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PHN HU C TRONG SN XUT NNG NGHIP

BN VNG VIT NAM


Bi Huy Hin1

Tm tt
Bi vit ny cp n cc ni dung lin quan n c s khoa
hc, tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th cng nh cng tc qun l cc loi
phn hu c trn th trng Vit Nam. Ni dung ca bi vit bao gm 4
phn chnh, l: i) Phn loi v tiu chun; ii) Gi tr s dng; iii)
Tnh hnh sn xut v tiu th v iv) nh hng pht trin sn xut v
s dng phn hu c. Trong phn phn loi v tiu chun phn hu c
c th c cc nhm phn hu c nh: phn hu c truyn thng
(phn chung, phn rc, than bn, phn xanh, cc loi phn hu c
khc) v phn hu c cng nghip (phn hu c, phn hu c khong,
phn hu c sinh hc, phn vi sinh, phn hu c vi sinh), trong phn ny
ngoi u im cng a ra mt s hn ch ca loi phn ny. i vi
gi tr s dng bi bo a ra 3 vai tr chnh, l: i) Cung cp cht
dinh dng cho cy trng; ii) Ci to v nng cao ph nhiu ca t
v iii) Nng cao cht lng nng sn. nh gi c s lng cc
loi phn hu c c sn xut v cng tc qun l nh nc cc khu
nh: khoa hc; sn xut v cht lng; iu kin v k thut sn xut;
kinh doanh v lu thng trn th trng; s dng phn hu c cho cc
loi cy trng. nh hng pht trin sn xut v s dng phn hu c
phi da trn chin lc pht trin nng nghip Vit Nam giai on
2011-2020.
T kha: Phn hu c, phn chung, phn xanh, than bn, phn hu c
khong, phn hu c sinh hc, phn vi sinh, sn xut, s dng, qun l
phn bn.

M u
Cht hu c trong t l cht c hnh thnh do s phn
hu xc thc vt nh thn, l, r, v.v..., c th vi sinh vt (VSV) v
ng vt t. VSV phn gii cht hu c to ra nhm cht mn
khng c trng, chim 10-20% tng s, gm cc hp cht cc bon,
hidrocacbon, axit hu c, ru, este, anehit, nha,... cung cp thc
n cho thc vt; kch thch, c ch tng trng; cung cp khng
1

Tng bin tp Tp ch Nng nghip v PTNT

578

sinh v vitamin. Nhm cht mn in hnh gm nhng cht hu c


cao phn t, phc tp c to ra do qu trnh mn ha xc thc
vt, VSV, ng vt. Axit humic, axit funvic, humin, unmin chim
khong 80-90% tng s. Cht hu c l mt ch tiu quan trng ca
ph nhiu t v lin quan vi thnh phn l, ha v sinh hc t.
Trc cng nguyn hn 2000 nm loi ngi bit dng
phn hu c bn rung ci to t, nng cao nng sut cy trng.
Theo Phratus (372-287 trc cng nguyn) phn hu c c
phn cp cht lng nh sau: Tt nht l phn ngi (phn bc) v
sau ln lt l cc loi phn ln, d, cu, b ci, b c v km
hn c l phn nga.
Du n ngi Vit Nam bit s dng phn hu c bn
rung c L Qu n (1773) vit trong cun Vn i Loi Ng
ghi li t sch T Dm Yu Thut: "Php lm tt rung th trc
hy nn trng u. u xanh tt hn, th n u nh v vng (h
ma). Cc th y u trng trong thng 5 thng 6. n thng 7 thng
8 thu hoch xong, cy lt p xung, lm rung ri trng la th ma
xun nm sau mi mu thu c vi chc t thc. Nhng cy u,
vng vi lm phn nh th bn rung tt ngang vi phn tm v
phn ngi". c bit v tr bo du dng lm phn hu c bn cho
cy trng c xc nh t nht vo gia th k 19. Vic lm
phn (compost) bn rung nc ta xut hin t bao gi cha
r. Song vo u th k 20 ngi ta bit dng phn hoai bn
cho ch, c ngha l qua qu trnh .
Bn cnh nhng kt qu nghin cu v phn hu c (phn
chung, phn bc, phn xanh, phn vi sinh vt) c nhiu phong
tro c v ngi nng dn sn xut v s dng phn hu c, nh:
Phong tro sch lng tt rung; Phong tro rng in thanh,
bin bo du, i ct kh v phong tro chung ln 2 bc, h x
2 ngn, v.v...
1. Phn loi v tiu chun phn hu c
Phn hu c c chia thnh 2 nhm: i) Phn hu c nh
nng (truyn thng) v ii) Phn hu c cng nghip (hu c
khong, hu c sinh hc, phn vi sinh v hu c vi sinh).
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1.1. Phn hu c truyn thng


