Chap16-The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 5
The Relational Data
Model and Relational
Database Constraints

Relational Model Concepts
Domains, Attributes, Tuples, and Relations
Characteristics of Relations
Relational Model Notation
Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Slide 16-3
Relational Model Constraints
and Relational Database
Schemas
Domain Constraints
Key Constraints and Constraints on Null Values
Relational Databases and Relational Database
Schemas
Entity Integrity, Referential Integrity, and Foreign
Keys
Other Types of Constraints

Slide 16-4
Update Operations and
Dealing with Constraint
Violations
The Insert Operation
The Delete Operation
The Update Operation

Slide 16-5
Summary

Slide 16-6
Chapter 6
The Relational Algebra

and Relational Calculus

Unary Relational Operations:
SELECT and PROJECT
The SELECT Operation
The PROJECT Operation
Sequences of Operations and the RENAME
Operation

Slide 16-8
Relational Algebra Operations
from Set Theory
The UNION, INTERSECTION, and
MINUS Operations
The CARTESIAN PRODUCT (or CROSS
PRODUCT) Operation

Slide 16-9
Binary Relational Operations:
JOIN and DIVISION
The JOIN Operation
The EQUIJOIN and NATURAL JOIN
Variations of JOIN
A Complete Set of Relational Algebra
Operations
The DIVISION Operation

Slide 16-10
Additional Relational
Operations
Aggregate Functions and Grouping
Recursive Closure Operations
OUTER JOIN Operations
The OUTER JOIN Operation

Slide 16-11
Examples of Queries in
Relational Algebra

Slide 16-12
The Tuple Relational Calculus
Tuple Variables and Range Relations
Expressions and Formulas in Tuple Relational
Calculus
The Existential and Universal Quantifiers
Example Queries Using the Existential Quantifier
Transforming the Universal and Existential
Quantifiers
Using the Universal Quantifier
Safe Expressions
Slide 16-13
The Domain Relational
Calculus

Slide 16-14
Summary

Slide 16-15
Chapter 7
Relational Database
Design by ER- and EER-
to-Relational Mapping

Relational Database Design
Using ER-to-Relational
Mapping
ER-to-Relational Mapping Algorithm
Discussion and Summary of Mapping for
Model Constructs

Slide 16-17
Mapping EER Model
Constructs to Relations
Mapping of Specialization of
Generalization
Mapping of Shared Subclasses (Multiple
Inheritance)
Mapping of Categories (Union Types)

Slide 16-18
Summary

Slide 16-19
Chapter 8
SQL-99: Schema
Definition, Basic
Constraints, and Queries

SQL Data Definition and Data
Types
Schema and Catalog Concepts in SQL
The CREATE TABLE Command in SQL
Attribute Data Types and Domains in SQL

Slide 16-21
Specifying Basic Constraints
in SQL
Specifying Attribute Constraints and
Attribute Defaults
Specifying Key and Referential Integrity
Constraints
Giving Names to Constraints
Specifying Constraints on Tuples Using
CHECK

Slide 16-22
Schema Change Statements
in SQL
The DROP Command
The ALTER Command

Slide 16-23
Basic Queries in SQL
The SELECT-FROM-WHERE Structure of Basic
SQL Queries
Ambiguous Attribute Names, Aliasing, and Tuple
Variables
Unspecified WHERE Clause and Use of the
Asterisk
Tables as Sets in SQL
Substring Pattern Matching and Arithmetic
Operators
Ordering of Query Results
Slide 16-24
More Complex SQL Queries
Comparisons Involving NULL and Three-Valued
Logic
Nested Queries, Tuples, and Set/Multiset
Comparisions
Correlated Nested Queries
The EXISTS and UNIQUE Functions in SQL
Explicit Sets and Renaming of Attributes in SQL
Joined Tables in SQL
Aggregate Functions in SQL
Grouping: The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Discussion and Summary of SQL Queries
Slide 16-25
Insert, Delete, and Update
Statements in SQL
The INSERT Command
The DELETE Command
The UPDATE Command

