The Formation of English Nouns

THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH NOUNS
THROUGH DERIVATION
GROUP 5:
11B01086
RIZKA INDAHYANTI
11B01095
RAHMANIAR GUSRIANTI
11B01097
ASRIANA
11B01099
SUHARTINA A. BUSRAH
GRADUATE PROGRAM
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2011
THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH NOUNS THROUGH DERIVATION

1.
The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ion

Dictionary
For the formation of English nouns with suffix-ion, first we list all the words or
stems used as the base of the word formation rules in the Dictionary (3-1) as the
first component of generative morphology of Aronolfs model as follows;
(3-1) (a) [compete]v (g) [rebel]v
(b) [educate]v
(h) [repeat]v
(c) [examine]v
(i) [reveal]v
(d) [exclude]v
(j) [resolve]v
(e) [express]v
(k) [resume]v
(f) [justify]v
Word formation Rule
The rule for the formation of English nouns with the suffix-ion can be formulated
as follows;
(NFR-1) [X]v [[X]v +[-ion]suf]N
The (NFR-1) states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix-ion to
the base consisting of verbs as found in the Dictionary (3-1) with the meaning the
act of X+ing.
Underlying Representation
By applying (NFR-1), the following underlying representations can be generated;
*[#[compete]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[rebel]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[educate]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[repeat]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[examine]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[reveal]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[excludee]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[resolve]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[express]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[resume]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[justify]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[rebel]v + [-ion]suf#]N
All of the above underlying representations are ungrammatical or unacceptable.

There are underlying representations which are phonologically unacceptable; and
there are underlying representations which are phonologically and morphologically
unacceptable.
Readjustment Rule
The following unacceptable underlying representations:
*[#[examine/ igzmin/]v[-ion]suf#]N
*[#[reveal]v + [-ion]suf#]N
Must go through a readjustment process in which the formative at is inserted at the
end of the base. The rule for this readjustment process can be formulated;
(RR-1)
[[base]v + [-ion]suf]N
1+at
This rule states that the base takes the formative at when the suffix-ion is added to
the base.
Surface Representation
By applying (RR-1), the following surface representations can be generated
*[#[examine+at]v + [-ion]suf#]N
*[#[reveal+at]v + [-ion]suf#]N
These surface representation are phonologically unacceptable, so that they must go
through certain processes.
Phonological Rules
The following unacceptable surface
Unacceptable surface representation:
UR
:*[#[examine / igzaemin/]v + [-ion]Suf#]N
RR-1 insertion of at
:*[#[examine+at / igxaemineit/]v + [-ion]Suf#]N
PR-1
: [#[/igxaeminei /]v + [-ion]Suf#]N
Output
/t/ //
: [examination / igzminei en/]
2.
The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ty

Dictionary
a)
[active]Adj
b)
[certain]Adj
c)
[continue]v
d)
[cruel]Adj
e)
[electric]Adj
f)
[frail]Adj
g)
[loyal]Adj
h)
[novel]Adj
Word Formation Rule

(NFR-2) [X]v/Adj [ [X]Adj + [-ty]Suf]N
Semantics the quality, state, or condition of X
*[#[active]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[certain]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[continue]v + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[cruel]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[electric]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[frail]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[loyal]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[novel]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[safe]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[similar]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[special]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
Phonological Rules
*[#[active]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
*[#[continue]v + [-ty]Suf#]N
Must go to phonological process, the formula is:
(PR-15)
[+syllabic]

[+high]
/.# [-back]
Process of derivation:
3.
UR
: *[#[active/ktif/]Adj + [-ty]Suf#]N
PR-15 insertion of /i/
: [#[/ktif+i/]Adj +[-ty]Suf#]N
Output
: [activity / ktiviti/]
UR
: *[#[continue/kentinyu/]v + [-ty]Suf#]N
PR-15 insertion of /i/
: [#[/kentinyu:+i/]Adj +[-ty]Suf#]N
Output
: [continuity / kentinyu:iti/]
The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ment

Dictionary
a) [abolish]v
b) [achieve]v
c) [assign]v
d) [fulfill]v
e) [govern]v
f) [invest]v
g) [manage]v
h) [measure]v
Word Formation Rule
(NFR-3) [[X]v [[X]v + [-ment]Suf]N
[#[abolish]v + [-ment]Suf#]N
[#[achieve]v + [-ment]Suf#]N
[#[assign]v + [-ment]Suf#]N
[#[fulfill]v + [-ment]Suf#]N
[#[govern]v + [-ment]Suf#]N
[#[invest]v + [-ment]Suf#]N
4.
The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ness

Dictionary
a)
[clean]Adj
b) [fast]Adj
c)
[fine]Adj
d) [kind]Adj
e)
[lazy]Adj
f)
[like]Adj
g)
[mad]Adj
h) [polite]Adj
i)
[rude]Adj
j)
[short]Adj
k) [sweet]Adj
Word Formation Rule