Phn hu c truyn thng l loi phn c ngun gc t
cht thi ca ngi, ng vt hoc t cc ph ph phm trng trt,
chn nui, ch bin nng, lm, thy sn, phn xanh, rc thi hu
c, cc loi than bn c ch bin theo phng php truyn
thng. C th chia phn hu c truyn thng ra lm 4 nhm: i)
Phn chung; ii) Phn rc; iii) Than bn v iv) Phn xanh.
i) Phn chung: c u im l cha y cc nguyn t
dinh dng a, trung v vi lng m mt loi phn bn v c
khng c c. Ngoi ra, phn chung cung cp cht mn lm kt
cu ca t tt ln, ti xp hn, b r pht trin mnh, hn ch
nc bc hi, chng c hn, xi mn. Tuy nhin, phn chung
cng c nhc im nh: hm lng cht dinh dng thp nn phi
bn lng ln, i hi chi ph vn chuyn cao, ngoi ra nu khng
ch bin k c th mang n mt s nm bnh cho cy trng.
Phn chung thng c nh nng t sn xut ch bin.
Phng php phn chung c tin hnh nh sau: Phn chung
xp thnh lp rng nn cht n khi ng phn cao 1,5-2,0 m. Trt
kn bn, gia chc mt l hnh phu ti nc. t 2 n 6
thng. Song thng thng, nn phn chung vi t bt, vi ln (bt
c loi phn ln no, t l 2%), c th thm vi (3-5%) cho phn
nhanh hoai hn, bt chua, cc vi sinh vt hot ng thun tin hn.
ii) Phn rc: Loi phn ny lm t rm, r; thn l cc cy
ng, u, , v lc, tru, b ma, v.v... cht thnh on ngn 20-30
cm, c th ngm nc vi long 2-3 ngy trc khi . Phng php
phn rc c tin hnh nh sau: phn rc xp thnh lp v c 30
cm rc mt lp vi bt. Trt bn, khong 20 ngy, ri o li rc
phn ln men (phn bc, phn chung, phn ha hc nh m, ln)
vi t l 20%. Xp cao, li trt bn, h l ti thng
xuyn. 45-60 ngy v c th dng bn lt, cn lu hn na c
th dng bn thc. Ty theo nguyn liu v k thut , thnh
phn trung bnh ca phn rc l %: 0,5-0,6 N; 0,4-0,6 P2O5; 0,5-0,8
K2O; 3-6 CaO.
iii) Than bn: Trong qu trnh cu to a cht, mt s rng
cy b ph sa vi lp lu ngy, phn gii ym kh, to thnh than
bn. Dng than bn c phi kh n chung, hoc c th
580

