Infrared Wireless Headphones

A Minor Project Report

submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirement for the award of the degree

of

Bachelor of Technology
in

Electronics & Communication Engineering

(Under the guidance of Er. Krishan Kumar)

By:
Karan Sharma (07416)
Piyush Yadav (07425)
Kumar Rajeev Ranjan (07438)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

HAMIRPUR-177005, HP (INDIA)
“April 2010”
 CERTIFICATE

We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the Minor Project Report entitled
―Wireless Infrared Headphones‖ is in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award
of the B.Tech. and submitted to the Department of Electronics & Communication
Engineering of National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur is an authentic record of our own
work carried out during a period from Jan 2010 to April 2010 under the supervision of Er.
Krishan Kumar (Faculty, ECED NIT Hamirpur). The matter presented in this thesis has not
been submitted by me for the award of any other degree elsewhere.

Karan Sharma Piyush Yadav Kumar Rajeev Ranjan

(07416) (07425) (07438)

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidates is correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Date: April 25, 2010.

Dr. Vinod Kapoor Er. Ashwani Kumar Mr. Krishan Kumar

HEAD Sen. Lecturer E&CED E&CE Department
E&CE Department (Project Co-ordinator) (Project Guide)

2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very grateful to Er. Krishan Kumar, our project guide whose constant support and
encouragement has helped us in conceiving the project and realise it today. We are also
grateful to other faculty members of our Electronics Department who have constantly
watched us and guided us especially Dr. Rajeevan Chandel.

We extend our gratitude to Dr. Vinod Kapoor who has created such a wonderful learning
ambience in the department. We are also thankful to staff members of Electronics and
Communication Engineering Department who have given us their valuable guidance in
making this project a successful one.

3
 CONTENTS
Page No.

Abstract

1. Overview 6-10

1.1 Introduction 6
1.2 Technology Overview 7
1.3 Evolution of Infrared Communication System 8
1.4 System configuration of Wireless IR Communication 10
Systems
2. Objectives 11

3. Infrared Systems 12-14

3.1 Properties 12
3.2 Advantages 13
3.3 Disadvantages 14
3.4 Applications 14

4. Hardware description 16-20

4.1 Design Considerations 16

4.2 Block Diagram 17
4.3 Circuit Diagram 18
4.4 Working 19
4.5 Power Consideration 20

5. Simulation, Analysis and Amendments 21

5.1 Simulation 22
5.3 Observations 22
5.4 Amendments 22

6. Results and Inference 23

7. References 24

8. Appendix 25
8.1 List of figures 26-44
8.2 Datasheet
Photo Transistor
Infrared Diode
Transistor BC 547
OP-AMP 741-C
LM 386

4
Abstract

Infrared Rays form a part of the electromagnetic spectrum which has a wavelength ranging
from 0.7 to 400 um. It is known widely for its heating effects and the role it plays in
atmosphere. Infrared rays find large applications in electronic and wireless applications due
to certain advantages provided by its inherent properties.

In the past few decades, an unprecedented demand for wireless technologies has been taking
place. Mobiles, Laptops, assistants (PDAs), and mobile phones, to name just a few examples,
are becoming part of the everyday life of a growing number of devices that communicate
wirelessly. Radio and infrared (IR) are currently the main parts of the electromagnetic
spectrum used to transmit information wirelessly. IR is becoming more popular every day
and it is being preferred due to its inherent advantages like low power requirements, security,
effective short distance communication as compared to its Radio counterpart.

In this project we aim to design and build a hardware model of IR transmitter and receiver
that is capable of communicating data over a short range. The device we plan to build could
be integrated with the digital devices to transmit signals in the audio frequency range of
20Hz to 20000Hz over a range of 2 to 3 metres. Also we aim to study the properties of the IR
communication in terms of the range acquired and the power requirements of the system.

5
Introduction
In the past few decades, a demand for wireless technologies has tremendously increased.
Both industrial and private customers are demanding products -for a wide range of
applications- that incorporate wireless features, which allow them to exchange, receive, or
transmit information without the inconvenience of having to be fixed to any particular
location.