(NFR-4) [X]Adj [[X]Adj + [-ness]Suf]N
Semantics : the state or condition of X
[#[clean]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N
[#[fast]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N
[#[fine]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N
[#[kind]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N
[#[lazy]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N
[#[like]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N
[#[mad]Adj + [-ness] Suf#]N
5.
The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix hood

Dictionary
a)
[bachelor]N
b) [boy]N
c)
[brother]N
d) [child]N
e)
[father]N
f)
[mother]N
g)
[priest]N
h) [widow]
Word Formation Rule
(NFR-5) [X] [[X]N
+ [-hood]Suf]N
[-abstr]
[-abstr]
[-abstr]
Semantics :
1.the status or condition of the sex of X
2. the quality of rank of X

All already acceptable
6.
The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ance

Dictionary (3-6)
a)
[accept]v
b)
[acquaint]v
c)
[annoy]v
d)
[appear]v
e)
[assist]v
f)
[attend]v
g)
[further]v
h)
[maintain]v
Word Formation Rule

( NRF-6) [[X]v [[X]v + [-ance]Suf]N
[#[accept]v + [-ance]Suf#]N
[#[acquaint]v + [-ance]Suf#]N
[#[annoy]v + [-ance]Suf#]N
[#[appear]v + [-ance]Suf#]N
[#[assist]v + [-ance]Suf#]N
[#[attend]v + [-ance]Suf#]N
7.
The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ence

Dictionary
The base for the formation of the English nouns with the suffix ence is listed in
dictionary (3-7) as follows:
(3-7)
(a) [confide]v (f) [precede]v
(b) [emerge]v (g) [prefer]v

(c) [correspond]v (h) [maintain]v
(d) [exist]v (i) [reminisce]v
(e) [interfere]v
Word Formation Rule
(NFR-7) [X]v [[X]v + [-ence]Suf]N
Semantics: the act or result of X+ing
This rule states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix ence to the
base consisting of verbs as indicated in the Dictionary (3-7) with the meaning the
act or result of X+ing
The application of (NFR-7) can generate the following underlying representations:
*[#[confide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[precede]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
[#[correspond]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[prefer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
[#[emerge]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[provide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
[#[exist]v + [-ence]Suf#]N *[#[refer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
[#[infer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N [#[reminisce]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
[#[interfere]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
There are four underlying representations, which are phonologically unacceptable,
and the others are already acceptable. The acceptable underlying representations
can directly become the output without going through the readjustment rule as well
as the phonological rule as follows:
[correspondence]
[interference]
[emergence]
[precede]
[existence]
[reminiscence]
[inference]
Phonological Rule
The following unacceptable underlying the representations:
*[#[confide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
*[#[provide]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
Must go through two phonological processes, namely strengthening in which the
weak vowel phoneme // in the first syllable changes to the strong vowel
phoneme /o/; and syllable structure process in which the diphthong /ai/ changes to
the monophthong /i/. The second phonological process is handled by (PR-4); and
the rule for the first phonological process can be formulated in the following:
(PR-19)
V
/C(C).CCVC
This rule states that the weak vowel phoneme // in the first syllable changes to the
strong vowel phoneme /o/ when the suffix ence is added to the base.
The whole process of derivation can be described as follows:
UR
: *[#[confide/knfaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
PR-19 //
/o/
: *[#[/konfaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
PR-4 /ai/
/i/
: *[#[/konfid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
Output
: [confidence /konfidns/]
UR
: *[#[provide/prvaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
PR-19 //
/o/
: *[#[/provaid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
PR-4 /ai/
/i/
: *[#[/provid/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
Output
: [providence /providns/]
Finally, the following unacceptable underlying representations:

*[#[prefer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
*[#[refer]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
Must go through two phonological processes, namely lowering in which the high
vowel phoneme /i/ changes to the mid vowel phoneme /e/; and shortening in which
the log vowel phoneme /:/ changes to the short vowel phoneme //. The first
phonological process is handled by (PR-17); and the rule for the second
phonological process can be formulated in the following:
(PR-20)
/C(C)VC
The rule states that the long vowel phoneme /:/ in the second syllable changes to
the short vowel phoneme // when the suffix ence is added to the base.
The whole process of derivation can be described as follows:
UR
: *[#[prefer/prif:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
PR-3 /i/
PR-20 /:/
// : *[#[/pref/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
Output
: [preference /prefrns/]
UR
: *[#[refer/ri:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
PR-3 /i/
PR-20 /:/
Output
8.
/e / : *[#[/pref:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
/e / : *[#[/ref:/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
// : *[#[/ref/]v + [-ence]Suf#]N
: [reference /refrns/]
The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix er/or

