b]zdf gofF df]afOn nGr eP klg To;sf]
Ps dlxgfleq g]kfndf cfO;S5g\. k|ljlwk|ltsf] nufj a9\b} hfFbf df]afOn
cfoft a9]sf] Joj;foLx atfpF5g\. b]ze/ df]afOn ;] 6, l/6]n/,
PS;];l/hnufot df]afOn;Fu ;DalGwt Joj;foL @) xhf/eGbf w]/} 5g\.

lgMz'Ns pkrf/ x'g] hl6n /f]u / ;Dks{ :yfgx?

sf7df8f}F. 3/kl/jf/sf] sf]xL ;b:o uDeL/ la/fdL kof] eg] pkrf/
vr{sf] hf]xf] s;/L ug]{ eg]/ w]/}nfO{ ;tfO/x]sf] x'G5. sltko /f]usf]
pkrf/ vr{ t cfgf] x}l;oteGbf aflx/ klg x'G5. ljkGg x'g'x'G5 / uDeL/
k|sf/sf] /f]u nfUof] eg] PskN6 8fS6/nfO{ ;f]lw x]g{'xf];\, st} ;/sf/n]
cfly{s ;xfotf lbg] /f]udWo]s} t xf]Og< cfly{s cefjn] pkrf/ gkfP/
d[To'j/0f ug{ gk/f];\ eg]/} ;/sf/n] ljkGg gful/ssf nflu * j6f /f]udf
cf}iflw pkrf/sf nflu ;xfotf pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5. t/, o;af/]
lgs} sdnfO{ dfq} hfgsf/L /x]sf] ljleGg cWoogn] b]vfPsf 5g\. ljkGgn]
pkrf/ ;xfotf k|fKt ug]{df lduf}{ nf 8fonl;;, d[uf}nf k|Tof/f]k0f,
k|Tof/f]k0fkZrft pkrf/, d'6'/f]u, SofG;/, 6fpsf] tyf :kfOgnsf] rf]6k6s,
cNhfOd//kfls{G;; / l;sn;]n Plgldof /f]u pkrf/sf nflu tf]lsPsf]
c:ktfnaf6 pkrf/ ;xfotf kfpg ;lsG5. ?k}ofF lduf}{nf 8fonl;;sf
nflu Ps k6ssf] @% ;o ?k}ofFsf b/n] b'O{ jif{;Dd % nfv @) xhf/
;xof]u kfpg ;lsG5. o;}u/L lduf}{nf k|Tof/f]k0fsf nflu @ nfv /
k|Tof/f]k0fkZrft cf}iflwsf nflu Ps jif{;Dd Ps nfv ?k}ofF ;/sf/n]
pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5. d'6', SofG;/, 6fpsf] tyf :kfOgn rf]6k6s,
cNhfOd/kfls{G;;, l;sn;]n Plgldof /f]usf nflu a9Ldf Ps nfv
?k}ofF;Dd pkrf/ ;xfotf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5. of] ;xof]u /sd g]kfndf
pkrf/ ;Dej gePsf /f]usf nflu ljb]z hfFbf klg kfpg ;lsG5. olb
tkfO{+ ljkGg gful/s x'g'x'G5 / pkrf/ ug]{ k};f 5}g eg] ;xfotf kfpg'
tkfO{+sf] clwsf/ xf].
s;/L kfOG5 ;xof] u<

pkrf/ ;xfotfsf nflu ;a}eGbf klxnf /f]u klxrfg ePkl5 8fS6/sf]

k"hL{ -lk|l:sK;g_ nu]/ ufla; jf gu/kflnsfaf6 ljkGg gful/s l;kmfl/;
kq lng'k5{. ;f] kqsf nflu lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no jf lhNnf hg:jf:Yo
sfof{noaf6 l;kmfl/; kq lnP/ p;n] tf]s]sf] c:ktfnaf6 pkrf/ ;xfotf
k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5. pkrf/ cfgf] 3/ kfos kg]{ c:ktfn /f]h]/ ug{ ;lsg]5.
SofG;/sf nflu ;/sf/n] tf] s ] s f c:ktfn

jL/ c:ktfn -sf7df8f}F_, lzIf0f c:ktfn -dxf/fhuGh_, ljlk sf]O/fnf

d]df]l/on SofG;/ c:ktfn -lrtjg_, eQmk'/ SofG;/ c:ktfn -eQmk'/_,
k|;"lt u[x -yfkfynL, sf7df8f}F_, ljlk sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg w/fg_, kf6g c:ktfn -nlntk'/_, sflGt afn c:ktfn -dxf/fhuGh,
sf7df8f}F_, lghfdlt c:ktfn -gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}_F , SofG;/ s]o/ g]kfn
-hfjnfv]n, nlntk'/_.
lduf} { nf /f] u pkrf/sf nflu

jL/ c:ktfn, sf7df8f}F, lzIf0f c:ktfn, dxf/fhuGh, ljlk sf]O/fnf

d]df]l/on SofG;/ c:ktfn, lrtjg, sflGt afn c:ktfn, dxf/fhuGh,
sf7df8f}F, gf/fo0fL pkIf]qLo c:ktfn, jL/uGh, sf]zL c~rn c:ktfn,
lj/f6gu/, hgsk'/ c~rn c:ktfn, wg'iff, dfgj c+u k|Tof/f]k0f s]Gb|,
eQmk'/, /fli6o lduf}{nf pkrf/ s]Gb|, ag:ynL sf7df8f}F, g]kfnuGh d]l8sn
sn]h, sf]xnk'/, g]kfn d]l8sn sn]h, hf]/kf6L, sf7df8f}F, o'lge;{n d]l8sn
sn]h, e}/xjf, lrtjg d]l8sn sn]h, lrtjg, sn]h ckm d]l8sn ;fOG;];,
lrtjg, dl0fkfn d]l8sn sn]h, kf]v/f, la P08 la c:ktfn, nlntk'/,
g]zgn 8fonl;; ;]G6/, PsfGts'gf, nlntk'/, uf]N8]g c:ktfn, lj/f6gu/,
w'lnv]n c:ktfn, sfe|], u08sL d]l8sn sn]h, kf]v/f, cf/f]Uo :jf:Yo
k|lti7fg, nlntk'/, lj/f6 c:ktfn, lj/f6gu/
d' 6' /f] usf nflu

jL/ c:ktfn, sf7df8f}F, lzIf0f c:ktfn/dgdf]xg sfl8{of] ef:s'n/ ;]G6/,

dxf/fhuGh, sf7df8f}F, u+ufnfn c:ktfn, afF;af/L, sf7df8f}F, ljlk sf]O/fnf
:jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg, w/fg, kf6g c:ktfn, nlntk'/, sflGt afn c:ktfn,
dxf/fhuGh, sf7df8f}F, lghfdlt c:ktfn, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}F.
kfls{ G ;; tyf cNhfOd;{ s f nflu

jL/ c:ktfn, sf7df8f}F, lzIf0f c:ktfn/dgdf]xg sfl8{of] ef:s'n/

;]G6/, dxf/fhuGh, sf7df8f}F, ljlk sf]O/fnf :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg, w/fg,
kf6g c:ktfn, nlntk'/
6fpsf] tyf :kfOgn rf] 6k6s

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