The benefits of wireless technologies are not limited to user convenience- in terms of
mobility — and flexibility in the placement of terminals. Significant reductions in cost and
time also can be achieved, in a number of applications, using wireless solutions.
Reconfiguring computer terminals or microcontroller systems (in places such as laboratories,
conference rooms, offices, hospitals, production floors, or educational institutions), for
instance, can be done relatively cheaply and quickly with wireless networks. Maintaining and
reconfiguring wired networks, on the other hand, is usually carried out in more expensive,
time-consuming, and complicated ways (especially in situations where cables are grounded or
installed in inaccessible places). Furthermore, cables are susceptible to damage, which means
potential disruption to the network operation. Radio and infrared (IR) are currently the main
parts of the electromagnetic spectrum used to transmit information wirelessly. By the term
―radio‖ we refer to the radiofrequency and microwave parts of the spectrum, and ―IR‖ to the
near-infrared part of it.

In homes, some member prefers to watch television while others don’t. It becomes difficult
for younger member to go against the will of elder, especially in Indian scenario, so younger
have to suffer in most of cases. Wired headphones do not give flexibility for mobility and
more users to accommodate (usually due to predefined design), so wireless headphones are
required to meet the requirement. We in this project intend to make wireless system using
Infrared technology, so as to counter this problem. Thus, Infrared cordless headphones would
be used for watching TV and movies with full enjoyment but without disturbing the peace at
home.

6
1.2 Technology Overview
Radio and infrared (IR) are currently the main parts of the electromagnetic spectrum used to
transmit information wirelessly. By the term ―radio‖ we refer to the radiofrequency and
microwave parts of the spectrum, and ―IR‖ to the near-infrared part of it. Infrared rays have a
wavelength ranging from 0.7 to 400 µm which corresponds to a frequency ranging from 1
THz to 400 THz.

Most of today’s wireless communication is based on radio frequency but IR frequency is also
being used and is becoming popular these days (due to its inherent advantages) over its radio
counterpart for a number of applications.

From a spectrum management point of view, for example, IR offers potentially huge
bandwidths that are currently unregulated worldwide. The radio part of the spectrum, on the
other hand, gets more congested every year, and the allocation of radio frequencies is
increasingly difficult and expensive. Moreover, due the fact that the authorities that regulate
the allocation of radio frequencies vary from one country to another so device are to be
modelled accordingly in different country.

Another advantage of IR over radio is its immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI).

This makes IR the preferred option in environments where interference must be minimized or
eliminated. In addition, IR does not interfere with and is not affected by radio frequencies,
which is particularly relevant in hospitals, as explained in a number of published articles in
the area.

IR also presents advantages over radio in terms of security. Because IR radiation behaves like
visible light, it does not penetrate walls, which means that the room where the energy is
generated encloses the emitted signal completely (assuming there are no windows or
transparent barriers between rooms). This prevents the transmitted information from being
detected outside and implies intrinsic security against eavesdropping. Further advantages of
IR over radio include the low cost, the small size, and the limited power consumption of IR
components.

Despite the advantages presented by the infrared medium, IR is not without its drawbacks.
Infrared wireless links are susceptible to blocking from persons and objects, which can result
in the attenuation of the received signal. In addition, wireless IR systems generally operate in
environments where other sources of illumination are present. If this background illumination
has part of its energy in the spectral region used by wireless IR transmitters and receivers, it
introduces noise in the photodetector, which limits the range of the system.

Moreover, optical wireless systems are also affected by the high attenuation suffered by the
IR signal when transmitted through air, and by atmospheric phenomena such as fog and snow
that further reduce the range of the system and deteriorate the quality of the transmission
when operating outdoors [3]

7
1.3 Evolution of Infrared Communication Systems
Optical wireless communication systems have experienced a huge development since the late
1970s when IR was first proposed as an alternative way (to radio) to connect computer
networks without cables.

IBM was one of the first organizations to work on wireless IR networks. The first reports on
IBM’s experimental work were published between 1978 and 1981. They have described a
duplex IR link that achieved a bit rate of 64 kbps using PSK and a carrier frequency of 256
kHz [4]

In 1983, Minami et al. from Fujitsu described a full-duplex LOS system that operated under
the same principles as the network described by Gfeller. That system consisted of an optical
satellite attached to the ceiling and connected to a network node via a cable, and of a number
of computer terminals that communicated to the server via the optical satellite. It operated at
19.2 kbps (over 10 m) with an error rate of 10−6 when working under fluorescent
illumination. By 1985, the Fujitsu team had managed to improve the data rate of its system to
48 kbps, as reported by Takahashi and Touge. [A]