dng ch bin phn rc, lm cht t, cht ci to t. Than bn


thng thnh khng dng trc tip lm phn bn, ch phn rc
hoc n chung; than bn h thnh c phn gii cao (>50%) v
pH t 5,5 tr ln c th bn trc tip, nht l dng lm cht ci
to l tnh t; than bn chuyn tip l loi trung gian.
C 2 ch tiu vt l l sc cha m v mc phn gii
nh gi cht lng than bn phc v cho sn xut phn bn. Kt
qu nghin cu ca Vin Th nhng Nng ha giai on nm
2002-2003 vi 224 mu than bn 3 vng trong nc ta cho thy:
- Hu ht cc mu than bn u c m cao, trung bnh l
42,1%, cao nht l: 58,0% v thp nht l: 17,9%, trong , min Bc
l 30,7%; vng duyn hi Nam Trung b, ng Nam b, Ty Nguyn
l 48,5% v ng bng sng Cu Long 28,2%. Do m cao nn
nu s dng than bn lm phn bn th phi tn chi ph sy.
- Cc mu than bn u kh nhuyn, mc phn gii trung
bnh l 35,3% khi lng mu l nh hn 0,2 mm; cao nht l
44,8% v thp nht l 25,3% v thch hp cho sn xut phn bn.
Mc phn gii cc m l tng i ging nhau v cng xung
su th kh nng phn gii cng cao.
Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut phn bn trn nn than bn
ph bin l: Than bn phi kh, nghin nh, phi trn vi (nu pH
thp), ph gia, vi sinh vt, sau mt thi gian ri ng gi thnh
phm. Ty theo i tng t v cy trng m c th thay i t l
mn, N, P2O5, K2O, s lng vi sinh, v.v trong qu trnh phi
trn cho ph hp. Bn phn t ngun gc than bn c tc dng ci
to t tt song khi lng ln do hm lng cht dinh dng thp.
iv) Phn xanh: Phn xanh l tn gi chung cc cy hoc l
cy ti c hay vi thng xung t bn rung. ng thi
vi tc dng lm phn bn, cy phn xanh c th ph t, chng
xi mn, bo v t v lm cy che bng.
Trong qu trnh phn gii ca cy phn xanh (vi trong t)
nht l iu kin ngp nc, thng pht sinh ra nhiu hp cht
c hi i vi cy nh H2S, axit butiric, CH4, C2H2, v.v... do ,
cn bn vi, ln km theo hn ch. Phng php ch bin phn
xanh thng l trn vi t bt, phn ln, phn chung, trt kn
bn, khong 1 thng.
581

v) Cc loi phn hu c khc: Phn bc c cht lng cao,


nhng cn k hoc st trng trc khi dng. Bnh qun 1 ngi
ln thi ra trong 24 gi l 133 g phn ti, gm c 25 g cht kh, 2
g N, 4,5 g tro, 1,35 g P2O5 v 0,64 g K2O. Phn gia cm c th l
phn g, vt, ngan, ngng, b cu. T l % trong phn ti ca cc
gia cm bin ng nh sau: Nc: 56,0-77,5%; N: 0,55-1,76%;
P2O5: 0,54-1,78%; K2O: 0,62-1,00%; CaO: 0,84-2,40%; MgO:
0,20- 0,74%.
vi) Bn ao, bn h, bn sng c hm lng mn trung bnh
l: 4,90% (dao ng trong khong 1,65 14,90%), N tng s:
0,23% (dao ng 0,11 0,52%), P2O5 tng s: 0,29% (dao ng
0,21- 0,48%), K2O tng s: 0,40% (dao ng 0,13-0,70%), H2S
trung bnh l 7,1 mg/100 g bn (dao ng 3,4 -13,6 mg/100 g) nn
c th bn cho cy trng.
vi) Nc ph sa: Nh chng ta bit thut ng Ph sa l
ch ht t c kch thc t th n mn do b cun theo cc dng
chy (sng, sui) v c lng ng ven sng, ca sng hay gn
b bin. Nc sng Hng cha trung bnh 0,5 kg/m3 ph sa lc
bnh thng v n thng 6, khi bt u c l th ln 1,8 kg/m3 v
l to c th n 3,5 kg/m3. Thnh phn ph sa sng Hng nh sau:
pH 7,4-7,6; mn 0,84-1,36%; N tng s 0,10-0,15%; P2O5 tng s
0,13-0,17%; K2O tng s: 0,95- 1,43%. Nh vy s dng nc ph
sa ti cung cp cho cy trng, cho t mt lng cht hu
c v mt s cc nguyn t dinh dng.
vii) Kh du: l b cn li sau khi ht p ly du. Ty theo
thnh phn ca mi loi kh du m nng dn s dng nh loi
phn bn hu c bn vo t cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng.
vi) Tro: Tro l cht cn li ca mt s vt sau khi chy ht
v thng c mu xm. Trong nng nghip mt s nguyn liu thc
vt nh cy: sn, bng, ng, l da, mt ca, v.v... sau khi b t c
t l tro v cht dinh dng kh cao.
1.2. Phn hu c cng nghip (phn hu c ch bin, phn hu c
khong, phn hu c sinh hc, phn vi sinh, phn hu c vi sinh)
Phn hu c cng nghip l mt loi phn c ch bin t
cc ngun hu c khc nhau to thnh phn bn tt hn so vi
bn nguyn liu th ban u. Hin nay c th chia ra 5 loi phn
582

