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biochemical reactions
Outline
different forms of chemical bonds
concept of free energy
chemical reactions involve changes in free energy
ATP is the main source of energy in cells
Reading assignments:
Molecular Biology of the Gene (Watson, 6th ed)
chapter 3, chapter 4
ionic bond
hydrogen bond
Van der Waals interaction
hydrophobic interaction
Covalent bond
Strong bonds, short, hold atoms close together.
Involves the sharing of an electron pair (or
multiple pairs) between two atoms.
The valence of an atom determines the number of
covalent bonds it can form.
H-H,
O=O,
N N
Non-polar:
Non-covalent bonds
Ionic bond: formed by electrostatic attraction between charged
groups (ions) and are the strongest of the non-covalent
interactions.
Hydrogen bond: formed between an electronegative atom (e.g.
nitrogen or oxygen) and a hydrogen atom that is covalently
attached to another atom.
Hydrophobic interaction: occurs between hydrophobic molecules
because they are repelled by water.
Van der Waals attraction: occurs between all molecules as a result
of permanent and transient dipoles (unequal distribution of
electrons). This is a very weak force.
NaCl
Na+ +
Cl-
A non-specific
attractive force.
AB
G = Gproducts - Greactants
G is related to Keq: G = -RT ln Keq
A decrease in free energy (G<0) always occurs in
spontaneous reaction --- 2nd law of thermodynamics.
If G < 0, reaction proceeds toward products
If G = 0, reaction is at equilibrium
If G > 0, reaction proceeds toward reactants
ATP hydrolysis
1) ATP + H2O
ADP + Pi + energy
2) ATP + H2O