Welding Inspection Technology

Priyo Wicaksono 4313100091

DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF MARINE TECHNOLOGY
SEPULUH NOPEMBER OF INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY SURABAYA
2016

I.

INTRODUCTION
There are two main types of transformation diagram that are helpful in selecting the
optimum steel and processing route to achieve a given set of properties. These are timetemperature transformation (TTT) and continuous cooling transformation (CCT)
diagrams. CCT diagrams are generally more appropriate for engineering applications as
components are cooled (air cooled, furnace cooled, quenched etc.) from a processing
temperature as this is more economic than transferring to a separate furnace for an
isothermal treatment.
A. Time-temperature transformation (TTT) diagrams
Measure the rate of transformation at a constant temperature. In other words a sample is
austenitised and then cooled rapidly to a lower temperature and held at that temperature
whilst the rate of transformation is measured, for example by dilatometry. Obviously a
large number of experiments is required to build up a complete TTT diagram.
B. Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams
Measure the extent of transformation as a function of time for a continuously decreasing
temperature. In other words a sample is austenitised and then cooled at a predetermined
rate and the degree of transformation is measured, for example by dilatometry. Obviously
a large number of experiments is required to build up a complete CCT diagram.

II.

Problem Solving
A. Time Temperature Transformation Diagram (TTT-Diagram)
Problems

Using the isothermal transformation diagram for an ironcarbon alloy of eutectoid

composition specify the nature of the final microstructure (in terms of micro-constituents
present and approximate percentages) of a small specimen that has been subjected to the
following timetemperature treatments. In each case assume that the specimen begins at
760oC and that it has been held at this temperature long enough to have achieved a complete
and homogeneous austenitic structure.
a. Rapidly cool to 3500C, hold for 104 s, and quench to room temperature.
b. Rapidly cool to 2500C, hold for 100 s, and quench to room temperature.
c. Rapidly cool to 6500C, hold for 20 s, rapid cool to 4000C, hold for 103 s, and quench
to room temperature.

Figure 1. TTT Diagram

Solutions

a. 100% bainite and no further transformation is possible

b. 100% martensite
c. 50% pearlite and 50% bainite

a. Rapidly cooled from 7600C to 3500C and held for 104 s, all of the Austenite
transformed into 100% bainite and no further transformation is possible.
b. Rapidly cooled from 7600C to 2500C and held for 100 s, there will be no
transformation of the Austenite. In the last phase will be 100% Martensite.
c. Rapidly cooled from 7600C to 6500C and held for 20 s, 50% part of Austenite
transformed into pearlite and 50% part of austenite transformed into bainite.

B. Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagram (CCT-Diagram)

Problems
Find the final phases produced when the AISI 4340 steel is heated up to eutectoid
temperature and cooled down to the ambient temperature with cooling rate as follows: (This
is an example of hypo-eutectoid steel alloy with 0.4 %wt C)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

0.0050C/s
0.010C/s
0.20C/s
50C/s
100C/s

Figure 2. CCT Diagram

Solutions
a. When 0.0050C/s curve (very slow) the position of curve is the right of 0.006 0C/s
Curve, Austinite transformed into Ferrite pro-eutectoid + Pearlite
b. When 0.010C/s curve, the position of curve is between the 0.02 0C/s and 0.0060C/s
curves. A part of the Austenite transformed into Martensite, Ferrite pro-eutectoid,
Pearlite, and Bainite
c. When 0.20C/s curve, the position of curve is between the 0.02 0C/s and 0.30C/s curves.
A part of the Austenite transformed into Martensite, Ferrite pro-eutectoid, and Bainite
d. When 50C/s curve, the position of the curve is between the 0.30C/s and 8.30C/s. A part
of the Austenite transformed into Martensite and Bainite
e. When 100C/s curve, the position of the curve is left of the 8.3 0C/s curve. All of the
austenite transformed into Martensite

Figure 3. The Curve for Each Cooling Rate