hu c cng nghip, l: phn hu c, phn hu c khong, phn


hu c sinh hc, phn vi sinh, phn hu c vi sinh.
i) Phn hu c ch bin: l loi phn bn c sn xut ch yu
t cc ngun nguyn liu hu c vi tiu chun nh sau: m i vi
phn bn dng bt khng vt qu 25%; hm lng hu c tng s
khng thp hn 22%; hm lng m tng s (Nts) khng thp hn
2,5%; pHH2O (i vi phn hu c bn qua l) trong khong t 5-7.
ii) Phn hu c khong: l loi phn c sn xut t
nguyn liu hu c phi trn thm mt hoc nhiu yu t dinh
dng khong, trong c t nht mt yu t dinh dng khong a
lng. Loi phn ny c ch bin t cc nguyn liu hu c khc
nhau (than bn, mn rc thi thnh ph, ph phm nng nghip,
cng nghip...) phi kh, nghin nh, t nhin. Sau mt thi gian
a phi trn vi phn khong cc t l khc nhau. Tiu chun
bt buc ca loi phn ny nh sau: Hm lng hu c tng s khng
thp hn 15%; m i vi phn bn dng bt khng vt qu 25%;
hm lng Nts + P2O5hh + K2Ohh; Nts + P2O5hh; Nts + K2Ohh; P2O5hh +
K2Ohh khng thp hn 8%.
iii) Phn hu c sinh hc: l loi phn c sn xut t
nguyn liu hu c theo quy trnh ln men c s tham gia ca vi
sinh vt sng c ch hoc cc tc nhn sinh hc khc. Loi phn ny
c ch bin t cc nguyn liu hu c khc nhau (than bn, mn
rc thi thnh ph, ph phm nng nghip, cng nghip...) phi
kh, nghin nh, ln men vi vi sinh vt c tuyn chn.
Tiu chun ca phn hu c sinh hc nh sau: Hm lng
hu c tng s khng thp hn 22%; m i vi phn bn dng
bt khng vt qu 25%; hm lng Nts khng thp hn 2,5%; hm
lng axit humic (i vi phn ch bin t than bn) khng thp
hn 2,5% hoc tng hm lng cc cht sinh hc (i vi phn ch
bin t ngun hu c khc) khng thp hn 2,0% hoc pHH2O (i
vi phn hu c sinh hc bn qua l) trong khong t 5-7. Nu
phn c b sung cht iu ha sinh trng th tng hm lng cc
cht ny khng vt qu 0,5%.
iv) Phn vi sinh: l loi phn trong thnh phn ch yu c
cha mt hay nhiu loi vi sinh vt sng c ch bao gm: nhm vi
sinh vt c nh m, phn gii ln, phn gii kali, phn gii
583

xenlulo, vi sinh vt i khng, vi sinh vt tng kh nng quang hp


v cc vi sinh vt c ch khc vi mt ph hp vi quy chun k
thut ban hnh l mt mi chng VSV c ch khng thp hn 1
x 108 CFU/g (ml).
Ty theo cng ngh sn xut ngi ta c th chia phn vi
sinh thnh hai loi: a) Phn vi sinh trn nn cht mang kh trng c
mt t bo vi sinh hu ch > 109 VSV/g (ml) v mt VSV tp
nhim thp hn 1/1.000 so vi VSV hu ch. Phn bn dng ny
c s dng di dng nhim ht, h r hoc ti ph vi liu
lng 1-1,5 kg (lt)/ha canh tc v b) Phn vi sinh trn nn cht
mang khng kh trng c sn xut bng cch tm nhim trc
tip sinh khi VSV hu ch vo c cht khng cn thng qua cng
on kh trng nhm tiu dit cc VSV c sn trong c cht. Phn
bn dng ny c mt VSV hu ch >106 VSV/g (ml) v c s
dng vi s lng t vi trm n hng ngn kg (lt)/ha.
Trn c s tnh nng tc dng ca cc chng loi VSV s
dng, phn bn VSV cn c gi di cc tn:
- Phn VSV c nh nit (phn m vi sinh, nitragin) cha
cc VSV sng cng sinh vi cy b u, hi sinh trong vng r cy
trng cn hay t do trong t, nc c kh nng s dng nit (N) t
khng kh tng hp thnh m cung cp cho t v cy trng.
- Phn VSV phn gii hp cht pht pho kh tan (phn ln vi
sinh, photphobacterin) sn xut t cc VSV c kh nng chuyn ha
cc hp cht pht pho kh tan thnh d tiu cho cy trng s dng.
- Phn VSV kch thch, iu ha sinh trng thc vt cha
cc VSV c kh nng sn sinh hot cht sinh hc c tc dng iu
ha, kch thch qu trnh trao i cht ca cy.
- Phn VSV c cha cc chng VSV i khng vi khun/vi
nm gy bnh vng r cy trng cn.
- Phn VSV a chng, phn VSV chc nng c cha hn
hp cc VSV c kh nng c nh nit, phn gii pht pht kh tan,
sinh tng hp hot cht kch thch sinh trng thc vt v i
khng vi khun/vi nm gy bnh vng r cy trng c tc dng
cung cp dinh dng v nng cao hiu qu s dng phn khong,
ng thi c kh nng hn ch bnh vng r cy trng do vi khun
584