Dictionary
The base for the formation of the English nouns with the suffix er/or is listed in
Dictionary (3-8) as follows:
(3-8)
(a) [admire]v (k) [operate]v
(b) [build]v (l) [play]v

(c) [collect]v (m) [read]v
(d) [consume]v (n) [speak]v
(e) [drive]v (o) [supervise]v
(f) [farm]v (p) [teach]v

(g) [instruct]v (q) [visit]v
(h) [invade]v (r) [work]v
(i) [invent]v (s) [write]v
(j) [observe]v
Word Formation Rule
(NFR-8) [X]v [[X]v + [-er/]Suf]N
Semantics: one who X+(e)s
This rule states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix er/-or to the
base consisting of verbs as listed in the Dictionary (3-8) with the meaning one who
X+(e)s.
The application of (NFR-7) can generate the following underlying representations:
[#[admire]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[operate]v + [-or]Suf#]N
[#[build]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[play]v + [-er]Suf#]N
[#[collect]v + [-or]Suf#]N [#[read]v + [-er]Suf#]N
[#[consume]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[speak]v + [-er]Suf#]N
[#[drive]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[supervise]v + [-or]Suf#]N
[#[farm]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[teach]v + [-er]Suf#]N
[#[instruct]v + [-or]Suf#]N [#[visit]v + [-or]Suf#]N
[#[invade]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[work]v + [-er]Suf#]N
[#[observe]v + [-er]Suf#]N [#[write]v + [-er]Suf#]N
All the above underlying representations are already acceptable, so that they
automatically become the output as follows:
[admirer]
[operator]
[builder]
[player]
9.
[collector]
[reader]
[consumer]
[speaker]
[driver]
[supervisor]
[farmer]
[teacher]
[instructor]
[visitor]
[invader]
[worker]
[observer]
[writer]
The formation of English nouns with suffix ce

Dictionary
The base for the formation of english nouns with suffix ce is listed in the
dictionary as follows:
a)
[apparent]adj
(i) [independent]adj
b)
[deviant]adj
(j) [impudent]adj
c)
[diligent]adj
(k) [patient]adj
d)
[distant]adj
e)
[dominant]adj
(m) [present]adj
f)
[elegant]adj
(n) [tolerant]adj
g)
[excelent]adj
(o) [tubulent]adj
h)
[ignorant]adj
(l) [pertinet]adj
Word formation rule

(NFR-9)[X]adj
[[X]adj + [-ce]suf]n
Semantics: the state of being X
Underlying representation
When (NFR-9) is applied, we can generate the following UR:
*[#[apparent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[independent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[deviant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[impudent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[diligent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[patient]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[distant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[pertinent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[dominant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[present]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[elegant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[tolerant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[excelent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[turbulent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
*[#[ignorant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
All the UR above are phonologically unacceptable. To be acceptable, they must go
through a phnological process called syllable structure processin which the stop
consonant phoneme /t/ at the end of the base is deleted. The rule for this
phonological process is (PR-14)
The process of derivation can be described by giving some example below:
UR
: *[#[apparent]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
PR-14 deletion /t/
: [#[apparen]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
Output
: [apparence]
UR
: *[#[defiant]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
PR-14 deletion /t/
: [#[defian]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
Output
: [defiance]
UR
: *[#[diligent]adj +[-ce]suf#]n
PR-14 deletion /t/
: [#[diligen]adj + [-ce]suf#]n
Output
: [diligence]
10. The formation of English nouns with suffix cy

Dictionary
The base for the formation of English nouns with the suffix cy is listed in the
[accountant]n g) [president]n
[agent]n
h) [redundant]adj
[constant]adj i) [stagnant]adj
[infant]n
j) [sufficient]adj
[malignant]adj k [vacant]adj
[pregnat]adj
Word formation rule
(NFR-10)
[X]adj/n
[[X]adj/n + [-cy]suf]n
Semantics: 1. The state of being X

2. the office or term of office of an X
3. place of business of an X
4. profession of an X
5. use of land, ect. As an X, length of time during which an X uses land, ect
The application of (NFR-10) can generate the following UR:
*[#[accountant]n + [-cy]suf#]n
*[#[president]n + [-cy]suf#]n
*[#[agent]n + [-cy]suf#]n
*[#[redundant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n
*[#[constant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n
*[#[sufficient]adj + [-cy]suf#]n
*[#[infant]n + [-cy]suf#]n
*[#[stagnant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n
*[#[malignant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n
*[#[vacant]adj + [cy]suf#]n
*[#[pregnant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n
All the UR above are phonologically unacceptable. To be acceptable, they must go
through a phnological process called syllable structure processin which the stop
consonant phoneme /t/ at the end of the base is deleted. The rule for this
phonological process is (PR-14)
The process of derivation can be described by giving some example below:

UR
: *[#[accountant]n + [-cy]suf#]n
PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[accountan]n + [-cy]suf#]n

Output
: [accountancy]
UR
: *[#[president]n + [-cy]suf#]n
PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[presiden]n + [-cy]suf#]n

Output
: [presidency]
UR
: *[#[redundant]adj + [-cy]suf#]n
PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[redundan]adj + [-cy]suf#]n

Output
: [redundancy]
11. The formation of english nouns with suffix al

Dictionary
The base for the formation of english nouns with the suffix al is listed in the
a)
[appraise]v
f) [propose]v
b)
[approve]v
g) [rehearse]v
c)
[avow]v
h) [renew]v
d)
[disperse]v
i) [rent]v
e)
[dispose]v
j) [withdraw]v
Word formation rule

(NFR-11)
[X]v
[[X]v + [-al]suf]n
Semantics: the act of X + ing

[#[appraise]v + [-al]suf#]n
[#[propose]v + [-al]suf#]n
[#[approve]v + [-al]suf#]n
[#[rehearse]v + [-al]suf#]n
[#[avow]v + [-al]suf#]n
[#[renew]v + [-al]suf#]n
[#[disperse]v + [-al]suf#]n
[#[rent]v + [-al]suf#]n
[#[dispose]v + [-al]suf#]n
[#[withdraw]v + [-al]suf#]n
Because all the UR above are acceptable, so that they directly become the output as
follows:
[apprisal]
[proposal]
[approval]
[rehearsal]
[avowal]
[renewal]
[dispersal]
[rental]
[disposal]
[withdrawal]
12. The formation of English nouns with suffix ee

Dictionary
The base for the formation of english nouns with the suffix ee is listed in the
a)
[address]v
f) [examine]v
b)
[detain]v
g) [interview]v
c)
[divorce]v
h) [nominate]v
d)
[employ]v
i) [pay]v
e)
[evacuate]v
Word formation rule
(NFR-12)
[X]v
j) [train]v
[[X]v + [-ee]suf]n
Semantics: one who is X + ed


[#[address]v + [-ee]suf#]n
[#[examine]v + [-ee]suf#]n
[#[detain]v + [-ee]suf#]n
[#[interview]v + [-ee]suf#]n
[#[divorce]v + [-ee]suf#]n
[#[nominate]v + [-ee]suf#]n
[#[employ]v + [-ee]suf#]n
[#[pay]v + [-ee]suf#]n
[#[evacuate]v + [-ee]suf#]n
[#[train]v + [-ee]suf#]
Out of the above UR, two of them are morphologically unacceptable.

Readjustment rule
The following unacceptable UR:
*[#[evacuate]v + [-ee]suf#]n
*[#[nominate]v + [-ee]suf#]n
The RR, that is, the truncation rule can be formulated as follows:
(RR-5)
[[evacu/nomin+ate]v + [-ee]suf]n
This process of derivation can be described in the following:

UR
: *[#[evacu+ate]v + [-ee]suf#]n
RR-5 Deletion of ate
: [#[ evacu]v + [-ee]suf#]n
SR/Output
: [evacuee]
UR
: *[#[nomin+ate]v + [-ee]suf#]n
: [#[nomin]v + [-ee]suf#]n
SR/Output
: [nominee]
13. The formation of english nouns with suffix an

Dictionary
The base for the formation of english nouns with the suffix an is listed in the
[america]n
[cosetic]n
[egipt]n
[history]n
[indonesia]
Word formation rule
(NFR-13)
[X]n
[[X]n + [-an]suf]n
Semantics : 1. one who is expert or skillful in X

2. the people or language of X
The application of (NFR-13) can generate the folowing UR:
*[#[america]n + [-an]suf#]n
*[#[cosmetic]n + [-an]suf#]n
*[#[majic]n + [-an]suf#]n
*[#[logic]n + [-an]suf#]n
*[#[indonesia]n + [-an]suf#]n
All the UR above are phonological unacceptable , so that they must go through
certain phonological processes.
Phonological rule
The whole process of derivation can be described in the follwing:
UR
: *[#[america/merik/]n + [-an]suf#]n
PR-21 Deletion of //
: [#[/merik/]n + [-an]suf#]n
Output
: [american /merikn/]
UR
: *[#[indonesia /indouni:zi/]n + [-an]suf#]n
PR-21 Deletion of //
: [#[/indouni:zi/]n + [-an]suf#]n
Output
: [Indonesian /indouni:zin/]
UR
: *[#[cosmetic /kosmetik/]n + [-an]suf#]n
PR-27 Insertion of /i/
: *[#[/kosmetik+i]n + [-an]suf#]n
PR-22 /e/
//
: *[#[/kosmtiki/]n + [-an]suf#]n
PR-23 /k/
//
: [#[/kosmti/]n + [-an]suf#]n
Output
: [kosmeticion /kosmtiin/]
UR
: *[#[logic /loik/]n + [-an]suf#]n
: *[#[/loik+i/]n + [-an]suf#]n
PR-24 /o/
/ou/
: *[#[/louiki/]n + [-an]suf#]n
PR-23 /k/
//
: [#[/louii]n + [-an]suf#]n
Output
: [logician /louin/]
UR
: *[#[magic /mik/]n + [-an]suf#]n
: *[#[/mik+i]n + [-an]suf#]n
PR-25 //
//
: *[#[/mik+i/] + [-an]suf#]n
PR-23 /K/
//
: [#[/mi+i/]n + [-an]suf#]n
Output
: [magician / min/]
14. The formation of english nouns with suffix ism