In the same year (1985), researchers from two other companies (Hitachi and HP Labs)
presented their own work in the area of wireless IR communications. In the case of Hitachi,
Nakata et al. reported a directed-LOS network system that replaced the optical satellite on the
ceiling with an optical reflector. This system achieved a data rate of up to 1 Mbps with a BER
of less than 10−7 for a distance of 5 m.[ 4]

In 1987, AT&T Bell presented their work on optical wireless communications. They reported
a directed-LOS system that operated at 45 Mbps over a wavelength of 800 nm. [5]

More recently, Showa Electric reported a 100-Mbps short-range IR wireless transceiver that
operated over a maximum range of 20 m and used LEDs for the transmitter and avalanche
photodetector (APDs) for the receiver. Another system, proposed by Singh et al. in 2004 [24],
was based on the idea of a base station attached to the ceiling and connected to the network
via a backbone. The proposed network operated at 100 Mbps and was based on DPPM with
carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) for the Media Access
Control (MAC) protocol.

8
Fig 1.3.1 Chronology of indoor optical wireless communication research

9
1.4 System Configurations of Wireless IR Communication Systems

Optical wireless systems for indoor and outdoor use can be arranged in a number of configurations
depending on the specific requirements of a system. In general, the topologies used for indoor optical
wireless communication systems are classified according to two parameters: (1) the existence of an
unobstructed path between the transmitter and the receiver (LOS – non-LOS), and (2) the degree of
directionality of the transmitter, the receiver, or both (directed, non-directed, or hybrid).

Fig. 1.4.1 Different configurations of wireless IR links. The dotted lines represent the different FOVs

10
 2. OBJECTIVE

The objective of the project is to design an efficient infrared transmitter-receiver system that
would be capable of transmitting Infrared electromagnetic signals in the audio frequency
range of 20Hz to 20KHz over a range of 2 to 3 metres. The device would be used in
conjunction with the multimedia devices, Computers and Laptops to transmit music from one
place to a pair of cordless headphones by employing the principles of wireless infrared
communication without any degradation in the quality of the music. Also we intend to study
the properties of the system in terms of the range and the power requirements.

Special emphasis is being laid into the communication of the music signals over a large range
and to study the degradation of the signal over a range. Also measures are being taken and a
study is being done to increase the angular range and the linear range of the system. The
objective at end is to obtain a low cost effective IR system ready for marketing purpose.

11
3.1 Properties of Infrared System:
Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 0.7 and 300
micrometres, which equates to a frequency range between approximately 1 and 430 THz. Its
wavelength is longer (and the frequency lower) than that of visible light, but the wavelength is
shorter (and the frequency higher) than that of terahertz radiation microwaves.

Fig. 3.1.1 Infrared Spectrum

Infrared Radiation behaves similar to the visible light, so it exhibits all the properties that light does
such as

a) Reflection
b) Refraction
c) Diffraction
d) Diffusion

Attenuation

Atmospheric attenuation is defined as the process whereby some or all of the energy of an
electromagnetic wave is lost (absorbed and/or scattered) when traversing the atmosphere.

Absorption

Absorption, in the context of electromagnetic waves and light, is defined as the process of
conversion of the energy of a photon to internal energy, when electromagnetic radiation is captured
by matter. When particles in the atmosphere absorb light, this absorption provokes a transition (or
excitation) in the particle’s molecules from a lower energy level to a higher one.

Scattering

Scattering is defined as the dispersal of a beam of particles or of radiation into a range of directions
as a result of physical interactions. When a particle intercepts an electromagnetic wave, part of the
wave’s energy is removed by the particle and re-radiated into a solid angle centered at it. The
scattered light is polarized, and of the same wavelength as the incident wavelength, which means
that there is no loss of energy to the particle.