hoc vi nm gy ra, qua nng cao nng sut nng sn v hiu


qu kinh t.
v) Phn hu c vi sinh: l loi phn c sn xut t nguyn
liu hu c c cha t nht mt chng vi sinh vt sng c ch vi
mt ph hp vi quy chun k thut ban hnh, c th nh
sau: hm lng hu c tng s khng thp hn 15%; m i vi
phn bn dng bt khng vt qu 30%; mt mi chng VSV
c ch khng thp hn 1 x 106 CFU/g (ml).
i vi tt c cc loi phn hu c cng nghip, cc ch tiu
nh lng bt buc trong phn bn nh sau: asen (As) khng vt
qu 3,0 mg/kg (lit) hoc ppm; cadmi (Cd) khng vt qu 2,5
mg/kg (lit) hoc ppm; ch (Pb) khng vt qu 300,0 mg/kg (lit)
hoc ppm; thy ngn (Hg) khng vt qu 2,0 mg/kg (lit) hoc
ppm; mt t bo vi khun Salmonella khng pht hin trong 25 g
hoc 25 ml mu kim tra (CFU).
1.3. Hn ch ca phn hu c
Ngoi nhng u im th phn hu c cng c nhng nhc
im nh hm lng cht dinh dng thp nn phi bn lng ln,
i hi chi ph ln vn chuyn v nu khng ch bin k c th
mang n mt s nm bnh cho cy trng, nht l khi ch bin t
mt s loi cht thi sinh hot v cng nghip. Cc vi sinh vt gy
hi c trong phn bn gm: E. coli, Salmonella, Coliform l nhng
loi gy nn cc bnh ng rut nguy him hoc nhim th cp
do c cha cc kim loi nng hoc vi sinh vt gy hi vt qu mc
quy nh.
2. Gi tr s dng ca phn hu c
Phn hu c ni chung c u im l cha y cc
nguyn t dinh dng a, trung v vi lng m khng mt loi
phn khong no c c. Ngoi ra, phn hu c cung cp cht
mn lm kt cu ca t tt ln, ti xp hn, b r pht trin mnh,
hn ch mt nc trong qu trnh bc hi t mt t, chng c
hn, chng xi mn.
Vo nhng nm ca thp k 60 th k 20 do ngun phn
khong c hn nn s dng phn chung bnh qun hn 6 tn/ha/v.
Trong giai on 15 nm (1980-1995) vic sn xut v s dng phn
585

hu c c gim st, nhng t nm 1995 li y do yu cu thm


canh, do s khuyn khch sn xut, s dng phn hu c c phc
hi, nn s lng phn hu c c sn xut, s dng tng ln
ng k. Kt qu iu tra ca Vin Th nhng Nng ho mt s
vng ng bng, trung du Bc b v Bc Trung b cho thy bnh
qun mi v cy trng bn khong 8-9 tn/ha/v. c tnh ton quc
sn xut, s dng khong 65 triu tn phn hu c/nm.
Bng 1. Hm lng tiu chun cc nguyn t dinh dng trong
nguyn liu hu c (theo IPNI)
Cht hu c*