Dictionary
[canibal]n
[capital]n
[colonial]adj
[feminine]adj
[hero]n
[magnet]n
7. [material]n
8. [national]adj
9. [social]adj
10. [symbol]n
11. [tour]n
Word formation rule

(NFR-14)
[X]n/adj
[[X]n/adj + [-ism]suf]n
Semantics: 1. movement related to X
2. custom or practice related to X

3. theory or belief related to X
4. system related to X
5. science related to X
6. policy related to X
The application of (NFR-14)can generate the following UR:
[#[cannibal]n + [-ism]suf#]n
[#[material]n + [-ism]suf#]n
[#[capital]n + [-ism]suf#]n
[#[national]adj + [-ism]suf#]n
[#[colonial]adj + [-ism]suf#]n
[#[social]adj + [-ism]suf#]n
*[#[feminine]adj + [-ism]suf#]n
[#[symbol]n + [-ism]suf#]n
*[#[hero]n + [-ism]suf#]n
[#[tour]n + [-ism]suf#]n
[#[magnet]n + [-ism]suf#]n
Among the UR above , only two of them are phonological unacceptable, so that
they must go through certain phonological processes in order that they can be
acceptable.
Readjustment rule
*[#[feminine]adj + [-ism]suf#]n
(RR-6)
1
[femin+ine]adj + [-ism]suf]n
3
3
Surface representation
The application of (RR-6) can generate the following SR:
[#[femin]adj + [-ism]suf#]n
The process of derivation can be described as follows:
UR
: *[#[femin+ine]adj + [-ism]suf#]n
RR-2 Deletion of ine
: [#[femin]adj + [-ism]suf#]n
SR/Output
: [feminism /feminizm/]
Phonological rule
*[#[hero]n + [-ism]suf#]n
The process of derivation can be described in the following:
UR
PR-6 /i/
: *[#[hero /hirou/]n + [-ism]suf#]n

/e/
Output
: [#[/herou/]n + [-ism]suf#]n
: [heroism /herouiz()m/]
15. The formation of english nouns with suffix ist

Dictionary
[bycicle]n
6. [journal]n
[biology]
7. [national]adj
[capital]n
8. [piano]n
[economy]n
9. [psychiatry]n
[instrumental]adj 10. [psychology]n
Word formation rule
(NFR-15)
[X]n/adj
[[X]n/adj + [-ist]suf]n
Semantics: 1. one who drives an X

2. expert in X
3. person who control much X
4. player of a musical instrument
5. supporter of X + ism
6. person engaged in X + ism
7.person who makes a special study of animals or plants

*[#[bicycle]n + [-ist]suf#]n
[#[journal]n + [-ist]suf#]n
*[#[biology]n + [-ist]suf#]n
[#[national]adj + [-ist]suf#]n
[#[capital]n + [-ist]suf#]n
[#[natural]adj + [-ist]suf#]n
*[#[economy]n + [-ist]suf#]n
*[#[psychiatry]n + [-ist]suf#]n
[#[instrumental]adj + [-ist]suf#]n
*[#[psychology]n + [-ist]suf#]n
Among the UR above, there are five of them which are phonological unacceptable.
Phonological rule
*[#[bicycle]n + [-ist]suf#]n
UR
: *[#[bicycle /baisikl/]n + [-ist]suf#]n
PR-5 Deletio of //
: [#[/baisikl/]n + [-ist]suf#]n
Output
: [bicyclist /baisiklist/]

*[#[biology]n + [-ist]suf#]n
*[#[economy]n + [-ist]suf#]n
*[#[psychiatry]n + [-ist]suf#]n
*[#[psychology]n + [-ist]suf#]n
UR
: *[#[biology /baioli/]n + [-ist]suf#]n
PR-27 Deletion of /i/
: [#[/baiol/]n + [-ist]suf#]n
Outpt
: [biologist / bailoist/]
UR
: *[#[economy /ikonmi/]n + [-ist]suf#]n
: [#[/ikonm/]n + [-ist]suf#]n
Output
: [economist /ikonmist/]
UR
: *[#[psychiatry /saikaitri/]n + [-ist]suf#]n
: [#[/saikaitr/]n + [-ist]suf#]n
Output
: [psychiatrist /saikaitrist/]
UR
: *[#[psychology /saikoli/]n + [-ist]suf#]n
: [#[/saikol/]n + [-ist]suf#]n
Output
: [psychologist /saikolist/]
16. The formation of english nouns with suffix acy