Slide 16-26
Additional Features of SQL

Slide 16-27
Summary

Slide 16-28
Chapter 9
More SQL: Assertions,
Views, and Programming
Techniques

Specifying General
Constraints as Assertions

Slide 16-30
Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL
Concept of a View in SQL
Specification of Views in SQL
View Implementation and View Update

Slide 16-31
Database Programming:
Issues and Techniques
Approaches to Database Programming
Impedence Mismatch
Typical Sequence of Interaction in
Database Programming

Slide 16-32
Embedded SQL, Dynamic
SQL, and SQLJ
Retrieving Single Tuples with Embedded SQL
Retrieving Multiple Tuples with Embedded SQL
Using Cursors
Specifying Queries at Runtime Using Dynamic
SQL
SQLJ: Embedding SQL Commands in JAVA
Retrieving Multiple Tuples in SQLJ Using
Iterators

Slide 16-33
Database Programming with
Function Calls: SQL/CLI and
JDBC
Database Programming with SQL/CLI
Using C as the Host Language
JDBC: SQL Function Calls for JAVA
Programming

Slide 16-34
Database Stored Procedures
and SQL/PSM
Database Stored Procedures and Functions
SQL/PSM: Extending SQL for Specifying
Persistent Stored Modules

Slide 16-35
Summary

Slide 16-36
Chapter 10
Functional Dependencies
and Normalization for
Relational Databases

Informal Design Guidelines for
Relation Schema
Semantics of the Relation Attributes
Redundant Information in Tuples and
Update Anomalies
Null Values in Tuples
Generation of Spurious Tuples
Summary and Discussion of Design
Guidelines
Slide 16-38
Functional Dependencies
Definition of Functional Dependency
Inference Rules for Functional
Dependencies
Equivalence of Sets of Functional
Dependencies
Minimal Sets of Functional Dependencies

Slide 16-39
Normal Forms Based on
Primary Keys
Normalization of Relations
Practical Use of Normal Forms
Definition of Keys and Attributes
Participating in Keys
First Normal Form
Second Normal Form
Third Normal Form
Slide 16-40
General Definitions of Second
and Third Normal Forms
General Definition of Second Normal Form
General Definition of Third Normal Form
Interpreting the General Definition of Third
Normal Form

Slide 16-41
Boyce-Codd Normal

Slide 16-42
Summary

Slide 16-43
Chapter 11
Relational Database
Design Algorithms and
Further Dependencies

Properties of Relational
Decompositions
Relation Decomposition and Insufficiency of
Normal Forms
Dependency Preservation Property of a
Decomposition
Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Property of a
Decomposition
Testing Binary Decomposition for the
Nonadditive Join Property
Successive Lossless (Nonadditive) Join
Decompositions
Slide 16-45
Algorithms for Relational
Database Schema Design
Dependency-Preserving Decomposition into 3NF
Schemas
Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decomposition into
BCNF Schemas
Dependency-Preserving and Nonadditive
(Lossless) Join Decomposition into 3NF Schemas
Problems with Null Values and Dangling Tuples
Discussion of Normalization Algorithms

Slide 16-46
Multivalued Dependencies
and Fourth Normal Form
Formal Definition of Multivalued
Dependency
Inference Rules for Functional and
Multivalued Dependencies
Fourth Normal Form
Lossless (Nonadditive) Join Decomposition
into 4NF Relations

Slide 16-47
Join Dependencies and Fifth
Normal Form

Slide 16-48
Inclusion Dependencies

Slide 16-49
Other Dependencies and
Normal Forms
Template Dependencies
Domain-Key Normal Form

Slide 16-50
Summary

Slide 16-51
Chapter 12
Practical Database
Design Methodology and
Use of UML Diagrams

The Role of Information
Systems in Organizations
The Organizational Context for Using
Database Systems
The Information System Life Cycle
The Database Application System Life
Cycle

Slide 16-53
The Database Design and
Implementation Process
Phase 1: Requirements Collection and Analysis
Phase 2: Conceptual Database Design
Phase 3: Choice of DBMS
Phase 4: Data Model Mapping (Logical Database
Design)
Phase 5: Physical Database Design
Phase 6: Database System Implementation and
Tuning