Nc
(%)
-

% cht ti
N
P
K
1,0
0,2
0,3

C
Ca
Phn bc (Human feces)
Phn i gia sc(Cattle
feces)
0,3
0,1
0,1
Phn ln (Pig feces)
0,5
0,2
0,4
Phn ti ca i gia sc
(Fresh cattle manure)
60
8-10 0,4-0,6 0,1-0,2 0,4-0,6 0,2-0,4
Phn ca i gia sc
(Composted cattle manure)
35 30-35 1,5
1,2
2,1
2,0
Phn ln (Pig manure)
80
5-10 0,7-1,0 0,2-0,3 0,5-0,7
1,2
Phn gia cm (Poultry
55
15 1,4-1,6 0,5-0,8 0,7-0,8
2,3
manure)
Phn rc thi ngu
40
16
0,6
0,2
0,3
1,1
(Garbage compost)
50
17
1,6
0,8
0,2
1,6
Bn t nc thi(Sewage
sludge)
75-80
8
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,5
Cht thi ca ma ng sau
10
45
4,5
0,7
1,1
1,8
khi lc ng thnh bnh
(Sugarcane filter cake)
Bnh ht thu du (Castor
bean cake)
* Ghi ch: + kg cht dinh dng trn 1 tn hu c ti = % hm lng dinh
dng x 10;
+ Ngoi cc nguyn t dinh dng a lng N, P, K trong phn chung c cc
cha cc nguyn t dinh dng vi lng. Trong 10 tn phn chung cn c
cha: Bo: 50-200 g, Mn: 500-2.000 g, Co: 2-10 g, Cu: 50-150 g, Zn: 200-1.000
g, Mo: 5-25 g.

Bn phn hu c lm tng nng sut cy trng. Kt qu


nghin cu khoa hc trong rt nhiu nm ca cc vin, trng,
586

cng nh kt qu iu tra kinh nghim ca cc h nng dn cho


thy, nng sut cy trng v hiu qu kinh t cao, n nh nhng
ni c bn t l N hu c v N v c cn i vi t l N tnh t hu
c chim khong 25-30% tng nhu cu ca cy trng. c tnh do
bn phn hu c nng sut cy trng tng c 10-20%. Nu
tnh ring v thc do bn phn hu c (ch yu l phn chung)
t khong 2,5-3,0 triu tn thc/nm.
Bn phn hu c cn lm gim bt lng phn khong cn
bn do phn hu c c cha cc nguyn t di dng a lng,
trung lng v vi lng. Kt qu nghin cu v iu tra cho thy
nu bn 10 tn phn chung/ha c th gim bt c 40-50%
lng phn kali cn bn.
Hiu qu s dng phn hu c (phn chung) i vi mt s
cy trng chnh nh sau:
Bn phn chung lm tng ng k hiu sut s dng phn
m. Nng sut la t cao nht khi t l m hu c trong tng
lng m bn khong 30-40% (bn 10 tn phn chung/ha thng
cho khong 30-35 kg N tng ng 65-75 kg ur). Cn i hu
c- v c khng ch lm tng hiu qu s dng phn khong m
ngc li phn khong cng lm tng hiu lc phn chung. Trn
nn c bn phn khong, hiu lc 1 tn phn chung t 53-89 kg
thc, trong khi khng c phn khong ch t 32-52 kg (bng 2).
Bng 2. Quan h hu c - v c trong dinh dng la
t
Ph sa
Bc mu

Nn phn bn
Khng bn phn khong
C bn phn khong
Khng bn phn khong
C bn phn khong

Hiu qu
(kg thc/tn phn chung)
52
89
32
53

Vi ng, nu ch bn phn chung th hiu qu t 30 kg ng


ht/tn phn chung, cn nu kt hp vi phn m khong th hiu
sut tng ln 126 kg ng ht/tn phn chung. Cn vi sn, cho d
phn hu c c hiu lc rt cao, nhng trong thc tin kh c th
bn phn hu c cho loi cy trng ny. Hiu sut 1 tn phn hu
587