12
3.2 Advantages over RF

a) Wider and Unregulated Spectrum

From a spectrum management point of view, for example, IR offers potentially huge
bandwidths that are currently unregulated worldwide. The radio part of the spectrum, on the
other hand, gets more congested every year, and the allocation of radio frequencies is
increasingly difficult and expensive. Moreover, due the fact that the authorities that regulate
the allocation of radio frequencies vary from one country to another. Device needs to be
modelled accordingly for different country so as to avoid a potential risk of system or product
incompatibility in different geographical locations.

b) High noise immunity:

Another advantage of IR over radio is its immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI).
This makes IR the preferred option in environments where interference must be minimized or
eliminated. In addition, IR does not interfere with and is not affected by radio frequencies,
which is particularly relevant in hospitals, as explained in a number of published articles in
the area.
c) Higher security:

IR also presents advantages over radio in terms of security. Because IR radiation behaves like
visible light, it does not penetrate walls, which means that the room where the energy is
generated encloses the emitted signal completely (assuming there are no windows or
transparent barriers between rooms). This prevents the transmitted information from being
detected outside and implies intrinsic security against eavesdropping. In addition, IR offers
the possibility of rapid wireless deployment and the flexibility of establishing temporary
communication links.

Further advantages of IR over radio include the

d) low cost,
e) the small size (Portable) and
f) the limited power consumption.

This is explained by the fact that wireless IR communication systems make use of the same
opto-electronic devices that have been developed and improved over the past decades for
optical fiber communications and other applications. One such component is the light-
emitting diode (LED), which, due to its now faster response times, high radiant output power,
and improved efficiency, is becoming the preferred option for short-distance optical wireless
applications.

13
3.3 Disadvantages:
a) Direct line of sight communication

Optical wireless links are susceptible to blocking from persons and objects, which can result
in the attenuation of the received signal or in the disruption of the link (depending on the
configuration of the system).That is ;the Wireless IR systems operate only in direct line of
sight communication.

b) Shorter Range

Wireless IR systems generally operate in environments where other sources of

illumination are present. This background illumination has part of its energy in the
spectral region used by wireless IR transmitters and receivers, and introduces noise
in the photodetector, which limits the range of the system.

Moreover, optical wireless systems are also affected by the high attenuation suffered
by the IR signal when transmitted through air, and by atmospheric phenomena such as
fog and snow that further reduce the range of the system and deteriorate the quality of
the transmission when operating outdoors.

c) Restrictions to the emitted optical power due to eye safety.

3.4 Application:

a) Infrared filter

Infrared (transmitting/passing) filters can be made from many different materials. One type is
made of polysulfone plastic that blocks over 99% of the visible light spectrum from ―white‖
light sources such as incandescent filament bulbs. Infrared filters allow a maximum of
infrared output while maintaining extreme covertness. Currently in use around the world,
infrared filters are used in Military, Law Enforcement, Industrial and Commercial
applications.

Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths
invisible to the human eye. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers
identifying details, as seen on the display monitor.

b) Thermography

Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the
emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the
NIR or visible it is termed pyrometry. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in
military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the
form of infrared cameras on cars due to the massively reduced production costs.

14
Thermographic cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic
spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 µm) and produce images of that
radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures,
according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's
environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an
object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in
temperature .

c) Tracking: Infrared homing

Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system
which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the
spectrum to track it. Missiles which use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-
seekers", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is
radiated strongly by hot bodies.

d) Infrared heating

Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example it is used in
infrared saunas to heat the occupants, and also to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-
icing). FIR is also gaining popularity as a safe method of natural health care & physiotherapy.
Far infrared thermometric therapy garments use thermal technology to provide compressive
support and healing warmth to assist symptom control for arthritis, injury & pain. Infrared
can be used in cooking and heating food as it predominantly heats the opaque, absorbent
objects, rather than the air around them.

e) Communications

IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer

peripherals and personal digital assistants. These devices usually conform to standards
published by IrDA, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use
infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to emit infrared radiation which is focused by a plastic
lens into a narrow beam. The beam is modulated, i.e. switched on and off, to encode the data.
The receiver uses a silicon photodiode to convert the infrared radiation to an electric current.
It responds only to the rapidly pulsing signal created by the transmitter, and filters out slowly
changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for
indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not
interfere with other devices in adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for remote
controls to command appliances.

f) Spectroscopy

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near infrared spectroscopy) is a technique which
can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond
in a molecule vibrates at a frequency which is characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in
a molecule (e.g. CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and

15
bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the
molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency. The vibrational
frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the
technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the
mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This
can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups
present and also its purity (for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption
around 3200 cm−1).

