Rx of Sugars

I. Introduction into Redox

Reactions

Redox Reactions

All reactions exchange electrons

The substrate that gains e- is reduced
The substrate that loses e- is oxidized
Indicated by brackets

Another helpful acronym

"OIL RIG"
O

Oxidation

Is

Loss of electrons

Reduction

Is

Gain of electrons

Example

Assigning Oxidation numbers

Ions/Ionic compounds: follow rules of group
number
O2- : -2
CaO : Ca2+ O2- so Ca: +2 O: -2
Pb(SO4)2 Pb: ____ SO4: ____

Diatomic molecular compounds: neutral

H2, O2 : 0
Monoatomic Metals: neutral
Mg: 0

What about molecular

compounds?
Electronegativity determines ON
Oxygen: (High EN 3.5) is always -2
Hydrogen: ( low EN is 2.1) is always +1
Carbon: varies depending on bonding with
#O, #H

Oxidation number of elements

in molecules

Problem: e- are invisible!

Use transfer of O and H
Reduction: gain of H or loss of O
Oxidation: gain of O or loss of H
Example:

Carbon: oxidized lost H

Oxygen: reduced gained H

Example

Reducing and Oxidizing Agents

Reducing Agent
is a substance (X) that reduces another
substance and becomes oxidized in the
process
XH + Y X + YH
Oxidizing Agent
is a substance that..

Oxidation of Monosaccharides
Testing for reducting sugars: Benedicts Test

Cu+SO3

+Cu2+ blue
+O2

+ Cu2O red

Glucose is __________ and is a(n)________agent

Copper is ___________ and is a(n) ________agent
Cu2+ copper is (___) Cu2O copper (___)

Oxidation of Disaccharides
All disaccharides that have an accessible /
in the 2nd monosacch. can open and oxidize

Which of our 3 disaccharides can oxidize?

Oxidation of Polysaccharides
do not oxidize
are not reducing carbs