c c th t 500 -800 kg sn c. Phn hu c cng c hiu lc


tng t vi khoai lang, lm tng nng sut 29 -34 t/ha khi bn
phn chung v 22 -23 t/ha khi bn rm r. Bn phn hu c cn
lm gim hiu lc ca phn kali khong, nht l vi loi phn c
kh nng gii phng kali d dng nh phn chung. iu ny c
ngha nu bn phn chung th c th gim liu lng phn kali
khong. i vi u tng khuyn co bn 5-6 tn phn chung/ha
trn t ph sa v 8-10 tn/ha trn t bc mu, t ct ven bin, t
feralit trn nn ph sa c, ngoi phn bn v c.
C ph l loi cy c trng ch yu trn t i dc nn
cn i v c - hu c cng quan trng, nht l khi trng mi cn
bn mi h 15-20 kg phn chung hoai mc. Trong trng hp
thiu phn chung, c th thay th 50% bng phn xanh (cc ngun
thn l cy h u). Sau ny, khi vo giai on kinh doanh, nu
iu kin cho php vn nn bn phn chung hoc phn xanh cho
c ph vi chu k 2 nm 1 ln. Phn hu c lm tng h s s dng
m, do vy gim lng m tiu tn to ra mt n v sn
phm v tng hiu sut phn m t 3 -4 kg qu ti/1 kg ur.
Khng ai c th ph nh cht hu c t quyt nh tnh n
nh ph nhiu t. Mt cht hu c, t mt kh nng canh tc
v nu mun canh tc phi c u t ln.
Bn cht hu c s ci thin c cc tnh cht vt l t,
ha hc v sinh hc ca t; ng thi hn ch mc c hi ca
mt s nguyn t nh: nhm (Al), st (Fe); gim bt s c nh ln
trong t di tc dng kt hp Al3+, Fe3+ di dng phc cht;
nng cao s ho tan ln dng pht pht st ho tr ba di tc
dng kh xy.
Bn phn hu c c tc dng lm gim ra tri, gim bc
hi ca phn m bn vo. Do , hiu qu s dng ca phn m
v c tng ln, hiu sut s dng phn m ca la c th tng ln
30-40% trn nn bn phn hu c so vi nn khng bn.
T nhng tc dng tng hp ca phn hu c nu trn,
bn phn hu c gp phn ci thin c cht lng nng sn, nht
l vi nhng cy rau, hoa qu, la c sn, ... nh gim lm lng
nitrat, tng hm lng vitamin, cc hp cht to hng, v, v.v
588

3. Cc tn ti v gii php trong sn xut v tiu th phn hu c


Hin nay, trn th trng c tt c 9.001 loi phn bn c
trong danh mc phn bn, trong c 2.408 loi phn hu c ch
bin, gm: phn hu c khong (997 loi), phn hu c + hu c
sinh hc (737 loi), phn hu c vi sinh (535 loi) v phn vi sinh
vt (139 loi). Cc
V qun l, hin c nhiu c quan khc nhau ng ra kho
nghim hiu lc phn bn nn s kh cho vic phn nh chu trch
nhim v cht lng. V vic cp giy php kinh doanh, sn xut
loi phn bn c th nay cn tu tin (c c s khng c giy
php), c c s c giy php li khng sn xut, hoc sn xut mt
hng khc. C th ni, trn thc t cha c c quan no ng ra
chu trch nhim v qun l sn lng, cht lng phn bn.
V iu kin v k thut sn xut phn bn, c s h tng,
thit b, my mc, phng th nghim, phng cy vi sinh, v.v ca
nhiu doanh nghip sn xut cn cha ng b. Cht lng nguyn
liu u vo nh: than bn, mn rc hu c, v.v khng c n
nh v khng c kim tra phn tch mt s doanh nghip sn
xut. Vic s dng tp on vi sinh vt sn xut phn hu c
sinh hc hoc hu c vi sinh hoc hu c khong mt s doanh
nghip cng ch c tnh tng trng hoc cht lng ca ch phm
vi sinh vt khng m bo. Vic phi trn t l phn khong cn
mang tnh th cng (ong bng tay hoc xc bng xng) nn nh
hng n cht lng phn bn.
V qun l kinh doanh v lu thng trn th trng, trn thc
t cht lng phn bn trong lu thng cha c ch . S doanh
nghip (DN) uy tn, c thng hiu u t cng ngh hin i c
sn phm cht lng cao khng nhiu. Trong khi , phn bn cht
lng thp thng do cc DN c quy m nh sn xut vi phng
tin my mc lc hu. C nc c ti hn 60 DN sn xut phn bn
gi nhng trong 2 nm qua ch c mt s t n v b khi t iu tra.
V x pht, mc d Ngh nh 15/2010/N-CP ca Chnh
ph quy nh r mc pht cao nht i vi hnh vi sn xut, gia
cng phn bn gi l 150 triu ng, song mc ny ch p dng i
vi nhng c s b pht hin c lng phn bn gi tng ng
589