4.1 Design Consideration:

Optical fiber technology has undergone major developments in the past decades; and as
wireless IR communication systems use some of the same components employed in optical
fiber systems, wireless IR systems benefit from mature and efficient devices that are available
at a relatively low cost The selection of the opto-electronic components for the transmitter
and the receiver is generally done according to the configuration desired for a system.
Directed topologies require directed sources and detectors, while non-directed links require
wide emission beams and wide FOVs.

One of the things that can be observed from the information of different systems developed
so far is that wireless IR communications employs (1) light emitting diodes and (2) laser
diodes for wireless IR transmitters. LEDs present wider emission beams than LDs, which
makes them the preferred option of the indoor non-directed and the hybrid configurations. In
addition, they are generally considered as eye safe, which means that they can be used at
higher emission powers than LDs

Fig. 4.1.1 Channel model from transmitted signal power to generated photocurrent:
(intensity modulation and direct detection)

16
4.2 Block Diagram

Fig. 4.2.1 Block Diagram of system

17
4.3 Circuit Diagram:

Fig.4.3.1 Infrared Transmitter

Fig. 4.3.2 Infrared Receiver

18
4.4 Working Of the circuit:
The circuit essentially can be divided into two major sub circuits:

1. The transmitter circuit 2. The Receiver Circuit

The transmitter Circuit:

The transmitter circuit consists of the two transistor amplifier stage which is used to amplify
the audio signals supplied to the circuit. The audio signal ranges within frequency from 20
Hz to 20,000Hz.The two resistors R1 ,R5 and R2 are used for the dc biasing of the transistor
Q1 which is a BC547A npn transistor having a Base to Emitter Voltage rating of 6.0 V. The
Red LED is used for the biasing of the transistor Q2 which is a SK100 transistor which is a
npn transistor capable of handling high currents. The resistance R4 is used to control the
emitter current The transmitter circuit is provided with a power supply of 9V dc which
drives the circuit. The power is supplied by means of batteries. The LED acts as an indicator
as well. The current from the transistor Q2 is used to drive the two IR LEDs which emit the
modulated IR rays.

The Receiver Circuit

In the receiver circuit, the IR photodiode D1 receives the Infrared rays from the transmitter
circuit and generates a proportionate photo current. The photocurrent is fed into the popular
Op-Amp IC μA741to amplify the signals. The gain of the Op-Amp can be easily controlled
by varying the resistance of the potentiometer. The audio-frequency amplifier IC LM386 is
used to further amplify the signals. The output is provided to the Loudspeaker which
generates the music.

19
4.5 Power and Budget Considerations
The power budget is one of the most important considerations when designing a Wireless
communication system because it defines the battery size and the operation time of portable
units. Power consumption is determined by a number of factors, such as the electronic and
the optical components used, the modulation scheme, the topology, and the emitted power of
a wireless system. The type of technology used also affects power consumption.

IR transceivers present a lower power requirement than their RF counterparts. An optical

wireless transceiver operating at 1 Mbps consumes 150 mW, while a radio LAN transceiver
consumes 1.5 W, which corresponds to a 25 Percent extra drain on the power supply of a
laptop.
The power consumption of a system is strongly affected by the power emitted by the
transmitter. This power should be high enough to cover the desired range of a particular
system, as well as to supply the receiver with sufficient energy.

The power at the receiver is determined by the range of the link, the topology used the
geometry of the room where the system is operating, and the reflective properties of its walls
and ceiling. In addition, the use of an optical collimating element can minimize the power
consumption at the transmitter by transforming an extended source into a concentrated source
with narrow emission angles. When this is the case, care must be taken to comply with eye
safety regulations. The use of collimated sources also allows the use of narrower receivers,
which, due to their directive nature, can present high optical gain increasing the sensitivity of
the receiver and reducing the need for a high transmitted power for a given distance. The use
of angle-diversity receivers and multi-spot transmitters also helps to reduce power
consumption while maintaining wide coverage.

Optical Concentrators and Power Requirements

Another way of improving power consumption is through the use of an optical concentrator
at the receiver. This is possible due to the fact that an optical concentrator improves the
sensitivity of the receiver, which means that a lower emitted power may be required at the
transmitter (for a given range) compared to the same system without a concentrator. To
optimize the power consumption, it is also important to transmit only the relevant
information, to use an effective signal coding, and to perform the required signal processing
at low power if possible.