Slide 16-54
Use of UML Diagrams as an
Aid to Database Design
Specification
UML As a Design Specification Standard
UML for Database Application Design
Different Diagrams in UML
A Modeling and Design Example:
University Database

Slide 16-55
Relational Rose, A UML
Based Design Tool
Relational Rose for Database Design
Relational Rose Data Modeler
Data Modeling Using Rational Rose Data
Modeler

Slide 16-56
Automated Database Design
Tools

Slide 16-57
Summary

Slide 16-58
Chapter 13
Disk Storage, Basic File

Structures, and Hashing

Introduction
Memory Hierarchies and Storage Devices
Storage of Databases

Slide 16-60
Secondary Storage Devices
Hardware Description of Disk Devices
Magnetic Tape Storage Devices

Slide 16-61
Buffering Blocks

Slide 16-62
Placing File Records on Disk
Records and Record Types
Files, Fixed-Length Records, and Variable-
Length Records
Record Blocking and Spanned Versus
Unspanned Records
Allocating File Blocks on Disk
File Headers

Slide 16-63
Operations on Files

Slide 16-64
Files of Unordered Records
(Heap Files)

Slide 16-65
Files of Ordered Records
(Sorted Files)

Slide 16-66
Hashing Techniques
Internal Hashing
External Hashing for Disk Files
Hashing Techniques That Allow Dynamic
File Expansion

Slide 16-67
Other Primary File
Organizations
Files of Mixed Records
B-Trees and Other Data Structures as
Primary Organization

Slide 16-68
Parallelizing Disk Access
Using RAID Technology
Improving Reliability with RAID
Improving Performance with RAID
RAID Organizations and Levels

Slide 16-69
Storage Area Networks

Slide 16-70
Summary

Slide 16-71
Chapter 14
Indexing Structures for

Files

Types of Single-Level Ordered
Indexes
Primary Indexes
Clustering Indexes
Secondary Indexes
Summary

Slide 16-73
Multilevel Indexes

Slide 16-74
Dynamic Multilevel Indexes
Using B-Trees and B+-Trees
Search Trees and B-Trees
B+-Trees

Slide 16-75
Indexes on Multiple Keys
Ordered Index on Multiple Attributes
Partitioned Hashing
Grid Files

Slide 16-76
Other Types of Indexes
Using Hashing and Other Data Structures
as Indexes
Logical versus Physical Indexes
Discussion

Slide 16-77
Summary

Slide 16-78
Chapter 15
Algorithms for Query
Processing and
Optimization

Translating SQL Queries into
Relational Algebra

Slide 16-80
Algorithms for External Sorting

Slide 16-81
Algorithms for SELECT and
JOIN Operations
Implementing the SELECT Operation
Implementing the JOIN Operation

Slide 16-82
Algorithms for PROJECT and
SET Operations

Slide 16-83
Implementing Aggregate
Operations and Outer Joins
Implementing Aggregate Operations
Implementing Outer Join

Slide 16-84
Combining Operations Using
Pipelining

Slide 16-85
Using Heuristics in Query
Optimization
Notation for Query Trees and Query
Graphs
Heuristic Optimization of Query Trees
Converting Query Trees into Query
Execution Plans

Slide 16-86
Using Selectivity and Cost
Estimates in Query
Optimization
Cost Components for Query Execution
Catalog Information Used in Cost Functions
Examples of Cost Functions for SELECT
Examples of Cost Functions for JOIN
Multiple Relation Queries and Join Ordering
Examples to Illustrate Cost-Based Query
Optimization
Slide 16-87
Overview of Query
Optimization in Oracle

Slide 16-88
Semantic Query Optimization

Slide 16-89
Summary

Slide 16-90
Chapter 16
Practical Database
Design and Tuning

Physical Database Design in
Factors That Influence Physical Database
Design
Physical Database Design Decisions