Dictionary
[intimate]adj
[intricate]adj
[Legitimate]adj
Word formation rule
(NFR-16)
[X]adj
4. [obstinate]adj
5 [supreme]adj
[[X] + [-acy]suf]n
Semantics: state of being X

*[#[intimate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
*[#[obstinate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
*[#[intricate]adj +[-acy]suf#]n
*[#[supreme]ad + [-acy]suf#]n
*[#[legitimate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
All of the above UR are unacceptable. Four of them are morphologically
unacceptable and one is phonologically unacceptable.
Readjustment rule
The rule for the readjustment process can be formulated in the following:
(RR-6)
1
[[intim/intric/legitim/obstin+ate]adj + [-acy]suf]n
2
3
Surface representation
The process of derivation can be described as follows:
UR
: *[#[intim+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
RR- Deletion of ate
: [[intim]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
Output
: [intimacy]
UR
: *[#[intric+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]h
: [[intric]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
Output
: [intricacy]
UR
: *[#[legitim+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
: [[legim]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
Output
: [legitmacy]
UR
:*[#[obstin+ate]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
: [[obstin]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
Output
: [obstinacy]
Phonological rule
UR
PR-28 /i:/
: *[#[supreme /sjupri:m/]adj + [-acy]suf#]n

/e/
Output
: [#[/sjuprem/]adj + [-acy]suf#]n
: [supremacy /sjupremsi/]
17. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix age

A. Dictionary
Output
B. Word Formation Rule
listed in the dictionary (317)

[block]V
(NFR-17) [X]N/V
[#[block]V + [-age]Suf #]N
C. Underlying Representation
[[X]N/V+[-age]]N
blockage
[hermit]N
[#[hermit]N + [-age]Suf #]N
hermitage
[pack]N
[#[pack]N + [-age]Suf #]N
package
[break]V
[#[break]V + [-age]Suf #]N
breakage
[parson]N
[#[parson]N + [-age]Suf #]N
parsonage
[patron]V
[#[patron]V + [-age]Suf #]N
patronage
[post]N
[#[post]N + [-age]Suf #]N
postage
[vicar]N
[#[vicar]N + [-age]Suf #]N
vicarage
18. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix dom

a. Dictionary b. Word Formation Rule
c. Underlying Representation Output
listed in the dictionary (318) (NFR-18)

dom]Suf]N
[X]N/V/Adj
[[X]N/V/Adj + [-
[bore]V
[#[bore]V + [-dom]Suf #]N
boredom
[free]Adj
[#[free]N + [-dom]Suf #]N
freedom
king]N
[#[king]N + [-dom]Suf #]N
kingdom
[martyr]N
[#[martyr]N + [-dom]Suf #]N
martyrdom
[wise]Adj
*[#[wise]Adj + [-dom]Suf #]N
wisdom
*d. Phonological Rule

It is a phonological process called monophthongization in which the diphthong /a1/
changes into the monopthong /1/ between two consonants when the suffix dom is
added the base.
UR
PR29
Output
: *[#[wise/wa1z/]Adj + [-dom]Suf #]N

/a1/
/1/
: #[/w1z/]Adj + [-dom]Suf #]N

: [wisdom /w1zdm/]
19. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix ry/-ery

listed in the dictionary (319) (NFR-19) [X]N/V/Adj

ery]Suf]N
[[X]N/V/Adj+[-ry/-
[brave]Adj
[#[brave]Adj + [-ery]Suf #]N
bravery
[citizen]N
[#[citizen]N + [-ry]Suf #]N
citizenry
[dentist]N
[#[dentist]N + [-ry]Suf #]N
dentistry
[gallant]Adj
[#[gallant]Adj + [-ry]Suf #]N
gallantry
[herald]N
[#[herald]N + [-ry]Suf #]N
heraldry
[machine]N
[#[machine]N + [-ery]Suf #]N
machinery
[mock]V
[#[mock]V + [-ery]Suf #]N
mockery
[peasant]N
[#[peasant]N + [-ry]Suf #]N
peasantry
[rival]V
[#[rival]V + [-ry]Suf #]N
rivalry
20. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix ure

listed in the dictionary (320)

ure]Suf]N
(NFR-20)
[X]V/Adj [[X]V/Adj + [-
[depart]V
*[#[depart]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
departure
[rapt]Adj
*[#[rapt]Adj + [-ure]Suf #]N
rapture