20
5 Simulation, Analysis and Amendments
5.1 Simulation:

The circuit was simulated by the Circuit Maker Software to obtain the following plots at the
transmitter.

Input Wave

Fig. 5.1.1 Input Waveform

Output at the end of the IR LED.

Fig. 5.1.2 Output waveform at the end of IR LED

21
5.2 Observation:
In order to study the range of the IR Transmitter-Receiver system, we supplied the transmitter
with a sinusoidal signal and observed the output wave form at the DSO. The output received
at the receiver and the DSO was also observed to be sinusoidal for a range of 3 metres. The
quality of the music received was exceptionally good for a range of 1.5 metre after which it
started deteriorating. An Optical Concentrator was then employed at the transmitting LED
side. It was observed that the volume and the quality of the music received were highly
improved.

5.3 Amendments
1. Wider Line of Sight

Infrared Communication is line of sight communication. Due to this if there is an

obstruction placed between the transmitter and the receiver then the transfer of the
data stops. Improvements to this headphone technology will be provided by the
project team, where we will use a lens in front of the LEDs to diffuse the light to
provide a wider line of sight for the infrared headphones to catch –thereby reducing
chances of losing the signal .

This method of diffusing the infrared beam also means the listener needs no longer
to sit directly in front the infrared transmitter which plugs into your TV or other
audio source. When it comes to TV/movie watching and untainted enjoyment of the
sound infrared cordless headphones have a number of advantages which make them
ideal for a comfy relaxing viewing experience.

2. Better Range

Use of power amplifiers and an array of high power LEDs arranged at different angles
will be used to increase the range of infrared transmission to cover more area.

3. Use Of Optical Concentrator

By using Optical Concentrator at the Transmitting end, the IR Power gets

concentrated and a higher volume of the music and a better quality of music
can be obtained.

22
6.1 RESULT:
The IR Cordless headphones were successfully built and a detailed study of the Wireless IR
Communication was carried out. The range of the system was increased by using array of
LEDs. Also optical concentrators were used to improve the power ratings , the amplification
and quality of the music received. Diffusers were also used successfully to increase the
angular range.

6.2 FUTURE WORK

In future we plan to study and work more on the IR systems.The IR systems provide a
potential for future research work for short range communication because of its inherent
advantages.We plan to work on increasing the bit rate transfer of the IR systems so that they
can be used effectively in futurefor faster communication

23
7. Reference:
1. Optical Wireless Communications (IR for Wireless Connectivity) by Roberto
Ramirez-Iniguez, Sevia M. Idrus, Ziran Sun, (ISBN-13:978‑0‑8493‑7209‑4) Taylor
& Francis Group, New York (2008).
2. Farshad Arvin and Khairulmizam Samsudin,Abdul Rahman Ramli, ―A Short-
Range Infrared Communication‖, 2009 International Conference on Signal
Processing Systems. Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICSPS.2009.88
Publication Year: 2009 , Page(s): 454 – 458.
3. JOSEPH M. KAHN, MEMBER, IEEE, AND JOHN R. BARRY "Wireless
Infrared Communications" PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE, VOL. 85, NO. 2,
FEBRUARY 1997.
4. F.R. Gfeller, H.R. Muller, and P. Vettiger, Infrared Communication for In-House
Applications, presented at IEEE COMPCON ’78, Washington, D.C., 1978, pp. 132–
138.
5. T.S. Chu and M.J. Gans, High Speed Infrared Local Wireless Communication, in
IEEE Communications Magazine, 25(8), 4–10, 1987.

E-books:
A. O. Takahashi and T. Touge, Optical Wireless Network for Office Communication,
presented at JARECT, 1985, pp. 217–228.

Websites:
1. http://www.wikipedia.org
2. http://howstuffworks.com

24
8. List of figures:
Fig 1.3.1 Chronology of indoor optical wireless communication research

Fig. 1.4.1 Different configurations of wireless IR links. The dotted lines represent the
different FOVs

Fig. 3.1.1 Infrared Spectrum

Fig. 4.1.1 Channel model from transmitted signal power to generated photocurrent: (intensity
modulation and direct detection)

Fig. 4.2.1 Block Diagram of system

Fig.4.3.1 Infrared Transmitter

Fig. 4.3.2 Infrared Receiver

Fig. 5.1.1 Input Waveform

Fig. 5.1.2 Output waveform at the end of IR LED

25