Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Clyde Cunningham
IEC 61834
This document consists of ten parts, of which only Parts 1 and 2
are related to standard definition video recording.
The remaining parts define the format for HDTV, EDTV, DVB
and DTV applications.
The only major difference between
DV and DVCAM is Track Pitch.
ANALO G 4 :2 :2 D IG IT A L
1 3 .5 M H z (4 )
A n a lo g
to 8 b its
Y
D ig ita l
C o n v e rte r
6 .7 5 M H z (2 )
A n a lo g
to 8 b its
C b (B -Y )
D ig ita l
C o n v e rte r
6 .7 5 M H z (2 )
A n a lo g
to 8 b its
C r (R -Y )
D ig ita l
C o n v e rte r
4:2:2 Sampling Structure
Colour Sample Decimation
Y D e la y
O UTPUT
IN P U T Cb D e c im a tio n 4 :1 :1 (5 2 5 /6 0 )
4 :2 :2 F ilte r 4 :2 :0 (6 2 5 /5 0 )
Cr D e c im a tio n
F ilte r
Why is filtering necessary?
4:2:2
3 .3 7 5 M h z 6 .7 5 M h z 1 3 .5 M h z 2 0 .2 5 M h z
S A M P L E D E C IM A T IO N W IT H O U T F IL T E R IN G
4:1:1 A L A IS IN G A L A IS IN G A L A IS IN G A L A IS IN G A L A IS IN G A L A IS IN G
3 .3 7 5 M h z 6 .7 5 M h z 1 0 .1 2 5 M h z 1 3 .5 M h z 1 6 .8 7 5 M h z 2 0 .2 5 M h z
F IL T E R E D C O L O U R -D IF F E R E N C E S P E C T R U M (b e fo r e d e c im a tio n )
4:2:2
1 .6 8 7 5 M h z 6 .7 5 M h z 1 3 .5 M h z 2 0 .2 5 M h z
F IL T E R E D C O L O U R -D IF F E R E N C E S P E C T R U M (a fte r d e c im a tio n )
4:1:1
3 .3 7 5 M h z 6 .7 5 M h z 1 0 .1 2 5 M h z 1 3 .5 M h z 1 6 .8 7 5 M h z 2 0 .2 5 M h z
4:1:1 colour samples decimated HORIZONTALLY.
So Horizontal filtering is necessary.
H o r iz o n t a l c o lo u r r e s o lu t io n
4 :2 :2 4 :1 :1
3M H z 1 .5 M H z
(= 2 4 0 L in e s r e s o lu tio n ) (= 1 2 0 L in e s r e s o lu tio n )
V e r tic a l c o lo u r r e s o lu tio n
4 :2 :2 4 :2 :0
4 0 0 L in e s 2 0 0 L in e s
Summary
D ru m S p e e d = 9 0 0 0 rp m
DRUM
1 R e v o lu tio n = 2 T r a c k s
DVCAM Track Footprint
u b c ode
S
m o tio n
o f head
t io n o
D ire c V id e
o
Audi
IT I D ir e c tio n o f ta p e tr a v e l
F0 F1 F2
F0 Track
Recorded spectrum
Level
(d B )
F1 F2
F re q u e n c y (M H z )
Level
(d B )
F1 F2
F re q u e n c y (M H z )
Level
(d B )
F1 F2
F re q u e n c y (M H z )
F0 F1 F0 F2 F0 F1 F0 F2 F0 F1 F0 F2
Tracking Signal Processing
T r a c k in g S ig n a l
465kH z F1
D e te c t F0 F1 F0 F2 F0
P la y b a c k R F
6 9 7 .5 k H z F2
D e te c t
Sync Blocks
2 Synchronizing bytes
B y te N u m b e r
0 1 2 3 4 5 81 82 89
7 7 b y te s 8 b y te s
D a ta b y te s
In n e r E r r o r C o rre c tio n C o d e s
ID ( S y n c B lo c k id e n t if ic a tio n )
S y n c (S y n c h r o n iz in g b y te s )
A u d io
A u x ilia r y A u d io D a ta
1 4 D a ta S y n c -b lo c k s
D a ta
In n e r
R eed-
S o lo m o n
Sync
ID Codes
O u te r
Reed-
S o lo m o n
C odes
Video Product Block
B y te N u m b e r
0 4 5 9 10 81 82 89
V id e o A u x ilia r y D a t a
1 4 9 D a ta S y n c -b lo c k s
V id e o D a ta
In n e r
R eed-
S o lo m o n
Sync
ID Codes
V id e o a u x ilia r y d a ta
O u te r
R eed-
S o lo m o n
Codes
S T R U C T U R E O F T H E S Y N C -B L O C K S IN T H E V ID E O S E C T O R
Video Data Rate Reduction
8-bit serial data rate 216 Mb/s
Blocking
6480 Y blocks
1620 Cb blocks
1620 Cr blocks
Each Y, Cb and Cr pixel block is then subjected to a mathematical
process called a Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT).