Slide 16-92
An Overview of Database
Tuning in Relational Systems
Tuning Indexes
Tuning the Database Design
Tuning Queries
Additional Query Tuning Guidelines

Slide 16-93
Summary

Slide 16-94
Chapter 17
Introduction to
Transaction Processing
Concepts and Theory

Introduction to Transaction
Processing
Single-User Versus Multiuser Systems
Transactions, Read and Write Operations,
and DBMS Buffers
Why Concurrency Control Is Needed
Why Recovery Is Needed

Slide 16-96
Transaction and System
Concepts
Transaction States and Additional
Operations
The System Log
Commet Point of a Transaction

Slide 16-97
Desirable Properties of
Transactions

Slide 16-98
Characterizing Schedules
Based on Recoverability
Schedules (Histories) of Transactions
Characterizing Schedules Base on
Recoverability

Slide 16-99
Characterizing Schedules
Based on Serializability
Serial, Nonserial, and Conflict-Serializable
Schedules
Testing for Conflict Serializability of a
Schedule
Uses of Serializability
View Equivalence and View Serializability
Other Types of Equivalence of Schedules

Slide 16-100
Transaction Support in SQL

Slide 16-101
Summary

Slide 16-102
Chapter 18
Concurrency Control
Techniques

Two-Phase Locking
Techniques for Concurrency
Control
Types of Locks and System Lock Tables
Guaranteeing Serializability by Two-Phase
Locking
Dealing with Deadlock and Starvation

Slide 16-104
Concurrency Control Based
on Timestamp Ordering
Timestamps
The Timestamp Ordering Algorithm

Slide 16-105
Multiversion Concurrency
Control Techniques
Multiversion Techniques Based on
Timestamp Ordering
Multiversion Two-Phase Locking Using
Certify Locks

Slide 16-106
Validation (Optimistic)
Concurrency Control
Techniques

Slide 16-107
Granularity of Data Items and
Multiple Granularity Locking
Granularity Level Considerations for
Locking
Multiple Granularity Level Locking

Slide 16-108
Using Locks for Concurrency
Control in Indexes

Slide 16-109
Other Concurrency Control
Issues
Insertion, Deletion, and Phantom Records
Interactive Transactions
Latches

Slide 16-110
Summary

Slide 16-111
Chapter 19
Database Recovery
Techniques

Recovery Concepts
Recovery Outline and Categorization of
Recovery Algorithms
Caching (Buffering) of Disk Blocks
Write-Ahead Logging, Steal/No-Steal, and
Force/No-Force
Checkpoints in the System Log and Fuzzy
Checkpointing
Transaction Rollback
Slide 16-113
Recovery Techniques Based
on Deferred Update
Recovery Using Deferred Update in a
Single-User Environment
Deferred Update with Concurrent
Execution in a Multiuser Environment
Transaction Actions That Do Not Affect
the Database

Slide 16-114
Recovery Techniques Based
on Immediate Update
UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on
Immediate Update in a Single-User
Environment
UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on
Immediate Update with Concurrent
Execution

Slide 16-115
Shadow Paging

Slide 16-116
The ARIES Recovery
Algorithm

Slide 16-117
Recovery in Multidatabase
Systems

Slide 16-118
Database Backup and
Recovery from Catastrophic
Failures

Slide 16-119
Summary

Slide 16-120
Chapter 20
Concepts for Object

Databases

Overview of Object-Oriented
Concepts

Slide 16-122
Object Identity, Object
Structure, and Type
Constructors
Object Identity
Object Structure
Type Constructors

Slide 16-123
Encapsulation of Operations,
Methods, and Persistence
Specifying Object Behavior via Class
Operations
Specifying Object Persistence via Naming
and Reachability

Slide 16-124
Type and Class Hierarchies
and Inheritance
Type Hierarchies and Inheritance
Constraints on Extents Corresponding to a
Type Hierarchy

Slide 16-125
Complex Objects
Unstructured Complex Objects and Type
Extensibility
Structured Complex Objects