They are unacceptable underlying representation that must go through one
Phonological Process called Assimilation in which the stop consonant phoneme /t/
at the end of the base changes to the affricate consonant phoneme // or /t/ when
the suffix ure is added to the base. The rule is a Phonological Process (PR-30):
UR
: *[#[depart /d1pa:t/]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
PR-30 /t/ //
: [/d1pa:/]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
Output
: [departure /d1pa:/]
UR
: *[#[rapt /rpt/]Adj + [-ure]Suf #]N
PR-30 /t/
//
Output
: [#[/rp/]Adj + [-ure]Suf #]N

: [rapture /rp/]
Listed in the dictionary (320) (NFR-20) [X]V/Adj [[X]V/Adj + [-ure]Suf]N

[expand]V
*[#[expend]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
expenditure
[invest]V
*[#[invest]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
investiture
*d. Readjustment Rule

The readjustment process in which the formative it is inserted at the end of the base
when the suffix ure is added to the base.
(RR-8)
1
2
[[expend/invest]V + [-ure]Suf]N
2
1 + it 2
*e. Surface Representation

The application of (RR-8) can generate the following unacceptable surface
representations:
*[#[expend+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
*[#[invest+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
Which are phonologically unacceptable, so that they must go through certain
Phonological Process.
*f. Phonological Rule
*[#[expend+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
*[#[invest+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
Must go through a phonological process called assimilation in which the stop
consonant phoneme /t/ of the formative it changes to the fricative consonant
phoneme // when suffix ure is added to the base. The rule for this phonological
process can be formulated in the following:
(PR-30)
+anterior
-anterior
+coronal
+coronal
-voice -voice
/ . #
-continuant
+del rel
-strident
-del rel
The rule states that the stop consonant phoneme /t/ of the formative it changes to
the affricate consonant phoneme // when the suffix ure is added.
The whole process of derivation can be described in the following:
UR
: *[#[expend]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
RR-8 addition of it : *[#[expend+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

SR
PR-30
: *[#[expendit]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

/t/
//
[#[expendi]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
Output
: [expenditure /ikspendi/]
UR
: *[#[invest]V + [-ure]Suf #]N
RR-8 Addition of it : *[#[invest+it]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

SR
PR-30
: *[#[investit]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

/t/
Output
//
: *[#[investi]V + [-ure]Suf #]N

: [investiture /investi/]
21. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix y

Listed in the dictionary (321) (NFR-21) [X]N/V

[photograph]V
[[X]N/V + [-y]Suf]N
*[#[photograph]V + [-y]Suf #]N
photography

Must go through three phonological processes, namely:
UR
: *[#[photograph /foutgra:f/]V + [-y]Suf #]N
PR-33 /ou/
//
: *[#[/ftgra:f/]V + [-y]Suf #]#]N
PR-34 /a:/
//
: *[#[/ftgrf/]V + [-y]Suf #]N
PR-19 //
/o/
: [#[/ftogrf/]V + [-y]Suf #]N
Output
: [#[photography /ftogrfi/]

Listed in the dictionary (321)
[telegraph]V
(NFR-21) [X]N/V
[[X]N/V + [-y]Suf]N
*[#[telegraph]V + [-y]Suf #]N
telegraphy

Must go through three phonological processes, namely:
UR
PR-35 /e/
PR-34 /a:/
Output
: *[#[telegraph /teligra:f/]N + [-y]Suf #]N

/i/
//
: *[#[/tiligra:f/]N + [-y]Suf #]#]N

: [#[/tiligrf/]V + [-y]Suf #]N
: [telegraphy /tiligrfi/]
22. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix th

Listed in the dictionary (322)
[-th]Suf]N
(NFR-22) [X]V/Adj/N
[bear]V
*[#[bear]V + [-th]Suf #]N
birth
[heal]V
*[#[heal]V + [-th]Suf #]N
health
[weal]N
*[#[weal]N + [-th]Suf #]N
wealth
[long]Adj
*[#[long]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N length
[[X]V/Adj/N +
[wide]Adj
*[#[wide]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N width

UR
: *[#[bear /be/]V + [-th]Suf #]N
PR-36 /e/
/:/
: [#[/b:/]V + [-th]Suf #]N
Output
: [birth /b:/]
UR
: *[#[heal /hi:l/]V + [-th]Suf #]N
PR-37 /i:/
/e/
: [#[/hel/]V + [-th]Suf #]N
Output
: [health /hel/]
UR
: *[#[weal /wi:l/]N + [-th]Suf #]N
PR-37
/i:/
/e/
: [#[wel/]N + [-th]Suf #]N
Output
: [wealth /wel/]
UR
: *[#[long /lo/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N
PR-38
/o/
/e/
: [#[/le/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N
Output
: [length /le/
UR
: *[#[wide /waid/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N
PR-29 /ai/
Output
/i/
: [#[/wid/]Adj + [-th]Suf #]N

: [width /wid/
23. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix ant

Listed in the dictionary (23) (NFR-23) [X]V

[account]V
[apply]V
applicant
[contest]V
[[X]V + [-ant]Suf]N
*[#[account]V + [-ant]Suf #]N
accountant
*[#[apply]V + [-ant]Suf #]N

*[#[contest]V + [-ant]Suf #]N
contestant
[occupy]V
*[#[occupy]V + [-ant]Suf #]N
occupant
[participate]V
*[#[participate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N
participant
*d. Readjusment Rule

*[#[participate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N
(RR-9) *[[particip + ate]V + [-ant]Suf]
1
The rule states that the formative ate is deleted from base when the suffix ant is
added to the base.
e. Surface Representation
[#[participate]V + [-ant]Suf #]N
24. The Formation of Nouns with the Suffix ing
Dictionary
The base for the formation of English nouns with the suffix-ing is listed in the
dictionary (24) as follows;
(24)
(a) [begin]V
(f) [open]V
(b) [close]V
(g) [read]V
(c) [come]V
(h) [speak]V
(d) [hear]V
(i) [teach]V
(e) [listen]V
Word Formation Rule
(NFR-24) [X]V
[[X]V + [-ing]Suf]
The rules states that English nouns can be formed by adding the suffix-ing to the
base consisting of verbs as listed in the dictionary (24) with the meaning act of
X+ing.
The application of (NFR-24) can generative the following underlying

representations;
*[#[begin]V + [-ing]Suf #]N
*[#[open]V + [-ing]Suf #]N
*[#[close]V + [-ing]Suf #]N
*[#[read]V + [-ing]Suf #]N
*[#[come]V + [-ing]Suf #]N
*[#[speak]V + [-ing]Suf #]N
*[#[hear]V + [-ing]Suf #]N
*[#[teach]V + [-ing]Suf #]N
*[#[listen]V + [-ing]Suf #]N

Only one of the above underlying represntations is unacceptable; the others are
already acceptable, so they directly become the output as follows;
[closing]
[opening]
[coming]
[reading]
[hearing]
[speaking]
[listening]
[teaching]

The Formation of English Nouns

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The Formation of English Nouns

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THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH NOUNS

THE FORMATION OF ENGLISH NOUNS THROUGH DERIVATION

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ion

All of the above underlying representations are ungrammatical or unacceptable.

:*[#[examine / igzaemin/]v + [-ion]Suf#]N

:*[#[examine+at / igxaemineit/]v + [-ion]Suf#]N

: [#[/igxaeminei /]v + [-ion]Suf#]N

: [examination / igzminei en/]

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ty

Word Formation Rule

PR-15 insertion of /i/

PR-15 insertion of /i/

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ment

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ness

Word Formation Rule

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix hood

1.the status or condition of the sex of X

2. the quality of rank of X

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ance

Word Formation Rule

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix ence

(a) [confide]v (f) [precede]v

(b) [emerge]v (g) [prefer]v

Finally, the following unacceptable underlying representations:

The Formation of English Nouns with the Suffix er/or

(a) [admire]v (k) [operate]v

(b) [build]v (l) [play]v

(f) [farm]v (p) [teach]v

The formation of English nouns with suffix ce

Word formation rule

Semantics: the state of being X

PR-14 deletion /t/

PR-14 deletion /t/

PR-14 deletion /t/

10. The formation of English nouns with suffix cy

Semantics: 1. The state of being X

The process of derivation can be described by giving some example below:

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[accountan]n + [-cy]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[presiden]n + [-cy]suf#]n

PR-14 deletion of /t/ : [#[redundan]adj + [-cy]suf#]n

11. The formation of english nouns with suffix al

Word formation rule

Semantics: the act of X + ing

12. The formation of English nouns with suffix ee

Semantics: one who is X + ed

The application of (NFR-12) can generate the following UR:

Out of the above UR, two of them are morphologically unacceptable.

This process of derivation can be described in the following:

RR-5 Deletion of ate

: [#[ evacu]v + [-ee]suf#]n

RR-5 Deletion of ate

13. The formation of english nouns with suffix an

Semantics : 1. one who is expert or skillful in X

: *[#[indonesia /indouni:zi/]n + [-an]suf#]n

: *[#[cosmetic /kosmetik/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-27 Insertion of /i/

: *[#[logic /loik/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-27 Insertion of /i/

: *[#[magic /mik/]n + [-an]suf#]n

PR-27 Insertion of /i/

14. The formation of english nouns with suffix ism

Word formation rule

Semantics: 1. movement related to X

2. custom or practice related to X