DCT
Basis Pictures
AC coefficients
Typical DCT Coefficients For One DCT Block
Note that the low frequency coefficients have the largest values and
the high frequency coefficients have the lowest values.
Using an 8x8 area of the green bar as an example, note that there is no horizontal
detail and no vertical detail. So the DCT Block will have the following values -
149 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The indicated area of the colour bar is represented by one finite number only.
But there is a problem!
When there is horizontal movement between the fields
in a frame, large vertical detail can be generated.
Vertical detail
F1 F2
Also note that the quantization steps for the high spacial-
frequency components are larger than than the steps for low
spacial-frequency components
Quantized Coefficients
The high frequency coefficients have the greatest errors because the
quantization steps are more severe for high frequency coefficients
than for low frequency coefficients.
Original Coefficient Values Re-quantized Coefficient Values
120 83 59 18 6 2 0 0
97 75 -2 1 11 3 2 0 0
43 15 8 7 -2 0 0 0
11 5 4 2 1 0 0 0
3 3 2 -1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
120, 83, 97, 43, 75, 59, 18, -21, 15, 11, 3, 5, 8, 11, 6, 2, 3, 7, 4, 3, 1, 0, 1, 2, 2,
-2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
In the DV system, the binary code word representing a ‘run’ is
determined by the number of repeated zero coefficients and the
absolute amplitude of the coefficient immediately following the
‘run’.
120, 83, 97, 43, 75, 59, 18, -21, 15, 11, 3, 5, 8, 11, 6, 2, 3, 7, 4, 3, 1,
0, 1,
2, 2, -2, 2,
0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
-1,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
0, 0, 0
The numbers in red are represented by one binary code word only.
Macro Blocks, Video Segments
and
Super Blocks
Because there is limited data-space on the tape, it is necessary to
make sure that the space is used efficiently.
The following techniques are used to make sure that the space is
used as efficiently as possible -
Macro Blocking
Cb
Cr
Y
6 2 5 /5 0 M a c r o B lo c k
TV Frame
One Video Segment = Five pseudo-randomly selected Macro Blocks
C o m p r e s s e d M a c r o B lo c k
0 5 6 11 12 17 18 23 24
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25
2 3 8 9 14 15 20 21 26
T V F ra m e
0 S u p e r B lo c k (0 ,0 ) S u p e r B lo c k (0 ,1 )
O r d e r o f R e c o r d in g 1 S u p e r B lo c k (1 ,0 ) S u p e r B lo c k (1 ,1 )
10
11
B o tto m e d g e o f th e ta p e T o p e d g e o f th e ta p e
D ir e c tio n o f H e a d M o tio n
Effect of a Head Clog
1 2 3 4
APM BCID Byte 0 APM Application of Memory = 111 for a new cassette
Cassette ID VCR/non-VCR
Byte 15
Optional Area
ClipLink
TC data
Cassettes Without Memory
Basic cassette information is identified by resistors connected
between Pin 4 and Pins 1, 2 and 3 –
A n a lo g u e
A u d io
In p u ts
C h -1
C h -2
C h -3
C h -4 In p u t
A u d io O u te r
S e le c t ECC
D ig ita l
A u d io
In p u ts
C h -1 /2
C h -3 /4
DV
i.L IN K In te r fa c e
DVCAM Playback Process A n a lo g u e
V id e o O u tp u ts
S V id e o
C o m p o s ite
V ite rb i In n e r O u te r V id e o V id e o Com ponent
Tap e 4 :2 :0 In te r p o la to r 4 :2 :2
D ecoder E rro r E rro r D e -C o m p re s s O u tp u t
D e te c t D e te c t P ro c e s s
D ig ita l
V id e o O u tp u ts
SDI
QSDI
A n a lo g u e
A u d io
O u tp u ts
C h -1
C h -2
O u te r A u d io C h -3
E rro r O u tp u t C h -4
D e te c t P ro c e s s
D ig ita l
A u d io
O u tp u ts
C h -1 /2
C h -3 /4
DV
i.L IN K
In te r fa c e
THE
XH2-1AST
TRACKING ALIGNMENT TAPE
T r a c k in g in fo r m a tio n N o t r a c k in g in f o r m a t io n
EVEN
ODD
DVCAM EQUALISATION
ADJUSTMENTS
DVCAM EQUALISATION ADJUSTMENTS
RF from Data
Out
PB head Phase Cosine Viterbi
AGC ADC
Equaliser Equaliser Decoder
Phase Amplitude
Frequency Frequency