Slide 16-126
Other Objected-Oriented
Concepts
Polymorphism (Operator Overloading)
Multiple Inheritance and Selective
Inheritance
Versions and Configurations

Slide 16-127
Summary

Slide 16-128
Chapter 21
Object Database
Standards, Languages,
and Design

Overview of the Object Model
of ODMG
Objects and Literals
Built-in Interfaces for Collection Objects
Atomic (User-Defined) Objects
Interfaces, Classes, and Inheritance
Extents, Keys, and Factory Objects

Slide 16-130
The Object Definition
Language ODL

Slide 16-131
The Object Query Language
OQL
Simple OQL Queries, Database Entry
Points, and Iterator Variables
Query Results and Path Expressions
Other Features of OQL

Slide 16-132
Overview of the C++
Language Binding

Slide 16-133
Object Database Conceptual
Design
Differences Between Conceptual Design of
ODB and RDB
Mapping and EER Schema to an ODB
Schema

Slide 16-134
Summary

Slide 16-135
Chapter 22
Object-Relational and
Extended-Relational
Systems

Overview of SQL and Its
Object-Relational Features
The SQL Standard and Its Components
Object-Relational Support in SQL-99
Some New Operations and Features in SQL

Slide 16-137
Evolution and Current Trends
of Database Technology

Slide 16-138
The Informix Universal Server
Extensible Data Types
Support for User-Defined Routines
Support for Inheritance
Support for Indexing Extensions
Support for External Data Sources
Support for Data Blades Application
Programming Interface
Slide 16-139
Object-Relational Features of
Oracle 8
Some Examples of Object-Relational
Features of Oracle
Managing Large Objects and Other Storage
Features

Slide 16-140
Implementation and Related
Issues for Extended Type
Systems

Slide 16-141
The Nested Relational Model

Slide 16-142
Summary

Slide 16-143
Chapter 23
Database Security and

Authorization

Introduction to Database
Security Issues
Types of Security
Database Security and the DBA
Access Protection, User Accounts, and
Database Audits

Slide 16-145
Discretionary Access Control
Based on Granting and
Revoking Privileges
Types of Discretionary Privileges
Specifying Privileges Using Views
Revoking Privileges
Propogation of Privileges Using the GRANT
OPTION
An Example
Specifying Limits on Propagation of Privileges

Slide 16-146
Mandatory Access Control
and Role-Based Access
Control for Multilevel Security
Comparing Discretionary Access Control
and Mandatory Access Control
Role-Based Access Control
Access Control Policies for E-Commerce
and the Web

Slide 16-147
Introduction to Statistical
Database Security

Slide 16-148
Introduction to Flow Control
Covert Channels

Slide 16-149
Encryption and Public Key
Infrastructures
The Data and Advanced Encryption
Standards
Public Key Encryption
Digital Signatures

Slide 16-150
Summary

Slide 16-151
Chapter 24
Enhanced Data Models
for Advanced
Applications

Active Database Concepts
and Triggers
Generalized Model for Active Databases
and Oracle Triggers
Design and Implementation Issues for
Active Databases
Examples of Statement-Level Active Rules
in STARBURST
Potential Applications for Active Databases
Triggers in SQL-99
Slide 16-153
Temporal Database Concepts
Time Representation, Calendars, and Time
Dimensions
Incorporating Time in Relational Databases Using
Tuple Versioning
Incorporating Time in Object-Oriented Databases
Using Attribute Versioning
Temporal Querying Constructs and the TSQL2
Language
Time Series Data

Slide 16-154
Multimedia Databases
Introduction to Spatial Database Concepts
Introduction to Multimedia Database
Concepts

Slide 16-155
Introduction to Deductive
Databases
Overview of Deductive Databases
Prolog/Datalog Notation
Datalog Notation
Clausal Form and Horn Clauses
Interpretation of Rules
Datalog Programs and Their Safety
Use the Relational Operations
Evaluation of Nonrecursive Datalog Queries
Slide 16-156
Summary

Slide 16-157
Chapter 25
Distributed Databases
and Client–Server
Architectures

Distributed Database
Concepts
Parallel Versus Distributed Technology
Advantages of Distributed Databases
Additional Functions of Distributed
Databases

