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Bandpass Modulation
Telecommunication Engineering

Introduction

Digital modulation: the process by which digital symbols are transformed into
waveforms that are compatible with the characteristics of the channel

In baseband modulation the waveforms take the form of shaped pulses; In bandpass
modulation the shaped pulses modulate a sinusoid called carrier wave

The transmission of EM fields through space is accomplished with the use of

antennas. The size of antennas depends on the wavelength and the application

For cellular, the antenna are typically /4 in size while =c/f

Considering sending a baseband signal f = 3000 Hz by coupling it to an antenna

directly without a carrier wave. How large would the antenna have to be?
For the 3000 Hz baseband signal, /4 = 25000 m, so, to transmit a 3000 Hz
baseband signal without carrier-wave modulation, an antenna that spans 25000 m
would be required

Bandpass Modulation Techniques

Bandpass modulation (either analog or digital) is the

process by which an information signal is converted to a
sinusoidal waveform
The sinusoid has three parameters: amplitude, frequency,
and phase
Bandpass modulation can be defined as the process
whereby the amplitude, frequency, or phase of an RF
carrier (or combination of them) is varied in accordance
with the information to be transmitted
Digital modulation:

converting the binary PAM signal to sinusoidal signal

the sinusiod of duration T is referred to as a digital symbol

Bandpass Modulation Techniques

The general form of sinusoidal (carrier) wave is

s t A t cos t
where A t is the time-varying amplitude and t is the
time-varying angle and given by
t 0t t

where 0 is the radian frequency of the carrier and t is

the phase
Remember that radian and linear frequency are related by
2 f

Bandpass Modulation Techniques

There are two types of digital modulation:

Coherent detection: the receiver exploits knowledge of the

carriers phase to detect the signals
Noncoherent detection: the receiver does not use phase
reference

Simplicity

Error
probability

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

The general equation for PSK is

si t

2 Es
cos 0t i t ,
T

0 t T , i 1,, M

The phase i t have M discrete values

i t

2 i
, M 1,, M
M

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

The general expression for FSK:

si t

2 Es
cos i t ,
T

where i has M discrete values

0 t T , i 1,, M

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

The general formula for ASK

si t

2 Esi t
T

cos 0t ,

where the amplitude

2 Esi t T

0 t T , i 1,, M

have M discrete values

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

It is combination of ASK and PSK

It has rectangular constellation
The general equation for M-QAM is
s t

where

2 Es
I t cos 0t Q t sin 0t
T

I t C0 anI T v t nT
n

Q t C0 anQ T v t nT
n

anI , anQ

M 1 , M 3 ,, 1

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

So, the constellation points take place at

a jb; a, b 1, 3,

M 1

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

Decision Regions

Error Probability

BPSK

2 Eb
Pb Q
N
0

QPSK

2 Eb
Pb Q
N
0

Note that BPSK and QPSK have the same bit error probability
but not symbol error probability

BFSK

Eb
Pb Q
N
0

Error Probability

M-PSK

M-QAM

Pb

E
2

Q 2log 2 M b sin
log 2 M
N0
M

Pb

M 1

M log 2 M

2 Eb log 2 M
N0 M 1

Error Probability