100 triu ng. iu ny v hnh chung khin vic x l vi phm


gp kh khn.
Vic s dng phn bn cng ch yu da trn khuyn co
ca c s sn xut phn bn. Cc c quan nh nc nh: khuyn
nng, v.v cha c ch o c th.
4. nh hng pht trin sn xut v s dng phn hu c
Chin lc pht trin nng nghip Vit Nam giai on 20112020 ch r, n nm 2020 t hn 41 triu tn la, 1,1 triu tn c
ph; ch bp ti 1 triu tn, cy n qu 12 triu tn, rau 18 triu
tn; ng 7,2 triu tn, u tng 1,1 triu tn. Nh vy nu sn
lng cc nng sn hng ha trn t c cng s li mt
lng rt ln ph ph phm nng nghip (rm, r, thn, l, v.v).
Vi n ln khong 35 triu con nm 2020; n g c
khong hn 306 triu con nm 2020; n tru t gn 3 triu con v
n b gn 13 triu s cho 200-210 triu tn phn chung (Gia sc
nht chung mi nm thi ra mt lng phn (k c cht n):
Tru, b: 8- 9 tn; ln: 1,8 2 tn; d, cu: 0,8 0,9 tn; nga: 6 7
tn). y l ngun dinh dng quan trng v ang gp phn lm
tng nng sut cy trng cng nh n nh ph nhiu ca t.
5. Kt lun
S dng phn hu c bn cho cy trng l tp qun truyn
thng ca nng dn Vit Nam. Tp qun ny vn c duy tr, pht
trin v c gi tr cho n ngy nay theo tc pht trin ca ngnh
trng trt, chn nui, sn xut nng sn hng ho c hiu qu kinh
t v cht lng cao. Vn t ra l cc nh khoa hc, nh qun l
cn phi tip tc hon thin cc bin php sn xut, ch bin, s
dng v qun l phn hu c t hiu qu cao hn, bao gm c
nng cao hiu sut s dng phn bn khong trn c s bn phn
cn i hu c- v c t c mc tiu sn xut hng ha c
nng sut, cht lng cao theo hng bn vng.
Nng nghip th k 21 khng phi l nn nng nghip sinh
hc m l mt nn nng nghip sinh thi, nng nghip sch. p
ng nhu cu lng thc, thc phm ngy cng tng, nhim v ca
loi ngi l phi to ra mt nn nng nghip thm canh bn vng.
Trong cng vi vic s dng ti thch phn khong, ti s dng
590

tn d thc vt lm phn bn, gim n ti a nhng cht ph thi


v vic mt dinh dng khng lm nhim mi sinh. ng thi
phi lm cho t pht huy tc dng tch cc hn, tr thnh ni ng
ha cht thi, bin cht thi thnh ngun cht dinh dng; ph ph
phm nng nghip tr thnh mt phn ca h thng sn xut.
TI LIU THAM KHO
nh, Bi nh Dinh, V Minh Kha, 1998. Phn bn - S dng,
bo qun, phn bit tht gi. Trung tm Thng tin Khoa hc K thut
Ha cht, H Ni.
2. nh, 2002. ph nhiu ca t v dinh dng cy trng. NXB
Nng nghip H Ni, 2002.
3. B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn. Cc ngh nh, thng t
lin quan n dinh dng cy trng v phn bn.
4. Nguyn Vn B, Nguyn Trng Thi, Bi Huy Hin, Nguyn Vn
Chin (2003). Bn phn cn i cho cy trng Vit Nam- T l
lun n thc tin. Nh xut bn Nng nghip, H Ni.
5. L Vn Cn (ch bin) - 1978. Gio trnh Nng ha. NXB Nng
nghip, H Ni.
6. Bi nh Dinh, nh, V Minh Kha (1996). Phn bn - S dng,
bo qun, phn bit tht gi - Trung tm Thng tin KHKT Ha cht,
H Ni, 1996.
7. V Minh Kha, 2003. S dng phn bn phi hp cn i (IPNS,
Nguyn l v gii php). NXB Ngh An.
8. Vin Th nhng Nng ha, 2005. Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc quyn 4. K nim 35 nm thnh lp Vin (1969-2004). NXB Nng
nghip, H Ni.
9. Vin Th nhng Nng ha, 2009. Kt qu nghin cu khoa hc quyn 5. K yu 40 nm thnh lp Vin (1969-2009). NXB Nng
nghip, H Ni.
10. Vin Th nhng Nng ha, 2005. S tay phn bn. NXB Nng
nghip H Ni.
1.

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