Slide 16-159
Data Fragmentation,
Replication, and Allocation
Techniques for Distributed
Database Design
Data Fragmentation
Data Replication and Allocation
Example of Fragmentation, Allocation, and
Replication

Slide 16-160
Types of Distributed Database
Systems

Slide 16-161
Query Processing in
Data Transfer Costs of Distributed Query
Processing
Distributed Query Processing Using
Semijoin
Query and Update Decomposition

Slide 16-162
Overview of Concurrency
Control and Recovery in
Distributed Concurrency Control Based on
a Distinguished Copy of a Data Item
Distributed Concurrency Control Based on
Voting
Distributed Recovery

Slide 16-163
An Overview of 3-Tier Client-
Server Architecture

Slide 16-164
Distributed Databases in
Oracle

Slide 16-165
Summary

Slide 16-166
Chapter 26
XML and Internet

Databases

XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data
Model

Slide 16-168
XLM Documents, DTD, and
XML Schema
Well-Formed and Valid XML Documents
and XML DTD
XML Schema

Slide 16-169
XML Documents and
Databases
Approaches to Storing XML Documents
Extracting XML Documents from
Breaking Cycles to Convert Graphs into
Trees
Other Steps for Extracting XML
Documents from Databases

Slide 16-170
XML Query
XPath: Specifying Path Expressions in
XML
XQuery: Specifying Queries in XML

Slide 16-171
Summary

Slide 16-172
Chapter 27
Data Mining Concepts

Overview of Data Mining
Technology

Slide 16-174
Association Rules
Market-Basket Model, Support, and Confidence
Apriori Algorithm
Sampling Algorithm
Frequent-Pattern Tree Algorithm
Partition Algorithm
Other Types of Association Rules
Additional Considerations for Association Rules

Slide 16-175
Classification

Slide 16-176
Clustering

Slide 16-177
Approaches to Other Data
Mining Problems
Discovery of Sequential Patterns
Discovery of Patterns in Time Series
Regression
Neural Networks
Genetic Algorithm

Slide 16-178
Applications of Data Mining

Slide 16-179
Commercial Data Mining
Tools

Slide 16-180
Summary

Slide 16-181
Chapter 28
Overview of Data
Warehousing and OLAP

Introduction, Definitions, and
Terminology

Slide 16-183
Characteristics of Data
Warehouses

Slide 16-184
Data Modeling for Data
Warehouses

Slide 16-185
Building a Data Warehouse

Slide 16-186
Typical Functionality of a Data
Warehouse

Slide 16-187
Data Warehouse Versus
Views

Slide 16-188
Problems and Open Issues in
Data Warehouses
Difficulties of Implementing Data
Warehouses
Open Issues in Data Warehousing

Slide 16-189
Summary

Slide 16-190
Chapter 29
Emerging Database
Technologies and
Applications

Mobil Databases
Mobil Computing Architectures
Characteristics of Mobile Environments
Data Management Issues
Application: Intermittently Synchronized
Databases
Selected Bibliography for Mobil Databases

Slide 16-192
Multimedia Databases
The Nature of Multimedia Data and
Applications
Data Management Issues
Open Research Problems
Multimedia Database Applications
Selected Bibliography on Multimedia
Databases
Slide 16-193
Geographic Information
Systems
GIS Applications
Data Management Requirements lof GIS
Specific GIS Data Operations
An Example of a GIS Software: ARC-
INFO
Problems and Future Issues in GIS
Selected Bibliography for GIS
Slide 16-194
Genome Data Management
Biological Sciences and Genetics
Characteristics of Biological Data
The Human Genome Project and Existing
Biological Databases
Selected Bibliography for Genome
Databases

Slide 16-195
Appendix A
Alternative Diagrammatic
Notations for ER Models

Appendix C
Parameters of Disks

Appendix D
Overview of the QBE

Language

Chap16-The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints

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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

The Relational Algebra

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

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Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition

Elmasri and Navathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition