Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Department of Mathematics
&
Computer Science
Faculty of Natural Sciences
The Open University of Sri Lanka
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Hardware Basics
External Components of
Computer
Computer Monitor
A monitor or display (sometimes called a visual
display unit) is an electronic visual display for
computers. It is a standard output device
CRTMonitor
LCD Monitor
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CRT Monitor (cathode-ray tube)
Bulky, heavy, use vacuum tube technology.
Using technology that was developed in the 19th century.
Most use a cathode-ray tube as a display
device.
CRT: Glass tube that is narrow at one end
and opens to a flat screen at the other
end.
Narrow end contains electron guns.
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Three guns for color (Red, Green, Blue).
Display screen is covered with tiny phosphor dots that emit
light when struck by the electron gun.
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LCD Monitor (Liquid Crystal
Display)
Low power consumption and compact size
Does not have cathode ray type emission system
Color quality is getting improved
Harmful ray emission also less
Initially came with laptop computers
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Keyboard
Standard input device of the computer.
standard PC keyboard contains 105 to 108 keys
LAPTOP computer you have 87 keys
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Mouse
Mouse is used as pointing device in computer
Also used in pressing buttons shown in screen to initiate
commands
There are various kinds of mouse models in market today
Mechanical Mouse
Optical Mouse
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Mechanical Mouse (with Scroll/ without
Scroll)
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Has a rubber or metal ball on its underside that can roll
in all directions.
Mechanical sensors within the mouse detect the direction
the ball is rolling and move the screen pointer
accordingly.
Commonly used
Due to dust so regular cleaning is necessary to trackball
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Optical Mouse (with Scroll/ without
Scroll)
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Movement is detected by sensing changes in reflected
light, rather than by interpreting the motion of a rolling
sphere
It respond more quickly and precisely than mechanical
mouse
It is more expensive
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There can be two or three button mouse
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Operation and word associated with mouse
Commonly
Operation
used word
Click
Pressing left mouse button once
Double Click Pressing left mouse button once in
quick succession
Right Click
Pressing right mouse button once
Drag
Scroll
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Printer
A device that prints text or illustrations on paper.
Three types of printers
Dot Matrix printer
Inkjet / Bubble jet printer
Laser printer
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Dot matrix Printer
Creates characters by striking pins
against an ink ribbon. This is much
like a typewriter
Each pin makes a dot, and
combinations of dots form characters
and illustrations.
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Can print on multi-part stationery or make carbon-copies
Lowest printing costs per page.
As the ink is running out, the printout gradually fades rather
than suddenly stopping partway through a job.
Able to use continuous paper rather than requiring individual
sheets.
Create noise when the pins or typeface strike the ribbon to the
paper.
Can only print lower-resolution graphics, with limited color
performance, limited quality, and lower speeds compared to
non-impact printers.
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Ink Jet Printer Most popular and affordable
printers available today
It place small drops of ink onto
the paper.
Inkjet printers ink drops are
ejected by a pressure wave
created by the mechanical
motion of the piezoelectric
ceramic.
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Bubble Jet printer
Ink drops were ejected from the nozzle by the fast
growth of an ink vapor bubble on the top surface of a
small heater.
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Laser Printer
It uses laser beams to
print
The laser creates an
image on a drum
This picks up toner and
prints the image on to
the paper
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Power Button
Power Light
Reset Button
Floppy Drive
CD Drive
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Zip Drive
Drive bay
DVD Drive
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Power connector
VGA Connector
Keyboard
port
Port
Network port
Printer port
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USB Port
Stands for Universal Serial Bus
USB allows data to be transferred
between devices
Up to 127 devices can connect to the
host, either directly or by way of USB
hubs.
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Keyboard
Mouse
Printer
Modems
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Scanners
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Internal Components of
Computer
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CPU Central Processing Unit
-The brain / heart of the computer
-Commonly called as processor / microprocessor
-It handles all the instructions and data inside the computer
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Components of CPU
ALU: To do mathematical calculations. It might be able to
add, subtract, multiply and divide
CU: To handle instructions and command
Registers: To store the data for current
processing/operations
Cache: To store the data that is required for next
operation as well as repeatedly required data
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When you double click on an icon to run a program, here is
what happens:
The program, which is stored inside the hard disk drive, is
transferred to the RAM memory. A program is a series of instructions.
The CPU, using a circuit called memory controller, loads the
program data from the RAM memory to the CPU.
Now the data is inside the CPU and starts processing.
What happens next will depend on the program. The CPU could
continue loading and executing the program or could do something
with the processed data, like displaying something on the screen.
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CPU performs the following four steps for each instruction:
The control unit gets the instruction from memory.
The control unit decodes the instruction (decides what it means)
and direct the necessary instructions from memory to the
arithmetic/logic unit. These first two steps together are called
instruction time, or I-time.
The arithmetic/logic unit executes the arithmetic or logical
instruction. That is, the ALU performs the actual operation.
The arithmetic/logic unit stores the result of this operation in
memory or in a register. Steps 3 and 4 together are called
execution time, or E-time.
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Multi core processor
Modern CPUs are built to contain multiples of CPU cores
inside one main central processing unit. Ex: dual core, core
duo, quad core
They are sharing one common cache, because most of the
time these CPU cores are working in parallel to do sub tasks
of a single task and the data is common
VGA Card (Graphic card)
There is a separate processing unit in VGA card for
processing graphical data to produce the output
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AGP slot
on
motherboa
rd
PCI
express
slot on
motherboa
rd
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VGA card is the part of the computer that translates the
binary data in to picture(output) that you can see on the
monitor using its CPU.
You have to select the correct VGA card to suit for your
mother board.(connecting slot has to be matched)
Connection to the motherboard is usually through one of
three interfaces;
Peripheral component interconnect (PCI)
Advanced graphics port (AGP)
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Same as motherboard, a graphic card is a printed circuit
board that includes;
Processor: GPU (Graphic Processing Unit)
BIOS chip: stores the card's settings and performs
diagnostic
Memory: to keep processed data.
CRT
screens can connect
to DVI ports through an40adapter
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There are VGA cards that can connect multiple
monitors (Dual VGA) and capable of giving output
to Televisions and HD televisions.
Most of the motherboards comes with built in VGA
card
Generally the speed of GPU is in 33 MHz to 1 GHz
range. The memory capacity is from 32MB to 1.5
GB.
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Computer Memory / Main Memory /Primary
Memory (RAM)
RAM stands for Random Access Memory.
Can be accessed randomly; that is, any byte of memory
can be accessed without touching the preceding bytes.
RAM is used to keep working data that is required by
CPU and loaded programs also exist in there.
Once power is switched off, information from memory
gets erased; Therefore this memory is called as
Volatile memory.
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History of RAMs.
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The amount of RAM listed for each system above is estimated for normal
usage
If you do computer-aided design (CAD), 3-D modeling/animation or heavy
data processing, or if you are a serious gamer, then you will most likely need
more RAM.
You may also need more RAM if your computer acts as a server.
Another question is how much VRAM (video RAM) you want on your video
card
Almost all VRAM that you can buy today have at least 512 MB of RAM. This is
normally enough to operate in a typical office environment. You should
probably invest in a 4GB or better graphics card if you want to do any of the
following:
Play realistic games ,Capture and edit video ,Create 3-D graphics,
Work in a high-resolution.
When buying a video card, remember that your monitor and computer must
be capable of supportingSample
the card
footeryou choose.
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Main Board / Mother Board /
Primary
Circuit Board
One piece of equipment that
ties everything together
It allows all the parts of the
computer to receive power
and communicate with one
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Devices that can be used to connect to the motherboard
are;
RAM
Sound card
Graphic card
Hard disk
CPU
Motherboard generally contain;
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Two busses with different capacities (bandwidths) can be
connected if we place a controller between them.
Such a controller is often called a bridge, since it functions
as a bridge between the two different traffic systems.
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The busses connecting the motherboard to the PCs
peripheral devices are called I/O busses.
The motherboards busses are regulated by a number of
controllers. Most of these controller functions are grouped
into a couple of large chips, which together comprise the
chip set.
The most widespread chipset architecture consists of two
chips, usually called the north and south bridges
The north bridge and south bridge are connected by a
powerful bus, which sometimes is called a link channel:
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The north bridge controls the flow of data between the CPU
and RAM, and to the AGP port
It has a large heat sink. It gets hot because very large amounts
of data traffic pass through it.
The AGP is actually an I/O port. It is used for the video card.
In contrast to the other I/O devices, the AGP port is directly
connected to the north bridge, because it is close to the RAM.
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South bridge looks the transfer of data to and from the hard
disk and all the other I/O devices, and passes this data into
the link channel which connects to the north bridge
south bridge is physically located close to the PCI slots, which
are used for I/O devices
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