ប្រភេទឌីជីថល (Digital Species in Khmer)

េ្រកា គា្ំេដ‌
www.digitalspecies.blogspot.com
ភ�ំេពញ ២០០៨
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth]
Supported by: German embassy, DED
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[Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ northern black wattle, Darwin black wattle, ear-pod wattle,
tan wattle [1], auri, black wattle, ear leaf acacia, earleaf
acacia, Papuan wattle, wattle [8], coast wattle, Japanese
acacia [9]
K> sTisn½y ³ Acacia auriculaeformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.,
Racosperma auriculiforme (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley [1]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ northern black wattle (Trade name) [1] - akashmoni,
Australian babul, kasia, sonajhuri (India) [1] - ngarai, unar

(Papua New Guinea) [1] - Japanese acacia, auri (Philippines)
[1, 9] - akasai, akasia, kasia, ki hia (Indonesia) [9] - akasia
kuning, kasia (Malaysia) [9] - mkesia (East Africa) [9] -
krathin-narong (Thailand) [9] - smach’té:hes (Vietnam) [9]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Gakasüasøkw tUc

ÉksarBieRKaH : [6]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ smach’tehs [4], acacia sleuk touch [6]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae
1
( GnuRKYsar: Mimosoideae)
ePT : Acacia
RbePT : Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex
Benth.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[lkçN³TUeTA]: Gakasüasøkw tUv CaedImeQICrM uHsøkw rW ébtgCanic© CaedImeQIRbePT leguminous

EdlGac mankMBs;dl;eTA 25-35 m [1] (25-30 m [3], 30-40 m [2], 15-30 m [9]) edaymanedImRtg;
nigkMBs;edIm 12-15 m [3] ( 12 m [9]) nigGgát;p©it DBH x<sb; Mput 60-80 cm [3] (80-100 cm [2], 50 cm
[9]) . eTaHya:gNa vaCaedImeQImanTMhMtUceTAmFüm 8-20 m [1, 2] rW CaedImeQItUckMBs; 3-5 m [1] (2-
8 m [4]) manEmkeRcIn nigedImTab . vaduHEbkEmk nigRbB½nr§ wseRCA [8] (rak; [9]) nigRkas; .
kenSamsøwkFM nigBN’ébtgcas; mansøkw Rkas; . EmktUc² manragekag Kµaneram nigBN’ébtg .

[sMbk]: sMbkBN’RbepH eTA RbepHexµA rW CYnkaletñat nigmankras; 2-3 mm [3]
relagenAeBledImeQI enAtUc nigeRKIm ehIyeRbHtambeNþayenAeBlcas; .

sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’RbepHRsal nigkMras; 7-9 mm [3] .
[søwk]: søkw samBaØ ragsMEb:t phyllodes (= TgsøwkmantYnaTI CasøwkBitR)akd ) ragdUckeNþóv qøas;
dUces<ó rW RTEvg ragekag esþIg manTMhM 10-16 x 1.5–2.5 cm [8] (7-17 x 1.5-2.7 cm [3], 8-20 cm x 1.0-
4.5 cm [1]) dUcEs,kesþIg BN’ébtgcas; nigKµaneram . mansréscMnYn 3 RsbKña Edlelc
eLIgya:gc,as; [1] (6-8 srésr [3], 3-8 srés [9]) zitenARsbKña sMedAeTAEpñkTabrbs;EKmsøwk rW
enABak;kNþalKl;skøw eday mansrésr TIBIr nigmanlkçN³xusKñaBIKl;swkø . søwkPaKeRcIn

zitenAelIedIm enAkMLgú rdUvR)aMg Gayurbs; BYkvaCamFümKWRbEhl 1 qñaM [1] enAxaglic Java .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá ragCagG½kS dUck,al EdlmanRbEvg 8.5 cm [1] zitenACaKUrenAKl;skøw . páamanRbEvg
0.3 cm [8] BN’masRsal rW elOg páaBIrePT tUc nigmankøn i . Rtbkpáa mancMnYn 5 duHenACitKña
manRbEvg 0.1 cm [1] ftmanlkçN³xøI nigKµaneram . RsTab;páa begátI CakBa©úMRsTab;páa EdlmanRbEvg
0.2 cm [1] eday manekseQµalCaeRcIn nigmanRbEvg 0.3 cm [1] . eksjI tUc nigRKb
edayeramRkas; . páaRtUv)andMeNIr lMGgedaystVl¥it . karecjpáa nigEpøekItmaneLIgmineTogTat;
2
BIExkkáda dl; tula [3] . enAtMbn;Ca eRcInedImeQIGacecjpáa nigEpøbnþbnÞab;Kañ eBjmYyqñaM [3] .
eTaHbI karecjpáamanlkçN³xusKña GaRs½y tMbn;k_eday . enAPaKxageCIgGURsþalI
karecjpáaekItmanenAExemsa dl;kkáda edayRKab;cab;epþmI TMu bnÞab;BI 4-5 ExeRkay enAExsIha
dl;tula . Sedgley et al. (1992) )anrkeXIjfa eBlEdlecjpáaeRcIn CageK KWekItmanenAEx kumÖ³
dl;]sPa enA Atherton kñgú Queensland (GURsþalI) nigenACitKULaLaMBY enA]bTIbV ma:eLsIu nig Tawau
enA Sabah EdlEpø TMuenArvagEx tula nigemsa . enA Java (\NÐeÚ nsIu) páaeRcInCageK enAkñgú Ex mina
dl;mifuna [1] .
[Epø]: Epøcas;GacRtUv)anRbmUlenAEx sIha dl; kumÖ³ enARbeTséf [1] . Epø (= EpøKYtUc) manTMhM 7-8 x
1.2- 1.4 cm [3] (6.5 x 1.5 cm [1], 6-8 x 1-1.5 cm [8]) ragekag sMEb:t Gacbt;Ebn)an b:uEnþrwg
manCatieQItic RKbedayBN’s manCatiRkmYn Kµaneram mansrésrenAEKm . EpøGacRtg; rW ekag

b:Eu nþenAeBlTMu ragekag rW rmYl . TgEpømanRbEvg 1.2 cm [3] . Epønmi Yy² manRKab;BN’exµABI 5-7 [3]
ragmUl rW eGlIb TMhM 0.4-0.6 x 0.3-0.4 cm [1] (RbEvg 5 mm [8]) nigRKab;nmi Yy²
B½T§edayExSBN’Rkhm Evg TgRKab;manBN’elOg rW TwkRkUc .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQImanTMhMFM nigRtg; . eQIRsaymanBN’s eTAelOg nigeQIxwmø manBN’etñat rW exµA

Rsal srésRtg; nigFn; . eQIGakasüasøkw tUcmandg;seIu t 0.5-0.65 g/cm³ [1, 3, 9] nigkMritkMedA
4,700-4,900 kcal/kg [1] (4,500-4,900 kcal/kg [9]) . eQImanlkçN³relag Tak;Taj nigRss;sa¥ t .
sréseQI xøI RbEvgRbEhl 0.85 mm [1] nigTTwg 0.2 µm [1] . smasFatuKImI manCatieQI 59% lIjIn
24% ePntUesn 19% nigepH 0.4% . sarFatu Flavonoid k_manenAkñg ú enaHEdr [1] .
eQIxwømmanlkçN³rwg nigFn; b:Eu nþeQI Rsay gayrgeRKaHedaykarvayRbhal rbs;keNþó
nigBBYkecaHeQI nigTamTareGay eRbIR)as;nvU sarFatukarBareQI enAeRbIR)as;b:HBal;ngw dI .
kþarbs;vaGaceRbHEbk enAeBleFVkI arGar .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 9]
3
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
RbEhl : 5°S eTA 17°S [1] . RbePTenH manRbPBkMeNIt enAGURsþalI

b:Eu nþRtUv)anykeTAdaMduHenAkEnøg CaeRcInénBiPBelak CaedImeQIéRB CaBiessenA GasIuxagt,Úg
GasIuGaeKñy_ nigGaeRhVc . edImeQI Edl duHedayFmµCati manenAkñgú RbeTsGURsþalI )a:BUjÚKeI no
nig\NÐeÚ nsIu . GakasüasøwktUc duHlUtlas;enA tMbnRtUBki TMnab enAtamRcaMgTenø EdlRbePTenHCa
RbePTeQIlb;pgEdr . vak_manduH enAkñúgéRBricril EdlmanRbePT eRbgxül;
nigGakasüaepSgeTotduHpgEdr . vak_manenAtMbn;éRBrgTwkePøóg enAbnÞab;BI éRBekagkag rW eqñrxSac;
[1] . vak_manlT§PaBx<s; kñúgkarduHelItMbn;Kaµ nCICati nigtMbn;valPk;pgEdr (pH 9.5 [9])
nigtMbn;RtUv)anbMBuledayGuy‘ ra:jÚm (pH 3.0 [9]) EdlvaRtUv)anrkeXIjfaCaRbePTeQI EtmYyKt;

EdlGacduHlUtlas;)anbnÞab;BIry³eBl 20 qñaM [1] . CaTUeTA vaduHlUtlas; enAtMbn;Cti RbPBTwk (Tenø
nigbwg ) tMbn;éRBCMruHsøkw s¶tÜ éRBel,aHesIm nigvalesµA savanna . vaCasmasFatusMxan; sMrab;éRBCit
mat;Twk Edllb;edayBBYk Melaleuca EdlCakEnøgmindk;Twk . vak_CaRbePT
EdlduHlUtlas;enAtMbn; éRBtUc²pgEdr . CaFmµtavaduHlUtlas;enA CamYyBBYk Acacia mangium, A.
aulacocarpa nig Melaleuca cajuputi . vaRtUv)annaMcUlRbeTskm<C ú a tamry³RbeTsevotNam
EdlCaTIkEnøg vaRtUv)andaMduHCacMkar sMrab;karsþar éRBeQIeLIgvij .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 4, 9]
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
Gakasüasøkw tUc duHlUtlas;cab;BIkMritnIvT:U wksmuRT eTAdl;kMBs; 400 m [2, 9] b:Eu nþ vak_manduHenAkMrit

ry³kMBs; ticCag 80 m [2] (0-500 (-1,000) m [9]) . RbePTenH duHenACaFmµCati enAtMbn;ekþAesIm

nigBak; kNþalekþAesIm . sMrab;r)a:yCaFmµCati sItuNðPaBCamFüm x<sb; MputenAExekþAbMput (vickäi a -
Fñ)Ú edaymankMrit 32-34°C nigsItuNðPaBTabbMputCamFüm enArdUvRtCak;bMput (]sPa -kBaØa) KW 17-
22°C . enAxageRkACMrkFmµCati vaGacFn;ngw GakasFatuepSg²Kña
EdlbgðajfaRbePTenHmankarsMrbxønÜ x<s; . senSImminekItmanenAkñgú EdnFmµCatirbs;vaeT
b:Eu nþvaGacFn;ngw senSImtictYc . kMritePøógFøak;RbcaMqañ M manBI 760 mm enAPaKxageCIgGURsþalI nig
3,400 mm enA)a:BUjÚKeI no (6,000 mm [9]) . eTaHbI r)a:y FmµCati nigkardaMduHenATIEnøg EdlmankMrit
4
2,500 mm (1,000-2,000 mm [3], 700-2,000 mm [2], 650-2,000 mm [9]) . vaRtUvkarGakasFatumsU gu
edaymankMritePøógFøak; BIExFñÚ dl; mina [1] . Gakasüasøkw tUcman karFn;nwg rdUvvsSaBI 0-7 Ex [2] (0-
6 Ex [3]) b:Eu nþvak_qab;st
¶Ü pgEdr nigFn;ngw ePøgI eqHpgEdr . vaminFn;ngw møbe; T BIeRBaHRbePTeQIenH
RtUvkarBnøWxaø gM nigkMritFn;nwgxül;Tab Emkrbs;vaGac)ak;enAeBl EdlRtUv xül;xaø gM .
esµAGacCabBaða enAeBledImeQIRtUv)andaMduHenAdMNak;kaldMbgU .
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
enAGURsþalI GakasüasøwktUcmanduHenAtMbn;TMnab nigtMbn;TMnabeqñr tamRbB½n§FarasaRsþ

bnÞab;BIBBYkéRBekagkag nigtamdgTenø (TICrM alpgEdr [8]) . dIeRcInmanBN’elOg b:Eu nþCaeqñrxSac;
nigl,aydIl,b; EdlmankMrit\dæ nigmemakx<s; . man pH kMritBI 4.5-6.5 b:uEnþvak_duHlUtlas;elI
eqñrxSac; EdlmanCatiéRb edaymankMrit pH BI 8-9 (CaTUeTA pH kMritBI : 3.0-9.5 [8], 4.3-9 [9]) .
enAPaKxaglicTImr½ ( West Timor) RbePTenH CaeQIl¥bpM tu sMrab;daMduH enAelIdImanCatiéRb x<sp; gEdr
. Gakasüasøkw tUc mankarFn;x<s;nwgdIGasIut . enAGURsþalI ma:eLsIu nighVlI IBnI
vaduHlUtlas;elIdIGasuIt EdlrgnUvkarbMpaø j rbs;mIn nigman pH 3 GakasüasøwkRtUvCaRbePT
EdlRtUv)andaMduHCaeRcInenAelIRbePTdI GasIuts‘ulpat (pH 3)
éndIsNþrTenøemKgÁénRbeTsevotNam . vaGacFn;nwg dImanCatiéRbpgEdr . enAkñgú karBiesaFn_

enARbeTséf vaduHlUtlas;enAeRkamkMritCatiéRb EdlmankMrit 0.15 to 7.25 dS/m enAelIdIesIm
nigs¶Üt . Gakasüasøkw tUc CaRbePTl¥bpM tu kñúgcMeNamRbePTGakasüa
EdlmanlkçN³Fn;ngw karlicTwk nigCatiéRb enAPaKxagt,ÚgeQogxaglic xVnI eLn . BYkvaduH
enAelIdI EdleRCobTwk)anl¥ minelcTwkry³eBlyUr . dI EdlmanCatiGasIutxøaMg nigminsUvmanCICati
manGasUtkMritTab manb:UtasüÚm nigpUsrV EdlGacpøas;bÚrþ Kña)an [1] . vaGacduHlUtlas; enAelIdI
ofproblem EdlsMbUrPk; (pH 9.5 [9]) nigmankarbMBuledayG‘y u ra:jÚm (pH 3.0 [9])
5
EdlCakEnøgmanRbePTeQIenH duHlUtlas; bnÞab;BIry³eBl 20 qñaMeRkay [1] . CaTUeTA
vaduHlUtlas;enAelIRbePTdICaeRcIn dUcCa dI)asal;BN’elOg dIl,b; dI\dæ dIeqñr dI lateritic dI limestone
dIrgkarbMpaø jedaymIn dI podzols dImanCatiéRb dIfµxSac; dI savanna dIxSac; nigdI vertisols .
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
[eQI]: RbePTenH RtUv)andaMduHsMrab;CaeQIfamBl nigplitkmµFüÚg edaydaMduHenAkMritdg;seIu tx<s;

nigtMél famBlmanBI 4,700-4,900 kcal/kg [1] (4,500-4,900 kcal/kg [9]) vaCaRbePT eQIduH
lUtlas;elOn nigsmrb eTA nwglkçN³tMbn;CaeRcIn EdleFIeV GayRbePTenH CaRbePTsm
RsbbMptu sMrab; plitkmµeQIfamBl . FüÚgminF¶n; minmanEpSg nigGNþatePøgI xøaMg . søwk
nigEmkRCuHCaRbcaMqñaM EdlmankMrit 4-6 t/ha Edlman sar³sMxan;sMrab;CafamBlsMrab;eRbIR)as;kúgñ pÞH
[1] . eRkABIeQIfamBl eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFVI eQIemSARkdas . cMkarRtUv)andaMduH
sMrab;eFIVRkdas manKuNPaBx<s; edayeRbInUvsarFatuKImI sulphite . cMkarCaRTg;RTayFM RtUv)anbegátI

enAK½ra:La (\NÐa) sMrab;plitkmµeQIemSARkdas [9] . dMeNIrkar sulphate eday 13% alkali Gacplit
55% eQIemSARkdas . vaminsUvmanlkçN³sm RsbsMrab;dMeNIrkar KImI
sMrab;pliteQIemSARkdaseT [1] . eQIGakasüasøkw tUc RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIeV RKOgsgðarwm RbsineQI
manTMhMFM nigRtg; ehIyGacRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;eFIVCaRbdab;ekµgelg nigsMPar³eFIBV éI dmYycMnYn .
vaRtUv)an eRbIsMrab; eFIsV u‘m rW kMral cMlak; begÁal dg]bkrN_epSg² RbGb; eFITV U kþaBum< nigsMNg; .
eTaHbI edIm minRtg; nigmanedImeRcIn eFIeV GaykareRbIR)as;manlkçN³kMNt; dUcCaeRbICabegÁalCaedIm
.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 9]
[Gnupl]: vaminRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CacMNIrstV b:Eu nþenA\NÐa cMkarEdlmanGayumyY qñaM
RtUv)anCan;edaystV eKa [9] . karsikSaeTAelI kareRbICacMNIrstV)anbgðajfa
Gakasüasøkw tUcmanpÞkú nUv sarFatucwBa©wmTab [1] . sMbkmanCatitanIn (RbEhl 13% [1], 13-25% [9])
sMrab;eFIVBaNiCk¢ mµ nigRtUv)anekatsresIrGMBI sar³sMxan;rbs;va sMrab;CaeQIfamBleTotpg .
sMbkmanpÞúk 6-14% [9] énl½kçFmµCati EdleRbIenAkñúg ]sSah_kmµvaynP½NÐén batik enA\NÐeÚ nsIu .
6
søwkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;RKb edImbegánI KuNPaBdI . pSit Edl GacbriePaK)an (Tylopylus fellus)
manduHenAkñgú cMkarGakasüasøwktUc enARbeTséf nigevotNam .
[epSg²]: cMkarGakasüaGacCYybegán I nUvlkçN³KImrI bs;dI dUcCa lT§PaBkñúgkarrkSaTwk kabUnsrIragÁ
GasUt nig b:tU asüÚm . Tgsøwkrbs;va pþl;nvU KMrbdIya:gl¥ . GakasüaGacpþl;GasUt
bnÞab;BIduHkMBkrWs Rhizobium nig Bradyrhizobium . vak_manTak;TgnwgRbePTpSit ecto- nig endo-
mycorrhizal [9] . eTaHbI vaminRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;RbB½nk
§ sirukçkmµ edaykarduHlUtlas;EbkEmkeRcIn
nigmankarRbKYtRbECg nUvkarduHrWsnwgrukçCatiepSg²eTot kardaMdMNaMCacenøaHk_RtUv)anGnuvtþpgEdr
edaydaMduHCamYy sENþk RsUv sENþk mung nig kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)
RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faTTYl)aneCaKC½y EtkardaMduHCamYy eBatKWmin)aneCaKC½yeT .
vak_RtUv)aneRbICaedImeQI sMrab;EfTaM enAkñgú cMkarEtpgEdr .Gakasüa CYnkal RtUv)andaMduH
CamYyeRbgxül; nigRbePTeQI Edlminpþl;GasUteTAeGaydIepSgeTot edIm,IrkSaKuNPaBdI .
RbePTenH RtUv)andaMCaExSRkvat;karBar tamsmuRT nigdaMedImeQIeLIgvij enAtMbn; EdlrgkarbMpaø j
BImIn . edaysarkarduHEbkeRcIn nigkMritRkas;rbs;RbB½nr§ Ws vaGacCYyTb;sáat;karhUreRcaHdIpgEdr .
vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kardaMduHeQIeLIgvij nigbegánI KMrbdIenARbeTs\NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu nigevotNam .
vaman lT§PaB kñúgkarrkSaesßrPaBdIKaµ nCICati nig tMbn;vaPk; (pH 9.5 [9]) nigdIrgkarbMBulBIGy‘u ra:jÚm
(pH 3.0 [9]) EdlvaCaRbePTeQI EtmYyKt; EdlmanduHenAeRkayeBl 20 qñaM [1] . kenSamsøwkRkas;
EdlmanenA rdUvR)aMg GaceFIeV GayedImeQI pþl;møb; nigCaedImeQIlMGr enAkñgú TIRkug EdlvaGacecj

páaBN’elOgd_ Rss;sa¥ t . vaKWmanlkçN³smRsb sMrab;CaCMrkdl;RbePTcMkarc½nÞRksña (Santalum
album) rW sMrab;kar begát I cMkar c½nÞRksña . CaTUeTA RbePTeQIenH RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;plþ ;møb;
nigkarBarxül; . páarbs;va Ca RbPBkñgú karplitTwkXµMú .

N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
7
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaTUeTA vaduHlUtlas; enAtMbn;Cti RbPBTwk (Tenø nigbwg ) tMbn;éRBCMruHsøkw s¶tÜ

éRBel,aH esIm nigvalesµA savanna . vaCasmasFatusxM an; sMrab;éRBCitmat;Twk Edllb;edayBBYk
Melaleuca EdlCakEnøgmindk;Twk . vak_CaRbePT EdlduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBtUc²pgEdr .
CaFmµtavaduHlUtlas; enA CamYyBBYk Acacia mangium, A. aulacocarpa nig Melaleuca cajuputi .

RbePTenHduHlUtlas;elOn RtUvkarBnøWxaø gM nigGacpþl;CICatiGasUtdl;dI EdleFIeV Gayva CaRbePT
d_smRsbsMrab;cMkaréRBeQI . vaRtUv)annaMcUlRbeTskm<Cú a tamry³RbeTsevotNam
nigRtUv)andaMduHCamYy RbePTeRbgxül; sMrab;kar sþaéRBeQIeLIgvij . vamanlT§PaBduH BnøkeLIgvij
b:Eu nþminGacFn;nwgkarkat;eRcIndgeBk . vaminFn;nwg møb; nigesµA enAeBlkMBugduHlUtlas; .
[karduHeLIgvij edayFmµCati]: karduHeLIgvij edayFmµCatiekItmaneLIg enAeBlbnÞab;BIePøg I eqH
nigkar rMxanBIBBYkesµA [1] .
[kardaMsakl,g]: TMrg;edImminRtg; nigtYedImmancMnn Y eRcIn enAkñúgñ cMkareFVeI Gaykar eRbIR)as;eQI
RbePTenH mankMnt; dUcCaRtUv)aneRbICa begÁal nigsMNg;Fn;Fn¶ ; . kareRCIserIsedayRbugRby½tñ
nigkardaMsakl,g EdlGacTTYl)annUvedImRtg; Gackat;bnßyKuNvbtþirbs;eQIRbePTenH .
kardaMsal,genA xVnI eLn (GURsþalI) TTYl)annUvedImRtg;xs< ; nigkarduHlUtlas;elOn . RbeTsCaeRcIn
eFIkV arEklMGresenTicrbs; RbePTeQIenH edImykeTAdaMduHCa]sSah_kmµ sMrab;plitkmµ
eQIemSARkdas nigeQIGar [1] . (sMrab;Bt’manbEnßm GMBIkardaMsakl,g sUmemIlenAkñgú
'PaKxus²Kña nigkarbgáat; ' enAkñg
ú 'Miscellaneous' category)
[kardaMduH]: kardaMduHTTYl)aneCaKC½y edayeRbIkUneQI rW daMedayRKab;paÞ l; . kardaMedaykUn
KWmankMritrs; x<s; CaBiessenAkEnøgEdlmankarRbKYtRbECgx<s; dUcCaenAkñgú cMkarCaedIm . CaTUeTA

3-4 Ex [9] eRkay kUneQIGacdaMduH)an nigmankMBs; 25 cm [9] . kar)acRKab;BeI QIGakas
CYnkalGacTTYl)aneCaKC½y b:Eu nþkarerobcMdIeGay)ansmRsbk_RtUv)anTamTarpgEdr . enAkñgú cMkar

karRKb;RKgesµAmansar³sMxan; Nas;enAkñúgkMLúg 1-2 qñaMdMbgU [2] . brimaNtictYcrbs; CI NPK
enAqñadM MbgU GacCYyeGay vamankarduH lUtlas;elOn . cenøaHénkardaMduHRbePTeQIenH
GaRs½yeTAelIkareRbIR)as; nigkarRKb;RKg . cenøaH daMduHmanBI 1 x 1 m eTA 4 x 4 m [1] ( 2 x 2 rW 2 x 4
m [2], 2-4 x 2-4 m [9]) . cenøaH 1 x 2 m nig 1.5 x 1.5 m RtUv)aneRbIR)as;edayksikrenARbeTscin
sMrab;karplitbegÁal nigeQIfamBl . enA\NÐa kardaMduHRtUv )aneFIVenA rdUvmUsug edayerobcMreNþA

8
30 cm³ EdlbMeBjeTAeday l,ayxSac; nigsMNl;ksidæan CIKmI I nigfñasM lM ab;stVl¥it
edIm,IkarBarkeNþó [1] . enAeBldaMduH edImeQImankarRbKYtRbECg CamYyesµA . dUcenHkar
RKb;RKgesµAenAdMNak;kaldMbgU mansar³sMxan;Nas; BIeRBaHRbePTenH minFn;ngw møb; nigkar
RbKYtRbECgCamYyesµAeT . kUneQItUcGacmansøwk 2-3 EdlGacmanduHCabnÞab;nUvTgsøkw
Edlmanrag dUcsøwk . kUneQIduHlUtlas;elOn GacmankMBs; 25-30 cm enAry³eBl 3-4 Ex [1], 6 m
enAkñgú 2 qñaM [1] nig 6-12 m enA 3 qñaM [1] eRkamlkçxN ½ ÐsmRsb . karecjpáa
ekItmanenAeBleQImanGayu 2 qñaM [1] . kUneQIeTIblUtlas;fµI GacTTYl)ankMritmøb; 50% [9] .
enAeBlBYkvarwgmaMu vaGacTTYlkMritBnøW 70% [9] ya:gticbMput . vaEtduHedayFmµCatienAkEnøg
EdlvaRtUv)andaM .
[karRKb;RKg]: [1] cMnYnénRbB½nr§ ukvç b,kmµCaeRcIn smRsbsMrab;Gakasüasøkw tUc . enA\NÐa
karGnuvtþCa jwkjab;KW karkab;eGayrhal (Gs;rlIg) RtUv)anGnuvtþenAeBleQImanGayuBI 10-15 qñaM
nig bnÞab;duH lUtlas;eLIgvijedayFmµCati rW sib,nimµti [1] . xYbrgVli CMu EdlsmRsbKW 4-5 qñaM
sMrab;eQIemSARkdas [2] nig 12-15 qñaM sMrab;eQIhb‘u [2] . karkab;rMelaH mYyeTABIr
dgRtUv)aneFIcV eBaHxYbry³eBlEvg GaRs½yeTAnwgcenøaHdaM KuNPaBtMbn; nigkarlUtlas; . eTaHbI
RbePTeQIenH manlT§PaBduHExñg vamin duHeRcIneT nigTamTareGaymankarRKb;RKg EfrkSa
edIm,I TTYl)an Exñgl¥ . kMBs;edIm CaktþasMxan;kgñú karduHBnøk nigpþl;nvU tYedIml¥ enAeBlkat; 60-100
cm BIépÞdI . Gayu rW Ggát;pi©tKl; nigrdUvénkarkat; man\T§B i leTAdl;karduHExñg . RbePTenH
GacduHExñgeLIgvijbnÞab;BIkarkat; . Gakasüasøkw tUc RtUv)an
daMsakl,layCamYyRbePTeQIRtUBki epSg²eTot dUcCaRbePTeQIenAtMbn;éRBrgTwkePøóg
nigBBYkeRbg xül;pgEdr . eKalbMNgénRbB½ne§ nH KWeFIVeGayRbesIreLIgnUvGasUtkñúgdI
nigCMrujkarduHlUtlas; . kardaMduHenAtMbn;valesµA Imperata BYkvaGacrs; b:Eu nþrgeRKaH

fñak;edayePøgI eqH . Gakasüasøkw tUcGac begánI GasUt bnÞab;BIduHnUvkMBkrWs Rhizobium nig
Bradyrhizobium . enAhVl I IBnI karbeBa©jGasUt 52-66% RtUvbgðajtamry³karbegánI GasUtkñúgdI .
karbegánI GasUt Gac)anlT§pll¥ enAeBl dImanCICatiCa BiesssMbrU pUsrV .
RbePTeQIenHmanBBYkpSit ecto- nig endo-mycorrhizal . pSit ecto-mycorrhizal (Thelephora spp.)
CaRbePT EdlmanRbeyaCn_ sMrab;rukCç atimansrésnaMdUcCa Glomus etunicatum nig Gigaspora
margarita .RbePTdICaeRcIn EdldaMGakasüasøwktUc mankMritsarFatuciBa©wmTab nigRtUv)an
9
eRbICCI aCMnyY . Ca]TahrN_ kMritduHlUtlas;l¥ GacsMerc)anenARbeTs\NÐa edaykardak;CI mYyEx
eRkayBIkardaM . kMritCI 30 g énGasUt 25 g pUsrV nig 8 g b:UtasüÚm kñúgrukçCatimyY .
karkat;nUvEmkxag eRkamecj GacCYyeFIeV GayTMrg;edIml¥ b:Eu nþkarGnuvtþenA RbeTséf
min)anTTYleCaKC½yeLIy [1] .
[Tinñpl]: RbePTeQIenHmankMritlUtlas;l¥ eRkaykardaMduHCacMkar nigkMeNInkMBs;RbcaMqañ m M anBI 2-4
m enABIreTAbIqañ d M MbgU eTaHbIenAelIdImanCICatiTabk_eday . eRkaylkçxN ½ Ðl¥ RbePTeQIenH
GacmankMBs; 15-18 m nigGgát;pi©t 15-20 cm enAGayuBI 10-12 qñaM . cMeBaHdImanCICatienAcava:
kMritTwkePøóg 2,000 mm kMenInRbcaMqñamM an 15-20 m3/ha b:Eu nþdIminsUvmanCICatikMenInGacfymkRtwm 8-
12 m³/ha . Tinñpl Gac kat;bnßy enAeBlkMritePøógTab rW karraMgs¶ÜtyUr . kMenInRbcaMqañ M
edaymineRbICI enAelIdI Rkhm lateritic enAtMbn;raMgs¶ÜtmFümenA\NÐa KW 2-6 m³/ha .
enAelItMbn;valesµA Imperata nigdIminsUvmanCICati RbePT eQIenHduHlUtlas;elOnCag Albizia,
Eucalyptus, Leucaena nig Pinus . kMritlUtlas;xus²Kña GaRs½y eTAelItMbn; . tMbn;mn i dk;Twk enAéf
EdlmankMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 1,500 mm kardaMsakl,genA Balamuk (Papua New Guinea)
pþl;nvU kMritCIvma:se; nAelIépÞdI 135 t/ha enAry³eBl 3 qñaM cMEnkkardaMsakl,enA Springvale (GURsþalI)
)anRtwmEt 60 t/ha [1] .
[ksirukçkmµ]: eTaHbI vaminRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;RbB½n§ksirukkç mµ edaykarduHlUtlas;EbkEmkeRcIn nig
man karRbKYtRbECg nUvkarduHrWsnwgrukçCatiepSg²eTot kardaMdMNaMCacenøaHk_RtUv)anGnuvtþpgEdr
edaydaMduHCa mYy sENþk RsUv sENþk mung nig kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)
RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faTTYl)aneCaKC½y EtkardaMduHCamYy eBatKWmin)aneCaKC½yeT .
vak_RtUv)aneRbICaedImeQI sMrab;EfTaM enAkñúgcMkarEtpgEdr . Gakasüasøkw tUc
CYnkalRtUv)andaMlayCamYy eRbgxül; nigRbePTeQIepSg²eTot edIm,ICyY begánI KuNPaBdI .

10
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
[karbnþBUC]: Gakasüasøkw tUc RbePTGePT nigRtUv)andMeNIrlMGgeday stVl¥ti dUcCa Coleoptera,

Diptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera nig Lepidoptera [9] .
[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;BC U ]: RbePTenH GacplitRKab;brimaNeRcIn enAdMNak;kaldMbgU .

RKab;mansMbkrwg enAeBlTMu nigGacrkSadMNuH)aneRcInqñaM RbsinrkSaTukenAkñgú FugbitCit nigRtCak; .
kareFIRV bRBwtþkmµCamun dUcCa edayemkanic eTAelIsMbkRKab; rW RtaMTwkekþA (1 naTI smRsbsMrab;karduH
[1], 1-2 naTI [9]) RtUvkareGaybMEbksMbkRKab; edayRtMaTwkRtCak;my Y yb; rW RtaMTwkekþA 24 ema:g .
lT§pll¥ bMputKW karRClk;enAkñgú GasIuts‘ulpYric BI 6-30 naTI [1] . dMNuHekItmaneLIgya:gelOn (6-
15 éf¶ [9]) bnÞab;BIkareFIRV bRBwtþikmµ EdlsmRsb nigdMNuHGacelIsBI 70% [1] (40-80% [9]) .
manRKab;CamFüm 71,600 RKab;/kg [1] (53,000–62,000 RKab;/kg [8], 55,000-75,000 RKab;/kg [9]) .
[karbnþBUC]: kUneQI EdlenAkñg ú fñalminsUvTamTarkarEfTaMeRcIneT . kUneQIeTIbduHfµIKrY TTYl)anmøbB; I
50% [1] enAeBlvarwgmaMuvaGacTTYl)anBnøW 70% [1] ya:gtic . viFs I aRsþ bnþBCU edaysrIragÁ
rbs;Gakasüa edaykarkat; RtUv)anGPivDÆn_ [9] . edImeQIGacduHExñgeLIgvij enAeBlkat; .
bec©keTs Micropropagation GacRtUv)aneRbI . kardaMedayRKab;paÞ l; edayédTTYl)aneCaKC½ypgEdr
. cMkarRtUv)anbegátI edayeRbIkUneQI EdlbNþúHenAkñgú fñal . CaTUeTA BI 3-4 Ex [2]
eRkayedImeQIGac manTMhM smRsbsMrab;kardaMduH nigmankMBs; 25 cm [2] . karcak;bBa©Úl rhizobia
Gacpþl;RbeyaCn_dl; kUneQI enAeBlkUneQIRtUv)andaMenAelIdI Edl)ansMlab;emeraKrYc . RKab;BUC
EdlRtUvkarkñgú kar daMduHmYyhicta enARbeTskm<Cú a : 30,000 RKab;/kg cenøaHdaMduH : 2 x 2 m kUneQIsuT§
sMrab;myY hicta : 2,500 GaRtagab; : 3,000 (20% enAkEnøgdaM ), 3,334 (10% enAeBldwkCBa¢nÚ ), 4,168
(20% enAkñg ú fñal) . kMritdMNuH : 60%. PaBsuT§ : 90% cMnnY RKab;srub : 0.27 kg" [10] .
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
[stVl¥ti ]: manBBYkstVl¥itCaeRcIn EdleFVkI arbMpaø jedImGakasüasøkw tUc b:uEnþvamin)anb:HBal;dl;kar

lUtlas;rbs;RbePTenHb:nu aµ neT RbsinebIvaRtUv)andaMduHenAkEnøgsmRsb . CaBiess
edImEdllUtlas; yWtxøHGacrgkarvayRbharBIBBYkstVl¥it . xµtÚ (Sinoxylon sp.) sIubpM aø j CMvu ijedIm
11
nigEmk eFVeI GayBYkva )ak;eTotpg . RbePTstVenH RtUvykcitþTukdak; edayvaeFVIkarbMpøaj
edImeQICaeRcIn nigkat;bnßykarlUt las;RbEvgrbs; edIm . enAGURsþalI
eQIrbs;vaRtUv)anvayRbhar edayBBYkecaHrun§ nigkeNþó nigstVl¥ti manRskar
eFIkV arbMpaø jkUneQItUc² . karBiesaFn_ )anbgðajfa GakasüaGacFn;ngw keNþó . Gakasüa søwktUc
CaCMrkrbs; Xystrocera festiva éntMbn;BIr enAkñgú PaKxagt,ÚgsUma:Rta [1] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 9]
[CMgW]: manCMgWmy Y cMnnY KWeFVIeGaymankarb:HBal;xøaMg eTAelIRbePTeQIenH eT . eTaHya:gNa
CMgWCaeRcInRtUv)aneFVGI tþsBaØaN famanplb:HBal;dl;karlUtlas;rbs;RbePTeQIenH
CaBiess]sSah_kmµcMkarGakasüa. BYkvarYmman dMe)AedIm EdlbNþalmkBIBBYk Botryodiplodia
theobromae, Botryosphaeria spp. nig Hendersonula sp.) nigmanTak;TgnwgBBYkecaHedIm nig pink
disease (Corticium salmonicolor) enAkEnøgEdlmanePøógFøak;eRcIn nig phyllode rust (Atelocauda
digitata [1], Uromyces digitatus [9] ) EdleFIeV GaykarlUtlas;fycuH enA\NÐeÚ nsIu nigGURsþalI .
vaminrgeRKaHeday sarCMgW rlYybNþÚ (heart rot) EdlekItmanelIeRbgxül;enaHeT . CMgWpSitrlYyrWs

(Ganoderma sp.) RtUv)an segát eFIeV GayRCuHsøwk enAPaKxaglic ebnháal; RbeTs\NÐa . RbePT
Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) RtUv)ankt;Rta faCa)a:ra:st i énGaküasøwktUc enAPaKxaglicebnháal; [1]

. kUneQI enAkñgú fñalGacrgnUvCMgW powdery mildew (Oidium) CaBiessenAkEnøg Edlmanmøbx; øaMg .
kareCosevog nUvbBaða KWedaykareRbIR)as;nvU fñaMKmI I .
[epSg²]: edImeQImn i Fn;nwgmøb; niggayrgeRKaH edayxül; nigsenSIm ehIyEmkGac)ak;enAeBlman
xül;xaø gM . edImeQI EdlnUvtUcgayrg nwgkarRbECgrbs;esµA nigePøgI eqH (eBlmanGayuRbEhl 20

Ex [1]) b:Eu nþeTaHedImeQImanGayu 10-15 qñaMk_GacRtUv)ansMlab;edayePøgI pgEdr [2] . RbePTpSit
Ganoderma lucidum RtUv)aneFIG V tþsBaØa enAkñgú TIRkugPñeM Bj EdlEtgEteFIeV Gay edImGakasüagab;
. kenSamsøwkrbs;edImeQIcab;epþmI s¶Üt edayKµanehtupl nigmaneraKsBaØa epSg²eTot
EdlGaceFIeV Gay edImeQIgab;kúgñ ry³eBlBI bI eTAbYnEx . eTaHbI enAkEnøg Edl edIm
manrgkarbMpaø j; RtUv)ankat;TTwg CalikarxageRkA rW cambium GacRtUv)anemIleXIj ya:gc,as; .
Epñk EdlecjEpørbs;pSit EtelceLIg enAbnÞab;BI edImeQIgab; . karGegátbgðajfa
edImeQImyY rgnUvkarbMpøaj nigcMEnkedImeQI EdlenACit enaHminmanecjeraKsBaØaGIeV T.
12
RbePTxñtÚ sIsu bM keQI ekItmaneLIgenAeBl edImeQIcab;epþmI s¶Üt rW gab;. pSitEteFIkV arraldal
tamry³dI nigEpñkEdlpþl;EpøénedImeQIRbePTepSg²eTot . cMeBaH Casuarina equisitifolia
EdlmankarduHlUtlas;rbs;pSit KW minsøab;eT rIÉ Popowia aberrans RtUv)aneFIeV Gay gab; eday
Ganoderma l. edaymanduHpSitecjmk enAry³eBlBIr eTAbIExeRkay . RbePTepSg eTotdUcCa
ém:sak; Tectona grandis duHlUtlas;enAtMbn; EdlmanRbePTpSit Ganoderma l. Gac

bgðajnUveraKsBaØaCMgW (CaBiesskat;bnßykarecjEmk rbs;kenSamsøwk nigduHlUtlas; Bnøk) nigGac
rgkarbMpøajBIRbePTpSitenHpgEdr . minmanviFsI aRsþkarBar rW Büa)alRtUv)anrk eXIjenA eLIyeT
. [J. Richter, Forestry Faculty, RUA]
F> karGPirkS :
kar)a:n;sµancMnnY rbs;va EdlRtUv)anKMramKMEhg enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a (
)ankMNt;enAkñúgsikçasalafñak;Cati eTAelIRbePTeQICaGaTiP§ aB erobcMedayrdæ)aléRBeQI

nigKMeragRKab;BCU eQIenAkm<Cú aenAqñaM 2000) KWmanedImeQIeRcInCag 10,000 edIm RtUv)anKMramKMEhg
edaykarkab;bpM aø j nig eRcInCag 1,000 RtUv)anKMramKMEhgedayePøgI eqH .
ÉksarBieRKaH [11]
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl)

b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: GURsþalI (PaKxageCIgGURsþalI nig Queensland) )a:BUjÚKeI n \NÐeÚ nsIu (Irian Jaya,
Moluccas) .
13
[karnaMclU ]:
GasIu: (bg;køaeds Rb‘yu en km<Cú a cin étva:n; \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; hVlI IBnI sigðabUrI
RsIlgáa éf evotNam)
GaeRhVc : (ebnIn b‘rU a:n;DI kugeháa kUDIv½r háaNa eknya: lIebrI ma:daháasáa ma:LavI nIesrIya: ra:va:nd; a
esenháal; esra:eLGUn tg;sSanI esnsI)u a G‘yu ehánda sI)u aev: )
karIebon : (Kuy)a éhTI camIka esnvInesn nigeháNaDIn RTInIedt nigtU)aeháa )
GaemrikkNþal : (kUsaþ rIka)
GaemrikxageCIg: (shrdæGaemrik nig Hawaii)
Gaemrikxagt,Úg : (eRbsIul kULbúM ‘Í eGkVaD½r )
mhasmuRT : (GURsþalI hVICI )a:BUjÚKeI no sama:v ekaHsULmÚ ug evnUTU )
p> epSg² :
[Bakü]: eQµaHGakasüa )anmkBIBaküRkic ‘akis’ Edlmann½yfaRsYc rW karsMrYc nigBaküLataMg

‘auricula’- mann½yfaRtecokxageRkArbs;stV nig ‘forma- TMrg; rUb rW rag EdlbgðajnUvTMrg;EpøKYr [9] .
[kUnkat;]: A. auriculiformis Cab;Tak;Tgnwg A. polystachya A. Cunn. ex Benth., A. cincinnata F. Muell.

nig A. spirorbis subsp. solandri (Benth.) Pedley nigq¶ayBI A. aulacocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. nig A.
crassicarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. (Pedley, 1975) . vaRtUv)anbgáat;CamYy A. leptocarpa A. Cunn. ex
Benth. nig A. mangium Willd. enAkñg ú FmµCati nigkardaMduH . kUnkat;CamYy A. mangium

KWCakarrYmKñarvagem)aBIr TaMglkçN³rUbsaRsþ nigeQI . BYkvaTTYl)annUvTMrg;edImRtg;Cagmun
nigGacéRkEmkedayxøÜnÉg . kUnkat; mankarduHlUtlas;elOn nigFn;ngw CMgW rlYybNþÚ .
CaenHeTAeTot vaKWCakarrYmbBa©ÚlnUvlkçN³ BaNiCk¢ mµ EdleKcg;)an . TidæPaBénplitkmµRKab;
nigkarbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ rbs;kUnkat; RtUv)ansresr eday Carron nig Aken (1992) [1] .
14
[PaBxus²Kña nigkarbgáat; ]: Gakasüa GaceFIVkarbgáat;ExVg nigmanlkçN³esenTicxus²Kña . karsikSa
Isoenzyme )anrkeXIjfa manbNþMbú xI us²Kña éncMnYnrbs;va enATwkdIPaKxageCIg xVnI eLn
nig)a:BUjÚKeI no enAxVIneLn cMnnY rbs;vaRsedognwgcMnnY enA)a:BUjÚKeI no eRcInCagTwkdIPaKxageCIg .
karsikSabgðajfa 73% én isoenzyme manPaKxus²KñaenAkñcú nM nY rbs;va nigTMgn;RtUv)anpþl;TaMgBIr
intra- and inter-population genetic variability . BYkRkumtamtMbn;enH manlkçN³rUbxus²Kña .
PaBxusKañ RtUv)an)aneFIVkarBiesaFn_ enAry³eBl 12 Ex sMrab;tbM n;Bei saFn_ 28 kEnøgenAma:eLsIu .

RKb;tMbn;BiesaFn_kMritrs;KWeRcInCag 92% b:Eu nþvamanlkçN³xusKña cMeBaHkMritlUtlas; . enAGayu 5
qñaM enA Sabah kEnøgBiesaFn_cnM YnR)aMbI rYmTaMg RkumcMnnY bI Edl)anmkBI )a:BjU KÚ Ieno nig
R)aM)anmkBIxVIneLn RtUv)aneFIGV tþsBaØaN eTAelIkBM s; nig kar lUtlas;Ggát;p©it .
kardaMsakl,genAtMbn;bnY kMritCICatiTab tMbn;eFIVkarsal,g enA Zaire bgðajnUvkar lUtlas;xsu ²Kña
niglkçN³rUbsaRsþ enAeBleFIkV arvaytMél enAkMritGayu 3, 9, 15 nig 21Ex . kardaMsakl,g
mankMritFMeFgenA)a:BUjÚKeI no . kardaMsakl,gCaGnþrCati RtUv)anbegátI enAqñaM 1989 kñúg karRtYtBinitü
nUvesNUTIb nigGnþrGMeBIenAkñúgbrisßan . lT§plBIGURsþalI nigéf bgðajfaRbePT Edl)an
mkBIxVnI eLn mancMnYnedImRtg;eRcInkMritx<s; . enAkñgú karsakl,genAelIvalesµA Imperata
PaKxagt,Úg kalIma:nt; an; karlUtlas;manlkçN³xus²Kña bnÞab;BI 69
ExeRkayvabgðajnUvplitPaKx<s; cMeBaHedIm Edl)anmkBI)a:BUjÚKeI no (kMritkMeNInRbcaMqñaM 35.6 m³/ha)

xVnI eLn (kMritkMeNInRbcaMqañ M 30.3 m³/ha) nig TwkdIPaKxageCIg (kMritkMeNInRbcaMqañ M 30.2 m³/ha) .
manPaBxusKña rvagKuNPaBedImeQI Edl manRbPB BIxnVI eLn
EdlmancMnnY tYedImduHecjmkticCageK . RsedognwglT§plenH bnÞab;BI 8 Ex eRkayeBldaMduH
kUneQIenAPaKxagt,ÚgsUma:Rta mankMBs;l¥ nigGgát;pit© lUtlas;l¥ nigmancMnYnedIm
duHecjmkticRtUv)an bgðajedaycMkarsakl,g Wenlock River q¶ayBIxnVI eLn .

kardaMsal,genAevotNam enAtMbn;CaeRcIn RtUv)anraykarN_eday Nguyen Hoang Nghia nig Le Dinh
Kha (1996) . kardaMsakl,genA kEnøgman CatiéRb nigdk;Twk RtUv)ankt;sMKal; .
RbeTsCaeRcIneFIVkarEklMGr nUvesenTic EdleFIeV GayRbePTenH pþl;KN u PaBRKab;BCU l¥

sMrab;kardaMduHeBlGnaKt . cMkarRKab;BUCRtUv)anbegátI enAekaH Melville enATwk dIPaKxageCIgGURsþalI
)anTTYlbraC½y . kareFIkV Únø RtUv)andMeNIrkar Edlpþl;nUvplitkmµRKab;BCU l¥ .
kareRbIR)as;edImeQIem)a EdlCakUnkat; rvag A. mangium k_manskþanuBlx<sp; g Edr.
15
kUnkat;CaeRcIn bgðajnUvlkçN³BaNiCk¢ mµ Edlcg;)an dUcCakarduHlUtlas;elOn Emkl¥ nigedImRtg;
. Sedgley et al. (1992) rkeXIjfakarbgáat;ExVgrvag A. auriculiformis x A. mangium
KWTTYl)aneCaKC½y . karsMgYteday ma:snIu kMedAénlMGg nigrkSaenAkñgú PaBRtCak;
RtUv)anpþl;CaGnusasn_ edIm,IeGayzitenAry³eBlyUr (3 qñaM) sMrab;eRbIkgñú kmµviFI bgáat;RbePTeQIenH
. karBiesaFn_ rvag A. mangium x A. auriculiformis RtUv)an eFIeV LIgenA\NÐeÚ nsIu
edImbegátI nUvkmµviFIknøÚ éRBeQI . kUnkat; Edll¥RtUv)aneRCIserIssMrab;karbgáat;Ca RTg;RTayFM
enAevotNam . mCÄmNÐlRKab;BCU GURsþalI énéRBeQI CSIRO nigplitpleQIenA Canberra
enAGURsþalI)anrkSaTukRKab;BCU EdltMNageGaycMkarsakl,gnimYy² BITICrM gFmµCatirbs;RbePTenH
[1].
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Kamis Awang, Venkateswarlu P, Nor Aini AS, Ådjers G, Bhumibhamon S, Kietvuttinon B, Pan FJ,
Pitpreecha K, Simsiri A, 1994. Three year performance of international provenance trials of Acacia
auriculiformis. Forest Ecology and Management, 70(1/3):147-158; 31 ref.
[1]
Banerjee AK, 1973. Plantations of Acacia auriculaeformis (Benth.) A. Cunn. in West Bengal. Indian
Forester, 99(9):533-540 + 1 pl.
[1]
Boland DJ, 1989. Trees for the tropics. Growing Australian multipurpose trees and shrubs in
Developing Countries. ACIAR Monograph, No. 10:ii + 247 pp.; 11 pp. of ref.
[1]
Boland DJ, Pinyopusarerk K, McDonald MW, Jovanovic T, Booth TH, 1990. The habitat of Acacia
auriculiformis and probable factors associated with its distribution. Journal of Tropical Forest Science,
3(2):159-180; 32 ref.
[1]
16
Booth TH, Turnbull JW, 1994. Domestication of lesser-known tropical tree species: The Australian
experience. In: Leakey RRB, Newton AC, eds. Tropical trees: The Potential for Domestication and
Rebuilding of Forest Resources. ITE Symposium No. 29, ECTF Symposium No. 1. London, UK:
HMSO, 189-194.
[1]
dela Cruz RE, Umali-Garcia M, 1992. Nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae in acacias on degraded
grasslands. In: Awang K, Taylor DA, eds. Tropical Acacias in East Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings
of a First meeting of COGREDA held in Phuket, Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International
Institute for Agricultural Research, 59-71.
[1]
Doran JC, Guan BV, 1987. Treatments to promote seed germination in Australian acacias. ACIAR
Proceedings, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, No. 16:57-63; [In Australian
acacias in developing countries. Proceedings of an international workshop, Gympie, Qld., Australia, 4-
7 August 1986 [edited by Turnbull, J.W.]]; 5 ref.
[1]
Huang S, Zheng H, 1993. Coppicing of Acacia auriculiformis. ACIAR Forestry Newsletter No. 16, 3.
[1]
Ibrahim Z, 1991. Reproductive biology of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis. PhD Thesis,
Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.
[1]
Le Dinh Kha, 1996. Studies on natural hybrids of Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis in Vietnam.
In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds. Tree Improvement for
Sustainable Tropical Forestry. Proceedings QFRI-IUFRO conference, Caloundra, Queensland,
Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Gympie, Australia: Queensland Forestry Research Institute,
328-332.
[1]
17
Marcar NE, Hussain RW, Arunin S, Beetson T, 1991. Trials with Australian and other Acacia species
on salt-affected land in Pakistan, Thailand and Australia. ACIAR Proceedings Series, No. 35:229-232;
3 ref.
[1]
Marcar NE, Ganesan SK, Field J, 1991. Genetic variation for salt and waterlogging tolerance of
Acacia auriculiformis.. ACIAR Proceedings Series, No. 35:82-86; 6 ref.
[1]
Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1996. Climatic requirements of some main plantation tree species in Vietnam.
In: Booth TH, ed, Matching Trees and Sites. ACIAR Proceedings No. 63, 43-49.
[1]
Nguyen Hoang Nghia, Le Dinh Kha, 1996. Acacia species and provenance selection for large-scale
planting in Vietnam. In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds. Tree
Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry. Proceedings QFRI-IUFRO conference, Caloundra,
Queensland, Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Gympie: Queensland Forestry Research
Institute, 443-448.
[1]
Nor Aini AS, 1993. Recovery of Acacia auriculiformis from fire damage. Forest Ecology and
Management, 62(1-4):99-105; 9 ref.
[1]
Nor Aini AS, Kamis Awang, Venkateswarlu P, Abd Latib Senin, 1994. Three-year performance of
Acacia auriculiformis provenances at Serdang, Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural
Science, 17(2):95-102; 27 ref.
[1]
Nor Aini AS, Kamis Awang, Mansor Mohd Rashid, Abd Latib Senin, 1994. Provenance trial of Acacia
auriculiformis in Peninsular Malaysia: 12-month performance. Journal of Tropical Forest Science,
6(3):249-256; 25 ref.
[1]
18
Pinyopusarerk K, 1990. Acacia auriculiformis: an annotated bibliography. Winrock International and
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
[1]
Turnbull JW, Awang K, 1997. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. In: Faridah Hanum I, van der
Maesen LJG, eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 11. Auxiliary plants. Leiden, the
Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 52-56.
[1]
Vuthy, C. C. 2004. Study of the effects of potting media on growth performance of Acacia
auriculiformis seedlings in the nursery of Svay Reang Forestry Triage. MSc thesis, Royal University of
Agriculture, Phnom Penh. 78 pp.
[10]
Yantasath K, Anusontpornperm S, Utistham T, Soontornrangson W, Watanatham S, 1993. Acacias

for fuelwood and charcoal In: Awang K, Taylor DA, eds. Acacias for Rural, Industrial and
Environmental Development. Proceedings of the Second meeting of Consultative Group for Research
and Development of Acacias (COGREDA). Udorn Thani, Thailand: Winrock International and FAO,
144-152.
[1]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] CABI: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition). (CD-ROM).

[2] NFTA / FACT, 1989-1999: Agroforestry Species and Technologies - a compilation of the
highlights and factsheets. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association (NFTA), Waimanalo Hawaii.
[3] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute. Hanoi
[4] Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia.
[5] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June
1988. Phnom Penh.
19
[6] CTSP/DANIDA, 2004: List of Tree Species. 7pp.
[7] Petri, M. (DED), 2006: Own observations.
[8] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep (Internet source)
[9]
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=
10 (Internet source)
[10] FA/CTSP, 2005: Guidelines for site selection and tree planting in Cambodia. 90pp.
Phnom Penh
[11] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.
htm (Internet source)
20
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa]

[Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Golden Apple, Bengal quince, bael fruit, bael tree;[4,6,9,19]
K> sTisn½y ³ Feronia pellucida,
Crateva marmelos [9]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ Oranger de Malabar (French) [4] bnau, (Cambodia); maja,
maja batu, (Indonesia); toum (Laos); bilak, bila, bel

(Malaysia); opesheet, ohshit (Burma); matum, tum, ma pin
(Thailand); trái mam (Vietnam) [6].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ ePñA

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ phnëu [4]
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Rutaceae
ePT : Aegle
RbePT : Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [11 ; 4 ]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQItcU CMruHsøwk mankMBs;dl;eTA 13 m manedImRsLÚn nigEmkFøak;mkeRkam

RBmTaMgkenSamsøwkFøak;ryak [5] . CaedImeQItUcCMruHsøwk EdlmankMBs;dl;eTA 15 m nigGgát;p©it
50 cm edaymanbnøa EdlmanRbEvg 1-2 cm enAelIEmk Edlcas; . tYedImeRbH rW
RCYjenAEpñkxagKl; nigEmkmanbnøa (9) .
[sMbk]: manBN’etñatRsal rW RbepH relag rW eRbHCadMu² enAtambeNþayedIm nigmanbnøa
EdlmanRbEvg 1.2-2.5 cm bnøaGaczitenACaKU² manlkçN³RsUcY [5,9] .

[søwk]: mansøwkbI qøas;Kña zitenAelITgsøwk EdlmanRbEvg 2-4 cm . snøwknimYy² manTMhM 5-14 x
2-6 cm edaymanragmUl cugRsYl rW Tal nigKl;søwkmUl minmaneFµjsøwk rW maneFµjxø² I .

søwkx©ImanBN’ ébtgRsal rW sICu MBUl maneram søwkcas;manBN’ébtgcas; nigrelag
mansrésEvncMnYn 4-12 KU enA RCugmçag² rbs;søwk EdltP¢ab;KñaenARtg;EKmsøwk . enAcugsøwmanTg
EdlmanRbEvg 0.5-3.0 cm enARCug mYyeTotmanTgsøwkxøI EdlRbEvg <0.2 mm [5] .
cugsøwkmanragmUl nigrIkFMbnþic (7.5 x 4.8 cm) [6] .
[páa]:manRbEvg 1.5-2.0 cm BN’ébtgRsal rW BN’elOg mankøinRkGUb CapáaBIrePT
duHCagkBa©MúekagcuH mkeRkam enAcuEmk nigG½kSsøwk EdlmansøWkx©I²duHpgEdr . RtbkpáasMEb:t

maneFµjtUc² 4(5) RsTab; cMnYn 4(5) RbEvg 6-8 mm zitenAKgelIBnøk . ekseQµal
mansrésxøICaeRcIn nigbMBg;eksmanBN’ etñatRsal TgeksxøI manragmUl nigBN’ébtgRss;
zitenACalkçN³sMEb:tdac;²BIKña [5] . kBa©úMpáa manRbEvg 4-5 cm zitenAelIG½kSCacegáam (9)

BIRCugrbs;søwk eTApáaEdlmanBN’ébtgRsal man Ggát;p©itRbEhl 2 cm [6] .
[Epø]:manRbEvg 5-12 cm ragmUl rW ragdUcEpøB½r Rkas; rwg eRKIm mineRbH rW Ebk . enAkñúgmancMnn
Y 8-
15 snÞHx½NÐ EdlbMeBajeday sac;manBN’TwkRkUc nigmankøinRkGUb snÞH rW EpñkmYy² manRKab;BI 6-
10 EdlmanragRTEvg manlkçN³Rkas; maneram EdlmanCatieQI [5] . Epørelag ragmUl
mineTogTat; BN’RbepH rW elOg manGgát;p©it 5.0-12.5 cm mansMbk EdlmanCatieQIRkas; nigrwg

manRKab; 6-10 EdlrMuB½T§ edaysac;manBN’TwkRkUc s¥it nigrsCatiEp¥m [6,9].
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minmanB½t’manbec©kviTüalMGitGMBIRbePTeQIenHeT . eQImanlkçN³relag nigmanmuxkat;tUc [9] .

eQImankøinxøaMgenAeBlenARss; . vamanBN’sRbepH rwg b:uEnþminFn; nigRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVreTH
nigsMNg; vaRtUv)anBt;sMrab;rMu nigeRbHenAeBlBt;xøaMg [20] .
manRbPBkMeNItenAPaKxageCIg GnuTVIb\NÐa ]bTVIb\NÐa PaKxagt,Úg Himalayas RtUv)andaMduH

enARKb;TIkEnøg dUcCa enA RsIlgáa en)a:l; PUma bg;køaeds éf evotNam Lav ma:eLsIu \NÐÚensuI nig
PIlIBIn [4,6,12] . ePñARtUv)ankt;RtanenAkñúgqñaM 800 munRKwsþraC . vaRtUv)andaMduHTUTaMg\NÐa
CaBiess enAkñúgsYnc,arkñúgvtþ edaysarEtvaCaedImeQIsMrab;bUrCa ehIyk_manenA)a:KIsßan
nigPaKxageCIgma:eLsIu tMbn;raMgs¶Ütén Java eTAdl;PaKxageCIf Luzon enAekaHhVIlIBIn EdlCakEnøg
ecjEpødMbUgenAqñaM 1914 . vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgsYnrbs;BYkeGsIub nig enA Surinam nig Trinidad .
RKab;rbs;vaRtUv)anepJIBI Lahore enAkñúgqñaM 1909 [20] .
edImeQIduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBs¶Üt énGnuTVIb\NÐa nigPaKxagt,Úg Himalaya . enARbeTskm<úCa
vaRtUv)andaMdHu enAtamdgpøvÚ [4] . enA\NÐa ePñA (Epøe)a:mBN’mas) manduHenAkñúgéRBs¶Üt nigTIval
[4,5].

manduHenAkñúgéRBs¶Üt nigéRBminsUvrgkarrukran CaRbePTeQI Fn; nwgsItuNPð aBBI-7 eTAdl; 49 ºC

duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;licTwk nigdIs¶ÜtpgEdr . vaecjpáa nigEpøenATIkEnøg EdlmanrdUvR)aMg vaCaRbePT
eQI EdlduHenAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt [6,9] . ePñA GacduHlUtlas;BI kMritry³kMBs; 0-1200 m
edaymankMrti Twk ePøógCamFümBI 500 - 4000mm/ m² edaymanr)a:yePøógesµIr TaMgBIrrdUv .
eTaHbIya:gNa RbePTeQIenHGacrs;)andl;ry³eBl 8 Ex enArdUvR)aMg .
enAeBlkMritsItuNðPaBRbcaMqñaMCamFüm man BI 13ºC eTA 32ºC
kMritsItuNðPaBmFümenAExekþAbMputmanBI 30ºC-43ºC kMritsItuNðPaBenAExRtCak;bMputmanBI 4ºC
eTA 22ºC . sItuNðPaBdac;xat manBI - 1ºC eTA - 22ºC [12].
3
minTanmanTinñn½y .
CaRbePT EdlFn; duHlUtlas;enAelIdIesIm nigs¶ÜtpgEdr [6] . ePñAcUlcitþduH enAelIdI

EdlmanvayPaBmFüm eTAF¶n; b:uEnþ mindk;Twk nigFn;nwgkardk;TwktamrdUv . dImanRbtikmµ
KYrEtmanlkçN³NWt rW manCatiéRbtic nigGacmanCMerAmineRCA . RbePTenH Gacrs;enAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt
møb; nigmansenSIm ry³eBlxøIpgEdr [12]. RbePTdI ePñAGacduHlUtlas;l¥ enAelIdIsMbUrCICati
mindk;Twk b:Eu nþ duHlUtlas; nigEpøl¥enAelIdI oolitic limestone énPaKxagt,Úg Florida .
vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥pg Edr enAelIdIlicTwk fµ rw manCatiéRb Edlman pH BI 5 eTA 8 . enA\NÐa
vamanPaBl,IeQµaHNas; edaysarvaGacduH enAtMbn; EdlRbePTeQIepSg² eTotminGac
duHlUtlas;)an [20].
[eQI]: eQIsmRsbsMrab;plit]bkrN_tUc² dUcCadgkan;CaedIm nigsmRsbsMrab;eFICV aGusdut [4,9,

17] . RbsinQIFMlm µ vaGacRtUv)aneRbICabegáal srsr sMNg;eQImUl sMPar³eFIVBIeQI
enAkñúg]sSah_kmµ nigpÞH Rbdab;ekµgelg eRKOgsgðarwm ]bkrN_eFIVBIeQI eQIfamBl nigFüÚg
[12,17] . eRbIR)as;CaFmµ tasMrab;eFIVpÞaMgcMlak; dgsMrabkan; GERg nigRkas vagaydusxat;pgEdr
[27] .
[Gnupl]: CatiekAs‘U rW Catis¥it EdlmanenARKab; KWmankMriteRcInenAEpø EdlduHenAkñúgéRB CaBiessenA
eBl EdlEpøminTan;TMu . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Cakav ehIyCag rW GñkeFIVeKOgGlgáar cUl eRbIR)as;sMrab;

kargar rbs;eK . CYnkal vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;CMnYssab‘U [27] . kareRbIR)as;epSgeTot
eRbIsMrab;bitCBa¢aMg sMrab;karBarTwk b:uEnþTamTareGayeFIVbEnßmnUvsIum:g;t_ eTAelICBa¢aMgpgEdr .
Gñksil,³layvaCamYyfñaMTwk BN’sMrab;karBarpÞHKMnUrrbs;BYkeK [27] .
4
vaRtUv)andaMdHu enATUTaMg\NÐa CaBiessenAtamvtþ edaysarEtvaCaRbePTeQIsMrab;eFIVkarbUCar
nigk_mandaM enA)a:KIsßan nigPaKxageCIgma:eLsIu . edImRtUv)andaMduHsMrab;ykEpøenATUTaMg GnuTVIb\NÐa
EpøTMuGacbriePaK )anTaMgenARss; eFIVCaePsC¢³ bEg¥mkk (sherbet) TwkesrU: dMNab; rWkat;CacMNit²
nighaleGays¶Üt sMrab;eRbIR)as;éf¶eRkay . Catis¥it EdlenACMuvijEpø EdlminTan;TMu
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;Cakav enAkñúghag lk;eRKOgGlgáar . RbGb; d_Rss;s¥at GacRtUveFIVsMbkEpø
nigeQIrbs;va [6,9] .
EpøePñAGacRtUv)ankat;Bak;kNþal rW bMEbkedayfñm² nigsac;rbs;vaRtUv)anlayCamYysáetñat
nigeFIVkar briePaKsMrab;CaGahareBlRBwkpgEdr ehIyvamankareBjniymNas;enARbeTs\NÐÚensIu .
sac;rbs;va manlkçN³dUcTiwkdm . karlaysac;RKab;CamYyTwkedaHeKa nigsá k_CaePsC¢³ d_eBj
niympgEdr ehIyRtUv)anehAfa sherbet enAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa . ePsC¢³ k_GacRtUv)an
eFIVeLIgedaylaysac;EpøCa mYynwg GMBil [20] . Epøcas; EdlminTan;TMuGacRtUv)aneFIVCadMNab;
edaybEnßmnUvGasIutsIuRTic . dMNab; nigsár GacRtUv)aneFIVeLIgedaylaysac; CamYysá køúykUs
TwkedaHeKa nigsarFatuxøaj; Edlrlay kñúgGIuRdUEsn . Gñkbec©kviTüaGahar\NÐa
KitfakareFIVkarEkécñEpørbs;vamaneCaKC½ykMritx<s; [20] .
søwkenAx©I nigBnøkRtUv)anbriePaKTaMgenARss; sMrab;CabEnø enARbeTséf nigRtUveRbIR)as;
CaeRKOgpSMmðÚb enAkñúgRbeTs\NÐÚensIupgEdr . BYkvaGacCYykat;bnßykareRskXøan)an .
páarbs;vak_GaceRbIR)as;CaEt pgEdr . tMélGaharrbs;vakñúg 100 g énEpøRss;RtUv)anviPaKenA\NÐa
nighVIlIBIn : Twk 54.96-61.5 g, RbUetGIun 1.8-2.62 g, xøaj 0.2-0.39 g, kabUnGIuRdat 28.11-31.8
g, epH 1.04-1.7 g, carotene 55 mg, thiamine 0.13 mg, riboflavin1.19 mg, niacin 1.1 mg,
GasIut ascorbic 8-60 mg nigGasIut tartaric 2.11 mg [20] .

Pabhag rW hW EdlCaRbePTeRbg mycotoxic RtUv)ancMrajykBIsMbkEpø nigeRbIR)as;enAkñúgkar

eFIVTwkGb; nigsab‘U [9] . eRbgsMxan; EdlmanenAkñúgsøwk manCati d-limonene, 56% a-d-
phellandrene, cineol, citronellal, citral; 17% p-cyrnene, 5% cumin aldehyde . eRbgsMbUr
limonene RtUv)an cMraj;ykBIsMbkEpø sMrab;eFIVCaeRbglabsk;pgEdr [20] .
tanIn rW l½kç : sac;rbs;EpøeQI Edl)anmkBIéRBmanCatitanIn 9% eRcInCagRbePT EdlRtUv)andaMduH

. sMbkmanCatitanIndl;eTA 20% . tanInk_manenAkñúgsøwkrbs;vapgEdr . sMbkminTan;TMuGac
cMerjyk CatitanIn nigCatiBN’elOg sMrab;RClk;RkNat; nigsURt [9,20] . swøk
5
nigEmkx©IRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CacMNI stVpgEdr [20]. vak_GacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eFIVCarbgrs;pgEdr
edayvamanbnøaeRcIn [9] .
»sf : søwk sMbk sac; nigEpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Ca»sfenAtamtMbn;pgEdr . søwkGaceFVIeGayman
karrlUt kUn nigsMrab;sMlab;emeraKenAkñúgRsþIpgEdr . sMbkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CafñaMbMBlu RtI enA
Celebes . tanIn RtUv)anelb nigeRbIkñúgbrimaNeRcInhYsehtuenAkñúgry³eBlyUr KWeFIVekItCMgWmharIk
nig raMgsÞHkareRbIR)as;sarFatuciBa©wmenAkñúgragkay . søwkrbs;ePñA KWmansarFatu sMlab;stVl¥it

CaBiess kNþÚbsIurukçCatiBN’etñat (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) EdlCaRbePTstVl¥iteFIV
karbMpøajRsUv enAtMbn;GasIu [9,20] .
EpøminTan;TMu RtUv)anes¶arrMgas;layCamYy fennel nigxJI GacBüa)alb¤sdUg)at . vaRtUv)ansnñidæan
faCati psoralen EdlmanenAkñgú sac; GacbegáInnUvPaBFn;nwgBnøWéf¶rbs;Es,k . vaRtUv)an eRbIR)as;
kñúgkarBüa)al CMgWEs,k . Marmelosin cMerjBIsac; GaceRbIsrM ab;fñaMbBa©úH nig fñaMbBa©úH Twkenam.
enAkñúgkMritd_eRcIn vaGaceFIVeGaymankarBi)akdkdegðIm exSayebHdUg nigminGacedk)an .
sMrab;kareRbIR)as;Ca»sf Epøx©I minTan;rwgxøaMg RtUv)ancitdak;haléf¶ niglk;enATIpSar .
BYkvak_RtUv)annaM ecjeTAma:eLsIu nigGWuru:b .
Epø EdlminTan;TMu GaceRbIR)as;sMrab;Tb;sáat;CMgWraK nigeraKmYl EdlmanlkçN³TUeTAenARbeTs\NÐa
enAkñúgrdUvekþA [20] .
plitplepSg²eTot : sac;rbs;Epø RtUv)aneRbIsrM ab;e)akKk;sMelokbMBak; . sMbkEpøRtUv)aneRbI
sMrab;eFIVCaRbGb;dak;»sf nig RbGb;dak;fñaMCk; CYnkaleFIVkaEtlMGr edaymas nigR)ak;eTotpg .
TwkGb; RtUv)ancMerjecjBIpáarbs; va . enAkñúgvb,Fm’hiNÐÚ søwkRtUvpþl;eTAeGayRBHsiv 'Lord Shiva'
[20] . edImeQIRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;bUrCaenAkñúgsasnahiNÐÚpgEdr [4,5,6,9,12,19,20] .
ePñACaRbePT EdlmanPaBsMrbx<s; eTAnwgGakasFatuepSg²Kña . vapþl;sarFatutanIn nig]sf

nigEpøGac eRbIsMrab;CMnYsGahar)an . enHeFIVeGayRbePTenH CaRbePTeQIsmRsbsMrab;kar
eRbIR)as;dI kñúgRbB½n§ksikrukmµ [12].
6
kardaMduHCacMkark_TTYl)aneCaKC½ypgEdr edayeRbI edIm rW kUnEdlduHecjBIedIm ehIyRbePT

eQIenHGac duHlUtlas;ExñgeLIgya:gelOneTotpg eTaHbIRbePTenHminRtUv)andaMduH CacMkarPaK
eRcInk_eday [12].
ePñARtUv)andaMduH edayRKab; enAkñúgkMritcMnYnd_Tab sMrab;ykEpø nigCaedImeQIvb,Fm’ EdlRKab;rbs;va

RtUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbePT recalcitrant [12] rW eFIVkardaMduHedayExñg EdlduHecjBIrsW [9] .
ePñARtUv)andaMduHedayRKab;enAkñúgfñal nigeRkaymkRtUv)anykeTAdaMduHTIval . kUneQIrbs;vamanTMhM
xus²Kña manlkçN³eRKIm KuNPaBEpø nigbrimaNsac; nigRKab;k_xus²KñapgEdr . rsCatimancab;BI
minl¥ rhUtdl;KuNPaBl¥ . dUcenH RbePT Edll¥GacduHlUtlas;eRcIn .
kareFIVkarbgáat;tamry³karkat;b:H eTAelIRbePT Afraegle nig Swinglea glutinosa Merr.
KWTTYl)aneCaKC½ypgEdr . CYnkal karbMe)A rW kat;rsW GacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karbnþBUC [20].
EpøePñAminsUvmanBBYkstVl¥it nigCMgWmkbMpøajb:N
u ÑaeT elIkElgEtBBYkpSit EdleFIVeGayman
karxUcxat enAeBlrkSaTuk [20].
F> karGPirkS :
minEmnCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; [9].
7
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
GnuTVIb\NÐa PaKxagt,Úg Himalayas EdlCaRbPBkMenIt \NÐÚcin dl;\NÐÚensIu nighVIlIBIn
RtUv)annaMcUl nigeFIVeGayduHCalkçN³FmµCati [12].
p> epSg² :
Rutaceae zitenAkñúglMdab; énRKYsarcMnYn 16 EdlrYmman Sapindales . Aegle zitenAkñúgGnuRKYsar

Aurantioideae EdlrYmmancMnYnbIePT (genera) Citrus, Fortunella nig Poncirus . Citrus CaePT
Edlmansar³sMxan; edaymancMnYnRbePT 60 EdlPaKeRcInRtUv)andaMduH kñúgenaHmandUcCa : RkUcqµa

(Citrus limon), the citron (C. medica), RkUcCU (C.aurantium), RkUcEp¥m (C.sinensis), the
mandarins, satsumas, nig RkUcXVic (C. reticulata), the limes (C. aurantifolia), nigRkUcføúg (C.
paradisi) . BBYk EdlminsUv)ansÁal;mandUcCa qumquats EdlzitenAkñúgePT Fortunella
nigRkUcsøwkbI minGacbriePaK)an Poncirus trifoliata [11] .

manEtRbePTcMnYnKt;enAkñúgRKYsar Rutaceae EdlmantMélsMrab;eQIh‘ub nigpþl;TiñnpleQImantMél
enaHKW West Indian Silkwood, Xanthoxylum flavum[11]
Ahmal,I., Kaur, A.1998: Study on minor seed oils. Journal of Oil Tech. Association of
India. 30(3), 114-116, 15 ref.
Alam, M.M., Siddiqui, M.B., Husain,W. 1990: Treatment of diabetes through herbal drugs
in rural India. Fitoterapia 61(3) 240-242, 2 ref.
Ganguli, L.K. 1994: Fungitoxic effect of certain plant extracts against rice blast (
Pyriaelaria oryzae) and brown spot pathogen (Helminthosporium oryzae): Environment
and Ecology 12(3) 731-733, 10 ref.
8
Singh RV, 1982. Fodder trees of India. Fodder trees of India., xv + 663 pp.; 34 pp. ref.
Singh SP, 1989. Wasteland development. Wasteland development., xx + 227 pp.; 96

ref.
Troup RS, Joshi HB, 1981. Troup's The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Volume III. Delhi,
India; Controller of Publications.
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, 1991. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits
and nuts. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits and nuts., 446 pp.;
[and fig.]; many ref.
Maikhuri, R.K., Semval, R.L., Singh,A.m and Nautiyal, M.C. 1994: Wild fruit as a
contribution to sustainable rural development - a case study from the Garhwal Himalaya.
Int. J. of Sust. Dev.& World Ecology 1(1) 56-58, 19 ref.
Singh, S.P. 1992: Budding in some frruit crops - a review. Advances in Horticulture and
Forestry 2: 84-97, 36 ref.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
4) Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House;
Phnom Penh, 915 pp.
5) Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P. and Vilaiwan Anursarnsunthorn, 2000: A

Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand. CMU Herbarium Biology Dept.
University of Chiang Mai, Thailand; 546 pp.
6) Jensen, M. 2001:Trees and Fruit of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field

guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok; 224 pp.
9) Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide

Encyclopaedic Guide. Thames& Hudson Ltd. London. 484 pp.
12) CABI Forestry Compendium 2003 (on CD)
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
9
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf Publ., Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
27)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/
BotanicList.
asp
10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib]

[Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ minTan;manTinñn½y.

K> sTisn½y ³ Afzelia siamica Craib. [1], Pahudia cochinchinensis Pierre [3]
Pahudia xylocarpa Kurz. [13], Afzelia cochinchinensis

(Pierre) J. Leonard [6], Afzelia siamica Craib [2]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ mai te kha, tae kha, kha, go ca te, kha te kha (Laos) [1, 6,
13]- go do, c[af]te, g[ox]d[or], g[ox]t[of]te (Vietnam) [1, 6, 13]-
makha-mong, makhaa-hau-kham, makhaa-laung, makhaa-
mong, makhaa-yai (Thailand) [1, 6, 13]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ ebg

ÉksarBieRKaH : [9]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ beng [3], kheng [6]
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae [2]/ Leguminosae [5]
/ GnuRKYsar : Caesalpinioidae [12]
ePT : Afzelia J.E. Smith

RbePT : Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2, 5]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: ebgCaedImeQICrM uHsøkw EdlmansøwkFM nigGacmankMBs;rhUtdl; 30 m [1] (15-20

CYnkal 30 m [3, 4, 5, 6]). edImrbs;vaKµanEmkenAkMBs; 6-9 m [7, 13] nigGacmanGgát;p©it DBH
dl;eTA 80-150 cm [1] (Ggát;p©it DBH mFüm : 60-100 cm [5], 150-200 cm [7]GacelIsBI 100 cm [13])
. vamanragekag nigdUc cMBam nigEtgmanRBwgenAKl; . kenSamsøwkFM nigmUlCamYynwgEmkd_FM .
[sMbk]:sMbkxageRkAmanBN’elOgRbepH nigKeRKIm edaymanrunB § N’etñatCaeRcIn . sMbkxag
kñúgman BN’Rkhm nigmanTMrg;CacMNgenAeBlkat; .
[søwk]: søwkmanlkçN³qøas; mancMnYn 3-5 KU [1] ragmUl rWRTEvg nigKµaneramenAelIbnÞHsøwk Edlman
RbEvg 5-6 cm [3, 4] (5-9 cm [1, 7]) nigTTwg 4-5 cm [1].

[páa]:kBa©úp
M aá manpáatUcCaeRcIn ekseQµalcMnYn 7-8 (=male organs) manRbEvg 3 cm [1] nig
ekseQµalEdlminGacbgákMeNIt)an ¬Ga¦ cMnnY 3 xø²I . enARbeTsevotNam vaecjpáaenAkñgú Ex
mina-emsa .
[Epø]: ebgecjEpøenA ExkBaØa-FñÚ [1] (tula-FñÚ [13], mIna -]saPa [3]) . mankMLg ú énkarecjEpøeRcIn
enArag ral; 2 qñaM . EpømanbeNþay 15-20 cm nigTTwg 7-9 cm [1] ragCaeGlIb køayCaeQIenAeBlTMu
nigman BN’exµA . vanwgeRbHEbkenAeBlTMu b:Eu nþGaczitenAry³eBlyUrmuneBleRbHEbk . RKab;rbs;va
FM ragdUc GUvul BN’exµArelag nigmansMbkRKab;Rkas; . manRKab;cnM nY 110-160 kñúg 1 kg [1] .
[1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQIebgmanlkçN³F¶n; nigrwg . eQIxwmø manBN’RkhmragelOg ERbCaRkhmcas; nig

man sñamqñtÚ ehIyGacmanlkçN³xusBIeQIRsay EdlmanBN’sragRbepH . sac;eQIman rune§ RcIn
nig man dg;seIu t 0.85-0.9 g/cm³ enAkMritsMeNIm 15% (TMnajEpndICak;lak;: 0.4-0.75 g/cm³ [12]) .
vaynPaB l¥mFüm nigeRKImbnþci . épÞsac;eQIrabesµI nigrelagl¥ . karsMgYtsac;eQI)anl¥
tamry³kareFIeV Gay sac;eQIRsk; ¬rYj¦ nigkarrMu . vamanlkçN³Bi)akkñgú kareRbIR)as; b:Eu nþgay
RsYlebIeRbobeFobeTAnwg RbePTeQI Edlmandg;seIu tx<se; pSg²eTot . eQImanlkçN³Cab;)anyUr
2
eRkamkardak;halvaenAkñgú lkçxN½ ÐGakasFatutMbn;RtUvBic RbEhlry³eBl 10 qñaM . lkçN³d_éT
eTotrbs;eQImandUcCa enA sMeNIm 15% lkçN³sMelgqøgkat;man 95-125 N/mm² sMBaFRsbkñgú kar
TTYl 53-65 N/mm² nig karkat; RbEhl 17 N/mm²" [7] .
[7, 12]
kMritEdnkMNt; : 29°N eTA 10°N [6] ebgCaRbePTeQIEdlmanduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;dITMnab Edlmindk;

Twk rWtMbn;RBMRbTl;rvagRbePTéRBeRsag nigéRB dipterocarp s¶Üt EdlmanlayéRBel,aH latsn§wg
BIPaK xagekIt\NÐa qøgkat;PUma éf km<Cú a nigLav . RsTab;kenSamsøwkGacmankMBs;dl; 30 m
b¤xs< C; agenH RsTab;fañke; RkammankMBs; 10 eTA 20 m . kenSamsøwkEtg bitCitnigmanRbePT eQI
CMruHsøkw epSg²Kña b:Eu nþmanRbEhlCa 50% . ém:sak; (Tectona grandis) GacCaRbePTlb; EdlbegánI
nUvsar³sMxan; esdækic© dl;éRBeQI . RbePTepSgeTotdUcCa Xylia spp., Terminalia spp., Dalbergia
oliveri, Pterocarpus macropcarpus, Pentacme spp., Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Tetrameles nudiflora b¤
Lagerstroemia calyculata . vak_manduHenAtMbn;éRBTMnabpgEdr . edImeQIduHlUtlas;qa¶ yBIKañ
nigminduHCaRbePTsuT§ enaHeT (Pure stands) .

[3, 4, 6, 7, 14]
enAkñgú r)a:ytMbn;FmµCati vaduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 100-650 m a.s.l. [1] (100-600 m [7], 500–700 m

nig 900 m [3], RbEhl 900 m [4]) . vaduHenAtMbn; EdlmanrbbTwkePøóg 1,000-1,500 mm/qñaM [1, 6]
rdUvR)aMg 5-6 Ex [6] . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M 20-32ºC [6] kMritsItuNðPaBmFümEdlekþAbMput
27-39ºC [6] nigkMritsItuNðPaBmFüm EdlRtCak;bMput 12 - 24ºC [6] . sItuNðPaBdac;xatTabbMput
>10ºC [6] . ebgKW CaRbePTeQIEdlRtUvkarBnøW b:uEnþmankarFn;ngw møbe; nAeBltUc .

[1, 4, 6, 7]
tMbn;eqñrPñRM kvaj (A), PaKxageCIgPñRM kvaj (B), TMnab;elcTwkbwgTenøsab (C), dIRkhm (c),
tMbn;TMnabPaKBayBü (D), TMnabkNþal (d), Annamites kNþal (G).
3
[TItaMgtMbn;RbPBRKab;BCU (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:
esomrab (X:420907 Y:1498999), esomrab (X:422400 Y:1496105), esomrab (X:425135 Y:1492386)
kMBg;FM (X:556470 Y:1461143), kMBg;FM (X:572874 Y:1397114), RBHvihar (X:507787 Y:1517235), RkecH
(X:623145 Y:1419868), RkecH (X:601979 Y:1431509) RkecH (X:606212 Y:1452676), RkecH (X:621558
Y:1465905), RkecH (X:614679 Y:1442622), sÞwgERtg (X:571022 Y:1491570), RkecH (X:583722
Y:1425953), RkecH (X:587427 Y:1382032) kMBg;FM (X:528689 Y:1436007) )at;dMbg (X:271513
Y:1423836), )at;dMbg (X:295855 Y:1402670), rtnKIrI (X:711945 Y:1539248), rtnKIrI (X:710612
Y:1544801), rtnKIrI (X:709279 Y:1548799), rtnKIrI (X:733268 Y:1516148), rtnKIrI (X:734156
Y:1489717), rtnKIrI (X:687735 Y:1516148), )at;dMbg (X:254662 Y:1422695), )at;dMbg (X:236107
Y:1421490), )at;dMbg (X:260445 Y:1393055), )at;dMbg (X:250325 Y:1397393), esomrab (X:399052
Y:1513164), rtnKIrI (X:704001 Y:1504648), sÞwgERtg (X:641566 Y:1522661), sÞwgERtg (X:587469
Y:1496461), rtnKIrI (X:721623 Y:1515900), rtnKIrI (X:704001 Y:1504648), kMBg;FM (X:556986
Y:1403858), sÞwgERtg (X:661468 Y:1524695), kMBt (X:427602 Y:1215256), sÞwgERtg (X:589200
Y:1518300), eBaF×sat; (X:354350 Y:1348650), RBHvihar (X:513675 Y:1536861), mNÐlKIrI (X:714256
Y:1349031) .
[3]
vaduHlUtlas;enAelIdTI Mnabmindk;Twk rWtMbn;ceM nat EdlmandIl,ayrW xSac;enAelI\dæ nig dI laterite
Edlman pH NWt .
[5, 6, 7]
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan :
[eQI]: eQIrwg nigCab;)anyUr EdlmantMélx<s;enARbeTséf . eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñgú lkçN³xus²

Kña dUcCa eQImlU srsGaKar eQIGar CBa¢aMgGaKar sMNg;FnF¶n nigRsal Fñmw kMral CBa¢aMg bnÞHkþa
KMerag visVkmµ s<an pøÚvrfePøgI sMPar³eFIGV MBIeQI sMPar³EdlmandgeFIBV eI QI ]bkrN_ePøg
eQIsMrab;eFIRV kdas cMlak;eQI eRKOgsgðarwm kþavIna TUk tYyanynþ eQIfamBl nigFüÚg . Bkrbs;ebg
mantMélCaBiess eRBaHvamanTMrg;sa¥ tenAeBlkat; . Bkrbs;vaRtUv)anlk;edaykarføgw KitCa Kg.
4
[1, 3 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,13]
[Gnupl]: sMbkrbs;ebgmanpÞkú sarFatKImI dUcCa catechol nig pyrogallol EdlmansarFatutanIn

EdleRbIsMrab;slM ab;Es,k . sMbkk_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CafñabM UraN nigfñaBM üa)alstV . RKab;x©I
EdlsMbUr eTA edaykUTIeldug GacbriePaK)an nigRtUv)aneRbICaeRbgrukCç atieTotpg .
RkdasesþIgrbs;RKab; (seed pulp) RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaC½rs¥itsMrab;bti )arI .
[4, 6, 7]
epSg²]: "ebgRtUv)andaMenAhan;NUy nig sYnstVhUCImjI CaRbePTedImeQIlMGr . vaGacmanlT§PaB

[
begánI GasUnenAkñgú dI nigsmRsbsMrab;ksirukçkmµ nigkarbegánI KuNPaBdI .

[1, 5, 6]
eQIRbNit [3]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: ebgCaRbePTeQIEdlRtUvkarBnøW nigmanduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;dITMnab Edlmindk;Twk

rWtMbn; RBMRbTl;rvagRbePTéRBeRsag nigéRB dipterocarp s¶Üt EdlmanlayéRBel,aHlat sn§gw BIPaK
xagekIt \NÐa qøgkat;PUma éf km<úCa nigLav . RsTab;kenSamsøwkGacmankMBs;dl; 30 m
b¤xs< C; agenH RsTab; fañk;eRkammankMBs; 10 eTA 20 m . kenSamsøwkEtgbitCitnigmanRbePTeQI
CMruHsøkw epSg²Kña b:Eu nþman RbEhlCa 50% . ém:sak; (Tectona grandis) GacCaRbePTlb;
EdlbegánI nUvsar³sMxan;esdækci ©dl; éRBeQI . RbePTepSgeTotdUcCa Xylia spp., Terminalia spp.,
Dalbergia oliveri, Pterocarpus macropcarpus, Pentacme spp., Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Tetrameles
nudiflora b¤ Lagerstroemia calyculata . vak_manduHenAtMbn;éRBTMnabpgEdr . edImeQIduH

lUtlas;qa¶ yBIKañ nigminduHCaRbePTsuT§ enaHeT (Pure stands) . vaduHExñg)anl¥
nigbegánI GasUtenAkñgú dI sMrab;EklMGrdI .
[kardaMduH]: kardaMduHRtUv)aneFIeV LIgCaRTg;RTaytUc CaBiesssMrab;karGPirkSesenTic . kardaMeday
Kl; rW edIm RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kardaMduH . enAqñaMdMbgU vamankarFnnwgmøb; .

[karRKb;RKg]: ebgmanlkçN³saksmsMrab;plitkmµeQIBaNiCk ¢ mµCacMkar b:Eu nþkarpÁt;pgÁ ;RtUv)an
kMNt; nigkarRsavRCavKYrRtUv)aneFIVsrM ab;karEklMGr nigRKb;RKgRbePTeQIenH .
5
[1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14]
ebgbnþBUCtamry³karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati kardaM nigpSaMu .

[karRbmUl nigsþúkTukRKab;BUC]: EpøTeMu nAEx mIna dl; ]sPa [3] . RKab;TMuenAeBlEdlEpøbÚrþ eTA
CaBN’etñat nigRKab;manlkçN³rwg edaymanBN’exµA . EpøGacRtUv)anRbmUlBI edImedaykareLIg

rIGRgunEmkeGayEpø Føak;mkelIdI EdlRkaledaypøas;siÞc . vaGaczitenAelIdI)anry³eBlCaeRcInEx
edayminmankarbMpøaj bnÞab;BIkarRbmUl EpøRtUv)ansMgYtedayBnøWéf¶ enAelIkrM al tarpaulin
rhUtdl;eRbHEbkGs; . RKab;RtUv)an ykecjedaykarrlak; rWvayenAkñúg)av rWfg; .
vaminmanlkçN³c,as;eT faetIvacaM)ac;RtUvkat;ecjk,al RKab; (aril) muneBlsúkþ Tuk
edIm,IkarBarkarbMpaø jBIsNM ak;pSit . RbsinebIRKab;RtUv)ansþúkTukCamYy k,alRKab;
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú karsMgYtRKab;eGay)anl¥ . karkat;k,alRKab;ecjGackat;bnßy
TMgn;RbEhl 25%" [6] . RKab;rbs;ebgCaRbePT orthodox ¬RKab;st¶Ü ¦ nigGacRtUv)anrkSaTuk enAkMrit
sMeNIm 8-9% [6] . CaTUeTA lT§PaBdMNuHGacmanry³eBl 1-2 qñaM . enAeBlRKab;RtUv)anrkSa
enAkñgú kMrit sItuNðPaBTab . tamkarraykarN_BIRbeTsevotNam bnÞb;rkSasItuNðPaBGacrkSa
RKab;)anry³eBl 1 qñaM EtebIsItuNðPaBRtCak;dl; 5-10°C vaGacrkSa)andl;ry³eBl 2-3 qñaM " [6] .
RKab; 1 kg manRKab;cnM nY 110-160 [3] .
[1, 3, 4, 6]
[fñalbNþúH]: "sMbkRKabénRbePTeQIenH rWg EdlRbRBwtþikmµCamun edayTwkekþAminGacbMEbkPaBrwg

nigsMgMrbs;va)an . CagenHeTAeTot k,alRKab;d_dMGacBnüadMNuH nig RtUvEtkat;ecj .
edayeRbIkaMbitd_ mut eTIbGackat;vaecj)anBIsMbkRKab; b:Eu nþkarkat;RtUveFIeV LIgedayRbugRby½tñ

kMueGayb:HBal;dl; Bnøk RKab;. RbsinsMbk;RKab;minRtUv)anqab enAeBlkat;k,alRKab;eT
RKab;KrY kat;eGaymanrun§enA cugmçageTot . bnÞab;BIkat; RKab;RtUvdak;RtaMgkñúgTwkry³eBl 12 ema:g .
6
stVl¥ti ]: RKab;gayrgkarbMpaø jBIstVl¥ti . BBYkstVl¥ti rYmman
[ Aristobia spp., Batocera spp. nig
Rhaphuma motschulskyi ganglbauere .
[6]
[CMgW]: CMgWpSitEdlbNþalmkBI Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora spp, Pythium spp. nig Rhizoctonia
spp .
[6]
F> karGPirkS :
kMritd_x<sk; úgñ karkab;rukrkRbePTeQIenH nigkar)at;bg;CMrk)anKMramkMEhgRbePTeQIebg .

edImFM²kMrman nigBi)akkñgú karEsVgrk . dUcenH vaGacQaneTArkkarputBUC RbsinmankarkarBar
minRKb;RKan; . enAkñgú tMbn;EdlvaduHlUtlas; edImeQIEdlcas;RtUv)ankab;bpM aø jya:gFn;F¶
nigCYnkarvamankarBi)akkñúgkarRbmUlRKab;eTotpg . RbePTeQIenHrgnwgkarkab;eFIVGaCIvkmµya:g
F¶n;Fr¶ .kardaMRtUv)anGnuvtþenAkñúgkMritmYyd_TabbMput CaBiesssMrab;EteKalbMNgGPirkS .
eTaHbICaRbePTenH RtUv)ancat;TukCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; (EN A1cd [14]), eyagtam IUCN
(International Union for the Conservation of Nature) World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red
Databook') .
[1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 14]
enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a RbePTenHmanduHenAkñgú extþ kMBg;FM RkecH sÞwgERtg RBHvihar esomrab )at;dMbg
rtnKIrI mNÐlKIrI kMBt nigeBaF×sat; .
[3]

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]: km<C
ú a Lav PUma éf nigevotNam .
[1, 3, 6, 12, 13]
karnaMclU ]: cin (Guangdong,

[ Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), \NÐeÚ nsIu, hVlI IBnI ma:eLsIu Rb‘yu en
)a:BUjÚKeI no nigekaHsULÚmnU .
7
[6, 12]
p> epSg² :
[plitkmµ nigBaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati]: "plitkmµRbePTeQIebgenARbeTséf man 25,000 m³ kñgú qñaM 1985,

28,000 m³ qñaM 1986, 40,000 m³ qñaM 1987, nig 34,000 m³ qñaM 1988 . eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karplit
eRKOgsgðarwm nigkþaRkalenAkñgú Rsuk. tMélmFümrbs;eQIGar enARbeTséf KW US$ 430/m³ qñaM 1985

nig 1986, ekIneLIgdl; US$ 715/m³ qñaM 1988 . plitkmµ nigtYelxBaNiCk¢ mµ minTan;BIRbeTsd_éT
eToteLIy eQIebgminEmnCaRbePTeQIBaNiCk¢ mµsMxan;enAGasIubBU a’eLIy elIkElgEtRbeTséf .
[7].
Choldumrongkul A, Wasuwanich P, 1994. Insect boring of Afzelia xylocarpa Craib seed and its effect
on seed germination. In: Proceeding of the Forestry Conference, Surat thani. Thailand: Royal Forest
Department, 179-189.
[6]
National Academy of Sciences, 1979. Tropical legumes: resources for the future. Tropical legumes:
resources for the future., 328pp., [ref. at ends of chapters].
[6]
Nagamura S, Pitpreecha K, Visaratana T, Kiratiprayoon S, Ganpinyo S, Phathong S, 1991. Growth of

Afzelia xylocarpa, Dipterocarpus alatus, Hopea odorata, Dalbergia cochinchinensis seedlings planted
under different relative light intensities created by artificial shading cages. In: Research Activities and
Achievements of the Forest Ecology Section, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand, 93-102.
[6]
Pitpreecha, K., Kiratiprayoon, S., Ganpinyo, S., Sornsathapornkul, P., 1993. Afzelia xylocarpa. In:
Forest tree species planting. Bangkok, Thailand: Royal Forest Department, 144-150.
[6]
Piananuruk C, 1994. Cutting position and coppicing ability of Afzelia xylocarpa seedlings. In:
Supplementary papers of the National Forest Conference, Surat thani, Thailand, 21-25 November
1994 (Boontawee B, ed.). Bangkok, Thailand: Royal Forest Department, 31-35.
[6]
Smittinand T, 1980. Thai plants (botanical names-vernacular names). Bangkok, Thailand: Royal
Forest Department.
8
[6]
Switachart S, 1972. A study on seed germination of Makha Mong (Afzelia xylocarpa) by soaking in
different concentrations of sulphuric acid. Technical Bulletin, Royal Forest Department, Thailand, No.
R.138:5-10, 3 ref.
[6]
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(You can also use your personal experience as a reference. Example:[1] Petri, Mathias (DED, 2006):
own observations)
[1] DANIDA, 2002: Seed Leaflet - www.dfsc.dk/pdf/Seedleaflets (Internet source)
[3] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[5] Lehmann L. et al., 2003: Forests and trees of the central Highlands of Xieng Khounang, Lao
P.D.R.
[7] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[8] FAO: The State of Forest Management and Conservation in Cambodia -

http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.htm
(Internet source)
[10] Omaliss, K. and Monyrak, M., 2006: Threatened Species Listing in Cambodia
[11] Bertram, A., 2006: Own observations.
[12] Inside wood - http://Inside Wood_A.xylocarpa.htm (Internet source)

[13] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a
field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[14] Stibig, H-J. and Beuchle, R., 2003: Forest Cover Map of Continental Southeast Asia at
1:4,000,000. TREES Publications Series D: Thematic outputs no. 4.
9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Albizia lucidior (Steudel) I.C. Nielsen]

[Albizia lucidior (Steudel) I.C. Nielsen]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Albizia lucidior (Steudel) I.C. Nielsen [4,5, 21]
Albizia gamblei Prain2
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ minTan;manTinñn½y .

K> sTisn½y ³ Albizia lucida Benth.,
Inga lucidior Steud. (basionym),

Mimosa lucida Roxb. Albizia meyeri Ricker,
Albizia gamblei Prain [22].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ minTan;manTinñn½y .

g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ eBaF×ebg
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ pôôh bé:ng [4]
lMdab; : Leguminales
RKYsar : Mimosaceae
ePT : Albizia Durazz. [17]
1
RbePT : Albizia lucidior (Steudel) I.C.
Nielsen [4,21]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5 ; 7]
ktþasMxan;KYeGaykt;sMKal;sMrab;ePT Albizia : KWvamancMnYn 150RbePT EdlduHlUtlas;enAGaeRhVk

ma:daháasáa tMbn;RtUBikénGaemrik nigGasIu . vamanduHenATUTaMgtMbn;RtUBikGasIu nig 20 RbePT
manRbPBkMeNIt enAtMbn; ma:eLs‘an (Malesian) . eBaF×EtgRtUv)andaMduHCaeQIpþl;møb; sMrab;
RbePTdMNaMdUcCaEt kaehV nigbegáInnUvCICatidl;dIeTotpg CYnkalRtUv)andaMduHCaeQIlMGrpgEdr .
manEtBBYkeQI EdlmanRbeyaCn_esdækic©eT EdlmanTiñn½ybec©kviTüa nigCIvsaRsþaeRcIn [17] .
[lkçN³TUeTA] : edImeQICMruHsøwkmanTMhMFM mankMBs;BI 30-45 m [4,5] mankenSamsøwkBN’ébtgcas; .
[sMbk] : esþIg BN’RbepH edaymanrn§CaeRcInenAelIsMbk [5] .
[søwk] : manBI mYyeTABIrKU énTgmçag² edayTgnimYy²mansøwkcMnYnBI mYyeTAbYn nigTMhM 5-10 x 2-4
cm kMrkmanTMhMdl; 14 x 5 cm Nas; kMBUlsøwkenAxagelIFMCageK nigrYmtUcenAcugTaMgBIr man
lkçN³relag manBN’ébtgcas; nigPøWenAEpñkxagelI [5] .

[páa] : ragCak,al manpáacMnYn 6-10 pþMúKñaCakBa©Mú enAcugkUnEmk EdlmanRbEvg 10-40 cm . RCugmaçg
rbs;páa manTg RbEvg 0.5-2.0 mm RtbkRbEvg 1.5-3.0 mm edaymaneFµjxøI² kenSampáa manRbEvg

5-7 mm ekseQµalmanRbEvgRbEhl 25 mm enAEpñkkNþalrbs;páamanlkçN³xusBIeK [5].
[Epø] : manTMhM 10-30 x 2.5-3.5 cm manBN’elOgRsal rW etñatTwkmas esþIg relag nig
manRKab;BN’etñatcas; BI 2-10 RKab; [5] .

Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
tMbn;GakasFatuGasIu ³ extþ Cina Guangxi nig Yunnan[21] .
2
tMbn;RtUBikGasIu ³ b‘Utan \NÐa en)a:l; \NÐÚcin Puma nigéf [21].
\NÐa nig ehma:l½y ³ PaKxagt,Úgcin PUma \NÐÚcin [5] PaKxageCIgéf [5]
eBaF×ebg duHlUtlas;enAéRBeRsag rW el,aH nigEtduHray)a:y CaRkumtUc² enATIval rW éRBbzm
éRBel,aH éRBmUsug valesµA nigtMbn;manrukçCatitUc²duH edaymankMritry³kMBs;dl;eTA 1700 m .
BYkvaduHenAtMbn; EdlmanGakasFatutamrdUv nigRbePTdIxSac; rW eRCobTwk)anl¥ [17].
eBaF×ebgminduHlUtlas;enAkMritry³kMBs; x<s;Cag 1200 m eT CaBiesséRBeRsag nigéRBel,aH .

minRtUv)ankMNt; .
eBaF×ebgGacRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;sMbUrfµ nigtbn;mandIrak; edaymanrdUvR)aMgcMnYnya:gehacNas; 4 Ex

.
[eQI] : eRbIsMrab;karsagsg; [4] smRsbsMrab;CaeQIfamBl [7] .

[Gnupl] :CaedImeQIpl þ ;møb; CaBiessdaMenAkñúgcMkarEt EdlTukeGayduHlUtlas;sMrab;pþl;nUv kenSam
søwk nigCYyEklMGrKuNPaBdI . minsUvmanduHenAkñúgéRBeRsageT nigRtUv)anlb;edaysarkenSamsøwkd_

Rkas; rbs;éRB EtsmRsbcMeBaHcMkarEt . eBaF×ebg CaeQIEdlduHenARsTab;eRkam nigman
sar³sMxan;esdækci © tictYcenAeLIy .
3
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT .
F> karGPirkS :
GasIu nigGasIuGaeKñy_ BIRbeTs\NÐa dl;\NÐÚcin EdlCaRbPBkMeNItrbs;RbePTeQIenH .
e
p> epSg² :
RbePTeQIenH CaRbePTmYykñúgcMeNamRbePTcMnYn 118 EdlmanRbPBkMeNItenAtMbn;GasIu

vaminEmnCaedImeQIsMbUrb:nu µaneT [5] .
4
PROSEA 5/3 p.58-60: Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998:
Plant Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

Phnom Penh,. 915 pp.

Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD).
21) Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN):
http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?313246. Internet source

22) International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS).

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=Albizia+lucidior. Internet source
5
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.]

[Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ East Indian walnut, acacia amarilla, English woman's
tongue, fry wood, Indian siris, lebbeck, siris tree, woman's

tongue tree [2]
K> sTisn½y ³ Acacia lebbeck (L.) Willd. / Mimosa lebbeck L. [2] Mimosa
lebbek Blanco. / Mimosa sirissa Roxb. [8]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ kokko (Trade name) [8] - lebbek (Ethiopia) [8] - daqn el-
Basha, dign el basha, labakh, laebach, lebbek (Arabia) [8] -
sirish, sirisha (Bangladesh) [8] - kokko (Myanmar) [8] -
aninapla, langil (Philippines) [8] - bois noir, bois savane, tcha
tcha (France) [8] - siris, sirs, sirisha (India) [8] - kitoke, tarisi,
tekik (Indonesia) [8] - batai, batai batu, kungkur, oriang
(Malaysia) [8] - kalo siris (Nepal) [8] - acacia chach algarroba
de olor, amor plantico, aroma, aroma fracesca, cabellos de
gel, faurestina, florestina, lengua de mujer, lengua viperina
(Spain) [8] - mkingu (East Africa) [8] - vagai, vagei (Sri
Lanka) [8] - ka `sê (Laos) [8] - cha kham, chamchuri, kampu,
ka se, khago, phruek, suek (Thailand) [1, 8] - bô kêt tây,
h[owj]p hoan, lim xanh, s[os]ng r[aaj]n, trât (Vietnam) [1, 8]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ eRcs

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ chrehs [1], chreh [8]
1
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae [2]/ Leguminosae [5]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:CaedImeQI mankMritduHlUtlas;mFüm nigelOn CaedImeQICrM uHsøkw edaymankMBs;

rhUtdl; 30 m [2] enAeBlcas; nigGgát;pit© DBH dl;eTA 100 cm [2] (Gtibrima) . TMrg;edImKWmFüm
¬eBlduHenA kñgú éRB¦ nigminsUvl¥ ¬eBlduHenAtMbn;valesµA¦ .
[sMbk]:sMbkmanBN’RbepHRsal edaymanrn§xül;BN’etñateRcH eRKIm nigrbkecj .
[søwk]:søwksmas søabKUDub Kµaneram b¤maneramticenAelIekøók ¬cMnucP¢ab;rbs;Tgsøwk nwgEmk¦ .
mansøwktUcBI 2-4 KU nigKUnimyY ²mansøwktUc²BI 2-11 KU EdlmanTMhM 15-45 x 8-22 mm Edlman

TgxøI . RkeBj EdlKµaneramduHeLIg edayragCaeGlIb b¤mlU enAEpñkxagelIénTgCitKl; EdlenA
cenøaHKUrbs; søwktUc² .
[páa]:páaelceLIgya:gxøI bnÞab;BIskøw EdlduHfµI BN’s mankøni xøagM ekseQµalKµankBa©úMRsTab;páa
enAelIk,al RbEvgBiI 18-36 mm minKitBIeks TgFM RbEvg 5-7.5 cm duHeTal b¤CakBa©túM Uc² enAelI
ekøóksøkw ( leaf axils) nigzitCacegáam . eksmanBI 30-40 BN’ébtgragelOg enAEpñkxagelI
nigsenAEpñkxageRkam EdlmanRbEvgrhUtdl; 5 mm . RsTab;páamanRbEvg 1 cm . páaCaRbePT
páaBIrePT (=hermaphroditic). enAkñgú CMrkFmµCati RbePTeQIenHecjpáaenAEx kBaØa dl; tula .
rdUvpáaenA RbeTsevotNam nigLav KW mIna dl;kkáda nigEpøenAEx emsa dl;sIha . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[Epø]:EpøCaRbePTEpøKY EdlmanBN’TwkRkUcRBElt nigetñatRsal enAeBlTMu ragRTEvgTMhM 15-26 x 3-5
cm manRkdas dUcEs,k nigsMEb:t nigminduHeLIg b¤zitenAcenøaHRKab;eT . RKab;manBN’etñat sMEb:t
ragdUc eGlIb TMhM 8-10 x 6-7 mm zitenATTwgEpø EdlmanRKab; 6-12 kñúgEpønmi Yy² . EpøTmMu in
RCuHBIelIedIm eLIy KWzitenAelIedImry³eBlyUr nigTMeu nAEx ]sPa dl; kkáda .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIKmW anBN’etñatlayelOg edaymanExSx½NÐrvageQIxwmø nigRsay . eQIRsaymanBN’Esøk

cMEnk eQI xøwmmanBN’etñatcas; b¤exµAqñtÚ ² nigmanlkçN³Rss;sa¥ t . vaF¶n; nigrwgmFüm Fn;b¤
Cab;krM itmFüm edaymandg;seIu t 0.5-0.6 g/cm³ . eQIst¶Ü l¥ gayeRbIR)as; nigsMGat b¤duHxat; .
kMritRbEhl : 31°N to 16°S [5] . eRcsduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;RtUBci nigGnuRtUBci ¬subtropics)

énGasIu nigGaeRhVc b:Eu nþvaminRtUv)annaMclU nigdaMduHeGay)anTUlMTMlay enAtMbn;RtUBci eT .
eRcsCaRbePTlb; enAtMbn;éRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk microphyll vine thicket (monsoon forest)
enAelIRbePTdIfµxSac;tMbn;PñM nigmat;Tenø b¤ dMbUk Edlmanfµ)ayeRkomtic nigtameqñrsmuRT .
vak_duHenAkñgú éRBeRsagénRbePT rukçCatiswkø FM éRBtameqñr éRBel,aH éRBtMbn;esIm éRBrgTwkePøóg
nigéRBEdlEtmancenøaH b¤TIval .
RbePTenHduHenAry³kMBs;BI 0-1,800 m a.s.l. [8] (0-750 m a.s.l. [4], 0-1,100 m a.s.l.) enAtMbn;
Edl mankMBs;TwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 1,300-1,500 mm [8] (500-2,500 mm [5]) nigmanGakasFatu
RtCak;ehIys¶Üt . sItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M : 19-35°C [8] (10-37°C [2]) . bnÞab;BIqañ MTI mYyvaGacduH
lUtlas;enA kñgú rdUv rga nigekþA Edlmanry³eBlyUr manry³eBlBI 2 - 6 Ex [2] (2-7 Ex[5]) .
tMbn;eqñrsmuRT PñRM kvaj (A) TMnabkNþal (d), Central Annamites (G).

ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[ tMbn;RbPBRKab;BCU (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:
3
sÞwgERtg (X:613356 Y:1530728) sÞwgERtg (X:597481 Y:1469874) rtnKIrI (X:698999
Y:1507507), rtnKIrI (X:704310 Y:1548543) )at;dMbg (X:269027 Y:1440093) RBHviha

(X:474543 Y:1582237) kMBg;FM (X:552057 Y:1410894) sÞgw ERtg (X:662546 Y:1523018) ekaHkug
(X:332360 Y:1266062) sÞg
w ERtg (X:589200 Y:1518300).
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
eRcsduHlUtlas;l¥ enAdIRbePTxus²Kña dIeRCA manCICati mindk;Twk Edlman pH BI 5.5-7.5 b:Eu nþ

minsUv man\dæeRcIn . Fn;nwgdI GasIut nig)asxøaMg nigmankarhUreRcaH nigCaMTwk . ]TahrN_ ³
RbePTdI manxSac; rak; nig l,ay laterite. RbePTenHduH enAdIEdlmansila)asal; nig fµxSac;
enAtamTICrM al .
[eQI]: eRbIR)as;srM ab; veneer eQImlU eRKOgsgðarwm begÁal eQIGar b¤CaCBa©agM nigsMNg;Fn;Rsal
¬kMral nigkþa¦ RbGb; sMPar³eQIsMrab;]sSahkmµ nigeRbIkgñú pÞH tYrbs;yanþCMniH Rkdas nig FüÚg .
vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;eFIVsMPar³ksikmµ nigrukrkEr: . eRcs pþl;nvU eQIfamBlya:gl¥
edaymantMél kMedA 5,200 kcal/g [8] .
Gnupl]: eRcspþl;nvU cMNIstVya:gl¥ . cenøaHrbs;kenSamsøkw GaceGayBnøwcUl)an
[
Edlpþl;eGayesµA GacduHlUtlas;)an eTaHCamankMritePøógtictYck_eday . søwkmanpÞúknUv 17-26%

RbUetGIun 100 kg énsøkw pþl; 11-12 kg RbUetGIun EdlGacrMlay)an nig 37 kg kabUnGIRu dat
EdlGacrMlay)an [8] . EpømanpÞkú nUv saponin nigminGacsIeu dayBBYkeComFM²eT eTaHbICaeKa
GacsI)u ank_eday . køinrbs;paá KWmanRbsiT§PaBx<s; sMrab;XúµM edaypþl;nUvTwkXµMú EdlmanBN’Rsal
edayTwkdmEdlvapþl;eGay . edImpþl;nUvC½r EdlmanBN’Rkhm sMrab;eRbICa C½rrbs;BYkGara:bG; MeBI
Gticriya ( adulterant of gum arabic) . sMbkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;RClk;sMNaj;ensaTRtI enAkñgú
RbeTs\NÐa (man tanIn 7-11% [8]) . søkw nigEpø RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CafñaM EPñk nigsMbksMrab;
4
Büa)albUs . Saponin Edl)anBIEpø nigb¤s GacsMlab; emCIvit ¬ spermicidal activity) . enAeBl
s¶Üt nigbukbMEbk sMbkGaceRbIR)as;Casab‘)U an . vaRtUv)aneRbICaKMrb nigCIFmµCatipgEdr .
[epSg²]:kaRKb;RKgkarhUreRcaH : "edaysarEtPaBsMbUr rbs;va RbB½nr§ WsEdlmineRCA eRcsCa
RbePTrukçCati EdlrkSadI)anl¥ nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karBarkarhUreRcaH dUcCaenAtamRcaMgTenø
CaedIm .
[8]
møb; rW CMrk : "RbePTeQIenHRtUv)aneRbICa edImeQIpþl;mbø ; enAtMbn;vaesµA cMkar Et kaehV nigRkvaj

nigtam rukçvifIpgEdr . vaGacRtUv)andaMduH enAtameqñr nigCaRbePTrukçCatiplþ ;CMrk)anelOn
sMrab;rukçCatiepSg² eTot EdlminsUvrwgmaM . "
karbegánI GasUtkñúgdI : "A. lebbeck minEmCa Rhizobium nigRbePTenHGacmanlT§PaB
kñúgkarplitnUv kMBk b¤EpñktUc² ya:geRcIn " [8] .
GñkEklMGrdI : "søwkEdlsMbUreTAedayGasUt mantMélNas; sMrab;karRKb b¤KrM bdI nigCIFmµCati .
rukCatilMGr : enARbeTs\NÐa eRcsRtUv)andaMenAtampøÚv nigsYnc,a tampÞH .
RbePTenH CaRbePTsMxan;fµIsMrab;esdækic©sgÁm enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a (as defined on the National
Workshop on Tree Species Priorities organized by DFW and CTSP in 2000) [11] .
RbePTeQIRbNit .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: A. lebbeck duHenAkñgú éRBeRsagénRbePTrukçCatiswkø FM éRBtameqñr éRBel,aH

éRBtMbn;esIm éRBrgTwkePøóg nigéRBEdlEtmancenøaH b¤TIval . vaCaRbePT EdlbegátI nUvGasUtkñúgdI
ehIyRtUv)aneRbI CaedImeQIpþl; møb; eTAdl;ckM arEt kaehV nigRkvaj .
5
[kardaMduH]: cenøaHCaFmµtamsMrab;eQIfamBl 3 x 3 m nig 5 x 5 m [8] sMrab;eQIh‘ub . karpþl;Twk
(10 l/ edImeQImy Y edIm [5]) GacRtUvkarenA rdUvraMgs¶tÜ enAqñadM MbgU bnÞab;BIkardaM .
[karRKb;RKg]: vaduHExñg)anl¥ (kMBs; : 1-1.5 m/mYyqñaM ; épÞmuxkat; : 4-6 cm/mYyqñaM [2])
gayduHeLIgvijeRkayBIkarkat; karéRkEmk nigenAeBlRseBan vaGacduHnUvRbePTrWsfµeI Totpg . kar

kab;rMlYs RtUv)aneFIeV LIgCaeTogTat; . karsMGatesµA CaeTogTat;kR_ tUv)anGnuvtþpgEdr . cMkareQI
famBl cenøaHBI 3 x 3 m nigGackab;enAkñúgxYb 10-qñaM Edlpþl;eQIRbEhl 50 m³/ha (= 5 m³/ha/qñaM
[5]) éneQIfamBl . " enA Queensland vaGacmankMBs;dl; 11 m in nigGgát;p©it 50 cm
kñúgry³eBl 30 qñaM . cMkareQIh‘ub enA\NÐa GaceFIVkarkab; bnÞab;BIry³eBlBI 25-30

qñaMedaypþl;pl 10-12 m³/ha kñgú mYyqñaM b:Eu nþeRkamlkçxN ½ Ð semi-arid nigdImineRCA kMeNIn Ca
mFüm KW 2-3 m³/ha" [8]. "A.lebbeck KWRbEhlCaminsUvpþl;pl sMrab;cMNIstV enAeRkamkarkat;
jwkjab;eBk (eRcInCag 2 dgkñgú mYyqñaM ) . vaminsUvpþl;CMrkeGayRbePTculøRBwkSeT dUcenH
kareGaystVcUleTAsIeu daypÞal; KWmni KYrGnuvtþne_ LIy . eTaHCaya:gNak_eday edImeQIFGM acRtUv)an
kat; CaRbcaMqañ M edayminkat;kenSamsøwkTaMgGs;enaH KWmni Gacb:HBal;dl;karduHlUtlas;
rbs;rukCç atieLIy .
kareFIeV GayduHeLIgvij GaceFIeV LIgedaykar kat; karpSaMEmk nigkardaMCalikar . kardaMkgñú fg;

KWsmRsb cMeBaHkardaMduHCacMkar eTaHbIkardaMedayKµanb¤ daMRKab;edaypÞal; nigkarkat;edIm RtUv)aneRbI
R)as;)anya:g eCaKC½yk_eday . kareFIRV bRBwtþikmµRKab;Camun mandUcCa karRtaMkúgñ TwkekþA karkat;
sMbkRKab; nigkarRtaM GasIutedIm,ICrM ujdMNuH . dMNuHGacRbesIreLIg bnÞab;BIkarrkSaTukRKab;ry³

eBlBI 2-4 qñaM [8] b:Eu nþdMNuH RtwmEt (50-60%) GacTTYl)anBIRKab;Rss; . karRbmUlRKab;Rss;
pþl;dN
M uHRbEhl 70% bnÞab;BI 1-2 ExeRkay . EpøRbEhl 880 manTMgn; 1 kg [8] nigpþl;
RKab;RbEhl 300 g RKab; " [8] .
6
[stVl¥ti ]: søwk nigsMbkRtUv)ansIuedaydgávÚ sIuCBa¢kb; NþlÚ ecaHeQI nigRKab; nigeFIeV GayRCuHsøwk dUcCa
psyllids GacbMpøajRbePTeQIenH . enARbeTsnIesrIya: stVl¥t i EdlmanqñeÚ RKIm ( striped mealy
bug) Ferrisia virgata )anbMpøajedImeQIenHpgEdr . enAGasIuGaeKñy_swøkKWmn i mankarbMpøajBIstVl¥it
eT . kardaMduHCacMkar k_mankarbMpøajedaykarkat;rbs;kNþlú TnSaynigRbePTstVéRBepSg²eTot .
[ CMgW]: "rlYyrWs dMe)AedIm rlYybNþlÚ pSit EdlGacbMpøajedIm .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[ epSg² ]: edImeQIKFW n;ngw xül;xaø gM nigePøgI eqH . karkarBarBIesµA RtUveFIeV LIgenAkñgú cMkardaM .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 8].
F> karGPirkS :
enARbeTskm<Cú a manduHenA sÞwgERtg rtnKIrI ekaHkug )at;dMbg RBHviha nigkMBg;FM .

ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMenIt ]: GURsþalI bg;køaeds \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; )a:Ks I aß n éf .
[karnaMclU ]: Gal;esrI Gg;ehÁaLa Gg;TIhÁa nig)ab‘dU a GasSg;TIn )a)adus eb‘nnIn bUlIevo bUsVaNa
eRbsIul bUKN I ahVasU kaemrU exbv½d GaeRhVckNþal eqk QIlI kULbMú ‘Í kg;ehÁa kUsDIv½ Kuy)a kg;ehÁa
DIbUTI dUnImkI ar eGkVaD½r eGsIbu eGkVaD½rero hÁeI no GIru IRTa eRhVnKIeno hÁbI un hÁaNa hÁaebo hÁaNada
hÁaetma:La hÁeI no b‘sÍ ‘U camIka eknya: ma:dahÁasáa ma:lI micu siku U mUrku: U mUsg;bíu‘k nIC½ eb:rU ra:va:da s‘Udg;
tg;sanI tugehÁa G‘yu ra:hÁay evens‘yu eGLa . l.
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
7
p> epSg² :
[ ksirukçkmµ]: eRcspþl;paá l¥sMrab;karplitTwkXµMú .

ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
ICRAF. 1992. A selection of useful trees and shrubs for Kenya: Notes on their identification,
propagation and management for use by farming and pastoral communities. ICRAF.
[8]
MacDicken GK. 1994. Selection and management of nitrogen fixing trees. Winrock International, and
Bangkok: FAO.
[8]
NFTA. 1988. Albizia lebbeck - A promising fodder tree for semi-arid regions. NFTA 88-03. Waimanalo.
[8]
Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S. (eds.). 1998. PROSEA 5(3) Timber trees: lesser known
species. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
[8]
t Mannetje L, Jones RM. 1992. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 4: Forages. Pudoc Scientific
Publishers, Wageningen.
[8]
Webb DB, Wood PJ, Henman GS. 1984. A guide to species selection for tropical and sub-tropical
plantations. Tropical Forestry Papers No. 15, 2nd edition. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford
University Press.
[8]
Williams R.O & OBE. 1949. The useful and ornamental plants in Zanzibar and Pemba. Zanzibar
Protectorate.
[8]
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Sok, Sokunthet (RUA), 2006: Own obseravations.
8
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project.
Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand. Winrock Interational.
320pp.
[3] Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia.
[5] CABI: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition). (CD-ROM)
[6] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM)
[7] CTSP, Cambodia Tree Seed Project-Institutional Capacity Building of the Tree Seed Sector, 2003:
Forest Gene Conservation Strategy-Part A: Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources. (CD-
ROM).
[8] World Agroforestry Center: AgroForestryTree Database –

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicSearch.asp (Internet
source)
[9] CTSP, Cambodia Tree Seed Project-Institutional Capacity Building of the Tree Seed Sector, 2003:
Gene-Ecological Zonation of Cambodia. (CD-ROM)
[10] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection and Tree
Planting. (CD-ROM)
[11] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.htm (Internet
source)
9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Albizia myriophylla Benth]

[Albizia myriophylla Benth]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Albizia myriophylla Benth. [4]

K> sTisn½y ³ Albizia thorelii Pierre [4],
Albizia microphylla J.F. Macbr.,

Albizia myriophylla Benth. var. foliolosa Baker,
Albizia thorelii Pierre,
Albizia vialeana Pierre var. thorelii (Pierre)P.H.Ho,
Mimosa microphylla Roxb. [23]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ liane sucrée, bois sucré (French)
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RtnMGaGUt eQIEGm

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ aèm vör, aém chhë [4]
lMdab; : Leguminosales
RKYsar : Mimosaceae
ePT : Albizia Durrazz.
1
RbePT : Albizia myriophylla Benth.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
culøRBwkS duHRtg;eLIgeTAelI rW valeLIgmanlkçN³Cavlø× [4]lUtlas;)aneRcInqñaM minEmnCaRbePTvlø×

[21] . eRkABIeRbIR)as;sMrab;Ca»sfKImI RbePTenHminRbeyaCn_GVIepSgeToteT cMeBaHB½t’manrukç
saRsþ nigbec©kviTüa .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
enARKb;tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ enAkñúgéRBeRsag rW CMruHsøwk enAtambeNþayTenø nigERBk [4] .

RtnMGaGUtman duHenAray)a:y rW CaRkumtUc² CaRbePTduHlb;enATIval éRBbzm rW ricril éRBel,aH
éRBmUsug valesµA nigtMbn;sMbUrBBYkrukçCatitUc² EdlmankMritry³kMBs;dl;eTA 1700 m
énnIv:UTwksmuRT . BYkvaduHlUtlas; enAtMbn;manGakasFatueTAtamrdUv CaBiess dIsMbUrxSac; rW
kEnøgeRCobTwk)anl¥ [17] . vamanduHenAkñúg tMbn;RtUBikGasIu énGnuTVIb\NÐa dUcCa \NÐÚcin PUma éf
nigma:eLsIu [23]. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
GakasFatuRtUBik .
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
2
RbePTéneQIEGmrWRTnMGaGUtRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;sbM UrfµnigtMbn;mandIrak;edaymanrdUvR)aMgya:gehac
Nas; 4 Ex [17]
[ eQI]: eQIGacRtv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;CaeQIfamBl [17] .

[Gnupl]:sMbkmanrs;CatiEp¥m nigRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CaeRKOgeTs sMrab;karcMGni GaharpgEdr .
enAkarp¥ab;plitRsalGgár vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;pgEdr .
sMNl;Edl)anmkBIkarp¥ab; RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CafñaMk¥k nigeraKrlakTgsYt . søwkEdlbuk
rWTMBarRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;bBaÄb;karhUrQam [4] . eQIEGmKWCaRbePT EdlduHRKbdNþb;enARsTab;
xageRkam dUcCaenAeRkamedImeRcH b:uEnþsar³sMxan;esdækic© rbs;vaKWenAzitkMrittamtMbn;enAeLIy .
karBIburaN eQIEGmCaRbePTcaM)ac;sMrab;Ca sarFaKImFI mµCati nigkarsikSaRsavRCav»sf .
CalT§plvaRtUv)anraykarN_faenAkñúgTsSavdþIGasIuGaeKñy_ GMBIsuxPaB saFarN³ nig»sfRtUBik
(Sotheast Asian Journal of tropixcal Medicine and Public Health) enAqñaM 2006 [23] . .
minmancMNat;fñak;
3
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT

GasIuGaeKñy_
p> epSg² :
eQIEGmCaRbePTeQImYykñúgcMeNaa 118 énRbePT Albizias RtUBik EdlmancMnYn 9 RbePT

manduHlUtlas;enAPaKxageCIgRbeTséf . BYkvamanduHPaKeRcIn CamYyBYkeQICMruHsøkw
EdlmankenSamsøwkrIkFM . enATIenH RtnMGaGUt RtUv)ankMNt;faCaRbePTculø×RBwkS rW
CaRbePTedImeQIvlø× .
[sMbk]: sMbkrelag edayminmanbnøa . lkçN³epSgeTotrbs;RbePTenHKW:
[søwk]: søwkmanBIrkUnsøwk rW snøwk zitenA pÞúyKña nigduHecjenAtambeNþay Tg .
[páa]: manragdUck,al Tn; manekseQµalEvg ehIyeRcIn EdlduHeLIgya:gc,as;CagRtbkpáaeTAeTot

. enAcMkNþalpáa enAk,alKWmanlkçN³xus²Kña edaymanekseQµalxøI nigRkas;Cag . Epø CaEpøKYr

Rtg; nig sMEb:t edaymansMbkesþIg nigmanrage)agRKbelIRKab; EdleFIVeGayRKab;s¶Üt nigeRbHebIk
enAeBlTMu . ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
4
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
4 Di Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House;

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.

23) National Agricultural Library (NAL)http:77agricola.nal.usda. gov/cgi-

bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search-Arg=Albizia+myriophylla
5
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Albizia saman (Jack.) F. Muell]

[Albizia saman (Jack.) F. Muell]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Albizia saman (Jack.) F. Muell. [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ cow tamarind, raintree, monkey pod, saman, French
tamarind, cow bean tree, saman tree (Engl.) [9,13,27], .
K> sTisn½y ³ Enterolobium saman Prain ex King, Samanea saman (Jack.)
Merr., Inga saman (Jacq.) Willd., Inga salutaris Kunth.,

Mimosa saman Jacq.; Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.
Benth.[4,6,8,12,27].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ arbre parasol, saman, gouannegoul (French), Regenbaum
(German) [4,13]; kam kram, cham cha (Thailand); acacia

(Philippines); Sam sa (Laos); còng, me tây (Vietnam) [6,8],
algarrobo, carreto negro (Spanish) [26]..
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ GMBil)araMg

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ âmpil´ barang´ [4]
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Mimosoideae
ePT : Albizia Durazz. [17]
1
(Samanea Merr.[8]
RbePT : Albizia saman (Jack.) F. Muell.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11 ; 7 ]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:edImGMBil)araMg CaRbePTeQICMruHsøwkCaRbcaM b¤k¾Bak;kNþalsøwk EdlmankMBs;Gac

rhUt dl; 30 m nigmanGgát;p©it 100 cm cMeBaedImEdlFMmankMBs;GacrhUtdl; 45 (60) nigman
Ggát;p©it 200 cm mankenSamsøwkFM ragqRt½ EdlmanGgát;p©itrhUtdl;eTA 30-60 m.[6,8,13]
edImGMBilTwk)araMg CaRbePTedImeQIEdlmankarduHlUtlas;elOn ehIyEmkTImYyén edImduH
enAry³kMBs;Tab. CaerOy² EtgEtmanedImbeBaØIEk¥kenACab; edIm nig Emk.[13] EmkEdlenAtUc
CYnkalKµanduHeram b¤maneramtic.[8]
[sMbk]: sMbkedImGMBilTwk)araMg manBN’etñatERbexµA ehIyvivDÆn_eTACaRCYjeTAtamGayu.[6]
[søwk]: søwkrbs;edImGMBilTwk)araMg CaRbePTsøwksñitrYmKU RbEvg 15-30 cm nigmancMnYn 8-12KU.
søwknImYy² manbeNþayRbEvg 1.5-6.0 cm nigTTwgRbEvg 0.4-7.0 cm manragTalenAKl;

nigcugsøwk mansñamGuCRTEvgenAxagcug nigsñamGuCmUl²enAKl;énsøwk. xagcugTgsñitKUénsøwk
manTMhMFMCagenA xagKl; ehIymancMnYn 12-16 KU nigxageRkammancMnYn 6-10 KU.[6]
TgsñiténsøwkmanRbEvg 15-40 cm manRkeBjCaeRcInenAxageRkamRKb;cMncu RbsBVénKUsøwk
Edlmanrag CargVg; pt nig manGgátp; ©itRbEhl 0.5 mm ehIyKUswøkcMnnY 3-9KU RbEvg 11 cm
k¾manRkeBjCaeRcInenAcMnucRbsBVénKUsøwkEdr. søkw CaRbePTsøwkQm EdlKUsøwkenAeRkameK manrag
dUc s‘ut b¤ ragBgRkeBI cMENkKUEdlenAkNþalmanrag bYnRCugBñayesµIr cMeBaHKUsøwkEdlenAxag
cugmanrag BgRkeBIbBaäit EdlmanRbEvgBI 1.5-2.5 b¤ 3-5 cm nigelITgmYymancMnYn 2-10

EdlEpñkKl;manragCa knøHrgVg; nigkMbut cugmanragmUlb¤Tal EdlCajwkjab;tYswøkmanragkat;rwm
b¤ragcugRsYcbnþic RTnug kNþalénsøwkmanragbBaäit cMEnkRTnugbnÞab;EbgCaRkLabNþajd¾jwk
ragekageLIg ehIyépÞsøwkxagelI relagKµaneram nigépÞsøwkxageRkammaneramxøI²Rkas;Xµwk.[8]
søwkrbs;GMBilTwk)araMg CaRbePTsøwksñitrYmKU manTMrg;ragCaBg ehIyvabt; b¤x©b;cUlKñaenAeBlyb;
b¤ePøógFøak;.[13]
2
[páa]: edImGMBilTwk)araMg CaRbePTpáasmas manBN’páaQUk GacduHEtÉgkñúgTMrg;CaknøHrgVg;
enAekonkenSamsøwkEdlmanGgát;p©itRbEvg 5-7 cm .[6 ]
TgénkBa©Múpáa Rkas;ehIyxøI manduHeram nigmanBN’elOgx©I ehIytMerobenAelIGkS½mineTogTat;cMnYn 2-5
mancMgay 5-10 cm EdlenAxagcugmanragCacegáamRtwm. páarbs;vaCaFmµtamanragCaeRcInEbb
b¤BhusNæan manRbEvg 3 cm manTgtUc manpáaenAkNþalEdlmanRtbkcMnYn 7 b¤ 8.
RtbkpáamanRbEvg 5-7 mm EdlRKbeTAedayeram manragRtIekaNGgáaj;RsYc²dUceFµjcMnYn 5
manRbEvg 0.5-1.0 cm. RsTab;páamanBN’Rkhm b¤elOgx©IEbkRkhm manargdUcCILÚv
EdlmanRbEvg 10-12 mm nigRKbdNþb;eTAedayeram. TgpáamanragRtIekaNRTEvg EdlmanRbEvg
2 mm. Kl;eksr eQµalmanBN’s nigEpñkxagcugmanBN’sVay 20-35 mm
EdlmanRbEvgxøICagRsTablpáa. GUEv sßitenAkNþalpáaehIyrelag. Rtbkpáa manRbEvg 8-9 mm
manragdUcbMBg;ya:gTUlay RKndNþb;eTA edayeram eFµjcMnYn 7-8 manRbEvg 0.5-1.0 mm
ragRtIekaN ehIyRsYc. RsTab;páamanRbRvg 12 mm manragdUcCabMBg; EdlxagkñúgKµaneram
EtxageRkARKb;dNþb;eTAedayeram. eksreQµalmanragCabMBg; ehIyEvgCagRsTablpáa.[8]
páavaragCaséstUc²l¥it ehIyRtwmcugEdlrMelcedayedayeksreQµalBN’s nigfg;lMGgBN’
páaQUk.[13]
[Epø]:EpøGMBil)araMg CaRbePTEpøkYr manRbEvg 12-25 cm nigTTwg 2 cm EdlmanrsCatiEp¥m
nigmansac;BN’etñat.[6] EpøCaRbePTEpøTMumineRbH EdlmankYrRtg;manRbEvg 15-30 nigTMhM 1.5-2.3

cm enAeBlTMusMbkxageRkA manBN’exµA nig xagkñúgmansnÞHxNÐ½TTwg². RKab;manragCaeGlIb
e)a:gxag² manBN’etñat TMhM 8 b¤ 5 b¤ 4 mm.[8] EpøGMBilTwk)araMg CaRbePTEpøkYrknøak;²dUcq¥wgCMnI

ehIyRKab;bgáb;enAkñúgsac;d¾Ep¥m.[9] GMBilTwk)araMg cab;epþImEpø nigpáa BIExmifuna dl; mkra.[8]
vacab;epþImpáa BIEx mina dl; ]sPa nigbnþehUtdl;cugqñaM. páa nig søwk mYyqñaMlas; 2dg.[13]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
sac;eQIRsayesþIg manBN’elOgx©I ehIyeBlkab;Pøam² sac;eQIxøwmmanBN’etñat bnÞab;mkERbeTACa

BN’etñatEbkmasPøW. sac;eQIs<Út nigmanTMgn;Rsal ehIymanPaBFn;)anl¥nUvkarBukpuy nig
karbMpøajBIkeNþór.[9]
3
sac;eQIrbs;edImGMBil)araMgrwg Fn; b¤Fn;)anl¥ nigmanTMgn; 420-640 kg/m³ mansac;eQIRsayBN’
elOgx©I nigeQIxøwmBN’skU ULaRkem:AEbketñat. sac;eQIxøwm manBN’PøWRss;s¥at manBN’dUcedIm
Juglans nigra BN’exµA EdlCaktþamYyeFVIeGaysac;eQImantMélx<s;sMrab;eFVIsgðarwm (Ca]TahrN_
dUcCaenA RbeTs ma:eLsIu Trinidad) bnÞHkþar vIeno cansmø canBgRkeBI nig

]bkrN_EdleFVIedayédepSg²eTot. enA Hawaii nigRbeTséf sac;eQIrbs;edImGMBil)araMg
cUlcitþeRbIsMrab;eFVICacandak;)aysVa. sac;eQI rbs;edImGMBil)araMg mansésGgáaj;²
EdlBi)akkñúgGar eTaHbICavaenAx©I.[12]
sac;eQIenARss; GacBt;)an eBlEdls¶ÜtminGacBt;eGayekag)aneT eRBaHsac;eQIrYj.[12]
GMBil)araMg manRbPBkMeNItenAtMbn;valesµA énPUmiPaKkNþal nigPaKxageCIgén Gaemricxag

t,Úg.[4,8,13,20]vamankardaMduH nigduHedayFmµCatiya:geRcInenA GasIu GasIuxagt,ÚgeqogxagekIt
GasIu xagekIt[6] nigGaRBic.[4] b:uEnþnaeBlbc©úb,nñ vamankarduHlUtlas;RKbdNþb;esÞIrEtBaseBj
tMbn;GasIu RtUBic enA\NÐa b‘Uma: \NÐÚcin éf ePnIs‘ULaRbeTsma:eLsIu.[8] enAGaemrickNþal
nigGaemricxageCIg vamanr)aydMNuHeday stVesH nigeKaEdlCaPñak;garEckcayRKab;BUC.[12]
edImGMBil)araMg manduHenA kñúgéRBeRsagsøwkFM éRBel,aHs¶Üt tMbn;valesµA nigéRBvalesµA. vaKWCa
RbePTEdlduHlUtlas;)anya:gl¥ enAtMbn;RtUBicenArdUvR)aMg nigtMbn;dIesIm b:Eu nþvaduHlUtlas;elOn
enAtMbn;Edlmantur)at 1,000 mm/ m². vamanr)aydMNuHenAkñúgéRBeRsagrdUvR)aMg nigéRBBak;
kNþaleRsag k¾dUcCaéRBeRsagesIm.[12] vamanduHenAtMbn;PUmisaRsþkMNt;KW 15º N-3º N [12]. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
edImGMBil)araMg manduHenAtMbn;eqñrxSac;mat;smuRT tamdgvifI Edlmanry³kMBs;rhUtdl; 1300-

1500- 1800[27,12,8] rhUtdl; 700 m [6] enAsIutNðPaB 22 ºC ry³kMBs;TwkePøógcenøaH 600 nig
2500(-3000) mm rdUvR)aMgmanry³eBlticCag 6 Ex vaRtUvkarBnøW b:uEnþRtUvkardIEdlTUlay.[6,27]
GMBil)araMg duHenAry³kMBs;cab;BI 0-1500 m RtUvkarkMBs;TwkePøógCamFüm 600-3,000 mm/ m²

énrbbTwk ePøógrdUvR)aMg. vaRtUvkarsItuNðPaBmFüm 20-28ºC, (20-35ºC) nigsItuNðPaBGb,rma
minTabCag 8ºC [12,26].
4
edImGMBil)araMgduHenAtMbn;valxSac;mat;Twk[8] vamankarFn;RTaMenAelIdIvallðelðv .[6,9]

edImGMBil)araMg RtUvkardIl,b;EdleRsaHTwkl¥ dImanCICati dImanCatiGasIutlµm (>pH 4.6)
sMrab;karduHlUtlas;l¥ (Franco et al., 1995) b:uEnþvak¾GacduHlUtlas;enAelIdI\dæ (vertisols)
nig\tCICati b¤ dIEdldk;Twktam rdUvkal.[12] GMBli )araMg duHenAelIdIl,b; cambisols, regosols,
vertisols nigdItMbn;RtUBic. [12]
[sac;eQI]: edImGMBil)araMg mansac;eQIrwg ehIyF¶n; EdleRbIR)as;sMrab;karsagsg;epSg² eFVICadg

]bkrN_epSg² eFVILaMg RbGb; eRKOgcMlak; sgðarwm TUk vIenor nigkþarbnÞHCaedIm.[6,8,17]
vamanBN’exµArelag nigmanRkeyAc,as;² EdlCaeQImantMélsMrab;EkécñeFVICa eRKOgcMlak; sgðarwm
nigkþarBas. sac;eQIrYj dUecñHkarEkécñTamTareGaykat;ecalnUvsac;eQIEdlmansñameRbH b¤Ebk
e)ar b¤ekagenAeBlEdleQIs¶Üt. enA Hawaii eKyksac;eQIGMBil)araMgeFVICacansmø
nigplitplEdlEkécñ edayédepSg²eTot edayenAkñúgRsukmantMrUvkareRbIR)as;xs< ;
ehIyrbs;eRbIR)as; PaKeRcInnaMcUlmkBI RbeTs\NÐa nig hVIlIBIn. sac;eQImankarFn;lµm
nigeRbIsMrab;eFVITUk. sac;s¥at manKuNPaBx<s; eRbIsMrab;CaeRKOgtubEtg eRKOgcMlak; RbGb; vIenor
kþarbnÞH nigkarsagsg;TUeTA.[20]
[GnupléRBeQI]: GMBil)araMg daMsMrab;eFVC I aeQIlMGr b¤ eQIGmsgxagpøÚv sMrablpþlm; øb;
b:uEnþvak¾sMrab; CaeRKOgEtglMGrsMrab;rdUvkalepSg². enAkñúgtMbn;RtUBicesIm GMBil)araMgCaeQIEdl
daMduHsMrab;pþl;møb;dl;dMNaMdéTeTot ]TahrN_dUcCa³ kakav kaehV Et b¤k¾cMkareRmc.[13]
Epø CaRbePTEpøkYr manRbEvg 20-30EdlRKab;rbs;vasMrab;eFVICacMNIstV eKa RCUk nig ecom[8,13]
EdlCaedImehtueFVIeGayRbeTsGg;eKøs ehAedImGMBil)araMg faedImGMBileKa. EpøCaRbePTEpøkYr
EdleBlTMuvaFøak;cuHmkdI manpÞúkCatiRbUetGInu 12-18% (ma:ss; ¶Üt ) sMrab;BEB GacmanlT§PaB
5
rMlaywith 41% ehIyeKa esH BEB nigstVepSg²eTot cUlcitþsIuNas;. RbeTsmYycMnYnenA
GaemricxageCIg cab;epþImeFVIkarnaMecjEpøGBM il)araMg. eTaHbICasøwkrbs;vasMbUrCICati
EteKmincat;Tku fa vaCacMnsI tCEdlsMxan;enaHeT.[20]
famBl: BitNas; GMBil)araMgCaRbePTeQIEdlpþlf; amBl 5200-5600 kcal/kg enAeBlEdleKdut
ehIyvamankarduHlUtlas;ya:gelOn bnÞab;BIkat;ecal b¤kMbutcug eFVIeGayvakøayeTACaFnFan
d¾mantMél nigmanKuNPaBx<s;sMrab;eFVIGus b¤FüÚg. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday vamantMélsMrab;eFVICa
eQIfamBl nigmanTIpSarya:gxaøMgsMrab;eFVIkarkab;lk;.[20]
Epørbs;vasMrab;briePaK søwkrbs;vaRtUv)anjaMueqA enAeBlEdlmankgVHxatGahar.[4] cMEnkÉsMbk
manpÞúknUvCatiCr½ nigekAs‘U.[6,20]
cMeBaH»sfburaN eKes¶arsMbkxagkñgú nig søwkRss; sMrab;eFVICafñaMraK nigqugsMbkbnþicjaMu
sMrab;Büa)alkarQWeBaH. CatiTwk b¤CatiGakulenAelIsøwk CYykarBar nigTb;sáat;)ak;etrIeraKrebg.
BMumancMNat;fñak;eT.
RTg;RTay b¤lkçN³rbs;edImGMBil)araMg KWmantYedIm¬cab;BIKl;dl;EmkTImYy¦xøI manEmksaxaeRcIn

kenSamsøwkRtdag EdlBMumanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;daMCacMkar nig kardaMduHnegminTTYleCaKCy½eT
ebIdaMenAekok b¤Cit²KñaeBk (Raintree, 1987; Little and Wadsworth, 1989; Roshetko, 1995)
[12]. vaRtUvkarcenøaHedIm,IRsUbBnøW ehIyCaTUeTA vamanRbBn§½latsn§wgFMehIyrak;. eTaHCaya:gNa
k¾eday vamanPaBFn;nwgesµA nigvaRtUvkarRbBn½§daMdHu EdlTUlay EdleGayGMBil)araMgman skþanuBl

kñúgkardaMduH. vaFninwgrukCç atitUc²\tRbeyaCn_ dUcCaesµA qab;duHeLIgvijcMeBaHedImEdlkMbutcug
nigEkERbGIuRdUEsneGaymaneLIgvij.(Raintree, 1987; Escalante, 1985; 1997; Roshetko,
1995). kardaMduHRtUvkarTIFøaTUlay (10 to 20 trees/ha) vapþl;møb; nig eFVICacMnIstVenA
edUvR)aMg.[12]
6
GMBil)arMag RtUvkarTIFaø FMkñúgkarlUtlas;edIm,Ipðl;nUvpl;eQI)anl¥. vapþl;nUvsac;eQIxøwmRss;s¥at
manTTWgFM BiessCaeQIsMrab;eRbIR)as;. manTIFøaFMenACMuvij CaktþamYYyEdl eFVIeGay Ggát;p©itva
mankarduH lUtlas;elOn eFVIeGayedImvaRkas;ehIymansac;eQIxøwmeRcIn. Cajwkjab; Emkrbs;
edImGMBil)araMg k¾manGgát;p©itsmRsbGaceRbIR)as;)an. edImGMBil)araMgrwgmaM nigGaceRbIsMrab;
eFVICaeQIfamBleday sartMbn;ksikmµeFVIeGaymanGgÁt; dUcCaenAhVIlIBInCaedIm(Raintree, 1987)
[20]. RbsinebIedImdaMenAcenøaCit²Kña ]TahrN_ 1.5-2 m x 2 m
eKnwgeFVIkaréRkEmkedIm,IeGayedImmanTMrg;l¥. enAeRkamlkçxNÐGakaaFatuGnueRKaH edImGMBil)araMg
GacmanGgát;p©it DBH (Ggát;p©itenAkMBs;edImRTUg)18cm kñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM. tamkar)a:n;
RbmaNCamFüm valatsn§wgRbEhl 25m³/ha. GaRs½ynwgsarFatusirIragÁenAeRkamedIm
esµAmin)at;bg; ma:ss¶Üt b:uEnþpÞúknUvRbUetGInu . edImGMBil)araMgduHlUtlas;l¥ nigGgÁt;eQI
mankarduHlUtlas;elOn dUecñHva CaFn;FanEdlGacRKb;RKg)ansMrab;eFVICaeQIfamBl.[26]
RKab;rbs;GMBli )araMg CaRbePTRKab;FM ehIygayRsYlkñúgkarRbmUl. edIm,IykRKab;ecjBIEpø TamTa

eGayvaybMEbkEpøs¶Üt bnÞabkeFVIkarGMusMGatnUvsnÞHxNÐrbs;RKab;eRkayeBlbMEbk. vamancMnYnRKab;
RbEhl 4,400 eTA 7,700 seeds/kg. RKab;rbs;vaTamTareGayeFVIRbRBwtþikmµ b¤rMunegRkNat;TTwk
munnwgykeTAsab. viFIeFVIRbRBetþikmµRKab;GMBli )araMgEdleKniymeRbIbMputKW kareFVIRbRBwtþikmµeday
es¶arnwgTwkekþA (brimaNTwkeRcInCagRKab; cMnYn 5 dg) ry³eBl 2 naTI bnÞab;mkcakTwkekþAecal
ehIyRtaMRKab;nwgTwkRtCak;ry³eBlmYyyb; muneBlykeTAsab (Nitrogen Fixing Tree
Association, 1989). GaceFVIRbRBwtþikmµedayéd dUcCa rus b¤kab;RKab;(Roshetko, 1997)
edayeRbIEdkekþAcak;elIRKab; (Robbins, 1986; Poulsen and Stubsgaard, 1995) b¤eRbIkaMePøIg

(Poulsen and Stubsgaard, 1995) EdlTTYllT§pl)aneRcInesµI²Kña (Roshetko, 1997)
eTaHbICava mankarenOyht; nigcMnayeBlevla. cMeBaHkarrkSaTukRKab;CaFmµta eK

eFVIkarrkSaenAkñúgRbGb; Fugb¤kMb:ug. RtUvkarfñalsabmanTMhMFM (10 x 20 cm) Edlmanl,aydI
3RbePT KWl,b; xSac; nigCIkMb:usþ. enA 2-4 s)aþh_dMbUg kUneQIRtUrkSakñúgmøb.; CaTUeTA
kUneQIRtUvkarry³eBl 3-5ExedIm,IlUtlas;)ankMBs; 20-30 cm.[20] CaTUeTAkar
daMduHRtUv)aneFVIedaydaMkUnenAkñúges,ag eTaHbICabMe)A b¤sÞMú.[20]
7
edImGMBil)araMgGacCYybegáItnUvFatuGasUt. enA Hawaii RbeTsma:eL nig hVIlIBinsac;
eQImanBkeRcIn b:uEnþvamanRbBn½§b¤sRtg;ehIyEbksaxaFM (reviewed by Allen and Allen, 1981).
dUecñHkUneQI BMuman karTamTareGaymankarbgáreGaymanb¤sRtg;enaHeT.[20]
enAtMbn;mYycMnYnedImGMBil)araMg minTTYlrgnUvkarbMpøajBICMgW nig stVl¥iteT. mankarCMruHsøwk

rYmmandUc Ca³ Leucaena leucocephala psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana vaGaRsy½
eTAnwgRbePTeQIénRbeTsxusKña² b:uEnþkrNIenHeKBMucat;TukfaCabBaðasµúKsµajeT. stVérk¾eFVIkar
ciBa©wmCIvitenAelIedImGMBil)araMg Edr.[20] mancMnYnstVl¥itticNas;EdlbMpøajedImGMBil)araMg
enAtMbn;xus²Kµña b:uEnþkñúgcMenamstVli¥tTaMgGs;enaH manstVl¥itxøHbgárCabBaðaF¶n;F¶rEdlKYreGay
RBYy)armÖ. dUcCa dgáÚvsENþk Hylemya platura [manragsMEb:t] bMpøaj
elIkUTIeLdUnrbs;kUnGMBil)araMg ehIynwgeFVIeGay kUneQIgab;enAkñúgfñal enA Haiti (Timyan,
1996). enA Costa Rica kñúgeskmYyk,al GacRbmUlyk EpøGMBil)araMgx©IcMnYn RbEhl3 (Janzen,
1982). [12]
stVl¥itbMpøajmandUcCa³ Acizzia acaciaebaileyanae, Delia platura, Delia platura,

Heteropsylla cubana, Merobruchus columbinus (1), Pammene theristis (2), Psylla
acaciabaileyanae (3), Rastrococcus iceryoides (4), Stator limbatus (5)
Nematodes: Meloidogyne incognita (6)
pSitbgárCMgWmandUcCa³ Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. passiflorae (7), Fusarium pallidoroseum

(8)
elxerogTI 1 bMpøajRKab; TI 2 enA Maharashtra RbeTs\NÐa TI3 BMukMNt;elIeQµaHén Acizzia

acaciaebaileyanae TI4 enAGaRBic nigGasIu EdlBBYkstVTaMgenHmankarvayRbharelI kakav sVay
kb,as nig A. lebbek k¾dUcCa GMBil)araMg TI5. stVEdlmaneramehIybMpøajRKab; TI6

bMpøajkUneQIenAkñúgfñal enAKuy)a EdlTTYlrgnUvkarbMpøajya:gF¶n;F¶r TI7 krNIdMe)AedIm nig
eFVIeGayedImecjCr½ enA Orissa RbeTs\NÐa TI8 BMukN
M t;EtelIeQµaHén F. pallidoroseum [12].
b¤sTTYlrgnUvkarbMpøaj edayeFVIeGayb¤sekagcak;fñl; nigcieBa©Imfñl;.[9]
8
F> karGPirkS :
GMBil)araMg minEmnCaRbePTEdlrgnUveRKaHfñak;.[9]
manduHenAtMbn;TMnab.

mankMeNItenAPUmiPaKkNþalénGaemricxagt,Úg EdlmanduHenA Guatemala, Peru, Bolivia
RbeTseRbsIul b:uEnþvaRtUv)annaMeTAdaMduHenARbeTsmYycMnYn enAtMbn;RtUBic [5] ]TahrN_dUcCaenA
GURsþalI Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa,ekaH Solomon enA Tonga, enARbeTs
Africa enA Tanzania nig Kenya vak¾manduHenA GasIuxagt,ÚgeqogxagekIt enARbeTs\NÐa b‘Uma: éf
\NÐÚeNsIu Peninsular RbeTsma:eLsIu hVIlIPIn .l.[26]
p> epSg² :
edImGMBil)araMgGacehAmüa:geTotfa edImeQITwkePøóg "raintree" BIeRBaHebIQrenAeRkamkenSam

søwkva éf¶minePøógk¾manTwkFøak;Edr. TwkenH )anmkBIstVérbMe)agxøÜn edIm,IkaBarxøÜnva naMeGay
mankarekIneLIg nUvcMnYnBBuHTwkEdlFøak;cuHmk. stVl¥itecaHEmkedIm,IRsUbykCatiTwk ehIybnÞab;mk
eFVIeGaybrimaNCati TwkenaHhUrmkeday\tRbeyaCn_. TaMgGs;enHehIy EdlCakrNIenA eRkam

edImGMBil)araMgmanRsk;Twk. [13]
9
Hensleigh, T.E.& HolawayB.K. 1988: Agroforestry species for the Philippines. AJA
Printers, Malabon, 404 pp.
Akkasaeng,R, Gutteridge,RC, Wanapat, M,1989: Evaluation of trees and shrubs for

forage and fuelwood in northeast Thailand. Int. Tree Crops Journal 5(4): 20-220; 3 ref.
Hunter, IR, Stewart, JL ,1993: Foliar nutrient and nutritive content of Central American
multipurpose tree species growing at Comayagua, Honduras. Comm. For. Review 72(3):
193-197; 19 ref.
MacDicken GK, 1994: Selection and management of nitrogen-fixing trees. Winrock

International and FAO Bangkok.
Perry LM 1980: Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia: attributed properties and
uses.; MIT Press. South East Asia.
Poulsen, KM, Stubsgaard, F 1995: Three methods of mechanical scarification of

hardcoated seeds. Tech. Note 27, DANIDA Forest Seed Center, Humlebaek, Denmark
Roshetko, JM 1995:Albizia saman: Pasture improvement, shade, timber and more NFT
highlites. No. 95-02. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association, Arkansas; USA. Winrock
International
Ahn JH, Robertson BM, Elliott R, Gutteridge RC, Ford CW, 1989. Quality assessment of
tropical browse legumes: tannin content and protein degradation. Animal Feed Science
and Technology, 27(1-2):147-156; 25 ref.
Sunand, C., Sharmiastha, D, Bhaduri, SK, Dharmadas, S, 1993: Chemical evaluation of

leaf fibre from 4 tropical trees; a social forestry resource. Bioresource Technology
46(3):259-261; 19 ref.
Takeda, S, 1990: Lac cultivation and host tree plantations in northern Thailand. South
East Asian Studies 28(2): 182-205; BIDC
Taylor DH and MacDicken KG 1990: Research on multipurpose treespecies in Asia.

Proceedings Int.Workshop, November 19-23, 1990, Los Banos
Thole, NS, Joshi, AL, Rangnekar, DV 1992: Nutritive evaluation of raintree (Samanea
saman) pods. Ind. J. of Animal Sciences 62(3): 270-272; 6 ref.
Chicco CF, Garbati ST, Muller-Haye B, 1973. A note on the use of saman fruit
(Pithecellobium saman) in pig food rations. Agronomia Tropical (Maracay, Venezuela),
23: 263-267.
10
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

6) Jensen, M. 2001: Trees and Fruit of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field

guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok; 224 pp.
8) Sam, H. V., Nanthavong, Kh. and P.J.A. Kessler 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: A field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species.
BLUMEA J. Plant Tax. and Plant Geogr. , Nat. Herbar. Nederlande, Univ. Leiden,
Branch. Leiden The Netherlands, 349 pp.

Encyclopaedic Guide Thames & Hudson Ltd.,London. 484 pp.
12) CABI Forestry Compendium Edition 2003 (on CD ROM)
13) BAERTELS, A. 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen

(Color Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ.,
Stuttgart,Germany, illustrated, 384 pp.
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM).
26) World Agroforestry Centre:

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Oroducts/AFDbases/AF/asp/
BotanicList.asp? (Internet source).
11
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Anacardium occidentale L.]

[Anacardium occidentale L.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Anacardium occidentale L.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ cashew [1] , cashew nut [2]
K> sTisn½y ³ Cassuvium pomiferum [4],
Acajuba occidentalis Gaertn. [7]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ cajou, anacardier, acajou, cachou, pomme de
cajou (France) [1, 2] - jambu monyet, jambu

mede (Indonesia) [1] - gajus, jambu monyet
(Malaysia) [1] - kasoy, balubad, balogo, kasui
(Philippines) [1, 2] - thiho thayet si (Myanmar)
[1] - mamuang himmaphan, yaruang, mamuang
letlor (Thailand) [1] - [dd][af]o l[ooj]n h[ooj]t,
[dd]i[eef]u, cay dieu, dao lon hot (Vietnam) [1,
2] - anacardo, casa, maranjon, merci, pajuil
(Spain) [2] - kazu badam (Bangladesh) [2] -
yao kuo (China) [2] - andipapuppa,
andiparuppu, balia, bojan, gera-bija, gerybija,
godambe, hijali-badam, hijuli, jidi-mamidi,
jidivate, kaju, kashu-mavu, kempu geru bija,
lanka-ambo, mindiri, mundri, muntha-mamidi
(India) [2] - kashu nattsu (Japan) [2] - caju,
kaju, montinkai (Sri Lanka) [2]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ sVaycnÞI

ÉksarBieRKaH : [9]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ svaay chantii [1, 11], chanty, kchov [3]
1
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Anacardiaceae
ePT : Anacardium
RbePT : Anacardium occidentale L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQIébtgCanic©manTMhMtUc eTAmFüm edaymankMBs; 12 m [1] (6-15 m

[2], 4-10 m [4], 2-8 m [14], 0-6 m [12]) . edImb:unefñalmankBs; 0.5-1.5 m [1] man
TMhMFM edaymanGgát;p©it DBH dl;eTA 25 cm [2] (30-45 cm [13]) nigmanEmk

duHlUtlas;mni eTogTat; CaBiessenACitKl; EdleFVeI GayvamanemIleTAmanEbkEmkeRcIn .
sMbkmanC½r BN’RbepHRsal rW etñat manlkçN³relagenAeBlenAtUc b:Eu nþeTACaeRKImenAeBlcas; .
EpñkkNþalrbs;sbM kmansñam EdlmanBN’etñat CamYysréseQI BN’Rkhm EdlgaynwgeqH .
b¤sEkvGacmanCMerAdl;eTA 3 m nigmanlkçN³Fn; . b¤sryagduHecjenAxageRkam cMenal
kenSamsøwk (crown projection) EdlGacmanCMerAdl;eT 6 m [1] . kenSamsøkw ragdUcRkLÚb
(dome-shaped) FM manEmkEdlsMbUr eTAedaysøk w Rkas; . søwkPaKeRcINRbmUlpþeúM nAcugEmk .
[søwk]: søwkeTalqøas; Rkas; nigdUcEs,k Kµaneram ragdUcs‘utbRBa©as; rW mUlRTEvg mansñamenAxagcug
BN’ébtgsIuCm<Ú rWRkhmetñatenAeBlenAtUc nigBN’ébtgcas; enAeBlcas; . bnÞHsøkw manTMhM 6-24

x 4-15 cm [2] (6-25 cm × 5-15 cm [8]) edaymanEKm nigsréslyecj Edlman
sréscMnYnBI 10-20 [2] duHCaKUr . TgsøwkxøI (1-2 cm [2]) ragsMEb:tenAépÞxagelI .

[páa]:kenSampáaBhuePT edayman ca. 60 GePT nig 10 CapáaeQµal [8] .
kenSampáamanlkçN³CaEmk Føak;cHu EdlmanpáaCaeRcIn nigmanEmkEkgnwgG½kS . vamanRbEvg 25

cm edaymanpáaeQµal nigpáaGePT . páamanlkçN³tUc eTogTat; køinRkGUb manBN’seTA
ébtgRsal nigbnÞab;mkERbCaBN’RkhmsICu m<Ú . TMhMpáaxus²Kña 1-2 mm sMrab;páaeQµal nig 6-

2
12 mm sMrab;páaGePT [2] . TMrg;páaTaMgBIrRbePTenH manlkçN³dUcKña elIkElgEtsrIragÁpáaeQµal
GacmanrW manenAkñgú lMGgpáa . RsTab;páamancMnYn 5 BN’ébtg ragdUces<ó rW RTEvg TMhM 4-15 mm
x 1-2 mm [8] nigmaneram . RtbkpáamancMnYn 5 zitenACabnÞat; ragdUces<ó manTMhM 7-13 mm
x 1-1.5 (-2) mm [2, 8] Gacbt;EbnenAeBlpáarIk BN’ébtgRsal nigsñamqñt Ú Rkhm .

manekseQµalcMnYn 10 . páaeQµalmancMnnY BI 7-9 xøI (2-3 mm [2], 4 mm [8]) nig 1-3 Evg
(6-9 mm [2], 6-10 mm [8]) páaGePTman 9 xøI nig 1 Evg zitenAelIRtbkpáa . páaRkBMu
nigrIkenAelIedImEtmYy . CaTUeTA páaecjenAedImrdUvR)aMg nigmanPaBxus²KñaGaRs½yeTAtamtMbn;

(rdUvpáaenAGasIuGaeKñy_: mkra-]sPa [12]) . dMeNIrlMGhpáaRtUv)aneFIeV LIgedaystVl¥t i (XµMú ruy
nigRsemacpgEdr) . TaMgdMeNIrlMGgkat; nigxønÜ ÉgGacekItmaneLIg b:Eu nþmanP½sútþ ag
xøHbgðajfaGMBPI aBminRtUvKñaéndMeNIrlMGgedayxønÜ Ég . EpøecjenAExemsa [12] .
[Epø]: EpømanragdUcCgÁg; EdlmanTMhM 3 x 1.2 cm [1] (3-5 x 2-3.5 cm [2], 2-3 x 1 cm
[4], 2-3 x 1.5-2.5 cm [8]) edaymanBN’ébtgRbepH eTAetñatcas; sMbkEpørwgmanCatiC½r .
EpøduHBITgpáa EdlFM EdlRtUv)anehAfa EpøsaV ycnÞI cashew apple (false fruit)

EdlmanragdUcEpøBr½ TMhM 10-20 cm x 4-8 cm [1] relag BN’RkhmeTAelOg Tn; nigsMbUrTwk .
RKab;ragdUcCgÁg; mansMbkRKab;BN’etñatlayRkhm mankUTIeLdun 2 nigGMRb‘yÍ :ugtUc . sac;
EdlenAsl; bnÞab;BIkarkat;yksMbkecjKWCaRKab;saV ycnÞsI rM ab;eFIBV aNiCk¢ mµ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQImanBN’Rkhmetñat Rsal nigrwgb:Eu nþRsYy . eQImanlkçN³Fmµta

edaydg;sIeu teQI nigRbEvgsréseQIFaø k;cuHeTAtamGayurbs;edImeQI .

RbEhl : 27°N eTA 28°S [2] (20°N eTA 24°S. [5]) . sVaycnÞmI ankarsMrbxøÜnx<s; edayman
duHenAesÞrI RKab;TIkEnøg . vaCaRbePTnaMcUl EdlmanduHenAkñgú éRBs¶Üt BMntU xüac; vaesµA éRB savanna
tMbn; savannas tMbn;eqñr nigenAkñgú éRBd_éTeTotpgEdr . sVaycnÞICaRbePT l,IeQµaHfaCa
RbePTedImeQIsMrab;daMenAeRkaypÞH enAkñgú tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ .
3
duHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 700 m a.s.l. tMbn;EdlmansMeNIm edaymankMBs;TwkePøógmFüm 1,500-

2,200 mm sMenImRbcaMqañ m
M Füm 75-85% . sItuNðPaBRbcaMqañ CM amFüm 25-27°C . enArdUvR)aMgEdl
manry³eBlBI 4-6 Ex .
sVaycnÞIduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAry³kMBs;BI 0-1,200 m a.s.l. [2, 8] (0-1,000 m [5, 7]

b:Eu nþry³kMBs; EdlsmRsbbMptu KWTabCagenH . ry³kMBs;CaFmµtaKW 600 m a.s.l. [5, 13]
EdlRtUv)ankMNt;srM ab;kardaMduHCalkçN³BaNiCk¢ mµ . vamankarFn;nwgGakasFatu EdlmanlkçN³
mineTogTat; EtsmRsbcMeBaHGakasFatu EdlmanBIrrdUv . r)a:yTwkePøóg KWmansar³sMxan;
CagbrimaNTwkePøóg . eTaHbICa vaGacduHlUtlas; EdlraMgs¶Üt nigekþA ehIys¶Üt
EdlmankMritTwkePøógBI 500-3,500 mm/yr [7] (500-3,700 mm [2], 500-4,000 mm
[5], 800-1,500 mm [8], 1,200-2,200 mm [13]) . GakasFatu EdlmanePøógFøak;xøaMg
nigBBkeRcIn enAeBlrdUvecjpáaGacmanplb:HBal;dl;Tinñplrbs;Epø . rdUvR)aMg EdlmankMLúgBI 3-

5 Ex [8] (4-5 Ex [5], 4-6 Ex [2]) smRsbsMrab;karecjpáa Epø nigkarlUtlas;rbs;rWs .
vaGacsMrbeTAnwglkçxN ½ EdlekþAxøaMg rhUtdl;RbB½nr§ WsGacduHeTAdl;dI EdlmansMeNIm .

sVaycnÞITamTarsItuNðPaBx<s; EdlmankMritx<sb; MputsMrab;karlUtlas;KW 22-26ºC [8] .

vaGacFn;ngw kMritsItuNðPaBRbcaMqñaxM <sb; MputKW 22-35ºC [2] (17-38 ºC [7]) sItuNðPaB
mFümx<sb; MputKW 35-48ºC [2] enAkñgú ExekþAbMput nigTabbMput BI 16-24ºC [2] enAExRtCak;bpM tu
. sItuNðPaBTabbMputdac;xatKWx<s;Cag 0ºC [2] BIeRBaHsVaycnÞgI ay rgeRKaHfñak;ngw TwksenSIm .
RbPBxøHeTot)anbBa¢ak;fasVaycnÞCI aRbePT EdlFn;ngw senSIm . vaCaRbePTEdlRtUvkarBnøWxaø gM
nigminFn;ngw møbx; øaMg . eTaHya:gNa vak_Fn;xül;xøaMg nigkeNþór .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 13, 15]
4
[eQI]:sVaycnÞI minEmnCaRbePT sMrab;eFIVeQIhn‘u eT edayEtvamanKuNPaBTab .

luHRtaEtedImeQIman nigElgmanEpø BYkvaRtUv)ankab;rMlMsrM ab;eFICV aeQIhu‘b rW eQIfamBleT .
eTaHvaminplitnUveQI EdlGaceRbIR)as;srM ab;pliteQImlU kþa nigsMng;Fn;Rsal begáalrbg
nigsagsg;TUk . vaGacpþl;nvU eQIfamBl nigFüÚgya:gl¥ . eQIesþgI RtUv)aneRbIR)as;
edIm,IeFIVkþasMrab;bti P¢ab; nigRbGb; rWLaMg .
[Gnupl]: Gahar :sac;Epø (=RKab;) KWCaplitpl sMxan;sMrab;esdækic© ehIyBNiCk ¢ mµ
eQIRKab;saV ycnÞImancMNat;fñak;TI 3 elIBPi Belak bnÞab;BI almond nig hazelnut .
EpøRtUv)ancat;TukCaGaharya:gsMxan; enAeBllIgrYc . RKab;saV ycnÞIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaGahar
TaMgCadMNab; niglIgrYc . BYkvaRtUv)anlk;enAkñgú kMbg:u layCamYyRKab; . EpøsaV ycnÞICaRbPBya:gl¥
énvItamIn C nigRtUv)anbriePaKRss; nigRc)ac;ykTwk . enARbeTskm<Cú a EpøRtUv)anbriePaK
Rss;CamYyGMbil . søwkx©I nigBnøkRtUv)anbriePaKCaGnøk; rW smør CaBiessenAeBlmankarxVHxat .
TwkEpøsaV ycnÞI RtUv)anp¥ab;edIm,IeFIRV sa enARbeTseRbsIul háaetma:La \NÐa nigmUsSg;bcíu‘ .
eRbg: RKab;manpÞkú nUveRbg EdlmanKuNPaBx<s; nigkak;sN M l; Edlsl;B; kI arcMraj; eRbg
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CacMNIstV . eTaHbICaya:gNak_eday karcMraj;ykeRbgminRtUv)aneFIeV LIgeT eday
sarRKab;mantMél x<s; . plitpl Edlsl;BIkarRbmUlRKab; KW sMbkRKab; EdlGacRtUv
)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CacMNIstV nigsMbk EdlrwgRtUv)andusCMnYsGus nigcMerjykeRbg
sMbkRKab;saV ycnÞI (CNSL) . CNSL RtUv)aneRbIR)as;Ca sMPar³karBarTwk dUcCa karBarsac;eQI
nigsMNaj;ensaTRtI nigGacplitCaplitpl]sSah_kmµeRcIneTot . karcMraj;eRbgRtUv)ankñúg

kardkyk varnishes nig karplitdMmu UlsMrab;vayGkSr (typewriter rolls) suImg: ;eRbg
nigFn;ngw Twk Es,kR)aMg TwkfñaM CaedIm . CNSL RtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;plitfñaMsMlab; stVl¥ti Ca
eRcInRbePT l½kç nigfñaM .
»sf: RKb;EpñkTaMgGs;rbs; edImeQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CafñaMbrU aN edIm,IBüa)alrbYs karQWeFµj
eraKmYl scurvy karQWcab; warts nig ERsg . søwkrbs;vamanpÞkú flavonoids sMbrU glycosides
én quercetin, kaempferol nig hydroxybenzoic GasIut . sMbkmanpÞúkGasIut anacardic,
5
anacardol, cardol nig ginkol . sarFaturav EdlmanenAkñgú sMbkmanpÞkú 39% énGasIut
anacardic EdlCal,ayrbs; alkyl salicyclic GasIut . søwk nigsMbk EdllaybBa©ÚlKña RtUv)an
eRbIR)as;srM ab;Büa)aleFµjQW nigGBa©ajeFµj . l,ayenHk_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCafñaRM Kuncaj;pg

Edr . GasIut Anacardic Ca)ak;etrIRbcaMgnwg Staphylococcus aureus k_CaRbePTpSitpgEdr .
karcMraj;søkw )anbgðajfamankMritsarFatu hypotensive. søwkEdls¶ÜtmanRbsiT§kñúgkarRbqaMg
hyperglycaenic nig dMe)A [4] . C½rEpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;Cafñas M rM ab; leucoderma . Epø
nigRKab; GacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Ca antidote RbqaMgnwgCMgWEs,k nigeraKXøg; .
tanIn nigl½kç:sMbkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúg]sSah_kmµtanIn nigC½rEdl)anBIedImeFICV aTwkexµA .
sMbkEdlmanrbYs beBa©jnUvC½rBN’elOg EdlmansarFatuslM ab;stVl¥it nigGacRtUv)an
eRbICasarFatusit¥ (kav) pgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15]
[epSg²]:karBIGtIt enARbeTskm<C ú a sVaycnÞRI tUv)andaMduHCarukCç atieRcInCagedImeQIhUbEpø .
vaRtUv)andaMduHCaedImeQIpþl;mbø ; daMCaCYl nigTb;karhUreRcaH . vasmRsbsMrab;CaExSRkvat;karBar
nigr)aMgxül; sMrab;kardaMduHéRBeQIeLIgvij kñúgksidæan nigtMbn;eqñr nigsMrab;daMedImeQIeLIgvij .
minmancMNat;fñak; . ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg

[lkçN³TUeTA]: sVaycnÞdI uHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBs¶Üt dMbkU valesµA éRB savanna eqñrsmuRT

nigkñúgéRB . vaCaRbePT EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;enAkñgú ksirukçkmµ edaydaMCacenøaHCamYy dUg RkUc eck
dMLgÚ mI nigeBat . sVaycnÞCI aRbePTeQIeRbIR)as;eRcInya:g smRsbsMrab;CaExSRkvat;karBar nigr)aMg
xül; sMrab;kardaMduHéRBeQIeLIgvij ksikmµBencr nigdIéRbtMbn;eqñr nigsMrab;saþ rCICatidIeLIgvij .
edImeQImanlkçN³gayRsYlkñgú kardaMduH rwgmaM nigRtUvkarkarEfTaMtictYc . vaRtUvkarBnøWxaø gM
nigminFn;ngw møbx; øaMg nig vagayduHExñg .
6
[ kardaMduH]: sVaycnÞIGacRtUv)andaM enAkñgú BnøéW f¶eBj . CaTUeTA reNþAsMrab;daMRtUv)anCIkTMhM 30 x
30 cm [2] . enAelIdIrwg reNþAKYrmanTMhM 50 x 50 x 50 cm [5] nigbMeBjedaydI
niglayCamYylamkstV . RKab;BCU BIr eTAbIRtUv)andak;kgñú mYyreNþA enACMerA 5-8 cm [2] .

bnÞab;BIkarduH manEtkUneQImyY b:eu NÑaHRtUv)anrkSaTuk . sMrab;cenøaHdMbgU KW 3.4 x 3.4 eTA 5 x 5 m
[5] (6 x 6 m to 10 x 10 m [2]) RtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,Ikat;bnßykarlUtlas;rbs;esµA nigrkSa
sMeNImdI. kUneQIduHeLIgenAkñgú ry³eBl 3 s)þah_ bnÞab;BIkarsab . b¤seFIkV arduHlUtlas;ya:g

elOn edaymanCMerA 1.5 dg énkMBs;knU eQI . BnøkduHlUtlas;CabNþMú CaBiessenArdUvvsSa .
kUneQI nwgduHecjEmk ya:gqab;rh½s ehIykaréRkEmkRtUv)aneFVeI LIg edIm,IeGayedImmankMBs;BI
0.5-1.5 m [1] . kareRbIR)as;CImn i RtUv)aneFIeV LIgeT . kMriteBjv½yrbs;edIm Gacmanry³eBlBI
3 rW 4 qñaM .
[karRKb;RKg]: edIm,IFananUvTMrg;edIml¥ sMeNImRtUv)anrkSa (tamry³ karRKb eFIf V ñak; føúk)

runx§ ül;rbs;dIRtUv)anEkrlMGr edaykarP¢rÜ as; edIm,IeGayrWsGacduH)an . sMGatesµA edayRbugRby½tñ
sMGattMbn;enACMuvijkñgú cMgay 1 m BIedIm nigdutecal rhUtdl;edImeQIGacmanmøb;RKbelIesµA .
karRKb;RKgesµA nigkarkarBarkarhUreRcaH RtUv)aneFIVeLIg edaykarRKb dMNaM (eRbIR)as;rukCç ati
legumes dUcCa Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoids, Mucana sp.,
Mimosa invisa etc.) [5]. cenøaHdaMFMGaceGayeyIgdaMnvU RbePTdMNaMdéTeTot

EdleFIeV GayRbePTenH manlkçN³smRsbbMptu sMrab;ksirukçkmµ CaBiessRbB½n§ hedgerow .
CIGac CYyCMrujkarlUtlas;rbs;kUneQI nigeFIeV GayedImqab;ecjpáa b:Eu nþvamincab; )ac;eRbIenAeBl
RbmUlpleLIg . edayEt sVaycnÞImni sUvmanEmkTab² enAeBlGayu 2 qñaM edImeQIGac
RtUv)anéRkEmk edIm,IeGayman TMrg;l¥ nwgkat;Emk Edlgab; minl¥ nigmanCMgWecj . edImeQI
RtUv)ankat;tMrwm edaykat;EmkTab² nigBnøk EdlduHenAKl;ecj enAeBledImmanGayu 3 qñaM .

eRkammkkaréRkEmkRtUv)anbBaÄb; rWeFIeV nAkMrittictYcbMput . 5 qñaMeRkay karkat;rMelaHRtUv)aneFIV
edIm,Ikat;karRbKYtRbECg . enAkñgú cenøaH EdlCit²KñaenAkñúgcMkar karkab;rMelaHRtUv)aneFIeV LIg
edIm,ITTYl)an 120 edIm/ha [2] (44-69 edIm/ha [1]) . cenøaHdaMduH
cugeRkaymanlkçN³xus²KñaBI 8 x 8 eTA 20 x 20 m [5] (12 x 12 to 15 x 15 m) .
cenøaHdaMBei saFn_ )anbgðajfa enAGayu 10 qñaM plitPaBenAkñgú LÚt× 44, 69, 111, 135 nig 278
edIm/ha KWRbEhl 450 kg/ha . edImEdlmanTMhMFMRtUv)anTUTat;srM ab; edImtUc . dUcenH
7
manEtépÞkenSamsøwk Etb:ueNÑaHEdlGackMnt;plitPaBrbs;edImeQI . edImeQI EdlRtUv)andaMCaCYr
enAcenøaH 2-3 m x 12-15 m esÞrI EtbegánI kenSamsøwkBIrdg kñúgmYyhicta nigbegánI Tinñpl
enAry³eBl 10 qñaMdMbgU . TTwg EdlFMbpM tu éncenøaH GaRs½yeTAelI GakasFatu nig
kUnEdlykmkdaM . karlUtlas; elOn nigedImeQIcab;epþmI ecjEpø enAeBlmanGayu 4 qñaM .
edImeQIGacpþl;nUvTinpñ lx<s; bMputenAeBlmanGayu 10 qñaM [2] nigkMritplitkmµbnþdl;Gayu 20 qñaM
[2] (25 qñaM [1]). kardaMduHeLIg
vijKWTamTarnUvkarcMNayeRcIn nigGac)at;bg;nvU cMnlU enAry³eBl 5 qñaMdMbgU . dUcenH sVaycnÞI

GacRtUv)andaMCaCYr eGay)anl¥ . Tinñplx<s;KGW aRs½yeTAelIkarEfrkSaExñg enAkMritBI 50-75 cm
enAeBlCYrRtUv)ankat;tMrwmeGayenA 1 m BIKña . edImeQIenAkñúgCYrGacRtUv)andkecj
nigdaMCMnYsnUvedIm Edll¥ . kardaMduHeLIgvijenAkñgú CYrGacRtUv)aneFIeV LIg bnÞab;BIry³eBl 5 qñaM .
eTaHya:gNa enAeBledImeQIduHenAkñgú CYr vaGacpþl;plx<sp; gEdr . enAeBlcenøaHrvagCYr
mancMgayticCag 1 m edImEdlenAeRkACYrRtUv)ankat;ecj edIm,Ipþl;cenøaH dl;edImepSgeTot .
RbB½ne§ nHGaceGay eQIduH)anx<s; nigpþl;pleRcIn . bnÞab;BIedImeQIpþl;pl
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú kardak;CI nig)aj;fñaM sMlab;stVl¥it nigCMgW .
[karRbmUlpl]: rdUvRbmUlpl Gacmanry³eBldl;eTA 2-3 Ex [1] . KuNPaB Edll¥bp M tu
KWTTYl)annUvEpø EdlFøab;BeI dIm nigeFIkV arsMgYt ehIyrkSaTukeGay)abelOn . EpøRtUv)anRbmUlya:g
ehacNas;enAkñúgry³eBlmYys)þah_ . tMbn;EdlenAeRkamedImeQI RtUv)ansMGat
CaBiesskMeu GaymanesµA edIm,IeGaykarRbmUlRKab;manPaBgayRsYl . bnÞab;BIkat;sac;Epøecj
RKab;RtUv)andak;haléf¶ edIm,Ikat;bnßysMeNImBI 25% eTAeRkam 9% [1] . CamYynwgkarsMgYt
d_RtwmRtUv RKab;GacrkSaKuNPaBrbs;va . RKab;minKYrmansMeNImenAeBlrkSaTukeT . tulüPaBsMenIm
KW 9% enA 27ºC nigkMritsMeNIm 70% [1] . EpøsaV ycnÞI TMmu uneBlRKab;cab;epþImcas; . EpøEdlTMu
sMrab;kareRbIR)as;Rss;KYrRtUv)anRbmUlCaRbcaMéf¶ .
[Tinñpl]: TinñplmankMritTabenAkñg ú tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ CaTUeTA 400-600 kg/ha/qñaM [1]
TinñplmFüm elIBiPBelakKW 670-1,350 kg/ha/qñaM [2] . TnñplkñúgmYyedIm ekIneLIgBI 3 kg
enAGayu 3-5 qñaM 4 kg enAGayu 6-10 qñaM 4.7 kg enAGayuBI 11-15 qñaM nig 5.3 kg BIGayu
th
16 -20 th
[1] . ksikrenAPakxagt,ÚgPUma )anraykarN_faplitPaBmankMrit 6.1 kg/ edIm
8
[1] . CaTUeTA edImeQIeBj v½yGacpþl;Tinñpl 45-100 kg [2] énEpø nig 9-8 kg [2]
(edImxøHGacdl; 45 kg [2]) énRKab;RbcaMqañ M .

karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati ekItmaneLIgenAeBlEdlstVRbecovsIuEpø nigeFIkV arBRgayRKab;rbs;va .

sVaycnÞIk_duHlUtlas;Exñg)anl¥ nigkUnEdlduHBIrWspgEdr dUcenHkarduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati
ekIteLIgBI Exñg nigkUnEdlduHBIrWs . eTaHbI karduHExñgmindUcenAkñgú TIvalFM²k_eday .
sMrab;plitkmµsaV ycnÞI sMrab;BaNiCk¢ mµ RtUv)aneFIeV LIgtamry³kardaMedayRKab; . RKab;RtUv)an
RbmUlBI edImEdlEpøeRcIn nigeTogTat; EdlRtUv)ansÁal;fa CaRbePTdUcKña (parentage) .
manEtRKab; EdlTMu TMhMmFüm nigTMrg;l¥eT RtUv)aneRbIR)as; . vaCakarFmµtakñgú kareRCIserIs
nUvRbePTRKab; EdlminGENþtenAelITwk rW sUrRkwk² (RKab;sú¥y) . BYkvapþl;nUvkUneQI
EdlmandMNuHx<s; nigkMritlUtlas;elOn . RKab;BCU RtUv)anRbmUlenAkMLgú Ex emsa nig]sPa .
RKab; EdlmansMeNImTab manlT§PaBdMNuHry³eBl 12 Ex
[10] RbsinebIvaRtUv)anpÞúkenAkñg ú kEnøg Edlminmanxül;clU . eRkayry³eBl 14 Ex
RKab;BCU )at;bg; nUvdMNuHrbs;vaTaMgRsug . TMgn;RKab;mYyKILRÚ kam manRKab;cnM nY BI 120 eTA 250/kg
[2] (120-125/kg [5], 150-200/kg [10]). PaKryPaBsuT§: 100% [10] .
PaKrysMeNIm: 6.5% [10] PaKrydMNuH: 80-90% [10] PaKrykUneQI: 50% [10]
cMnnY kUneQIkgñú RKab;BCU mYyKILÚRkam : 150 [10] . kareFIRV bRBwtþikmµCamunmincaM)ac;eLIy .
RKab;BCU RtUv)ansabenAkñgú fg; edaydak;TgRKab;eLIgmk elI . RKab;BCU BI 3-4kg/ha
RtUvkarsMrab;kardaMenAcenøaH 7 x 7 m [4] . dMNuHcab;epþmI kñgú ry³eBlRbEhl 10-30 éf¶ [2]

(10-20 éf¶ [10]) nigbBa©b;enAkñúgry³eBl 2 Ex . enAeBledImeQIRtUv)an bnþBC U edayRKab;
kMritdMNuHKWmanPaBxus²Kña GaRs½yeTAelIkarbgáat;ExV karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ GaceRbIsMrab;plitnUvkUn
eQI BIedImem rW KMrUedImEdlmanKuNPaBl¥ . bec©keTs eRbIR)as; rYmman karkat;bMEbk nig karbit
nigbMe)A (viFsI aRsþ EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½ybMput) karb:H nigpSaMBu nøk (RbEhl 30% GacTTYl)an)
nigkarbgáat;epSgeTot . fµ²I enH CamYynwgkarbgáat;tamry³daMCalikar(tissue culture)
k_TTYl)aneCaKC½ypgEdr enA Gembloux RbeTsEbsiuc (Belgium) [1] .
9
[stVl¥ti ]: Helopeltis bug or tea mosquito (Helopeltis antonii) CaRbePTstVl¥ti sMxan;

nigeFIkV arbMpaø jya:gFn;F¶r dl;Bnøk nigkBa©úpM aá EdleFIeV GaykBa©púM áas¶tÜ nigRCuHEpø .
EdlGaceFIeV Gayb:HBal;dl;esdækic© . vaGackMcat;)anedayeRbIR)as;fñasM lM ab;stVl¥it . kareRbIR)as;
endosulfan nig dimethoate enAeBlmanstVl¥itelceLIg . eTaHya:gNa edayehtufa
sVaycnÞIRtUv)andMeNIrlMGgedaystVl¥it kareRbIR)as;fñasM lM ab;stVl¥iteRcIneBk minRtUv)anGnuBaØat

eLIy . RbePT EdlFn;RtUv)ansegátenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa . RbePTstVl¥ti EdleFIkV arbMpaø j
enAkñgú tMbn;mandUc Ca stVl¥ti ecaHeQI stVl¥ti CBa¢k;edIm dUcCa thrips . RbePTdéTeTotmandUcCa
Acrocercops syngramma, Conopomorpha syngramma Meyrick, Crimissa cruralis,
Hypatima haligramma Meyrick, Lamida moncusalis Walker, Nephopetryx sp.,
Metanastria hyrtaca Cramer, Monolepta longitarsus Jac., Oligonychus mangiferus
Ratman, Paradasynus rostratus Distant, Plocaederus ferrugineus, Rhynchothrips
raoensis Ramakrishna, Selenothrips rubrocinctus nig Thylocoptila panrosema
Meyrick .
[CMgW]: enAkñgú GakasFatuekþA ehIyesIm anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)
bMpøajnUvBnøkx; ©I nigpáa EdleFIeV Gays¶tÜ nigRCuH . karraldaleTAelIEpø k_bNþalmkBI necrosis
nigRCuH . RbePTCMgWenH manCab;Bak;B½n§ngw stVl¥ti nigpSit . karRKb;RKgRtUv)aneFIeV LIg
edaykat;ecjvnigdut bMpøajnUvEpñk EdlrgCMgW nigeRCIserIsRbePT EdlFn;nwgCMgW
eRbIR)as;fñasM lM ab;pSit . RbePTepSgeTot KW powdery mildew (Oidium anacardii)

EdlekItmaneLIgenAkñgú cMkar CaBiess brisßanesIm nigsMbUredImeQIeRcIn . EpñkEdl rgCMgW
RtUv)anRKbdNþbe; day pSitBN’s . søwk nigpáaRtUv)aneFIeV Gay
s¶Üt nigRCuH . vaGacRtUv)anRKb;RKg edayeRbI sulphur . RbePTpSitepSgeTot dUcCa Capnodium
sp. (Sooty Mould), Corticium salmonicolor, Cylindrocladium scoparium (Seedling
Blight), Diplodia natalensis Evans. (Gummosis), Glomerella cingulata,
Gloeosporium mangiferae P. Henn., Oidium anacardii (Powdery Mildew),
Phomosis anacardii, Phytium ultimum Tron. (Seedling Root Rot), Pestalotia
10
paconiae Servazzi (Leaf Spots), Pestalotia dichatae (Leaf Spots), Phytophthora
palmivora (Damping off) RtUv)ankt;Rta .
F> karGPirkS :
[karGPirkSkñgú ]:TIkEnøgrkSaTukEsnl¥manTItaMgenARbeTseRbsIul (130 accessions) \NÐa (

NRCC rkSaTuk 213 kEnøg eday 600 zitenAkEnøgepSgeTotén\NÐa) mUsSg;bc íu‘ (530 clones),
éf (744 RbePTénsVaycnÞI) nigPIlIBIn 1,300 kEnøg [2].
sVaycnÞIRtUv)andaMduHya:geRcIn enAesÞIrRKb;tMbn;énRbeTskm<Cú a sMrab;CaplitplBaNiCk¢ mµ .

ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
vamanenA PñeM Bj mNÐlKIrI rtnKIrI kMBg;cam kMBg;FM kNþal sVayerog kMBg;esam )at;dMbg esomrab
eBaF×sat; nigéRBEvg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [16]
[RbPBkMenIt]: eRbsIlu
[karnaMcl U ]: GasIu (bg;køaeds Rb‘uyeN km<Cú a cin \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; )a:KsI aß n
hVlI IBnI sgðabUrI RsIlgøkar éf evotNam),
GaeRhVc (Gg;ehÁaLa emnIn British Indian Ocean Territory ebIKN I ahVasU kama:rU extvWt kugehÁa
kUedv½r hÁeI nob‘sÍ U eknya: eLsUtU ma:dahÁasáa ma:LavI mUsüg;bcíu‘ nIesrIya: esenhÁal; esra:eLGUn
GaeRhVcxagt,Úg s‘dU g; tg;sanI tUeháa G‘yu ehÁnda sImu ebo),
Caribbean ()a)adU Kuy)a dUmn I eI xn éhTI camIka eBrUrIkU RTInIedt nig tU)aeháa ),
GaemrikkNþal (kUsþarIka eG savad½r háaetma::La hugdUra:s; nIháara:hrÁ½ )a:Nama:),
11
GaemrikxageCIg (misciu kU),
Gaemrikxagt,Úg (hÁyÚ a:Na eb:rU sYrIenm evens‘yu eGLa)
mhasmuRT (GURsþalI hVICI )a:BUjÚKeI no)
p> epSg² :
[Rbvtþi]: vaCaRbePTrukCç atihUbEpø EdlRtUv)annaMcUledayCnCatibT:u uyháal; nigeGs,aj

enATUTaMgtMbn;RtUBki .
[sarFatuciBa©wm]: CamYypl 420 kg énRKab;sVaycnÞIkg ñú mYyhicta 13 kg énGasUt 4 kg én
P2O5 nig 3 kg én K2O RtUv)andkecj . ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[sarFatuenAkñúgRKab;]: RKab;manpÞk
ú RbUetGIun 21% nigeRbgBI 35 eTA 45% . ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[karEkécñRKab;enAtMbn;GasIu]:plitkmµCaRTg;RTaytUc enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ eFIk
V arEkécñ kareRCIserIs
nigvicu x©b; edayeRbIR)as;éd .
[dMenIrlMGg nigkarray)a:yrbs;RKab;]:dMeNIrlMGgRtUv)aneFIeV LIgedayXµMú (Apis mellifera).
Rsemac nigruyénePT Ligyra nig Helophilus k_clU rYmkñgú dMeNIrlMGgpgEdr . xül;GacBRgay

lMGg eTaHbIvarYmcMEnktictYcenAkñgú dMeNIrlMGgk_eday . vaCaRbePT EdlGaceFVkI arbgáat;ExVg
edayxøÜnÉg . eTaHbI dMeNIrlMGgminmanRbsiT§PaBk_eday CamYynwgkarRbmUllMGgBIpáa staminoid
. sVaycnÞIplitpáa kBa©úM nigTwkdm . karecjEpøRtUv)ankMnt; edaylkçx½NÐFmµCati EdlmankMritBI 5
to 10% . enA\NÐa dMeNIrlMGg minsUvmanRbsiT§PaBeT nigkarecjEpøekIneLIg edaysar
dMeNIrlMGgsib,nimtµi dUcCaenAtg;sSanI (Tanzania) karecjEpø nigdMeNIrlMGg manRbsiT§PaB

nigminkMNt;nUvbrimaNTinñpleT . karray)a:yrbs;RKab;ekItmaneLIg edaysarTwk (eqñrsmuRT
edaycrnþTwksmuRT) edaystVsaø b EdlsIuEpø (dUcCa ekgkg nig Ramphastidae)
edaystVRbeCov RbePT Epomophorus wahlbergi .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
12
Aiyadura SG, Premanad PP. 1965. Can cashew become a more remunerable
plantation crop? India Cashew Journal. 4(1):2-7.
[7]
Food and Agriculture Organization, 1982. Fruit-bearing forest trees: technical

notes. FAO Forestry Paper, No. 34:v + 177 pp.
[2]
French JH, Tingsabadh C, Taylor D, Byrnes F, Pan FJ, Wood H, Chung HH, Kamis
Awang, Lasco RD, Bhumibhamon S, Latimer W, 1994. Growing multipurpose
trees on small farms. Growing multipurpose trees on small farms., Ed. 2:li + 315
pp.; 69 ref.
[2]
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation.
Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation., xv + 562 pp.; [18
pp. of ref + refs in text].
[2]
Johnson DV, 1973. The botany, origin, and spread of the cashew, Anacardium
occidentale L. Journal of Plantation Crops, 1:1-7.
[2]
Nayak MG, 1996. Training and pruning practices for cashew. Cashew, 10(2):5-9;
[3 pl.].
[2]
Ohler JG, 1979. Cashew. Communication, Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam,

No. 71:260 pp.
[2]
Northwood PJ. 1966. Some observations on flowering and fruit setting in the
cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Trop. Agriculture, Trin. 43(1).
[7]
13
Verheij E.W.M. Coronel R.E. (1991) PROSEA - Plant Resources of South-East
Asia; 2 - Edible fruits and nuts.
[8]
Villachica H. Carvalho J. E. U. de. Müller C. H. Camilo Diaz, S. Almanza M.

(1996) Promising Amazonian Fruits and Vegetables.
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4,
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[3] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site
Selection and Tree Planting. (CD-ROM).
[4] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical

Constituents and Ethnobotanical Uses.
[5] Mandal, R.C., 2000: Cashew - Production and Processing Technology.

[6] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia,
Trade Names of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
[7] World Agroforestry Center: AgroForestryTree Database -

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicSe
arch.asp (Internet source).
[8] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=401&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategor
y=full (Internet source)
14
[9] CTSP/DANIDA, 2004: List of Tree Species.
[10] Andhra Pradesh Forest Department: http://forest.ap.nic.in/Silviculture

(Internet source).
[11] ARCBC BISS Species Database: http://arcbc.org/cgi-

bin/abiss.exe/spd?spd=352&tx=PL&sub=0 (Internet source).
[12] Auroville TDEF: http://www.auroville-tdef.info/Individual.php?id=447

(Internet source)
[13] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and
Planning Institute.
[15] Purseglove, J-W., 1968: Tropical Crops - Dicotyledonae 1. London. 332 pp.

15
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Anisoptera costata Korth.]

[Anisoptera costata Korth.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Anisoptera costata Korth. [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ minmanTinñn½y ..

K> sTisn½y ³ Anisoptera cochinchinensis Pierre (1886),
Anisoptera marginatoides Heim (1902),

Anisoptera mindanensis Foxw. (1918) [1],
Anisoptera oblonga Dyer,
Anisoptera cochinchinensis Pierre,
Anisoptera robusta Pierre,
Anisoptera glabra Pierre,
Shorea nervosa Kurz. [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ mai bak, mersawa (Trade Name) [12] - mersawa kesat
(Brunei) [1] - masegar, mersawa daun lebar, ketimpun

(Indonesia) [1] - mersawa kesat, mersawa terbak,
pengiran kesat (Malaysia) [1] - Mindanao palosapis,
balingan (Philippines) [1] - kaban-thangyin (Myanmar)
[1] - bak, maiz bak (Laos) [1] - krabak, krabak khok,
krabak daeng (Thailand) [1] - v[ee]n v[ee]n, v[ee]n
v[ee]n tr[aws]ng, v[ee]n v[ee]n xanh (Vietnam) [1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ epþók

ÉksarBieRKaH : [8]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ phdiek, phdiek krâham, phdiek sâ [1]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Anisoptera Korth.
RbePT : Anisoptera costata Korth.
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQIFM EdlmankMBs;dl;eTA 50 (-65) m [1] (-20 m [10], 30-40 m [12]) .

edImragdUcsIuLaMg Rtg;l¥ KµanEmkenAkMBs; 35 m nigGgát;p©it DBH dl;eTA 150 cm [1] (100 cm [10],
170 cm [5], 200 cm [2], 50-80 cm [12]) . manRBWgBIr eTAbI EdlmankMBs; 4 m kMras;Rkas; mUl
Rtg; nigenACMuvijkMBs; 2.5 m bnþduHrhUtdl;kMBs; 10 m [5] ; (minmanRBwgeT [2]). EmkRkas; sMEb:t rW

RCug nigmaneramBN’elOgRkas; .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’etñatcas; rW elOgx©I relag nigKµaneramenAeBltUc eRbHtambeNþay
enAeBlcas; nigrbkCaragctuekaNEkgtUc² . sMbkxagkñúgdUcEs,k nigzitenACabnÞH ² kMras;dl;eTA

3 cm [5] (1-2 cm [12]) edayman BN’Bgman; nig BN’elOgrW elOgcas; .
[søwk]: søwkeTal qøas; dUcEs,k edaymanBN’elOg rW ébtgenAxageRkam . søwkmanrageGlIb

rWmUldUcs‘tu manTMhM 6-20 x 3-11 cm [5] (6-18 cm x 7-11 cm [1], 10-15 x 5-8 cm [2]) . cugsøwkxøI
minRsYc manragmUl rWdcU ebHdUgenAKl; KµaneramenAEpñkxagelI EtmaneramragdUcpáayenAEpñk
xageRkam manrun§xül;zitenAqøas;Kña srésEvn TIBIrmancMnnY 15-20 KU [5] (8-22 KU [1]) .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá ragdUcekan zitenACaG½kS rW duHenAxagcug manRbEvg 10-15 cm edaymaneramragdUcpáay
. páamanBN’Bgman; . RtbkpáamancMnYn 5 maneram nigragRtIekaNmUl . RsTab;páak_man 5 ragTal
nig dUceGlIb . eksreQµalmancMnnY 25-35 [5] (30-35 [2]) . eksrjI ragsILu aMg manrun§ 2 (2
GUvul = RKab;mni Tan;TMu ) . ecjpáaBIEx vickäi ar dl; mina [5] (kum³Ö -mina [2], Fñ-Ú mina [12]) .
2
[Epø]: ecjEpøBEI x kumÖ³ dl; ]sPa [5] (emsa-]sPa [2]) . EpømUl BN’etñat Ggát;p©it 1-1.5 cm
edaymansøabFM²BIrmanTMhM 10-12 x 1.5-2 cm [2] (10-16 x 1-1.5 cm [5]) nigsøabtUc²bI 1.5-2.5 x
0.2-0.5 cm.

Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
TMng;Fn¶ m; Füm cMeBaHeQIxwmø edaymanBN’elOgRsal nigminGacEckdak;rvageQIRsay nigeQIxwøm

. eTaHbICa RbPBxøH)anBiBN’naBIlkçN³xusKña rbs;eQIRsay nigeQIxwmø edaymanBN’elOgRsal
nigeQIxwømmanBN’elOgRsalCamYynwgsac;eQIrelag . rgVg;lUtlas;RbcaMqañ M manlkçN³minsUv
c,as; nigCaTUeTAmanTTwg 5-7 mm . C½rnaMecjedaybMBg; nigsés EdlzitenAray)a:yCaeRcIn .
eQIEdlmanC½rmanlkçN³Tn;enAeBldMbgU nig køayCarwg BN’RbepH CamYynwgkøwnd¾xaø gM .
dg;sIeu teQI 0.46-0.85 g/cm³ [1] enAsMeNIm 15% . dg;seIu tCak;lak; éneQIst¶Ü KW 0.64 g/cm³ [2]
(0.61-0.71 g/cm³ [12]). emKuNénkMritrYj 0.49, kMritsés 28% . kMlaMgsgát;man 504 kg/cm² .
kMriténkarbt; 1,150 kg/cm² . kMriténkarbMEbk 17.5 kg/cm . emKuNkMriténkarbt; 1.17 .

eQIgayRsYlkñgú karGa b:Eu nþeFIeV GayrNaril BIeRBaH sac;eQImanpÞkú kal;süÚmGuks‘Íut (calcium-
oxate) enAkñg ú eQIxwmø .
RbEhl: BI 15°N eq<aHeTAxagt,Úg . duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBeRsagtMbn;RtUBci esIm éRBBak;kNþal

eRsag nigéRBeRsags¶tÜ éntMbn;TMnab . enAkñúgéRBFmµCati vaduHlUtlas;CamYyRbePTdUcCa
Diperocarpus alatus, D.kerri, D. jourdanii, Hopea odorata, Hopea ferrea, Shorea spp.,
nig
Lagerstroemia spp., Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Xylia xylocarpa, Afzelia xylocarpa
Peltophorum ferrugincum . CYnkal vaduHlayCamYyb¤sSI . epþókCaRbePTlb;

nigduHlUtlas;CaRkumsuT§ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5, 7, 11, 12]
3
duHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 700 m a.s.l. tMbn;EdlmansMeNIm edaymankMBs;TwkePøógmFüm 1,500-

2,200 mm sMenImRbcaMqañ m
M Füm 75-85% . sItuNðPaBRbcaMqañ CM amFüm 25-27°C . enArdUvR)aMgEdl
manry³eBlBI 4-6 Ex .
vasmRsbnwgdI EdlmanBN’RbepH rWBN’elOgetñat CaRbePTdIl,b;cas; rW)asal; EdlmanCICatikMrit

TabvaduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;smuRT tMbn;PñM nigtammat;swgÞ nigTMnab . vaminFn;dI Edldk;Twk
cMEnkdIEdlrgkarrukranEtgmanCICatikrM itTab . vaduHlUtlas;CaRkumpgEdr enAtMbn;EdlmanrdUvR)aMg
EdledImeQIGacCMruHsøkw nigmanTMhMtUc .
[lkçN³eQI]: eQI (eQµaHBaNiCk¢ mµ 'mersawa') KWmantMélBaNiCk¢ mµxs< ; nigsmRsbsMrab;eFIV

veneer, kþabnÞH eRKOgsgðarwm kþaRkal kþaRkalnava sMng;TUeTA begáalTUrs½BÞ nigFugeQI .

[Gnupl]: EpøGacbriePaK)an .
ÉksarBieRKaH [11]
[epSg²]: CaRbePTeQIpþl;mb ø ; nigCMrk . CaRbePT EdlmanskþanuBlsMrab;karGPirkSdI nig Twk .
RbePTenHRtUv)ancat;Ca RbePTeQImansar³sMxan;sMrab;esdækic©sgÁm enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a (edaysikça
salafñak;CaeTAelIRbePTeQIGaTiPaB erobcMedayrdæ)aléRBeQI nig CTSP kñgú qñaM 2000) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
4
eQIRbePTelx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
lkçN³TUeTA]: epþókduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBeRsagesIméntMbn;RtUBci éRBBak;kNþaeRsag nigéRBeRsag

[
s¶Üt éntMbn;TMnab EdlsMbUreTAedayRbePTeQICrM uHsøkw (20-50%) éRBEdlmanedImeQIkMBs;BI 25-30

m edaymankenSamsøwkCit nigmankMBs;Tab 5-17 m . enAkñg ú éRBFmµCati vaduHCamYyBBYk
Diperocarpus alatus, D.kerri, D. jourdanii, Hopea odorata, H. ferrea, Shorea spp.,
Lagerstroemia spp., Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Xylia xylocarpa, Afzelia xylocarpa nig
Peltophorum ferrugincum . CYnkalvaduHlUtlas;layCamYyb¤sSI . epþókCaRbePT Edlman
lkçN³eGkULsÚ uIlb;elIRbePTdéT . CYnkal vaduHlUtlas;CaRkumsuT§ rW ÉkRbePT .

ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5, 7,11]
[kardaMduH]: sMrab;kardaMduH vaRtUv)anpþl;db M Unµan eGaydaMenAelIRbePTdIRbepH Edlmanl,b;cas; rW
)asal;enAdIEdléRBeQIRtUv)anrukran edaymanedImeQIduHxøH²pgEdr . karbegátI cMkarsuT§ Gac
RtUv)aneFIeV LIg enAeRkamkenSamsøkw rbs;RbePT Indigofera teysmanii Edlman 600 edIm/ha dg;sIeu t
(3-6 m) rWGacdaMlaycMruH enATTwgrgBI 15-20 m edaylayCamYy Dipterocarpus alatus nig Hopea
odorata . enAdMNak;kaldMbg U rbs;cMkar vaTamTarnUvmøb; dUcenH Indigofera teysmanii nig Hopea

odorata RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;pþl;mb ø ;dl;RbePTenH . kardaMRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAkMLgú rdUvvsSa (mifuna-
kkáda enAkñúg RbeTsevotNam) .
[karRKb;RKg]: karEfrTaMRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAkñg ú ry³eBl 7 qñaM . enAqñaTM ImyY dl;TIbI

kargarsMxan;KsW GM atesµA BUnKl; kat;vlø× (BIrdgkñúgmYyqñaM elIkTImyY mun nig cugeRkaybnÞab;
BIrdUvvsSa ) . enAqñaMTI 4 -5 :karkat;rMelaHBnøk nig tMrg;edImeGayl¥ . enAqñaMTI 6 -7 : karebIk
kenSamsøwk kat;srM YlnUvdg;seIu t (dg;seIu tcugeRkayKW 300 edIm/ha) . RtUvEteFIVkarRKb;RKgePøgI
eqHenAkñgú rdUvR)aMg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
5
páa nigEpørbs;vamineTogTat; (mþg enAragral; 3-4 qñaM ) . dUcenH RKab;RtUv)anrkSaTuk nigkUneQIRtUv

)ansabedaypÞal; BIeRBaHdMNuHrbs;vagaynwg)at;bg;ya:grh½s . RKab;GacRtUv)andaMsabenAkñgú fñal
nigdaMkúgñ fg; (20 x 25 cm) (karlaydI KW dIRsTab;elI (80%) nigkMbs:u ×þ (20%) ) . kUneQIRtUv)andaM
enAeBlBYkvamankMBs;mFüm 0.6-0.8 m nigGayu 12-14 Ex .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
F> karGPirkS :
epþókCaRbePTkMr nigRbePTKMramkMEhg eyagtam IUCN -1994 EN-category . RbePTeQIenH

RtUv)anKMramkMEhg edaykarkab;bpM aø j enARbeTskm<Cú a nigmancMnnY eRcInCag 10,000 [9] .
minTan;manTinñn½y . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y

[RbPBkMenIt]: Rb‘yu eN km<Cú a \NÐeÚ nsIu (s‘Uma:Rta cava bUenGU ) Lav ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI sgðabUrI éf
evotNam (evotNamxagt,Úg) .
[ karnaMclU ]: minTan;manTinñny½ . .
6
p> epSg² :
[ esenTicéRBeQI]: "epþókmanRbePTxus²Kña EdlGacRtUv)anbgáat;CamYy A. curtisii" [1] .
Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêtnam (various editors), 1960. Muséum National

d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
[1]
Masano, A.H., 1988. Perkecambahan benih Anisoptera costata Korth. [Seed germination of
Anisoptera costata Korth.]. Buletin Penelitian Hutan 498: 11-21.
[1]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[2] JICA, 2003: Use of indigenous tree species in reforestation in Vietnam.
[3] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of
Commercial Woods, unpublished.

[4] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees
of Northern Thailand.
[5] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[6] Keo Omaliss and Meng Monyrak: Threatened Species Listing in Cambodia: Status,
Issues and Prospects
7
[9] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04
.htm (Internet source)

bin/abiss.exe/spd?SID=1869852&spd=5062&tx=PL (Internet source)
[11] Dipterocarpaceae in Thailand - Taxonomic and Biogeographical Analysis:

http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Anisoptera.htm
(Internet source)
Institute.
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Annona muricata L]

[Annona muricata L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Annona muricata L. [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ soursop, custard apple, [4,9]
K> sTisn½y ³ Annona bondplaniana Kunth ;
Annona cearaensis Barb. Rodr.;

Annona macrocarpa Werkl.;
Guanabanus muricata (L.) Gomez. [26]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ guayabano, soursop (Engl.) anone, cachiman épineux,
corossol, corosselier, (French); tiëp bânla, tiep barang

(Cambodia); sirsak, nangka belanda, nangka seberng
(Indonesia); khan thalot, khièp thét (Laos); durian belanda,
durian benggala, durina makkah (Malaysia); duyin awza
(Burma); guayabano, atti (Philippines); thurian thet, rian nam,
thurian khaek (Thailand); mang câu xiêm (Vietnam) [6,26].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ eTob)araMg

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ tiëp barang, tiëp bânla [4]
lMdab; : Magnoliales
1
RKYsar : Annonaceae [4]
ePT : Annona
RbePT : Annona muricata L. [4]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQI mankMBs; 5-9 m manEmkenACitKl; [6] .

edImeQIGacmankMBs;dl;eTA 7 m [9] . ragRsLÚn ébtgCanic© mankMBs; 5-10m manGgát;p©it 15
cm edImRtg; [26] .
[sMbk]: relag BN’RbepH rW etñatRbepH eRKIm nigeRbH sMbkxagkñg ú BN’sIuCm<Ú nigKµanrs;Cati

EmktMerob tamkenSamsøwk begáItCaTMrg;ekan nigrIkFM kenSamsøwkcas;manrages<ó
EmktUcmanBN’etñat rW RbepH ragRTEvg manRbB½n§rWsrIklUtlas;xøagM
duHenAxageRkamGgát;p©itrbs;kenSamsøwk rWsmanlkçN³rak; . rukç CatieBlv½y manrWsEkv
EdleRkammkRtUv)an)at;bg; [26] .
[søwk]: qøas; TgxøI ragRTEvg minmaneFµj manRbEvg 7-20 cm nigTTwg 2-5 cm
RsYcenAcugTaMgsgçag BN’ébtgcas; nigPøWrelagenAEpñkxagelI nigBN’elOgébtgenAxageRkam

mankøinminl¥enAeBl jIeGay xÞic [6] . søwkmankøin BN’ébtg sMEb:t [9] . søwkqøas; manRbEvg
7.6-15.2 cm nigTTwg 2.5-7.6 cm ragdUcEs,k mUl rW eGlIb maneramenAelI
nigKµaneramenAxageRkam samBaØ minmanxñaysøwk bnÞHsøwk rag RTEvg BN’ébtgenAxagelI
nigRsGab;enAxageRkam edaymanRbEvg 3-10 mm long mansrés mankøin xøaMg nigmanTgxøI [26]

.
[páa]: FM manBN’ébtgelOg mankøinxøaMg mancMnYnBI 1 rW 2 Cab;Kña TgpáaxøI maneram [6] .
páaragdUcpáaés, duHenAelIedIm nigEmk manragCagRtIekan Rtbkmansac;

EdlRCuHecjeRkayeBldMeNItlMGg . páaman køinminl¥ EtGacTak;TajstVl¥it nigruy
EdlCaGñkCYykñúgdMeNIrlMGg [9] . páaenAelIG½kS FM manTgFM BN’ébtg manRbEvg 1.3-1.9 cm
manRtbkcMnnY 3 tUc² Bi)aksegát FM BN’ébtg RbEvg 3mm ragRtI ekan
2
manRsTab;BN’elOgébtg manragdUcKUTxüg 2 kñúgcMeNam 3 RsTab;xageRkAFM ragmUl minKgKña
RsYcenAxagcug (ragdUcebHdUg) TMhM 4-5 x 3.4 cm, 3 mm Rkas; nigmansac;
zitenACitKñaenAcugBnøk eRKImenAxageRkA RsTab;xagkñúg 3 tUc manRbEvg 3.8 cm esþIgCag mUl
ragekancuH ragdUcRkckéd enAEpñKl; nig RtYtsIuKñaenAEpñkCay manekseRcIn ragdUcExl pþúMKña
manbMBg;eksRsb nigebIktambeNþay maneksjIeRcIn zitenAelIekseQµal EdlmanGUvul 1
kñúgmYyft s,Únpáa manBN’ s tUc manRbEvg 5 mm edayman stigmata s¥it [26] .
[Epø]: sVit manlkçN³dUcEs,k nigmanbnøaTn; ragekag . sac;manBN’s sMbUrTwk nigrwg RKab;man
BN’etñatcas; [6] . EpøCaRbePT syncarp EdlEpøRtUv)anRbmUlpþúMBIeksCaeRcIn

nigbnøanimYy²lUtlas; mkBITgeks Edlcas; . Epømansac;BN’s manrs;Cati nigkøinRkGUb
EdlmanpÞúkRKab;cMnYnmYykñúgmYy ft nigRKab;manBN’exµA PøWrelag . EpøFM mansMbkesþIg
manBN’ébtgRsal rW PøW manragdUcCgÁg; rW ebH dUg TMgn; 3 kg manRbEvg 35 cm [9] . EpømanTMhM
14-40 x 10-18 cm TMgn;dl;eTA 7 kg ragmUl rW dUcebHdUg manragRTEvg EdlekItBIeksCaeRcIn
manbnøaxøI ² EdlmanlkçN³Tn; EdlmanRbEvg 1.5 mm rW EvgCagenH EdllUtlas;BITgeks

minsIuemRTI edaysarkarbgárkMeNItmineBjelgrbs;GUvul . sMbkesþIg BN’ébtgcas; manbnøaxøI
mansac;BN’s manCatisrés nigmanTwk RKab;BN’exµA relag rag RTEvg RbEvg 2 cm nigTTwg 0.7
cm [26].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIsmRsbsMrab;eRbICaGus . eQImanlkçN³Tn; BN’s CYnkarGaceRbIsMrab;karsagsg;pgEdr .

eQIRsaymanBN’s nigeQIxøwm manBN’etñat . eQImanlkçNTn; Rsal (TMnajEpndI 400kg/m³)

minFn; nigkMrRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;CaeQIsMNg; b:uEnþGaceRbIsMrab; eFIVnwgrbs;eKa rW RkbI [26] .
Tab)araMg CaRbePTeQImanRbPBkMeNItBItMbn;RtUBik Gaemrik EdlrYmTaMgPaKxaglic Indies

eTaHbICaRbPBedImCak;lak;minRtUv)andwgk_eday . vamanduHray)a:yenAtMbn;TMnabRtUBik [6] .
RtUv)andaMduH enAtMbn;RtUBik nigGnutMbn;RtUBikénGaemrik \NÐÚensIu ma:eLsIu hVIlIBIn éf GURsþalI
3
nigmankMritPUmisaRsþBI 23º N nig 25º S [12] . Tab)araMg GacduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;RtUBik
nigGnutMbn;RtUBikesIm . vamanduHenAtameqñrsmuRT nigTICMralpgEdr . vaRtUv)andaMduHsMrab;ykEpø
ehIyGacduHenAkñúgéRBedayFmµCati enAtamKem<aéRBRkas; valesµA nigtamdgpøvÚ [26] .
Tab)araMgmanduHenAtMbn;GakasFatuRtUBki Edlmanry³kMBs;TabCag 1000 m a.s.l.

edaymankMrti TwkePøóg RbcaMqaMTabbMput 1000 mm/m² eTaHbI vaGacFn;nwgkarraMgs¶tÜ rhUtdl;
ry³eBl 6 Exk_eday [6] . Tab)arMag duHlUtlas;enArvagry³kMBs; 0-1000 m kMritTwkePøógRbcaMqñaM
1000 eTA 2500 mm/m² kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqñaMBI 18ºC-25ºC sItuNðPaBTabbMput >5ºC
[12] . RbePT enH RtUv)andaMduH enAkñúgsYnkñúgpÞH nigtamc,ardMNaMenACnbT enAelIdIekaHPñMePøIg nig
RbePTdI limestone EdlvaduHlUtlas;CaFmµCati . edImeQIminmanduHenAelIekaHpáafµeT .

BYkvaGacFn;nwgsenSImtictYc b:ueNÑaH . Tab)araMg manduHenA PaKxaglic Indies elIkElgEtenA
Bahamas nigBI Mexico eTA Brazil [26].
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
Tab)arMagminFn; nwgkarCaMTwk b:uEnþRtUvkarkEnøgmindk;Twk nigminmanCatiGasIuteRcIneBk (6) Fn;dI)as

EdlmanvaynPaBRsal [9,12] .
[eQI]: GacRtUv)aneRbICaeQIfamBl [17] .

[Gnupl]:Tab)arMag CaeQIhUbEpø EdlGacbriePaK)anTaMgenARss; rW eFIVCaTwkePsC¢³ dMNab; rW
ecAhYy . RbePTenH CaRbePTmYykñúgcMenamBBYk Annona EdlGaceFIVkarEkécñedIm,IrkSaTuk)anyUr

. vamankMritvItamIn B nig C x<s; nigmansarsMxan;sMrab;RbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ EdleRbIEpøminTan;TMu
4
layCamYy xÞiHdUg ( coconut milk) . Tab)araMg RtUv)aneRbICabEg¥mRss; enAeBlTMu rW
layCamYykaer:m rW TwkedaHeKa eGaymanrs;Catiq¶aj; dUcCaenAekaHcava:CaedIm nigenAKuy)a
RBmTaMgtMbn;xøH enAGaemrik . eTaHbI sac;RtUv)aneRcaHsMrab;ykTwk
ehIyvak_GacykmkeFIVCaecAhYy nigesr:U (syrup) pgEdr . enA \NÐÚensIu nMEp¥m (‘dodol sisrak’)
RtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayes¶arsac;Tab)araMg nigbEnßmCamYysár rhUtdl;rwg . enAhVIlIBI Epøx©I CamYyRKab;
EdlenATn;RtUv)aneRbICabEnø . Epøcas; GaceRbIsMrab;eFIVsárRKab; Edlmankøin nigrs;Catiq¶aj; .
Tab)araMg manpÞúknUvsac;cMnYn 67.5% EdlGacbriePaK)an sMbk 20% RKab; 8.5% nigbNþÚl 4%
KitCaTMgn; . sármankMrit 68% énsarFaturwg . EpøCaRbPBénvItamIn B (0.07 mg/100g) nig C (20
mg/100 g) nigmantic rW eRcInnUvkal;süÚm nigpUsVr . sar³sMxan;rbs;Epø KWmanrs; CatiEp¥m
nigkøinRkGUb [26] . enAkñúgkareRbIR)as;Ca»sfburaNmandUcCa : søwkEdlbukkMTic RtUv)anlab

eTAelIbUs nigeRbIsMrab;kat;bnßykarehIm nig karBi)akrMlayGahar Rkmr nigCMgWEs,k eraKsnøak; k¥k
nigpþassay . søwkGaceRbIsMrab; es¶arrMgas; TTYlTan CamYyGMbil sMrab;kat;bnßykarQWcab;RbB½n§
rMlayGahar nigkarGs;klM aMg . søwk nigRKab;RtUv)anes¶ar sMrab;briePaK Büa)alCMgWeBaHevon .
kareRbI søwksMrab;ma:sSa manRbeyaCn_sMrab;karP½yxøac søwk nigsMbkEdles¶ar
GaceRbIsMrab;kat;bnßykar P½yxøac . páa nigBnøkpáaEt RtUvlayKñaCamYyTwkXµúMBüa)alpþasay
QWRTUg nigCMgsrésrR)asaT nigsMbk RBmTaMgEpøx©ImanpÞúksarFatutanIn EdleRbIsMrab;CMgWraK
nigraKmYl . sMbkmanBN’ébtg RtUv)aneRbIsMrabbBaÄb;karhUrQam [26] .
Tab)araMg CaRbePT EdlsmRsbsMrab;dMNaMqøas; CamYysVay rW eb‘Í (avocado) .
enAeBlvamankenSam søwkCit TabRtUv)ankat;ecj . Tinñplrbs;Epø CamFümTab
EdlmanEpøBIminelIsBI 12 - 24 kñúgmYyedIm eTaHbI cMkar EdlmanGac 35 qñaM enA Hawaii bgðajfa
cMnYnEpøCamFümkñúgmYyedIm eRcInCagenH KW 33, 34, nig 70 Epø/edIm enAqñaM TI 4,5,nig 6 CabnþbnÞab;

[12] .
søwk nigrWsRtUv)aneRbICa»sfbUraN [6] . søwkGaceRbICafñaMeFIVeGayedk [9]. sac;Epø

nigsøwkRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;Büa)al raK RKun nigkgVHvItamIn [9] .
Epøx©I søwk nigRKab;mansarFatusMlab;stVl¥it RKab;RtUv)ancat;faGaceFIVeGaymnusSBul [9] .
Annonaceae CaGMbUr EdlmancMnYneRcIn nigCaRbePTeQIhUbEpø EdlmanedImtUc² . RbePTénePT
Rollinia mansar³sMxan;EtenAtamtMbn;b:ueNÑaH b:uEnþePT Annona, A. muricata L., soursop, nig A.
5
reticulata L., RtUv)andaMduHya:geRcInenA GaemrikkNþal nigxaglic Indies . mkdl;sBVéf¶
manEtRbePT 2 Edlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;BaNiC¢kmµ KW A. cherimola Mill., cherimoya, nig A.
squamosa L., the custard apple, nigkarbgáat;KñarvagRbePTBIrenH RtUv)anehAfa atemoyas .
Cherimoya manRbPBBI x<g;rabeBrU nigeGkVaD½r niglUtlas;enAtMbn;x<g;rabRtUBik nigGnutMbn;RtUBik .
Cherimoya RtUv)anlk;enAGWru:b EdlPaKeRcInykmkBI RbeTseGs,aj nigGIuRsaEGl [19].
minmancMNat;fñak; . [18]
RKab;GacRtUv)ansab edaypÞal;enATIval rW enAkñúgfñal . enAkñúgry³eBl 20-30 éf¶ 85-90%

énRKab; GacduHeLIg nigkUneQIGacRtUv)andaM enAbnÞab;BIry³eBl 6-8 Ex . cenøaH enAkñúgkardaM manBI
3 x 4 m eTA 4 x 6 m [26] . cMkarBaNiC¢kmµ enAeRbsIul RtUvTTYlbraC½y .
vaminmanehtuplc,as;las;fa mkBImUlehtu énTinñplTab rW karBi)akkñgú karrkSaTukenaHeT .

r)aykarN_rbs;BYkeK epþateTAelI dMeNIr lMGgminRKb;RKan; nigTinñplTab . minEtb:ueNÑaH
GtifiCn)ant¥ÚnEt¥GMBI EpømanRKab;eRcIneBk . karsikSa eTATinñpl x<s;
nigcMnYnRKab;eRcInKYrEtRtUv)aneFIVeLIg [12] . kardaMduHCacMkarGaceFVIeLIgtamry³ kardaM
edayRKab;pÞal; b:uEnþebIl¥KYrdaMBIkUneQI [12] . kEnøg EdlenACMuvijKl; KYrEtkMueGaymanesµA rW
RtUv)an RKb edIm,IrkSasMeNImenArdUvR)aM . Annona muricata GacFn;nwgdI s¶Üt b:uEnþ
edImeQIGacCMruHsøwkCaeRcIn edIm,IFn;)an nigvaRtUvkarTwkbEnßmpgEdr . GaceRbICI

niglamkstVedIm,IbegáInTinñplEpø . vamansar³ sMxan;enAdMNak;kallUtlas; dMbUg
edaybegáInnUvkMritlUtlas; . edImeQImanTMrg;l¥ b:uEnþkñúgkrNIxøH va mansar³sMxan;kñúgkarrkSaTuk
EttYedImEtmYyKt; edaykat;ecjnUvedIm nigEmkepSg²eTot kMueGayman karRbKYtRbECg [26].
6
páaCaRbePT protandrous nigmanlMGgFøak;cuH enAeBlRsTab;páaebIk enAeBll¶ac . RsTab;xagkñúg

ebIk enAeBleRkay nigtic edIm,IeGaystVl¥itcUl tamry³karTak;Tajedaykøinrbs;va .
RbePTxñÚtCaeRcIn mansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgdMeNIrlMGg edayFmµCati . stVTaMgGs;enH
k_GacCYyeGaymandMeNIrlMGgkat; pgEdr enAeBldMeNIrlMGgminRKb;RKan;eFIVeGaypáamYycMnYnmin
Gacvivtþn_eTACaEpø)aneT . kareFIVdMeNIr lMGgedayéd k_GacbegáInKuNPaB nigbrimaNEpøpgEdr .
Epøcab;ecj enAqñaMTIBIr nig edImmanGayu 5 qñaM Gacpþl;EpøBI 10-50
GaRs½yeTAelIRbsiT§PaBéndMeNIrlMGg nigsarFatuciBa©wm . páa nigEpøGacecjeBj mYyqñaM
Rbsinlkçx½NÐl¥ [26] . karrkSaTukRKab;CaRbePT orthodox nigRKab; Fn;nwgkarsMgYtdl;eTA 5% .
karrkSaTukry³eBlyUr GaceFIVeTA)anenAeRkamlkçx½NÐ smRsb [26] . edImeQIGaceFVIkarbgáat;
edaykøÚn karb:HBnøk nigkarkat;pSaMu EdkRtUv)anGnuvtþenAtMbn;xøHénGaemrik . manEtedImeQI Edlman
plitPaBx<s;eT RtUv)anykmkbgáat; ehIyRtUv)anykeTAdaMenAcenøaH 5 m . eTaHbI Tab)arMag
RtUv)andaM edayRKab;PaKeRcInk_eday . kUneQIGacTTYlyk)an edaycMnYnRKab;énRbePT
Edlmanrs;Cati Ep¥m manlkçN³minxus²Kñab:unµaneT edaysarenAdMNak;kaleBjv½y
KWmanRtwmEtry³eBlBI 2-4 qñaM . RKab; GacRtUv)andaMedaypÞal; enATIval rW kñúgfñal [26] .
Tab)araMg gayrgeRKaHedaysarBBYkstVl¥itecaHrun§ EdlecaHcUleTAkñúgRKab; rbs;Epø .

RbePTstVepSg eTot mandUcCa RbePTstVmanRska nig»ma:l; [9] . dgáÚv (Diacotrichia, Pingasa
nig Pseudoterpna) eFIVkarvaRbhar eTAelIpáa nigsøwkx©I² [26] . stVl¥it rYmman Bephata

maculicollis, Ceconata annonella, Talponia backeri, Thecla ortygnus, BBYkstVmanRska
nigruyEpø Mediterranean . BBYkecaHedIm Cratasomus spp k_eFIVkarbMpøajxøaMgpgEdr

nigmanRbePTepSgeTotdUcCa GMbUr Coleoptera, Diptera nig Lepidoptera . Mousebirds
eFIVkarvay RbhareTAelIedIm . enAtMbn; Caribbean Tab)ayrgnUvkarbMpøajBIBBYkpSit
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides enA Manaus RbeTseRbsIul .
7
F> karGPirkS :
RtUv)andaMduHenAkñúgsYnCitpÞH nigCacMkartUc² .

tMbn;RtUBikGaemrikkNþal nigPaKxaglic\NÐa CakEnøgkMeNIt nigRtUv)annaMcUlGasIuGaeKñy_pgEdr
[26]
p> epSg² :
RKab;manpÞúknUvsarFatuBul dl;mnusS nigeFIVeGayrlakEPñk [9] . emSArbs;søwk Edls¶Üt nigC½rRss;

GaceRbIsMrab;sMlab;dgáÚv rWstVl¥it . emSA rW eRbg Edl)anBIRKab; RtUv)aneRbIsrM ab;sMlab;xñÚt nigéc .
RKab;EpñkTaMgGs;rbs;edIm mansarFatusMlab;stVl¥it nigGaceRbI EpøCanuy edIm,IsMlab;RtIpgEdr
[26].
B> GMnanepSg²eTot
:
Verheij E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Eds.) 1991: Plant Resources of Southeast Asia. No.2,
Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen, 446 pp.
Trinh Thuong Mai, 1995: Fruit trees in Vietnam. Chronica Horticultura 35(3): 8-9; 3 pl.
Granadino CA, Cave RD 1994: Inventory of arthropods and pathogenic fungi Annona in 4
localities of Honduras. Turrialba 44(3): 129-139; 5 ref.
Chan, YK 1992: Breeding and varietal improvement of tropical fruits at MARDI. Acta
Horticulturae No. 321:138-151; 12 ref.
Williams, L.O. 1981: The Useful Plants of Central America. Ceiba 24(1-4):1-381.
8
Fouque,A. 1976: Espèces Fruitières dÁmérique Tropicale. Institut Franais de
Recherches Fruitières Outre-Mer, Paris.
Carbajal D, Casaco A, Arruzazabala L, González R, Fuentes V, 1991. Pharmacological

screening of plant decoctions commonly used in Cuban folk medicine. Journal of
Ethnopharmacology, 33(1-2):21-24; 7 ref.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. Orchid Press,
Bangkok, 234 pp.

Encyclopaedic Guide. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 484 pp.
13) Baertels, A., 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen

(Colour Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ.
Stuttgart, illustrated, 384 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
26) World Agroforestry Centre

http.www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Speciesinfo.asp
?
(Internet source)
9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Annona squamosa L]

[Annona squamosa L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Annona squamosa L. [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ sweetsop, custard apple, sugar apple [4,6,9]
K> sTisn½y ³ Annona biflora Moç & Sessé,
Annona cinerea Dunhal.,

Annona forskahlii DC. [26].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ pomme cannelle, achiman cannelle, attier (French);
chirimoya, anona (Spanish); tiep baay, tiep srok (Cambodia);

sirkaja, sarikaja, atis (Indonesia); khieb (Laos); non sari kaya,
buah nona, sri kaya (Malaysia); awza (Burma); atis
(Philippines); noina, mak khiap, lanang (Thailand); na mang
câu ta, na (Vietnam) [4,6,9,26].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Tab)ay TabRsuk

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ tiëp ba:y, tiëp srôk [4]
lMdab; : Magnoliales
RKYsar : Annonaceae
ePT : Annona
1
RbePT : Annona squamosa L.
[ lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQImanTMhMtUc mankMBs; 3-6 m [6] edImeQICMruHsøwk manTMhMtUc manEmkRkas;

nigKµaneramenAeBltUc [12] . edImeQItUcBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk EdlmankMBs; 3-7 m
mankenSamsøkw FM nigEmkmineTogTat; [26] .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’etñatRsal nigsñam EdlGacemIleXIj manlkçN³relag nigeRbHtic² CadMu²
sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’elOgRsal nigmanlkçN³lVIg . EmkmanBN’etñat

edaymansñamGuC²BN’etñat RsalenAelIEmk [26] .
[søwk]: ragRTEvg eTAeGlIbsþÜt EdlmanRbEvg 7-17 cm nigTTwg 3.5-5.0 cm maneramtic² rW
relag enAEpñkxageRkam [6] . søwkqøas; manragRTEvg rW eGlIb esþIg ragekagcuHeRkam

manBN’ébtgcas;enA EpñxagelI manRbEvg 8-15 cm nigTTwg 2-5 cm . maneramenAeBlenAtUc
nigmankøinEbøk enAeBljIeGayxÞic . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 1.0-1.5 cm [12] . søwk CasøwkeTA manTMhM
6-17 x 3-6 cm, manragRTEvg manBN’ébtgRsal enAelIépÞTaMgsgçag nigKµaneram
CaysøwkminmaneFµj maneramenA eBltUc nigmansñamGuC²tUc² enAeBlemIledayEkvBRBIk

manBN’ébtgRsGab;eTA ébtgcas;enAépÞ xagelI nigexovébtgRsal enAEpñkxageRkam mankMBUlxøI
rW Evg RsYc Kl;søwkxøIRsYc rW mUl EdlmanTg RbEvg 0.6-1.3 cm BN’ébtg nigmaneramtic² [26] . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[Epø): EpøCacegáam Edlman 2-4 rW EpømYy² enAelITgEdlmanragRTEvg EdlzitenAelIEmk Edlx©I .
Rtbk xageRkA 3 ragRTEvg manRbEvg 2.5 cm manBN’ébtg edaymanKl;BN’sIuCm<Ú

EdlRtbkTaMgbI RtUvRCuH rW minman [6] . páatUc maneramtic² zitenAelIG½kS énBnøk EdlenAx©I rW søwk
EdlQmKña . manTgRbEvgBI 1.5-2.5 cm maneram ehIyRtbkTaMgbI xøI GacRCuH manlkçN³Rkas;
nigmaneram RbEvg 0.2-0.3 cm . RsTab;páamancMnYn 6 manlkçN³Ca biseriate RsTab; 3
xageRkAmanragRTEvg Rkas; mansac; manragCaRtIekankat;Kña maneram BN’elOgébtg enAxageRkA
nigelOgRsalenAxagkñgú EdlmanRbEvg 2.0-2.5 cm nigTTwg 0.5-1.0 cm . RsTab;TaMgbI qøas;Kña
nigEpñk EdlenAxageRkAman TMhMtUc ragmUl nigmanRbEvg 0.5-1.0 cm . ekseQµal maneRcIn
2
BN’elOgRsal zitenACaCYr minmaneram duHeLIgecjBITMr EdlmanRbEvg 0.12-0.15 cm
nigmanragkYc dUcKUTxüg enACMuvij gynoecium . eksjImaneRcIn BN’sVaycas; maneram
zitenAelIekseQµal . Stigmas zitenACabNþMú nigRCuHenAeBleRkay . ekseQµal
nigjIbegáIt)anCaTMrg;ragekan enAkNþalpáa [12] . páamanBN’elOg ébtg mankøinRkGUb ragRTEvg
Tgpáamaneram duHelIgxøI manRbEvg 2.5 cm nigmanpáa 2-4 b:Eu nþminmansøwkenAKl;eT RtbkRsYc
maneram BN’ébtg RbEvgRbEhl 1.6 cm RsTab;TaMg 3 manragRTEvg mankMras;Rkas;
nigmancugragmUl mansac; manRbEvg 1.6-2.5 cm manTwg 0.6 cm manBN’elOgébtg
maneramtic² nigBN’elOgRsalenAEpñkxagkñúg mansñamGuC²BN’Rkhm rW sIuCMBUr enAKl;
EdlmanlkçN³rIkFM RsTab;mancMnYn 3 tUc² manragmUl RsYc manekseRcIn manBN’s
manRbEvgxøICag 16 mm GUvarI manBN’ébtgRsal TgeksmanBN’s duHenAelIG½kS [26] .
[Epø]: CaRbePTEpø syncarp EdlmanGUvarIeRcIn . vamanragmineTotTat; rW ragdUcebHdUc
EdlmanGgátp; ©it BI 5-20 cm . EpøTMumanBN’elOgébtg rW sVay . sac;manBN’s Tn; sMbUrTwk

manrs;Cati . manRKab;eRcIn ragmUl rW eGlIb BN’etñat rWexµAcas; PWørelag manRbEvg 1.0-1.5 cm
nig TTwg 0.5-0.8 cm rMuB½T§ edaysac; EdlGacbriePaK)an [12] .
EpøragmUl manGgát;p©it 5-10 cm manBN’elOgébtg edaymanépÞdUcemSA [6] . EpøragmUl
ragdUcs‘ut Tn; nigsMbkBN’ébtgcas; ERbCaBN’exµAPøamenAeBlcut rW Rc)ac;elIva .
EpømanBN’Bgman; rW elOg man køin nigrs;CatiEp¥m [13] . EpømanEpñk Edlvivtþn_BIeksjIeRcIn
manlkçN³Tn; nigGacEckdac;BIRbePT epSgeTot . s,Únpáa (pistil) zitenAdac;²BIKña manRbEvg
1.3-1.9 cm nigTTwg 0.6-1.3 cm [26] . EpømUl manragdUcebHdUg ragdUcekan manGgát;p©it 5-10
cm edaymanftCaeRcIn BN’elOgébtg enAeBlTMu edaymanCaemSABN’senAelIenaH . sac;BN’s

GacbriePaK)an nigmanrs;CatiEp¥m nigmankøin RkGUb enAkñúgeksnimYy² manRKab;enAkñúgenaH

ragRTEvg PøWrelag BN’exµA rW etñatcas; manRbEvg 1.3-1,6 cm nigmancMnYneRcIn [26] .
kUneQI EdlRtUv)anbgáat; CamYy A. cherimola RtUv)anehAfa atemoya rW custard apple [6](
eQµaH custard apple manlkçN³pÞúy rW RbTajRbTg;KñanwgeQµaH EdlRtUv)aneRbIsMedAeTAelI A.
squamosa)
3
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIRsaymanBN’elOg nigeQIxøwmmanBN’etñat ehIymanlkçN³Tn; Rsal nigminrwgmaMu [12,26] .
manRbPBkMeNItBItMbn;RtUBikénGaemrik nigPaKxaglicekaH Indian rhUtdl;\NÐa nigtMbn;GasIu

GaeKñy_ mkdl;sBVéf¶ ray)a:yTUTaMgBiPBelak enAtMbn;TMnabRtUBik CaBiessGasIu nigxagt,Úg
)a:sIuPik . lkçN³PUmisaRsþ KWenAkMrit 16ºN -18º S . TabmanRbPBkMeNItBItMbn;RtUBikGaemrik
nigPaKxaglic Indies b:Eu nþRbPBkMeNItdMbUgbMputenaHKWminRtUv)andwgCak;lak;eT [26] .
duHlUtlas;enAkñúgGakasFatuRtUBik Edlmanry³kMBs;eRkam 1,000 m a.s.l.
mankMritTwkePøógTabbMput 1,000 mm/m² [6] . manlkçx½NÐdcU xageRkam : ry³kMBs; 0-1200 m

a.s.l. kMrittu)atRbcaMqñaM 750-4500 mm/m² manrdUcR)aMg2-5 Ex mansItuNðPaBRbcaMqñaMmFüm 29-
32ºC sItN u ðPaBTabbMput >18ºC [12] . dUcedImeQItUc²epSgeTot EdlvaRtUvkarmøb;

b:uEnþGacTamTaBnøW enAeBlFM . edImeQIduHlUtlas; )anl¥enAtMbn;ekþA nigmanGakasFatus¶Üt
dUcCatMbn;TMnabenARbeTstMbn;RtUBki . TabmaneQµaHl,I CaBiess enA\NÐa edaysarvaFn;
nigCadMnaMFn;nwgPaBraMgs¶tÜ . vaRKab;EtCakarRtwmRtUvmYyEpñkb:ueNÑaH . eTaHbI
søwkrbs;vaRCuHenArdUvR)aMg vaRtUvkarsMeNIm enAkMLúgeBlrdUvduHlUtlas; EdlTamTareGayman
kareRsacTwk . sar³sMxan;rbs;sMeNIm RtUv)anbgðaj enA\NÐa nigGasIuGaeKñy_ EpøGacGaRs½yeTA
nwgkMritrbs;ePøóg nigminGacBnüaeBlénrdUvecjpáaeT [26].
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
4
TabCaRbePT EdlduHenAkñúgtMbn;raMgs¶Üt nigFn;nwgkarraMgs¶Ütry³eBlyUr b:uEnþmincUlcitkþ Enøg CaMTwg

nigRtUvkarkEnøgEdleRCobTwk)anl¥ [6] b:uEnþminmanCatiGasIutxøaMgeBk [9] . vaCaRbePT
minsUverIsRbePT dIb:unµaneT . smasPaBdI KWmindk;Twk manlayxSac; nigl,ay\dæ .
RbePTenHpþl;pl l¥enAelIdI l,ayxSac; rW dImanCatiGasIut Edlman pH 5.5-6.5 [19,26] .
RbB½n§rak; minTamTadI EdlmanCMerAeRCA . enA\NÐa TabCaRbePT Edllb;enAtMbn;x<g;rab
EdlmandIRKYs nigdIminsUvmanCICati [12].
[eQI]: edImeQI Edlgab; rW EmkEdl)ak; GacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaeQIfamBl [17,20] .

eQIRsayman BN’elOg nigeQIxmøw manBN’etñat nigmanlkçN³Tn; Rsal nigminrwgmaMu b:uEnþ
enHCamUlehtu EdlvakMrRtUv)aneRbIR)as; edayvakMrmanmuxkat;FMsmRsb [26].
[Gnupl]: TabmanduHenATUTaMgtMbn;RtUBik nigCabEg¥melxmYy . EpøFMGacmansac;eRcIn
EdlGacbriePaK )an manEtEpñktUcb:eu NÑaH EdleRbIR)as;sMrab;plitTwkdm [6] . TabCaRbePT
EdlRtUveFIVBaNiC¢kmµ eRcInCageK ebIeRbobeTAnwgRbePT Annona epSgeTot .
vaRtUv)andaMdHu sMrab;eFIVBaNiC¢kmµ enARbeTséf ma:eLsIu nighVlI IBIn b:uEnþk_manenAcin rW \NÐapgEdr
EdlCaTIpSard_FM . enA\NÐa EpøPaKeRcInRtUv)anRbmUl BIéRB [19] . sac;GacbriePaK)an
nigeRbIsMrab;bEnßmrs;Catidl;kaer:mpgEdr . manEpñkBI 50-80% rbs; EpøGacbriePaK)an .
vamanpÞúksarFatu dUcCavItamIn C (35-42 mg/100 g) EdlmanbrimaN eRcInCagTMBaMg)ayCUr .
mansarFatuciBa©wm EdlmandUcCa thiamine, potassium nigsarFatusrésr [26] .

kareRbIR)as;CafñaMbUraN edayyksMbklayCamYyRsas sMrab;Büa)alCMgWraK søwk EdlvayeGayxÞic
layCamYyTwk GacBüa)alCMgWRKuncaj; (20 snøwk sMrab;mnusSeBjv½ymñak; nig 10
snøwksMrab;knU ekµgmañk;) [4] . søwk Bnøk sMbk nigrWs KWmanpÞkú nUvsarFatufñaM . Epø EdlminTan;TMu
CafñaMTb; karraK nigeFIVeGaymankarrYj rW sVit nigrWsGaceRbICafñaMbBa©úHpgEdr [12,20] . Epøx©I RKab;
nigsøwkGac eRbICafñaMsMlab;dgáÚv nigstVl¥it [20] .
5
TabRsukRtUv)andaMduH CaedImeQIplþ ;møb; rW eQIlGM r EdlmankarTak;TajsMrab;sYnc,arpgEdr .
edImeQI duHlUtlas; enAcenøaHedImsVay eck nigkaehV [26].
enAGURsþalI nigtMbn;epSgeTot TabRtUv)ankat; eTAbgáat;nwg A. glabra edIm,IeCosevogkarvayRbhar

rbs;stVl¥it . eTaHbI A. glabra CaRbePTnaMcUrl rW runran enAPaKxageCIgeQogxagekIt
Queensland [9] . edImeQIRtUv)andaMcMgay 5-6 m rW 10-12 m BIKña
enAeBlvaRtUv)andaMduHCamYyedImsVay . edImeQI EdlduHlUtlas;enHRtUvEt)ankarBarBIkarCan; rW
sIuBIBBYkstV . RbsinvaRtUv)anEfrkSa)anl¥ vaGacpþl; Epø bnÞab;BIry³eBl 2 qñaM . kareRsacTwk
nigkMcat;esµACaeTogTat;RtUv)aneFVIeLIg sMrab;plitkmµEpø . dIRtUv)andak;CI edIm,ITTYl)anpll¥ .
CImanpÞúknUv GasUt 3% GasIupUsVrIc 10% nigb:UtasüÚm 10% . edImeQIcas;mankMBs; 5 m
edImpþl;nUvEpø CaeRcInLÚ (12) kñúgmYyrdUv . karRKb;RKgedaylkçN³CIvsaRsþ nigKImI EdlrYmman
malathion nig dimethoate acephate RtUv)aneRbI sMrab;karBarstVl¥it . edImRtUv)an)aj;eday
bordeaux, fermate, phygon, nig zerlate edIm,ITb;sáat;CMgW anthracnose [26].
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC

:
karrkSaTukRKab;CaRbePT orthodox . RbsinebIrkSaTaMgenAs¶Üt RKab;GacrkSadMNuHrbs;va)aneRcInqñaM

. minmankar)at;bg;dMNuHenAkñúgry³eBl 6 ExeT RbsinRtUv)anrkSaenAkMrit -20ºC nigsMeNIm 1.5%
m.c. b:uEnþGac)at;bg;GRtadMNuHRbsinrkSaTukenAkñúgbnÞb;sItuNðPaB [26] .
TabGacRtUv)andaMedayRKab;pÞal; . RKab;EdleTIbRbmUl)anRss;BIedImem RtUv)anlaysMGateday

Twk nigsMgYt nigsabeTAkñúgRbGb; rW fñal EdlmanCMerA 1 cm nigcenøaH 2-3 cm BIKña
edaydIRtUv)anlayCamYyCIkMb:usþ× xSac; nigdIkñúgsYn . GaRtadMNuHGacmandl; 90-95% bnÞab;
BIry³eBl 20 éf¶ . enAeBlEdlsøwkmanBI 4-6 KUr vaGacRtUv)anykeTAdaM ehIysøwkRtUv )ankat;
6
ecj Bak;kNþal edIm,Ikat;bnßykarrMhYtCatiTwk nigcugrbs;rWsEkv RtUv)ankat; edIm,IeGayvaduHrWsfµI .
karbnþBUCedaykar kat;mni TTYl)aneCaKC½yeT [12].
RbePTstVl¥itecaHRKab; EdlCabBaðacMbgsMrab;Tab nigBBYkstVl¥itepSgeTot . dgáÚvrbs;BBYk

Anonaepestis bengalella GacecaHcUleTAkñúgeQI nigBBYkbMpøajrWsdUcCa Ferrisia virgata, nig
Planococcus lilacinus vak_GacmanpÞúknUvsarFatusMlab;stVl¥itpgEdr . CagenHeTAeTot

RbePTpSitBIr EdleFIVkarbMpøajpáa nigsøwk b:uEnþBYkvaGacRtUv)ankMcat;edaydus rW bMpøajEmkEdlrgCMgW
[12].
RbePT A. squamosa CaxñÚt (Planococcus spp.) ruyEpø (Dacus spp.), stVl¥iteFIVmansñamGuC²

(Amblypelta spp.) nig eFIVeGayrbkedIm (Parasaissetia spp.) .
RbePTstVTaMgGs;enHGaceFIVkarRKb; RKg edayeRbIkmµviFI IPM ( Integrated Pest Management) .
enAhVIlIBIn ruyecaHEpø (Annonaepestis bengalella) KWCaRbePT EdleFIVkarbMpøajya:gF¶n;F¶rbMput
nigRbePT»ma:l; eurytomid EdldgáÚvrbs;va eFIVkarecaHEpø . stVl¥it rYmman Bephata maculicollis,
Ceconata annonella, Talponia backeri, Thecla ortygnus, stVl¥iteFVIeGay rbk nigruyEpø
Mediterranean . BBYkecaHedIm Cratasomus spp k_eFIVkarbMpøajxøaMgpgEdr

nigmanRbePTepSgeTotdUcCa GMbUr Coleoptera, Diptera nig Lepidoptera . Mousebirds
eFIVkarvay RbhareTAelIedIm . enAtMbn; Caribbean Tab)ayrgnUvkarbMpøajBIBBYkpSit
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides enA Manaus RbeTseRbsIul .
edImeQIgayrgeRKaH edaysar Colletotrichum gloeosporioides nigRtUv)anvayRbhareday

Aleurocanthus woglumi . CMgWrlYyrWs edaysarBBYk)ak;etrI (Pseudomonas solanacearum)
. eraKsBaØa mandUcCarlYykrrWs exµArWs nigCalikaeQI edImeQIcab;epþImcuHexSay niggab; .

kareRbIR)as; fñaMKImIKWmni GaceFIVeTA)aneT . rWsrbs;va KWgayrgeRKaHNas; . CMgWEpø
EdlsMxan;mandUcCa dMe)AmanBN’ exµA (Phomopsis spp.), CMgWrlYy diplodia (Botryodiplodia
spp.) nigsñamCaMBN’saV y (Phyphthora spp.) . CMgWTaMgenH GacekIneLIgx<s;
enAeRkamsßanPaBesIm rW mansMenIm . BYkvaTaMgGs;GacRtUv)an kMcat;edayeRbIkar)aj;fñaM
mancozeb rW copper oxychloride [26].
7
F> karGPirkS :
RtUv)andaMduHenAkñúgsYnCitpÞH nigenAtamcMkartUc² .

GaemrikkNþal West Indies miucsiukU EdlCaRbPBkMeNIt nigRtUv)annaMcUl GURsþalI cin \NÐa
ma:eLsIu \NÐÚensIu hVIlIBIn nigéf [26] .
p> epSg² :
dUcxñúrsmø Edr Tab)araMg nigTab)ay KWmanlkçN³Bi)akkñúgkarrkSaTuk nigdwkCBa¢Ún edayEtTMgn;

nigPaBTn;rbs;sMbkva . EpøTMuKWgayrgkarxUcxat nigqab;xUcKuNPaB .
Hensleigh, T.E. and Holaway, B.K. (Eds.) 1988: Agroforestry Species for the Philippines.
US Peace Corps, Manila, Philippines.
Purseglove, J.W. 1974: Tropical Crops-Dicotyledons. Longman, Essex, England
Verheij E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Eds.) 1991: Plant Resources of Southeast Asia. No.2,
Joughin, J.1986: The Market for Processed Tropical Fruit. G 196. Trop. Devel. Res. Inst.
London
Joy, C. 1987: Selected European Markets for Specialty and Tropical Fruit and
Vegetables.G 201, Trop.Devel. Res. Inst., London
8
Broughton, W.J. and Tan, G. 1979: Storage conditions and ripening of the custard apple
Annona squamosa L.. Sciencia Hortic. 10:73-82.
Hocking,D. 1993: Trees for Drylands. Trees for drylands. xiii+370 pp. Oxford and IHB
Publishing, New Delhi
Filipino Farm 1954: How to plant santol, atis, soursop and tamarind. Filip. Farm 1(7):17
Verkataratanam L, Satyanaranaswamy G, 1956. Studies on genetic variability in Annona

squamosa. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 15:228-238.
Little EL, Wadsworth FH. 1964. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Agricultural Handbook. No. 249. US Department of Agriculture. Washington DC.
Mbuya LP et al. 1994. Useful trees and shrubs for Tanzania: Identification, Propagation
and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation
Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA).
Popenoe W. 1974. Manual of the tropical and subtropical fruits. The Macmillann
Company.
Smith JHN et. al. 1992. Tropical forests and their crops. Cornell University Press.
Viñas RC, 1972. Atis (Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae). In: Cultural directions for
Philippine Agricultural Crops. Vol. 1 (Fruits). Manila, Philippines: Public Affairs Office
Press, Bur. Plant Indus, 31-36.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. Orchid Press,
Bangkok, 234 pp.

9

pp.

?
(Internet source)
10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte ]

[Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte ]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ agarwood, aloeswood, eaglewood, Indian aloewood [2],
argar wood, aloe wood [3]
K> sTisn½y ³ Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. [1],
Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.,

Agallochum malaccense (Lam.) Kuntze,
Aquilaria agallocha Roxb.,
Aquilaria ovata Cav.,
Aquilariella malaccensis (Lam.) Tiegh. [2],
Aquilaria crassna Pierre [3],
Aloexylum agallochum Lour.,
Aquilaria secundaria DC. [7]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ bois d' aigle, bois d'aloès (France) [11] - ketsana (Laos)
[1] - tram, tram huong, do do bau [1], kanankoh [2] (Vietnam)

- agor (Bangladesh) [2] - alambac, tengkaras, alim, halim,
karek (Indonesia) [2] - agaru, sasi (India) [2] - akyaw
(Myanmar) [2] - gaharu, karas, calambac, tengkaras,
calambac, tengkaras (Malaysia) [2]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr c½nRÞ ksña

ÉksarBieRKaH : [12]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ chan crassna, changkrassna, chankrosna [3], daem chan
kroessnäa [6]
1
lMdab; : Thymelaeales
RKYsar : Thymelaeaceae
ePT : Aquilaria
RbePT : Aquilaria crassna
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQITMhMmFümeTAFM CaeQIébtgCanic© EdlmankMBs; 15-20 m [3]

b:Eu nþCYnkalGac dl; 30 m [1] (-40 m [2]) . edImRtg; edaymanGgát;pit© DBH BI 40-50 cm [3] ( -60
cm [7], -100 cm [1]) . kenSamsøk w esþgI nigesÞIEtzitenAepþk .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’RbepHetñat eRbHCadM² u . sMbkxagkñúgBN’elOg mansMeNImsMbUredayTwk
nigman køni RkGUb ehIyedImcas;manhUrecjnUvC½r EdlmanBN’exµAeTotpg .
[søwk]: søwksamBaØ ragCaes<ó nigqøas; tMerobCaragGUvul manTMhM 5-11 x 3-6 cm Kl;sk øw FM
Caysøkw man ragCaTwkrlk kMBlU søwkRsYc . épÞxagelIrelag nigmanBN’ébtgcas; rW ébtgsVay PøW
EpñkxageRkam BN’Rsal nigKµaneram . srésmancMnYn 15-20 KU gaynwgemIleXIjBIxageRkam
srésr EvnsþcÜ . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 3-7 mm maneram . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[páa]: páaCacegáam zitenAelIGk

½ S . páatUc² nigmankøni manBN’elOgébtg [1] (BN’s dUcRBil [7]
BN’ elOgRsal [9]) . TgpáamanRbEvg 5-6 mm maneramBN’elOgRbepHRkas; . Rtbkpáa
ragCabMBg; rW kNþgw tUc RbEvg 5-6 mm eramRkas;enAelIépÞTaMgsgçag manrun§cMnYn 5 ragdUcs‘ut .
RsTab;páa mancMnYn 10 ragdUcCBa¢gI duHcak;ecjBIbBM g;Rtbk maneramRkas; . ekseQµal mancMnYn
10 zitenABIrCUr filaments RbEvg 1 mm nig anthers ragRTEvg . eksjImanragmUl
maneramBN’RbepHRkas; manBIrft nigxøI ehIy stigma ragdUck,al . edImeQIcab;ecjpáa
enAeBlmanGayu 6-8 qñaMBIEx emsa-mifuna [1] (mina-emsa [3]) . EpøenAExkkáda dl;kBaØa [1] (mifuna -
kkáda [3]) .
2
[Epø] Epø (=capsule) manBN’ébtg nigragdUcs‘ut manTMhM 3 x 4 cm [9] (2-4 x 2-3 cm [1], 3.5-5 cm
[7]) rWgenAeBls¶t Ü edaymaneramxø²I BN’elOgcas; . RtbkpáaminRCuH edayzitenAKl;páa .
EpømYyman RKab;BI 1 rW 2 EdlmanTMhM 5 x 10 mm manragdUcs‘ut nigBN’etñat .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: sac;eQITn; nigmankøin EdlmansñamdM²u zitenAmineTogTat;enAelIeQIexµA

EdlmankøineRbg C½reQI (oleoresins) . sñamTaMgenHekItBIkarrMxanedaylkçN³rUbsaRsþ .
RbEhl: 27°N eTA 5°S [2] . c½nÞRksña duHray)a:yenAtMbn;GasIuxagt,Úg nigGasIuGaeKñy_

nigduHenAkñgú éRB ehIykMrmanduHenAkñgú éRBbzm nigéRBrgkarrukran enAtMbn;TMnab x<g;rab dMbkU .
enARbeTskm<Cú a vaduHlUt las;enAtMbn;PñM .
duHlUtlas;enAkMritry³kMBs;BI 29-1,000 m a.s.l [2] (0-1,000 m [1], 300-800 m [3], 0-850 m [7])
edaymanlkçN³tMbn;xsu ²Kña . enAma:eLsIu vaGacmanduHenAkMritry³kMBs; 750 m [7] .
edImeQImanduH mYy² enAkMrit 2,000 m [3] . c½nÞRksña duHlUtlas;enArdUvePøóg EdlmankMrit 1,500 -
6,500 mm/qñaM [2] nigrdUvR)aMg Edlmanry³eBl 0-4 Ex [2] . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M 22-28ºC
[2] (20-22ºC [7]) kMrisItuNðPaBenAExekþA 22-40ºC [2] nigsItuNðPaBmFümTabbMputenAExRtCak; 14-
22ºC [2] . sItuNðPaB dac;xatTabbMput 5ºC [2] . vaCaRbePTrukçCati EdlTamTarBnøW b:Eu nþmin
Fn;ngw møb; enAeBlenAtUc nigGac duHeLIgvij enAeRkamkenSamsøwkBI 0.4-0.6 [1, 3] . eTaHbI RbPB
epSgeTot )ankMNt;fa c½nÞRksña CaedIm eQIkNþal (neutral tree) cMeBaHtMrUvkarBnøWk_eday [9] .
3
tMbn;eqñrPñRM kvaj (A), PaKxageCIgPñRM kvaj (B), TMnabkNþal (d), PaKxagt,ÚgGaNam (g)
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[RbPBRKab;BCU (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:

eBaF×sat; (X:290299 Y:1326205),ekaHkug (X:295591 Y:1318268), eBaF×sat; (X:335014
Y:1341815), ekaHkug (X:368336 Y:1255832), mNÐlKIrI (X:718332 Y:1353508), ekaHkug
(X:286900 Y:1314675), eBaF×sat; (X:349462 Y:1337891),RkugRBHsIhnu (X:352571
Y:1166659),kMBM g;sW< (X:379751 Y:1292040)

ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
c½nRÞ ksña manduHelIdGI asIut nigNWt EdlmanxSac; nig\dæeRCA (vaynPaBRsaleTamFüm ) dI ferralitic

EdlminsUveRCA nigmindk;Twk . eTaHbI vasmrbeTAnwgCMrkxus²Kñak_eday rYmman fµ xSac; rW kal;süÚm
dImni dk;TwktamCMral dMbUk nigenACitmat;TwkCaedIm .
[eQI]: RbePTenHmantMélBaNiCk¢ mµxs< ; . eQImankøni RkGUb nigRtUv)aneFIBV aNiCk¢ mµtaMg

BIsm½ysasna RKis fñaM nigkarerobcMBIFeI pSg² . [3] vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVeRKOgsgðarwm

eQImlU eQIplitemSA Rkdas begáal eQIGar CBa¢aMg sMNg;Fn;Rsal RbGb; ]bkrN_t®nþI
sMPar³eFVBI eI QI eQIfamBl nigFüÚg . enARbeTskm<Cú a eQIEdlmankøin (CaBiessrWs)
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaFUbsMrab;BiFI buNüsB .
[Gnupl]: c½nRÞ ksañEtrgnUvkarKMramKMEhgBIBBYkpSit EdleFIeV GayedImplitnUveRbg EdlmankøinRkGUb
ehIyRtUv)anehAfa 'aloeswood', 'agarwood' nig 'oud' rW 'chankrosna' CaPasaExµ . pSit
4
nigdMeNIrkar bMEbkenAbnþ edIm,IbegátI nUvC½r enAkñúgeQIxwmø . C½rRtUv)anbegátI enAeBl
RbB½nk§ arBareqøyI tb nwgkarbMpaø j rbs;pSit nigbegátI nUveRbg Edll¥bMputenAelIEpndI .
enARbeTsCb:un vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab; duHsMGat saksB nigeRbIeFIVCaFUbRkGUbenAkñúgsasnaRBHBuT§
. enAkñgú RBHBuT§sasna vaRtUv)ancat;Tukfa FUbmYy ya:gsMxan;enAkñúgrbs;TaMgbIrbs;RBHBuT§
EdlGnuvtþrYmCa mYyeQIc½nÞRksañ nigpáa . eRbgEdlmanKuNPaB l¥bMputRtUv)anehAfa 'Kyara' .
'Kyara' man 4 RbePT : 'ébtg ' 'Edk' 'sVay' nig 'exµA' . eQIc½nÞRksña mantMélx<s;
GaRs½yeTAelIkMriteRbg EdlpÞkú enAkñgú eQI . vak_RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;pliteRKOgsMGag Edl

manKuNPaBx<sp; gEdr . enAkñgú fañM Ayurvedic vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Büa)alCMgWpvøÚ citþ
nigRbB½ns§ résRbsaT dUcCa eraKviklcrit eraKKiteRcIn nigkarGs;kMlaMg ehIyvaRtUv)an
eCOfaGacbeNþj nUvRblwgGaRkk; eGayecjq¶ayeTotpg . enA\NÐcÚ ni
C½rRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;»sfburaN edIm,IBüa)al erakhWt twgedIm RTUg cukeBaH raK bBa©úHTwkenam
bBaðaRklan cg;kt¥Ü mharIRkeBjTIr:GU tIu nigduHsac;stY . enAkñgú fñabM UraN Exµr
eQIRtUv)anlayCamYyfñaM epSgeTot nigeRbIsMrab;RbqaMgnwgRKuncaj; . RbePTepSgeTot EdlRtUv)an
ehAfa A. sinensis RtUv)aneRbI sMrab;eFIeV Gay baimuxol nig dehydrobaimuxol manskmµPaB [6] .
vaRtUv)aneCOCak;fa CafñaMseRmIbtNða d_manRbsiT§PaB . enAkñúgvb,Fm’CaeRcIn
RsþIRtUv)anCMrujeGayman cMng; enAeBlEdlTTYlnUvkøinrbs;va .
sréssMbkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVGRgwg sMelokbMBak; nig Rkdas .
[epSg²]: enARbeTskm<C ú a edImeQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab; eFIeV GaymanPaBRss;sa¥ t nig esaP½NPaB
nigk_mansar³sMxan;sMrab;RbéBNI pgEdr . RbePTenH RtUv)ancat;Tukfa mansar³sMxan;esdækic©
enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a (enAkñgú sikaç salafñak;CatieTAelI RbePTeQICaGaTiP§ aB erobcMeday

rdæ)aléRBeQI nig KMeragRKab;BUCeQIenAkm<Cú a (CTSP) enAqñaM 2000) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
eQIcMNat;fñak;elx 3 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
5
[lkçN³TUeTA]: c½nÞRksñaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBbzm nigéRBricril enAtMbn;PñMénRbeTskm<Cú a . CaTUeTA

vamanduHenAtamtMbn;TMnab x<g;rab nigPñM .
[karRKb;RKg]: vaminRtUv)andaMduHCacMkareGay)aneRcInenaHeT BIeRBaHplitkmµrbs;vaminCak;lak;
CaBiess plitplsMxan;rbs;va eQIc½nÞRksña nigmankaryl;dgw tictYc eTAelIkarRKb;RKg
RbePTeQIenH . eTaHbI cMkarRtUv)anbegátI CaeRcInenAPaK\sanrbs;RbeTs\NÐa nigbg;køaeds
k_eday . kardaMsakl,g RtUv)an eFIeV LIg enA]bTVbI ma:eLsIu enAqñaM 1928 . eRkayry³eBl 67 qñaM
edImeQIGacman Ggát;pi©t 56 cm [2] . karRsavRCavepSgeTot mansar³sMxan;kúgñ kar
GPirkSRbePTenHenAkñgú FmµCati edayeRCIserIsnUvkUneQI Edll¥sMrab;kardaMduHCacMkar
nigkarRKb;RKgsmRsb karnaMclU nUvc½nRÞ ksña tamry³eFIeV GaymaneRbg edaysib,nimitµ
tamry³eFIeV GaymanrbYs rWcak;bBa©ÚlnUvpSit . karBiesaFn_enAkm<Cú a )anbgðajfa
c½nRÞ ksñagayRsYldaM nigsmRsbsMrab;kardaMduHenAeRkammøb; rW kenSam søkw eQIepSg²eTot .
r)a:yrbs;RbePTenH minesµrI Kña nigBi)akkñgú karrukrk edImeQI sMrab;eFICV aedImem .

RKab;BCU RtUv)anRbmUl edaypÞal;BdI I bnÞab;BIkarGRgunEmk . enAkñgú tMbn;RbmUlRKab;BCU
dIRtUv)ane)assMGat nigCYnkal RtUv)an dut sMGatsMrab;karRbmUlRKab;BUC .
edIm,IeFIVeGaymanPaBgayRsYl RkNat; rWtg;RtUv)anRkal sMrab;kar RbmUlRKab; . eBl
EdlsmRsbsMrab;karRbmUlRKab;BCU KWenAeBlEdlEpøbÚrþ BN’rbs;va BIébtgeTAetñat .
PaBcas;GacRtUv)anBinti ü tamry³karkat;sakl,g [3] . enARbeTskm<Cú a RbCaCnenAtamtMbn;xHø

dUcCaenAPUmfi µ)aMg mNÐlsIma: nigERsGMbil (extþekaHkug ) )anRbmUlRKab;BCU BIéRBFmµCati rWPUmi edIm,I
plitnUvkUneQIenAtampÞH . kUneQIRtUv)anEckeTAeGayGñkCitxag edIm,IdaMenAelIdIsMrab;eFIkV sikmµ .
bc©úb,nñ cMkarCaeRcInRtUv)anbegátI . karrkSaTukRKab;BUC CaRbePT recalcitrant . eQIQrRtUv)andaMduH
edayeRbIR)as;viFsI aRsþduHedayFmµCati nigkardaMduHedaykUneQICaedIm . RKab; EdlRtUvkar
enAkñgú mYy hicta sMrab;kardaMCacMkarenARbeTskm<Cú a : 4,000 RKab;/kg cenøaHdaMduH: 2.5 x 2.5 m
kUneQIsuT§ EdlRtUv karkñgú mYyhicta : 1,600 kMritgab; : 1,920 (20% enAkEnøgdaMduH), 2,134 (10%
6
enAeBldwkCBa¢nÚ ), 2,668 (20% enAkñgú fñal) GaRtadMNuH : 60% PaBsuT§ : 95% cMnYnRKab;srub
EdlRtUv kar : 1.18 kg [5] .
[stVl¥ti ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[CMgW]: RbePTpSit Phialophora parasitica RtUv)ankt;Rta CaRbePT EdleFIm V anecjeRbg
'chankrosna' enAelIedImc½nRÞ ksña . minmanCMgW nigstVl¥itepSgeTotRtUv)ankt;RtaeT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
F> karGPirkS :
edaysarEtmantMél nigtMrUvkarx<s;éneQI 'chankrosna' enAkñgú TIpSarBiPBelak

RbePTenHRtUv)anrukrk hYsehtu nigRtUvrgeRKaHfñak;esÞIputBUC RbsinebIKµankarkarBaenaHeT .
edayesenTicrbs;vaenAkñúgFmµ CatimanlkçN³xus²Kña kMBgu rgeRKaHfñak; minmankarsikSaRsavRCav
nigRKb;RKg edIm,IEkrlMGrRbePTenH eT . r)a:yrbs;RbePTenH KWRtUv)anpøas;TI
nigBi)akkñgú rkedImemsMrab;RbmUlRKab;BCU . enAtMbn;GasIu GaeKñy_
karRbmUlc½nÞRksñamanlkçN³kan;EtBi)akeTA² BImYyqñaMeTAmYyqñaM edaysarPaBkMrénedImeQI cas;²
. enAqñaM 2002 kic©RbCMeu lIkTIBIrrbs;KMeragRKab;BCU eQIkm<Cú a (CTSP) eTAelIyTu §sa®sþGPirkS
esenTicéRBeQI)ankMNt;faRbePT c½nRÞ ksñaRtUvEteFIkV arGPirkS nigkarBareGay)ansmRsbCabnÞan;
[3]. RbePTenHk_ RtUv)ankarBarCalkçN³GnþrCati eRkamGnusBaØa CITES (Convention of the
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) enAkñg ú taragTI BI CITES
(RbePT Edlrg karKMramKMEhg RbsinBNiCk ¢ mµminRtUv)anRtYtBinti ü nigRKb;RKg) [2, 7]
nigRtUv)ancat;fñak;Ca CR A1cd (=gayrgeRKaHfñak;) eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the
Conservation of Nature) bBa¢eI QµaH eQI EdlrgkarKMramKMEhgenAelIBPi Belak .
kar)a:n;sµaneTAelIcMnYnedImeQI EdlRtUv)anKMramenAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a
(kMNt;enAkñúgsikçasalaBIRbePTeQICaGaT§P i aB erobcMeday rdæ)aléRBeQI nigKMeragRKab;
BUCeQIkm<Cú a qñaM 2000): >10,000 [8] RtUv)anKMramedaykarkab;bpM aø j .
7
CaTUeTA RbePTenHmanduHenABayBü nignIrtIénRbeTskm<Cú a .

ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
eBaF×sat; ekaHkug mNÐlKIrI RkugRBHsIhnu kMBg;s<W kMBt rtnKIrI .

[ RbPBkMeNIt]: PaKxageCIg\NÐa Lav km<Cú a ma:eLsIu \NÐeÚ nsIu nigevotNam .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[ karnaMclU ]: bg;køaeds b‘Utan \NÐa \NÐÚensIu GIur:g; PUma hVlI IBnI sgðabUrI nigéf .
p> epSg² :
plitkmµ nigBaNiCk¢ mµ]: enAqñaM 2000 C½reQImantMélBI US$ 800-1,500 kñgú 1 kg .

[
edaytMrUvkarx<s; Ca Biess enAmCÄibBU a’ nigTIpSarGasuI rYmTaMgkarfycuHnUvkarpÁt;pÁg;

EdleFItV Mélrbs;vaekIteLIgya:gxøaMg EdlGacRtUv)anlk;enAkñgú TIpSarGñkeRbIR)as;dl;eTAtMél US$
10,000/kg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
8
Barden A. Awang Anak N. Mulliken T. Song M. (2000) Heart of the Matter: Agarwood Use
and Trade and CITES Implementation for Aquilaria malaccensis.
[7]
Chaudhari DC, 1993. Agarwood from Aquilaria malaccensis, (A. agallocha, Roxb.). MFP
News, 3(4):12-13.
2]
Gibson IAS, 1977. The role of fungi in the origin of oleoresin deposits (agaru) in the wood of
Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 6(1):16-26; [2 pl.]; 13 ref.
[2]
LaFrankie JV, 1994. Population dynamics of some tropical trees that yield non-timber forest
products. Economic Botany, 48(3):301-309; 28 ref.
[2]
Lok EngHai, Ahmed Zahaidi Yahya, 1996. The growth performance of plantation grown
Aquilaria malaccensis in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 8(4):573-
575; 6 ref.
[2]
Rahman MA, Basak AC, 1980. Agar production in agar tree by artificial inoculation and
wounding. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 9(1/2):87-93; 8 ref.
[2]
Rahman MA, Khisa SK, 1984. Agar production in agar tree by artificial inoculation and
wounding. II. Further evidences in favour of agar formation. Bano Biggyan Patrika,
13(1/2):57-63; 14 ref.
[2]
Rao KR, Dayal R, 1992. The secondary xylem of Aquilaria agallocha (Thymelaeaceae) and
the formation of 'agar'. IAWA Bulletin, 13(2):163-172; 15 ref.
[2]
9
Singadan, M., Yelu, W., Beko, J., Bosimbi, D. and Boland, D., 2001(draft), Some Aspects of
the Eaglewood Trade in Papua New Guinea.
[3]
Sumadiwangsa S, 1997. Agarwood as a high-value commodity in East Kalimantan [Kayu

gaharu komoditi elit di Kalimantan Timur]. Duta Rimba, 20 (205/206): 33-40.
[2]
Zich, F.A. and Compton J., 2001, The Final Frontier: Towards Sustainable Management of
Papua New Guinea's Agarwood Resource. TRAFFIC Oceania, WWF South Pacific
Programme.
[3]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
[5] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection
and Tree Planting. (CD-ROM).
[6] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Ethnobotanical Uses.
[7] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=3302&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full
(Internet website)
10
[8] FAO:
htm(Internet source)
Institute.
[10] Petri, M. (DED) 2006: Own observations.

11
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg]

[Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg ]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ breadfruit tree [4]
K> sTisn½y ³ Artocarpus communis J.R. Forst.& G. Forst., Artocarpus
incisus L.f. [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ breadfruit, arbre a pain, [4] Brotfruchtbaum[13], sakéé,
khnaôr samlo (Cambodia); sukun (seedless), kelur, timbul

(seeded), (Indonesia, Malaysia); paung-thi, (Burma); rimas
(seedless), kamansii (seeded) sake (seedless), (Philippines);
khanun-sampalor (Thailand); sakê (Vietnam) [6,16].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ saek/ xñúrsmø

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ saké, khnaö(r), sâmlâ [4]
lMdab; : Urticales
RKYsar : Moraceae
ePT : Artocarpus J.R. Forster & J.G. Forster [16]
1
RbePT :Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson)
Fosberg. [4]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 4; 16]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: xñúrsmømanedImRss;s¥at x<s; mansøwkBN’ébtgCanic© mankMBs; 15 eTA 20m

CYnkalGacmanGgát;p©itelIsBI 60cm (1) manragCasIuLaMg kMBs; 6-15m RtUv)aneFVIkar
daMduHenAkñúgPUmi eFVICarukCç atilMGr nig rukçCatihUbEpø. [4] RKb;EpñkTaMgGs;énedImxñúrsmønwgecj
Cr½BN’sxab; Edlmanrs;CatilVIgtic² enAeBlEdlkat;.[1,13] CaTUeTAedImrbs;vaRtg;
mankenSamsøkw EtenAelIEmkEdkFM²b:ueNaÑaH.[1] xñúrsmø CaRbePTeQIEdlduHlUtlas;enAkñúg
éRBeRsag b¤k¾éRBel,aH manEmkFM² mankMBs;rhUtdl;eTA 30 m nigmanGgátp; ©it 180 cm.[6]
[sMbk]: edImxñúrsmø mansMbkBN’etñat relag ehIyragrbk².[1]
[søwk]: xñúrsmømansøk w BN’ébtg CaRbePTsøwkqøas;mansñaysÞb ehIytMerobya:gEvgcMnYn 7-11 søwk.

søwkCaRbePTsøwkFM manbeNþayrhUtdl;eTA 30-90 cm. EpñkxagelIénépÞsøwkBMumanb¤seT
elIkElgEt RTnugkNþal.[1] søwkxñúrsmø CaRbePTsøwkFM mankMBksøwkeRCA² enAelIépÞsøwkman
rageRKImdUcEs,k ehIyEKmEpñkxagelImanBN’ébtgPøW.[13] søwk CaRbePTsøwktMerobqøas;
EdltYsøwkmanragdUcs‘ut b¤eGlIb manTMhM 20-60 cm x 20-40 cm EdlsøwkTImYyess
EdlsøwkbnÞab;²CasøwksñitKU EqkcMnYn 5-11 Rkas; dUcEs,k manBN’ébtgcas; BN’ébtgPøWenAEpñkelI
nigEpñkxageRkammanBN’ébtgx©I ehIyrdibrdub. TgsøwkmanRbEvg 3-5 cm. [6]
[páa]: páaxñúrsmø CaRbePTpáasmas tUc² manpáajI nig eQµalenAelIedImEtmYy. páaeQñal
CaRbePTpáakYr tUc² tMerobenAelIGkS½ragsIuLaMgRbEvg 12-35 cm kBa©MúpáajI manragBgRkeBI b¤rgVg;

manRbEvg 6-7cm. [1] kBa©MúpáaeQµal nig jI Eckdac;BIKña b:uEnþsßitenAelIedImEtmYy
tMerobenAelIGkS½RbEvg 4-8 cm . páaeQµal manragdUcCYgpáab; EdltMerobsMy:ugcuHeRkam
manbeNþay15-25 cm nigTTwg 3-4 cm Edlmans,:BN’elOg. pàajI egIyeLIgelI
manragmUlRTEvg b¤ragCasIuLaMgTMhM 8-10 x 5-7 cm Edl enAkñúgkBa©Múpáabgáb;eTAeday
pàaBN’ébtgCaeRcIn.[6] kBa©Múpáa manenAelIEmkxøI²EdlduHecjmkBIedIm. enAkñúgkBa©Múpáa manpáajI
rab;rypáa.[13]
2
[Epø]: Epøxñúrsmø b¤saekr man 2RbePTKW³ RbePTTI 1 KWEpømanRKab;FMs¶Üt EdldaMsMrab;CaedImxñúrsmø
lMGr. EpømanragmUlRTEvg b¤mansNæan syncarp (EdlmanEpøtUc²CaeRCInduHCab;nwgEpøFMmYy)
manTMgn;enAcenøaH 0.5 nig 3.0 kg. CaFmµta PaKeRcIneKcat;TukedImsaekr b¤xñúrsmøCabEnø
CaCageQIhUbEpø. RbePTTI2 saekr b¤xñúrsmø EdlRbePTEpømanRKab;tic.[1] EpømanTMrg;TaMgmUl
dUckBa©úMpáajI magragmUlRTEvg EdlmanGgát;p©it 10-30 cm BN’ébtglayelOg
CYnkalvamanbnøa. enARKb;EpñkTaMgGs; nwgecjCr½BN’sxab;eBlEdlkab;. [6] EpømanragmUlRTEvg
manGgát;p©it 10-20 cm manBN’ébtg nig manb¤sSenAxageRkA. EpñkxagkñúgénEpø eBlTMu sac;Tn;
manBN’elOglays nwgTMrg;CadMu. RKab;saekr b¤xñúrsmø Rbhak;RbEhleTAnwgEpøekALak;
EdlmanGgátp; ©it 2-3 cm.[13]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
CaTUeTAedIm saekr b¤xúñrsmø manTMgn; 270 kg/m³. sac;eQIRsaymanBN’elOg b¤etñatRsalEbk

elOg cMENkÉsac;eQIxøwmmanBN’TwkRkUc nigmancMNucGuC²BN’mas. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday
sac;eQIsñúrsmø GaceRbIsrM ab;karsagsg;epSg² ]TahrN_³ sg;eRKOgTUk. sac;eQImanBN’elOg
Ebkmas nigERbBN’kan;Etcas;² GaRsy½eTAelIGayueQI. sac;eQImanTMgn;mFüm ( dg;sIuet 505-
645 kg/m³ kñúgkMritsMenIm 15%) manPaBmaM relag b:uEnþvamanPaBFn;tic
enAeBlvamanTMgn;Rsal.[20] enHRbEhlCamanPaBlMeGog TMgn;tic b¤RsalbMputenAcenøaH 330-
400kg/m³ (KayPanzer) A. heterophylla (Epøxñúr) nig A. altilis (xñúrsmø rW saekr)
mankardaMeRcInelIslb;sMrab; ykEpø minEmn sMrab;yksac;eQIeT.[13,16]

xñúrsmø b¤saekr PaKeRcInmankardaMduHenA New Guinea kalBI 2-3Ban;qñaMmun. enA Pacific Islands
k¾mandaMxñúrsmøEdr b:uEnþtMbn;Edlcat;TukfaCaRbPBkMeNItKW enA Papua New Guinea RbeTs hVIlIBIn
nig ma:eLsIu. [27] naeBlbc©úb,nñ saekr køayCaFnFansamBaØ k¾dUcCaFnFanEdlman
sar³sMxan;mFüm b¤CaGaharbEnßm enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn énGaemricxagt,Úg nig GaemrickNþal
3
ekaHenAxaglic RbeTs\NÐa ekaHCaribbean PaKxageCIg nig xagekItRbeTsGaRBic Madagascar,
Seychelles, RbeTs\NÐa sirIlgáa \NÐÚeNsIu nig RbeTsepSg²eTotCaeRcIn.[20]
kar)acsacénRbePTeQI GaRs½yeTAelI Oceania EdlCaÉksarmYyd¾l¥ Edlniyay BIkardaM

duHdMbUgrbs; Tahitian. edImsaekr CaedImeQIhUbEpø EdlmanduHenAtMbn;GWr:ubtaMgBIkMLúgqñaM 1600.
RbPkMeNItmkBI ekaH Pacific nig Polynesia. saekr RtUv)aneKdaMCaeQIhUbEpø nig CarukçCatilMGr
enAtampÞH nig duHedayFmµCati enARKb;kEnøg enAtMbn;RtUBic. vaduHenAtMbn; CaeRcInEdlCatMbn;Bak;
kNþaléRB ehIyman ry³kMBs;TabCag 700 m.[1,4,13] Artocarpus manRbEhl 50 RbePT
Edlra:y)a:ycab;BI sirIlgáa \NÐa )a:KIsßan nig\NÐÚcineq<aHeT Malesian Archipelago nigekaH
Solomon nig 16 RbePTmanenA Peninsular RbeTsma:eLsIu.[16]
saekr b¤xñúrsmø manduHlUtlas;enAGakasFatuesImtMbn;RtUBic enAtMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;Tab 0-

2500m elevation GacduHlUtlas;enAeRkamGakasFatutMbn;ekaH cenøaH 1,500 nig 2,500 mm,
1000-5000mm/ m² énkMBs;TwkePøógRbcaMqñaM CamYynwgkMritsItN u ðPaB 21ºC eTA 32 ºC, 23-27ºC

[1,12]. RbePT enAtMbn;RtUBicesIm RtUvkarsItN u ðPa 20-40 ºC, 2000-3000 mm/ m²
énkMritTwkePøógRbcaMqñaM eTaHbICaenArdUvR)aMg.[6]r)aydMNuH manenAkñúgtMbn;EdnkMNt;cab;BI 20º eCIg
eTA 20º t,Úg enATisxageCIgeqogxagt,Úg.[12] kUnsaekr EdlenAtUcRtUvkarmøb;tic
b:uEnþvaRtUvkarBnøWRBHGaTiRt edIm,IeGayvamankarduHlUtlas;l¥.[1] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
minmanTinñn½y.
4
saekr duHenAelIdIEdlRss;Twk b¤manTwkdl;rak; eRBaHvaBMumankarFn;nwgTwkeT müa:gvijeTotvaBMuEmnCa

RbePTEdlTamTarCatiTwkeT. saekr CaRbePTlub enAtMbn;éRBrnamén New Guinea eTaHCaya:gNa
k¾eday RbePTxøHRtUvkardI\dæ.[1,16] saekr RtUvkarsMeNIm dIl¥EdlRss;Twk nigduHlUtlasl¥enA
ry³kMBs;TabCag 600 m.[6]
edImsaekr b¤xñúrsmø CaedImeQIEdleRbIR)as;eRcInya:g ehIymansrFatucBi a©imx<s; nigEpøsMbUr

eTAedayCati kabUnGIuRdat. naeBlbcú©b,nñ vaRtUv)andaMeBseBjBiPBelak CaFnFanGahard¾sMxan;
sMrab;tMbn;dac;Rsaya:l EdlxVHxatGahar. enAekaH Solomon Islands nig Vanuatu Gacsnµt;fa
CatMbn;Edlmandg;sIuetRKab;saekreRcInCageK EtmanRKab;ticb:ueNÑaH EdlRtUv)andaMduH
nigenAPaKxagekItén Polynesia ekaH Society Marquesas, Pohnpei nig Chuuk enA Micronesia
mandg;sIuetRKab;tic EtmankardaMduHeRcIn. mankardMNuH rab;ryEdlGacsMrbxøÜneTAnwgbMErbMrYl
GakasFatu nig lkçxNÐdI(Ragone 1997). bBaðaKYreGayRBYy)armÖKW karCYjdUrkñúgRsuk eRkARsuk
nigkñúg tMbn; eRBaHsaekrmanEdnkMNt;kñgú karrkSaTukEpøEdlTMu. eTaHbICaenAkñúgtMbn;RbmUlplk¾eday
karRbmUlplEpøsaekr RtUv)aneFVIry³eBl 2-3éf¶muneBlEdlEpø TMu edIm,IeGay
kardwkCBa¢ÚnBItMbn;mYy eTAtMbn;mYyBMumankarxUcxat. enAeBlEdlEpøTMuRCuleBk sac;eLIgRCak²
ehIy)at;bg;rsCati. Epøs¶Üt GacEkécñ eFVICa]sµn½ sMrab;kareRbIR)as;epSg²kñúgkarcMGinRbcaMéf¶.[1]
Epøsaekr manlkçN³RbEhlnig RbePT Artocarpus nig ePT A. integer EdlmankardaMduHenA
EtEpøsaekr b¤xñúrsmømanlkçN³esÞIrEtdUcnwgEpøxñúr RKan;EtmanPaBTn;
Malay Archipelago
nigmankøinRkGUbticCagEpøxñúr. enAelIekaH én Kalimantan (Borneo) nigRbeTshVIlIPIn

manduHeTAeday A. odoratissima . Epørbs;vamanrsCatiEp¥m nigmanTwkdm
cMENkÉRKab;GacdutjaMu)an.[13]
[sac;eQI]: sac;eQIrbs;saekr CaRbePTeQIEdleRbIR)as;)antic eRBaHvamanTMgn;Rsal
(270kg/m³) EtvamanPaBmaM EdlGaceRbIR)as;sMrab;eFVITUk LaMg RbGb; nig karsagsg;tictYc. enA
Haiti eRbIedImsaekr eFVICakþarbnÞHsMrab;Tb;rlk.[1] tamlkçN³RbéBNI sac;eQIsaekr

eRbIsMrab;sagsg;pÞH nig TUkEcv eRBaHvaFn;nUvkarbMpøajBIBBYkkeNþór nigdgáÚvsmuRT. enA Haiti
5
eRbIsac;eQIsaekr sMrab;eFVI cansmø cMlak;epSg² nig sgðarwm.[20] edImsaekr KWCaFnFand¾sMxan;
sMrab;eFVICaeQIfamBl enAelIekaHpáafµenA )a:sIuhcVi .[20]
mankarnaMecjnUvTIpSareQImUl rbs;RbePT Artocarpus EtmanbrimaNkMNt;. RbePTeQIhUbEpø
4RbePTKW A. altilis, A. heterophyllus, A. integer nig A. odoratissima eRcInCageKKWRbePT
Artocarpus Edlsac;eQIeRbIR)as;CaFnFaneQImUl. enAkñúgkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµeQIml U cMnucEdlKYr

eGaykt;sMKal;KW manTMgn;Cak;lak; ehIyTMrg;énkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµmanBIya:gKW³
eQIRtUvmanragCasIuLaMg nig sac;eQIxøwmmanTMgn;Rsal mandUcCaBBYk A. elasticus, A,
scortechinii eQImUlén Parartocarpus spp nig Antiaris toxicaria EdlmanKuNPaBeQI
nigkareRbIR)as;Rbhak;RbEhlKña. RkumTI 2 ehAfa keledang Edlsac;eQIxøwmmanTMgn;mFüm

mandUcCaRbePT A. anisophyllus, A. dadah, A. lanceifolius
nigEtgEtmanPaBBi)akkñgú karEjkeGaydac;BIKñaNas; TMgn; 640kg/m³ enAkMritsMenIm 15%
RtUv)ankMNt;CaTMgn;mFüm. enAqñaM 1992 mankarnaMecjeQIRbEhl 10,000 m³ BI Sabah,
Sarawak nig Papua New Guinea. EtnaeBlfµI²enH BMumantYelxc,as;las;énkareFIVBaNiC¢kmµeT
b:uEnþkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµCak;Esþg RKan;EtCakMriténkaredaHdUrkñúgtMbn;. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday

RbePTmYycMnYn køayCaRbePTEdlsMxan;sMrab;esdækic©Cati BIeRBaHvaCaRbePTeQIEdlmankar
duHlUtlas;elOn nigCa RbePTeQI EdlmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;kareRbIR)as;epSg². [16]
[Gnupl]: saekr CaFnFanGahard¾sMxan;.[13] saekr CaRbePTeQInlb; ehIyman
r)a:ydMNuHCaeRcIn kEnøg. Epøsaekr Gaces¶ar b¤dut. EpøRss; gayrMlay b:uEnþRtUvkat;CabnÞHesþIg
ehIydak;hal b¤ sMgYt edayLsMgYt sMrab;eFVIkarrkSaTukeRbIR)as;naeBleRkayeTot. RKab;rbs;
saekr GacykeTAcMGinedayviFI xus²KñadUcCa es¶ar dut niglIg. Epørbs;va negRtUv)anebH
eRkayBIecjpáary³eBl 3Ex nigmuneBlEdl EpøvaTMu edIm,IeGayman PaBgay

RsYlkñúgkardwkCBa¢ÚnykeTAlk; nigrkSaEpøeGayenAl¥.[1] sMbkragsés dM²u EdlsMrab;eFVIExScMNg
nigsMrab;t,aj.[16] Cr½eRbIsMrab;cab;stVsøab søwkeFVICacMNIstVenAeBlEdlmanPaBraMgs¶Üt.
kb;EpøTaMgmUleTAkñúgdI sac;cab;epþImeLIgem Edlsac;nwgmanRbEhlnwghVÚma:.[13]
Epøxñúrsmø b¤saekr CaRbePTEpøeQIEdlGaceRbIR)as;eRcInya:g GaccMGin nigbriePaK)antaMgBIEpøkþib
rhUtdl;TMu. vaGacjaMueqA es¶ar cMhuy b¤k¾dut. saekr manEpøtUc² EdlmanGgát;p©it 2-6 cm
b¤k¾FMCagenH EdlGaces¶ar nigmanrsCatiRbhak;RbEhlnwgEpñkkNþalénGaTIsUt_. Epøsaekr Gac
6
yk eTARtaM nigRCk;)an. saekr b¤xñúrsmø CaRbePTdMNaMpþl;pltamrdUv ehIypþl;pl
eRcInCagtMrUvkarénkar briePaKEpøRss; EdlCaehtunaMeGayGñkEdlrs;enAelIekaH)a:sIuhcVi BüayameFVI
eGayviFIsaRsþénkar RbmUlpl mankarrIkcMerIn edIm,ICaRbeyaCn_dl;karRbmUlplRTg;RTayFM.
viFIRbmUlplsamBaØ² PaKeRcIn RtUv)anerobcMeLIgedayGñkEdlmanGMNac GñkEfrkSaEpøsaekr
EdlehAfa ma, masi, mahr, furo or bwiru. enAtMbn;mYycMnYn eKykkBa©úMpáaeQµalrbs;saekr
b¤xñúrsmø eTARtaM b¤ykeTAeFVICasártaMg Em:.[20]
ebIeFVIkareRbobeFobeTAnwgemSA ¬EdlkinrYc¦ dMNaMepSg²eTot emSAsaekrmanpÞúknUvCatiRbUetGIun
eRcInCagkþÜc ebIeRbobeFobeTAelIsarFatuEp¥m vamanCatiEp¥bdUcdMLÚg nigeckEdr. saekr
sMbUreTAeday Cati Edk kal;süÚm b:tU asüÚm nig riboflavin. kareLIgem nig CatiCr½rbs;saekr
KWCaRbéBNIénkarplit tamFmµCati. dMeNIrkarénkarEkécñsaekrCaGaharbriePaK mandUcCa³
eFVICabnÞHesþgI eFVICaemSA emSAq¥in b¤ k¾sgM Yt TaMgGs;enHKWCaviFIgaykñúgkarcMGinvaeFVICaGahar.[20]
RKab;saekr GacykeTAcMGin layCamYyEpøsaekreqA edaydut b¤es¶ar vamansac;m:t; nigrsCatihag
ehIyEp¥m manrsCatiKYreGaycg;TTYlTanCagEpøekALak;. RKab;saekr pÞúknUvCatiRbUetGInu RbEhl
8% eTaHbICaRKab;Rss; b¤k¾cMGinehIy. RKab;saekr manpÞúknUvCatieRbgtic ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgRKab;
sENþkdI nigedImGam:g; EdlpÞúknUvCatieRbgRbEhlCa 50-70%. saekr manpÞúknUvCatixniC nig

niacin eRcInCag sVaycnÞI Gam:g; sENþk macadamia sENþk brazil PIxn (pecans)
edImeQIval;NWtexµA (black walnuts) b¤ chestnuts. [20]
saekr manpÞúknUvsarFatudUcxageRkam EdlcMnYnKitCaPaKry³
CatiTwk 79.5
RbUetGIun 1.5
CatieRbg 0.2
Catisár nig GamIdug 17.9

sarFatuxniC 0.9
EsluyLÚs -
kal;süÚm 0.04
7
pUsVr½ 0.03
CatiEdk 0,5
carotene 15/100g(I.U.)
cMnYnkal;LÚrIénEpøKW 75-80cal/100 g. [1].

søwkeFVICacMNIstV nigGacciBa©wm eKa BEB RCUk nig esH. vak¾CacMNId¾l¥sMrab;stVdMrIpgEdr. stVesH
sIusMbk EmktUc² nigBnøkRtYy rbs;edImsaekr. dUecñH KYrEtdak;esHenAeGayq¶ayBIkUnsaekr
b¤xñúrsmø. Epøsaekr b¤xñúrsmøEdlTMuRCul RKab; bNþÚlsøwk nigkaksMNl;epSg²rbs;Epøsaekr
GaceFVICacMNIstVRCUk nig stVepSg²eTot.
KYrpáaeQµal rbs;saekr edaylayCamYysésRkdasedImmn (Broussonetia papyrifera)
GaceFVICa sMBt;bwugd¾s¥atRbNit. RsTab;xagkñúgénsMbk eRbIsMrab;eFVICaRkNat;sMbkeQI (tapa)
b¤sés. EdltamlkçN³RbéBNI enAkñúgBiFI b¤k,ÜnepSg² eKeRbIeFVICasMBtlkMral
b¤eFVICaRkNat;dNþb; sMBt;bwug b¤ r:Ub. sésedImxñúrsmø b¤saekr eFVICaExSBYrd¾l¥ sMrab;bMBak;elIesH
RkbI nigeFVICasMNaj;sMrab;cab;RtIqøam.[20,26]
cMENkÉEpñkepSg²eToténedIm eRbIsMrab;eFVICa»sf.[6] ykCatiCr½rbs;páa eTAlabelIeFµj
edIm,IBüa)al CMgWQWeFµj. ykCr½eQI labeTAelIEs,k ehIyeFVIkarma:sSa edIm,IBüa)alCMgWeRKc
nig)ak;q¥wg edaykat;bnßykarQWcab;. CaFmµta vaCafñaMBüa)alCMgWenAelIEs,k nigCMgWpSit
dUcCaCMgWs¥úyRkck CaedIm. eFVIkarbukkMeTcsøwk layCamYyTwkehIyjaMu Büa)alCMgWraK raKmYl nig
QWeBaH. enAekaH Pacific eKykCr½layCamYyTwkEdlRc)ac;BIskøw eFVICafñaMBüa)alFmkøinRtecok.
b¤srbs;saekr rYj eFVICafñaMbBa©úH ehIyenAeBlEdlykeTARtaM sMrab;sMGatCMgWelIEs,k. enAekaH
Pacific eRbIsMbksaek Büa)alCMgWQWk,al. enAxaglic RbeTs\NÐaqugsøwksaekrTMl u ayCamYyEt

ehIyTTYlTan GacCYybnßykareLIgsm<aFQam. EtCYyRKb;RKgCMgWTwkenamEp¥m.
enA Taiwan eRbIsMrab;Büa)alCMgWeføIm nigRKunekþA páaBüa)alCMgWFMkøinRtecok. sMbk
CYyTb;Tl;nUvkarekIneLIgeKalikas enAkñúgCalika nigCYykarBarb¤s
edImb¤EmkRbqaMgnigskmµPaBrbs; BBYkGtisuxumR)aNmYycMnYn dUcCa BBYk)ak;etrI Gram-positive
nigeraKduHsac;.[20,26]
8
kMTicedImxñúrsmø b¤saekr GaceFVICafñaMRClkBN’elOg. cMeBaHsøwk nigEpøTMuEdlFøak;mkelIdI
eFVICacMNIstV.[9]
[epSg²]: Cr½rbs;edImxñúrsmø b¤saekr sMrab;eFVICaCr½biTTUkEcv eRBaHvaGackarBarTwkcUl nigeFVICaCr½Rta
nigsac;eQIeFVICaRtaKMnUr.[20]
RKb;kEnøgénedImsaekr pÞúkeTAedayCatiCr½s¥it EdlGaceRbIR)as;)aneRcInya:g. enA Caribbean
nigkEnøgepSg²eTot eKykCr½vaeTAeFVICasàrekAs‘U. CaTUeTA enAtMbn; Pacific nigtMbn;epSg²eTot
eKeRbICr½saekr eFVICaCr½)am ¬sMrab;dak;eGayCab;stV¦ sMrab;cab;stVsab eFVICaGahar
nigykeramstV. enARbeTskUer: eKykCr½saekr layCamYyeRbgdUg sMrab;cab;ruy.
enA Hawaii kBa©Múpàasaekr eRbIsMrab;sMlab;RClk;BN’elOgeTACaBN’ etñat. CatieRbg
EdlcMraj;ecjBI RKab; CavtßúravmanBN’elOgx©I nigGn§il²eBlrkSaTukenAkñúgbnÞb;EdlRKb;RKg
sItuNðPaB)an ehIyvamankøinRsedog niwgsENþkdI. vamancMnYnm:UelKulKImI nigrUb Rsedog
eTAnigeRbgGUlIv.
enA Vanuatu nig Hawaii eKsMgYtpáasaekrb¤ xñúrsmø eGayrwgehIyduteFVICaFUbmUs.[20,26]
Cajwkjab; eKeRbIsøwksaekr sMrab;x©b;cMnIGaharcMGin. enAeBlEdlTMu épÞsøwkmanrageRKIm
EdlGaceFVICa Rkdasxat; nig RKab;GacykeTAcgCamYyExS écñeFVICaeRKOgGlgáa.[20]
saekr CarukçCatiEdlplitnUvbrimaNénCatieRbgeRcIn vak¾CaRbePTeQIEdlpþl;møb;)anl¥ nigCa
smasPaBmantMélsMrab; kareRbIR)as;dkI si]sSahkmµeGayGs;lT§§PaB eRBaHvaGacpþl;møb;dl;dMNaM
epSg²dUcCa eRmcexµA kaehV b:uEnþdMLÚgCVa k¾dUcCaRbePTdMNaMpþl;emImepSg²eTot nigeck
GacdaMenAcenøaH edImsaekr)an. enAkñúgkEnøgmYYycMnYnénekaH)a:sIuhcVi saekr b¤xñúrsmø
daMsMrab;eFVICabegÁaleGaydMLÚgCVavaetageLIg.[26]
BMumancMNat;fñak;eT.
9
kUneQIEdlduHecjBIkarsÞúM GacykeTAeFVkI ardMduHenATIval b¤cMkar nig enAtamdgsgxagpøÚv bnÞab;BIduH

b¤s b¤Bnøk. Artocarpus RtUvkarlkçxNÐdIEdll¥ edIm,IeGaymankarduHlUtlas;elOn.
KYrEtdak;kUneQI enAkñúgmøb; rhUtdl;knU eQImankarlUtlas;)anl¥. TIFøa KYrEtsßitenAcenøaHGb,rima
8x8 m nigGacrhUtdl;eTA 10x10 m [1]. enAkñúgcMkar Artocarpus
kenSamsøwknwgenACab;²Kañkñúgry³eBlxøIb:ueNÑaH. karéRkRmkedayFmµCati nigRtUv)aneFVIeLIg
eRBaHkenSamsøwkFMeFVIeGaylUtlas;mankarfycuH.[16]
xageRkamenH KWCakarerobrab;BIviFIsa®sþénkardaMdHu tamry³karsmøab;emeraKelIkarbgáat;BUC

edayExñg nigb¤s. CaTUeTAkarbNþúHRKab;KWmanPaBgayRsYl ehIysaekr b¤xñúrsmø
manGaRtadMNuHRbEhl 85%. Exñgb¤srbs;saekr sMrab;ykmkeFVIkarbgáat;b¤s EdlCaviFIsaRsþ
bgáat;BUCsamBaØbMput.[16] sMrab;Gnuvtþ viFIsaRsþenH eKRtUvkat;b¤sEdlmanGgát;p©it 2 cm
nigmanRbEvg 10-15 cm. eKeFVIkardaMduHedaysÞÚgva enAelIdIxSac; edayeFVIkar
RKb;vaeTAnig]bkrN_RKbEdlmankMras; 1 cm nigeRsacTwkeGay)an jwkjab;.[1] cMeBaHRbePTxøH
RKab;mYycMnYnminRBmduH edaysarEtva)at;bg;nUvlT§PaBdMNuHya:gqab; rhs½ bnÞab;BIeFVIkarbNþúH 2
s)aþh_ GaRtadMNuHrbs;vaesµInwg 0%. BnøkdMNuH cab;epþImecjenAcenøaHeBl 2 eTA 4 s)aþh_
ehIyya:gyUrbMputrhUtdl;eTA 9 s)aþhb_ nÞab;BIsab.[16]
A. altilis, A. hirsutus Lamk, A. integer, A. rigidus nig A. sercicarpus CaRbePT Artocarpus
Edlpþl;emIm EbkExñgb¤s nigpþl;EpøFM.

RKab;EdldkhUtecjmkBIEpøsaekrTMu RtUvykeTAdaMPøam eRBaH 2-3 s)aáh_ eRkayRbmUlpl
vanwg)at; lT§PaBdMNuH. eKeFVIkarsab edaydak;RKab;XøatBIKñacMgay 5 cm nigCMerA 1 cm.
RKab;nwgcab;epþImduH bnÞab;BIbNþúHRbEhl 2 s)aþh_. RKab;EdlRss; gayRsYlkñúgkarbNþúH
ehIyGaRtadMNuHRbEhlCa 85%. fñalbNþúH KYrEtrkSaeGaymansMeNImRKb;eBl. kUneQI
RtUv)anykeTAsÞÚgmYy² enAkñúges,ag elOn b¤qab;GaRsy½eTAnwgkarlUtlas;rbs;kUneQI.
RbsinebIkUneQImankarduHlUtlas;elOn ry³eBlRbEhlmYyqñaM GacykeTAdaMenAcMkar b¤TIval)an.
10
CaTUeTA saekrRtUv)aneFVIkardaMduHsMrab;eFVICabEnø. karbgáat;b¤s KWCaviFIsa®sþén karbgáat;BUC
samBaØbMput. eBlevlasMrab;eFVIkarRbmUlb¤s KWCaktþasMxan;bMputEdleFVIeGaykarbgáat;
TTYl)aneCaKCy½. karRbmUl l¥bMputKWenAkñúgkMLúg GskmµPaBénkarduHlUtlas;fµI b¤k¾enAeBledIm
rhUtEdlb¤smanpÞúknUv kabUnGIuRdatx<s;. kMLúgeBlGskmµPaBénkarduHlUtlas;KW ry³kMLúgeBl
2-3Ex bnÞab;BIEpøTMu. saekr karbegáIndMNuH k¾TTYleCaKCy½Edr tamry³karbgáat;edIm Emk nig
marcotting. [20]
Rastrococcus invadens RtUv)aneKsÁal;faCastVl¥itcéRg EdleFVIeGayEpøsVayeRKIm. RbePT

Artocarpus mYycMnYn TTYlnUvkarvayRbharBIBBYkpSit Corticium salmonicolor nig Phellinus
lamaoensis eBlEdldgáÚv Glyphodes caesalis ecaHRbehagelIBnøksøwk páaRkBMu nigEpøx©I.
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday enHRKan;EtCadMNak;kaldMbUgénkarKMramkMEhgb:eu NÑaH elIRbePT A.

heterophyllus edImxñúr ehIyBMu)anbBa¢ak;favaKMramkMEhgdl;edImsaekreT.[16] edImsaekr b¤xñúrsmø
CaRbePTeQIEdlrwgmaM ehIyhak;dUcCaBMuTTYlnUvkarbMpøajBIstVl¥it nigCMgWeT eTaHbICaman

stVl¥itecaH RbeLaH nig mancMnucexµAenAelIsøwkénedImmYycMnYn. bBaðastVl¥it GaRsy½eTAtam tMbn;
b:ueNÑaH.[20] Epø RbEhlCaTTYlrgnUvkarb:HBal;xøH edayBBYk Phytophthora, Colletotrichum
(anthracnose) nig Rhizopus (Tn;rlYy) b:uEnþbBaðaTaMgenHGaceFVIkarRKb;RKg)aneday
eFVIkarRbmUlEpø cas; b¤TMueGayTan;eBlevla nigeFVIkarebH b¤kMeTcecalnUvEpøEdlmanCMgW.[20]
F> karGPirkS :
saekr b¤xñúrsmøminEmnCaRbePTEdlTTYlrgnUvkarKMramkmEhgeT. [1,16]
manduHenARKb;kEnøgtMbn;TnM ab enAkñúgRbeTs.
11
saekr b¤xñúrsmø manduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;esImRtUBic nig enABaseBjBiPBelak.[6]
b:uEnþRbPBkMeNItenA New Guinea RbeTsma:eLsIu nig hVIlIBIn nigmankarrIksayPayRKb;TIkEnøg.
p> epSg² :
saekr manlkçN³RbEhlnwgedIm African breadnut, Treculia africana k¾duHecjBIGMbUr Moraceae

enAtMbn;éRBTwkePøógén GaRBicxaglic nig tamdgTenø. páajIvivtþn_eTACaEpøEdlragRTEvg
EdlsMblkmanbnøa nig manTMgn;rhUtdl;eTA 15 kg. EdlenAxagkñúgpÞúkeTAedayRKab; nig
stVmüa:gecaHcUlsIurMlIgsac;xagkñúg.[9].
Verheij E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Eds.) 1991: Plant Resources of sSoutheast Asia.No.2,
Little, E.L. Jr.& Wadsworth, F.H. 1964: Common trees of >Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands. Agricultural Handbook no. 249. USDA. 548 pp.
Ragone,D,1977: Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis(Parkinson) Fosberg. Promoting the

conservation and use of under-utilized and neglected crops.. INstitute of Plant Genetics
and Crop Plant research. Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resource Nstitute,
Rome.
Ragone, D 1995: Description of Pacific Island breadfruit cultivars..Acta Horticulturae

413;92-98; 8 ref.
Reeve, RM, 1974; Histological structure and commercial dehydration potential of

breadfruit. Economic Botany 28: 82-96.
Suharban M, Philip S, 1987: Fruit rot of breadfruit (Artocarpus incisa L. South Indian
Horticulture. 35(5):397;
Waterhouse, DF, 1991: Possibilities of biological control of the breadfruit mealybug

Icerya aegyptiaca on Pacific Island Atolls. Micronesica No 3, Supplement:117-122; 11
ref.
12
Cambie RC, Ash J, 1994. Fijian medicinal plants. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation, Australia.
Matthews RF, Bates RP, Graham HD, 1986. Utilization of breadfruit in the tropics.
Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture, 30:83-94; [34th
Annual Meeting, San José, Costa Rica, 28 Jul.-2 Aug., 1986]; 15 ref.
Ragone D, 1990. Conservation and use of breadfruit in the Pacific Islands. In: Harris W,
Kapoor P, eds. Contributions to an international Workshop on Ethnobotany. Botany
Division, DSIR, Christchurch, New Zealand, 82-85.
Rajendran R, 1991. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg. In: Plant resources of South-
East Asia. No. 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts (Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, eds.). PROSEA
foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 83-86.
Wootton M, Tumaalii F, 1984. Breadfruit production, utilisation and composition - a

review. Food Technology in Australia, 36(10):464-465; 19 ref.
Cobley L.S & Steele W.M. 1976. An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops.
Longman Group Limited.
Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium.
Handbooks for Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI.
Ragone D. 1997. Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis. Promoting the conservation and use of
underutilized and neglected crops. 10. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant
Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources institute, Rome, Italy.
Raynor B. 1991. Agroforestry systems in Pohnpei. Practices and strategies for

development. Forestry Development Programme.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1) FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome,
Italy, 177 pp.
4) Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing

House; Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 915 pp.,
13
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.

Encyclopaedic Guide Thames & Hudson Ltd.,London. 484 pp.
12) CABI Forestry Compendium Edition 2003 (CD)
13) BAERTELS, A. 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen

(Color Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ.,
Stuttgart, Germany, illustrated, 384 pp
16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. And W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers.
Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp.
18) Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife 2003: Cambodia Forestry Statistics to

2002.(in Khmer and English) Planning & Accounting Off., Statistics Sect.,
Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 97 pp.
26) World Agroforestry Centre:

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicList.as
p (Internet source)
14
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam]

[Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ jackfruit [2], jack [4]
K> sTisn½y ³ Artocarpus brasiliensis Gomez (1812),
Artocarpus integer (Thunb.) Merrill,

Artocarpus integra Merr.,
Artocarpus integrifolia L.F,
Artocarpus integrifolia L.F & A. integra Merr.,
Artocarpus maxima Blanco (1837).,
Artocarpus philippensis Lamk (1789),
Artocarpus integrifolia auct. [7],
Artocarpus integrifolius auct. [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ jaca, jacueiro (Spain) [4] - jacquier (France) [4] - kathal
(Bangladesh) [4] - Jackfruchtbaum (Germany) [4] -
nangka, nongko (Indonesia) [4] - alasa, halasu, kathal,
kathar, phanas, pila, pilavu (India) [4] - miiz, miiz hnang
(Laos) [4] - jak (Sri Lanka) [4] - khnaôr, peignai
(Myanmar) [4] - nangka (Malaysia) [4] - kapiak (Papua
New Guinea) [4] - jak, langka, nangka (Philippines) [4] -

banun, khanum, makmi, nangka (Thailand) [4] - mít
(Vietnam) [4]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ xñúr

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ khnaôr [5]
1
lMdab; : Urticales
RKYsar : Moraceae [4]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [-]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQItUc EdlmankMBs; 10-20 m [2] enAeBleBjv½y nigGgát;p©it DBH BI 30-60

cm [2] . edImRtg;RsLÚn b:uEnþcab;epþmI duHEmkya:gelOn . ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[søwk]: søwkmanTMhM 4-25 x 2-12 cm [6], dUcEs,k relag nigKµaneram . épÞxagelImanBN’ébtgcas;
épÞxageRkammanBN’ébtgx©I . søwksMEb:t RCYj rWmankarRCYjenAEpñkxagelI tMerobCalkçN³qøas;

enAelI beNþay Emk nigrages<óenAelIEmk edayduHenA 2/5 énEmk TMhMFMCageKgenAEpñkxagelI
sréssøkw man lkçN³dUcsøab edayman 5-12 KU . ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[páa]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[Epø]: EpøduHecj BIedIm nigEmk . EpøFMml U RTEvg manTMhM 30-100 cm × 25-50 cm [7],
edaymanBkrag BIra:mtI xøIenABIelI rW manrWs . TgEpømanTMhM 5-10 x 1-1.5 cm . sMbk xageRkArbs;
EpømankMras;RbEhl 1 cm enACab;KñanwgbNþlÚ kNþal edayminGacEjk)an BIC½r rwgrWTn; BN’mas
rWelOg edaymansac;enA CMvu ijRKab; . EpømanBIrePT enAedImEtmYy b:Eu nþGacEckdac;BIKañ .

manRKab;eRcIn ragRTEvgTMhM 2-4 cm × 1.5-2.5 cm [7] edayh‘mu B½T§edaysMbk Edlmanbnøa
nigsMbkragGn§il² . sac;EpøesþIg nigmanlkçN³ dUcEs,k GMRb‘yÍ gu: manrunxül; kUTIeLdugmansac;
minesµIKañ Gg;dEU s<mtUc rWminman . Epø Edll¥manpÞúk RKab;cnM nY 500 RKab; nigRKab;nmi Yy² TMgn;BI 3-6
g" [7] .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIRtUv)ancat;fñak;Ca RbePTmFüm . vaFnnwgkarbMpaø j rbs;kNþlú pSit

)at;etrIEdleFIeV GayeQIBuk gaysMgYt nigduHxat; . eQImanBN’elOg eRkaymkERbCaBN’Rkhm
edaymanTMnajdI 0.6-0.7 g/cm³ [6] b:Eu nþminxøagM dUcCaém:sak;eT .
vaecjEpøenAkñgú kMritrvag 30°N nig S enAtMbn;EdlKµanG½BÞ nigdMNaMenH duHlUtlas;l¥ cenøaH 25°N nig
S . xñrú manRbPBkMeNItBIRbeTsma:eLsIu EdlvamanduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBeRsag b:Eu nþkR_ tUv)andaMduH
enARKb;TIkEnøgkñúgtMbn;RtUBic nig subtropics sMrab;CaRbePTeQIhUbEpø .

enAkñgú CMrkFmµCa xñrú manduHenAry³kMBs; 400-1,200 m a.s.l. [5] . k_manduHenAry³kMBs;BI 0-1,600

m a.s.l. [4] (0-1,000 m a.s.l. [2, 7]) . sMrab;plitkmµ Edll¥bp M tu vaTamTarnUvGakasFatuekþA
ehIyesIm nigmanePøógFaøk;eTogTat; . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M : 16-22°C [6] (16-35°C [2])
kMritTwkePøóg RbcaMqañ M: 1,000-2,400 mm [6] (1,100-2,400 mm [4], 900-4,000 mm [2]) .
vaduHdalya:gelOn enAkñgú
GakasFaturaMgs¶Üt nigRtCak; elOnCag Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg nig Artocarpus
integer . vaFnnwgxül;mFüm nigminFnnwgkarraMgs¶Üt rWTwkliceT . (RbePTxøHFnnwgkarraMgs¶t Ü [7]) .
vaGacduHenAtMbn;EdlmansItuNðPaBTab nigG½BÞ (vaminsUvFnnwgPaBRtCak; [7]) . rdUvR)aMgBI 3-4 Ex

KWsmRsb .
3
xñrú GacduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAelIeRCA l,b; l,ayxSac; rWl,ay\dæ EdlmanCICatimFüm mindk;Twk

nigman pH BI 5-7.5 . vaduHlUtlas; enAelIdI EdlmanCICatimFüm rWdmI insUvmanCICati rYmmandIRKYs
rW lateritic dImanfµ limestone mineRCA nigdIxSac; rWfµ . mankarFnmFümnwgdIéRb .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[eQI]: sac;eQIxúgñ RtUv)ancat;Tukfal¥Cagém:sak; (Tectona grandis) sMrab;eFIeV RKOgsgðarwm sMng;

eragCag dgekþag Rcva: ]bkrN_ eQIfamBl nig]bkrN_ePøg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[Gnupl]: EpøGacbriePaK)an EpøminTan;TMu RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CabEnø sMrab;smørkarI . RKab;manvItamIn A
s‘ulpYl (sulphur) kal;süÚm nigpUsrV RtUv)anbriePaKeRkayeBles¶a rWlIg edaysMgYt layCamYy

GMbli rWbku eFICV aemSAlayCamYyemSARsUvsalIsMrab;eFIVnbM gu½ . søwkkMrRtUv)aneRbICacMNIstVeT b:Eu nþsøkw
nig sMbk EpøGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as; . sMbkpþl;nUvC½r ravBN’exµA EdlmanpÞúknUvCatitanIn 3.3% .
kñúgC½reQI 71.8% manpÞkú 63.3% fluavilles (BN’elOg) nig 8.5% albanes (BN’s) . enAeBles¶a
CamYysac;CUr Gacm_ rNa nigkMTiceQI éneQIxwmø pþl;nvU l½kBç N’elOg sMrab;RClk;RkNat;sRU t
EdleRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCvI _ ( robes of Buddhist priests) rbs;RBHsgÇ . enAen)a:
rWsrbs;vaRtUv)aneRbICafñaMBüa)alrak nigEpømin Tan;TsMu rM ab;CafñabM Ba©úH . sMbkxageRkA
RtUv)aneFIeV GayeLIgem nigcMhuysMrab;plitePsC¢³ EdlmanCatiGal;klu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[epSg²]:
karBarkarhUreRcaH : "A. heterophyllus GacRtUv)andaM edIm,IkarBarkarhUreRcaHenAkñgú ksidæan " [6] .

møb; rW CMrk : "edImeQIRtUv)andaMenACit²Kña Car)aMgkarBarxül; nigCYnkareRbICamøbs; rM ab;edImkaehV " [6]
. RBMRbTl; rW r)aMgkarBar rW TMr : "edImRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CaTMrrs; sMrab;edImeRmc " [6] .Intercropping:
"enARbeTshVl I IBnI , A. heterophyllus RtUv)andaMCamYycMkardUg . enARbeTsma:eLsIu
edImeQIRtUv)andaMenAcenøaH edImFUern nigenA\NÐa RtUv)andaMenAcenøaH edImsVay nigRkUc . cMkaredImxñúr
4
EdlenAtUcGaceRbIR)as; RbePTdMNaMesdækice© nAcenøaH dUcCa eck eBat nigsENþkdI . vak_RtUv)aneRbI
R)as;srM ab; EklMGrdI kardaMeQIeLIgvij nig eFIeV GaydImanCICativij .
minmancMNat;fñak; . ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:A. heterophyllus duHlUtlas;edayFmµCati enAkñgú éRBeRsag .

[kardaMduH]: sMrab;kardaMduH tMbn;RtUvmanlkçN³s¥atl¥ muneBldaM RtUvCIkreNþA (60-80 x 40-50 cm [5])
. enAeBlkMBugduHlUtlas; edImeQIRtUv)aneFIeV Gayrhal ¬kab;rMelaH¦ eGaymancenøaH 7.5-12 m

BIeRBaH karminkab;rMelaHnaMeGayedImeQIgab; .
[karRKb;RKg]: "karéRkEmkRtUv)ankMrit eyagtamkarrMelaHBnøkfµI enAeBledImeQIRtUv)andaM
nigkarkat;Emk edIm,IeGaymanPaBgayRsYlkñgú rMuEpø nigebHRbmUlpl . EmkEdlgab; KYrRtUv)ankat;
ecjBIedImeQIedIm,Iplþ ;nBU nøRW Kb;RKan;sMrab;karecj Epø nigRtYtBinti üRbePTstVl¥ti .
TaMgkarsMGatesµA enAcenøaHrg nigCargVg;RtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,ITb;sáat;esµAmineGayduH karRKbGac
smRsb nigCYyrkSasMeNImdI . kareRsacTwkenArdUvR)aMgRtUv)aneFIeV LIg eTaHCaya:gNak_edayRtUv
elIkrgenAKl;eQI nigeFIcV g¥eÚ dIm,IkeMu GayTwkdk; . CIRtUv)andak; BIr dgkñúgmYyqñaM muneBl
nigeRkayeBlrdUvvsSa . . kMriténkardak;CI KWxsu ²Kña BI 1 kg kñúg 1edIm (enAma:eLsI)u eTA 2-3 kg

(hVlI IBnI )" [5] . lT§PaBduHExñg eLIgvijmankMritTab enAeBlmankMBs; 5 m enAGayu 5 qñaM [2] .
kMritkMeNIn 3-5 m³/ha/yr RtUv)anGegát . enAhVIlIBnI , A. heterophyllus RtUv )andaMCamYycMkardUg .
enARbeTsma:eLsIu edImeQIRtUv)andaMenAcenøaH edImFUern nigenA\NÐa RtUv)andaM enAcenøaH edImsVay
nigRkUc . cMkaredImxñúr EdlenAtUcGaceRbIR)as; RbePTdMNaMesdækic©enAcenøaH dUcCa eck eBat
nigsENþkdI .
5
edImeQIRtUv)anbnþBCU edaykarbgáat; kardaMedaypÞal; nig daMedayedImbgáat; . edImeQIduHeLIgvij

ya:gelOn . RKab;RtUvEt ebHBIedImeQIem Edll¥CageK . cMeBaHRKab; EdlFM²b:eu NÑaH RtUv)aneRbI
R)as; . karCMerIs ykRKab;BCU tamry³karlagsMGatsMbkxageRkAenACMvu ijRKab; nigkat;ykecjnUv
EpñkdUcEsñgén pericarp" [6] . karsþúkTukRKab;KW recalcitrant . GRtadMNuHRtUv)anrkSasMrab;
ry³eBl 2 qñaM enAkñúg sMeNIm 15°C [6] . RKab;RtUv)anrkSa enAkñgú fg;pøa sÞic EdlbMeBjeday perlite
enA 6°C [6] . manRKab;RbEhl 430 RKab; /kg [6] . enAeRkamlkçxN ½ ÐsmRsb dMNuHcab;epþmI
kñúgry³eBl 10 éf¶ nig GRtadMNuH 80-100% GacsMerc)ankñgú ry³eBl 35-40 éf¶eRkayeBlsab .
RtaMRKab;enAkñgú Twk rW GasIut gibberellic CYyCMrujdMNuH . RKab;RtUv)andak;enAepþk rW hilium cuHeRkam
edIm,IeGayqab;duH . kUneQIk_GacbNþHú tamry³karkat;pgEdr nigkareFIknøÚ k_Gacpþl;kUneQI
EdlecjEpø)anqab;rh½s . kUneQI nigkUnEdlbNþúHedaysrIragÁ RtUv)andaMenAkñúgfg; nigerobCa
CYrenAkñgú fñal edIm,Ikat;bnßykarzit enACitKñaeBk niggayRsYlkñgú karRKb;RKg . sMrab;karduH
lUtlas;elOn kUneQIRtUvdaMenAkñúgdIl,ay\dæ nigCIkMbu:s¾þ nigCIGasUt k_GacRtUv)andak; ragral; 2-3
Ex edayeRsacTwkeGay)aneTogTat; .kUneQIbgáat; GaclUtlas;l¥ enAeRkamkMritmøb; 50-70%
eBlmanBnøéW f¶eBj . kUneQIGacRtUv)andaM enAeBlmankMBs; 20-25 cm . kUneQIEdlbgáat; rW
pSaMGu acRtUv)andaMeRkayry³eBl 2-5 bnÞab;BIkar bgáat; rW enAeBlEdl Exñgbgáat;cas; . kUnrukçCati
Edl)anbMe)A KYRtUv)andaM eRkayry³eBl 2-3 Ex bnÞab;BIvaduHecjrWsmkxag eRkA .
kUneQIKRY tUv)anpøas;TI enAeBlEdlvaecjsøkw cMnnY 4 edIm,IeGayvaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ nigkMueGay
vamanrWs EvgeBkEdlnaMeGaymankarBi)akkñgú kardaMduH . CaTUeTA kUneQIbgáat;RtUv)andaMenAeBl Edl
rWsrbs;vaduHecjeRkAfg; EdleFIeV GaymankarrMxan dl;karlUtlas;rbs;kUneQI .
6
[ stVl¥ti ]: Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera umbrosa, Batocera rubus, Batocera rufomaculata,

Cosmoscarta relata, Glyphodes caesalis, Indarbela tetraonis, Ochyromera artocarpi.
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[ CMgW]: pSit: Corticium salmonicolor, Phomopsis artocarpina, Rhizoctonia koleroga, Rhizopus
artocarpi , Rhizopus stolonifer, Septoria artocarpi.
)ak;etrI : Erwinia carotovora

fñasM lM ab;pSitRtUv)an)aj; edIm,IkarBaredImBICgM W .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
F> karGPirkS :

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: bg;køaeds \NÐa ma:eLsIu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[karnaMcl U ] : GaesrI Gg;ehÁaLa GURsþalI ebnnIn busVaNa eRbsIul bUKN I a hVasU bUrUDI kamarU: exbevI
saFarN³rdæGaRhVci kNþal eqk cin kUmrU: Us kugehÁa kUedv½ eGsIub eGkVaT½rerol hÁeI no eGrIeTo eGsüÚBI
hVCI I hÁabug hÁaebo háaNa hÁeI nob‘sÍ U \NÐeÚ nsIu eknya: elsUtU lIb½ero ma:daháasáa ma:LavI ma:lI m:rU ukU
7
mUsg;b‘cí PUma nIesrIya: hVlI IBnI ra:van;da esenhÁal; esra:elGUn sUma:lI GaeRhVcxagt,Úg RsIlgáa
sU‘dg; tg;sanI TuyensIu G‘uyehÁnda sImu )aev .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
p> epSg² :
[RbvtþiénkardaMduH]: "xñrú RtUv)anraykarN_faCarukCç atimanRbPBBIéRB énRbeTs\NÐa nigma:eLsIu .

RbePTenH )anduHdal enARbeTsCitxagdUcCa RsIlgáa cinxagt,Úg GasIGu aeKñy_
nigtMbn;RtUBci énGaeRhVc Edlman RbeTseknya: G‘eU hÁnda tg;sanI ma:rItUs nigma:daháasáa . xñrú RtUv
)annaMclU RbeTshVIlIBInenAkñgú stvtSr_TI 12 nigRtUv)ankMNt;CaRbePTdMNaMkgñú Rsukcab; BIeBlenaH
mk . vaRtUv)andaMenAkñgú cMkartUc² enAkñgú RbeTs\NÐa sYnCMuvijpÞH enARbeTshVCI I nigCadMNaMkñúgsYn
c,a enAEk,rpÞHTUTaMgtMbn;)a:sIuhVic . "
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
Acedo AL. 1992. Multipurpose Tree Species Network Series: Jackfruit biology, production,
use, and Philippine research. Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project.`
[1]
Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-east

Asia. No 5(2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
[1]
Perry LM. 1980. Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia : attributed properties and
uses. MIT Press. South East Asia.
[1]
Roshetko JM and Evans DO. 1997. Domestication of Agroforestry trees in Southeast Asia.
Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
[1]
8
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE (eds.). 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia No 2. Edible
fruits and nuts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
[1]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock
Interational. 320pp.
(CD-ROM).

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicSearch.asp
[7] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep

9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Averrhoa bilimbi L]

[Averrhoa bilimbi L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Averrhoa bilimbi L. [6]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Billimbi, cucumber tree [6], tree sorrel [26]
K> sTisn½y ³ minTan;manTinñn½y .

X> eQµaHepSg² ³ tralong tong (Cambodia); belimbing asam, belimbing wuluh,
belimbing buluk (Indonesia, Malaysia); tayok zaungya

(Burma ); kamias, iba (Philippines); taling pling, kaling pring
(Thailand); khe tau (Vietnam) [6] cornichon des Indes,
zibeline, blinblin, blimblim (French) grosella china, mimbro
(Spanish) [26].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RTlIgTIg
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ trôlüng tüng [4]
lMdab; : Geraniales
RKYsar : Oxalidaceae[4], (Averrhoaceae)[11]
ePT : Averrhoa
1
RbePT : Averrhoa bilimbi L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [11]
[ lkçN³TUeTA]: culø×RBwkS [4]; CaedImeQItUcmanEmkBIreTAbI duHeLIgeTAelI kMBs; 6-9 m [6] .

edImeQIGacmankMBs; 5-10 m manedImxøI nigduHecjEmkeRcIn [26] .
[søwk]: tMerobCalkçN³qøas; dUcsøa mancMnYnBI 7-19 KU nigRbEvg 5-12 cm søkw mYy²ragmUlEvg [6]
. søwkduHCabNþMú enAelIcugEmk qøas;Kña edayminzitCaKU manRbEvg 30-60 cm edaymansøwkBI 11-37
ragmUl rWRTEvg edaymanKl;søwkmUl nigcugsøwkRCYc Føak;cuHeRkam manBN’ébtgenAEpñképÞxagelI
nigBN’Rsal enAEpñkxageRkam manRbEvg 2-10 cm nigTTwg 1.20-1.25 cm [26] .
[páa]: páaCakBa©úM edaymanBN’RkhmsVay minmaRtbk RbEvg 10-22 mm . páatUc mankøinRkGUb
zitenAelIG½kS manRsTab;páacMnYn 5 manBN’ébtglayelOg rW sVaycas; manRbEvg 10-22mm

maneramtUc²enAelITg EdlduHCab;nwgedIm nigEmkcas;Rkas; nigkUnEmktUc ehIyk_man enAelIcegáam
EpøeTotpg [26] .
[Epø]: CaEpøsac;manBN’elOgébtg manragmUl manTMhM 10x5 cm [6] . EpørageGlIb mUl rW
sIuLaMg Edlman 5 RCug RbEvg 4-10 cm RKbedayRtbkragpáayesþIg nigcugkMBUlmanpáaragdUceram

cMnYnR)aMg . manlkçN³RsYy enAeBlEpøminTan;TMu ehIyERbBIBN’ébtg eTAelOgébtg BN’sdUcPøúk
rW s enAeBlTMu vaRCuHeTAelIdI . sMbkxageRkATn; esþIg nigsVit edaymansac;BN’ébtg
RsedogecAhYy sMbUrTwk nigCatiGasIut . vaGacmanRKab;sMEb:tBI 6-7 manTTwg 6 mm
BN’etñatrelag [26] . ecjpáa enAedImEx kumÖ³ nigbnþdl;páa nigEpø rhUtdl;ExFñÚ [26] .

.
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQImanBN’s Tn; nigGaceRbIsMrab;CaeQIfamBl [6] . eQImanBN’s Tn; b:uEnþrwg mansac;relag

nigTMgn;RbEhl 560kg/m³ . vakMrlUtlas;dl;kMritmuxkat; EdlGaceRbIR)as;kñúgkargar Cag
eQINas; [26[ ..
2
RbEhlCamanRbPBBI ma:LÚkas (Moluccas ) vak_RtUv)andaMduHenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐÚensIu

nigRbeTshVIlIBIn pgEdr nigdaMduHya:geRcIn enARsIlgáa nig PUma . vamanduHlUtlas;eRcIn enAéf
ma:eLsIu nigsgðbUrI EdlRtUv)andaMduHenAkñúgsYn ehIyk_manduHenATMnab;énRbeTs\NÐa
nigbnþray)a:yeTAdl;tMbn; EdlekþArbs;RbeTseTotpg . vak_RtUv)andaMduHenA esnsIu)a (Zanzibar)
. vaRtUv)annaMcUl XVIneln ( Queensland) enAkMLúgqñaM 1896 vagaysMrbxøÜn
nigRtUv)aneFIVlk;dUreTAeGayGñkdaMduHeTotpg [26] . vaGacmanduHenAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_
b:uEnþk_RtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;RtUBiesImpgEdr [6] .
cUlcitþGakasFatuesImtamrdUv edaymanrdUvR)aMgpgEdr EtminraMgs¶Üt . Fn;nwgdImanCatiéRbtictYc

b:uEnþminlicTwk rW manCatiéRbCaRbcaM . RTlIgTIg CaedImeQIRtUvBik gayrgnwgGakasFatuRtCak;
Cags<W CaBiessenAeBltUc . smRsbbMput KW enAtMbn;manGakasFatesIm mankMritePøógFaøk;l¥
b:uEnþKYrmanrdUvR)aMgBI 2-3 Ex . edImeQIduHlUtlas;yWtenAkñúgmøb; nigsßanPaBmanmøb;tictYc . vaKYrEt
dak;eGaylUtlas;enAcMBnøWéf¶eBj [26].
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
edImeQIduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAelIdI sMbUrCICati mansMeNIm manCatiGasIuttic eRCobTwk)anl¥ b:uEnþ

karlUtlas; nigkarecjEpø )anl¥enAelIRbePTdIxSac; rW dIfµkMe)a vak_Fn;nwgdImanCatiGMbilpgEdr [6].
3
[lkçN³eQI]: eRbIR)as;eRcInsMrab;CaGusdut [6] .

[ Gnupl]: EpømanCatiGasIutxøaMg (ph 4.5) Cag A. carambola . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;tictYc
cMeBaHEpøRss; nigeRbIeRcInsMrab;dak;kñúgsmørkarI [26] . EpøGacbriePaKRss; rW eFIVCadMNab; karI rW RCk;

[19] . BYkvapþl; TinñplCaTwk 44.2% Edlman pH esµInwg 4.47 nigTwkrbs;
vaKWmankareBjniymsMrab;CaePsC¢³RtCak;² . bilimbi RtUv)aneRbICMnYssVay edIm,IRCk;
nigGacrkSaTuk)anyUrCag . edIm,Ikat;bnßyCatiGasIut vaRtUv)anRCk; nigRtaMTwkry³eBlmYyyb; rW
RtaMenAkñúgTwkGMbilmYyry³xøI bnÞab;mkRtUv)anes¶arCamYysár edIm,IeFIVdMNab; rW ecAhYy . enAma:eLsIu
vaRtUv)anykeTAkUlayCamYyEpøeQI Edlmanrs;CatiEp¥mxøaMg . Epø Edlcas;RtUv)anykeTA
Rblak;GMbil nighaléf¶ nigeFIVCaRCk; EdlGacrkSaTuk)andl;eTAbIEx . páaCYnkalRtUv)anyk
eTARblak;layCamYysár edIm,IeGayrkSaTuk)anyUr [26] .
mankareRbIR)as;sMrab;Ca»fsbUraNeRcInxus²Kña dUcCa enAhVIlIBIn søwkRtUv)aneRbICaekA
eGoksMrab;bit eTAelIkEnøgrmas; ehIm karQWsnøak;q¥wg nigBgEbkelIEs,k . enAkEnøgepSgeTot
BYkvaRtUv)anykeTAlab enAelIkEnøg EdlstVmanBisxaM . CnCatima:eLsIu yksøwk EdlRss; rW
Edl)an p¥ab; eTABüa)alCMgWkameraK . søwkGaceRbIsMrab;Büa)alCMgWk¥k nigRtUv)anbriePaK bnÞab;
BIpþl;kMeNIteGay kUn sMrab;CMnYykMlaMg . søwk Edles¶arRtUv)anbriePaK edIm,Ikat;bnßy
karrlakeBaHevon . Twk Edl)anBIpáa RtUv)aneRbIsrM ab;RbqaMgCMgWk¥k nigeraKRbmat; . enAekaHcava:
EpøRtUv)anlayCamYyeRmc rW emÞs sMrab;briePaKeGayecjejIs enAeBlmanGarmµN_faminRsYlxøÜn .
RCk;Twkrbs;RCk; RtUv)anykeTA labelIdgxøÜn eFIVeGayqab;Ca bnÞab;BImanCMgWRKun . Epø
RtUv)aneRbIsrM ab;Büa)alCMgWk¥k eraKs<Wk nigeraKmYremA: . Twkrbs;Epø RtUvbriePaKsMrab;Büa)alCMgWRKun

nigkarrlak nigbBaÄb;karkarhUrQam nigkat;bnßyb¤sdUg)at ehIyvak_RtUv)aneRbICafñaMbBa©úH
edaysarsMbUrGasIutGuksaLic .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1,6,26]
RTlIgTIEtRtUv)andaMduHCaRbePTeQIlMGr [1] .
4
[epSg²]: kMritGasIutGuksIuLicd_x<s; eFIVeGayvaGaceRbIsMrab;sMGat Kris (kaMbit rW davbUraN)
BIPaBeRcH sMGateRcHecjBIsMelokbMBak; nigsMGatsMPar³eFIVBIR)ak;eGaymanPaBPWørelageTotpg
[26] .
karbnþBUCeFIVeLIgtamry³RKab; rW karpSaMu nigkat; [1] karbnþBUCedayRKab; edaypSaMu nigkarb:HBnøk

enAelIkUneQI EdlmanGayumYyqñaM . kUneQIRtUv)andaMenAkñgú fg;pøasÞik nigbnÞab;BI 6-12
ExenAkñúgfñal vaRtUv)anykeTAdaMenAxageRkA edaycenøaHdaM 4mx6m Rsedonwg A. carambola Edr
[6]
mindUcs<W (A.carambola) EdlmanlkçN³RsedogKña . PaBxusKñaenaHKW RTlIgTIgmanlkçN³minsUv

Fn;nwgPaBRtCak; [26].
F> karGPirkS :
5

duHlUtlas;enATUTaMgtMbn;RtUBikesIm [6] manRbPBkMeNIt enARbeTsma:eLsIu nig \NÐÚensIu
nigRtUv)annaMcUl Gaemrikxagt,Úg PaKxaglicekaH\NÐa shrdæGaemrik GURsþalI nighVIlIBnI [26].
p> epSg² :
lkçN³eGkULÚsIu r)a:y KWmanlkçN³RsedogKñaeTAnwg A. carambola [6]
Mackeen MM, Ali AM, El Sharkawy SH, Manap MY, Salleh KM, Lajis NH, Kawazu K. 1997.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of some Malaysian traditional vegetables (ulam).
International Journal of Pharmacognosy. 35(3): 174-178
Morton J. 1987. Bilimbi. p. 128-129. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami,
Florida.
Nagy S, Shaw PE, Wardowski WF (eds.). 1991. Fruits of tropical and subtropical origin:
composition, properties and uses. Florida Science Source, Inc. Lake Alfred, Florida.
Warren JM, Emamdie DZ, Kalai. 1997. Reproductive allocation and pollinator
distributions in cauliflorus trees in Trinidad. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 13(3): 337-
345.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

6


pp.

?
(Internet source)
7
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Averrhoa carambola L]

[Averrhoa carambola L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Averrhoa carambola L. [6]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ star fruit, carambola, (English and Spanish) [6]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ spü (Cambodia); fuand (Laos); belimbing manis (Malaysia,
Indonesia); zaung ya (Burma); balimbing (Philippines); ma

fuang (Thailand); khe (Vietnam). Carambolier (French) [1,6)
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ sW<

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ spü [4]
lMdab; : Geraniales
RKYsar : Oxalidaceae (Averrhoaceae) [11]
ePT : Averrhoa
RbePT : Averrhoa carambola L. [6]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 6 ; 11]
1
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQItUcébtgCanic© manedImeRcIn 3-5 m CYnkaldl;eTAkMBs; 10 m

Ggát;p©itRbEhl 15 cm enAKl; [1] CaedImeQItUc rW culRø× BwkS [13] . edImtUc manEmkeRcIn
nigkMBs;Gacdl; 15 m . duHRtQwgRtéQ nigmanEmkFøak;cuHmkeRkam [6] .
[sMbk]: BN’etñatRsal relag rW eRbHelIsMbk .
[søwk]: qøak; manlkçN³Casøab RbEvg 15-25 cm zitenAragepþkbnþic rW xøaMg manTgsøwkxøI edayman
cMnYnsøwkBI 7-9 . søwkgayrgkarb:HBal; dUcBBYk Mimosa spp. [1] . mancMnYn 3-6 KUr manRbEvgBI
4-10 cm ragmUl nigzitenAEtÉg [6] . Casmassøwk [13] .
[páa]: BYkvaduHecjCacegáam EdlmanRbEvg 2-5 cm enAelIG½kSénsøwk Edlcas; rW RCuH . páaman
R)aMRCug nigmanRtbkpáacMnYn R)aM BN’sIuCm<Ú nigrMedayRsTab;páaBN’sVay . kBa©úMpáamanekseQµal

cMnYn 5 sMrarb;bgárkMeNIt . páaduHlUtlas;enAelIGk½ Srbs;Tg edayP¢ab;nwgRtbk manRbEvgdl;eTA
8 mm manBN’RkhmRsal nigsVayenAkNþal mankBa©úMpáaduHeLIgRtg; TngenAelIG½kSsøwk
nigcugBnøk BN’sIuCm<Ú eTAsVay páanimYy² manRbEvg 2.5 cm [13] .

[Epø]: CaEpøsac;mineRbH manRbEvgBI 5-8 cm EdlmanrUbragdUncpáay EdlmanRCugcMnYnR)aM .
manBN’elOgébtg nwgmanBN’elOgTwkRkUc enAeBlTMu . Epømanmanrs;CaEp¥m . ekasika EpønimYy²

man 5 RKab; [1] . manRbEvg 12 cm ragmUlman 5 RCug EpøBN’elOg ragdUcpáay nigmanRKab;BI 10
eTA 12 RKab; . sacEpø manlkçN³RsYy nigsMbUrTwk manCatiGasIut mankøinRkGUb nigRss; . BBYk
EdlduHkñúgéRBmankMritCaCUx<s; edaysarsMbUrGasIutGuksaLic[13] . EpømanTMhM 12x6 cm
manBN’elOgébtgPøW enAeBlTMu manR)aMRCug . RbePTeQI Edlbgáat; pþln; Uvpáa nigEpøeBjmYyqñaM
[6].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQImanBN’s Tn; nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;CaeQIfamBl .
2
manRbPBkMeNItBItMbn;RtUBikGasIuGaeKñy_ ma:eLsIu nig\NÐÚensIu RtUv)annaMcUleTAcin \NÐa \NÐÚcin éf
hVIlIBIn GURsþalI nigCaRbePTnaMcUl enAGaeRhVcxagt,Úg PaKxaglicekaH\NÐa GaeRhVc
nigshrdæGaemrik [1,26) . vaduHlUtlas;eRcIn enARbeTstMbn;RtUBik CaRbePTeQIlMGr
nigeQIhUbEpø b:uEnþ RtUv)andaMduHya:geRcInpgEdr enAGnutMbn;RtUBik [1] .
s<WRtUv)andaMdHu TUTaMgRtUBik BItMbn; Edlmanry³kMBs;Tab eTAx<s;dl;eTA 900 m .

vaFn;nwgPaBRtCak;ry³eBlxøI b:uEnþkUneQItUc Gacgab;enAeBlmansenSIm . vacUlcitþduH enAtMbn;man
GakasFatuesImtamrdUv edaymanrdUvR)aMg b:uEnþminraMgs¶Üt . s<WGacduHlUtlas;enAelIdIGasItu kMritTab
b:uEnþminmanTwklic rW dImanCatiéRb [6]
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
Fn;nwgdIGasIutkMritTab b:uEnþminFn;nwgkarCaMTwk rW dImanCatiGMbil . s<WcUlcitþdI EdlmanlkçN³eRCA

eRCobTwk)anl¥ dIl,ay\dæ b:uEnþk_GacduHelIdIxSac; nigdIsMbUrdI\dæpgEdr [26].

Averrhoa carambola manduHlUtlas;enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn b:uEnþPaKeRcIndaMCaeQIlMGr nigkardaMyk

Epø KWminsUvmansar³sMxan;b:unµaneT [26] .
[eQI]: eQIRtUv)aneRbICaeQIfamBl eRBaHvamanmuxkat;FM ehIymanlkçN³Tn; manBN’s
CYnkarRtUv)aneRbIsMrab; eFIV]bkrN_tUc² [26] .
[Gnupl]: EpøGacbriePaKTaMgenARss; rW eFIVCadMNab; smørkarI rW RCuk [19] TwkEpøeQI
Gacdak;bEnßmeTAbEnø edIm,IeGaymanrs;CatiEp¥mlayCUr [13] .

Epøs<WminTan;TMu manpÞúkb:UtasüÚmGuksaeLt EdleRbIsMrab;eFIVCal½kç [26] .
3
Epø nigTwkrbs;va RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CafñaMbBa©úH edaymanpÞúk GasIutGuksIuLic [1] vak_RtUv)aneRbI
R)as;Ca»sfbUraN sMrab;Büa)alCMgWEs,k nigRKun [26] .
[epSg²] TwkEpø EdlmanCatiGasIut RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CaTwklagsMGatPaBERcHrbs;Edk enAkñg ú RbeTs
mYycMnYn niglagsMGatkarRblak;enAelIRkNat; (linnen textiles) [1] . eRbgRtUv)ancMerjyk
sMrab;eFIVCaeRKOgsMGag [6].
A. carambola RtUv)aneraylMGg;edaystVl¥it edayXµúM nigBBYk Diptera species .

karecjpáaGacekIt maneBlmYyqñaM nigkarecjEpøk_dUcKñaEdr . kUneQIGacpþlE; pøenAGayuBI 3-8 qñaM
nigkUneQI Edlbgáat; Gacpþl;EpøEtkñgú ry³eBlBI 1-2 qñaM [26] . enAeBltUc s<WgayrgeRKaHNas;
nigRtUvkar karEfTaM . edaysar vaduHlUtlas;elOn vaRtUvkar karéRkEmk nigkat;rMelaHnUvEpømYycMnYn
enAeBlduHenAdMNak;kaldMbUg . edIm Edll¥GacRtUv)anrkSasMrab;karbgáat; enAeBlmanGayuBI 2-3
qñaM . Tinñpl Gacdl; 900 kg/ha nigGacmandl;Gayu 10 qñaM [26].

RKab;BUC CaRbePT intermediate . kMritsMeNImTabbMput EdlsmRsb KW 12.3% Tab CagenHGac

eFIVeGayfycuHnUvGRtadMNuH . lT§PaBdMNuHGacRtUv)anrkSakñgú ry³eBl 6 Ex edayeFIVkarsMgYt enA
kMritsItuNðPaB 5ºC . CaTUeTAmanRKab;RbEhl 15, 000 RKab;/kg [26] . karbnþBUC edayRKab; kar
pSaMu nig karb:HBnøk nigedaysarkarb:HBnøk enAelIkUneQI EdlmanGayumYyqñaM . kUneQI RtUv)andaM
enAkñúgfg;pøasÞik nigbnÞab;BIry³eBl 6-12 enAkñúgfñal nigRtUv)anykeTAdaMenAxageRkA enAcenøaH 4
m x 6 m . karecj paá nigEpø GacmanenArdUvR)aMg b:uEnþmineRcIneT [1].
4
dgáÚv (Diacotrichia, Pingasa nig Pseudoterpna) eFIVkarbMpøajpáa nigsøwkEdlenAx©I . Epøs<W

rgnUvkarbMpøajBIBBYkruyEpø maggots( Dacus dorsalis) enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ nigBBYkxñÚtecaHEpø
(Othreis spp. enAGURsþalI) EdlTamTarnUvkarkarBar . CMgWGCu ²elIsøwk (Cercospora averrhoa)
nigCMgW pink (Corticium) vayRbhal edImeQIenAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ b:uEnþkareFIVeGayrlYyrWs
eRkayeBlRbmUl plKWmanPaBF¶n;FrCaenHeTAeTot kareFIVmansñakelIEpø edayBBYkpSit
Ceratocystis, Colletotrichum, Dothoriella nig Phomopsis [26].
F> karGPirkS :

manRbPBkMeNItBI GasIuGaeKñy_ b:uEnþRtUv)annaMcUl eTARbeTsCaeRcInenAtMbn;RtUvBik nigGnutMbn;RtUBki
.
p> epSg² :
5
Nicholson B.E, Harrison S.G, Masefield G.B & Wallis M. 1969. The Oxford Book of Food
Plants. Oxford University Press.
Company.
Rice RP, Rice LW, Tindall HD. 1987. Fruit and vegetable production in warm climates.
Macmillan Press, London.
Sedgley M, Griffin AR. 1989. Sexual reproduction of tree crops. Academic Press. London.
Tankard G. 1987. Tropical fruit. A guide to growing and using exotic fruits. Viking O’Neil.
Timyan J. 1996. Bwa Yo: important trees of Haiti. South-East Consortium for
International Development. Washington D.C.
Williams R.O & OBE. 1949. The useful and ornamental plants in Zanzibar and Pemba.
Zanzibar Protectorate.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Italy, 177 pp.

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.

6
pp.

? (Internet source).
Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/species name (Internet source)

7
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Azadirachta indica A. Juss.]

[Azadirachta indica A. Juss.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ neem [2], cornucopia, Indian cedar, Indian lilac,
margosa tree, neem tree [8]
K> sTisn½y ³ Antelaea azadirachta (L.) Adelb.,
Azadirachta indica var. siamensis Valenton,

Azedarach fraxinifolia Moench,
Melia azadirachta L.,
Melia fraxinifolia Adelb.,
Melia indica (A. Juss.) Brandis,
Melia pinnata Stokes [5]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ neem (Trade name) [8] - kinin (Ethiopia) [8] - neem, nim
(Arabia) [8] - nim, nimgach (Bangladesh) [8] - bowtamaka,

tamabin, tamaka, tamar, tamarkha, thinboro (Myanmar) [8] -
bevu, kohomba, nimba (China:Cantonese) [8] - azadirac de
l’Inde, margosier, margousier, neem, nim (France) [8] -
balnimb, neem, nim, nind, nimba (India) [8] - imba, intaran,
membha, mempheuh, mimba, mind (Indonesia) [8] - ka dao,
kadau (Laos) [8] - baypay, mambu, sadu, veppam (Malaysia)
[8] - neem (Nepal) [8] - mkilifi, mwarubaini, mwarubaini kamili
(East Africa) [8] - vembu, vepa, veppam, veppu (Sri Lanka)
[8] - cha-tang, kadao, khwinin, sadao, sadao India, saliam
(Thailand) [8] - s[aaf]u d[aa]u, saafu daau, sเu-dเu (Vietnam)
[8]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ esþA

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ sdau [8]
1
lMdab; : Rutales
RKYsar : Meliaceae
ePT : Azadirachta
RbePT : Azadirachta indica
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
[lkçN³TUeTA] CaedImeQImanTMhMmFüm nigkMBs;BI 15-20 m . edImb:unefñal RbEvgxøI (2-5 m)

edayman Ggát;p©it 100 cm nigTTwgBI 1.5-3.5 m . kenSamsøkw mUl rWragmUlRTEvg EdlmanEmkrIkFM
edayman Ggát;pi©t 15-20 m cMeBaHedImcas; . RbB½nr§ WsmanrWsEkvd_rwgmaM nigrWsryag
EdlduHlUtlas;ya:gl¥ . rwsryagGacduHlUtlas;dl;eTARbEvg . VAMs (vesicular-arbuscular
mycorrhizae) manTMnak;TMngCamYyrWstUc² .
[sMbk]: sMbkRkas;mFüm (1.25-2.5 cm) manBN’RbepH rW Rkhmetñat . sMbkxageRkAeRkIm
manCatieQIeRbHCadM²u eRcIn RCuHFøak;mkCabMEnk² . C½rrbs;vamanBN’RbepHlays .

[søwk]: minzitenACaKUr RbEvg 20-40 cm duHCMvu ijsMedAeTAcugEmk . søwknimYy manBN’ébtgcas;
nigcMnnY BI 9-15 b:Eu nþGacmandl;rhUt 31 zitenAqøas;Kña ragdUces<ó rWTMBk; mancugRsYc manrag

dUcrNaenACaysøkw nigRbEvg 3-8 cm . minmancugsøkw nigTgsøwkxøI ehIysøwkx©ImanBN’Rkhm rW
sIuCm<Ú .
[páa]: kBa©Mp
ú aá manpáaRbEhl 150 CYnkalmanrhUtdl; 250 . páamanBN’s mankøni RkGUb manbeNþay
4-6 mm nigTTwg 8-11zitenAelIGk ½ Srbs;Emk Edlminmaneram manKYrpáaeRcIn rWtic nigRbEvg 25 cm
. Rtbkpáa 5 nigRsTab;páa 5 manragRTEvg maneramtic²enAxageRkA . kenSamekseQµacMnnY 10 nig
srIragÁ eksjIKµaneram manrun§cMnYn 3 . RkeBjbeBa©jTwkdmmanragdUckg nigpþMúcUlKñaenAEpñkxag
eRkamén srIragÁeksjI . vaecjpáaenAEx emsa eTA ]sPa (RbeTs)a:KsI aß n) .
2
[Epø]: Epøminmaneram nigragmUl manTMhM 1.4-2.8 x 1.0-1.5 cm enAeBlcas; nigmanragdUcs‘utRTEvg
manftcMnnY mYy nigRKab;mYy . manBN’ébtgenAeBlenAx©I nigBN’elOgébtg rWRkhmenAeBlTMu .
sMbkxageRkAesþgI nigsac;manrsCatilVIg manBN’elOgx©I nigsMbUrsrés mankMras;BI 0.3-0.5 cm .
sMbk RKab;BN’s zitenACMuvijRKab;EtmYyb:ueNÑaH vakMrmanRKab;cnM nY 2 rW 3 Nas; ehIy
RKab;ragRTEvgmansMbkBN’etñat . BYkvamanTMhM 0.9-2.2 x 0.5-0.8 cm Edlmansac;RKab;TMhM 0.8-
1.6 x 0.4-0.5 cm .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIxwømmanBN’Rkhm rwg nigFn; . dg;seIu teQIKW 0.72-0.93 g/cm³ enAkMritsMeNIm 12% [8] .
vabgðajnUvPaBsmRsbsMrab;eFIVtTu U vamanlkçN³eRKIm nigminrelagl¥.
eQImankarFn;ngw karbMpaø jrbs;keNþó.
kMritRbEhl : 28°N eTA 30°S [8] . esþARtUv)andaMduHesÞIrEtRKb;TIkEnøg enAkñgú tMbn;TMnabRtUBci .

vaRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaRbePTEdlmanedImkMeNIenAtMbn;raMgs¶tÜ dUcCa \NÐa )a:KsI aß n PUma RsIlgáa
GaháanIsaß nbg;køaeds nigcin . vaRtUv)andaMduH enAkñgú RbeTséf ma:eLsIu nig \NÐeÚ nsIu .
vaEtduHlUtlas;enAkñgú tMbn;éRBraMgs¶tÜ éRBCMruHsøkw éRBesIm nigéRBcMruH . enARbeTs\NÐa nig)a:KsI aß n
esþAduHlUtlas;CaFmµCati enAkñgú éRBCMruHsøkw cMruHs¶Üt nigRbePTéRBEdlsMbUrRbePTrukçCatimanbnøa
CamYyRbePT Acacia spp. nig Dalbergia sissoo . enA\NÐeÚ nsIu vaduHlUtlas;CaFmµCatienAtMbn;
éRBmUsgu TMnab . enAGaeRhVc vamanduHenAkñgú éRBeRsag nigéRBCMruHsøkw s¶tÜ . vaminEmnCaRbePT

duHlUtlas; EdlBwgEp¥keTAelIéRBeQIeT Etva duHenATIkEnøgEdlman skmµPaBmnusS . enAeRkam
lk½N ç ÐFmµCati vaminduHlUtlas;CaRkumeT .
duHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;BI 0-1,500 m a.s.l. [5] kMBs;Edll¥bpM tu KW 700-800 m a.s.l. [9] eRcInenAelI

TMnab nigtMbn;xg< ;rabTab² enAtMbn;RtUBci s¶Üt nig subtropical . kMBs;TwkePøógmFüm: 400-1,200 mm
3
[8] (450-1,500 mm [2]) . CamYykMBs;TabCag 400 mm vaGacrs;)anGaRs½yTwkeRkamdI
nigeRkamsßanPaBenHvaGac edaymankMBs;TwkePøóg 130 mm [9] .
vamankarFn;gw karraMgs¶Ütry³eBlEvg (1-8 Ex [5]) . sItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M : 21-32°C [9] .
kMritsItuNðPaB : 9.5-37°C [2] (4-50°C [9]) . sItuNðPaBeRkam 4°C GaceFIVeGayrukçCatigab;)an .
enAxageCIg)a:KIsaß n edImeQIcas;hak;dUcCamankar Fn;stI uNðPaBTab eTaHbICa 0°C k_eday [9] .
edImeQIeBjv½ymankarFn;ngw senSIm b:uEnþkUneQItUc² gayrgeRKaHnwgsenSIm . esþATamTarnUvBnøxW øagM
b:Eu nþvaFn;ngw møbm; Füm enAkMLgú mYyeTABIrqñadM MbgU .
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
esþAduHlUtlas;enAelIRbePTdIeRcInRbePT BIRbePTdINWt eTARbePTdI)as (alkaline soils) b:Eu nþduHlUt

las;)anl¥CagRbePTd_eTotenAelIdI rak; fµ xSac; rWkEnøgEdlmankal;süÚm rW\dærwgenAEpñkxageRkam .
vaduHlUtlas;l¥enAelIdImni dkTwk nig manxSac;eRCA . man pH BI 6.2-7.0 [9, 8] (5-7 [2])
nigxøaMgbMptu BI 5.9-10.0 [9] . vaGacduHenAelId)I as rWCatiGMbli b:Eu nþminFn;ngw dICaMTwk
nigmanxSac;eRCAedaymancrnþTwkeRkamdIeRCA . (vaminduHlUtlas;enAelIdImanCatiGbM ileT [2] ) .
enAmUháaDIs‘U sUma:lI bMBugbgðTÚ wksMrab; eRsackUnesþA manCatiGbM il (EC 4.25 dS/m, total solids
2763 mg/l)" [9] .
[eQI]: eRbIR)as;srM ab;CaeQIfamBl eQIh‘ub (kMritFn;xs< ); KuNPaBx<ss; rM ab;karplitFüÚg [2] .

eQIGarbegÁal rbg sMPar³eFIBV eI QI sMNg;ka)a:l; nigkarsagsg; .
4
[Gnupl]: eRbgesþARtUv)anplitenAtMbn;GasIuGs;ry³eBlCayUrmkehIy sMrab;]sSah_kmµplitsab‘U
eRKOgsMGag »sf nigplitplEdlminGacbriePaK)anepSg²eTot . eRbgEdl)anBIRKab;
KWCnY kalmanTMgn;F¶n;dl;eTA 50% énTMgn;sac;RKab; . eRbgesþAmantMélRbEhl US$ 700/t (1990)
[7] . RKab; Edl )anBIedImesþAmanpÞúksmasFatu EdlehAfa azadirachtin . karcMraj;ykGac
RtUv)aneFIeV LIgeTAsøkw nigCalikard_éTeTot b:Eu nþRKab;manpÞkú smasFatuenHx<sb; Mput . eKeRbI

azadirachtin CamYysmasFatu epSg² eTotEdl)anBIedImsMrab;eFIVCafñas M lM ab;stVl¥it . fñasM lM ab;
stVl¥ti RbePTenHKWmansuvtßPaBsMrab;brisßan nigGacCYykMcat;RbePTstVl¥ti Cag 250 RbePTrYmman
BBYkCBa¢k;edIm BBYkkekr kNþbÚ nigRbePTecaHedImtUc² . kareRbIenAkñúgpÞHnUv RbePTfñaeM nHman
RbsiT§PaBkñgú kMcat;stVl¥itTaMgenH edaykarrMxan eTAelIkarsIucMNIrrbs;BkY va . kMritxøagM rbs;
fñasM rM ab;eRbIR)as;kúgñ pÞHGacxus²Kña GaRs½yeTAelIkMhab;rbs; azadirachtin nigsmasFatu
epSg²eTot EdlmanenAkñgú RKab; . GñkplitGaceRbIR)as;pgEdr nUvEpñkrbs;edImesþAsMrab;eFIVCa sab‘U
fñadM useFµj nigERkmbM)at;mun . sMbkrbs;vamanCati tannin x<s; (12-14%) [2]. søkw minsUveRbIR)as;
CacMNIstVeT b:Eu nþmantMélenAtMbn;xHø énRbeTs\NÐa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 7, 8].
[epSg²]:
karBarkarhUreRcaH : "edaykarFn;ngw PaBraMgs¶tÜ CamYyRbB½nr§ Wsd_rwgmaMu EdlGacRsUbyksar

FatuciBa©wmBIdI EdlmanCICatiTab vasmRsbsMrab;Tb;karhUreRcaHdI . kenSamsøwkd_FM rbs;esþAeFIV
eGayvakøayCa RbePT Edlpþl;mbø ; nigCMrkd_l¥ nigRtUv)andaMduHenAtambeNþaypøÚvenAkñúgTIRkugnigPUmi
enARbeTsenA tMbn;RtUBci . edaysar vamanEmkTab vaRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaRTBüEdlminGac
kat;éfø)ankñgú karkarBar xül; .
GñkEkrlMGrdI :" ksikrenARbeTs\NÐaeRbIR)as;dsMu nM l;esþA (sMNl;Edlsl;bnÞab; BITajuykeRbg

BIRKab; ) eFICV asarFatusrIragÁ sMrab;EkrlMGrdI . vaRtUv)aneCOfa GaceFICV aCIGasUt edaykat;bnßy
kMritnIRtat nigRbePTstVl¥ti EdlenAkñgú dI dUcCa dgávÚ pSit nigstVl¥ti . søwkesþA nigEmk
tUc²RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karRKbdI nigCIFmµCati .
ksirukçkmµ :kardaMesþACacenøaHCamYy RbePTRsUv (Pennisetum glaucum)pþl;nUvTinpñ lya:gl¥enA\NÐa
.
5
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: esþAGacRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;TMnabRtUBic . eRkamlkçN ½ ÐFmµCati vaminduHlUtlas;Ca

RkumeTCaTUeTA vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBraMgs¶Üt éRBCMruHsøwk éRBesIm nigéRBcMruH .
[karRKb;RKg]: karsMGatesµAcMkarenArdUvR)aMgmansar³sMxan;Nas; enAeBledImeQImni Gac RbkYt
RbECg)anCamYyesµA . vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAeBl eRbIR)as;CIKmI I nigCIsrIragÁ . karduHExñg
eLIgvijrbs;vaelOn KWRbEhl 5-11 m kñúgry³eBl 8 qñaM [2] nigkarduHlUtlas;rbs;Exñg
KWmanlkçN³elOgCagkarlUtlas;rbs;kUneQIeTAeTot . esþAFn;nwgkar)ak; rW dac;Exñg)anl¥ b:Eu nþ
plitkmµRKab;GacRtUv)anb:HBal; enAeBledImRtUv)ankat;srM ab;CacMNIstV . xYbénplitkmµeQIsMrab;
esdækic©l¥bMputKWKrY Et 23 qñaM [5] .
esþARtUv)anbnþBCU tamry³RKab; . TMgn;RKab; 550g/1,000 RKab; [9] GacmanTMgn;xus²Kña.

RKab;CaRbePT recalcitrant nigmanpÞkú sMenImx<s; EdleFIeV GaygayxUc edaysarkar)at;bg;;CatiTwk
nigrbYs . BYkman lT§PaBdMNuHxøI 3-4 s)aþh_ [5] . RKab;RtUv)anrkSaTukenA 4°C [5] Edl
Gacpþl;nUvkMrit dMnuHx<s; . edIm,I rkSanUvlT§PaBdMNuHRKab; EpøRtUvEt)ansMGat edaysMGatsMbk
edayéd rWma:suIn ehIyTwkekþARtUv)an eRsaceTAelIRKab; . karsMgYtRKab;enAkñúgmøbK; WCaviFsI aRsþ

EdlsmRsbbMptu ebIeTaHCakarsMgYteday BnøéW f¶ nigma:snIu k_pþl;nUvlT§pl l¥ nigelOgk_eday .
RKab;xagkñúgpþl;nUvkarduHlUtlas;l¥CagRKab; EdlmansMbk . esþAKWRtUv)anbNþHú enAkñgú fñal
nigdaMenAkñgú fg; . karsabedaypÞal;énRKab;EdlenARss; enAkñgú møb; rukçCatiGacTTYl )aneCaK
C½ypgEdr . minmankareFIRV bRBwtþkmµCamuneT eTaHCakaryksMbk ecj nigsMGatRKab;
RtUv)ancat;TukfaCakarbegánI kMritdMNuHk_eday . RKab;EdlTMucab;epþmI duHlUtlas;enA kñúgry³eBl
mYys)þah_ edaymankMritdMNuH 75-90% [8] . karbnþBUCeday srIragÁRtUv )aneFIV eLIgedaykar kat;
6
pSauM bMe)A pSaMEu mk nigkardaMCalikar . kardaMRtUv)aneRbIR)as;edIm kardaMRKab;edaypÞal; kardaMKl; nig
karduHedayxønÜ Ég .
[stVl¥ti ]: stVlt¥i Edl)ankt;RtamandUcCa Aonidiella orientalis nig Solenopsis sp. .

ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[CMgW]:
CMgWelIsøkw : RbePTpSit Odium azadirachtae eFIeV Gaysøkw manBN’elOg ( powdery mildew of

neem foliage) nigRbePT)ak;etrI dUcCa Pseudomonas viticola, P. azadirachtae nig
Xanthomonas azadirachtii eFIeV Gaysøk w mansñamGuC² .

CMgWb¤s: rlYyrWsbNþalmkBIpSit Ganoderma lucidum . yUr²mþg ekIteLIgelIkUneQItUc² enAeBl
edIm nigrWsedImeQIcas;² minRtUv)anykecj . karbMpøajrbs;pSiteTAelIeQIRsay eFIeV Gaymankar
rlYy edaymanBN’s. eraKsBaØaKWmanBN’søaMg søkw esþIg niggab;Emk . ecjEpøenAelIKl;rbs;edIm.
CMgWedIm : esþAKWCaRbePTeQI EdlgaynwgCMgWsuCI m<Ú (pink disease) EdlekItBIpSit Corticium
salmonicolor . eraKsBaØaqab;ekIteLIg edaymanBN’s rW sIuCm<ÚBkeLIgenAelIsMbkEdlgab; .
eBlenaH sMbkGacRtUv)anbMpøaj nigRsTab;xageRkAéneQIRtUv)aneFIeV Gaygab; . Emkgab;ya:grh½s

edaysar karRseBansøwk nigERbCaBN’exµA .
RbePTCMgWpSitepSg²eTotdUcCa Fusarium oxysporum, Glomerella cingulata, Pseudocercospora
subsessilis .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
F> karGPirkS :
7
[ r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[ RbPBkMenIt] : \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu PUma )a:KsI aß n esenhÁal; RsIlgáa éf .

[karnaMclU ] : Gal;esrI Gg;ehÁaLa GaTIháa nig)ab‘Uda GasSg;TIn GURsþalI )a)adUs ebnIn bUsVaNa
eRbsIul ebKINa hVasU bU‘ran;DI km<Cú a kaemrU exbv½ GaeRhVckNþal eqk qIlI cin kULeMú bo kugehÁa kUedv½
Kuy)a kg;ehÁa CIb‘UTI dUmInkI a dUmnI eI kn eGkVad½r eGsIub eGkVaT½rero hÁeI no eGrIeTo eGsüÚBI hVCI I
eRhVnhÁN I a hÁabug
háaebo háaNa háaetma:La hÁeI no hÁeI nob‘sÍ U háyÚ a:Na éhTI hugdUrus camIka eknya: eLsUtU lIb½rero
ma:daháasáa ma:LavI ma:lI ma:rItaeno ma:rITus mUrukU mUsüg;bíc‘ NamIbÍ‘ en)a: nIháara:K½r )a:Nama: )a:ra:h áay
eb:rU
hVlI IBnI BUtUrIkU ra:van;da Gara:b; esra:lIGUn sgðabUrI sUma:lI GaeRhVcxagt,Úg sU‘dg; tg;sanI tueháa
RTInIedt , Gue‘ knda Gaemrik G‘ru a:háay evens‘yu eGLa sIumebo sImu )aev .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
p> epSg² : Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[smasFatukgñú søwk]: "søwkmanpÞkú RbUetG‘nÍu 12.4-18.3% Catisrésr 11.4-23.1 nig 43.3-66.6 N-

free, 2.27-6.24 ether, 7.7-8.4 total ash, 0.89-3.96 kal;süÚm nig 0.1-0.3% pUsVr " . .
8
Boa E.R. (1995) A Guide to the Identification of Diseases and Pests of Neem (Azadirachta
indica)
[9]
Childs FJ et.al. 2001. Improvement of Neem and its potential benefits to poor farmers.
HYDRA Publishing.
[9]
Faridah Hanum I, van der Maesen LJG (eds.). 1997. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No
11. Auxillary Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
[9]
Hocking D. 1993. Trees for Drylands. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
[9]
ICRAF. 1992. A selection of useful trees and shrubs for Kenya: Notes on their identification,
propagation and management for use by farming and pastoral communities. ICRAF.
[9]
National Research Council. 1992. Neem. A tree for solving global problems. National
Academy Press, Washington D. C.
[9]

[9]
Read M.D. French J.H. (1993) Genetic improvement of neem: strategies for the future.
[9]
Schmutterer H. (1995) The Neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Other Meliaceous
Plants. Sources of unique natural products for integrated pest management, medicine,
industry and other purposes.
[9]
9
Stoney C. 1998. Use of neem as a biological pest control agent. A publication of the Forest,
Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net). Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas,
USA.
[9]
Tewari D.N. Gahlot R.P.S. - Ed. (1992) Monograph on neem.

[9]
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Sok, Sokunthet (RUA), 2006: Own observations.
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock
Interational. 320pp.
(CD-ROM).
[7] World Book 2004 (Deluxe)

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicSearch.asp.
(Internet source).
[9] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep. (Internet source).
10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Baccaurea ramiflora Lour]

[Baccaurea ramiflora Lour]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. [4].
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Burmese grape[4,6, 17],
K> sTisn½y ³ Baccaurea sapida (Roxb.) Muell. Arg., B. cauliflora Lour., B.
oxycarpa Gagnep., Pierardia sapida Roxb., B. wrayi King ex

Hook.f.[2,4,8,17].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ phnkiew (Cambodia); kanazo (burma); mafai setambun,
tajam molek (Indonesia); pupor, tampoi, tempui setambun,

tajam molek, (Malaysia-Peninsular); fái (Laos); mafai, mafai
farang, mafai ka, omfai, hamkang,khi mi,khrua sae, pha yio
(Thailand-NE); giau gia dat, giau tien, dz[aa]u, mi[ee]n,
dz[uw] [ows]i, gi[aa]lu, ti[ee]n d[aa]lt, Dâu quà nhon
(Vietnam) [2,8,17,27].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ ep¶óv

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ phni:ëw [4]
lMdab; : Euphorbiales/Malphigiales [27]
RKYsar : Euphorbiaceae/Phyllanthaceae [27]
1
ePT : Baccaurea Lour.
RbePT : Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQIébtgCanic© EdlmankMBs; 10-15 m nigmanGgátp; ©itBI 20-30 cm RKb

edayEmk Edlmaneram [2] . edImmankMBs; 10-20 m [4] edImeQIébtgCanic© manTMhMtUc
GacmankMBs; 10 m mankenSamsøwkRkas; nigedImminRtg; nigmansñamRCYj rW eRbHenAKl; Emkman
rag sympodial [5] . edImeQIGacmankMBs;dl;eTA 15 m nigGgát;p©itdl;eTA 40 cm [8] .
[sMbk]: BN’Bgman;Rsal rW etñatlayTwkRkUc relag rW eRbHtic² nigesþg I [5] .
sMbkmanBN’etñatTwkRkUc ehIysMbkxagkñúgTn; nigmanlkçN³Casrés manBN’Rkhmetñat .
EmkKµan eram nigkenSamsøwkragRkas;bnþic [8] .
[søwk]: samBaØ qøas; zitenACakBa©úM enAcugEmk ragmUlRTEvg kMrmanragdUckeNþóv enAs¶Üt
manBN’Rkhmetñat . mansrésrBI 6-8 KUr manxñaysøwkRbEvg 5-6 mm CaRbePTpáarelag nigTn;

(velvety) FM nigqab;RCuHecjBIedIm [2] .
søwkmanTMhM 10-22 x 5-10 cm manragCaes<ó zitenAtamcenøaHEmk rageGlIb rW mUl mankMBUlxøI

RsYcenAKl; minmaneFµj rW maneFµjxøIenAcug. søwktUcmanBN’Rkhm maneram nigsøwkcas;
manBN’ébtg cas; nigrelagenAEpñkxagelI mansrésEv:nmmçag²cMnYn 6-11 KUr edayduHP¢ab;Kña
enARtg;EKmsøwk . Tg søwkmanRbEvg 3-7 cm nigmanragRsLÚn nige)a:genAkMBUl [5] .
bnÞHsøwkragmUl manTMhM 7.0-25.5 x 3.0-8.8 cm manlkçN³dUcRkdas manKl;dUcesñók

manEKmsøwk mUl mancugRsYl épÞxagelIKµaneram mansrésrEv:nmmçag 4-9 KUr . TgsøwkmanRbEvg
1-5 cm manlkçN³ekagcuHenAcugTaMgBIr . xñaysøwkmanRbEvg 2.5-6.0 mm manlkçN³FM
nigqab;RCuHecjBI edIm [8.] .

[páa]:kBa©úMpáa zitenAelIG½kS EdlmanragCak,al manlkçN³Rkas; edaymanBN’Rkhm .
páajImanRbEvg 4-16 cm kBa©MúpáaRkas; manpáa 3 . TgpáaxøI maneram . páajImanTTwg 1 mm
2
manRtbkragmUl rW dUcmYk manRbEvg 1.5 mm rW EvgCagenH . ekseQµalmanBI 6-7
e)øaklMGgmanRbEvg 0.4 mm zitenAesrI TgeksmanRbEvg 0.5- 0.9 mm nigmanlkçN³Rtg; .
fg;lMGgmankMBs; 0.6 mm relag nigmanragCasIuLaMg . kBa©úMpáajI manRbEvgRbEhl 16 cm
manBN’Rkhm nigmaneram Tgrbs;vaman RbEvg 2 mm nigpáamanRbEvg 3 mm [2] .
páatUc manBN’TwkRkUcRsal rW elOgébtg CYnkalmanBN’ sIuCMBU nigpáajI
nigeQµalduHenAelIedImepSg Kña . páaeQµalmanragsþÜc CakBa©úMKµanEmk zitenAeRkamsøwk manRbEvg
10 cm . páanimYy² manTgxøI nig ragRTEvg manRtbkzitenAKgKñacMnYn 4 RbEvgRbEhl ± 2 mm
mankMBUlekagcUlkñúg maneramRkas; Kµan RsTab; manekscMnnY 4-8 EdlzitenACaesrI . páajIEvg

kenSampáaFøak;cuHelIEmkcas; rW edIm manRbEvg 30 cm . páanimYy² minmanTg manRtbRbEvg ± 6
mm . TgeksxøI stigmas ragekag nigmanGUvarIBN’etñat nigmaneram [5] .
cegáampáa manragCapáa manlkçN³Rkas; edaymanBN’Rkhm nigmaneram manTgRbEvg 1.5-4.0

mm . cegáampáajI manRbEvg 15.5 cm manpáacMnYn 3 kñúgmYyTg . páaeQµalmanGgát;p©itRbEvg
1.1-4.0 mm BN’elOg manTgRbEvg 0.8-2.6 mm manRtbkBI 4 - 5 manragxus²Kña nigRbEvg
1.0-2.4 mm nigekscMnYn 5-9 zitenACaesrI bMBg;eksRbEvg 0.5-0.9 mm manlkçN³Rtg; .
kBa©úMpáajI zitenAeRkam søkw EdlmanRbEvg 16 cm nigmanpáa 1-3 kñúgmYyTg . páajImanGgát;p©itBI

3-8 mm manBN’elOg nigTgRbEvg 1.5-3.0 mm manRtbkBI 4 - 5 manrageGlIb nigRbEvg 3.5-
5.0 mm GUvarI manftBI 2- 4 nig GUvulcMnYn 2 kñúgmYyft [8].
[Epø]: CaEpøsac; EdlmanragmUl BN’Rkhm enAeBlcas; manRbEvg 2.2-3.0 cm nigTTwg 1-2 cm
. RKab; mancMnYn 1-2 RbEvg 10 mm nigkMras; 4-6 mm nigmanBN’Rkhm red [2] . EpømanRbEvg
2.5-3.5 cm manBN’TwkRkUcRsal nigRkhm rW sIuCm<ÚenAeBlTMu manragmUl rW eGlIb
zitenAreyagelIedIm Ca cegáam enAelIEmk rW edIm . RsTab;xageRkAmanlkçN³dUcRkdas relag rW

maneram nigeRbH . manRKab; 2-4 FM EdlrMuedayEpø Edlmansac; BN’sIuCm<Ú nigsMbUreTAedayTwk
[5] . EpømanragmUl rW RTEvg manTMhM 19-32 x 14-25 mm manBN’Rkhm rW TwkRkUc
nigsIuCm<ÚenARsTab;xageRkA manBN’Bgman; enAxagkñúg nigmaneramenAxageRkA . manTMhM 9-15 x

9-11 mm manBN’s [8] . EpøragGUvul BN’elOg rW sIuCm<Ú eTA RkhmPøW manGgát;p©it 2.5-3.5 cm
Kµaneram edayRKab;BI 2-4 manBN’RkhmsIu Cm<Ú edaymansMbkeRkABN’s [27] .

Epørbs;vaRtUv)aneFIVkarlk;dUr EtenAkñúgtMbn; Etb:ueNÑaH [27] .
3
dMNuHrbs;RKab;CaRbePT epigeal EdlmanelceLIgnUvkUTIeLdUn nigsøwk man hypocotyl ragRTEvg
nigsøwkmYyKUrGaczitenAqøas; rW QmKña nigtMerobCarages<ó [17] .
ecjpáa enAExmina-emsa nigEpøenAExsIha-kBaØa [2,8,] . enA Shishuangbanna extþ Yunnan én
RbeTscin mnusSnaMKña cUleTAsYnrukçCati (Botanical Garden) edIm,IemIlkarecjEpørbs;ep¶óv Edl
man BN’ébtg elOg rW Rkhm EdlEmkrbs;vaCaeRcInRtUv)anBt; rW eFVIeGayekagcuHeRkam . edImeQI
éRB EdlmaneQµaHl,ICageKenARtUBik EdlmankMBs; 12 m nigmanGgát;p©itdl; 60 cm [27].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
RbePTeQIenH manTMgn;mFüm rW F¶n;xøaMg edaymankMritdg;sIuet 630-950 kg/m³ enAkMritsMeNIm

15% m.c . bNþÚeQImanBN’elOgetñat manBN’etñatcas; eTAetñat rW BN’RkhmsVay
minGacEckdac; rvageQIxøwm nigRsay . sréseQI Rtg; rW jwk manvaynPaBmFüm nigminesµIKña

edayEtsréseQImanTMhMFM . rgVg;lUtlas;manlkçN³minxusKña edaymanBN’exµA mansrés
vessels TMhMtUceTAmFüm enAdac;²BIKña nigmaneRcIn 2-4(eRcInCagenH) minsUvman tyloses nigman
parenchyma eRcIn ehIy apotracheal duHenACabNþúM nigmansrésr rays 2 RbePT
EdlmanlkçN³relag rW manTMhM mFüm nigminmanlkçN³ragTwkrlkeT .

kMritrYj mFüm nigeQIGacs¶Üt yWt² edayminmankarRskTMhMxøaMgeT . eQIrwgmFüm nigmaMu .
vaFn;nwgTMgn; nigGaceFIVRbRBwtþkmµ sMrab;karBar)aneTotpg [17] . edaysarkarpÁt;pÁg;eQI
RtUv)ankMNt; kareRbIR)as; nigBaNiC¢kmµRtUv)aneFIVeLIgenAkMrittMbn;Etb:ueNÑaH [17]. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Baccaurea ramiflora manduHenA\NÐa GadaEmn nigekaH Nicobar rhUtdl;PUma cin

(Canton/Yunnan/Hainan) \NÐÚcin km<úCa evotNam éf ]bTIVbma:eLsIu enAtMbn;éRBeRsag rW
éRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk enAtamdgsÞwg RCgPñM edayduHlayCamYy Pometia pinnata,

Dracontomelum mangiferum, Deutzianthus tonkinensis nig Phoebe sp. [2,8] .
edImeQIduHlUtlas; enAkñúgéRBeRsag éntMbn;RtUBikGasIu [4] . CaRbePTeQIRsTab;eRkam

EdlduHeRkayePøIgeqHéRB [5] . vamanduHenAkñúgéRBbzm nigbnÞab;bnSM Edlmanry³kMBs;TabCag
4
1000 m [8] . manRbePTeQI enH RbEhl 55 EdlduHlUtlas;enA \NÐÚcin PaKt,ÚgRbeTscin
ekaHGadaEmn éf tMbn;ma:eLeson nigekaH)a:sIuPic [17] . enAPaKxagt,Úgcin
vamanduHtaméRBRClgPñM nigeCIgPñM [27].
CaedImlUtlas;enAkñúgGakasFatuRtBik Edlmanry³kMBs;TabCag 1000 m [2,8]

CaedImeQImanlkçN³kNþal nigcUlcitþmøb; [2] . ep¶óv CaRbePTminsUvmanduHeRcIneT b:uEnþ
vaGacduHenAkñúg RsTab;eRkam énéRBbzmTMnab [5] . manduHl¥enAtMbn;mindk;Twk Edlmanry³kMBs;
1000 (-1800) m ehIyk_GacduHenAelIRbePTdIxus²KñapgEdr enAkñúgéRBbzm nigbnÞab;bnSM
nigtMbn;dIesIm [17].
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
GacduHenAelIRbePTdIeRcIn RbePT dUcCa dIl,b; dI ferrallitic rW dIxSac; EdlmanCMerAmFüm

dImansMeNIm nigmindk;Tkw enAtamRCaMgTenøCaedIm [2, 8, 17] . EtRtUv)andaMduH enAelIdIxSac;
dIRkanIn dIesIm nigdk;Twk enAtamRClgPñM rW eCIgPñM [8,17].
RbePTeQIenH RtUv)andaMduH enA\NÐa nigma:eLsIu . vaRtUv)andaMduHsMrab;ykEpø EdlGaRs½yeTAnwg

KuNPaB dI GakasFatu niglkçN³brisßan ehIyGaclUtlas;dl;kMBs; 20 m rW k_TabCagenH .
[eQI]: eQImantMélsMrab;eRbIsMrab;karsagsg; karplitsMPar³eRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH [2,8] . smRsb
sMrab; eFIVCasrsrpÞH nigkarsagsg;TUk nigeRKOgsgðarwm[4] .
5
[Gnupl]: edImeQIRtUv)andaMsMrab;plþ ;møb; rW CaTMrsMrab;kardaMduHepþA [6] .
Epømanrs;CatiCUr-EGm GacbriePaK)an b:uEnþKuNPaBrbs;vaminl¥dUc Baccaurea harmandii [2] .
RbePT Baccaurea PaKeRcInRtUv)andaMduH sMrab;ykEpø Edlmanrs;CatiCUr Edlrs;man : B. dulcis,
B. motleyana, B. racemosa nig B. ramiflora . RbePTenH PaKeRcInGacbriePaK)an
b:uEnþminsUvmanrs; Cati ehIypáarbs;vak_GacbriePaK)anpgEdr [19] . sMbkxageRkArbs;va

k_GacbriePaK)anpgEdr edaymanrs;CatiCUrEGm [8] .
CaRbePT EdlRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaTMrd_l¥sMrab;kardaMduHepþA . edImeQIk_RtUv)andaMsMrab;pþl;møb;enAtam
beNþaypøÚvpgEdr .
sMbkrbs;RbePTmYycMnYn GaceRbIsMrab;eFIVl½kç rW RClk;sURteGaymanBN’elOg Rkhm rW
BN’páaRtEbkéRB . sMbkk_GaceRbIsMrab;labBüa)alCMgWEs,k nigrlakEPñkpgEdr [4,17] . søwk
RtUv)an viPaK edayRsavRCavGMBIsarFatu»sf nig bio-active phenols EfmeTotpg [27] .A
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC

ep¶óveFIVkarbnþBUCtamry³ RKab;b:uEnþ RbePTpþl;EpømYycMnYnk_RtUv)anbnþBUCedaysrIragÁpgEdr dUcCa

karkat;bMe)AedImjICaedIm . RKab;rbs;RbePTenHPaKeRcIn duHlUtlas;bnÞab;BIry³eBlBI 2-6 s)aþh_
enAkMrit 65% . dMNuHrbs;RKab; EdlsabCamYysac;Cab;nwgRKab; KWmankMritTab nigGacmanGRtaBI
3-100% [17]
6
mankarRBYy)armÖGMBIkar)at;bg;esenTic cMeBaHRbePTpþl;EpømYycMnYn b:uEnþminb:HBal;dl;karRbmUlpl

CaeQIeT [17].
F> karGPirkS :

manRbPBkMeNItBItMbn;PaKxagekItGasIu nigGasIuGaeKñy_ .
p> epSg² :
Verheij E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Eds.) 1991: Plant Resources of sSoutheast Asia.No.2,
Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageneingen, 446 pp.
Bois, D 1922-27: Plantes alimentaires. 4 vos. Lechevalier, Paris.
Burkill, IH 1966: A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. 2 vols.,
Min. of Agriculture and Co-Operatives; Kuala Lumpur.
7
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 1948-76. The Wealth of India. Raw
Materials. ii vols., 2nd Ed. 1985. Publications and Information Directorate CSIR, New
Delhi.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) Nguyen et al.1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House,

Hanoi, 788 pp.

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.

8) Sam, H. V.,Nanthavong, Kh.and P.J.A. Kessler 2004: Trees of Laos and

Vietnam: A field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important
species.BLUMEA J. Plant Tax. and Plant Geogr. 49(2004) p. 201- 349 pp., Univ.
Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands
16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant

2002.(in Khmer and English) Planning & Accounting Off., Statistics Sect., Phnom
Penh, Cambodia, 97 pp.
8
pp.
27) Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/species name (Internet source)

9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Bombax ceiba L]

[Bombax ceiba L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Bombax ceiba L. [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Indian bombax, red cotton tree, silk cotton tree [2], red
silk cotton [5], cotton wood [13]
K> sTisn½y ³ Gossampinus heptaphylla Bakh.,
Bombax malabaricum DC. [1],

Bombax malabaricum DC.,
Gossampinus malabarica (DC.) Merr.,
Salmalia malabarica (DC.) Schott & Endl. [2],
Bombax malabricum Linn. [5],
Bombax thorelii Gagnep. [12]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ fromager, faux kapokier, kapokier du Malabar (France) [2, 5,
11] - simul (Bangladesh) [2] - kapok kalingi, kapuk hutan,

randu agung (Indonesia) [2] - borla, boruga, bouro, burajal,
bural, burga, burgu, buroh, buruga, ilavu, ilavum, kantesavar,
kantysenbal, mocha, mullilapoola, mullilavu, pagun, parutte,
poola, ragat-senbal, rokto-simul, salmali, saur, sauri, sawar,
sayar, semal, semul, senur, shemolo, shevari, shimul,
shirlan, simal, simalo, simbal, simlo, somr, tula, vamadruma
(India) [2] - katu-imbul (Sri Lanka) [2] - letpan (Myanmar) -
kapok, tambaluang (Malaysia) [2] - bombax, kapok (Papua
New Guinea) [2] - babui-gubat, bobor, bubui-gubat,
malabulak, tag-linau, taglinan, taroktok (Philippines) [2] -
ngui, ngui ban (Thailand) [2] - ngiu pa, ngiu deng (Laos) [12]
- gao, moc mien (Vietnam) [12]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ rka

ÉksarBieRKaH : [6]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ ro-ka [6]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Bombacaceae
ePT : Bombax
RbePT : Bombax Ceiba L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQICrM uHsøwk manTMhMFM kMBs; 30-35 m [3, 10] (-45 m [2], 10-20 m [5, 11])
eday mankenSamsøkw FM . edImmanragsILu aMg nigRtg;RsLÚn EdlmanGgát;pit© DBH dl;eTA 150 cm
[2] (340 cm [12]) nigrMB u T½ §edayRBWgCaeRcIn . EmkmanlkçN³epþk nigRtg;enAeBledImenAtUc
ragKUTex©A Edlman lkçN³Rkas; eFIeV dImmanragCaRsTab;². Emk RtUv)anRKbedaybnøaFM²
eTaHbIsbM krelag k_eday . rWs manpÞkú nUvsarFatu mucilaginous (Caekasika EdlrIkenAeBlb:HTwk)
EdlGaceFIRV bePTenHFn; nigrwgmaMu .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’RbepHetñat rW BN’Bgman; EdlmanbnøaRsYc enAeBltUc
nigeRbHsMbkEtmanlkçN³ relagenAeBl cas; .
[søwk]: søwkqøas; zitenACabNþMú mansøwkcMnYn 5-9 [2] . søwknimYy²manTMhM 12-20 x 5-8 cm [2] (8-15
x 4-5 cm [3]) rageGlIb dUcRklan rW es<ó TalTaMgsgçag . épÞswøkrelag maneramtic²enAelITgsøwk
RbEvg 1-2 cm [2] (1.5-2.5 cm [3]) nigsréscMnYn 15 KU . Tgsøkw FMCageKgmanRbEvg 15-25 cm [2]
(10-19 cm [3]) . enAGasuG I aeKñy_ søwkERbCaBN’elOg nigRCuHenAExFñÚ . bnÞab;mk edImeQInwgKµansøkw
ry³eBlBI 3-4 Ex nigcab;ecjsøkw vijenAExmina-emsa [2] .
[páa]: rkaCaTUeTAecjpáabnÞab;BImanGayu 8-10 qñaM [2] . páaCaRbePTpáaGePT nigpáa EdleraylMGgmun
eBl eray edanmanpáacMnnY 3 EdlmanBN’elOg Rkhm nigBN’Bgman; . páamanlkçN³eTal

CYnkal GaczitenACaKU kMBlU páa CaEmkEdlKµansøwk manRbEvg 5-12 cm [2] (8-10 cm [3]) . Tgpáa
2
manRbEvg 1-1.5 cm [2] Kµaneram . RtbkRkas; manTMhM 1.5-3.5 x 2-5 cm [2] (1.5-2 cm [3])
BN’ébtgRsal ragdUcEBg mancMnYn 5 xø²I nigkMBlU RsYc [3] (2-4 kMBlU [2]) minmaneramenAxageRkA
. Rtbkpáa manBN’ RkhmRsal (elOg nigTwkRkUc) TMhM 4.5-11 x 1.8-4 cm [2], esþgI
nigmanlkçN³Casac; ragdUceGlIb rWst‘u bRBa¢as; RsYc nigmaneramenAeRkArhUtdl;elIkBM lU .
ekseQµalmancMnnY RbEhl 80 enAkñgú ft ragKUCex©AcMnYn 3 [2] (50 enAkñgú ftftcMnYn 2 [3])
enAftxag eRkAman 5 Esµg nig 10 cMeBaHftmYy² ftkNþalmancMnnY 20 nigxagkñgú mancMnYn 10
srés filaments manRbEvg 3-7 cm in EdlzitenAelI bMBg;xImø yY srés filaments zitenAxagkñúg
EdlmanRbEvgCaft EdlenAxagkñgú . eksjImanftcMnnY 5 manTMrg;eBj man 5 kMBlU .
ecjpáaenAEx kumÖ³-mina [7] (Fñ-Ú kumÖ³ [2] enA\NÐa: mina - emsa [9] Lav/evotNam: kumÖ³ dl;emsa
[12]) enAeBledImeQIRCuHsøwkGs; .
[Epø]: EpøTMB
u IExmina-]sPa [2, 7] (\NÐa: emsa [9] Lav/evotNam: ]sPa- kkáda [12]) .
EpømanragRTEvg Rtg; Kµaneram manTMhM 9-15 x 2.5-3.5 cm [2] (10-17 x 4-6 cm [3])
edayminmanlkçN³Ggáaj;² b:uEnþ mancg¥rÚ 5 . RKab;eRcIn relag nigmanCatieRbg manRbEvg 0.5 cm
[2] rMuedaysMLIsBIeRkA .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]

Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIrbs;rkamanBN’Bgman; rW srsIuCm<Ú manlkçN³Tn; nigRsal edaymandg;seIu t 0.385 g/cm³ eBl

sMgYtedayxül; ehIymansrésreQIRtg;l¥ nigmanlkçN³RKat . eQIxwmø minman eTaHeQIxHø man
cMncu exµA enAcMnuckNþalk_eday . eQImni Fn; Rbsindak;halTIval b:Eu nþFn;mFüm enAeBldak;
kñúgTImøb; nig Fn;ngw TwkpgEdr . eRkayeBlkab;rMlM eQIRtUv)ankat; nigsMgYtya:gqab;rh½s BIeRBaH

vagayecjC½r Edl eFIeV Gayvaqab;Bukpuy . vaminFn;nwgkarbMpaø jrbs;keNþóeT .
RbEhl : 33°N eTA 24°S [2] . rkamanduHlUtlas;enAtampøvÚ enAkñgú extþRkug énRBHraCaNacRkkm<Cú a

nigRbeTsepSgeTotenAGasIxu agt,Úg nigGasIuGaeKñy_ . vak_duHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBel,aH éRBel,aHcMruH
3
éRBCMuruHsøwks¶Üt éRBeRsag nigvalesµA BItMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;Tab eTAx<s; [10]
(tMbn;manry³kMBs;Tab eTAmFüm[8]). vaGacrkeXIjenAtamPøEW Rs rWRBMdI. enARbeTsevotNam
vaduHray)a:yenAkñúgéRBFmµCati. enARbeTséf vaminsUvmanduHenAkñgú éRBeT .

ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12]
edImeQIduHenAry³kMBs;BkI rM itnIv:TU wksmuRTdl; 1,200 m [2] (0-800 m [10, 12]) . enAkñgú éRBFmµCati
EdlmankMritePøógFøak; (500-4,500 mm/qñaM) nigkarduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAtMbn;EdlmanrdUv
R)aMgcMnnY tic Cag 5 Ex [2] . eTaHbIya:gNa vaminrgeRKaHedaysarkarraMgs¶tÜ ehIyk_
Fn;ngw ePøgI eqHeTotpg eday sarvamansMbkRkas; . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqaMñ 20-30ºC
kMritsItuNðPaBmFümenAExekþAbMptu 30-37ºC nigsItN u ðPaBmFümTabbMputenAExRtCak;bpM tu 10-24ºC
. vaFn;nwgsenSIm nigsItNu ðPaBTabbMput -2ºC . vak_Fn;nwgkarlicTwkmþgmáalpgEdr .
minTan;manTinñn½y.
duHlUtlas;l¥enAelIdI Edlmanl,b;eRCA nigtMbn;PñM Edlmanl,ayxSac; nigeRCobTwk)anl¥ b:Eu nþman

sMeNIm . CaBiess dIEdlekItBIsilaRkanItCaedIm . vak_manduHenAelIdI Edlmanfµ

nigsMbUrsarFatuEdk nigdI lateritic . eTaHvaduHlUtlas;eRcIn nigGacrkeXIjenAelIRbePTdIesÞI
EtTaMgGs;k_eday elIkElg RbePTdI man\dæxaø gM licTwk nigfµeRcIn . dI EdlmanCatiGasIut rW pH
NWt KWsmRsbbMptu . RbePTdI EdlsmRsbmandUcCa dIGasIut dIl,b; dI ferralsols dIRkanIt
dIvalesµA dI lateritic dIfµxSac; dIxSac; dIPk; dItMbn;RtUBki nigdI ultisols .
4
[eQI]: CaTUeTAeQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIV vIna eQIGar eQImxu tMNr eks RbGb;Et nigekAsU‘ kþapøan
begáa kMsrY sÞÚcRtI TUensaT TUk (dUcTUetñat) sMPar³ekµgelg Es,keCIgeQI kþarmQUs nigeQIfamBl
. kareRbI R)as;epSgeTot kþar dgRcas; eQIemSARkdas FugeQImanTMgn;Rsal ]bkrN_t®nþI nigs‘um .
enARbeTs \NÐa eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CacMbgsMrab;eFIVCaRbGb;eQIKsU nigexµAéd [2] .
rkak_CaeQIsmRsb sMrab;eFIV Bum<kþasIum:g; eQIsMrab;emkanic nigKImI srés kþakMTiceQI nigRkdas
eTaHbIvamansrésxøkI e_ day .
[Gnupl]: rkamansar³sMxan;kúg ñ karplittanIn : sMbkbeBa©jCatiC½r 'semul gum' rW 'morcharus'
Edlman CatitanIn nigGasIut gallic . C½rGacRtUv)anlayCamYyepH nigeRbg castor sMrab;CMnYssIumg: ;
edIm,Ibti xÞHEdk . sréssMLI (=rMuB½T§RKab;) smRsbsMrab;eFIVExSRkvat;svu tßiPaB exñyI BUk saLúgBUk
nigeramsøab kar . BUk nigexñyI RtUv)aneFIBV sI LM I nigRtUv)ancat;TukfaFn;nwgstVl¥iteTotpg .
vak_RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Ca sarFatumni cMlgkMedA rW GKÁsI nIenAkñgú TUTwkkk nigkarBarsMelg . EpøCYnkal
eRbIRtUv)aneRbICaRTnab; eQI rWkaþ nigsÁreTotpg . sMbkxagkñúgpþl;nUvsrésya:gl¥
EdlsmRsbsMrab;eFIVExSBY . eRbg EdlTTYl)an BIRKab;GacbriePaK)an nigRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CMnYs
eRbgsMLI rWdsMu rM ab;dutbMPøWeTotpg . kaksMNl;RKab; sMbUreTAedayRbUetGInu nigCacMnId_l¥srM ab;eKa .
søwk nigBnøkpáax©IRtUv)anbriePaKCabEnø nigBnøkx©I nig søwk k_GaceRbICacMnsI tVpgEdr . enARbeTs\NÐa
edImx©IRtUv)anykeTARCk; edIm,IeRbIR)as;CMnYssøa (RKab; Areca catechu) . páaRtUv)anykeFIVdMNab;
edayes¶arlayCamYy RKab;GaePon sár nigTwkedaHBEB rW lays¶ÜtsMrab;eFIVCaemSAnMbgu½ . rWs
EdlenAx©I mansarFatuGaharx<s; nigRtUv)anbriePaKTaMgeqA rW lIg eTotpg .

páaCaRbPTd_l¥srM ab;karplitTwkXµMú . EpñkCaeRcInénrukCç atienHRtUv)an eRbIR)as;srM ab;plit »sf :
páaRtUv)aneRbICafñamM ineGayrak Pñak;garsMrab; eFVeI GayRtCak; rW Büa)alCMgWEs,kCaedIm . rWsx©IRtUv
)an eRbIsrM ab;Büa)alCMgWGasnñeraK eraKrebg k¥k bBaðTwkenam karbMBul PaBQWcab; nigCMnYykMlaMg .
eTaHbI C½rrbs;vaGacbriePaK)an edayGacTb;Tl;ngw CMgW CMnYykMlaMg nigCYyeGaybenÞalbg;RsYl
vak_ RtUv)aneRbIsMrab; Büa)aleraKmYl eraKsYt pþasay nigkarFøak;rdUvrbs;RsþI . kares¶arMgas;Bnøk
sMrab; Büa)al dMe)ARkeBH eFIeV GayrIkFMeLIg (edayrWsrbs; Moghania macrophylla Epørbs;
Terminalia chebula nig borax) oedema (CamYy Capparis zeylanica nig Carissa carandas),
5
corns on foot ( CamYy fenugreek) kameraK eraKXøg; nigBs; rWBgI BagxaM .
kareCobrbs;vaeFIVeGayekItRkmr (layCa mYy mustard, tumeric nig sulphur) . kMBk rW
edImRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaC½rXat;Qam (edaypSMCamYy Zyzyphus rugosa nig Ichnocarpus frutescens
enAkñgú eRbgés<exµA nigRtUv)anpþl;eGaybriePaK ) . sMbkmaneQµaHl,I RbqaMgnwgGasnñeraK
eraKrlakeRsamsYt stVl¥ti Tic rW xaM nig bBa©úHTwkenam [5] . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Cabg;rMu
nigdaMfñaeM lIeFµjmun eBleTACYbeBTüeFµj . kUneQIGacRbqaMg CMgWRKun (layCa mYysøkw fistula nig
Semecarpus anacardium) bUs (layCamYy Vitis sp.) sMrab;karbeBa©jTwkenam haematuria
(layCamYy Terminalia alata) nigkarFøak;rdUveRcInrbs;RsþI . søwkmansarFatu hypotensive nig
hypoglycaemic properties [5].
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11]

[epSg²]: rka Fn;ngw ePøgI eqH nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;daMduHenAkEnøg EdlmanePøgI eqH .
vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; enAkñgú RbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ enAkñgú cMkareTotpg . vaRtUv)andaMduHCaeQIlMGr edaysar
EtPaBRss;sa¥ trbs; páa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[lkçN³TUeTA]: vak_duHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBel,aH éRBel,aHcMruH éRBCMuruHsøwks¶Üt éRBeRsag nigvalesµA BI

tMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;Tab eTAx<s; [10] (tMbn;manry³kMBs;Tab eTAmFüm [8]) . RbePTenH
RtUv)andaMduH enAkñgú cMkar nigRbB½n§ksirukmç µ enAtMbn;RtUBki b:Eu nþk_RtUv)andaMCaeQIlMGrpgEdr . vaGac
plitnUvkUneQI EdlduHecjBIrWs EdlGacrs;)anenAeBl EdledImemenAtUc nigPaKeRcIngab;eTAvij
eRkayry³eBl 2-3 qñaM . rka duHExñgeLIgvijenAeBlenAtUc Etb:ueNÑaH .
6
[kardaMduH]: RbePTenHduHlUtlas;elOn nigRtUvkarBnøWxaø gM nigcenøaHduHlUtlas;FM . enAeBldaMdMbgU
vaTam TareGaymankarEfrkSa . CaBiess enAtMbn;EdlminsUvmanTwk EdlGacbNþal
eGayvaRCuHsøwk ehIyRtUv eCosevogkareRsacTwkeRcIneBk . bnÞab;BIry³eBl 2 qñaM vaGac
RbKYtRbECgCamYyesµA)an . enA Assam (\NÐa) cenøaHénkardaMduHKW 6.7 x 6.7 m (225 edIm/ha) [2]
EtcenøaH 2.7 x 2.7 m k_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enA Kerala (\NÐa) . enA savannas kUneQI nigeQIbun: efñal
RtUv)aneqHCajwkjab; edayFmµCati rW mnusS b:Eu nþvaGacduHlUtlas;ya:gelOneLIgvij . enA Java
(\NÐeÚ nsIu) rkaRtUv)andaMenA cenøaH Bischofia javanica edayeRbIcenøaH 1 x 3 m [13] .
[karRKb;RKg]: CaTUeTA kareFIeV sµA 3-4 dgRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAqñaMdMbg

U nig 2-3 dgenAqñaMTI 2 [2] .
edaysarva RtUvkarBnøW karkab;rMelaHmansar³sMxan;Nas; enAkñgú cMkar nigRtUv)aneFIeV LIgBI 2 rW
eRcIndMNak;kal enA kMLúgxYb . enA Assam (\NÐa) bnÞab;BIkarkab;rMelaHcugeRkay RtUv)aneFIV
eGaymancenøaH 13.4 x 13.4 m (55 edIm/ha) [2] . enA Kerala (\NÐa) edImeQIRtUv)andaMenAcenøaH 2.7
x 2.7 m karkab;rMelaHRtUv)aneFIV BIrdg KW enAqñaMTI 8 nig 12 [2] . eTaHya:gNa
minmanPaBCak;lak;GBM cI MnnY énkarkab;rMelaHenAkñúgcMkarcMruHeT . enAkñgú éRBFmµCati

rkaRtUv)anRKb;RKg edaykarkab;edayeRCIserIs EdlmanGgát;pit© DBH BI 38-77 cm
nigxYbénGaCIvkmµ 15-30 qñaM [2] . enAkñgú cMkar RbB½n§ Edll¥KkW arkab;eGayGs; nigeFIkV ar
daMduHeLIgvijTaMgRsug enAkMrit xYb 25-40 qñaM . kMritlUtlas;rbs;rkamankarduHlUtlas;elOn
enAkñgú l½kçxN½ ÐsmRsb TaMgenAkñgú éRBFmµCati nigcMkar . enAtMbn;Edll¥ Ggát;pit© DBH 38 cm
bnÞab;BrI y³eBl 10 qñaM nig 58 cm DBH bnÞab;BIry³eBl 20 qñaM [2] . RbPBepSgeTot
)aneGaydwgfa DBH Gacdl; 20-30 cm bnÞab;BI 12 qñaM [10] . edIm Edlcas; manGgát;p©it DBH
dl;eTA 57 cm EdlGacmanGgát;p©itkenSamsøwk 12-15 m [2] . enA Peshawar ()a:KsI aß n)
kardaMedayKl; nigmanRbB½nF§ arasaRsþRKb;RKan; rkaGacmanGgát;p©it DBH 25.2 cm nigkMBs; 12.95

m bnÞab;BIry³eBl 7 qñaM . CaTUeTA karlUtlas;maD RtUv)anpþl;Catarageday Chaturvedi (1973)
GMBImaDeQI (KµansMbk) nigmaDeRkamsMbk rbs;eQI nigEmk (emIl: further readings) [2] .

7
[karRbmUlRKab;BUC]: rkaplitnUvRKab;BUC EdlmanlkçN³eTogTat; . EpøTRMu tUv)anRbmUl muneBl

vaeRbH Ebk CaTUeTAKWenAExems-]sPa [7] nigRtUv)anhalsMgYtedayBnøWRBHGaTitü edIm,IeGay
vaeRbHEbk nig beBa©jRKab; nigsMLI . Epønmi Yy²manpÞkú nUvRKab;cMnnY 200-400 RKab; [2] Edlman
dMNuHx<s; nigRtUv)an BRgayedayxül; nigduHlUtlas;enAkEnøg EdlsmRsb . RKab;RtUv)anEck
ecjBIsLM I edaydak;BYk vaenAkñgú )av nigvayedaydMbg . RKab;EdlenARss; RtUv)aneRbIR)as;
sMrab;daMduH . BYkvaminTam Tarkar RbRBwtþikmµCamunenaHeT . eTaHbI manRbPBxøHpþl;Gnusasn_eGay
RtaMTwkry³eBl 12 ema:gk_eday [9] . EpøEdls¶ÜtcMnYn 100 manTMgn;RbEhl 2 kg nigmancMnYnRKab;BI
21,430-38,500/kg [2, 7] .
[karbnþBUC]: karbnþBUCRtUv)aneFIeV LIg edaykarsabedaypÞal; nigkardaMedaykUn nigKl; .
kñúgkrNIsab edaypÞal; kMritdMNuHman 14-75% [2] nigkMritrs;rbs;rukçCatiman 6-31% [2]

edaymankMritx<sb; Mput RtUv )anrkeXIjenAelIRKab;Rss; . kardaMedayKl; RtUv)ancat;Tukfa
CaviFsI aRsþl¥kúgñ karFananUv PaBeCaKC½y enAkñgú cMkar TaMgkarsabedaypÞal; nigkarkat;Emk
daMmankMritduHlUtlas;Tab . enAkñgú fñal TMhMKrY Et 12 x 1.2 m RtUv)ansabRKab;cnM nY 0.7 kg
edaymanlkçN³CaCYr KMlat 15 cm BIKañ . kMritbTdæanfñal enAkñgú TMhMenHGacplit
)ankUneQIRbEhl 3,000 edIm . ry³eBldMNuH RbEhl 10-25 éf¶ . enAeBl kUneQI mankMBs; 5
cm BYkvaGacRtUv)anykeTAdaMenAkñgú fg;pøasÞic EdlmanbMeBj edaydIlay sMrab;daM .
bnÞab;BIry³eBlmYyqñaM kUneQImanlkçN³smRsb sMrab;kardaMduHenATIval . kardaMduHGac RtUv)aneFIV
eLIg edayeRbIEdksMrab;CIkGeNþA EdlmanTMhM 30 x 30 cm [2] bnÞab;mkbMeBj edaydIeLIgvij .
[stVl¥ti ]: stVlt¥i mandUcCa Dysdercus cingulatus, Lohita grandis nig Tonica niviferana .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[CMgW]: BBYkpSitmandUcCa Corticium rolfsii, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Macrophomina
phaseolina, Myrothecium roridum nig Thanatephorus cucumeris .
8
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[epSg²]: enAtMbn;manesµAeRcIn kUneQIGacduHlUtlas;)an enAeBlEdlBYkvaRtUv)ankarBarBIeKa .
esµA Rkas;eBk k_GacrMxandl;karlUtlas;rbs;kUneQIpgEdr [2].
F> karGPirkS :

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]:
bg;køaeds cin en)a:l; )a:KsI aß n RsIlgáa

ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
karnaMclU ]:
[
bUt‘ an km<Cú a \NÐÚensIu Lav ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI éf étva:n; evotNam GURsþalI )a:BUjÚKeI no
tMbn;RtUBki én Gaemrik .
p> epSg² :
9
Alexander TG, Mary MV, Thomas TP, Balagopalan M, 1983. Influence of site factors in
Bombax plantations. KFRI Research Report, Kerala Forest Research Institute, No. 17:ii + 19
pp.; 12 ref.
[2]
Chaturvedi AN, 1973. General standard volume tables for Semal (Bombax ceiba L.). Indian
Forest Records, Silviculture, 12(7):1-7.
[2]
Forest Research Institute, 1973. Indian Timbers - Semul. Information series. Dehra Dun,
India: Forest Research Institute.
[2]
Ghose TP, 1943. Indian Kapok. Indian Forester, 69:155-166.

[2]
Nair NR, 1971. Commercial volume tables for the forest trees of Kerala.
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Department.
[2]
Nicolson DH, 1979. Nomenclature of Bombax, Ceiba (Bombacaceae) and Cochlospermum

(Cochlospermaceae) and their type species. Taxon, 28:367-373.
[2]
Robyns AG, 1963. A monographic study of the genera Bombax s. l. (Bombacaceae). [Essai
de monographie du genere Bombax s. l. (Bombacaceae)], Bull. Jard. Bot. Brux., 83:1-316.
[2]
Sehgal RN, Venkaiah K, Satish Kumar, Khosla PK, 1991. Variation in wood specific gravity
in different morphoforms of Bombax ceiba Linn (Semul). Journal of the Indian Academy of
Wood Science, 22(2):13-16; 16 ref
[2]
Venkatesh CS, Arya RS, 1980. Establishment, management and productivity of Bombax
ceiba L. grafted seed orchards. Indian Journal of Forestry, 3(2):103-110; [1 pl.]; 9 ref.[2]
10
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(CD-ROM).
of
[7] Andhra Pradesh Forest Department: http://forest.ap.nic.in/Silviculture. (Internet source).

bin/abiss.exe/spd?SID=846002139&spd=4473&tx=PL. (Internet source).
[9] Auroville TDEF: http://www.auroville-tdef.info/GenInfo.php. (Internet source)
Institute.
[13] PROSEA, 1998: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (3) Timber trees: Lesser-known
timbers.
[14] Petri, M (DED), 2006: Own observations.
11
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Borassus flabellifer L]

[Borassus flabellifer L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Borassus flabellifer L. [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ fan palm, palmyrah, toddy, toddy palm, palmyra palm, wine
palm, sea apple [1]
K> sTisn½y ³ Borassus flabelliformis L. (1774), Borassus sundaicus
Becc. [1]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ palmier à sucre, rondier, rônier, borasse (France) [1]
- palmira (Portugal) [1] - Fächerpalme, Lontaropalme,

Palmyrapalme (Germany) [1] - lontar, siwalan, tal, tala
(Indonesia) [1] - palma da ventagli (Italy) [1] - tan bin
(Myanmar) [1] - tan (Laos) [6] - wine palm (Philippines) [6] -
lontar, tah, tai (Malaysia) [1] - not, tan, tan-yai (Thailand) [1] -
loost, noost, thoost, thoost noot (Vietnam) [1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ etñat

ÉksarBieRKaH : [8]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ thnaot, thnaôt [1], thnot [10]
lMdab; : Arecales
RKYsar : Arecaceae
1
ePT : Borassus
RbePT : Borassus flabellifer
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA] FM CaedImeTal nigedImmanBN’ébtgCanic© edaykMBs; 25 m [1] (10-20 m [2], -

30 m [5], 25-40 m [6]) . vaGaccas;xøaMg (dl;eTA 150 qñaM) b:Eu nþCIvit EdlGacpþl;RbeyaCn_
esdækic© man RbEhl 80 qñaM [11] . edImFM Rtg; Ggát;pit© dl;eTA 1 m [6] ragekan enAkMBs;RbEhl
4 m [6] eRkay mkrag CasIL u aMg nigGgát;p©it 40-50 cm [6] CYnkalmanEmk EmkRKbedaysøkw
enAeBltUc eRKIm nig manrWseRcIn enARtg;Kl; . kenSamsøwk manragdUckgða . eRkamlkçx½NÐ
eGkULsÚ uIrbs;va KWmansøkw cMnYn 14 kñúgmYyqñaM EdlsøwkmYyduHecjkñúgry³eBl 26 éf¶ [11].
søwkticGacman cMeBaHkEnøgEdlminsm RsbsMrab;karlUtlas; (8 kñúgmYyqñaM rW 1 kñúg 45 éf¶) .
Borassus EdlmanduH enA\NÐeÚ nsIu BIPaKxag ekItcava: manlkçN³xusBIetñatbnþc i (Rtbkpáa) Epø
imbricate enAKl; minmanRska elIbnÞHsøkw kBa©púM áa eQµal manEmkticCag
nigRtUv)ankMNt;faCaRbePTxusKña: B. sundaica Beccari [6] .
[søwk]: søwk (30-60 [5] kñg ú mYyedIm) tMerobCarages<ó . søwkmanlkçN³dUcEs,k BN’ébtgRbepH
rag mUl nigsMEb:t dUckgða Ggát;pi©t 1-1.5 m [6] (1.3 m [5]) nigbt;tambeNþayEKmsøwk .
søwkRtUv)an EckCa 60-80 eTogTat; ragCaes<ózitenACabnÞat; manRbEvg 0.6-1.2 m [5] rwg
mankarbt; CaEpñk² EdlmanTMhMenAKl;RbEhl 3 cm . Tgsøkw manlkçN³maMu nigragTwkrlk
RbEvg 1-1.2 m [5] BN’exµA enAKl; nigCaysøwk enAeBlenAtUc nigkøayCabnøa rwgenAeBlcas; .
[páa]:kenSampáazitenArvagsøwk nigTgpáa manRbEvgxøI Cagsøk w páajI nigeQµalenAdac;BIKañ . páajI nig

eQµal duHenAelIedImepSgKña . páaeQµalmanTMhMFM RbEvg 2 m mancMnYnRbEhl 8 kBa©Mú
EdlbImanTMhM tUc ragdUck,al nigsac; manRbEvg 30-45 cm tMerobCarages<ó manpáacMnnY 30 .
páamanekseQµal 6 . kBa©púM aá jIminmanEmk RKbedayr)aMg dUcCasøkw rbs;paá . Tgpáa FM ragdUcsac;
Rkas; CaeQµal man EmkFM . etñatcab;páa nigEpøenAeBlmanGayu 12-20 qñaM enArdUvR)aMg .
edImeQµal ecjpáaenAExvickäi a rW FñÚ enAeBlpáajIcab;epþImecjenAeRkaypáaeQµalBImyY eTABIrEx .
RKb;edImetñat GacecjkBa©púM aá BI 8- 15 kñgú mYyqñaM . kBa©púM aá eQµalGaczitenABI 45 eTA 60 éf¶ nigjI
2
60 eTA 70 éf¶ . (karecjpáa : mina dl; emsa [8] kumÖ³ dl;emsa [9]) . ecjEpø : ]sPa dl;
kBaØa [8] (]sPa dl; tula [9]) .
[Epø]: CaEpøsac; RsedogdUg manragbIRCug enAeBlx©I nigragmUlenAeBlcas; manTTwg 12-15 cm [6]
(17.5 cm [9]) nig TMgn; 1.5-2.5(-3) kg [6] . sMbkxageRkArelag esþg I nigragdUcEs,kBN’etñat

nig køayCaBN’sCIu m<Úcas; rW exµA bnÞab;BIRbmUlpl . enAxagkñúgmanTwk srésBN’s
Edlmansac;BN’elOgrW TwkRkUc . RKab;Gacrak; rW eRCA mUl rW ragRsYc . enAxagkñúgRKab;cas;
mansac;BN’s EdlmanlkçN³rwg Rsedogsac;dUg b:uEnþmankarrwgCag . enAEpøx©I sac;enHTn; RCay
nigføadUcTwkkk nigmanTwkenAxagkñúg EdlmanrsCatiEp¥m . etñatnimYy² manEpøBI 8-15 Føay rW
cegáam EdlmancMnnY EpøsrubRbEhl 80 kñúg mYyqñaM .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 11]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: edImTabbMputKWkMBs; 10 m EdlmaneQIrwg F¶n; nigFn; dg;seIu tsMgYtedayxül; 1.02-

1.14 g/cm³ . Fn;ng
w keNþó RbePTstV EdlecaHrun§ nigpSiteFIVeGayeQIBukpuy .
RbEhl : 25°N eTA 30°S etñatCaRbePT EdlduHedayFmµCatienAGnutMbn;RtUBki nigRtUBki énGasIuxag

t,Úg nigGasIGu aeKñy_ . vaduHlUtlas;ya:geRcIn enA\NÐa PUma nigkm<Cú a EdlvaEtgRtUv)andaMduH .
vaGac duHRKbdNþb; enAelItMbn;d_FM edaybegátI CadMNaMsTu § rW ÉkRbePT enAtMbn; EdlraMgs¶Üt Edl
etñatepSg eTot (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merrill) nigdUg (Cocos nucifera

L.)minGacRbKYtRbECg)an rW Gac duHlayCamYyGMbUretñatepSg²eTot dUcCaenA\NÐa CaedIm .
CaTUeTA vaGacmanduH enAtampøÚv enAelIPWøERs rW RBMdIsMrab;eFIkV sikmµ nigCYnkalk_manenAkñgú éRBpgEdr

. enAkm<Cú a vaduHlUtlas; enAcenøaHrvagéRB nig PøEW Rs .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 11]
3
vacUlcitþduHenAelIkMritry³kMBs;BI nIvs:U muRT b:Eu nþGacdl; 800 m a.s.l. [6, 11] (0-300 m [1]) .
vaman karFn; nigGacduHlUtlas;enAkEnøg EdldIKµanCICati . etñatRtUv)andaMduH enAkñgú tMbn;RtUBki
nigGnuRtUBki EdlmanrdUvBIKW R)aMg nigvsSa edaymankMritTwkePøóg 500-900 mm/qñaM [6] enAtMbn;
EdlraMgs¶Üt nigkMrit 5,000 mm/qñaM [6] enAtMbn;esIm . etñatgaysMrbxønÜ eTAnwgtMbn;raMgs¶Üt
nigduHlUtlas;)anl¥eTotpg ehIyFn;nwgrdUvR)aMg Edlmanry³eBlBI 4-8 Ex [1] .
kMritsItuNðPaBmFüm 30ºC [6] (20-29ºC [1]) nigsItN u ðPaB x<sb; MputenArdUvekþA 32-45ºC [1]
nigTabbMputenArdUv RtCak; 18-25ºC [1] b:Eu nþvaGacduH enAkMritsItuNðPaB 8ºC [1] (0ºC [11]
)pgEdr . kUneQI nigeQICT M uggayrgeRKaHedaysarsenSIm nig ePøgI eqH .
etñatGacduHelIRbePTdIesÞtI EtRKb;RbePT edaymandI\dækMritTab nigCadIGasItu rW )as

nigminmanCICati . eTaHvacUlcitþ dItamtMbn;eqñr nigdIexµA sMbUrsarFatusrIragÁ nigmindk;Twk
vak_GacGacrs;)an enAtMbn;man kardk;TwktictYcpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 6, 8, 11] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[eQI]: edImTaMgmUl RtUv)aneRbIR)as;edaykat;ecjnUvEpñkTn; EdlenAkNþalecj .

edImTabCageKbMput KW 10 m EdlmanlkçN³rWg nigsmRsbsMrab;CaeQImlU begÁalePøgI srsrpÞH
s<an kargarCageQI sMNg;viskV mµ nigFñmw . Epñk EdlTn;enAkNþal Gackat;Cakþa sMrab;eRbICaRCuj
FüÚg eQIfamBl pgEdr . edImTaMgmUl GaceRbIsMrab;eFICV aTUketñat sMrab;pkÞú mnusS)an
ya:gehacNas;bnI ak;pgEdr [4] .
4
[Gnupl]: RKb;EpñkénedImetñat KWmanRbeyaCn_ . enA\NÐa vaRtUv)anehAfa edImEdlmankareRbIR)as;
800 ya:g .
plitkmµsáretñat : plitplsMxan;rbs;etñatKW Twketñat Edl)anBIkBa©púM áa . vaRtUv)aneFIeV GayeLIgem

rW p¥ab; edayFmµCati (teck thnot chhu) CaRbePTRsa EdlmanpÞúkCatiGal;klu 5-6% [11]
nigGacRtUv )ancMraj; CaeGtaNul edaymankMritGalkul 20-60% . edIm,IeFIVRsaTwketñat
RtUvrkSaeGayRtCak; . Twketñat GacRtUv)anEkécñCasárbI RbePTepSg²Kña : sárrav (sugar palm
syrup), sárRKab;l¥t i nigsárdMu rW sáEpn . RbePT EdlRbCaCnniymeRbIKW sárrav rW sárBag
EdlmankritsarFatusÜt¶ 80%. TwketñatRtUv )anlayCamYy sENþk nigTwk és< (Ipomoea
acuatica) sMrab;eGayRCUksIueTotpg .
sMPar³eFIBV éI d : RKb;sMPar³eRbIR)as;enAtMbn;CnbT KWeRbIR)as;swøketñat minRtwmEtsMrab;

Rbk;pHÞ b:ueNÑaHeT vak_GaceRbICaCBa¢aMgpgEdr . enAkm<Cú a søwkBI 25 eTA 36 RtUv)ankat;
BIrdgkñgú mYyqñaM BIedImetñat Edl minRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;ykTwk [4] . søkw EdlenAkMBUl
RtUv)aneFICV amYk RbGb; edIm,Idak;)ay k®nþk; pøit CaedIm . karBIGtIt BYkvaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;sresr
CaBiesseRbIedayRBHsgÄ . sréssøkw enAx©I Gacvij bBa¢lÚ Kña )anya:gRss;sa¥ t .
TgsøwkRtUv)aneRbICarbg rW eQIfamBl nigGacbMEbkyk srésreQI sMrab;eFICV aExS nigkenÞl .
sMbkCaRbPB sMrab;kareFIEV xS .
Gahar : EpøGacbriePaK)an nigGacykeFICV anMu nigecAhYyeTotpg . EpøenAx©IGacbriePaKRss;
nigerobcM CabEg¥mCamYy)aydMeNIb rW bEg¥mrav . EpñkxagelIbpM tu rbs;Epø EdlminTan;TMu
RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CabEnø pgEdr . sac;Rss; enACMuvijRKab;man vitamins A nig C . Epøcas;RtUv)an

RtaMkúgñ Twk bnÞab;mkyk srésrecj . sac;elOg² EdlTTYl)anRtUv)anykeTAlayCamYyemSAGgár
nigx©b;edaysøkw eck nig eRkaymkRtUv)anykeTAcMhuy. sac; EdlsVitGacRtUv)aneRbIkgñú smørkarI.
Epñk EdlTn; enAkMBs; 10 m énedImmanCatiemSA EdlGaceRbICaGaharenAeBl maneRKaHGt;køan .
bNþlÚ rbs;va EdlenAx©IGac briePaK)an . kUneQI GacRtUv)ancit nigbriePaKTaMgRss; rW halsMgYt
nigcMGinpgEdr . enAPUma BYkva RtUv)ancak;Tukfa manPaBl¥\tex©aH b:Eu nþmanCatiBultictYcpgEdr .
BYkvaGacplitemSA EdleRbIeFICV a bbr layCamYy)ay rukCç atiepSgeTot emÞs RtI
5
nigeRKOgpSMepSgeTot . vaRtUv)anesñIr eGaymankareFVI BaNiCk¢ mµeTAelICatiemSA enHpgEdr [5] .
Twkdmpáa mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;karplitTwkXµúM .
»sf : EpñkCaeRcInetñat RtUv)aneRbI (Epø rWs Tgpáa sMbk nigTwketñat) RtUv)aneRbICa»sfburaN :
edIm eQIxIG© ackat;bnßykarqab;xgw rWmYlem:A eraKmYl nigRbemH . rWsx©ImanCati diuretic nig
anthelmintic ehIyRtUv)anes¶ar edIm,IsMrab;Büa)alCMgWdegðmI . rWss¶ÜtRtUv)andutykEpSg
edIm,IBüa)alCMgWRcmuH . epHrbs;páa GacRtUv)aneRbIkat;bnßykarrlak . sMbkRtUv)anes¶ar
RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;sGM atmat; nig eFICV a FüÚgsMrab;Büa)aleFµj . Twk Edl)anBIpaá eRbIsMrab;CaePsC¢³
elIkMlaMg diuretic fñaMbBa©úH nigRbqaMgkar minrMePIb nigCa amebicide . sár Edl)anBITwketñat
manCatiBlu nigRtUv)anhamcMeBaHGñkmaneraKefømI . sárRKab; EdleFIBV sI rá etñat GacbM)at;kark¥k;
nigeraKsYt . TwketñatRss; RtUv)andutkMedA eGayeLIgem nigykeTAlabkEnøgQWcab; . Kmetñat rW
bNþlÚ TgsøWk nigpáas¶tÜ mansarFatu diuretic . sac;EpøTMu GacBüa)aleraKrlakEs,k [5] .
vamansar³RbeyaKkñgú karkarBar ePIgø eqHEs,k nig BgEbkelIEs,k nigCMgWRkBH . vak_manskmµPaB
eFIeV GaymankarsaMnu gw eraK rWCgM WpgEdr . manpÞúk C½r xøaj; nig albuminoids [2] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11]
[epSg²]: enA\NÐa PUma nigkm<C ú a etñat RtUv)andaMduHCar)aMgkarBarxül; nigCaRBMdIERs . etñatk_plþ ;
nUv CMrkFmµCati eTAdl;BBYkstVsaø b sVa nigrukçCati (ferns nigG½rKIed) .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
:
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
vaGacduHRKbdNþb; enAelItMbn;d_FM edaybegátI CadMNaMsTu § rW ÉkRbePT enAtMbn; EdlraMgs¶Üt Edl

etñat epSgeTot (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merrill) nigdUg (Cocos nucifera
L.)minGacRbKYtRbECg)an rW GacduHlayCamYyGMbUretñatepSg²eTot dUcCaenA\NÐa CaedIm . CaTUeTA
6
vaGacmanduH enAtampøÚvenAelI PWEø Rs rW RBMdIsMrab;eFIkV sikmµ nigCYnkalk_manenAkñgú éRBpgEdr .
etñatGacRtUv)andaM enAeRkamBnøxW øagM nigminTamTarkarEfrkSaeRcIneT enAeBldaMduH . vaduH
)anl¥ebImanTwk nigCIlamstV CaCMnyY . edImduHlUtlas;kúgñ kMritkMBs; 30 cm [6]kñgú mYyqñaM . eTaHbI
vaRtUvkareBlyUr edIm,I eBjv½y (8-14 qñaM [1]) EdlGackMNt;nUvkareRbIR)as;rbs;va . enAkñgú cMkar
karkab;rMelaH RtUv)aneFIV edIm,IeGayedImjIkan; EtmanplitPaB . enAPUma nigkm<Cú a etñatRtUv)andaMduH
CaRTugRTaytUc tamRKYsar edIm,Ipþl;cMNUlbEnßm nigeRbIR)as; . kargar GacEckCaBIr .
RsUvTamTarkMlaMgeRcIn enArdUvvsSa cMEnkkargaredImetñatGacRtUv )aneFIVenArdUvR)aMg [6] . enAkm<Cú a
nigPUma ksikrGacmanedImetñatpÞal;xøÜn BI 30-40 edImCamFüm (25 edImeQµal nig 15 edImjI) [6]
b:Eu nþ ya:gticNas;k_man 10 edImEdr [4] . karRbmUlplcab;epþmI BI edIm EdlmanGayu 25-30 qñaM
nigGacbnþdl; 80 qñaM [6] . edIm EdlmanplitPaBTab RtUv)ankat;srM ab;eFIVCa eQI
enAeBlBBYkvamankMBs;elIsBI 10 m nigmanGayurvag 70-100 qñaM [4] .
[kardak;Twketñat]: TaMgpáajI nigeQµal GacRbmUlTwketñat)andUcKña . eTaHbI
páaTaMgBIrGacRbmUl)andUc Kña BBYkvaGacpþl;pleRcInenArdUvvsSa . GñkeLIgetñatenAkm<Cú a
eFIkV arGPivDÆn_ bec©keTseLIgetñat edIm,IkarBarpáa [4] . BYkeKeRbICeNþIrb¤sSI sMrab;eLIg . erogral;
6-12 Ex CeNþrI RtUv)andkecj sMrab; suvtßiPaB . enAeBledImeQI enACitKña begÁalb¤sSIEvgmYy
RtUv)andak; sMrab;qgø BIedImmYyeTAmYy edIm,I eLIg cuHeRcIndg nigcMeNjeBlevla . GñkeLIgetñat

RtUvEteLIgedImetñatmuneBlpáarbs;varIk . edIm,I citykTwk søwkmYycMnYnk_GacRtUv)ankat;ecj
edIm,IeGaymanPaBgayRsYl . enAelIedImeQµalpáaCa eRcInzitenACab;Kña bnÞab;BIBnøkRtUv)ankat; .
Tgrbs;kBa©úpM aá RtUv)anKabykTwk . cMeBaHedImjI kBa©púM áa zitenAdac;EtÉg . páaRtUv)ankat;
nigTgpáaRtUv)anKabykTwk CaeRcInéf¶ edayeRbIdegáóbFM edIm,IeGay TwkhUr . bnÞab;BIbéI f¶eRkay
TgxagelIRtUv)ankat;ecj . TwkRtUv)anbgðrÚ cUlkñúgbMBg;bs¤ SI rW pøasÞci Edl RtUv)anehAfa 'ampong',

EdlGacpÞúk)anTwkBI 2 eTA 4 kg [4] . sMrab;edImnimYy² CamFümGac RbmUl)anBI 4-6 bMBg;
GaRs½yeTAtamcMnYnkBa©púM aá . TwketñathUr enAelIedIm RbEhlCary³eBl 3-6 Ex/qñaM [6] .
sMrab;kareKobykTwketñat eKeFIkV arcitTgvaCafµImgþ eTot edaykaMbitya:gmut . enAeBlyb;
karhUrGacekIneLIgrhUtdl;BrI dg eRcInCaeBléf¶ . karRbmUlRtUv)aneFIeV LIgBIrdg kñgú mYyéf¶
KWeBlRBwk nigéf¶ edIm,Ikat;bnßynUvPaBkkr nigkxVk; . sMbkeQI RtUv)ancitCadMtu Uc²
EdlmanCatitanIn (manRbePT dUcCa Shorea cochinchinensis, Shorea roxburghii G. Don,
7
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill), rWskøw sVaycnÞI (Anacardium occidentale L.) nig
Schleichera oleosa (Loureiro) Oken RtUv)aneRbIR)as; nigdak;cUleTAkñúgbMBg; . RkUc EdlcitrYc
(Ca(OH)2)k_GacRtUv)andak;cUl kñúgbMBg;pg Edr edIm,IkarBarkareLIgem nigkkr . eTaHbI
vaGacman\T§Bi l eTAelIrsCatirbs;Twketñatk_eday . RbsinkERBa©gRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;cMeraH

BBYkvaRtUv)anykeTAeralePøgI edIm,IsMGatpgEdr .
[plitkmµ] GñkRbmUlTwketñat GacRbmUl)an 20-30 edImcMnYnBIrdgkñg ú mYyéf¶ [4] (30-40
edIm/mYyéf¶ [6]) RbsinmankarCYyRbmUlTwketñatenAeRkamedIm . GñkeLIgetñat
manCMnajxageLIgetñat nigdak;Twk etñat nwgTTYl)anTinñpll¥ . karRbmUlTwketñatGacx<sd; l; 6 l
kñúgmYyéf¶ nigmYyedIm . plitkmµRbcaM qñaM énTwketñatKW 100-600 l/edIm [6] .
RbPBBt’manepSgeTot )anbBa¢ak;fa plitkmµGacmanRtwm 169-246 l/qñaM . sáretñat EdlTTYl)anKW
16-70 kg/edIm rW 19 t/ha/qñaM enAkMritdg;seIu t 275 edImkñg ú 1 ha [6] . EpøGacpþl;pl 200-
350/edIm (RbsinkardaMseM dAEtelIEpø) rW 130 t/qñaM RbsinedImjIman 275 /ha [6] . eTaHbI
TinñplmankMritxus²Kña . sMrab;karplit sárrav 1 kg eKRtUvkarGuscMnYn 4 kg [4] (5 kg [6]) .

ksikrkm<Cú abnþplitsáretñatrav nigsárdMu edaysar EteQIfamBlGac rk)anesÞrI RKb; TIEnøg edayesrI
nigpþl;cNM UlenArdUvR)aMgEfmeTotpg . eTaHbItMbn;xHø kMriteQImankMNt; (enAPUma
nigkEnøgxøHenAkm<Cú a) EdleFIbV EnßmkarcMNayeTAelIGsu nigeFIeV GaytMélsár ekIneLIg .
etñatRtUv)an kab;rMlM enAeBlEdlvax<se; Bk nigBi)akkñgú kareLIg .
[karEkécñ]:bnÞab;BIkarRbmUlTwketñat vaRtUv)anykeTAes¶ar edImeFIC V asáretñat . vaRtUv)anRtg eday
søwkdUg edIm,IyksMNl; rW kkrecj nigbEnßmnUvsMbk rWskøw eTAkñgú enaH ehIycak;enAelIfas edIm,IsMgYt
. enAeBlsárrav manlkçN³xab; vaRtUv)ancak;enAkñgú RtelakdUg nigTukeGayRtCak; nigrwg .
sármank_ RsUb ykxül;x<s; edaysarmanpÞkú sarFatusÜt¶ )anBIrukçrs . KuNPaBsárKW l¥ .

enA\NÐeÚ nsIu sáretñat suT§manRbPBBI Madura KWmanKuNPaBl¥Cag mkBI Arenga énPaKxaglic
Java nigTTYl)antMélx<s; enAkñúgTIpSar [6] .
8
vagayRsYlkñgú karbnþBUC edaykarsabedayRKab;paÞ l; karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati nigkardaMduHeday

kUn . RKab;RtUv)anRbmUl BIExsIha dl;kBaØa nigmanlT§PaBdMNuHry³eBlEvg . karrkSaTukRKab;Ca
RbePT recalcitrant . cMnYnRKab;kúgñ mYyKILÚRkam : 15-20 PaKrydMNuH : 80% PaKry³Edl
GacdMaduH)an : 80% cMnnY kUneQI /kg énRKab; : 12-16 [8] . RKab;GacbNþHú Camun enAkñgú lamkeKa
nigeRsacTwkry³ eBl mYys)aþh_ . vaRtUv)ansabenAkMrit 7-10 cm [8] (10 cm [6]) rW
edateGayelc kñgú dI (kMLúg rdUvePøóg) edaymankMrtidMNuH 3-6 m enATIvalpÞal;
b:Eu nþknU eQIGacmankarBi)akñúgkardaMduH [6] . enA eBldaM RKab;etñat cab;epþmI duHkñúgry³eBlBI 30-60
éf¶ [8] (45-60 éf¶ [6] ) . enAkMLgú dMNuH BnøkduH cak;ecjmk BIRKab; nigkarBareday
cotelydonary sheath nigduHcak;clU kñgú dICeM rA 90-120 cm . enAeBlkarlUtlas;bnþ
kUneQIcak;rWscuHeTAeRkam . enAkñgú 9-12 Ex kMBUlcab;epþmI duHecjBIdI edayman søwkpgEdr .
bnÞab;BI 4-6 qñaM vacab;manTMrg;edIm . BYkvaRtUv)andaMCaRkum edIm,IgayRsYlkñgú kar RbmUl Twketñat .
etñatykTwkmingayrgeRKaH edaysarCMgW nigstVl¥ti eT . hardly suffers from diseases and

pests.
[stVl¥ti ]:keNþóGaceFIVkarvayRbharkUneQItUc² . RbePTxµtÚ (Oryctes and Rhynchophorus)

sIubpM aø j EpñkEdlgab;rbs;rukçCati b:Eu nþmni GaceFIVeGayedImmaneRKaHfñak;eT . vaCaPñak;garsMGat edIm
Edlrs; .
[CMgW]: etñatduHlUtlas;enAkñúg dIEdlexµA rW mindk;Twk EdlGaceFIeV GayBnøkrlYy nigeFIeV GaymanpSit
Phytophthora palmivora EdlekItmanpg EdlenAelIedImdUg . eraKsBaØadMbg U manGuC²elIskøw

Edl manBN’ébtg nigraldaldl;bNþlÚ . bNþlÚ rbs;varlYy cMeBaHkarkMcat;pSitenH KWdutecalnUv
edIm EdlrgkarbMpøajBICgM WenH. pSitepSgeTotGac dUcCa Stigmina palmivora
GacelcecjmkpgEdr [1].
9
[epSg²]: Bs; nigstVmanBisepSg²eTot Gacrs;enAkñúgkenSamsøwk EdlGaceFIeV GayGñkeLIgetñat
man eRKaHfñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
F> karGPirkS :
etñatrgnUvsMBaFCaeRcIn enATUTaMgRbeTs . enAkEnøg EdldUgGacRtUv)andaM etñatGacCMnYs)anmþg;maá l

. Ca]TahrN_ enARbeTséf etñatesÞrI Etmankar)at;bg;eTAehIy .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
PaKkNþalRbeTskm<Cú a
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
kMBg;s<W taEkv eBaF×sat; kMBg;cam kMBg;qñaMg kMBg;cam kNþal éRBEvg sVayerog kMBg;FM )at;dMbg
esomrab bnÞaymanC½y PñeM Bj .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]

RbPBkMeNIt]: \NÐa
[
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
karnaMclU (taMgBIyUrmkehIy)]: bg;køaeds PUma éf km<Cú a Lav nigevotNam
[
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
karnaMclU (fµI²)]: \NÐeÚ nsIu RsIlgáa
[ French Polynesia )a:BUjÚKeI no .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
10
p> epSg² :
[ sarFatu]: sáretñat sMbrU sarFatuciBa©wmeRcInCagsárGMeBA EdlmanpÞúk 1.04% protein, 0.19% xøaj;,

76.86% sucrose, 1.66% glucose, 3.15% sarFatuEr:srub , 0.861 % calcium, 0.052%
phosphorus; manpgEdrnUv 11.01 mg Edk kñúg 100 g nig 0.767 mg énsMN kñúg 100 g [5] .
rukçrsRss; RtUv)anraykarN_fa CaRbPBén vitamin B complex nigmanpÞkú 17-20%

énsarFatusÜt¶ . vaman pH BI 6.7-6.9 (-7.5) nigkñúgmYylIRt manpÞúk proteins nig amino acids
(360 mg N), sucrose 13-18%, P 110 mg, K 1900 mg, Ca 60 mg, Mg 30 mg, vitamin B3.9
IU, nig vitamin C 132 mg . BI 7-9 g/l sárRtUv)ankat;bnßy RbEhlmkBI Rbtikmµ enzymatic rW
microbiological bnÞab;karecaHyk . epHmanpÞk ú rukçrs 4-5g/l . EpøRss;GacmanTMgn; 2790 g
(100%); perianth lobes 175 g (6.3%), sMbkxageRkA 120 g (4.3%), sréssac; 66 g
(2.4%) sac;GacbriePaK)an 1425 g (51%) nigRKab;cn M nY 3 TMgn; 1004 g (36%). RKab;cnM nY 3

mansMbkRKab;rwgTMgn; 394 g, endosperm 609 g nig embryo 1 g .
ÉksarBieRKaH [11].
[plitkmµ nigBaNiCk ¢ mµkgñú BiPBelak]:etñatpþl;Twk RtUv)andaMduHsMrab;eRbIR)as; nigRtUv)anplit eday
manlkçN³CaRTg;RTaytUc . enAeBlelIstMrUvkar vaGacRtUv)anykeTAlk; enAelITIpSar . RsIlgáa
(10 lanedIm kñúgépÞdI 25,000 ha), \NÐa (60 lanedIm) PUma (2.5 lanedIm 25,000 ha)
PaKkNþal km<Cú a (1.8 lanedIm) \NÐeÚ nsIu (0.5 edImelI 15,000 ha) . enAqñaM 1968 etñat
RtUv)anplitCasárenA RbeTskm<Cú a EdlRtUv)ansµanfaRbEhl 35,000 t kñúgmYyqñaM
nigeRbIR)as;kúgñ RsukmanRtwm 10,000 t.
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[Rbvtþi]:vaRtUv)ansnµt;fa etñat KWCakareRCIserIs edaymnusS BIRbePTCaeRcInepSgeTotén

B.aethiopum Mart. enAGaeRhVc . r)a:yrbs;va RbEhlbNþalmkBIBaNiCk ¢ mµ rbs;\NÐa
cab;taMgBIsm½ymunRbvtþi saRsþeTAeTot .
ÉksarBieRKaH [11]
11
Davis TA, Johnson DV, 1987. Current utilization and further development of the palmyra
palm (Borassus flabellifer L., Arecaceae) in Tamil Nadu State, India. Economic Botany,
41(2):247-266; 27 ref.
[1]
Flach, M. & Paisooksantivatana, Y., 1996. Borassus flabellifer L. In Flach, M & Rumawas,
F. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 9. Plants yielding non-seed
carbohydrates. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 59-63.
[6]
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilization. New
Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH.
[1]
Hocking D, 1993. Trees for drylands. Trees for drylands., xiii + 370 pp.; [Originally
published by Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, India]; 12 pp. of ref.
[1]
Jagadeesh HN, Damodaran K, Padmanabhan S, Aswathanarayana BS, Xavier F, Kamal

SZM, Guruva Reddy H, 1993. Studies on palmyrah wood. IPIRTI Research Report, No.
69:22 pp.; 6 ref.
[1]
Jagadeesh HN, Damodaran K, Aswathanarayana BS, 1996. Palmyrah wood - a potential

source of wood raw material. Wood News, 6(2):20-23; 1 ref.
[1]
Jambulingam R, Fernandes ECM, 1986. Multipurpose trees and shrubs on farmlands in

Tamil Nadu State (India). Agroforestry Systems, 4(1):17-32; 7 ref.
[1]
Kovoor A, 1983. The palmyrah palm: potential and perspectives. FAO Plant Production
and Protection Paper, No. 52:v + 77 pp.; [6 pl.]; 90 ref.
[1]
12
Khieu Borin. 1996. The sugar palm tree as the basis of integrated farming systems in
Cambodia.Contribution to Second FAO Electronic Conference on Tropical Feeds. Livestock
Feed Resources within Integrated Farming Systems.
[4]
Khieu Borin & Preston, T.R. 1995. Conserving biodiversity and the environment and
improving the well-being of poor farmers in Cambodia by promoting pig feeding systems
using the juice of the sugar palm tree (Borassus flabellifer). Livestock Research for Rural
Development, (7)2: 25-30.
[4]
Khieu Borin, Preston, T.R. & Lindberg, J.E. 1996. Juice production from the sugar palm
tree (Borassus flabellifer) in Cambodia and performance of growing pigs fed sugar palm
juice. In Sustainable Tropical Animal System, p. 1-11. Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. (M.Sc. thesis)
[4]
Mahendran S, 1994. The activities of the Palmyrah Development Board and some
aspects of agronomic research and development needs of the organization. Journal of
the National Science Council of Sri Lanka, 22(SUP A):S47-S53; 5 ref.
[1]
Morton JF, 1988. Notes on distribution, propagation, and products of Borassus palms
(Arecaceae). Economic Botany, 42(3):420-441; [12 pl.]; 81 ref.
[1]
Reddy ANY, Yekantappa K, Somesh Korcher, 1988. Nursery technique of Borassus

flabellifer Linn. Myforest, 24(2):114-116 + 2 pl.
[1]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[3] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade
Names of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
13
[4] Khieu Borin: Sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer): Potential feed resource for livestock
in small-scale farming systems (internet source)
[5] Morton, J.F.,1988: Notes on Distribution, Propagation and Products of Borassus

Palms (Arecaceae). Economic Botany (1988) 42(3): 420-441

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.as
(Internet source)
[8] Andhra Pradesh Forest Department: http://forest.ap.nic.in/Silviculture (Internet

source).
[9] Auroville TDEF: http://www.auroville-tdef.info/Individual.php?id=443. (Internet

source).
[11] PROSEA, 1996: Plant Resources of South East Asia 9 - Plants yielding non-seed
carbonhydrates.
14
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub]

[Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. [4].
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ lacquer tree, Bengal kino tree, flame of the forest [4].
K> sTisn½y ³ syn B. frondosa Roxb. ex Willd.[4],
Erythrina monosperma Lam.[20].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ giéng giéng (Vn)[2]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ car

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ cha:r [4]
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Papilionaceae
ePT : Butea
RbePT : Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub
1
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQItUcmankMBs;BI 6-10 m Ggát;p©it 25–40 cm manedImmUl Rtg; Rsedog

Lagerstroemia tomentosa ragrmYl nigkenSamsøwkebIk [2] . edImeQItUcmankMBs; 8-10 m [4]
. CaedImeQICMruHsøwk EdlmankMBs;dl;eTA 15 m mankenSamsøkw mineTotTat; nigedImekag [5] .

gayRsYlcMNaM enAeBlvaecjpáa edaymanBN’RkhmRss;s¥at [2] CamYynwgEmkrWsEkv
nigCMruHsøwk [13] .
[sMbk]: BN’RbepHeTAetñatRsal relag rW eRbHtic² eRKIm nigmanfñaM kMras; 0.5 cm
manBN’Rkhmetñat enAxageRkam manlkçN³Casrés manC½rBN’Rkhm enAeBlkat; .

Emkcas;manlkçN³ekag nigEmktUcmaneramRkas; [2] .
[søwk]: Casøwksmas EdlmansøwkcMnYn 3 manTgRbEvg 12-20 cm ragEvgsþÜc
nigmaneramenAeBlenA tUc manragTwkrlkenAEpñkxagelI . EpñkkNþalrbs;søwk FM .
TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2.5–4.0 cm nigxñaysøwkmanragCavgVg; zitenACitKl;søwk . bnÞHsøwkmanlkçN³xøI
BN’ébtg manTMhMBI 6-12 x 6-12 cm . sréssøwkbeNþaymancMnYn 5-6 KU duHenACitEKmsøwk .
søwkmanragmUl EdlmanRbEvgBI 5-10 cm nigTTwg 4-5 cm[2] . søwkmancMnYn bI ehIysøwk
EdlenAkNþalmanTMhMFMCageK edaymanRbEvg 10-17 cm manragmUl minRsYc rW GacRsYcenAcug
EtmanlkçN³TalenAEpñkKl; kUnsøwktUc²manragmUl nigminRsYcenAEpñkTaMgsgçag . søwkx©Imaneram
nigsøwkcas;manlkçN³dUcEs,k manlkçN³relagenAEpñk xagelI maneramesþIgenAEpñkxageRkam
edaymansrésEvnFMmYy nigmansréscMnYnBI 7-8 enAbnÞH søwkmçag . Tg; EdlFMCageKmanRbEvg
7.5 eTA 15.0 cm Tgrbs;kUnsøwkmanRbEvg ± 1 cm [5] .
[páa]: páaCakBa©úM EdlmancMnYn 2-3 enAelIEmktUc² EdlmaneramRkas; . Tgrbs;vamanRbEvg 3-4
cm maneram nigmanTgcMnYn 2 Edlqab;RCuHcuHmkdI . páaBN’Rkhm FM manRbEvg 4-6 cm .
Rtbkpáa duHecj mkCaragkNþwm (bell-shaped) manTTwg 1.5 cm nigbeNþay 1 cm

edaymanftxøI²cMnYn 3 . RtbkpáamancMnYn 5 Evg nigmanBN’Rkhm manekseQµalcMnYn 10
maneram . eksjI ragmUl TgeksBN’sragTwkR)ak; maneram nigmaneksjIBI 4-6 [2] .
páamanRbEvg 5-6 cm BN’TwkRkUc duHenA CakBa©úM enAelIEmk . TgpáanimYy² manRbEvg 1.5-3.5 cm
EvgCaRtbkBIrdg . RtbkpáamancMnYn 5 manTMhMtUc RtbkEdlzitenATabCageK
2
manlkçN³ekagxøaMg . ekseQµalmancMnYn 10 Edl 1 esrI nig 9 Cab; zitenAekag [5] . páaFM
manTTwgBI 3 - 5 cm manBN’RkhmdUcQam eTABN’TwkRkUc CYnkal manBN’elOg [13] .
[Epø]: FM manRbEvg 12-16 cm TTwg 3-4 cm ragRTEvg mansøabCMuvij rMuB½T§edayeramBN’sTwkR)ak;
srésEvnduHCabNþaj . sac;xageRkA manlkçN³dUcEs,k nigrwg . RKab;rageGlIb manRbEvg 2.5

cm manBN’Rkhmetñat [2] . EpømanTMhM 15-20 x 4-6 cm ragRTEvg manragRTEvg ragekag Rkas;
nigman CatieQI maneramxøI²Rkas; Tgrbs;vamanRbEvg 1.2-2.5 cm [5] . Epø manlkçN³sMEb:t

CaEpøKY manRKab; EtmYy [13] . ecjpáa enAExemsa [2] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQImanBN’Rkhm rwg nigFn; b:uEnþmansréseQIminRtg; [2] . edImeQIMPaKeRcIn manlkçNekag .

eQImanlkçN³Tn; nigminFn; RBgTaMgRsal RbEhl 570 kg/m³ edaykarsMgtY edayxül;
manBN’s rW etñatcas; enAeBlRss; b:uEnþERbCaBN’RbepH edayvagaybMpøajnUvrukçrs .
vaminmantMélx<s;enaHeT b:uEnþeBlxøHvaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eRKOgRbdab;RbdapÞH)ay [20] .
carmanduHBIRbeTs\NÐa dl;PUma RsIlgáa enAtMbn;PñM Himalayas Edlmanry³kMBs; 1200 m .

r)a:yFmµCatienAkñúgtMbn;éRBs¶Üt BIRbeTs\NÐa dl;GasIuGaeKñy_ nig\NÐÚensIu . vaEtgduHlUtlas;suT§
rW layCamYy RbePT Dipterocarp epSgeTotdUcCa D. obtusifolius, Shorea siamensis, nig
Terminalia corticosa . vaminsUvmanduHkñúgéRBeT vaEtmanduHenAelItMbn; EdlrgnUvePøIgeqH [2,5] .
vamanduHCaFmµCatienA\NÐÚensIu CaBiessenAtMbn;éRBTMnabmUsug EdlmanRbePT Azadirachta

indica, Acacia leucophloea (Roxb.) Willd., Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. nig Cassia
fistula L. duHlUtlas;CamYypgEdr [16].
3
carCMruHrbs;vaenArdUvR)aM . vamanedImmUlxøI edayEmkrbs;vamaneram . vaduHlUtlas;CaFmµCati

enAkñúg éRBs¶Üt . vamanedImmUlxøI maneramenAelIEmk . vaduHlUtlas; enAkñúgéRBs¶Üt énRsIlgáa PUma
nig\NÐa . RbePTenHcUlcitþduHlUtlas; enAtMbn;manGakasFatuxus²Kña nigmanrdUvsSa
enAkMritry³kMBs;BI 200-500m . vaCaRbePTeQIRtUvkarBnøW duHlUtlas;)anl¥enAelIdIl,b;cas;
nigRbePTdIRkhm [2] .
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
dIl,b;cas; nigRbePTdIRkhm [2] eTaHbI vaduHelIRbePTdICaeRcIndUcCa dImanCMerArak; dIRKYs dIexµA

l,ayxSac; nigdImanCatiéRb rW CaMTwk . kUneQIGacduHlUtlas; l¥enAelIdIl,ay edayman pH 6-7
eRkamsItuNðPaBx<s; nigmankMritsMeNImx<s;pgEdr[20].
carCaRbePTeQI EdlmanRbeyaCn_eRcIn . RbePTeQIenHGacduHlUtlas; enAelIlkçx½NÐdI

eRcInRbePT nigCaBiessdIminsUvmanCICati . RbePTeQIenHduHecjnUvpáaBN’RkhmRsal rW TwkRkUc
. b:uEnþ enAtMbn;Cn bTRbeTs\NÐa RsIlgáa rW éf vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;plRbeyaCn_epSg²eTot .

vamanCatiC½rs¥it adstringernt Kino EdlCYykñúgkarbitmuxrbYs nigmanCatitanIn nigBN’cMnYn 2
elOg nigRkhm EdlGacTajecjBI edImeQIenH Emkrbs;vaCamYysøwkGaccUlrYmkñúgdMeNIrRbmUl
pþúMdI\dæ (clay agglomeration) sMrab;kat;bnßyCatiGbM il EdlmankñúgTwk enAkñúERs . carCaRbePTeQI
pþl;cMNIeGay BBYkstVl¥it EdleFIVeGayedImeQIecjC½r .
4
[eQI]: mantMélsMrab;karsagsg; b:Eu nþ kMrmaneQI EdlmansrésRtg; [4] . eQIGaceRbI
CaeQIfamBl EdlmanKuNPaBmFüm eTaHbI vapþl;nUvFüÚg EdlmankMritfamBlx<s;k_eday [2] .
søwkCYnkal RtUv)aneRbI CafamBl . eQIRtUv)andutsMrab;CarMesvkaMePøIg .
[Gnupl]:sMbksMbUreTAedayCatitanIn nigmanC½r nigCatiekAs‘UpgEdr . CatiBN’elOg rW
RkhmTwkRkUc RtUv)anehAfa butein Edl)anmkBIpáa RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;RClk;BN’sURt .
BN’enHRtUv)aneRbI enAkñúgsa snahiNÐÚ sMrab;labenAelIf¶as [20] . carRtUv)andaM
CaRbePTeQIlMGr edayEtvamanpáaBN’Rss;s¥at nigrWs EdlenAx©GI acbriePaK)anpgEdr .
carRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;plitl½kç BN’Rkhm Edl)anmkBIrWs nigelOg Edl)anmkBIpáa [13] .
sMPar³cg nigExS nigsMPar³sMrab;Bak;nwgeCIg GacRtUv)anplitecjBIsréseQI Edl)anmkBIsMbk
[4] .
sMPar³srésr EdlTTYl)anBIsMbkxagkñúgRtUv)aneRbIsMrab; CaExScgnava bitTUk nigeFIVRkdas [20] .

car RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;eFIV»sfpgEdr . rukçCatiRtUv)aneRbIR)as; CakavpgEdr . enAeBlkat;sMbk
eFIVeGayC½rrbs;vahUrecj nigkkeTotpg Butea or Benghal kino GacTTYl)anpgEdr [13].
duHlUtlas;CamYy Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.)
O.Kuntze . carCarukçCati cMNIsMrab;BBYkstVl¥it dUcCa Laccifer lacca Kerr
EdlsIubMpøajBnøkx©Irbs;rukçCati . manEtenA \NÐa nigéf EdlenAeFIkV arplit shellac

EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ [19] . r)aykarN_BI extþ Dak Lac Province RbeTevotNam)anbgðajfa
sticklac EdlRbmUlBIedIm manlkçN³Rkas;Cag nigBN’RkhmCag RbePTepSgeTot [2] .
epSg² : kUneQI nigEmkx©I GaceRbICatMrg;sMrab;eRcaHCatiéRb nigCaCIébtgpgEdr . søwkrbs;vaRtUv)an

bMEbkedayBBYk micro-cavities EdleFIVeGaydIFUr nigeFIVeGaydImanCICati [13] .

carRtUv)aneKarBbUCa edayBYkkan;sasanhiNÐÚ nigEtgRtUv)andaMduHenACMuvijpÞH [4].
minRtUv)anrYmbBa¢Úl
5
RtUv)andaMduHsMrab;CacMNIBBYkstVl¥itdUcCaécCaedIm enARbeTs\NÐa [2] nigRtUv)andaMduHCaRbePT

eQI lMGrenApgEdr EtminB½t’manGMBIkardaMduHCacMkarenaHeT .
karduHlUtlas;enAeRkamkenSamsøwkebIk [2] . karduHlUtlas;eLIgvij tamry³RKab; rW kUn

EdlduHecjBIrWs . karbnþBUCedaysm,nimiµt RtUv)aneFIVeLIgtamry³kardaMedayRKab;pÞal; enAcenøaH
25-30 cm nig CaCYyBI 3-5 m . RbB½n§ taungya EtRtUv)aneRbI enAeBl EdlkarsMGatesµA
enAkMLúgqñaMTI 1-2 mansarsMxan;Nas;sMrab;karlUtlas;rbs;rukçCati . kUneQI EdlduHecjBIrWs

nigkUneQI Edl)anBIkñúgfñal GaceFIVkarbgáat;BUCpgEdr . edaysarvaExñg)anl¥
karbnþBUCrbs;vaRtUv)aneFIVeLIg edayFmµCati . kMritdMNuH Edlcab;epþImenAkñúgry³eBl 10-12 éf¶
nigcb;sBVRKb;kñúgry³eBl 4 s)þah_ . RKab;Rss;mankMritdMNuHl¥ (RbEhl 63%)
enAkMritsItuNðPaB 30 ºC . dMNuHrbs;va CaRbePT hypogeous [20].
kUneQI nigeQIb:unefñal GacRtUv)anCan; nigbMpøajedaysareKa . kNþúl nigkaMRbma

eFIVkarsIubMpøajnUvrWs EdlenAx©I nigeFIVeGaykUneQIgab; .
stVl¥iteFIVkarvayRbhareTAelIEpñkCaeRcInrbs;edImeQI . RbePTeFIVeGaysøwkRCuHmandUcCaRKYsar
Arctiidae, Eucosmidae, Lasiocampidae, Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Notodontidae, Pieridae,
nig Sphingidae EdlRtUv)ankt;Rta . stVl¥itRKYsar Coccidae sIubMpøajeTAelIrukçrs rW Bnøk .

dgáÚvrbs;RKY sar Lycaenidae eFIVkarsIubMpøajeTAelIpáa [20] . Xanthomonas buteae
eFIVeGaysøwkmansñamGuCexµA EdlqøgraldaleTAelIsøwkTaMgmUl nigeFIVeGaysøwkRCuH . Phomopsis
buteae nig Pseudodiplodia buteae eFIVkarbMpøajsøwkpgEdr [20].
6
F> karGPirkS :
minEmnCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; .

\NÐa RsIlgáa PUma GasIuGaeKñy_ EdlCaRbPBkMeNIt nigRtUv)annaMcUl \NÐÚensIu nigevotNam .
p> epSg² :
edImeQIRbePTenH minmanduHenAkñúgéRBeT EteRcInmanduHenAelItMbn;ricril nigrgnUvePøIgeqH . CaTUeTA

vaRtUv)andaMdHu sMrab;CaeQIlMGr edaysarPaBRss;s¥aténpáarbs;va [5] .
Shellac RtUv)anplitenAkñúgcMnYnd_eRcInEtenARbeTs\NÐa nigéf vaCaplitplsMxan;sMrab;karnaMecj
(1991) . Shellac KWCaC½r énRbePTstVl¥it Laccifer lacca Kerr. EdlRtUv)anciBa©wmenAelIRbePT
eQICaeRcIn . edImeQIRtUvEteFIVkaréRkEmk nigedIm,IeFIVeGayvaTTYl)annUvTinñplx<s; .
Indian Farming 1976: Special Issue on Lac. Indian Farming 27(8): 3-35
Ganeshaiah KN, Shaanker RU, 1991. Seed size optimization in a wind dispersed tree
Butea monosperma: a trade-off between seedling establishment and pod dispersal
efficiency. Oikos, 60(1):3-6; 32 ref.
Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation., xv + 562 pp.; [18 pp. of
ref + refs in text].
7
Kumar P, 1989. Vegetative propagation in palas (Butea monosperma) through air
layering. Indian Journal of Forestry, 12(3):188-190; 3 ref.
Lal S, Ram M, Singh BP, Shrivastava SC, 1976. Bhalia: a versatile lac host plant. Indian
Farming, 27(8):9-11; [3 pl.].
Pathak PS, Patil BD, 1985. Seed weight affecting early seedling growth of Butea
monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 3:23-24.
Sharma SK, 1993. Butea monosperma with abnormal leaves. Indian Forester,
119(11):948.
Vershney RK, 1967. Some observations on the stink bug (Cyclopelta siccifolia)- a pest of
Butea monosperma. Indian Forester, 93(11):765-767.
Viswanath S, Kaushik PK, Chand S, Pandey DK, 1994. The butea tree - for lac and rice
production in India. Agroforestry Today, 6(2):10.
afar R, Parminder Singh, Siddiqui AA, 1989. Antimicrobial and preliminary phytochemical
studies on leaves of Butea monosperma Linn. Indian Journal of Forestry, 12(4):328-329;
5 ref.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) Nguyen et al.: Vietnam Forest Trees, Hanoi 1997, 788 pp.

4) Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House;
Phnom Penh, 915 pp.
5) Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P. and Vilaiwan Anursarnsunthorn, 2000: A Field Guide

to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand. CMU Herbarium Biology Dept. University of Chiang
Mai, Thailand; 546 pp.
9) Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide Encyclopaedic

Guide. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 484 pp.
8
13) Baertels, A. 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Color Atlas
Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ., Stuttgart, illustrated,
384 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics.
Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552 pp.
Agroforestree

http.www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Speciesinfo.asp?
(Internet source)
9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp]

[Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ pigeon pea, Congo pea [2]
K> sTisn½y ³ Cajanus bicolor DC. [5],
Cajanus flavus DC., nom. illeg. [5],

Cajanus indicus Spreng., nom. illeg. [5],
Cytisus cajan L. [5],
Cajanus cajan forma bicolor (DC.) Baker. [10],
Cajanus cajan var. bicolor (DC.)
Purseglove [10],
Cajanus cajan var. flavus (DC.)
Purseglove [10],
Cajanus indicus Sprengel [10],
Cajanus indicus var. bicolor (DC.) Kuntze [10],
Cajanus indicus var. flavus (DC.) Kuntze [10],
Cajanus indicus var. maculatus Kuntze [10],
Cajanus luteus Bello [10]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ ambrévade, pois d'Angole (France) [5] - kacang Bali, kacang
gude, kacang kayu (Indonesia) [5] - adhaki, arhar, kandulu,

thovaray, thuvara, togare, tur, tuvari, tuvarika, tuver (India)

[5] - thwàx h'ê (Laos) [5] - kacang, kacang dal, kacang hiris
(Malaysia) [5] - kardis, kidis, tabios (Philippines) [5] - ma hae,
thua maetaai, thua rae (Thailand) [5] - cay dau chieu, dau
sang (Vietnam) [5]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ sENþkkøigÁ/ sENþkRKab;-s

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ sânndaèk khloëng, sânndaèk krôab sa: [1]
1
lMdab; : Leguiminosales / Fabales
RKYsar : Leguminosae / Papilionceae
ePT : Cajanus
RbePT : Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: sENþkRKab;s CaedImeQItUc Gacrs;eLIgvijral;qñaM mankMBs; 3-4 m [2] ( 4 m [10],

0.5-4 m [9]) nigTab kenSamEmkebIk ragRTEvg . edImanGgát;p©it 15 cm [9] . vamanGayuxIø KW 1-5
qñaM [5] .
[rWs]: rWsEkvduHcak;eRCA nigmaMu edaymanCMerA 2 m [9] . sßanénrWsman CabYnmuM .
enAkñgú eRsamrbs;rWs Edlx©I mycorrhizae GacRtUv)anGegátenAkñúgekasika . RbB½n§rWs duHlUtlas;l¥

. vamanduHlUtlas;Ca RsTab; ² . rWsduHlUtlas; enAkMLgú dMNak;kalbnþBCU nig
manry³eBlesµBI rI dgénkarecjpáa . man kMritrWsRbEhl 1,500 m rbs;RbB½nr§ Ws
kñúgépÞdImyY Em:Rtkaer: [10] .
[kMBkrWs]: sENþkEPñkRBab mankMBkrWseday Rhizobia énRkumsENþkeKa (cowpea group) .
kMBkrWs enAelIrukçCati duHlUtlas; enAelIdI vertisols EtgmanTMhMtUc .

vamanduHeRcInenAxagelIRbB½nr§ WsRbEvg 30 cm b:Eu nþeBlxøHmanduHenAeRkam 120 cm .
kMBkrWsrbs;rukçCati enAelIdI alfisols EtgmanTMhMFM nig duHlUtlas;l¥CagenAelIdI vertisols
rukCç atiduHelIdI alfisols mankMritGasUtx<s; [10] .
2
[søwk]: søwkBIr zitenAelIEmk EdlmanlkçN³samBaØ nigQmKña . kartMerobrbs;swkø mansnøkw cMnYn 3
EdlmanragCaes<ó BN’èbtgenAelI nigèbtgR)ak;enAxageRkam . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 1-2 cm [9]
TgTIBIr EvgCag Bak;kNþal. xñaysøkw manlkçN³RsYc RbEvg 2.5-5 mm [9] nigFn; .
søwkmanrages<ó rWeGlIb RKbedayeram enAépÞsgçag EdlmanTMhM 7.5-8 x 2.8-3.5 cm [9] (10 x 3
cm [10]) edaymanTgsøwkRsYc . srés Veins RsbKña CabNþaj nigemIleXIjc,as;enAxageRkam
. man stomata eRcInCagépÞrbs;swkø eTAeTot . søwkmanpÞkú eRbg Edlmankøin .

eRbgGacemIleXIjc,as;tamry³mIRkUTsSn_ .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M áa manRbEvg 4-12 cm [10] nigduHlUtlas;elIG½kS BITgeTalmYy nigx½NÐEckTgpáaCa 1-2
[9] rW bnþduHCafñaM BI 1-3 [9] kMrmanEmk manlkçN³xøC I agsøwk nigpáacMnYn 2-6 [9] . pàamanBN’Rkhm
nigelOg edayRbEvgsrub 2 cm [10] nigTgsøkw manRbEvgRbEhl 0.9 cm [9] . RsTab;páaduHCabMBg;
manRbEvg 3-5 mm [9] edaymaneramCaeRcIn nigftRbEvg 4 mm [9] . Rtbkpáa Kµaneram
nigRbEvgRbEhl 14 mm [9] edaymandegáóbRbEvgRbEhl 4 mm [9] . páarIkenAema:g rvagema:g
11 am nig 3 pm . BYkvaRtUv )anTsSna edayBBYkXMúµ nigRbePTstVl¥t i epSgeTot [10] .
[Epø]: EpømanBN’èbtg mansñamBN’sC Iu m<Ú manragdUcs‘tu nigkMBlU RsYl rW minRsYc manTMhM 4 x 1 x
0.3-0.4 cm [9] (RbEvg 3-10 cm [10]) . EpømaneRbgbrimaNeRcIn Cagsøk w . Epønmi Yy²
manRKab;ragmUl cMnnY BI 1-5 [9] (2-3 rW 8-9 RKab;GaRs½yeTAelIedIm [10]) edaymanBN’xsu ²Kña
manTMhMRbEhl 6 x 4 x 1.5 mm [9] . RKab;manlkçN³relag manBN’s RbepH etñat Rkhm
nigsVay . RKab;TaMgmUlman RbUetGIun 18-29% nigCatiemSA 48- 59% [10] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[ lkçN³eQI]: manfamBlCamFüm 1,450 kJ/100 g [6].

RbEhl : sENþkRKab;s manRbPBkMenItenAxageCIgPaKxaglic GaeRhVc [10] rW GasIuxagt,Úg [2, 9]

b:Eu nþ \LÚvRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;RtUBki enAkMritExSRsb 30°N nig 30°S [10] (28°N eTA 15°S [5]) .
RbePTenH migmanduH enAkñgú éRBeT dUcenHCMrkFmµCatirbs;vamanlkçN³minCak;lak; .
3
vacUlcitþduHenAtMbn;valesµA enAtMbn; savannas tMbn;manBBYkrukçCatitUc²duH nigtMb;ricril
EdlminEmnCaéRB .
RbePTenH CaFmµtaduHlUtlas;enAkMritry³kMBs; BInvI sU: muRTdl; 2,000 m a.s.l. [6, 9, 10] (200-2,000
m [5]) b:Eu nþenAevens‘yu eGLa kUneQIxHø GacduHenAry³kMBs; 3,000 m [13] . kMritePøógFaøk;RbcaMqñaM
sMrab; karlUtlas; 400 enAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt eTAdl; 4,000 mm enAtMbn;mansMenIm [10]
edaymankMrimFüm 600-1,500 mm [10] (400-2,500 mm [9], 600-2,000 mm [5], 600-1,000 mm
[6]) . vaGacFn;ng w rdUvR)aMg Edlmanry³eBl 6 Ex [5] . kMritsItuNðPaB manBI 10-45°C [9] (15-
40°C [2], 13-32ºC [5]) edayman kMrtimFümBI 18-38°C [6, 9, 10] (20-29ºC [5]) .
sItuNðPaBTabbMputdac;xat KYrEt x<s;Ca 10ºC [5] nig RbePTeQIenH gaybMpaø jedaysarsenSIm .

sENþkRKab;s RtUv)andaMduHenAelIRbePTdICaeRcIn EdlmanlkçN³rUbsaRsþ nigKImxI us²Kña . vaGacduH

lUtlas; enAelIdImni dk;Twk eRCAlµm dIl,ayxSac; . RbePTdI dUcCal,b; vertisols nig alfisols eday
mankMrit pH BI 5 eTA 7 rW x<sC; agenH [6, 9] ( pH EdlGacdaMduH)aneCaKC½yKW 4.5-8.4 [10] edayman
kMritmFüm 5.0 nig 7.0 [10]) . vagayrgeRKaHedaydImanCatiéRb . edImeQIFn;nwgkMritGKÁIsnI
(CatiGMbl i ) BI 0.6 eTA 1.2 S/m [6] . vagayrgeRKaH enAtMbn;licTwk eRcInCag 3-4 Ex [2, 9] .
dImni sUv manCICati dIxSac; nigsMeNImTab k_vaGacFn;)anpgEdr .
4
[eQI]: sENþkRKab;s manGayu 1-5 qñaM [5] dUcenHvapþl;nvU eQI Edlmanmunkat;tUcNas; .

eQIRtUv)an eRbICa GusenAkñgú tMbn;CaeRcIn . tMélkMedAKW 1,450 kJ/100 g [6] RbEhlBIr
dgx<sC; aFüÚg nig vaedIrtY naTICa eQIRbéBNI edaysarkarduHlUtlas;elOn
pþl;nvU pldUcKñaenAelIépÞdIEtmYy nigplitkmµRKab; . vapþl;nUvkMritplitPaBx<s;
eRcInCaykeTAeFIVeQIfamBl [9] . kareRbIR)as;epSgeTot dUcCa sMNg;Fn; Rsal rYmman dMblU
nigkERBa©g (enA\NÐa) . cMeBaHkarBiesaFn_ sENþkRKab;s RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kareFIV Rkdas dUcRbePT
eQIxwømepSgeTotEdr nigGaceFIRV kdas EdlmanKuNPaBl¥sMrab;karsresr nigkare)aH Bum<eTotpg
[9] .
[Gnupl]: Gahar : RKab;rbs;vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; bEnøpgEdr . Epø EdlenAx©IRtUv)anRbmUl muneBlTMu
nig eRbIsMrab;dak;enAkñúgsmørkarI edIm,IeGaymanrsCatiqJaj; . RKab; Edls¶Üt RtUv)aneRbICa tempe

(CaGaharRbéBNIrbs;\NÐeÚ nsIu edayeFIVkarp¥ab;nUv Rhizopus nigcMGinCamYyRKab; legume) nig
'ketchup' (pigeonpea sauce eRbICn M sY TwksENþkenAkñgú RbeTs\NÐeÚ nsIu EdlRtUv)anp¥ab;CamYy

sENþk RKab;sCamYy Apergillus oryzae) . emSAsENþkRKab;s (layCamYy RsUvsMLI
begánI nUvRbUetGInu enAkñgú kareFInV M) eRbIeFICV amI EdlmanKuNPaBx<s; sENþk mung . RKab;Rss;man
vitamins CaBiess provitamin A nig vitamin B complex . kñúg 100 g
EpñkEdlbriePaK)anénRKab;sÜ¶tman 7-10.3 g Twk, 14-30 g RbUetGInu , 1-9 g xøaj; , 36-65.8 g

carbohydrates, 5-9.4 g srésr nig 3.8 g eRbH [9] .
eRbg : eRbgGacRtUv)anRbmUltamry³karcMhuysøwk nigsrIragÁepSgeTot . vamanpÞúk nUvsmasFatu

terpenoid alpha - copaene . mungarrbs; glandular minTan;RtUv)andwgenAeLIyeT .
vaGacRtUv)aneRbI CafñakM arBastVl¥it . dUcCasrés glandular manenAelIRKb;Epñkrbs;rukCç ati

elIElgEt Epñkrbs;paá dUcCa RsTab; nigeks [9] .
cMNIstV : sENþkRKab;smYymuxKWmni RKb;RKan;eT nigGacmanfamBlexSay . søkw rbs; alfalfa
k_GacCYy pþl;nvU cMNI Edll¥ CaBiessenAtMbn; EdlminsmRsbsMrab; alfalfa duHlUtlas; .
EpøRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Ca cMNIdl;eKa b:Eu nþvamanRbUetGIunTab (15-24%énRbUetGIun [2])
5
nigmanCatisrésrx<s; . BYkvaRtUv)aneRbICa cMebIgu s¶Üt sMrab;eKa
nigRKab;RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;;karciBa©wmman;Ta eTotpg . enA Hawaii kMeTcsENþkRKab;s nigeBatlayKña
Gacpþl;Gahardl;l¥sMrab;karciBa©wmman;Ta [9] .
fñaM : vaRtUv)aneRbICa»sfbUraN . enA Java søkw x©IRtUv)anlabeTAelIkEnøgQWcab; [9] .
[epSg²]: vaRtUv)andaMduHCajwkjab; enACitpÞH eFIC V arbg nigdaMCaCYrenAtamPøEW Rs CaedIm .
vaRtUv)andaMCa eQIpþl;mbø ; KMrbdI rW r)aMgkarBarxül; . RbB½nr§ Ws eRbHEbkenAeBlP¢rÜ dUcenH
vaGacCYybegánI KuNPaBdI eFIeV GaygayeRCobTwk kat;bnßysMNl; nigesµA . søwkRCuH
Gacpþl;nUvsarFatusrIragÁCYydl;dI nigbEnßm GasUtdl;dI . vamanlkçN³Biesskñgú karnaMykpUsVr
BIRbePTdIexµAeTotpg . edayeRbIviFIsaRsþtulüPaB GasUt vabgðaj enAPaKxageCIg\NÐa
EdlCaRbePT Edlmanry³eBlEvgkñgú karpþl;GasUt KW 200 kg N/ha kñgú ry³eBl 40 s)þah_ [9] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]

[lkçN³TUeTA]: RbePTenH migmanduH enAkñgú éRBeT dUcenHCMrkFmµCatirbs;vamanlkçN³minCak;lak; .

vacUlcitþduHenAtMbn;valesµA enAtMbn; savannas tMbn;manBBYkrukçCatitUc²duH nigtMb;ricril
EdlminEmnCa éRB . vabgðajnUvkarduHExñgeLIgvij ya:gl¥ nigGacpþl;GasUtdl;deI Totpg .
[kardaMduH]: kardaMduHPaKeRcIn RtUv)aneFIeV LIgtamry³kardaMRKab;edaypÞal; b:Eu nþkG _ actamry³duH
eLIgvij edayFmµCati kardaMedayKl; nigduHedayxøÜnÉg . sMrab;RbB½n§ ÉkRbePT (monocropping
systems) RKab;GacRtUv)ansabenAkñg ú kMrit dg;seIu tx<s; (50,000+ RKab;/ha [2]) enAelItMbn; Edll¥ .
kEnøgcenøaH RtUv)anbMeBj edaykUneQI EdldaMkgñú fg; .
6
[karRKb;RKg]: sENþkRKab;s EtgduHlUtlas;CaRbcaMqñaM b:Eu nþkC_ aRbePTrukCç ati legume duHCaerogral;
qñaMpgEdr . sMrab;kardaMCaCYr BYkvaRtUv)ankat;enAkMBs; 0.5-1 m enAeBledImeQIeBjv½y .
CYrRtUv)ankat; 2-3 dg kñgú mYyqñaM enAkEnøg EdlmanrdUvR)aMgya:gehacNas; 4-6 Ex .
enAeBlEpøcas; EmksENþk RKab;s RtUv)ankat;eGaymankMBs; 0.5 m . kMritéRkEmkx<s;
GaceFIVeGayrukçCatigab; . esNUTIbrbs; edImx<s; mankarBi)akkñgú kardaMduH .
karkMcat;esµARtUv)aneFIeV LIg edIm,IeGayrukçCatiduHlUtlas;elOn . xül;GaceFIVeGayedIm ekag
b:Eu nþkardak;begáalsMrab;Tb;mni RtUv)aneFIeV LIy . enAkñgú kardMadMNaM Edlman ry³eBlxøI
RtUvTamTareGaymankareRsacRsB . kardak;CkI G_ acRtUv)aneFIpV gEdr KWkgñú kMrit 20-100 kg/ha.
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
[karRbmUlpl nigkarEkécñ]: edImRtUv)anhaleGays¶tÜ nigeFIkV are)ak edayéd
edIm,IykRKab;mksMGat . CRguksMrab;dak;RKab; GackarBarRKab;BsI tVl¥ti . karrkSaEpø
Edle)akrYcGackat;bnßykarbMpaø jBIBBYk bruchid . karEkécñrYmman kareFIV dhal TaMgs¶Üt rW esIm
edaykarkinRKab; . enAxaglic \NÐa kardak; kMbg:u nigeFIeV GaykknUvRKab;Rss; KWCaCMnYj
EdlTTYl)anrab;landUløa sMrab;karnaMecj CaBiessenA shrdæGaemrik [6] .
[TinñpleQI]: dMNaMduHral;qñaM pleQI 2-10 etñat/ha/qñaM [2] éneQIRtUv)anRbmUl [10].
[TinñplRKab;]: sENþkEPñkRBab pþl;plkMritTab . karduHlUtlas;rbs;va

KWTTYlrg\T§Bi lBIsItuNðPaB . enAkñgú RbB½nd§ MNaMCaRbéBNI Tinñplrbs;vamandl;eTA 4
etankñúgmYyhicta TTYl)anBIedImEdleBjv½y EdlduHenAtMbn; KµansenSImenAenAPaKkNþal
nigeCIgPaKxaglic\NÐa . ktáasMxan;kúgñ karkMNt;Tinñpl KWcMnYnrbs;Epø CagcMnnY EpøenAkñgú épÞdImyY .
RKab;manTMgn;CamFümdUcKña . [10]
[ksirukçkmµ]: enAGasIuGaeKñy_ sENþkRKab;s RtUv)andaMduHsMrab; vanilla . edayPaKrwgmaMurbs;va
niglT§ PaBkñúgkarduHlUtlas;elIdImansMenImtictYc nigduHlUtlas;ytW enAdMNak;kaldMbgU

RbePTenHmin eFIkV ar RbKYtRbECgCamYydMNaMykRKab;FBaØaCatieT . enAkñgú RbB½n§ dMNaMRbéBNI
vaRtUv)andMalayCamYy BBYk dMNaMykRKab; epSg²eTot edaysarvapþl;CCI atidl;dN M aMTaMgenaH .
enAeknya: vamansar³sMxan;Nas; sMrab;Ca Gahar nigkareFIBV aNiCk¢ mµRKab;sÜ¶t nigbEnø . enA
esnsIuebo ksikr daMduHvaenAeRkaypÞH nig CMvu ijsYndMNaM . enAG‘uyehànda vaRtUv)andaMlayCamYy
millet . XµMk ú _RbmUlTwkdm BIrukCç atienHpgEdr . TwkXµúmM anlkçN³xusKña edaymanBN’èbtg .
7
sENþkRKab;s k_GaceRbICasMbuk rbs;BBYkdgávÚ yksURt (enAma:daháasáa) rW BBYkécstVl¥it
(enAPaKxageCIgebnháal; nigéf) [9] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10]
[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;]: EpøRtUv)anRbmUl enAeBlRKab;TMu nigcab;epþmI )at;nUvBN’èbtgrelag .

man RKab;cMnYn 5,000-14,000 RKab;/kg [9] (4-24 g/100 RKab; [10]) . karrkSaTukRKab;manlkçN³Ca
orthodox edayminmanbBaðacMeBaHkarrkSaTukry³eBlyUr eRkamlkçxN ½ ÐsmRsb .
BYkvaGacrkSaTuk)andl;ry³ eBl 4 Ex [2] enAkñúgGakasFatuRtUBki esIm mankarraMgs¶tÜ yUr.
minTamTarnUvkareFIRV bRBwtþkmµCamun eT . kUneQIminbgðajnUvPaBsMgMrbs;dMNuH nigdMNuHCaRbePT
hypogeal manlkçN³l¥ EtelIkElgenAtMbn; RtCak; . kUneQIduHlUtlas;elOn enAkMritsItuNðPaB
rvag 29 nig 36°C [10] . karelceLIgrbs;kUneQI GacbBa©b;enAkñúgry³eBl 2-3 s)aþh_ [9]

bnÞab;BIkarsab .
[karbnþBUC]: kardaMduHedayRKab;paÞ l;CaviFs
I aRsþ Edll¥bMput eTaHbI karduHlUtlas;GacekIteLIgeday
FmµCati nig kardaMedaykUn k_eday . karkat;edImkMrTTYl)aneCaKC½yNas; .

stVl¥ti ]: edaysarkarecjpáamanry³eBlEvg mankarbMpøajedayBBYkstVl¥ti dUcCa ruyEpø

[
agromyza nigBBYkecaHrun§ heliothis EdleFIeV GayrukçCatiduHecjnUvpáafµC I MnYs . karRKb;RKgeday

sarFatuKmI I mankar Bi)ak nigmantMéléfø cMeBaHedImeQI [9] . kMBkrWs GacRtUv)anbMpøaj edaydgávÚ
Rivellia angulata . eRbgRKab;manlkçN³s¥it EdleFIB V BYk)a:ra:sti Bi)akkñgú karecaHcUlkñgú Epø
nigRKb;RKgEpø . stVl¥ti epSg eTot : Exelastis atomosa, Helicoverpa armigera nig
Melanagromyza obtusa .
8
[ CMgW]: sENþkRKab;s manPñak;bgáCMgWeRcInCag RbePT EdlrYmmanpSit )ak;etrI vIrus dgávÚ (cyst
100
nematode, reniform nematode, root-knot nematode) nigsarBagÁkaydUc mycoplasm .
CMgWesdækic© Edlmansar³sMxan;KW fusarium wilt (Fusarium udum) EdlekItmanenA bg;køaeds

háaNa ehánNada \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu eknya: ma:LavI ma:LarITUs en)a:l; nigtg;sSanI .
karRKb;RKgGacRtUv)aneFIV edaykardaM duHCargVli CMuCamYyfñaMCk; nigbgáat;BCU EdlFn;CgM W . Sterility
mosaic KWCaCMgW EdlsMxan;bMputenARbeTs \NÐa nigen)a:l; . RbePTepSgeTot dUcCa phytophthora
blight nig cercospora leafspot [9] . pSitepSgeTotmandUcCa Gibberella indica nig Heterodera
cajani .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
F> karGPirkS :

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]:\NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu PUma )a:Ks
I aß n .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
xageCIgPaKxaglicGaeRhVc
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
karnaMclU ]:
[
GahàanIsaß n Gg;ehàaLa GasSg;TIn GURsþalI )ahama:s; bg;køaeds Eb‘Lay EbnnIn b‘tU an eRbsIul
b½rKINa hVasU b‘rU ugDI kaemrU km<Cú a kULbMú ‘Í kUsþarIka Kuy)a dUmnI kI a eGkVaD½r GIru IeRTo eGsüÚBI hVCI I háaNa
9
RhIN
Á ada Cb:nu eknya: ma:daháasáa ma:LavI ma:eLsIu ma:rITus en)a:l; jÚsEIu Ln hVlI IBnI RsIlgáa
sVasIeu Ln tg;sSanI èf G‘yu ehànda shrdæGaemrik sSamebo esnsI)u a esnsIu)a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
p> epSg² :
[karviPaKeTAelIkarlUtlas;]: kMritlUtlas; Cab;Tak;TgnwgsnÞsSn_rbs;épÞskøw ( Leaf Area Index

(LAI)) nigkMritdg;sueI téncMnYnx<sb; Mput . mSa:gvijeTot sarFatusÜ¶t
nigcMnnY søkw kñúgrukçCatimyY edImfycuHenAeBl dg;seIu trbs;vaFøak;cHu . enAkñgú RbB½nd§ MNaMCacenøaH
sENþkRKab;sCaRbePTpþl;møb; duHBBYkduHlUtlas; elOn dUcCa sorghum EdlkMritlUtlas; nig LAI
mankMritTab ebIeRbobeFobnwg sENþkRKab;s . eTaHya:gNabnÞab;BIkarRbmUlpl dMNaMenAcenøaH
kMritBnøWnwgekIneLIg . enAkñgú RbB½nd§ MNaM cenøaHrWsrbs; rukCç atiKWduHenAlayLMKña [10] .
[resµs
I eM yaK]: kMritrsµIsMeyaK nigkarrMhYtrbs;sENþkRKab;s mankMritTab .
kMritCMrabrbs;resµsI eM yaK ekItmaneLIgenAkMrit 1/3 énBnøWéf¶eBj enAkñgú søwkx©I nigticCag 1/4
énBnøWeBj enAkñgú søwkcas; . kMritrsµI sMeyaKEdlx<s;bpM tu ekItmaneLIgenAeBlkMritBnøTW ab RbEhl
800 microE/m²/vinaTI enAkñgú søwkx©I nig 400 microE/m²/vinaTI enAkñgú søwkcas; .
søwksENþkEPñkRBabmankMritRbsiT§PaBpþl;kabUnman 0.27 mg CO2/m²/(microE/m²)
enAeBlkMritBnømW ankMritTab . karkat;bnßy CO2 manelOnyWt enAkMritBnøTW ab nigkMritrMhYt

RtUv)ankat;bnßy . enAeBlggwt søwkrbs;va)at;bg; 0.25 micro grams H2O/cm²/sec/KPaVPD
EdlesµInwg 5 g énTwkkñúg 100 cm² énsøkw sMrab;sMeNImeBlyb; 80% . rsµsI eM yaKmankarfycuH BI
-10 nig -11 bars (1.0 amd 1.1 Mpa) énTwkenAkñg ú søwk nig -20 bars Citdl;krM itsUnü . enA -50
bars kMBUlgab; eFIVeGayEmkmankarkMritcMnn Y søkw [10] .
[karRsUbyksarFatuciBa©wm]: karRsUbykGasUt pUsrV nigb:t U asüÚmekItmanenAeBldMNak;kalbnþBCU
. enAkMLúgrdUvlUtlas; PaKryrbs;sarFatuTaMgenH manlkçN³xus²Kña . PaKryGasUt
enAkñgú søwkfycuH BI 5% eTA 1.5% enA nigpUsVr 0.3% GacticCa 0.1% [10] .
10
karecjEpø]: manpáa 90% RtUv)anRCuH edayminecjCaEpø . páa EdlmanskþanuBlkñúgkarbgákMeNIt
[
KWmni ecjEpøeT rhUtdl;vaRtUvebHecj . edaykareBjv½yrbs;va sarFatuciBa©wmRtUv)anrkSa

sMrab;karlUtlas; [10].
Ali SI, 1973. Flora of Pakistan. Caesalpiniaceae. Karachi, Pakistan: University of Karachi.
[9]
Borkar SL, Patil PP, Ingle SN, 1996. Infestation of pod borers in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan
L.) as influenced by different pesticides and spraying schedules. Journal of Soils and
Crops, 6(2):146-150.
[9]
Katayama K, Ito O, Matsunaga R, Adu-Gyamfi JJ, Rao TP, Anders MM, Lee KK, 1995.
Nitrogen balance and root behavior in four pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan]-based
intercropping systems [in India]. Fertilizer Research, 42(1/3):315-319; 14 ref.
[9]
Prasad K, 1995. Weed control in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) maize (Zea mays) intercropping
system under rainfed condition. Journal of Research, Birsa Agricultural University,
7(1):57-59; 4 ref.
[9]
Purseglove J.W. (1984) Tropical Crops - Dicotyledons

http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=527687
[9]
Rai RK, Singh KP, 1995. Efficacy of certain oilcake amendments on Heterodera cajani,
Fusarium udum and associated wilt of pigeonpea. International Journal of Tropical
Plant Diseases, 13(2):213-219.
[9]
Rao DLN, Gill HS, 1995. Biomass production and nutrient recycling through litter from
pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.). Bioresource Technology, 54(2):123-128; 8 ref.
11
[9]
Reed W, Lateef SS, 1990. Pigeonpea: pest management. The pigeonpea., 349-374; 27 ref.
[9]
Swaminathan C, 1996. Effect of bark leachates of multipurpose trees on germination and

seedling growth of maize, pigeonpea and sesame. Allelopathy Journal, 3(1):77-80; 8
ref.
[9]
Vandenbeldt RJ. 1988. Cajanus cajan: it’s more than just a pulse crop. NFT Highlights.
Waimanalo, USA.
[9]
van der Maesen, L.J.G., 1985. Cajanus DC. and Atylosia W. & A. (Leguminosae). A revision
of all taxa closely related to the pigeonpea, with notes on other related genera within
the subtribe Cajaninae. Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85-4. 225 pp.
[9]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock Interational. 320pp.
(CD-ROM).
[7] CTSP (Cambodia Tree Seed Project), 2003: Institutional Capacity Building of the Tree
Seed Sector , Dec. 2003, Forest Gene Conservation Strategy-Part A: Conservation
of Forest Genetic Resources.
12
[8] Various Authors, 1973: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-nam (Fascicule 18th),
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

(Internet source)

13
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.]

[Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. [2]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ False kelat, freshwater mangrove, corkwood
K> sTisn½y ³ Carallia integerrima DC.,
Carallia lucida Roxb.,
Carallia scortechinii King [26].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ meransi, sabar buku (Brunei); kitamiyang (Indonesia-
Sundanese); ringgit darreh (Indonesia-Sumatra-Kubu);

sepat, meransi (Indonesia Java); meransi, (Malaysia-
Peninsular); rabong, radipah (Malaysia-Sarawak); bakawan-
gubat (Philippines-general); anosep (Philippines-tagalog);
katolit (Philippines-Iloko); maniawga-yat (Burma); tra meng
(Cambodia); bong nang, halay, koueum (Laos); chiang phra
nang aer (Thailand-general);
ma m[ax], s[aw]ng, m[ar], sen d[ow], xâng mâ nguyên

(Vietnam) [2,17].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RTEmg
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ tromê:ng [4]
1
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Rhizophoraceae
ePT : Carallia Roxb. [17].
RbePT : Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. [17]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: eTaHbIRTEmg zitenAkñgú RKYsar Rizophoraceae nigGacmanduHrWsxül; b:uEnþvaman

lkçN³ mindUcekagkageT . r)a:yrbs;vaman enAtaméRBtMbn;eqñr PaKxageCIgGURsþalI nigvaRtUv)an
ehAeQµaHfa sweetwater mangrove EdlbgðajfavaCaRbePT EdlFn;nwgTwk . edaysarBMuman
B½t’manRKb;RKan; GMBI RbePTenH eTIbeFIVeGayRbePTenHkøayCaRbePTkMr .
CaedImeQImankMBs; 20-25 m CYnkalGacmankMBs;dl;eTA 30 m Ggát;p©it 50-60 cm in . edImRtg;
ragsIuLaMg EmktUcragsMEb:t QmKña BN’ébtg nigERbCaRkhmetñatenAeBleRkay [2] . edImeQI
mankMBs;BI 8-30 m CaBiessmanrWsxül;BIr eTAbI mancMgay 1.0-1.5 m BIKl; [4] .

edImeQIébtg Canic© mankMBs; 20 m GacmanTMhMtcU CagenH [5] . edImeQItUc rW FM mankMBs; 36 (-
50) m ragmUl Edl manGgát;p©itdl;eTA 50 cm CYnkalmanRBwgtUc² (enAkMBs; 1 m)
CYnkalmanrWsxül; enAKl;eTopg [17] .

[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’etñatébtg esþIg nigKµaneram sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’Rkhmetñat [2] .
manBN’ Bgman;Rsal eTARkhmetñat ragrelag nigmaneramCaeRcIn [5] . épÞsMbkrelag
2
mansñameRbHtambeNþay eRCA manrun§ mansñamrgVg;² BN’RbepH eTA Rkhmetñat rW etñatcas;
sMbkxag kñúgragqñÚt² BN’elOgetñat eTA sIuCm<Úetñat [17] .
[søwk]: samBaØ QmKña manxñaysøwk . bnÞHsøwkmanRbEvg 4-10 cm nigTTwg 2.5-4.5 cm manrUbrag
xus²Kña ragmUl ragRTEvg rageGlIb cugRsYc nigKl;ragdUcesñók EKmsøwkminmaneFµj BN’ébtgcas;

relagenAEpñkxagelI BN’ébtg nigsñamGuC² RkhmetñatenAxageRkam . TgsøwkFM RbEvg 0.5 cm
xñaysøwk manswøktUc²BI enAcugEmk søwkmansñamragmUlBN’etñatenAeBlRCuH [2] .
søwkTMhM 4-17 x 2.5-8.0 cm samBaØ zitenAQm ragmUlFM rW RTEvg mancugTal rW RsYc
nigGacRsYcbnþic enARtg;Kl;søwk KµaneFµj rW maneFµjtic EdlmanlkçN³esµI .
søwkcas;manlkçN³dUcEs,k relag BN’ébtgcas; enAEpñkxagelI nigelOgébtg edaymansñamtUc
GuC² enAxageRkam . ya:gehacNas; vamansrésEv:ncMnYn 15 KU zitenACitEKmsøwk
nigsrésEv:nkNþalelceLIg . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 0.4-1.0 cm manTMhMFM . BnøktUcragmUl
manRsTab;esþIgmanC½r nigrMuedayxñaysøwkmYyKU (1-2 cm) qab;RCuH nigsøwkmansñamragrgVg;xus²Kña .
EmktUc² manBN’etñatcas; nigmanfñaMg [5] . søwkzitenACaKUpÞúyKña samBaØ rageGlIb rW RTEvg
manEKmsøwkminmaneFµj edaymansñamBN’exµAenAEpñkeRkamsøwk manTgsøwk nigragsþÜc [17] .
[páa]: CapáaBIrePT manTMhMtUC zitenACakBa©úM EdlmanBN’s zitenAelIG½kS EdlmanpáaBI 3-5 . Rtbk

manragdUckNþwg manftBI 4-8 mineTogTat; . RsTab;páaman 4-8 manTg zitenAfaspáa .
eksmanrag tUc nige)aøklMGgmanragRTEvg . GUvarI zitenAxageRkam manragmUl
Tgrbs;vamanTMrg;qµatUc [2] .
páamanRbEvg ±0.6 cm manBN’s rW ébtgelOgRsal CapáaBIrePT mankBa©úMragdUck,al
enAelIG½kSsøkw . páanimYy² minmanTgeT EtmanTgFMrbs;kBa©úM EtmYyKt; EdlmanRbEvg 1.0-2.5 (-

6) cm . Rtbk manragdUckNþwg edaymaneFµjBI 5-8 nigRtbkBI 5-8 zitenACaesrI edaymanTgxøI
maneksragsþÜc EdlmancMnYnBI 10-16 Rtbk nigeks P¢ab;nwgkMBUl rbs;RsTab; manTgragRsLÚn

edayman stigma EdlmancMnYnBI 3-4 EdlmanlkçN³relag [5] . páaCacegáam rW zitenAdac;
CapáaBIrePt man rW minTg manRtbk (4-)5-8 RsTab; 5-8 zitenACaesrI
manekseQµalcMnYndl;eTABIrdgéncMnYnRtbk EdlzitenA CaesrI manRbEvgminesµIKña
3
eksjIzitenAxageRkam manftcMnYn 5-8 edaymanGUvulBI 10-12 enAkñúgft nimYy² (kMrmanftmYy
edaymanGUvul 10-12 ) stigma manragdUcfas rW cegáam [17] .
[Epø): EpøragmUl manGgát;p©it 0.5 cm manRtbkenACab;nwgcugEpø manBN’TwkRkUcenAeBlcas; [2] .
Epø manRbEvg 0.5-1.0 (1.8) cm manBN’Rkhm eTATwkRkUcRsal nigGacmanBN’RkhmsIuCMm<Úcas;

ragmUl nigmanRtbkenACab; EdlmaneFµjenAkMBUl nabsac; Cacg¥Úr²
edaymanRKab;manragdUcRkelon 1-2 RKab; manTMhMFM rMuedayRsTab;esþIg EdlmanBN’Tkw RkUc [5]
. EpømanftmYy tUc mansac; nwgmanpáa enACab;enaHpgEdr manRKab; 1(-5) BN’Rkhm rW
sIuCm<ÚenAeBlTMu . RKab;rageGlIb rW mUl . kUneQI mandMNuHCaRbePT epigeal mankUTIeldUnCasøkw
BN’ébtg hypocotyl manragRTEvg swøkQm Kña RbePTxøHman lkçN³Rkas; nigRsYc [17] .
ecjpáaenA Exmina - emsa enARbeTséf nigecjEpøenAEx kBaØa-vickäi a enAPaKxageCIgGURsþalI [17] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIxøwm rbs;edImRTEmg manlkçN³F¶n;mFüm eTAxøaMg edaymankMritTMnajdI 640-1050 kg/m³

enAkMritsMeNIm 15% . eQIxøwmmanBN’elOgRkhm manlkçN³minsUvxusKña nigeQIRsaymanBN’
elOgRsal . sréseQI Rtg; manragTwkrlk rW cak;eRsHKña manlkçN³eRKIm nigminesµIrKña
edaysarEtmanCalika rays FM eQImanBN’TwkR)ak; enAelIépÞmuxkat; . rgVg;lUtlas;
minGacEjkdak; BIKña rW minman srés vessels manTMhMFM rW mFüm zitenAdac;²BIKña b:uEnþ
maneRcInenAelImuxkat; radial rW tangential EdlmanBI 2-3 nigRtUv)anx½NÐeday tyloses manBN’s
man parenchyma BImFümeTAeRcIn ehIy paratracheal manTMrg; aliform EdlduHeLIgmkRBmKña Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
nig apotracheal manTMhMFM ragTwkrlk EdlduHelIEmk b:uEnþminduHeLIg rays manTMhMxusKña 2 RbePT
TMhMmFüm eTA FM RbePT EdlFMduHeLIg b:uEnþminmansñamragTwkrlkeT [17] .
PaBrYjrbs;eQI edaykarsMgYtedayxül;mankMritTab nigeQIGacs¶Ütl¥ b:uEnþGaceRbHenAmuxkat;
nigépÞrbs;va EdlKYrRtUv)ankarBar edayeRbIkarsMgYt EdlmankMrti elOn . vaRtUvkary³eBlBI 2 - 5
Ex edIm,IsMgYteQI EdlmankMras; 13 mm eTA 38 mm edayhalxül; . eQImanlkçN³maMu
niggayGar ehIygayduHxat; . eQIKYrEtRtUv)aneRbIfñaMKImI eRkayeBlGarrYcPøam .
edIm,ITTYl)annUvsréseQI manBN’R)ak; EdlmanPaBRss;s¥at kþaKYrRtUv)anGarCa quarter-sawn
4
EdlkMNt;nUvTTwg RbEhl 20 cm . eQImanlkçN³Fn; b:uEnþenAeBleRbIb:HpÞal;nwgdI vaminsUvFn;eT
edaygayrgkarbMpøajBIkeNþó nigBBYkstVl¥itecaHrun§ . kMriténkareRCob nUvsarFatuKImIsMrab;karBar
manlkçN³mFüm (95-130kg/m³) eQIRsaygaynwgRtUv)anbMpøajeday Lyctus [17] .
RTEmgmanRbEhl 15 RbePT EdlmanduHenA Madagascar nigRsIlgáa nig\NÐa nigtMbn;ma:eL .

eTaHbI RbePTPaKeRcIn duHEtenAtamtMbn;kMNt;NamYyk_eday b:uEnþ C. brachiata
manduHesÞIEtRKb;tMbn; [17] . manduHenA Madagascar \NÐa \NÐÚcin nigma:eL rhUtdl;ekaH
Solomon nigPaKxageCIgGURsþalI . enARbeTsevotNam C. brachiata manduHtictYc
enAkñúgéRBeRsag CaBiesséRBbnÞab;bnSM vaRtUvkarsMeNIm nigduHlUtlas;enAtamRcaMgTenø . enAcin
\NÐa nighVlI IBIn ma:eLsIu nig evotNam duHenAtMbn;éRBRkas;x<g;rab EdlmanTwksab rW TwkéRb [4] .
vakMrduHenAkñúgéRB eRsagesIm nigtMbn;licTwk éRBtMbn;PñM Edlmanry³kMBs; 1800 m . vak_manduH
enAtaméRBbzm nigmantictYcenAkñúgéRBbnÞab;bnSM éRBcMruH dipterocarp éRBlicTwksab kerangas
(éRBtMbn;ekþA) x<g;rab nig dI EdlmanrukC
ç atiBukpuy rW dI podsolic kMrmanenAtMbn;valesµA [17].
manduHenAry³kMBs; 1800 m enAkñúgéRBbzm éRBbnÞab;bnSM kMrenAkñúg valesµA . manduHenAtam

dgsÞwg nigtMbn;licTwkmYycMnYn .
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
cUlcitþduH enAelIdIsMbUrrukçCatiBuk² rW dI b:sU ULic nigRtUvkarsMeNImpgEdr .
5
[eQI]: eQImantMélmFüm eRbIsMrab; karsagsg; nigpliteRKOgeQIeRbIR)as;xagkñúg [2] . eRbIR)as;

sMrab;sMNg;TUeTA karsg;pHÞ srsr TU eKOgsgðarwm kMral ]bkrN_ePøg RCuj s‘umrUbft vIna bnÞHkþa nig
RbGb; . smRsbsMrab;eFIVCa rfkMNl; rbs;rfePøIg begáalExSePIøg nigsMPar³epSg²eTot .
RbePTeQI enHpþl;eQIfamBl EdlmanKuNPaBl¥pgEdr [17] .
[Gnupl]: eRbIR)as; sMrab;Ca»sfbUraN dUcCa TwkEdl)ancMraj;mkBIsøwkGaceRbI sMrab;
kat;bnßykarRKun ekþA nigsMbkGacykeTArwtelIEs,kenAeBlmansñamGuC² rW rmas; nigsMbk
k_GaceRbIsMrab;Büa)aleraK BulQam nig rmas; [17].
eQIcMNat;fñak;elx 3 . [4]
RTEmg GacRtUv)anbnþBUCeday RKab; rW karkat; eTaHbIRKab;rbs;vaqab;)at;bg;lT§PaBdMNuHk_eday .

RKab;rbs;va GacmanGRtadMNuHBI 45% eTA 100% enAkñúgry³eBl 1-3.5 Ex rYmTaMgRKab;
Edlmin)an duHeRkayry³eBl 52 éf¶eTotpg . kUneQIGacRtUv)anrkSaenAkñúgfñal ry³eBl 2 qñaM
muneBlykeTAdaM xageRkA rW TIval . kardaMedayRKab;pÞal; KWminTTYl)aneCaKC½yeT

edaysarkUneQIgayrgeRKaH edayPaBraMgs¶Üt . kUneQIRtUvkarmøb; nigkardaMenATIval
GacTTYlrgeRKaH . RTEmgduH Exñg)anl¥ nigpþl;nUvkUnEdlduHecjBI rWsrbs;edImCaeRcInpgEdr [17].
RTEmgminmanduHenARKb;TIkEnøgenaHeT dUcenAtMbn;mYycMnYn dUcCaenARbeTshVIlIBIn vamanlkçN³kMr

nigmanduHtictYcenAkñúgéRB [17].
6
F> karGPirkS :
minEmnCaRbePTrgeRKaH [17].

manRbPBkMeNIt BI Madagascar RsIlgáa \NÐa \NÐÚ rhUtdl;ma:eL nigPaKxageCIgGURsþalI nigRtUv
)annaMcUl)a:BjU ÚKIeno .
p> epSg² :
Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources of
Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia, 859 pp.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH
2) Nguyen, N.C. et al.: Vietnam Forest Trees, Hanoi 1997 788 pp.
4) Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom
Penh, 915 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press,
New York; 336 pp.
7
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources of
Indonesia, 859 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree
Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM).

(Internet source)
27) Wikipedia http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/species name (Internet source)
34) www.townsville.qld.gov.au/nad/PlantDisplay.asp?species (Internet source).
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Carica papaya L.]

[Carica papaya L.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Carica papaya L.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ papaya, pawpaw, melon tree [4]
K> sTisn½y ³
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ lhong, doeum lahong (Cambodia); papaya, gedang, kates
(Indonesia); houng (Laos); papaya, betek,ketalah,

(Malaysia); thimbaw (Burma); papaya, kapaya, lapaya
(Philippines; malakor, loko mak uaithet (Thailand); du du
(Vietnam) [6], papaye (French); lechoza (Venezuela, Puerto
Rico, Philippines); fruta bomba (Cuba); mamâo (Brazil) [19].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ lðúg
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ lhông [4]
1
lMdab; : Violales
RKYsar : Caricaceae
ePT : Carica
RbePT : Carica papaya L.
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImtUc mankMBs;BI 2-8 m [4] CaRbePT EdlduHlUtlaselOn EdnmankMBs;BI 2-

10 m nigGgát;p©it 10-30 cm minmanEmkeT b:uEnþvaGacduHEmkRbsinebIkMBUl rW cugrbs;vaRtUv)an
kat;pþac; [6] edImeQI mankMBs;BI 6-8m kMrmanEmk BN’ébtg manedImTn; rMuB½T§edaysñam ragRtI
ekaN nigkBa©úM søwkzitenAelIEpñkxagcug [13] . søkw FM CaRbePTeQIduHlUtlas;elOn maneQITn;
páajI nigeQµalzit enAelIedImepSgKña RbePT EdlRtUv)annaMecjeRcInCageKKW "solo" eday
manpáaCaRbePT hermaphrodite . RbePT RtUvkaredImeQµalmYyedIm sMrab; edImjI 25 edIm edIm,I
FananUvkarecjEpø rbs;edImjI [19] .
[søwk]: tMerobCarag zitenACakBa©Mú enAcugrbs;edIm edaymanTgsøwkrbs;vaRbEvg 1 m nig ragCabnÞH
edayman rW manCafteRCA² manGgátp; ©it 25-75 cm relag mansrésEv:nelceLIg nigmaneFµj

[6] . søwkmanTMhMFM manTgsøwkEvg manlkçN³dUcRmaméd [13] .
[páa]: manBN’Bgman; eTAelOg eQµal nigjI zitenAelIedImepSgKña nigemIleTAmanlkçN³xusKña [6]

. Capáa manlkçN³CakBa©Mú páajImanEmkmYy nigFaøk;cuH manpáaragdUcCILav manRbEvg 4 cm .

kBa©úMpáajI manlkçN³xøI nigmanEmkminRtg; páaFMmanBN’elOgRsal [13] .
[Epø]: CaEpøsac; manRbEvg 7-30 cm nigTMgn; 10 kg . mansMbkesþIg relag ERbBIBN’ébtg Ca
elOg rW TwkRkUc enAeBlTMu . sac;manBN’elOg rW TwkRkUc Tn; GacbriePaK)an nig Ep¥m

edaymanRKab;BN’exµA zitenAcMkNþal [6] . EpømanragRsedogRtsk;RsUv manTMhMxus²Kña
manTMgn;BI 500g-1000g b:uEnþk_ GacmanTMgn;dl;eTA 10kg nigF¶n;CagenH . EpømanragmUl rW eGlIb
nigragRTEvgdUcRtsk;RsUv. sac;man BN’s rWelOg TwkRkUc rW Rkhm manrs;Catixus²Kña .
2
Epñkxagkñúgrbs;EpømanlkçN³Rbehag manRKab; EdlmanTMhMb:uneRmc BN’exµA edaymanrs;Ca
RsedognwgrukçCatiesµAeRks (cresse-weed) [13].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
edImrbs;vaminmanCatieQIeT nigminmansarFatueQI EdlGacykmkeRbIR)as;)aneLIy [13].
lðúgmanRbPBkMeNIt BIGaemrikkNþal miucsiuckU nigeRbsIul EdlRbeTsTaMgBIr enHmankarbriyayBI

kareRbIR)as;rku çCatienHsMrab;eFIVCa»sf taMgBIsm½ymunRbvtþisaRsþ . vamanduHenAtMbn;RtUBikesIm eTA
GnutMbn;RtUBik nigtMbn;minmansenSIm [19] . vamkdl;GasIu enAcugstvtSr_TI 18
nigRtUv)andaMduHTUTaMg GasIuGaeKñy_sBVéf¶enH nigenA)a:BUjÚvKIeno nigPaKxageCIgGURsþalI .
vaminEmnCaRbePTeQI EdlduHkñúgéRBeT b:uEnþvaRtUv)andaMduHya:geRcIn enAkñúgcMkar nigksidæan [6,13].
lðúgRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;RtUBik nigGnuRtUBikekþA bc©úb,nñenH [6,13] . RtUvkareRsacTwkx<s;

nigkMritTwkePøóg 1500 mm/m² manr)a:yeBjmYyqñaM . b:uEnþenAeRkamGakasFaturaMgs¶Üt karRKb;
eTAelIkEnøg EdlmanrWsduH KWmansar³sMxan;Nas; . lðúgKYrRtUv)ankarBar edayr)aMgxül;
edIm,IkMueGay)ak;edImrbs;va [19] . vaGacduHenAtMbn;manGakasFatuekþA EdlmanePøógRKb;RKan;
nigsItuNðPaBBI 21-33ºC nigGacmanduHenAry³kMBs; 1600 m rW eRkamtMbn; EdlmansenSIm [6] .
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
lðúgFn;dI EdlmaneRCobTwk)anl¥ nigminFn; nwgdI Edls¶ÜtxøaMg b:uEnþgayrgeRKaHedaysar karCaMTwk

nigelcTwk [6].
3
[eQI]: edImrbs;vaminmanCatieQIeT [6] .

[Gnupl]: Epø EdlTMuRtUv)anbriePaKRss; rW eRbICabEnø ePsC¢³ dMNab; nigsárRKab; . EpøenAx©I
RtUv)ankat; nigeRbIR)as;CabEnø [13,19] .

karekassMbkEpøx©I GacTTYl)annUv alkaloid , carpaine [6] nigC½r EdlRtUv)anTajyk
nigbnSútsMrab; karnaMecj . vaCa C½rvas¶Üt nigCa protein-spitting enzyme . rukçCatimYyedIm
Gacplit)annUvC½r 500 g/qñaM b:uEnþCaFmµtaKWmanEtBI 100-150g .
karlk;EpøRss;KwmanlkçN³esdækic©xs< ; b:uEnþenAeBlEpøminmanTIpSa karplitC½rRtUv)aneFIVeLIg .
vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVeGayRsaebomanesßrPaB eFIVeGaysac;puy eRbIsMrab;CafñaMsMlab;emeraK
nigeRbICaeFIVmineGayrYj edIm,ImUlsURt [13,19] . RKab; GacbriePaK)an
BYkvamanrs;CatidUcCaeRKOgeTs [27] .
sarFatuciBa©wmkñúg 100g [27]
famBl : 40kcal 160 kJ
sár 5.9 g
sarFatusrésr 1.8
xøaj; 0.14 g
RbUetGIun 0.61 g
vItamIn A 55 micro gram 6%
ß-carotene 276 microgram 3%

thiamin vitamin B1 0.04mg 3%
riboflavin vitamin B2 0.0mg 3%
niacin vitamin B3 0.338 mg 2%
vItamIn B6 0.1mg 8%
vItamIn C 61.8 mg 103 %
kal;süÚm 24 mg 2%
4
Edk 0.10 mg 1%
ma:ejsüÚm 10 mg 3%
pUsVr 5 mg 1%
b:UtasüÚm 257 mg 5%
sUlüÚm 3 mg 0%
EtRtUv)anerobcMBI páa nigsøwk sMrab;Büa)alkarBulGahar . Epø EdlxUc
nigsøwkRtUv)aneRbIsMRab;eFICV acMNI RCUk . søwkmansarFatufñaM alcaloid carpain
EdleRbIRbqaMgnwgBBYk)ak;etrI [19] . edIm søwk nigrWs RtUv)anbriePaKenAeBlmaneRKaHGt;køan

[4,19] . lðúgRtUv)anKitfa GacCYyrMlayxøaj; nigbegáInnUv plitkmµG½rmUnrbs;burs nigRsþI [12] .
enA\NÐa )aKIsßan nigRsIlgáa nigtMbn;epSgeToténBiPBelak lðúgRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;CafñaMBnøÚtkUn

. RbsiT§PaBenH RtUv)anbBa¢ak;tamry³karBiesaFn_eTAelIstVsVa [27] . enAkñúg ethnomedicine
mankareRbIR)as;EpøTMusMrab;Büa)alCMgWERsg Epøx©eI RbIsMrab;RbqaMgnwgkar ekIneLIgsMBaFQam
nigCafñaMseRmIbpgEdr . EpøGaclabedaypÞal;eTAelIEs,k edIm,Ikat;bnßykarQW cab; .
RKab;GaceRbIRbqaMgkarrlak nig eFIVeGays<Wk nigBüa)alkarQWRkBH . rWsRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Ca fñaM
s<WkpgEdr [27].
cenøaHsMrab;kardaMduH xus²KñaGaRs½ynwglkçx½NÐrbs;dI nigtMbn; GaccenøaH 2x3m to 2x3.5 m .

enAkñúgcMkar EpøGacRtUv)anRbmUlplelIkdMbUgenAcugqñaM . enAtMbn;RtUBik karecjpáa nigEpø
ekItmanCabnþ bnÞab; cMEnk GnutMbn;RtUBik EdlmanGakasFatuRtCak; GaceFIVkarmankar raMg sÞH
dl;plitkmµEpø . Tinñpl mankMritx<s;bMput KWenAqñaMTIBIr nigGacpþl;pldl;eTA 60-80 t/ha eRkam
lkçx½NÐsmRsb . Tinñpl Føak; cuHenARtwm 50t/ha enAqñaMTbI I nigmankarBi)akedaysar edImman
kMBs;x<s; . enAkñúgcMkarsMrab;BaNiCk¢ mµ edImRtUv)anrkSaRtwmEtGayuBI 3-5 qñaMb:ueNÑaH [19] .
5
edaysarPaBTn;rbs;Epø niggayxUc BYkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;EtenAkñúgRbeTs EdldaMduHvaEtb:ueNÑaH
[13,19].
CaFmµtalðúgRtUv)anbnþBUCedayRKab; . edaymankarduHlUtlas;elOn kUnlðúgcMnYn 5
RtUv)andaMenAkñúgreNþAEtmYy rW daMedayRKab; . enAeBlBnøkpáaecjelIkdMbgU bnÞab;BIry³eBl 5 Ex

kUnlðúg GacRtUv)ankat;rMelaH edayTukEtedIm eQµalEdll¥b:ueNÑaH .
lðúgRtUv)anKMramkMEhgedayBBYkPñak;gar dUcCa )ak;etrI CMgWdMe)A rlYy pSit CaMTwk rlYyEpø (Monilia

sp.) dgáÚv CMgW phytoplasmal EdlRtUv)ankt;Rtaeday American Phytopathological Society
[27].
F> karGPirkS :
minmanCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; .
duHlUtlas;enATUTaMgRbeTs enAelIdI EdlsmRsb .


tMbn;RtUBik nig GnutMbn;RtUBikekþAnigmanRbPBkMeNItenAGaemrikkNþal nig RtUv)annaMcUleTAkEnøg
epSg² eTot .
6
p> epSg² :
Becker S, 1958: The production of papain - an agricultural industry of tropical America.

Economic Botany, 12:62-79.
Brücher H, 1989: Useful plants of neotropical origin and their wild relatives. Useful plants
of neotropical origin and their wild relatives., 296 pp.; [ref. at ends of chapters, many
fig., many pl.].
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, 1991: Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits
Nair PKR, 1980: Agroforestry species. A crop sheets manual. Agroforestry species. A
crop sheets manual., ix + 336 pp.; [1 fig., 20 pl. Publication no. ICRAF 003e]; many ref.
Conover RA, Litz RE, Malo SE, 1986: 'Cariflora' - a papaya ringspot virus tolerant papaya
for South Florida and the Caribbean. Hortscience, 21:1072.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.

7
pp.

?
(Internet source)
27) Wikipedia http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/species name (Internet

source)
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cassia fistula L]

[Cassia fistula L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Cassia fistula L. [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ golden shower, golden rain tree, pudding-pipe tree; Indian
laburnum [4,6, 9,13].
K> sTisn½y ³ C. excelsia Kunth[9]; C.rhombifolia Roxb.; Cathartocarpus
fistulus (L.) Pers. [6]. Bactyrilobium fistula Willd., Cassia

bonplandiana DC., Cassia fistuloides Collad., Cathartocarpus
excelsus G. Don, Cathartocarpus fistuloides (Collad.) G.
Don, Cathartocarpus rhombifolius G. Don
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ caneficier, casse en baton (French); riechhpühss
(Cambodia); ngu, ngu sahwe, pwabet (Burma); khuun,

rajaphruek (Thailand); khoun (general), Lom Leng (Sayaburi
Prov.-Laos); muóng hoà ng yén, bò cap nuóc (Vietnam) [2,
6].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ raCq<ws

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ riëch chhpühss [4]
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Caesalpinioideae
1
ePT : Cassia L.
RbePT : Cassia fistula L.
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaRbePTeQIEdlduHenAkñúgéRBeRsag b¤éRBrel,aH mankMBs; 10-15 m nigGgát;p©it

40-50 cm.[2,4, 6,9] CaRbePTeQIEdlduHkñúgéRBel,aHEdlmanragerovRsYc mankenSamsøwkRkas;
ehIyEmkragRsYcFøak;cuHeRkam.[5] edImRaCq<ws mankMBs;CamFüm 15 m.[6] raCq<ws

CaRbePTeQIEdl CMruHsøwkRbcaMqñaM mankMBs;rhUtdl; 20 m nigmanGgát;p©it 50
cmEdlmankenSamsøwkeRcIn EmkKµaneram ehIyRtdagsMy:ugcuHeRkam.[8,13]
[sMbk]: edImraCq<ws mansMbkBN’etñatRsal relag ehIyrageRbHtic².[5] sMbkmanBN’ébtgx©I
layRbepH enAeBlEdlkUneQIenAtUc bnÞab;mkERbCaBN’etñatlayRkhmRsal nigrbkenAeBl

Edlvakan;EtFM.[6] sMbkedImraCq<wsmanBN’etñatRsal b¤BN’RbepHcas; relagb¤mansñameRbHtic
ehIyEpñkxagkñúgénsMbkmanBN’RkhmRsal layetñat. edImraCq<ws manxñaysÞbsøwktUc. raCq<ws
manTgsøwk 6-10 cm nig rhachis RbEvg 15-20 cm.[8]
[søwk]: søwkRaCq<ws CaRbePTsøwksñitsmasqøas; tMerobelIGkS½RbEvg 15-25 cm. søwktMerobQmKña
BIragdUcs‘utEtFM eTABgRkeBI mancMnYn 3-8 KUr nigmanRbEvg 7-12 cm TMhM 4-6 cm Edlcugsøwkman
ragRsYc Kl;søwkmansNæanesñót nigedImeQIcas;BMumanerameT. TgtMerobsøwkrbs;edIm raCq<ws
manRbEvg 7-10 cm nigTgsøwk manRbEvg 5-10 mm. xñaysÞbsøwksac; ehIyRCuHCaRbcaM.[2]
søwkraCaq<ws manRbEvg 30-40 cm EdlmankUnsøkw cMnYn 3-8 KUr ehIymanTMhM 7-12 x 4-8 cm
manragdUcBgRTEvg EKmsøwkmanragril nigmanduHeramTn;²ehIyrelagEdlmanlkçN³ dUckaMmJIenA

eBlxI© b:uEnþvaERbeTACa relagenAeBlEdlcas;b¤TMu ehIyBMumansrIragÁRkeBjeT.[5] søwkraCq<ws
CaRbePTsøwksmasmanRbEvg 30-60 cm tMerobenAelIGkS½tMerobsøwkRbEvg 7-10 cm
EdlmankUnsøwkEdldUcEs,k cMnYn 3-8 KUr EdlsøwknImYy²manbeNþay 12 cm nigTTwgRbEvg 6
cm.[6] søwkCaRbePTsøwksñitKUr nigmanRbEvgRbEhl 30-40 cm. søwkraCq<ws CaRbePTsøwkQm
FMehIymanragBgRkeBI mancMnYn 3-8KUr b¤ 7-18søwk EdlsøwknImYymanRbEvg 4-8 cm
2
Kl;søwkmanragCaesñótTal ehIymaneramTn;Rsal²dUckaMmJI enAeBlEdlsøwkx©I nigrelagenAeBl
Edlcas; b¤TMu nigBMumansrIragÁRkeBjeT ehIymanRTnugTI 2eRcIn nigTgsøwkRbEvg 4-10 mm.[8]
[páa]: edImraCq<ws mankBa©MúpáatMerobenAelIGkS½ CacegáamdUcpáaek¶ak. TgpáamanRbEvg 15-25 mm
ehIyminerameT. RtbkpáaragdUcBgRkeBI manRbEvg 5-10 mm nigmanduHeramenAxageRkA. Rtbkpáa

manBN’elOg ragBgRkeBIehIyFMEdlmanbeNþayRbEhl 30-35 mm nigTTwg 10-15 mm
ehIyRkjaMuxøI. eksreQµalman 10 EdlTgeksreQµal nige)aøklMGgminesµIKña nigminmaneramEkv.
GUEv nigbMBg;eksrjI maneramEkv ehIybMBg;eksrjItUc.[2] páaraCqw<smanERbEvg 3.5-5.0 cm
manBN’elOgPøW ehIysMy:ugcuHeRkam ehIyminmancegáamEmkeT EdlCaFmµta vatMerob enAelI
GkS½EdlenA elIEmkcas;²RbEvg 20-40 cm ehIyvacb;epþImecjmuneBlEdlBnøkRtYysøwkecj.
eksreQµal manRbEvg 3 cm e)a:geLIgFMCageKnUvkNþalTgeksreQµalRbEvg 3 cm
ehIyeksreQµalepSg²eTot manRbEvg 5-10 mm ehIyrelag. GUEv nigbMBg;eksrjI
manduHeramTn;ehIyPøW.[5] kBa©úMpáatMerobenAelIGkS½CacegáamragCabeNþag RbEvg 20-40 cm.
søwkRTnab;páa manRbEvg 8-10 mm ehIyCMruHCaRbcaM. TgpáamanRbEvg 15-35 mm
ehIyminmaneram. páamanBN’elOgPøW EdlmanRtbkpááaragBgRkeBIcMnYn 5 RbEvg 5-10 mm
nigmanragCavilevt. RsTab;páaman 5 manragBgRkeBI manTMhM 20-35 nig 10-15 mm
manTMhMesµIbnþbnÞab;Kña nigjaMuxøI². eksreQµalmancMnnY 10 minesµIrKña Edl 3 Evg
nigmanTgeksreQµalRbEvg 3-4 cm e)aøklMGgRbEvg 5 mmEdlGacebIk)anedaysar apical
nigxageRkaymanRbehag cMENkÉeksreQµalxñI 4 eTot manTgeksreQµalRbEvg 6-10 mm
ehIye)aøklMGgebIk)anedaysar rn§enAxageRkay nig eksreQµal 3cugeRkay
manTgeksreQµalRbEvg 3-5 mm nigmane)aøklMGg biTebikPøibEPøt. GUEv nig
bMBg;eksrjImaneramEkv ehIysÞicma:tcU .[8]

[Epø]: raCq<s
w manEpøCaRbePTEpøkYr manragCasIuLaMg EdlenAeBlx©ImanBN’ébtg ehIyERbeTACa
BN’etñatEbkexµARsal enAeBlTMu manbeNþayRbEvg 20-60 cm nig TTwg 1.5-2.0 cm manTMhMFM
nigmanTgBüÜrFøak;cuH nig relagminmanerameT.[2,6,13]
EpøraCq<ws CaRbePTEpøkYr manTMhM 20-60 x 1.5-2.0 cm manBN’exµA relag EpøsMy:ugcuH
eRkamRtg;dUcCa bMBg; enAeBlFaøk;mkdI minedatCab;ddI UvCaRcnYceT KWvaEbkCacMENktUc²CaeRcIn ray
BaseBjdI.[5] EpøraCq<ws CaEpøKUrFøak;reya:g manragdUcCabMBg; manRbEvg 20-60 cm
3
nigmanGgátp; ©it 1.5-2.0 cm manBN’exµA relag nigTMunineRbH. RKab;manragBgRkeBIsMEb:trwg
nigmancMnYneRcIn RbEhl 25-100 nig manbeNþay 8-9 mm nig TTwg 5 mm ehIymanBN’etñat
nigrelag.[2] RKab;RtUvEckxNÐedaysnÞHxN½ÐdcU eGb:ug manragBgRkeBIsMEb:tmanTMhM 8-9 x 4-6
mm relag ehIymanBN’etñat.[8] RKab;raCq<ws manBN’TwkRkUc EdlxagkñúgmanrsCatiEp¥m
mansac;s¥it² RtUv)ansIuedayBBYkbkSI nig stVsVa.[9] raCaq<sw cab;epþImpáa nUvExmifuna

rhUtdl;Exkkáda[2] cab;epþImpáaBIExemsa dl;Exkkáda nigcab;epþImpáaBIEx]saPa dl;ExsIha[8]
EtrdUvEdlpáaeRcInCageKKWcab;BIEx mina dl;Ex]sPa.[13]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIRsay nig eQIxøwmb Eckdac;BIKñaya:c,as; Edlsac;eQIrwg F¶n; ehIymaM.[2,9]

sac;eQIRsaymanBN’s sac;eQIxøwmmanBN’elOg.[17] vamanTMgn; 835kg/m³ enAkMritsMenIm
12%. sac;eQI manséscak;eRsH EdlBi)akkñúgkartubEtg CaBiessvaeRbH ehIysac;eQIekag
Bi)akkñúgkarBuHbMEbkeFVICa]bkrN_epSg² EdleRbIsMrab;sagsg; nigeFVICa]bkrN_CYsCullkçN³

RbéBNI eFVICakg;reTH kaMkg;reTH ssr dg]bkrN_epSg² ssrpÞH CRgukRsUv dgjjÜr EkécñeFVICacan
ngÁ½l ekþagTUk eFVICaeRKOgelgrbs;ekµg nig eFVICaeRKOgcMlak;. raCq<ws CaRbePT eQId¾
l¥sMrab;eFVIFüÚg. ehtudUcenHehIy karnaMecjeQImlU rbs;edImraCq<ws manEdnkMNt; eTaHbICakar
CYjdUrkñúgRsukk¾ eday.[12,17]
raCq<ws CaRbePTeQIF¶n; b¤F¶n;xøaMg sac;eQIrwg ehIymaMEtséseQIcak;eRsHKña nig mansac;eQIeRKIm.
sac;eQIraCq<ws manrn§eRcInEdlelcecjCaRkeyAya:gc,as;. sac;eQIxøwm manBN’elOgRsallay
Rkhm ERbeTABN’RkhmdUcdI\dæ b¤RkhmRsalEbketñat. sac;eQIminsMrbnwgbMErbMrYlGakasFatueT

eRBaHvaGaceRbH Ebk nige)ar b¤ekag dUecñHRtUvKrTukenAeRkamdMbUledIm,IrkSavaeGayenABN’ébtg.
eQImUlrbs;raCq<ws manPaBmaMxøaMgNas; b:uEnþvak¾Bi)akkñúgkarEkécñrEdr eRBaHvaBi)akGar TaMgedayéd
nigma:sIun.[12]
4
GaceFVIkarsnµt;)anfa raCq<wsmanRbPBkMeNItmkBIéRBéntMbn; b‘Uma: \NÐa nig sirIlgáa [9,13]

ehIymankarsayPayeTAdl;RbeTs eGsIub eN)a:l; \NÐa cin \NÐÚcin Lav nig evotNam [2] éf
m:aeLsIu \NÐÚensIu.[8,12] karduHlUtlas; manEdnkMNt;enATisxageCIg nigxagt,Úg EdlCaenA
30ºeCIg eTA 10º t,Úg. edImraCq<ws eRcInmanenAvaléRBtMbn;GasIuRtUBic EdlduHenAéRBesIm
éRBel,aHcMruH nigéRBel,aHs¶Üt éRBGMbUr dipterocarp nigéRBébtgCanic© EdlCaTUeTAvaRtUv)andaMduHeFVI

CaeQIlMGr enAsgxagpøÚv.[4,5,8,12]
enARbeTs\NÐÚensIu PaKeRcIneKeXIjedImraCq<wsduHenAtMbn;TMnabéRBm:Usug EdlduHlaylMCamYynwg
Acacia leucophloea, (Roxb.), Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr nig Butea monosperma
(Lam.) Taub.[16] b:uEnþvak¾duHenAkñúgéRBel,aHs¶ÜtpgEdr.[9]
raCq<ws duHenAkñúgGakasFatutMbn;RtUBics¶Üt EdlmansItuNðPaBRbcaMqñaMCamFüm 25ºC

mankMBs;TwkePøóg mFümRbcaMqñaM elIsBI 1200 mm/m² EdlGacduHenArdUvR)aMg)an 4Ex.
vaCaRbePTeQI EdlTuneTareTArkBnøW b:uEnþ eBledImenAtUc vaCaRbePTeQIEdlRtUvkarmøb;
nigmankarFn;RTaMnwgPaB raMgs¶Üt. vaGacduHcab;BItMbn;manry³kMBs; 1,000 m
eFobnwgnIv:UTkw smURT.[2,8] vaduHenAry³kMBs;cab;BI 0-1200 nigkMBs;TwkePøóg 500-3000 mm/ m²
enArdUvR)aMg. 4-5ExcugRkayénrdUvR)aMg mansItuNðPaB RbcaMqñaM CamFüm 18ºC-29ºC. [12]
edImraCq<ws KWmanPaBFn;nwgkarraMgs¶Üt nigGacrs;ran)an eTaHbICamanPaBraMgs¶Üt ePøgI eqH esµAcéRg
møb; nigmanduHExñgeLIgvijbnÞab;BIkat;edIm b¤Emk.[12]
BMuTan;manTinñny½.
5
raCq<ws duHenAelIvaynPaBdImFüm EdlmanCatiGasIuttic nigqab;Rss;Twk. RbePTdIEdl

manlkçN³ smRsbsMrab;edImraCq<wsKW dIfµRkalnIt dIfµ)ayeRkom dIfµPk; b¤dItMbn;RtUBic
b:uEnþraCq<wsGacrs;ran)an enAtMbn;TwkPøav. raCq<ws duHenAtMbn;éRBs¶Üt nigéRBesIm RbB½n§b¤srbs;rak;
Fn;nwgPaBraMgs¶Üt ehIyk¾ninRtUvkarsMenImeRcInEdr vaGacrs;)anenAkNþal xül; ePøóg esµA
nwgGacrs;enAkñúgmøb;. [2,8,12]
[eQI]: edImraCq<ws mansac;eQIxøwmBN’RkhmRsal EdleRbIsMrab;eFVIkarsagsg;epSg²

nigeRbIsMrab;eFVI Ca]bkrN_ksikmµ.[2,8,9] eQIraCq<wseRbIsMrab;eFVICangÁ½l nigssr.[4] raCq<ws
pþl;nUveQImUlEdlman RbeyaCn_ EdlmanTMhMénkareRbIR)as;ya:geRcIn enAkñúgRsuk. raCq<ws
eRbIsMrab;eFVICakg;reTH reTH eragCagRkLwg dg]bkrN_eRbIR)as;epSg² ngÁ½l rnas; nigRbdab;mUl
eFVICassrpÞH Rbdab;e)akRsUv can ekþagTUk kþarbnÞHeRKOgma:sIun nigl¥sMrab;eFVIFüÚg nigTUk sgðarwm
dgjjÜr eFVICak,alGnøÚgk,alsVa nigesarpøÚvreTHePIøg. eTaHbICaraCq<ws manKuNPaBeQIl¥k¾eday
vamanlT§PaBkMNt; mann¾yfavaminman karCYjdUrFMdMueTénkareFVIBaNiC¢kmµ.[12,27]
[Gnupl]: EpøraCq<ws eRbIsMrab;eFVICaTwkGb; edaysarEtxøinrbs;vaKYreGaycUlcitþ nigsøwkeFVICafñaM.[4]
sac;rbs;EpøraCq<ws nig sMbk ykjaMuCamYynwgswkø søa. TMBarsøwkraCq<wss¶ÜtBüa)alCMgWxYrq¥wg nig

CafñaM »sfTiBVsMrab;bBa©úH.[13] CnCati Santal enARbeTs\NÐasIupáaraCq<ws.
sMbkraCq<ws sMbUreTAedayCati tannin nigsMrab;RClk;BN’. sMbkraCq<ws manpÞúknUvCati tannin
RbEhlCa 10-12% (CSIR, 1948). vaGacCMnYsCati Tannin rbs; (Acacia spp.).[12]

raCq<ws CaRbPBBN’FmµCati. emSAEdlTaj)anBIRKab;raCq<ws eFVICafñaMsMlab;stVl¥it sMrab;
karBarpáaEdl manCMgWpSit.[12]
raCq<ws enAkñúgRsukeRbIeFVICafñaMBüa)aleraK bnÞab;BI xÞyÜ b¤xüadMrITic nigBs;cwk.[2,4,8] enAkNþalPUmi
PaKxagekIténRbeTs\NÐa KYrEpø nigRKab;raCq<ws eRbIeFVICafñaMbBa©úH.[8,20]
6
enA\NÐÚrnsIu páa nigsøwkraCq<ws eRbICafñaMbBa©úH nig b¤s eFVIfañ MlabdMe)ArlYyelIEs,k eGayeLIg
Rkm:.[9] edaysarEtpáarbs;raCq<wsrelag ehIysMbUr eKehAedImraCq<ws faedImRKab;ePøógmas[9]
ehIyCajwkjab; eKdaMvasMrab;eFVICarukçCatilMGr.[8,9]
b¤s sMbl RKab; nig søwk rbs;edImraCq<ws eFVICa»sfburaN. vamansarFatuCaeRcIn EdlsMrab;eFVIfñaM
nigeFVICafñaMRKab;sMrab;briePaK. dUecñHehIy GñkKImvI iTüa)anpSMnUvsar³FatuTaMgGs;enaH. antidiabetic
Ca»sftiNeTs EdleKsakl,geFVeI cjBIraCq<ws.[12] enA Ayurveda sakl,geFVIfñaMEdl
EkécñecjBI raCq<ws edaysMraj;BIRKab; páaRkBMu nigEpø. RKab;raCq<ws eFVICafñaMk¥Üt.
enA Zimbabwe nig Ghana eKykraCq<wseFVICa»sfburaN. enA Est Asia eKbriePaKeqA edIm,I
Büa)al karTl;lamk nigenAekaH Caribbean yksac; nigsøwkraCq<ws eFVICafñaMBüa)alkar
QWcab;.[20,22]
[epSg²]: enAsirIlgáa eKykpáafVayRBHenAÉvtþ enAeBlbuNüsasna.[12]
edImRKab;ePøógmas ehAfaDok Khuen vaCapáaCatirbs;RbeTséf EdlRbCaCnéfeRbIsMrab;

GbGrGVImYy edaysarEtpáaBN’masd¾Rss;s¥atrs;va. vak¾Capáaénrdæ Kerala enAkñúgRbeTs
\NÐapgEdr. enAkñúgbuNüepSg² eKeRbIpáaraCq<ws sMrab;dEgðCak,Ün nigfVaydl;RBHvisñúr. [20, 22,27]
raCq<ws CaRbePTeQIlMGr (Venkataramany, 1968) EdldaMsMrab;eFVIeGaydIEdlxUcxat manlkçN³
RbesIreLIgvij. eRkABIenHraCq<ws vaminEmnCaGaharEdlman»Cars sMrab;bsustVeT
b:uEnþvaRbEhlCa manlkçN³smRsbsMrab;kardaMdHu éRBeLIgvij enAtMbn;Edl)at;bg;éRBF¶n;F¶r.[12]
RKab;manpÞúknUvCatiRbUetGIun 24% eRbg 4% Catisés 7% nigkabUnGIuRdat 50% CamYynwg 81%

énkarrMlayvIRTUy:Us. søwkraCq<ws manpÞúkRbUetGIun 16% kabUnGIuRdat 40% CamYynwg 88%

énkarrMlayvIRTUy:Us.[20]
raCq<ws CaRbePTeQIminmancMNat;fñak;.
7
raCq<ws CaRbePTeQIEdlduHlUtlas;yWt b:uEnþ qab;ecjEpøpaá .[5] raCq<sw CaRbePTeQIEdl

manedImRtg; l¥ GaceFVICabegÁal nigkarduHlUtlas;eLIgvijedayFmµCatimanlkçN³yWt ehIyGac
eFVIkardaMduHeday sabpÞal;. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday raCq<wsBMusUvmankardaMduHeFVCI acMkareT eRBaHTinñpl
rbs;vaminsUvman sar³sMxan;eT.[12]
edImraCq<ws BMumandaMduHenAkñúgcMkar b¤CalkçN³cMkareT dUecñHehIyBMusUvmanBt’manénkarRbmUlpl

nigbTBiesaFn¾én karRKb;RKgrbs;vaeT.[12]
EtedImraCq<wsRtUv)aneKeFVIkardaMduHedayeFVIkar sabedaypÞal; sÞMú nig eFVIkardaMduHenAkñúgfñaledayviFI
epSg². kardaMduHedImraCq<ws sMrab;eFVICaedImeQIlMGr KWenAEtCaehtuplcMbgEdleFVIeGay kUn
raCq<wsman karduHlUtlas;FM)an.[9]
edImraCq<ws RtUv)andwgfamanstVl¥itcMnYn 2 RbePT EdlbgáreRKaHfñak; nigTamTarnUvkarkarBarKW

Eurema blanda nig Xyleutes persona. E. blanda sIukUnraCq<wsEdlenAkñúgfñal
nigvapøas;bþÚrTIkEnøg CahVÚgFM². dgáÚvén X. persona XµúMxYgCaRbehag vaxYgedImrbs;kUnraCq<ws
b¤xYgEmkrbs;edImeQIFM². vamanenAsirIlgáa b‘Um:a nigcin vaeRcInbMpøajBIExkumÖ³ dl; Extula.
Catopsilia pomona mkBI crocale, Catopsilia pomona, Catopsilia pyranthe, Indarbela
quadrinotata, Nephopterix rhodobasalis KWGaceFVIkarTb;sáat; b¤RKb;RKg)an. karsmøab;
nigkardut KWCaviFIsaRsþénkarTb;sáat;karbMpaø jd¾l¥bMput. [12] pSit 3 RbePT

EdlbMpajenAelIsøwkénkUneQIraCq<ws nigedImraCq<wsEdlkMBugduHlUtlas; b:uénþCMgWpSitenHk¾GaceFVIkar
Tb;sáat; nigkarBarpgEdrKW Glomerella cingulata, Khuskia oryzae nig Phyllactinia guttata
EdlCapSitduHenAelIswøk. [12]
8
F> karGPirkS :
raCq<wsBMuEmnCaRbePTEdlrgnUveRKaHfñak;enaHeT. [9]

raCq<wsCaRbePTeQIlMGrEdlmanduHenAtMbn;RtUBic nig sab;RtUBic EdlvaRbePTlb;
nigmanRbPBkMeNIt enA GasIu nig SE GasIu nignaMcUleTARbeTsCaeRcInenAtMbn;RtUBic Gaemric
nigGaRBic.[5,13]
p> epSg² :
ePT Cassia KWCasmaPaBeQIEdlCaeTogTat;duHenAkñúgéRBs¶Üt nigTIval. RbePTmYycMnnY énePT

Cassia pþl;nUvpáas¥at eBjmYyqñaM. eRkABI edImraCq<ws mankardaMduHeRcInnUvRbePTmYycMnYndUcCa: C.
grandis CaedImeQIFM²EdlmanpáaBN’páaQUk nigmanRbPBmkBI GaemricRtUBic.
C. javanica manRbPBmkBI Java nigmanpáaBN’suICMBU lays.

C. marginata manRbPBmkBI sirIlgáa nig\NÐa EdlmanpáaBN’páaQUk ehIycab;epþImecjpáaenA Ex
kkþda dl;sIha.
C. moschata CaedImeQIx<s² ; enAtMbn;GaemricRtUBic EdlmanpáaBN’TwkRkUc b¤BN’RtIsUm:ug BN’
páaQUk.
C. multijuga manRbPBmkBItMbn;GaemricRtUBic manpáaBN’elOgx©I ehIyCapáaQrRtg;eTAelI.
C. nodosa CaRbePTEdlmanRbPBmkBIRbeTsma:eLsIu páamanBN’páaQUkx©I EdlmankBa©úMpáamUl
FMEvg. [13]
9
tamr)aykarN¾ FAO (Gohl, 1981) bgðajfaenAelIsøwkrbs;raCq<ws BMumanpÞúksMenImeT
vamanpÞúkRbUetGIun 17.6 g kabUnGIuRdat 66.8 g sés 30.2 g epH 7.8 g kal;süÚm 3 270 mg
nigpUsVr½ 330 mg kñúgmYyRkam 100 g. páaraCq<ws manpÞúknUvCatiGakul ceryl kaempferol, rhein
nig a bianthroquinone glycoside EdlenAelI hydrolysis Tinñpl fistulin nig rhamnose.
søwkraCq<wsmanpÞúk rhein, rheinglucoside nig sennosides A, B. sMbkb¤smanpÞúknUvCati tannin,
phlobaphenes, nigsarFatu oxyanthraquinone EdlRbkbeTAeday emodin nigGasIut
chrysophanic ehIyvak¾manpÞúknUv fistuacacidin, barbaloin,nig rhein enAelIsMbk

nigsac;eQIxømw pgEdr. sMbkrbs;edImraCq<ws manpÞkú nUv lupeol, beta-sitosterol nig hexacosanol
. [20]
Murthy VK, Rao TVP, Venkateswaran V 1967: Chemical examination of Cassia fistula L.
Tetrahedron 23(1):514-518
Misra TN, Singh RS, Pande HS, Pandey, RP, 1996: Chemical constituents of hexane
fraction of Cassia fistula pods. Fitoterapia 67(2): 173-174;6 ref.
Krishnamurthy T, 1993:Minor forest products of India. New Delhi, India:Oxford&IHB
Vishnava MM, Tripathi AK, Gupta KR 1993: Constituents of Cassia fistula roots.
Fitoterapia 64(1): 93;14 ref.
Abraham KJ, Daniel M, Sabins SD, 1988: Phytoalexins of Cassia fistula L. and Morinda
tomentosa Heyme: National Academy of Science Letters 11(4): 101-102;5 ref.
Barthakur, NN, Arnold, NP, Alli,I, 1995: The Indian Laburnum(Cassia fistula L.) fruit. an
analysis of chemical constituents. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 47(1):55-62[1 pl]; 22
ref.
Khanna, RK, Subhash, Chandra, 1996: Forest/Domestic waste as a source of natural

dyes. J. of Economic & Taxonomic Botany 20(2):497-500;
Kashiwada Y, Iizuka H, Yoshioka K, Che RF, Nonaka G, Nishioka I 1990: Tannins and
related compounds, XCIII. Occurrence of enantiomeric proanthocyanidins in the
Leguminosae plants Cassia fistula L. and C. javanica. Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Bulletin 38(4):888-893;13 ref.
10
Fagbayide JA and Fawusi MOA 1994: Comparative studies in seed germination and
seedling management in Cassia fistula L. and Cassia nodosa (Buch-Ham ex Roxb).
Indian Journal of Agriculture Research 28(2):133-140.
Chowdhury SA, Kamal AKMM, Alam MN, Gafur MA, Ray BK, Ahmed K, Faruq O, 1996.
Sennoside, B. rich active concentrate from Cassia fistula. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific
and Industrial Research, 31(2):91-97.
Irwin HS, 1964. Monographic Studies in Cassia (Leguminosae - caesalpinioidae) I Sect.

Xenocalyx Memoirs, New York Botanical Garden, 12(1):1-114.
IMorimoto S, Nonaka GI, Chen RF, Nishioka I, 1988. Tannins and related compounds.
LXI. Isolation and structures of novel bi- and triflavonoids from the leaves of Cassia
fistula L. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 36(1):39-47; 9 ref.
Prakash A, Rao J, Gupta SP, Behra J, 1993. Evaluation of botanical pesticides as grain
protectants against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae Linn. Botanical pesticides in integrated
pest management., 360-365; 17 ref.
Pearson and Brown, 1981
Rao and Purkayastha, 1972,
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) NGUYEN et al. 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House,

Hanoi, 788 pp.
4) DY PHON, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House;


11


(Color Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ.

2002.(in Khmer and English) Planning & Accounting Off., Statistics Sect.,
Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 97 pp.
pp. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=. (Internet source).
12
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cassia javanica L]

[Cassia javanica L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Cassia javanica L.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ pink shower (Engl.) [17]

X> eQµaHepSg² ³ Johar (trade name); bobondelan (Indonesia-Sundanese);
boking-boking (Indonesia-Sumatera); trengguli (Indonesia-

Javanese) bebusok, busok-busok; (Malaysia-Peninsular);
antsoan (Philippines-Bikol); bo pruek, (Cambodia); khoun
loy, (Laos); chaiyaphruk, kalapaphruk (Thailand-central);
kalaphruk (Thailand-northern); b[uf] c[aj]p. [17] Muóng Hoa
Dào (Vietnam)[2].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ bURBwk

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ bô prük [4]
lMdab; : Fabales
ePT : Cassia L.
RbePT : Cassia javanica L.
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [17]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQImanTMhMmFüm CMruHsøwk mankMBs; 7-15 m, [4] nigGacmandl;BI 10-20 m

manGgát;p©it 60 cm rWFMCagenH . kenSamsøwkFM ragdUcq½Rt [2,5] . CaedImeQIBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk
TMhMtUceTAmFüm CYnkalCaedImeQIFM mankMBs;dl;eTA 25 (-40) m ragmUlRtg; EtCYnkalekag
manGgát;p©it 60 cm in manRBwgtUc² edImrbs;edImeQItUcnigEmk relag rWmanbnøa [17] .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’etñatcas; mineRbH rW RCYl nigmanrun§CaeRcIn . sMbkxageRkAmanBN’sIuCm<Ú
mankMras; 6-8 mm . EmktUcmaneram bnÞab;minmanerameToteT nigmanBN’exµA [2] .

épÞsMbkman lkçN³relag CYnkarRCYj rW eRbHtambeNþay EdlmanBN’RbepH eTA etñatRsal rW
Rkhmetñat CYnkal manBN’cMruHexµA sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’elOg eTATwkRkUc [17] .
[søwk]: smassøabKU mansøwkBI 6-10 KUr ragmUl Tal rW RsYcbnþicenAkMBUl maneramtic²enAeBlx©I
bnÞab; mknwgRCuHGs; søwkmanRbEvg 5-6 cm nigTTwg 2.5 cm . srésEv:n mmaçgmancMnYn 15-18 KUr
EdlemIl minsUveXIjc,as;eT srésEv:nbnÞab;duHlUtlas;CabNþaj . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 10-15 cm
. xñaysøwk manragmUl nigbnÞHsøwkragebHdUg [2] . søwkmanTMhM 2.5-5.0x1.5-2.5 cm [5] .
søwkqøas; duHlUtlas;CaCYr (distichous) edaymancMnYnsøwkBI 17/-20 KU xñaysøwkmanBIrft
EdlnwgRCuHecjBIedIm [17] .
[páa]: kBa©úMpáa zitenACaG½kS mank,alpáaragsMEb:t manRbEvg 15 cm rW EvgCagenH Tgrbs;vamaneram
. Tgrbs;vamanragdUcxñay . BnøkmanragmUl rW mUlRTEvg . RsTab;páa esÞIrEtesµIKña nigmanRtbk

ragmUl RbEvg 20-25 mm nig TTwg 9-11 mm mancugRsYc manBN’sIuCMBUrRsal .

manekseQµal cMnYn 10 . eksjI maneramtic² man stigma duHeLIgelI [2] . páamanlkçN³CakBa©úM
duHeLIgeTAelI enAeRkamsøwk [5] .
páa duHCaG½kS rW duHenAxagcug manpáaCaeRcIn zitenACakBa©úM manTgpáaxus²Kña man 5 Epñk
RsTab;Eckdac;BI Kña manft zitenAKgKña (imbricate ) RsTab;duHrIkFM manBN’s rW Rkhm rW
BN’etñat edaymanekseQµal cMnYn 10 páamineTogTat; zitenAelIG½kS manragCaGkS S ovary
superior, linear and curved, stigma terminal or subterminal [17].
2
[Epø]: CaEpøKYr ragsIuLaMg Cab;Kña manRbEvg 35 cm rW EvgCagenH TTwg 15-20 mm
EdlmanpÞúknUvRKab; FM² ragmUl [2] . EpømanRbEvg 20-60 cm BN’exµA ragsIuLaMg mineRbH rW ebIk
[5] . EpømanCatieQI Føak;reyag TgxøI manEpøEvg edaymanRKab;CaeRcInenAkñúgenaH minEbkecj
BN’exµAcas; rW etñat . RKab;BN’etñat PWørelag zitenATTwkénEpø [17] .

dMNuHrbs;kUneQI CaRbePTeGBICIl (epigeal germination ) EdlkUTIeldUnduHeLIgmkelI nigman
sac;Bak;kNþal nigmansøwkBIr eTAbItMerobCalkçN³es<ó . bURBwk bgðajnUvlkçN³ CaKMrsU ßabtükmµ
Troll´s architectural model edayduHlUtlas;CalkçN³ sympodial nig EdlG½kSrbs;
vaduHecjeTAtammMuxus²Kña edayminduHeTAtamG½kSbBaÄ EdlvisVkrcab;epþIm eRbIR)as; nUvKMnit enH .

enAPaKxagliccava: bURBwkecjpáaBIEx tula-FñÚ nigEpøenArdUvR)aMg . vaRtUv)anGegát nUvkarecjEpø
nigpáaCaeRcInenA]bTVIbma:eLsIu [17) . karecjpáa manenAExtula-vicäika nigEpøBIEx kumÖ³-emsa [2].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQImanBN’elOgRsal manlkçN³eRKIm minFn;nwgkeNþó nigstVl¥iteT . bURBwk pþl;nUv eQI

xøwmmanTMng; F¶n; edaymandg;sIuet 400-875kg/m³ enAkMritsMeNIm 15% m.c . eQIxøwm manBN’
elOgRsal enAeBlenARss; nigbþÚrCaBN’Rkhm rW TwkRkUcRsal enAeBlcas; mankarEck
dac;BIeQIRsayedaymankMras; 2-5 cm manvaynPaBrelag nigmanrs;CatilVIg [17] . rgVg;lUt
las;GacEckdac;BIKña manRBMRbTl;c,as;las; edaysarbnÞat; EdlekIteLIgeday parenchyma
b:uEnþrgVg;manlkçN³dac;² mansésrTMhMmFüm eTAFMlµm enAdac;EtÉg nigCagKUr manBN’Rkhm
enAkñúgsrés vessels man parenchyma nig apotracheal duHeLIg nig paratracheal vasicentric,
manragdUcsøab duHenARbsBVKña duHP¢ab;nwgsrés vessels BI 2-4 épÞeQImanlkçN³relag

minGacemIleXIj edayEPñkTeT manlkçN³Twkrlk CYnkalkaremIleXIj .
kMritrYjrbs;eQI mankMrti Tab vaGacsMgYt)anl¥ edayRsk;sac;eQItictYc rW minRsk; .
eQImanlkçN³rwg nigmaMu . vagayeRbIR)as; niggaydusxat; . eQITn; GacmanlkçN³rlYy
eQIxøwmmanlkçN³Fn;mFüm enAeBleRbIenAxageRkA rw b:HpÞal;nwgdI b:uEnþGacFn;CagenHeRbI
R)as;enAxagkñúg . eQIRsay gaynwgRtUv)anbMpøaj eday xñÚt Lyctus [17].
3
bURBwkmanRbePT RbEhl 30 EdlduHlUtlas;enATUTaMgRtUBik . manEtBIr eTAbIRbePTeT EdlduHeday

FmµCatienAtMbn;GasIuRtUBik nig bI RbePTenAma:eLsIuya: . vamanduHlUtlas;ena \NÐa PUma \NÐÚcin
PaKxag t,Úgcin éf nigma:eLsIuya: [2,4,17] . ( pÞúyeTAnwg RbeTs EdlRtUv)anehAfa ma:eLsIu
(Malaysia) ma:eLsIuya: (Malesia) RtUv)ankMNt;fa CatMbn;d_FM EdlmankMritrcnasm<½n§rukçCati dUcKña
EdlrYmman Malay Archipelago \NÐÚensIu ekaH)a:sIuPic éf \NÐÚcin PUma PaKxagt,Úgcin nig

Queensland enAxageCIgeQogxagekIt GURsþalI (Whitmore, T. C. 1993)) . bURBwk RtUv)andaM
Gs;ry³eBlCayUrmkehIy EdlEdnCMrkFmµCatirbs;vaBi)aknwgkMNt; . lkçN³PUmisaRsþa

énPaKxageCIg dl;xagt,Úg RtUv)ankMNt;BI 4ºN eTA 21ºS. [12] . bURBwkk_RtUv)andaMduH CaeQIlMGr
enAGaemrikxagt,Úg nigGaemrikkNþalpgEdr . RbePT C. grandis L.f. nig C. fistula L. RtUv)an
naMcUl eTAtMbn;ma:eLs‘an sMrab;daMduHCaeQIlMGr [17].
bURBwkmanduHlUtlas;enATIval eRcInCagenAkñúgéRB edaymanry³kMBs; 400 m b:uEnþvak_manduHenAkñúg

éRBeRsagbitCitpgEdr . vaEtduHeLIgedayFmµCatienAkñúgéRBbnÞab;bnSM rW ricril nigCakEnøg
EdlvaRtUv )andaMduHeLIgvijpgedr bURBwgminFn;nwgePøIgeqHeT [17] . vaCaRbePT EdlRtUvkarBnøW
nigduHlUtlas; elOn duHenAtammat;sÞgw eCIgPñM rW enACayéRBeRsag rW el,aH enAeRkamry³kMBs; 800
m a.s.l.[2] .
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa

:
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
edImeQIcUlcitþduHenAelIdIesIm eRCA nigduHlayCamYyRbePTeQIdUcCa Alangium kurzii, Schima

crenata nig Syzygium zeylanicum [2] . enAcava: vamanduHenAtMbn;dIl,ayPñMePIøg nigvalPk;
dIxSac; nigdIfµxSac; [17].
4
[eQI]: bURBwkCaRbePT EtmYyKt;kñúgcMenamRbePT dUcKña Edlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;eRbICaeQIh‘ub [17]

. manRbePT Cassia BI BIreTA bI RbePT CaBiess bURBwk RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;karsagsg;TUeTA
eRKOgsgða rwm nigkarplitTU . eQIks_ mRsbsMrab;eRbICa begÁal eQIGar Fñwm sMrab;sagsg;pÞH
nigbMENktUc² RtUv )aneRbICaeQIfamBl rW FüÚg [12] . RbePTeQIlMGrxøHGacpþl;nUveQIh‘ub
Edlmanmuxkat;FM enAeBlRtUv)ankab; .
[Gnupl]:bURBwkRtUv)aneRbICaeQIlMGr ya:gRss;sa¥ t [2,17] . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;ya:geRcIn sMrab;
Ca edImeQIlMGr nigdaMtampøÚv CaBiessGnuRbePTrbs;va KW subsp. agnes (de Wit.) K. Larsen

Edlman páaFMCagvaeTAeTot .
RbePTxøHmantMélCarukçCati»sfx<s; (e.g. C.fistula) . EpøRtUv)ancat;TukfñaM bBa©úH ehIyRKab;Gac
eRbI sMrab;TMBarCMnYsøa . eQIRtUv)anes¶areRbIsMrab;mþay EdlenAekµg [4] . Epø nigRKab;RtUv)aneRbI
Ca»sf enAtMbn; CafñaMbBa©úH [17] .
sMbkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;sMlab;Es,k eTaHRbePTeQIenHmanpÞúktanInkMritticCag 12% k_eday [17] .
kareRbIR)as;epSgeTotrbs;sMbk nigRKab; KWeRbIsMrab;kat;bnßyPaBRKunekþA [22) .
enAkñúgRbB½n§eRbIR)as;dIksirukçkmµ bURBwkGacRtUv)andaM CaeQIpþl;møb; nig famBl b:uEnþvak_RtUvKitfa
GacCYy EklMGrKuNPaBdIpgEdr [12] .
minmanTinñn½y GMBIbTBiesaFn_énkarbegáItcMkar enAekaHcava:eLIy . bURBwk manlkçN³Fn;nwgmøb;

nigkar raMgs¶Üt vaGacduHExñgeLIgvijya:gelOneRkayeBlkat; RKab;CaRbePT orthodox
b:uEnþGacrkSaTuk)an Rtwmry³eBlkMNt;mYyb:ueNÑaH . kardaMduHCacMkarKWGacTTYl)aneCaKC½y
tamry³kardaMedayedIm rW karduHeLIjvijedayFmµCati rW daMedaykUn [17].
5
bURBwkGacbnþBUC edayRKab; rW edaysrIragÁ . vamanRKab;s¶ÜtcMnYn 5700-8400 RKab; /kg .

EpøCaRbePT EpøKYr EdlRtUv)anRbmUlBIelIdI b:uEnþedImykRKab;ecj eKRtUveRbIkaMbitkat;va .
karrkSaTukRKab; KWmanlkçN³xus²Kña RKab;Rss;GacrkSaTuk)anRtwm 6 s)þah_enAkñúgEkvbitCit b:uEnþ
RKab;s¶ÜtGacrkSaTuk)andl;eTAmYyqñaM . RKab;cab;epþImduHenAbnÞab;BIry³eBl 7 eRkayeBlsab
nigkUneQIRbEhl 80% nwgduHenAkñúgry³eBl 14-30 éf¶ . kMritdMNuH manRbEhl 70% nig 50%
Gacpþl;kUneQImanKuNPaBl¥ . karkt;RtaepSgeTot )anbgðajfa dMNuHrbs;vamanBI 20-65%
enAkñúgry³eBl 5 éf¶ nigGacrhUtdl;ry³eBlmYyqñaM . enA\NÐa enAkEnøgEdldMNHu rbs;va
manlkçN³ yWt kareFVIRbRBwtþkmµedayemkarnic GacRtUv)aneRbIedIm,Idas;dMenk rW PaBsMgMrbs;RKab;
rbs;RKab; . kardaMduHCaRTg;RTayFM enAhVIlBI In edaykarkat; KWmin)anTTYleCaKC½yeT
KWmanEtkUnRbEhl 10% b:uNÑaH Edlrs; ehIykarbMe)A k_minTTYl)aneCaKC½yEdr [17].
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ankMNt;faCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; rW kar)at;bg;nUvEsn [17]


manEtenAtMbn;RtUBik (Pantropical) \NÐa PUma PaKxagt,Úgcin \NÐÚcin éf nigTUTaMg tMbn;ma:eL
EdlBYkvaduHCalkçN³FmµCati nigbURBwgkmanRbPBkMeNItBI ekaHcava: [17] .
6
p> epSg² :
bURBwk bgðajnUvlkçN³ CaKMrUsßabtükmµ Troll´s architectural model edayduHlUtlas;CalkçN³

sympodial nig EdlG½kSrbs; vaduHecjeTAtammMuxus²Kña edayminduHeTAtamG½kSbBaÄ EdlvisVkr
cab;epþImeRbIR)as;nUvKMnit enH . enAPaKxagliccava: bURBwkecjpáaBIEx tula-FñÚ nigEpøenArdUvR)aMg .

vaRtUv)anGegát nUvkarecjEpø nigpáaCaeRcInenA]bTVIbma:eLsIu [17) . karecjpáa manenAExtula-vicäika
nigEpøBIEx kumÖ³-emsa [2].
mkdl;edImqñaM 1980´s bURBwk RtUv)ankMNt;faCaePT ( genus)FMCageKkñúgcMeNam 500 RbePT
b:uEnþePTenH RtUv)anEckCa 3 ePT : Cassia s.s. EdlrYmmanBIr eTA bIePT mancMnYn RbePTRbEhl
270 nig 250 RbePT . C. javanica mansNæanxusKñaCaeRcIn nigGnuRbePTCaeRcIn
EdlmanlkçN³xusKña dUcCa C. agnes (de Wit.) Brenan, C. bartonii F.M. [17] .

bURBwk mantMélRbEhl edImeQI EdldaMduHCacMkarpgEdr . vaRtUv)ankMNt;fa CaRbePT
EdlduHlUtlas;elOn nigGacpþl;nUveQIhu‘b EdlmanKuNPaBmFüm . CaBiess vaCaedImeQI
EdlmanPaKTak;Taj EdlGaceRbICaedImeQIlMGr nigeQIhub‘ pgEdr .
Guzman E de, Umali RM, Sotalbo ED, 1986: Guide to Philippine flora and fauna. Natural
Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the
Philippines. Manila, Philippines: JMC Press Inc.
Gupta RK, 1993: Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilization. New
Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH.
Hocking D, 1993: Trees for drylands. Trees for drylands. xiii + 370 pp.; [Originally
Luna RK, 1996: Plantation trees. Plantation trees. xii + 975 pp.; [refs at ends of
sections].
Singh SP, 1989: Wasteland development. Wasteland development. xx + 227 pp.; 96 ref.
Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S, eds. 1998: Plant Resources of South-East Asia.
No 5(3). Timber trees: lesser-known timbers. Leiden, Netherlands; Backhuys Publishers.
Todaria NP, Negim AK, 1992: Pretreatment of some Indian Cassia seeds to improve their
germination. Seed Science and Technology, 20(3):583-588; 10 ref.
7
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) NGUYEN et al.1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House,

Hanoi, 788 pp.
4) DY Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House;


13) Baertels, A.1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Color

Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ. Stuttgart,
illustrated, 384 pp.
17) SOSEF, M.S.M., HONG, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cassia siamensis (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby]

[Cassia siamensis (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Cassia siamensis (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Thailand shower [2], Bombay blackwood, ironwood,

Kassaof tree, kassod tree, Siamese acacia, Siamese
senna, Thai copper pod, yellow cassia [5]
K> sTisn½y ³ Cassia arayatensis Naves,
Cassia florida Vahl,

Cassia siamea Lam.,
Senna sumatrana Roxb.,
Senna siamea
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ cassia (France) [5] - minjiri (Bangladesh) [5] - johar,
johor (Indonesia) [5] - beati, kassod, kilek,
manjakonnai, manje-konna, minjori, minjri, ponavari,
sima-tangedu, simaiavari, simethangadi, vakai, vakoi
(India) [5] - khi lek (Laos) [5] - wa (Sri Lanka) [5] - johor,
juah, petai belalang (Malaysia) [5] - casia (Nepal) [5] -
robles, Thailand shower (Philippines) [5] - minjri
(Pakistan) [5] - khi lek ban, khi lek yai, kilek, phak chili
(Thailand) [5] - mu[oof]ng (Vietnam) [5]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Ggáaj;

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ angkanh' [1]
1
lMdab; : Leguminosales/Fabales
RKYsar : Caesalpiniaceae
ePT : Cassia
RbePT : Cassia siamensis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQIébtgCanic© EdlmanTMhMmFüm edaymankMBs;CamFümRbEhl 20 m [2]

(5 m tMbn;raMgs¶Üt [2]) . kenSamsøk w Rkas; mUl niglaRtdag . edImmankMBs; 2-3 m
edaymanGgát;pi©t DBH 50 cm [2] enAeBleBjv½y . RbB½nb§ ¤srak; EdlmankaMRbEvg 7 m [8]
enAqañdM MbgU nigeRkaymkmanRbEvg 15 m [8] EdlGacgaynwgdYrlMedaysarxül;xaø gM .
[sMbk] sMbkrelag BN’RbepH nigeRbHtambeNþayedIm .
[søwk]: søk w qøas; smasragdUcsøab RbEvgBI 23-33 cm [8] (15-30 cm [5]) ragRsLÚn
BN’Rkhmébtg. mansnøwkcMnnY 6-12 KU [8] (6-14 [5]) enAelITg EdlmanRbEvg 3 mm ragRTEvg
beNþay 3-7 cm nigTTwg 12-20 mm manBN’ébtgcas; ragmUlenAEpñkxagcugTaMgBIr
edaykMBUlrbs;vamanerampgEdr .
[páa]: páaecjCakBa©Mú enAxagcugEmk CaBiessEmkEdlFM RbEvg 20-30 cm TTwg 13 cm
EdlmanpáaBN’elOgCaeRcIn duHkat;RbEvg 3 cm nigmanpáa 5 RsedogKña . RsTab;páa duHenACan;Kañ

dUcdMbgU ek,Óg minRsYlenAxagcugeT RtbkpáamanragCa
heteromorphic
EdlmanBN’elOgniglkçN³mindUcKña . ekseQµal mancMnYn 10 duHgakecjBIG½kSpáa

bMBugeksduHRtg; nigminmanRbEvgkBa©lMú MGgeT . eksjIzitenAelITMrgpáa ragCabnÞab; nigekag .
ecjpáaenAkMLgú Ex kkáda-FñÚ ngEpømkra-emsa .
[Epø]: EpømancMnYneRcIn Evg manRbEvg 5-25 cm TTwg 12-20 mm sMEb:t BN’etñatcas; ragdUcExS
edaymanTgEvg ragCasILu aMg nighab;ENn eRbHEbkenAeBlTMu edaymanlkçN³Caft

BIRKab;mYyeTARKab;mYy . RKab;ragdUcRKab;sENþk PørW elag BN’etñatcas; RbEvg 8 mm
EdlzitenAkñúgrun§ rW ft xus²Kña .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIxwømmanTMgn;mFümeTAF¶n; edaymandg;seIu t 0.6-1.01 g/cm³ [8] enAsMeNIm 15% .

eQIxwømmanBN’etñatcas; edaymansñamQñtÚ ²BN’CaCYr edayEckdac;BIeQIRsay RbEvgRbEhl 6
cm . sréseQIzitenACacenøaH² nigCYnkalmanlkçN³Rtg; . vayn³PaBeQImanlkçN³eRKImbnþt i
b:Eu nþmanlkçN³esµIKañ . kMritrYjrbs;eQI enAkMLgú eBlsMgYtmanlkçN³mFüm eTAx<s;
b:Eu nþvaRtUv)ansMgYtbnþci mþg² . eQImanlkçN³Fn;nwgkeNþó rwgmaMu Bi)akeFVkI ar edaymanluHRta
EteFVkI arQUs nigTamTarnUvkarduHxat;eGay)an eRcIn . eQIRsayKWmanlkçN³eRCob gayRsYl
beBa¢akCatifñaM . Gacm_rNa rW kMeTceQIGaceFIVeGayman karrlakEs,k enAeBlb:HEs,k .
eQIRsayGacRtUv)ankat;ecjbnÞab;BIkarkat;rMlM edIm,IkarBarkar bMpaø jrbs;stVlt¥i eTAelIeQIxwmø .
Ggáaj;manRbPBBIéRBricril (secondary forest)énTMnabtMbn;GasIuGeKñy_ b:Eu nþRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú tMbn;

RtUBki epSgeToténBiPBelak enAkñgú éRBtMbn;TMnab . enAkm<Cú a vaRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú TIRkugFM²
sMrab;Ca RbePTeQIpþl;mbø ; .
Ggáaj;GacduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 1,380 m a.s.l. [5] (0-1,000 m [8], 300-500 (-1000 m) [9])

eRkamlkçxN ½ Ðxsu ²Kña BItMbn;esIm (kMritePøógRbcaMqañ M : 2,800 mm [5]) eTAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt (400-500 mm
[5, 8]) . enARbeTs\NÐaEdlmankMritTwkePøógTabbMpt u 1,000 mm [5] KWsmRsbsMrab; karduH

lUtlas; . eTaHCaya:gNa vasmRsbnwgtMbn;TMnabRtUBik EdlmanGakasFatumsU ug .
vaGacFn;ngw rdUvraMgs¶Üt Edlmanry³eBlBI 4-6 Ex [5] (4-8 Ex [8]) . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M :
21-24°C [4] (20-28°C [5]). sItuNðPaBdac;xat 24-36°C [5] . eyagtamBnøEW dlRtUvkar
vaCaRbePTedImeQImFüm . vagayrg eRKaHedaysarGakasFatuRtCak; nigG½BÞ . enAeBlv½y

vamanlkçN³Fn;ngw karraMgs¶Üt b:Eu nþkUneQImni Gac Fn;ngw karraMgs¶Üt)aneT
3
niggayrgeRKaHedaysarePøgI eqHeTotpg . vaduHlUtlas;enAeBl EdlrWsGacduH cak;dl; RbPB
TwkeRkamdI .
tMbneqñrénPñRM kvaj (B) TMnabPaKBayBü (D),TMnabkNþal (d).

ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
edImeQIGacduHlUtlas;enAelIRbePTdIxsu ²Kña b:Eu nþvaRtUvkarduHelIdImansMeNIm eRCA mindk;Twk

nigman CICatil¥ EdlzitenAtamtMbn;TMnab nigx<g;rab edaymanvayPaBdImFüm nig pH BI 5.5-7.5 [2]
. vaduHlUt las;elOn eTaHbIdImni sUvmanCICatik_eday . vaFn;ngw dI EdlminmanrukçCatiduHlUtlas;
b:Eu nþkarduHlUt las;RtUv)anQb;enAeBlmankarraMgs¶tÜ edayedImeQIjkøayCaRkinenA bnÞab;BI
ry³eBlBI 4 eTA 5 qñaM . karduHlUtlas;rbs;ExñgRtUv)ankat;bnßy . vagayrgeRKaH edaysar
Etkardk;Twk b:uEnþduHlUtlas;v; ij enAeBlEdlrWsduHcak;dl;RbB½n§TwkeRkamdI . Ggáaj;sm
RsbsMrab;RbePTdI fluvisols, vertisols, xerosols/calcisols, aerisol/alisols, alfisols, ferrasols,
lateritic nig nitosol/nitisols eyageTAtamcMNat; fñak;rbs;Ggákar FAO . enAPaKxaglic Benga
vaduHlUtlas;enAelIdI lateric bnÞab;BIkarCIreNþAya:g eRCAsMrab;daM [5] . vaminsmRsbsMrab;dI

EdlKµanCICatieT BIeRBaHvaminmanlT§PaBplitGasUtenAkñgú dI . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[eQI]: eQImanKuNPaBx<s; sMrab;eQIGar sMPar³eFIBV eI QI begáal sMng;TUeTA TUr eQIeFIVRkdas

eQIfamBl nigFüÚg . enARbeTséf eQIxwømRtUv)aneRbIR)as; CafñaMsnøb; nigfñaRM KunekþA
sMrab;Büa)alCMgWsgÁmmYycMnYn .
4
[Gnupl]: søkw nigRKab;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CacMNIstV b:Eu nþGacmanCatiBulsMrab;RCUk . søwkx©I
nigpáaRtUv)aneRbI enAkñgú smøkarI . søwkk_RtUv)aneRbIsrM ab;eFICV afñaM bBa©úHsMrab;Büa)alkarFøak;s nig
karenameRcIn páaeRbICa fñaeM lIsQam fñasM nøb; nigfñabM Ba©úH . CaBiess enAkm<Cú a vaRtUv)anes¶ar
sMrab;RbqaMgnwgkar eLIgRkmr rbs;dMe)A . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CarukçCatisrM ab;RKb (mulch)
CaBiessenAkñgú RbB½nd§ MNaMqøas; . edImeQI EdlduHlUtlas;l¥Gacpþl;pl 500 kg/qñaM
énTMgn;swøkRss; . edImRbePTenH KWCaRbPBsMrab;karplit TwkXµúM nigtanIn .
[epSg²]: vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaedImeQITMr sMrab;edImc½nRÞ ksña (Santalum album) nigpþl;mb ø ;dl;RbePT
dMNaM dUcCa Swietenia mahogani edIm,Ikat;bnßykarvayRbharrbs;RbePTstVecaHeQI . vasmRsb
sMrab;dMNaMqøas; kardaMCarbg r)aMgxül; ExSRkvat;ébtg karRKb;RKgkarhUreRcaH
nigsMrab;pþl;mbø ;dl;ckM ar kakav nig Et . vaCaRbePT edImeQIpþl;mbø ;cMbg enAtamTIRkug
nigTIRbCMCu nkñgú tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ . vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;kardaMduHrukCç atieLIgvij enAelIdIksikmµ
nigRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú RbB½n§ Taungya . vak_RtUv)aneRbICaRbePTpþl;møbs; rM ab;kaehVpgEdr .
Ggáaj;mni EmnCaRbePTeQI Edlpþl;GasUteTAeGaydI tamry³ kMBkrWs Rhizobium
eTaHbImanP½sútþ agxøHfavaCaRbePT EdlGacpþl;GasUteTAeGaydI EdlGac ekItmaneLIgenAkñgú rWs
nigsMbk lenticellate. dUcenH vaminRtUv)anpþl;eyabl;eGaydaMduHenAelIdI Edl KµanCICatienaHeLIg .
eQIRbNit .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: Ggáaj;manRbPBBIéRBricril (secondary forest)énTMnabtMbn;GasIuGeKñy_ b:Eu nþRtUv)an

daMduH enAkñgú tMbn; RtUBki epSgeToténBiPBelak enAkñúgéRBtMbn;TMnab . enAkm<Cú a vaRtUv)an daMduH
enAkñgú TIRkug FM² sMrab;Ca RbePTeQIpþl;mbø ; .
[kardaMduH]: karsMGatesµAmansar³sMxan;Nas; enAkñg ú qñaMTImyY nigBIr . karkarBasMeNIm
(karksagsñam ePøaH nigkEnøgrkSaTwkxñattUc) CYyenAkñúgdMNak;kardaMduHdMbUg nigCMnYydl;kar lUt
5
las;rbs;edImeQIenA tMbn;raMgs¶ÜtmFüm . enAkñgú cMkareQIdaMsrM ab;ykeQIfamBl cenøaHénkardaMKW
1 x 1 m eTA 1 x 3 m [5] (2 x 2 m = 2,000 kUneQI [2]) . enAkñg ú kardaMduHCaCYr sMrab;dMNaMqøas;
nigExSRkvat;ébtg cenøaHKWrvag edImeQI nigrg KW 0.25-0.5 m .
[karRKb;RKg]: Ggáaj;minEmnCaRbePT Edlpþl;GasUtdl;dIeT . vaduHlUtlas;elOn . kMeNInkMBs;
2.5 m/qñaM RtUv)ankt;Rta nig enAxaglic Bengal vaGacmankMBs;dl;eTA 7.9 m edaymanvimaRtedIm
24.1 cm enAkñg ú ry³eBl 3 qñaM [5] . vaGacmankMBs; 15 m nigGgát;p©it DBH 15 cm enAkñgú ry³eBl
10 qñaM [2] . RbsinKµankaréRkEmkeGay)anl¥eT eFIT V Mrg;edImminl¥ nig manEmkduHFøak; cuHmk
eRkameRcIn . vamanlT§ PaBduHedayExñgelOn bnÞab;BIkarkat; . enAkñgú cMkardaMykeQIfamBl Tinñ
pleQImanRbEhl 10-15 m³/ha/qñaM [2] rW 74-198 t/ha enAxYbry³eBlBI 7-10 qñaM . vaRtUv
)aneRbIR)as;CaedImeQITMr eGayRbePT eQI c½nRÞ ksña (Santalum album) nigmøbd; l;sMrab;
Swietenia mahogani edIm,Ikat;bnßykarbMpaø jBI BBYkecaHrun§eQI . vamansar³sMxan;sMrab;dMNaMqaø s;
kardaMCaCYr r)aMgxül; ExSRkvat;ébtg karRKb;RKg karhUreRcaH nigpþl;mbø ;dl;kakav karehV nigcMkarEt

.
karbnþBUCRtUv)anGnuvtþtamry³ kardaMedImedIm karsabedaypÞal; nigkardaMedImKl; .

karrkSaTukRKab;Ca RbePT orthodox . manRKab; 35,000-45,000 RKab;/kg [8] .
RKab;Edlcas;mansMbkrwg nigkareFIV RbRBwtþkmµRtUv)aneFIeV LIgmuneBlsab .
karRtaMenAkñúgGasItu s‘lu pYrIc ry³eBl 10-30 naTIKmW anRbsiT§ PaB . CamYynwgviFsI aRsþTImyY
GaRtadMNuHRbEhl 90% enAkñgú ry³eBl 60 éf¶ . GaRtadMNuHedaymin manRbRBwtþkmµRKab; man
75% enAkñúgry³eBl 4-29 éf¶ [8] (40% [2]) . GaRtars;Gac RtUv)anrkSasMrab; ry³ 3
qñaMenAkñúgbnÞb;bti Cit edaymansMeNIm 11-15% [8] . RKab;sTu § EdlRtUvkarenAkñgú mYy ha: 2,500
RKab; . cMnYnRKab;RtUvkar : 10,420 RKab; rW 0.26 kg/ha . PaBsuT§rbs;RKab; : 95%. GaRtadMNuH :
40%.kMrit)at;bg;rbs;kUneQI : 20% (3,000) enAkEnøgdaM , 10% (3,334) enAkñg ú kardwkCBa¢nÚ nig 20%
(4,168) enAkñg ú fñalbNþHú kUneQI [2] .
6
[stVl¥ti ]: Ggáaj;Fn;mFümnwgkeNþó b:Eu nþgayrgeRKaHnwgRbePTstV dgávÚ (Eurema blanda) nigRbePT

eFIeV GayRCuHsøwk . RbePTstVmyY cMnnY dUcCa : Catopsilia crocale, EdleFIeV GayedImeQItUc²RCuHsøwk ;
Xyleutes persona,RbePTXµúeM caHrun§ ; Indarbela sp. dgávÚ bMpøajsMbk ; Celosterna scabrator,
RbePT ecaHrun§elIedIm nigrWs nig dgávÚ Labdia sp., EdlecaHrun§enAkñúgEpø Edls¶Üt .

RbePTepSg²eTotdUcCa Catopsilia pyranthe, Diapromorpha belteata, Eurema blanda,
Frankliniella schultzei, Indarbela quadrinotata, Megalurothrips distalis, Scirtothrips
bispinosus, Thrips tabaci, Xyleutes persona, Zeuzera coffeae . mankarraykarN_fa
eQIRsayRtUv)ankat;ecj bnÞab;BIedImeQIRtUv)ankab;rMlM edIm,IkarBareQIxwmø BIkarbMpøajrbs;stVl¥it
.
[CMgW]: pSit: RbePT Ganoderma lucidum eFIeV GayrWs nigKl;rlYy . Fomes lucidus Ca)a:ra:sit eFIV
eGaypSitmanrbYs EdleRcotcUleTAkñúgrWsrbs;edImeQI bNþaleGayedImBukpuy nigmanBN’s .

bnÞab;BI edImeQIgab; RbePT blood red sporophore ekItmaneLIg . Phaeolus manihotis
(Polyporus baudonii) KWCaCMgWrWs EdlbNþaleGayedImeQIRCuHsøwk .
[epSg²]: Erianthemum ulugurense RtUv)anraykarN_fa duHlUtlas;enAelIedImeQI CaRbePTrukçCati
)a:ra:sti . KuNvibtþci bM grbs;RbePTenH KW manrWsrak; EdleFIeV GaygayrgeRKaHfñak;ngw xül;bkxøaMg .

[karkarBar]: RtUv)anpþl;eyabl; eGayRKb;RKgCMgW nigstVlt ¥i EdlrYmTaMgkarRKb;RKgedayCIvsaRsþ

edayeRbIR)as;)a:ra:sti nigstVssIu tVl¥ti CaGahar kareRbIR)as;fñasM lM ab;stVl¥itedayyWt²
eRbIR)as;viFI saRsþrukvç b,kmµ .
F> karGPirkS :
7
RbePTeQIenHmanduHenA extþkMBg;FM esomrab nigkMBt .

[RbPBkMeNIt]: bg;køaeds Rb‘yu eN km<Cú a cin PaKxagt,Úg\NÐa Lav ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; hVlI IBnI
éf evotNam .
[karnaMclU ]: GaTIKu nig)ab‘dU a )a)adUs Kuy)a dUmnI kI a eGRTIero eGsüÚBI hÁaNa RhIN
Á ada éhTI camIku a
eknya: nIesrIya:eb:rU esra:elGUn GaeRhVxagt,Úg LÚsIya: tg;sanI tugeháa RTInIedt nigta)aeháa
ekaHvIsIeu no sIum)aev .
p> epSg² :
Rbvtþi]: vaRtUv)andaMduHya:geRcInenAkñgú tMbnRtUBki nigduHlUtlas;CaFmµCatipgEdr . cMkarRtUv)an

[
begátI enAkMLgú TsSvtSqñaM 1920s enARbeTs háaNa nIesrIya: nigesra:elGUn sMrab;pÁt;pÁg;eQIfamBl

.
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
Banik S, Nadaf AB, Bhosale LJ, 1995. Growth performance of Cassia siamea and Acacia
auriculiformis plantations under pit method. Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products,
2(1/2):63-66; 3 ref.
[5]
Faridah Hanum I, van der Maesen LJG (eds.). 1997. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No
11. Auxillary Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
[8]
8
Farnsworth N.R. Bunyapraphatsara N. (1992) Thai Medicinal Plants Recommended for
Primary Health Care System.
[9]
Kannan D, Paliwal K, 1995. Effect of nursery fertilization on Cassia siamea seedling growth
and its impact on early field performance. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 8(2):203-212;
21 ref.
[5]
Kiepe P, 1995. Effect of Cassia siamea hedgerow barriers on soil physical properties.
Geoderma, 66(1-2):113-120; 15 ref.
[5]
Kiepe P, 1996. Cover and barrier effect of Cassia siamea hedgerows on soil conservation in
semi-arid Kenya. Soil Technology, 9(3): 161-171.
[5]
Padma V, Satyanarayana G, Reddy BM, 1996. Studies on pre-sowing seed treatments in

three species of Cassia. Seed Research, 24(1): 51-54.
[5]
Pradhan PC, Behera BP, 1997. Efficiency of planting methods on establishment of Cassia
siamea in slopy red lateritic soils of Orissa. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 25(1): 86-87.
[5]
Rath B, Pradhan PC, Behera BD, Sahu D, 1997. Efficacy of planting methods and
establishment of Cassia siamea in slopy and red laterite soil of Orissa. Environment and
Ecology, 15(1): 49-51.
[5]
Timyan J. 1996. Bwa Yo: important trees of Haiti. South-East Consortium for International
Development. Washington D.C.
[8]
9
Webb DB, Wood PJ, Henman GS. 1984. A guide to species selection for tropical and sub-
tropical plantations. Tropical Forestry Papers No. 15, 2nd edition. Commonwealth Forestry
Institute, Oxford University Press.
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Sok, Sokunthet (RUA), 2006: Own obseravations
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuel wood Research and Development
Project. Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock International. 320pp.
(CD-ROM).
[7] AUTHOR, 1973: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-nam (Fascicule 18th). Paris.

(Internet source).

10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Casuarina equisetifolia L. ]

[Casuarina equisetifolia L. ]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Casuarina equisetifolia L. [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ coast she-oak, whistling pine, Australian pine, Australian oak,
horsetail beefwood, swamp oak, beefwood, ironwood [1],

redwood tree [2], Australian beefwood, beach she-oak,
beefwood tree, casuarina, common ru, horsetail casuarina,
horsetail tree, ironwood, sea pine, she oak, swamp she oak,
wild pepper [4], bull oak, whistling pine [9]
K> sTisn½y ³ Casuarina litorea L. [1],
Casuarina equisetifolia J.R. and G. Forster,

Casuarina littoralis Salisb.,
Casuarina littorea Oken.,
Casuarina muricata Roxb.,
Casuarina sumatrana Jungh. [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ mu ma huang, pu tong mu ma huang (China) [1] - casuarine
a feuilles de prele, bois de fer, fialo, filao, pich pin, pin

d'Australie (France) [1, 4] - Eisenholz, Keulenbaum
(Germany) [4] - cemara laut, jemara laut, ai samara, aru,
eru, tjemara laut (Indonesia) [1, 4] - casuarina, jangli saru,
jau, savukku (India) [1] - mokumao, ogasawa matsu (Japan)
[1] - son th'ale, `sôn tha lé, pè:k namz, pêk nam², sôn th’ale
(Laos) [1, 4] - kasa ghas (Sri Lanka) [1] - pino australiano,

casuarina (Spain) [10] - tin yu, pink-tinyu, tin-yu (Myanmar)
[1, 4] - ru, ru laut (Malaysia) [1] - yar (Papua New Guinea) [1]
- agoho (Philippines) [1] - son thale, ku, son-thale (Thailand)
[1, 4] - phi lao, c[aa]y phi lao, duong, filao, phi-lao (Vietnam)
[1, 4]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ s¶av [3]

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ snga:w [4], sngav [3]
1
lMdab; : Casuarinales
RKYsar : Casuarinaceae
ePT : Casuarina
RbePT : Casuarina equisetifolia L.
GnuRbePT: Casuarina equisetifolia
equisetifolia, Casuarina equisetifolia incana (Benth.)
L. Johnson
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: s¶av CaedImeQIébtgCanic© EdlmanTMhMmFüm CaRbePTeQI dioecious rW

monoecious EdlmankMBs; 6-35 (60) m [4] (8-16 m enAGURsþalI -35 m tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ [1], 15-
20 m [7], 10-30 [9]) enAeBlcas; . GnuRbePTrbs;va subsp. incana KWCaedImeQItUc
nigGacRtUv)ankat;bnßy kMBs;mk RtWm 6-10 m enAtMbn;mni sUvmanCICati [1] . RbePTenH manGayu

40-50 qñaM [8] edaymankMritlUtlas; yWt . edImRtg; ragsIL u aMg KµanEmkenAkMBs; 10 m
edaymankMBs; DBH BI 100-150 cm [4] (20-40 cm [7], 50 cm [1], 100 cm [10]) CYnkalmanRBwg .
cMnnY rbs;va enAkñgú FmµCati manlkçN³xus² Kña edImeQI manEmkTab² nigedImRtg;enAkñúgéRBtMbn;eqñr

[8] . sMbkmanBN’etñatRsal relag eRKIm nigRkas;rbk CadM² u . runx§ ül; ekItmanenAelIsMbkx©I² .
sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’Rkhm rW etñat . vamanCatitanInBI 6-18% [2] . kenSamsøwk manEmk nigragmUl
b:Eu nþragsMEb:tenAeBlcas; . søwk nigEmkGacRCuH rW Bnøk RsYc²k_GacRCuHpgEdr . BYkvamanGgát;p©it
1-2.5 mm [1] (0.5-1 mm [4]) EdlmanbeNþay 23-38 cm [1] nigmanragmUl Kµaneram
CYnkalGacmaneram . eTaH s¶avCaRbePT edImeQI ébtgCanic© vak_CrM uHsøkw Caerogral;qañ pM gEdr .

[søwk]: tUcragdUceFµj mancMnYn 7-8 kñúgmYykg; [1] .
2
páa páaCapáaGePT (monoecious) . Rtbk nigRsTab;páa minman nigRtUv)anCMnYyedaysøkw cMnYn 2 .
[ ]:
páaeQµal ekItmanenAelIGk½ S samBaØ manRbEvg 7-40 mm [4] nigtMerobCaragKUTxüg edaymancMnYn

7-11.5 CMu kñúgmYy cm [4] énk,alpáa edaymanekseQµaleTal . páajImanragsIL u aMg ekan rW mUl
10-24 x 9-13 mm [1] nigRtUv)anduH edaymanCatieQIpgEdr . enAtMbn; EdlmanrdUvR)aMg nigvsSa
karecjpáa nigEpø manlkçN³eTogTat; KWmgþ rW BIdgkñúgmYyqñaM . enAkEnøg EdlminmanrdUvR)aMg

nigvsSa karecjpáa KWmanlkçN³mineTotTat; [1] . enA\NÐa karecjpáamanBIrdg nigmanenAExkumÖ³
dl;emsa nigkBaØa dl; tula edaymanEpøBrI dgenAEx mifuna nigFñÚ .
s¶avRtUv)aneFIdV MeNIrlMGgedayxül; .
[Epø]: Epøekan manCatieQI nigragmUl rW sIuLaMg TMhM 10-35 mm x 9-15 mm [1] RTnab;páaRsYc
nigduHecj BIekan . EpømanEtmYy BN’elOgetñat rW etñatcas; edaymansøabRbEvg 6-8 mm [1] .

cMeBaHGnu RbePT incana Bnøkx©I nigekan RtUv)anRKbedaymaneramBN’s . RKab;CaRKab;eTal .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
s¶avpþl;nvU eQI xømw EdlrwgmaMu nigF¶n; edaymankMritdg;sueI t (r15) én 0.9-1.0 g/cm³ [1, 4] (0.978
g/cm³ [7]) . eQIRsaymanlkçN³F¶n;Cag eQIxwm ø . eQImni Tan;s¶Üt mankMritsMeNIm 40-60% .
eQIxwømman BN’Rkhmetñat RkhmRsal etñatRsal nigminGacEckdac;BIeQIRsal EdlmanBN’
elOg rW elOgetñat . sréselceLIg manC½r enAelIépÞmnu eQI enAeBlkat; nigmanrgVg;
lUtlas;xsu ²Kña . srésman lkçN³Rtg; rW Twkrlk . srésrmanRbEvg 895-1,230 µm [1] .
sac;eQIrelag nigesµI . kMritrYjKW mankMritmFüm eTAx<s; nigsac;eQImankarBi)akkñgú karsMgYt
edaysarvaGaceRbHEbk . eQIRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;kargarCageQI . kMNat;eQImankarBi)akkñgú karGar

nigkarsMgYtedayxül;mankarBi)akCagkar sMgYt edayma:snIu BIeRBaHdg;sueI t nigPaBrwgrbs;va .
eQIxwøm mankMritFn;x<s; nwgsMBaF b:Eu nþeQIRsay gayeFIRV bRBwtþkmµ . eQImanlkçN³rwg
nigkardMEdkeKalcUl TamTareGaymankarecaHrun§Camun . eQIgayrgkarbMpøajrbs;keNþó
Cryptotermes brevis nigFn; RbsinRtUv)ankarBar edaysarFatuKImI [1] . eTaHya:gNa
RbPBepSgeTot bBa¢ak;faeQIxwmø manlkçN³ Fn;ngw karbMpaø j nwgkeNþó [4] . vamingay eCob
3
nigsmRsbsMrab;kareRbIR)as;kúgñ Twk . tMélfamBl 24,000 kJ/kg [1] (5,000 kcal/kg [4])cMEnk
tMélfamBlFüÚgman 33,500kJ/kg [1] (7,000 kcal/kg [4]).
RbEhl : 20°N eTA 32°S [1] (22°N eTA 22°S [10]) . s¶avRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;RtUBci tamtMbn;eqñr
nig tMbn;raMgs¶ÜtmFüm . GnuRbePTrbs;vamanduH enAtameqñr nigkMrenAtMbn;xs< r; ab . vamanduH
enAtamval xSac; nigtMbn;CrM almFüm enACitsmuRT . vaduHlUtlas; enAkEnøgmanCatiéRB
nigtMbn;licTwk Edlman kMritTwkeCarx<s; . Subsp. incana k_manduHenAtamsmuRT nigFn;nCw atiéRb .
edImeQImanduH layCamYy BBYk Barringtonia asiatica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Eugenia sp.,
Heritiera littoralis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pongamia glabra, Thespesia populnea nig Pandanus sp
. enAGURsþalI vaduHenACaExS Rkvat; énéRBekagkag rhUtdl;BkY éRBeRbgxül; .

vaGacduHenAkñgú éRBekagkag nigéRBtMbn;eqñr [6] . eRkamsßanPaB edaphic vaGacduHlUtlas;sTu § rW
layCamYy Casuarina cunninghamiana Edlman RbPBkMenItenAGURsþalI nig New
Caledonia[10]. enAkm<C ú aRbePTenH duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;eqñrCaRkum[1].
enAkñgú FmµCati s¶avmanduHlUtlas; enAtameqñrxSac; kMrenAtamtMbn;xs< r; ab vaduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;

0-100 m a.s.l. [1] (0-20 m [6]) . CaTUeTA vamanduHenAry³kMBs; 0-1,400 m a.s.l. [4, 10] (0-1,500
m [1]) enAtg;sSanI manry³kMBs;dl;eTA 1,800 m [10] nigenA Andes Gacdl; 2,000 m [10] .
GakasFatucab; BIBak;NþalraMgs¶Üt dl; Bak;NþalesIm . enAtMbn; EdlnrdUvR)aMgry³eBlBI 4-6 Ex

eTaHbI rdUvenHman karFøak;cHu cMeBaHtMbn;eGkVaT½r énGasIuGaeKñy_ nigPaKxagt,ÚgGURsþalIk_eday .
GnuRbePTs¶av manduHenA tMbn;ekþAesIm enAeBlEdlGnuRbePT incana duHlUtlas;enAtMbn; ekþA
nigesIm . CaTUeTAtMbn; mankMBs; TwkePøógRbcaMqaM 350-5,000 mm [1] (200-3,500 mm [4], 700-
2,000 mm [10]) edaymanlkçN³xusKña KWrdUvR)aMg nigvsSa KWmanlkçN³smRsb . krNI
EdlvaGaceRbIR)as;TwkeRkamdI enaH vaGacFn;ngw kMrit TwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 300 mm .

4
kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqaMñ rvag 10 nig 35°C [4] (18-26°C [10]) . kMritsItuNðPaBx<sb; Mput
enAExekþA KW 30-35°C [1] enA\NÐamantMélBI 37-47°C [1] . kMritsItuNðPaB mFümTabbMput
enAExRtCak; 10-20°C [1] nig 7-17°C [1] enA\NÐa . GnuRbePT s¶avminFn; nwgsenSImeT
enAeBlGnuRbePT subsp. incana Fn;nwgsenSIm 1-3 kñúgmYyqñaM [1] enAkMrtiBrI
eTAbIKLI ÚEm:RtBIsmuRT . s¶avCaRbePT RtUvkarBnøW Fn;ngw møb; niggayrgeRKaHedaysarePIgø . tMbn;Ca
eRcIn EdlmanRbePTenH duHCaFmµCatiEtgayrgnwgxül;BüúHsIku Únø rW TIhVúg . dUcenH s¶av
CaTUeTAFn;nwgxül;smuRT EdlmankMlaMg xøaMg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10]
s¶avduHlUtlas; enAelIdI Edlmindk;Twk nigmanvaynPaBeRKIm CaBiessmanxSac;kMras; 2 m [1] eRCA

nigRKbedayl,ayxSac; EdlGacrkSasMeNIm . vaGacminduHenAelI dImanxSac;tic
nigsMeNImminRKb;RKan; . RbePTTaMgBIr rbs;sa¶ vmankarFn;nwgdIkal;süÚm nig)as GMbli niglicTwk
b:Eu nþminmanry³eBlyUr . vaduHlUtlas;enAelIdI EdlmankMrit pH BI 5.0 eTA 9.5 [1] . minTamTar
kMritsarFatucBi a©wmx<s; . vaGac duHlUtlas;enAelIRbePTdIrgkarbMpaø j edaysarmIn nigdIfµ [1] .
[lkçN³TUeTA]: s¶avCaRbePT Edlpþl;GasUteTAeGaydI nigCaRbePTeQIeRbIR)as;eRcInya:g

EdlRtUv)an cat;famanRbeyaCn_ sMrab;sgÁm esdækic© nigbrisßan enAkñgú tMbn;RtUBik
edaypþl;nUvplitpl CaeRcIn TaMgplitpl nigesva sMrab;]sSah_kmµ nigGñkeRbIR)as;kgñú tMbn; [1] .
5
[eQI]: eQIRtUv)ancat;TukfamanKuNPaBx<s; sMrab;CaeQIfamBl nigFüÚg . tMélfamBlrbs;eQIKW
24,000 kJ/kg (5,000 kcal/kg [4]) nigFüÚgGacpþl; 33,500 kJ/kg (7,000 kcal/kg [4]) [1] .
vaRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;Ca\n§n³enAkñgú pÞH nig]sSah_kmµ dUcCaduHkñgú rfePøgI . kareRbIR)as;epSgeTot

mandUcCa TUkensaT epÞag Rcva:TUk RbGb;sMbRu t begÁalGKIÁsnI eRKOgsgðarwm dgsMPar³epSg²
kg;reTH nigcnÞl;GNþgÚ Er: . enA \NÐaeQI CaRbPBsrèssMrab;plitkmµRkdas edayeRbI s‘ulpat
nigdMeNIrkarBak;kNþalKImI nigCavtßú Fatu edImsMrab;srés rayon . srésmanRbEvg 895-1,230 µm
[1] . [1, 4, 7]
[Gnupl]: s¶avmansar³sMxan;srM ab;plit l½kç nigtanIn . sMbkmanpÞúk 6-18% [2] éntanIn Edlman
BN’Rkhm nigRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFItV anIn b:Eu nþk_RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIeV GaysMNaj; ensaTmanlkçN³sVit

nigmaMu . vaGaceRCobya:gelOn eFIeV GaTn; CaBiessCatiEs,k [4] . enAcin nigkEnøgepSgeTot
enAGasIu søwkrbs;vaRtUv)ankat;BIcMkar nigeRbICaeQIfamBl [1] . EpñkCaeRcInrbs;
edImeQIGaceRbICafñabM uraN : rWseRbIsMrab;Büa)alGasñneraK raK nigQWRkeBH . enAxaglicma:eLsIu
Emkx©I RtUv)anes¶ar eRbIsMrab; Büa)al karehIm nigemSAsMbkeRbIsMrab;Büa)almun ( acne) .
[epSg²]: s¶avRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;karBarkarhUreRcaH tameqñrsmuRT mat;smuRT RcaMgTenø
nigdaMeQIeLIgvij tampøvÚ Twk . vaRtUv)andaMduHCaeRcIn enAtameqñrxSac; enAcin nigevotNam
Edlpþl;nUvkarkarBarnwgxül; nigkarhUrnUvBMntU xSac; . enA Sarawak \NÐeÚ nsIu
RbePTenHRtUv)ankarBar BIeRBaHvamansar³sMxan;kgñú karkarBarkarhUreRcaHenAtMbn;eqñr [4] .
enAcinxagt,Úg manedIms¶avCag 1 lan RtUv)andaMduHsMrab;CaExS Rkvat; tameqñr . PaBsMbrU Emk
rbs;RbePTenH GacCYybnßynUvelOgxül; nigFn;ngw xül;xaø gM dUcCaTIhVúg rW sIuknøÚ . enAtMbn;xül;ekþA
nigs¶Üt RbePTeQIenHGackarBardMNaM nighVgÚ stV . s¶avduHlUtlas;enA tMbn;mni manrukçCatiduH

nigtMbn;rgkarbMBul dUcCatMbn;manbuksItu mIn (dUcCaenA PaKxageCIg Queensland nigGURsþalI ) nig
kEnøgsMNl;kbM g:u Edlcas;² . edImeQIGacpþl;GasUteTAeGaydI : kMBkrWsmanpÞkú nUv actinorhizal
symbiont Frankia enable C. equisetifolia sMrab;pþl;GasUteTAeGaybriyakas . kMBkrWs
TaMgenHKWmanRbeyaCn_xaø gM Nas; . s¶avduHlUtlas;CarukCç atilMGr tampøvÚ sYnc,ar nigeqñrsmuRT .

vasmRsbsMrab;daMCaRBM BIeRBaH vaGaceGay RBHGaTitücaMgcUl)an nigpþl;nUvCIFmµCati
tamry³søkw BN’ èbtg .
6
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 7, 9 ]
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: s¶avRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;RtUBci tamtMbn;eqñr nigtMbn;raMgs¶tÜ mFüm .

GnuRbePTrbs;vaman duH enAtameqñr nigkMrenAtMbn;xs< r; ab . vamanduH enAtamvalxSac;
nigtMbn;CrM almFüm enACitsmuRT . vaduHlUtlas; enAkEnøgmanCatiéRB nigtMbn;licTwk
EdlmankMritTwkeCarx<s; . Subsp. incana k_man duHenAtamsmuRT nigFn;nCw atiéRb . edImeQImanduH
layCamYyBBYk Barringtonia asiatica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Eugenia sp., Heritiera
littoralis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pongamia glabra, Thespesia populnea nig Pandanus sp .
[kardaMduH]: cMkarRtUv)anbegátI edaykardaMknU kat;b¤s CaedIm . rukCç atismRsbsMrab;kardaMduH

enAeBlva manGayu 3-4 Ex enAeBlBYkvamankMBs; 25-30 cm [1] (50 cm [10]) . enAevotNam
kUneQImankMBs;BI 1-1.2 m edaymanrWsenACadMu RtUv)anykeTAdaMduH [1] . kUneQIRtUv)andaM enAelIdI
Edlmindk;Twk minEmn \dæ nigminmanCMgW rW stVl¥it . BYkvaRtUv)andaMenACMerA 40 cm [1]
edIm,IGacTb;nwgxül;)an . enAtMbn; EdlmanePøógtic kardaMenAkñúgFug RtUv)aneRbI nigkEnøg
EdlrWsrukCç ati Gaccak;dl;RbPBTwkeRkamdI . kMritdg;sueI tkMrit 2,500 edIm/ha [1] RtUv)aneRbI
b:Eu nþksikrxøH enA\NÐa daMenAkMritdg;seIu t 8,000-10,000 edIm/ha [8] sMrab;plitkmµeQIfamBl
nigbegÁaltUc² . cenøaHénkar daMduHKW 2 x 2 to 3 x 3 m [10] . enAeBldaM

sMrab;karBarRbqaMgnwgkarhUreRcaH cenøaHCit²KñaRtUv)anGnuvtþ . kUneQI GacRtUv)anRKbsgát;
edaykUneQIFM nigrwgmaMCag ya:gqab;rh½s . kUneQImni GacRbECgnwg esµA)aneT dUcenHkareFIeV sµAenA
ry³eBl BIr eTA bIqañ dM MbgU KWmansarsMxan;Nas; . BYkvagayrgeRKaH eday sarkarraMgs¶tÜ
rhUtdl;rWs rbs;vacak;dl;RbPBTwkeRkamdI EdlGacRtUvkarry³eBlBI 2-3 qñaM bnÞab;BIkar daM .
BnøkrWsduHlUtlas; eBjmYyqñaM TaMgExRtCak; nigekþA .
7
[karRKb;RKg]: s¶av manGayuBI 40-50 qñaM [1] nigduHlUtlas;enAdMNak;kaldMbgU (RbEhl 2-3 m/qñaM
[1] énkMBs;rbs;va) nigmanTMrg;edIml¥ . xYbrbs;RbePTeQIenH KW 4-5 qñaM [4] (8-15 qñaM [10])
sMrab;eQIfam Bl nig 10-15 qñaM [4] sMrab;CabegÁal . s¶avminéRkEmk edayxøÜnÉgeT .

karéRkEmkman sar³sMxan; Nas; rhUtdl;edImeQImankMBs; 2 m [4] enAkñgú cMkar Edlsþúk . enAcin
\NÐa nigevotNam EmkTaMgGs; RtUv)anéRkedayksikr EdleRbIvaCaeQIfamBl [1] . karkab;rMelaH
mansar³sMxan;Nas; sMrab;kardaM ykeQIhu‘b nigedImeQITamTarnUvBnøxW øagM .
Rbsinkarkab;rMelaHCit²Kña RtUv)aneRbI manEtedImeQI 50% RtUv)ankat;ecjenAGayuBI 5 eTA 6 [10] .
lT§PaBduHExñg KWmankMrit nigRtUv)ankMritenAGayu 4 qñaM . eTaHbI
edImeQIsmRsbcMeBaHkardaMduHCarbgk_eday . enAeRkamlkçxN ½ Ð minsmRsb vaGacmankMBs; 4-5
m/qñaM [1] (2 m/year [4], >3 m/year [8]) edaypþl;nUvTMrg;edIm ya:gl¥ enAkMLg ú 2 qñaMdMbgU . enAqñaMTI
10 edImmankMBs; 10 m [8] nigGgát;p©it 20 cm [8] . enAelItMbn; Edlsm Rsb kMritkMenInmaDmFüm
KW 6-18 m³/ha [10] (15 m³/ha enAGayu 10 qñaM [1]) . eTaHya:gNa kMeNInmaD RbcaMqañ M Føak;cHu Rtwm 4-
5 m³/ha/qñaM [4] . enAevotNamkNþal kMeNInmaDmFümman 8-12 m³/ha [1]
EdlGacTTYl)anBIcMkar EdldaMenAkMri 1.5 x 1 m enAxYb 4-7 qñaM . enAeBrUrIkU kMeNInkMBs; nigGgát;pit©

enAGayuticCag 5 qñaMKW 1.1-4.5 m [1] nig 1.3-5.4 cm [1] . kMritlUtlas;RtUv)anraykarN_ enAcin
eGsIub eknya: RsIlgáa étva:n; éf nigevotNam KWmankMBs;x<sC; ag [1] . enAPaKxagt,Úgcin
Edlmans¶avduH tameqñr EdlRtUv)andaM CaExSRkvat;tameqñr smuRT manRbEhl 1 lanhicta
RtUv)anbegátI enAqñaM 1954 nigmankMBs; 7-8 m nigGgát;p©it 5-7 cm GacTTYl)ankñúgry³eBl 4 qñaM .
enA\NÐa cMkarRtUv)andaMenA cenøaH 1 x 1 m rW 2 x 2 m enAkMritxYb 6-15 qñaM edaypþl;pl 50-200 t/ha
[4] . kMritlUtlas;kB M s; mankMritx<s; enAeBledImeQImanGayu 7 qñaM nigkMenInmaD 25 qñaM [10] .
TMgn;sÜ¶t kñúgedImeQImyY edIm manBI 15 eTA 25 kg [1] enAGayu 3 qñaM Edl

GaRs½yeTAelIKN u PaBrbs;tMbn; . enAGasIu søwk Edl)anBI cMkar RtUv)anykeTAeRbICaeQIfamBl
nig begánI CatipsU rV nigb:UtasüÚm .
[ksirukçkmµ]: s¶av CaRbePT EdlsmRsbsMrab;RbB½nk § sirukçkmµ CaBiessenAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt .
vaGacbegánI GasUt 60 kg N/ha/qñaM [10] eFIeV GaydImanCICati . eTaHsMNl;søkw
mankarrlYyyWtk_eday karP¢rÜ Gac CYyeGayedImmankarduHlUtlas;
nigsMrab;kardaMduHéRBeQIeLIgvij . karBiesaFn_enA Prabhunagar enA\NÐa Edlbgðajfa
8
edImRkUclUtlas;FMCag s¶av enAeBldaMCacMkarsuT§ [4] . enAGasIu s¶av RtUv)andaM layCamYy
Leucaena leucocephala rW enAelItMbn;minsUvmanCICati CamYyRbePT Vitex spp. .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10]

karbgáat;RtUv)aneFIeV LIg edayRKab; nigkarkat; .

[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;]: ekanjITn Mu enAkñúgry³eBl 18-20 s)þah_ [1] bnÞab;BI anthesis
nigsøabRKab; duHecjmk enAkMLgú eBl 3 éf¶ edaysMgYtedayBnøWRBHGaTitü . ekanTMu RCuHBIedIm
muneBl eRbHEbk edaysMgYttamry³BnøéW f¶ nige)ak edIm,IbeBa©jRKab; . 1 kg énekan (RbEhl
250 ekan ) manRKab; 20-60 g [1] . manRKab;cn M nY 650-760 RKab;/g [1] (260 RKab;/g [4] 750-1,000
RKab;/g [5], 300-800 RKab;/g [10]) b:Eu nþCamFümmanRtwmEt 270 RKab; rW 38% [1] (50% [4])
GacduHlUtlas;)an . EpøenAelIedImmYy minGacTMuRsuHKñaeT
EdleFIeV GaymankarBi)akkñgú karRbmUlRKab; . karsMgYtRKab; GacrkSadMNuHry³eBl 20 éf¶ [5] .
karrkSaTukRKab; manlkçN³Ca orthodox nigrkSaenAkñúgbnÞb;bti Cit edImrkSadMNuHeGay)an yUr .
RKab;GacrkSaTuk)anry³eBl 5 qñaM enAkñgú bnÞb;RtCak; (3-5°C) [1] (3°C edaykMritkMedA 5-9% mc
[4]) rW kk r (-16°C) [1] l¥CagbnÞb;mansItuNðPaB (25°C) [1] . RKab;mn i TamTar nUvkareFVRI bRBwtþkmµ
CamuneT . RbsinrkSaTukenAeRkamlkçN³RtCak; nigs¶Üt dMNuHRKab;GackarBar)anry³eBl 2 qñaM
[10] rW yUrCagenH .
[bec©keTsfñal nigkUneQI ]: RKab;RtUv)an)acenAelIfñal Edlcak;beM BjedayxSac;

layCamYymemak . RKab;GacRtUv)ansab edaymincaM)ac;eFIVRbRBwtþkmµCamun

b:Eu nþRtUvkareGaymankarkarBarBIRsemac . enA\NÐa fñalcMbgRtUv)anRKbedaycMebIug nigmøb; [5] .
dMNuHCaRbePT epigeal nigcab;epþmI enAeRkay eBl 4-10 éf¶ [10] (14-21 éf¶ [1], 7-20 éf¶ [5]) .
kMritdMNuH : 40-60% [5], 70-80% [10] . kUneQIenA tUcRtUv)aneRsacTwkCaeTotTat;
nigrkSaenAeRkammøb; . bnÞab;BI 4-6 s)aþh_ BYkvaGacmankMBs; 10 cm [10] (3-10 cm [4])
nigRtUv)anykeTAdaMenAkñgú fg;pøasÞik rW fñal enAkMritdg;seIu t 100-400 edIm/m²
edIm,ITTYl)annUvkUneQIsMrab;daMduH . kareRsacTwkeGay)ansmRsb daMenAcenøaHsmRsb
9
nigBnøRW Kb;RKan; eCosevogkEnøgdk;Twk mansar³sMxan;Nas; . kareRsacTwkeRcIneBk RtUveCosevog
nigkMritmøb; 50% KWsmRsbsMrab;kUneQI rhUtdl;vaRtUv)andaMenAxageRkA . karcak;bBa¢Úl pSit
mycorrhizal fungus Frankia KYrRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAeBl kUneQIRtUv)andaMduHenAkEnøgfµI . bnÞab;BI 5-8
Ex kUneQIGacmankMBs; 50 cm [10] nigGacRtUv)andaMduHenAxageRkA .

[bec©keTsfñal nigkarkat; ]: eTaHkarbnþBC U RtUv)aneFIeV LIg edayRKab; karkat; vak_RtUv)anbnþBCU
eday karkat;rWs bMe)A kat;Emk CaedIm . Bnøk EdlmanGayu 1 qñaM nigGacRtUv)ankat;ecj .
karkat; Edl smRsbKW Ggát;p©it 2 mm [1] nigRbEvg 10-15 cm in [1]
rWseGayduHeLIgedayeRbIfñaMGr½ mUn IBA (Indolebutyric acid) rW IAA (Indoleacetic acid) .
enAxagt,Úgcin karkat;RtUv)aneFIeV LIg BIEmkEdlman Ggát;pit© 1 mm [4] RbEvg 5 cm [4]
nigRClk;enAkñúgsUluysüg; Napthalyacetic acid (NAA) muneBldaM enAkñgú fg;)asÞik [4] . karbMe)A
elIEmkmanGgát;p©it 1-2 cm [1] pþl;nUvlT§pll¥Cagkarkat; enAeBlkønÚ RtUv)aneRbIpgEdr
eTAelIedImeQIcas;²pgEdr . Micropropagation edaydaMCalika k_GacRtUv)aneFIpV g Edr
b:Eu nþceM BaHplitkmµCaRTg;RTayFM kardaMedayedImminRtUv)anGnuvtþeT .
s¶avkMrrgkarvayRbharBICgM W nigstVl¥ti Nas; luHRtavaduHenAelITItaminsmRsb .

[stVl¥t i ]: manRbEhl 50 RbePT EdlsIubpM aø jRbePTeQIenH b:Eu nþminPaBF¶n;Fr¶ b:unµaneT . xñtÚ ecaHrun§
Sinoxylon anale ecaHCMuvijedIm (Ggát;p©itRbEhl 1 cm) eFVeI GayxUcenAkEnøgEdlecaH . stVl¥t i rYm
man casuarina tussock moth (Lymantria xylina) white-spotted long-horn beetle (
Anoplophora macularia) nig cotton locust ( Chondracis rosea) . RsemacsIubp M aø jRKab;Rss; .

stVl¥ti ecaHrun§eQI Zeuzera spp. nig Hypsiptla robusta eFIkV arbMpaø jF¶n;F¶reTAelIeQI . RbePT
EdlminsUvsMxan;epSg eTotKW Apate monachus .
[CMgW]: CMgW EdlF¶nF
; ¶rCageKg KW Bg rW e):agelIsMbk (blister bark) EdlRtUv)anGegát enARbeTséf nig
evotNam . edImeQI EdlrgCMgWenH nwggab;ya:gelOn bnÞab;BIecjeraKsBaØa edaykarRseBansøwk nig
eRbHsMbk enAkEnøg Edle)a:g . CMgWenHCab;Tak;Tagnwg pSit Trichosporum vesiculosum .
karéRkEmk GaceFIVeGay mankarqøgnUvCMgWpSit CaBiessBBYk Trichosporium vesiculosum nig
10
Formes lucidus . enA\NÐa RbePT 75% énedImeQI RtUv)angab; [10]. RbePTpSitepSgeTot
mandUcCa Botryosphaeria ribis, Corticium salmonicolor, Phellinus noxius nig Phomopsis
casuarinae . )ak;etrIeFIVeGaysøwk RseBan (Pseudomonas solanacearum)
eFIeV Gaysøkw manBN’elOn nigesøak RBmTaMggab; EdlekIt manenAcin nig\NÐa [4] . RbePTCMgW
epSgeTotmandUcCa dMe)AedIm nigRCuHsøwk bNþalmkBI Phomopsis casuarinae nig Botryosphaeria
ribis nig pink disease (Corticium salmonicolor) . Brown rot bNþalmkBI Phellinus noxius
eFIeV GaycMnnY edImeQIfycuH enAétva:n; [1] . CMgW actinorhizal plants nig endomycorrhizal (VAM)
qøgya:ggaybMput . RbePTCMgW)ak;etrIepSgeTot bNþalmkBI Ralstonia solanacearum .
sMrab;karRKb;RKgCMgW karkat; nigéRkEmk KYrRtUv)anbBaÄb; edIm,IkarBarCMgW . CMgWedIm
eQIKrY RtUv)ankMcat;ecj eGay)anqab; .
[epSg²]: kUneQIRtUv)anbMpøaj edaystVkrek nigkþam . s¶avminFn;nwgePøgI eT enAeBl
enAtUckarkarBar mansar³sMxan;Nas; .
F> karGPirkS :
enAkm<Cú a vamanduHCaRkumtUc² BItMbn;eqñr nigenAkñgú RkugRBHsIhnu Ekb ekaHkug kMBt nigPñeM Bj . [11]

[RbPBkMeNIt]:
GURsþalI bg;køaeds Rb‘yu en km<Cú a hVCI I \NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu jÚsuIELn )a:BjU KÚ Ieno hVlI IBnI sama:v
ekaHsULmÚ :g; éf tugháa evNUTU evotNam .
11
[karnaMclU ]:
GaTIháa nig)ab‘dU a )ahama: emnIn ebIKNI ahVasU kaemrUn GaeRhVckNþal eqk cin kugehÁa kUDIv½r Kuy)a
saFarN³rdækugehÁa CIbTU I dUmnI ei xn GIru IeTo eGsüÚBI háabug háaéb: háaNa eháNada háaedLÚb hÁeI no
éhTI \NÐa GIRu saEGl camIka eknya: lIEb‘ero ma:daháas;saá ma:lI ma:TInic ma:rIeTneno m:su Þ½rat PUma
jÚsuIeLn EGnTIl nIC½r nIesrIya: )a:KsI aß n eBr:rU IkU esenháal; esra:eLGUn sUma:lI GaeRhVxagt,Úg s‘Udg;
tg;sSanI tUeháa RTInIedt nigtU)aeháa G‘yu ehánda shrdæGaemrik ekaHvICnI essIu)a .
p> epSg² :
[Bakü]: eQµaHFmµta Casuarina species, ‘she-oak’ RtUv)aneRbIenAGURsþalI EdlsMedAeTAelI

eFIEV dlman lkçN³Tak;Taj EdlmansrésFM Rsedog edImEsn (oak) b:Eu nþmanlkçN³exSayCag .
eQµaHCak;lak; mkBIBaküLataMg ‘equinus’ EdlmankarCab;Tak;TgnwgstVesH nig ‘folium’ KWsøkw
EdlmanlkçN³dUc sk;esH [4] . Casuarina mkBIBaküma:eL ‘kasuari’ EdlmanEmkFM [1] .
[karbgáat;]: enAkardaMduH C. equisetifolia KWCakUnkat; EdlRtUv)anbgáat;rvag C. glauca nig C.
junghuhniana .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
B> GMnanepSg²eTot : Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
CATIE, 1991. Casuarina equisetifolia, multiple use tree in Central America [Casuarina
equisetifolia L. ex J.R. Forst & G. Forst., árbol de uso múltiple en America Central]. Rep. No.
173, Tech. Series. Turrialba, Costa Rica: Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigacíon y
Enseñanza (CATIE).
[1]
Ha Chu Chu, Le Dinh Kha, 1996. Planting and uses of Casuarina equisetifolia in Vietnam. In:
Pinyopusarerk K, Turnbull JW, Midgley SJ, eds. Recent Casuarina Research and
Development. Proceedings of the 3rd International Casuarina Workshop. Canberra,
Australia: CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, 223-225.
[1]
12
Dahl N, 1996. Cauarina equisetifolia: its use and future in mine rehabilitation in Northern
Australia. In: Pinyopusarerk K, Turnbull JW, Midgley SJ, eds. Proceedings of the 3rd
International Casuarina Workshop. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Forestry and Forest
Products, 201_203.
[1]
Kondas S, 1983. Casuarina equisetifolia - a multipurpose tree cash crop in India. In: Midgley
SJ, Turnbull JW, Johnston RD, eds. Casuarina Ecology, Management and Utilization.
Proceedings of the 1st International Casuarina Workshop. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO,
66_76.
[1]
National Research Council, 1984. Casuarinas: nitrogen-fixing trees for adverse sites.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
[1]
Phi Quang Dien, 1996. Preliminary results of Casuarina equisetifolia provenance trials in
Vietnam. In: Pinyopusarerk K, Turnbull JW, Midgley SJ, eds. Recent Casuarina Research
and Development. Proceedings of the 3rd International Casuarina Workshop. Canberra,
Australia: CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, 113-118.
[1]
Turnbull JW, 1983. The use of Casuarina equisetifolia for protection forests in China. In:
Midgley SJ, Turnbull JW, Johnston RD, eds. Casuarina Ecology, Management and
Utilization. Proceedings of the 1st International Casuarina Workshop. Melbourne, Australia:
CSIRO, 55-57.
[1]
[4]
MacDicken GK. 1994. Selection and management of nitrogen fixing trees. Winrock
International, and Bangkok: FAO.
[4]
13
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(CD-ROM).
of
Commercial Woods, unpublished DFSC, 2000, Seed Leaflet No.26

477. (Internet source)
[5] Andhra Pradesh Forest Department: http://forest.ap.nic.in/Silviculture (Internet source).

bin/abiss.exe/spd?SID=1916179720&spd=5425&sub=0&tx=PL (Internet source).
Institute.
[8] PROSEA, 1997: Plant Resources of South East Asia 11 - Auxiliary plants.
[10] Lamprecht, H., 1989: Silviculture in the Tropics. GTZ.
14
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn]

[Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.[2]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Silk cotton tree, true kapok, white silk cotton tree, [6] kapok
tree, [26]
K> sTisn½y ³ C. thoningii A.Chev.,
C. guineensis (Thonn.) A.Chev.,

C. casearia L Medicus,
Eriodendron anfractuosum DEC.,
Bombax pentandrum,
B. guineensis Schum. & Thonn.,
B. orientale Sprengel [4,6,20],
Eriodendendron caribaeum G.Don,
E.guineense G.Don [20]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ koo (Cambodia); kapok, randu, kapu (Indonesia); nguiz
baanz (Laos); kabuk-abu pohon kapok (Malaysia); nun

(Thailand); gòn, gau (Vietnam) [4,6], arbre à boure, fromagier
[26].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ K
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kôor [4]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
ePT : Ceiba
RbePT : Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQIBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk manTMhMFM EdlmankMBs; 20-30 m nigGgát;p©it 80-

120 cm tYedImmanragsIuLaMg . EmkenAtUcmanBN’ébtgcas; manbnøa sMbkxagkñúgman
parenchyma sMbUreTAedayTwk . manRBwgduHeRcIn manTMrg;CabnÞH² [2] . edImeQImanTMhMBI 4-15
m [4] . edImeQI CaRbePTCMruHsøwk EdlmankMMBs;dl;eTA 25 m [5] . CaedImeQI
EdlduHlUtlas;elOn Rtg;mUl CYnkal manRBwg mankMBs; 30 m (var. pentandra) . edIm

nigEmkGacmanbnøaeRcIn rW tic . EmkduHlUtlas; tamTisedk zitCaRkumragKUCxüg EdlmancMnYn 3
ehIyeFIVeGayvamanragdUcviha nigmankenSamsøwkesþIg [6] . CaedImeQIFM EdlmankMBs;dl; 60 m
edaymanedImrelag . enAeBleBjv½y kenSamsøwkmanTMrg; edktMerobelIEmk
enAeBlcas;vamanduHRBwgCaeRcIn EdlmankMBs;BIr eTAbIEm:Rt [13] .
[sMbk]: sMbkKµaneram BN’ébtg edaymansñamRCYjenAelIedIm manlkçN³relag
edaymanbnøaragdUc ekan [2] .
[søwk]: smas mansnøwkcMnYn 5-7 manTgRbEvg 7-14 cm [2]. søwkmanTMhM 6-12 x 1.5-3.0 cm
Tgsøwkem manRbEvg 8-20 cm [5] . swøkzitenAqøas; manTgRbEvg 8-25 cm søwksmas mancMnYn

5-11 manlkçN³relag ragmUlRTEvg manRbEvg 5-16 cm [6] . søwkmancMnn Y 2-9 manRbEvg 10-
18 cm minzitenACaKU manBN’RkhmenAeBlduHecjCaBnøk nigBnøkEvg [13] .
[páa]: s rW sIuCMBU duHenAdac; rW CakBa©úMxøI enAelIG½kSsøwk . RtbkpáaCab; manftcMnYn 5 minesµIKña nig
RsTab;cMnYn 5 manragmUlRTEvg RbEvg 2.5 cm BN’s maneram . ekseQµalBIreTAbI

enAEpñkxagelI EckecjCa 5 )ac; bMBg;eksmanrag dUcRklan . eksjI zitenAxagelI
2
manGUvuleRcIn . páamanRbEvg 2.0-3.5 cm manBN’s RtbkduHecjBiKl; manekscMnYn 5-6
bMBg;eksRsYc [5] . páamancMnYneRcIn BN’s RbEvgRbEhl 3 cm edaymankøwnRsedogTwkedaHeKa
duHCaRkum enAedImrdUvR)aMg enAeBledImeQI RCuHsøwkGs; [6,9] . bnÞab;BIsøwkRCuH
páacab;epþImduHecjBIcugBnøk BYkvamanekseRcIn . RtbkmanRbEvg 3.5 cm maneram .
BBYkRbeCovKWCaGñkeFIVeGaymandMeNIrlMGr rbs;páa [13] . páaGacRtUv)anbriyay dUcxageRkam ³

páarIkenAeBlyb; nigkøni xøaMg beBa©jTwkdmenAKl; CapáaBIrePT . páarIkenAeBl EdllMGr
nigTwkdmRtUv)ansIu edayBBYkRbeCov . enAeBlTabPøW XµMúeFIVkareRkblMGrpáavijmþg [26] .
[Epø]: manCatieQI ragmUlRTEvg manRbEvg 15 cm nigTTwg 3-4 cm eRbHEbkCa 5 cMEnk enAeBlTMu
. enAxagkñúgCaeram EdlmanRKab;CaeRcIn mUl BN’exµA [2] . EpømanRbEvg 8-10 cm Rtg; man 5

cg¥Úr [5] . EpømanrageGlIb manRbEvg 7.5-30.0 cm manBN’etñatenAeBlTMu
edaymansnÞHebIkcMnYn 5 . RKab;rMuB½T§edaysMLI EdlmanBN’elOgRsal rW RbepH [6] .
EpømanTMrg;RsedogEs,k rageGlIb RbEvg 10-30 cm manRKab;BN’exµACaeRcIn . ftRKab;manRbEvg
2-4 cm erammincak;cUleTAkñúg edaymansnÞH )aMg . BYkvaminduHecjBI PñasRKab;eT
EtbegáItCaTMrg;CBa¢aMgPñas;EpøEpñkxagkñúg . ecjpáa enAExmina-emsa ecjEpøenAExsIha-kBaØa [2] .

RKab; eRbHEbkCa 5 qñÚt EdlqñÚtmYy² manRKab; 120-170 EdlmanBN’exµA mUl rMueTAedaysMLI .
RKab;maneramCab;CamYy nigRtUv)anbk;paþ c;edayxül; nig ray)a:y RBmTaMgeFIVkarduHlUtlas;pgEdr
[26].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQImanBN’s Tn; nigRsal [2] eQIK manBN’xus²Kñµa BIBN’s dl;etñatRsal b:uEnþsñamCr½

EdlCaRbePTpSit enAcMkNþalBN’exµA . eQImanlkçN³Rsal manTMnaj 250 kg/m³ .
eQIgayeRbI CamYyeRKOgma:sInu . lkçN³enHeFIVeGayvaGaceRbIsMrab; eRKag nigkarxat;
nigFn;nwgkareRbHEbk enAeBleFIVkarmYl . Bi)akeFIVkarkat;tMrwm nigecaH
eQIrbs;vagayrgnwgkarbMpøajrbs;stVl¥it nigpSit b:uEnþGaceFIVkarkarBaredayeRbIsarFatuKImI
nigsMgYt EdleFIVeGayeQImanlkçN³gayeRCob . eQIGacRtUv)ancitsMrab;eFIVCa veneer .
mankarraykarN_fa eQIRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Ca eQIemSARkdas; sMPar³vicx©b; eQIGar sMNg;Fn;Rsal
nigplitplRkdas; TUk sMPar³ksikmµ eRKOgsgðarwm nigeQIKUs [20] .
3
vaRtUv)aneCOfaCaRbePTeQI EdlmanRbPBkMeNitBIGaemrikkNþal b:uEnþGs;ry³eBlCayUrqñaMNas;

mkehIy nigr)a:yrbs;vaKwminmanPaBCak;lak;eT . edaysarEtRbePT enHduHlUtlas;enAeRcInkEnøg
nigRtUv)andaMduHGs;ry³eBlCayUrmkehIyenaH vaGacrkeXIjenAtMbn;ExS RtUBki rvag 16º N nig 16º
S [20] . BItMbn;éRBeRsagenARbeTseRbsIul eTAdl;PaKeCIg Gaemrikxagt,Úg nigvalesµA s¶Üt
savannas enAGaeRhVc [11] vak_RtUv)annaMcUlGasIu RbEhlCary³eBl 1500 qñaMmkehIy [5] .
r)a:yrbs;vamanenAPUma cin km<úCa Lav evotNam ma:eLsIu nig\NÐÚensIu nigPaK xagekIt lic
nigkNþalGaeRhVc nigtMbn;RtUBki énTVIbGaemrik [2,6,26] . edImeQIGacmanduH
enAkñúgRbePTéRBxus²Kña dUcCaéRBeRsagesIm éRBCMruHsøwk éRBtamRClgPñM . eTaHya:gNa
vaCaRbePT EdlgayduHeLIgvij enAtMbn;éRBricril [26] .
vaCaedImeQItMbn;GakasFatuRtUBik RtUvkarBnøW duHlUtlas;enAeRkaml½kçx½NÐepSg²Kña

b:uEnþGacduHenAtMbn; Edlmanry³kMBs;eRkam 500 m nigmankMritkMBs;TwkePøógRbcaMqñaM 1000 mm/m²
CaBiess enArdUv EdlrukçCatieFIVkarlUtlas; [6] . kMritCIvsaRsþRtUv)ankMnt;dcU xageRkam : ry³kMBs;
0-900 m kMritTwkePøógmFüm 750-3000 mm/ m² nig sItuNðPaBmFüm 18-38ºC [26].

cUlcitþdIesIm eRCA b:uEnþRCabTwk)anl¥ [2] GacduHlUtlas;elIdIeRCA RbePTdIPñMePøIgecas;

EdlmanduHenA Java RbeTs\NÐÚensIu [26].
4
[eQI]: eRbIsMrab;plitsMPar³Fmµta dUcCaTUk nig]bkrN_ EdlGENþtelITwk [2]
nigRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIV CaeQIKUspgEdr . edImFM RtUv)ankat;CMuvij sMrab;eRbIeFVICaRsTab;kNþalrbs;

veneer enAkñúgplitkmµ eQIIcMNitesþIg .
[Gnupl): páa nigEpøenAx©IRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CabEnø C½r EdlecjBIedImRtUv)anlk; sMrab;eFIVCaePsC¢³
edaybEnßmsár nigTwk . søwkx©I RtUv)anbukeGayxÞiclayCamYyTwkkk eRbIlabeTAelIf¶as

edIm,IBüa)alkarQWk,al nigsMbkGaceRbIsMrab;Büa)alCMgWraKpgEdr [4] .
Epøpþl;nUvsMLI CasMPar³mincMlgsMeLg [6] . srésK man 65% én cellulose nig hemi-
cellulose BYkvarelag mineRCobTwk nigmanPaBbt;Ebnx<s; . enAeRkamTwk
vaGacmankMlaMgCMrujeGayGENþt dl;eTA 30 dg énTMgn;rbs;va . enHCaehtueFIVeGayK
CasarFatumincMlg nigsVit EdlRtUv)aneRbIsMrab; eFIVCa
ExSRkvat;suvtßiPaBGs;ry³eBlrab;ryqñaMmkehIy rhUtdl;karrkeXIjnUvsarFatusMeyaK . cMkardaM
duHyksrésenA Java \NÐÚensIu pþl;nUvTinñpl 130-150 kg énsrés bnÞab;BIry³eBl 3 qñaM
nigGacpþl; nUv 2000-4000kg/ha enAqñaMeRkay²eTot . enACnbT KRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVCaBUkGgÁúy
nigkenÞl [13]. sarFatusrésFmµCatimanlkçN³l¥Cag sarFatusMeyaK sMrab;eFIVBUk nigexñIy .
karpÁt;pÁg;K RtUv)anykmkBI Java [16] . eRbgGacbriePaK)an eRbIsMrab;eFIVCasab‘U
EdlGacRtUv)ancMerjykBI RKab; [2,13] . r)aykarN_xøHbgðajfa RKab;K
manpÞúknUvsarFatueRbgmins¶ÜtcMnYn 20-25% RsedogeTA nwgeRbgrbs;RKab;km,as
EdlRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVCaeRbgrMGil plitsab‘U nigkacMGinGahar [20] . sMNl;
Edlsl;BIkarcMerjeRbg manpÞkú nUvRbetGIun 26% nigGaceRbIR)as;CacMNIstVpgEdr .
mankareRbIR)as;Ca»sf CaeRcIndUcCa søwkRss; EdlbukkMTicrYc eRbIsMrab;karvilmux nigrWs

Edles¶arYcRtUv )aneRbIsMrab; Büa)al oedema C½rRtUv)anbriePaK edIm,IBüa)alkarQIRkBH
nigBnøkrbs;vaGaceRbICafñaM mineGaymankUn nigsøwkGacbriePaKedIm,IbM)at;k¥k nigQWbMBg;k .
eTaHya:gNa GñkxøHyl;fa sMLI rbs;vaGaceFIVeGayrmas;EPñk nigRcmuH [26] .
k_mankareRbIR)as;sMrab;Ca»sfBüa)alstVpgEdr enA Tamilnadu \NÐa søwkRtUv)anbuk
layCamYyRsas nigdak;eGayeKapwk edIm,IBüa)albBaðabnþBCU . kMriteRbIRbEhl 500 ml
bIdgkñúgmYyéf¶ CabnþbnÞab; [26] .
5
KGacRtUv)aneRbICaedImeQItamdgpøÚv nigeQIpþl;møb;dl;cMkareRmc [2,13] .
enAkñúgkareRbIR)as;dI énRbB½n§ksirukçkmµ RbePTeQIK RtUv)andaMduHenAcenøaH 7.3x7,3 m
edIm,ITukcenøaH sMrab;daMduHdMNaMepSg²eTot ehIyGaceFVIkarbnþrdaMduHrhUtdl;Gayu 5 qñaM .
gayRsYybnþBUCtamry³RKab; ehIykarecjEpøcab;epþIm BIGayu 3-4 qñaM vaGacduHExñgeLIgvij

eRkayBIkarkat; [2] . EpøRtUv)anRbmUledayeRbITMBk; RKab;GacRtUv)ansMgYtedayeRbIBnøWRBHGaTitü rW
dak;kñúg)av edIm,IvayeGayRCuHRKab; . lT§PaBdMNuHRtUv)ankMrit edaykar)at;bg;CatieRbg
EdlmanenAkñúgRKab; . vamancMnYnRKab;BI 10,000 eTA 45,000 GaRs½yeTAtamtMbn;kñúg 1 kg .
CaTUeTA dMNuHrbs;RKab;gaynwg)at;bg; rW kat;bnßy . karbnþBUCedayFmµCati BIRKab;KWmanPaBkMrNas;
enAeBlEpø RtUv)anRbmUlsMrab;yksMLI . vamankarbnþBUCeLIgvijtictYcNas;
tamry³kardaMedayRKab; [20] elIkElgEtRKab;RtUv)anxül;bk;naMeTAtMbn;dIsMrab;eFIVksikmµ [26].
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar

:
stVl¥iteFIVeGayRCuHsøwkrYmman Ephyriades arcas, Eulepidotis modestula, Oiketicus kirbiyi nig

Pericalia ricini . edImeQIk_CaCMrkrbs;BBYkrukC
ç ati)a:ra:sit dUcCa Dendropthoe falcata nig
Loranthus spp . RbePTpSit EdleFIVkarbMpøajedImrYmman Armillaria, Calonectria, Camillea,
Cercospora [20].
6
F> karGPirkS :

enAGasIuGaeKñy_ \NÐÚensIu ma:eLsIu RtUv)andaMduHenA Java GaeRhVcxaglic nigenAtMbn;RtUBikénGaemrik
[2,6]
p> epSg² :
Bombacaceae CaRKYsartUcmYyénRbePTeQIRtUBik EdlrYmman Baobab, balsa Fuern nigK .

RbePTenH PaKeRcInmanduHenAGaemrikxagt,Úg eRbsIul GasIuGaeKñy_ tMbn;GaeRhVc nigma:daháasáa .
BYkvaduHenAkñúgéRBeRsag PaKxagt,ÚgGaemrik nigvalesµA nigCMrkvalesµAenAGaeRhVc . RbePTenH
PaKeRcIn CaBBYkCMruHsøwk nigmansøwkmUl ragdUcsøwkBBYketñat rW søkw Rmam nigmanxñaysøwk
nigCMruHsøwkenAcugrdUvvsSa . enAkMLúgeBlKµansøwk páarbs;vacab;epþImrIk .
BYkvaCaRbePTmanpáaFMbMputenAkñúgRKYsar edaypáamanBN_sPøW . BYkvaCapáaBIrePT EdlduHecjBIEmk rW
edIm enAEk,Kl;RsedognwgePT Durio [11] .

srésr rW sMLI)anBIEpø Tn; nigFn;nwgBBYkdgáÚv EdleFIVeGayvasmRsbsMrab;eFIVCaexñIy nigBUk .
vamanlkçN³Rsal gayeRCobTwk nigGENþt EdleFIVeGayvasmRsbsMrab;eFIVGav GaveBag
nigsMPar³suvtßiPaBkñúgTwkepSg²eTot . vaCasaFatusmRsbsMrab;eFIVCaGgÁFatumincMlgkMedA rWGKÁIsnI
dUcCa RbGb;dak;dMuTwkkk TUTwkkk eragcRksMrab;rkSaPaBRtCak; kariyal½y eragPaBynþ nigynþehaH
. vaRsUbyksMelg)anl¥ nigRtUv)aneRbI Ca]bkrN_mincMlgsMelg
vaRtUv)aneRbICaexñIyenAkñúgmnÞIeBTü edaysar vaGacRtUv)ansMgYtedaymin)at;bg;nUvKuNPaB .
7
White F, 1983. The vegetation of Africa. Natural Resources Research, UNESCO, 20:356
pp.; [Also available in French]; 50 pp. ref.
Zotz G, Winter K, 1994. Photosynthesis of a tropical canopy tree, Ceiba pentandra, in a

lowland forest in Panama. Tree Physiology, 14(11):1291-1301; 30 ref.
Basilevskaia, 1969. Plantes médicinales de la Guinée. Conakry, Guinea.
Berni CA, Bolza E, Christensen FJ, 1979. South American timbers - the characteristics,
properties and uses of 190 species. South American timbers - the characteristics,
properties and uses of 190 species., x + 229 pp.; 154 ref.
Dileep M, Sudhakara K, Santhoshkumar AV, Nazeema KK, Ashokan PK, 1994. Effect of
seed size, rooting medium and fertilizers on the growth of seedlings of Ceiba pentandra
(Linn.) Gaertn. Indian Journal of Forestry, 17(4):293-300; 8 ref.
Lamprecht H, 1989. Silviculture in the tropics; tropical forest ecosystems and their tree
species, possibilities and methods for their long-term utilization. Deutsche Gesellschaft
für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), GmbH, Eschborn, Germany.
Mashingo MSH, Mtenga LA, Lekule FP, 1994. Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed cake in diets
of fattening pigs. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 42(4):311-315; 13
ref.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
3) Lamprecht, H. 1989: Silviculture in the Tropics. Tropical Forest Ecosystems and

their Tree Species - Possibilities and Methods for their long-term Utilization. Paul Parey
Publ. Hamburg and GTZ (English Edition) Eschborn 296 pp.
4) Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House;

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.
5) Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P. and Vilaiwan Anursarnsunthorn, 2000: A Field Guide

to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand. CMU Herbarium Biology Dept. University of Chiang
Mai, Thailand; 546 pp.
8
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field guide.
Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University
Press, New York; 336 pp.
12) CABI Forestry Compendium 2003
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources
of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia, 859 pp.
9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Chrysophyllum cainito L]

[Chrysophyllum cainito L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Chrysophyllum cainito L. [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ star apple, golden leaf tree, cainito [6, 32]
K> sTisn½y ³ Chrysophyllum acuminatum Lam.,
C. brachycalix Urb.,
C. claraense Urb.,
C. oliviforme subsp. oliviforme,
Achras caimito Ruiz & Pavon.,
Cynodendron oliviforme (L.),
Baehni.,
Guersentia oliveforme Raf.,
Cainito pomiferum Tuss.,
C. bonplandii Klotzsch. ex Miq.,
C. monopyrenum Spreng.,
C. sericeum Salisb. [32]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ caimitier, pomme de lait (French); caimito, guayabillo
(Spanish); sawo ijo, sawo hejo, sawo kadu (Indonesia); sawo

duren, pepulut (Malaysia); hnin-thagya (Burma); nam nom

(Laos); caimito (Philippines); chicle durian (Singapore); sataa
appoen (Thailand); vú-sùe (Vietnam) [4,6,32].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ TwkedaHeKa

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ oek dâh kôôt [4]
1
lMdab; : Ebenales
RKYsar : Sapotaceae
ePT : Chrysophyllum
RbePT : Chrysophyllum cainito L. [4,27,32]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [- ]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQItUc mankMBs; 4-8 m [4] . edImeQIébtgCanic© EdlGacmankMBs;dl;eTA

15 (35) m nigGgát;p©it 60 cm edaymanC½rs¥itBN’s . manEmkCaeRcIn nigmaneram [6,26] .
edImeQI ébtg EdlmanklkçN³Rss;s¥at nigmankMBs;dl;eTA 15 m [13] . edImmanlkçN³Rtg;

ragsIuLaMg mansñamRCYj rW eRbH GacmanRBwg rW minmanenAEpñkKl; [26] .
[sMbk]: manépÞeRKIm eRbH BN’etñat sMbkxagkñúgmanlkçN³Casrésr manBN’TwkRkUcRsal
eTABN’elOgRsal nigmanC½rBN’s . EmktUcmanBN’Rkhmetñat nigmaneram [26] .

[søwk]: qøas; manragRTEvg eTAmUl manTMhM 5-16 cm x 3-6 cm manlkçN³dUcEs,k
manBN’RkhmeRcH enAxageRkam edaymansrésRsb²Kña . EKmsøwkmanlkçN³Rkas; [6] .

søwkqøas; mandUces<ó eTal ragmUl rW RTEvg manRbEvg 7.6-12.7 cm nigTTwg 3.8-5.8 cm
manBN’ébtgcas; Kµaneram nig relagenAEpñkxagelI manBN’etñatmanenAEpñkxageRkam
minmanxñaysøwk mancugxøIRsYc nigKl;RsYc edayminmaneFµj nigRkas; srésEv:n zitenARsbKña
nigsrésrTIBIr nigduHcuHmkBIeKmsøwk . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 1.3-1.6 cm BN’Rkhmetñat nig maneram
[26] .
2
[páa]: páaduHeLIgBIRCugrbs;søwk EdlCaBnøk zitenARkum EdlmancMnYnBI 5-35 tUc² BN’elOg
eTAsIuCm<Ú Rsal páamanRtbkcMnYn 5 RbEvg 1-4 mm [6] . kBa©úMpáazitenACaG½kS ragCa
ramiflorous rW cauliflorous . páaCaRbePTGePT rW BIrePT duHCa)ac; rW dac;eTal tUc² nig
Bik)annwgemIl manBN’sIuCm<Ú Rsal zitenAelIG½kS . RtbkpáaeTalmanragdUcKUTxüg mancMnYn 4-6

CaTUeTAmancMnYn 5 duHCarag imbricate rW quincuncial CYnkalduHecjCaEpø nigmaneram .
RtbkmanftcMnYn 5 ragmUl rW sIuLaMg manTgxøI GacesµI rW EvgCagft famancMnYn 4- 8 zitenAsamBaØ
. TgragsþÜc maneram BN’Rkhmetñat manRbEvg 64-95 mm . ekseQµal mancMnYnBI 4-8
CaTUeTAmanlkçN³Cab; enAelITgRtbk eksjIzit enABIelI mancMnYn 4- 12 manGUvulmYykñgú mYyft
(axile placentation) TgeksjI nigekseQµalmaneram rW minmaneram . Staminodes kMrman
edaymanTMhMtUcRTEvg enAkñúgftrbs; Rtbk zitenAqøas; edaymaneks minfasTMrpáa [26] .

[Epø]: CaEpøsac; EdlmanGgát;p©it 5-10 cm ragmUlrelag BN’elOgébtg rW etñatsVay
edaymansMbk esþIgdUcEs,k nigmanBN’s rW sVay nigmansac;Tn; [6] . EpømanragmUl

TMhMb:unEpøe)a:m edaymansac; Tn; mansnÞHRKab; mancMnYn 9 RCugRsYc dUcpáay enAeBlkat; . sac;Tn;
Ep¥m manrs;Catiq¶aj; b:uEnþminmankøin [13] . EpøCaTUeTAmanragmUl CYnkalragsMEb:tbnþci
nigmanGgátp; ©it 5-10 cm . sMbk EpøesþIg ragdUcEs,k relag manBN’sVayRsGab;
cMeBaHRbePTmYycMnYn nigxøHmanBN’ébtgRsal RBm TaMgmanC½rs¥it mansac;Tn;dUcecAhYy .
enAeBlkat;TTwgEpø sac;GacRtUv)anEckCaBIr EpñkxusKña Epñk EdlenACab;pÞal;nwgsMbk
manlkçN³Tn; manBN’RsedogsMbk nigminsUvmanTwk EdlzitenAB½T§CvMu ij RKab;cnM Yn 8
EdlmanBN’s . CaTUeTARKab;nimyY ²zitenAkñúgEpñkrbs;EpøcnM YnmYyEdr b:uEnþmanEpñkxøH k_min
manRKab;pgEdr EdlGacmanRKab;RtwmEt 3-5 [26] . RKab;manragmUl rW eGlIb ragEvgsþÜt RbEvg
2 cm rwg manBN’etñat nigrelag edaymansñamTl;muxKña (adaxial scar) . enAeBlEpø
RtUv)anBuHcMBak; kNþal cMEnk Edlkat;manrUbragdUcCapáay EdleFIVedImeQIRtUv)andak;eQµaHfa star-

apple . RbePTBIr EdlmankareBjniym KWRbePT EdlmanEpøBN’ébtg nigBN’sVay
BBYkvamanrs;CatiminxusKñaeT Etman BN’xusKña . eQµaHBitR)akdrbs;va KW )anmkBIBaküRkic

EdlsMedAeTAelImas nigsøwk EdlmaneramBN’ manenAxageRkam [26].
3
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIrwg nigFn; [13] edImRtUv)andaMsMrab;ykEpø b:uEnþRbsinmankarkab;rMlM eQImanTMrg;elag F¶n;

manTMnajdI 650-900kg/m³ srésRtg; manBN’sIuCm<Úcas; rW etñat . eQIRsay nigeQIxøwm
manBN’Rkhmetñat eTAetñatcas; rwg maMu minsUvFn; mansréseQIRtg; [26] .
manRbPBBItMbn;RtUBikénPaKxaglicekaH Indies nigGaemrikkNþal [6] enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_

CaBiess enAhVIlIBIn b:uEnþk_manduHenAPUma éf evotNam ma:eLsIu \NÐÚensIu nigsIugháaBYr
RBmTaMgRtUv)andaMduH esÞIrEtRKb;tMbn; EdlmanGakasFatuekþA sMrab;CaeQIlMGr nigeQIhUbEpø
[4,6,19] .
GakasFatuekþA esIm rW s¶Üt b:uEnþekþA (4, 32) enAkñúgtMbn;GakasFatu enAtMbn;TMnabRtUBik [6] .

manduHlUtlas;enAkMritry³kMBs; 400 m [26].

:
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
duHlUtlas;)anl¥ enARbePTdI EdlesIm [6] duHlUtlas;l¥elIesÞIrEtRKb;RbePTdITaMgGs; dImanCICati

dImindk;Twk nigdImanCatiGasIutkMritTab KWsmRsbbMput . edImTwkedaHeKaduHlUtlas;enA elIdIxSac;
nigl,ay\dæeRCA [26].
4
[eQI]: eQIsmRsbsMrab;sMNg; nigGus [6,17] . smRsbsMrab;sMNg; kargareQI eRKOgsgðarwm .

eQI mankars¶ÜtyWt edaymankareRbHEbktic² . mankarBi)akeRbIR)as;
b:uEnþmankarFn;minFmµtaeLIy . smRsbsMrab;kareRbIR)as;xagkñúg kareFIVBmu < dgrbs;sMPar³ CageQI
eRKOgsgðarwm nigkareFIVTU . pþl;nUv Tinpñ lvInal¥ b:uEnþeQIrbs;RbePTenH enAmanPaBkMrenAeLIy [26]
. smRsbsMrab;karsagsg;enATwksmuRT kMNl;rbs;rfePøIg kMraleragcRk nigsMPar³ksikmµ [32] .
[Gnupl]: EpøPaKeRcInRtUv)anbriePaKRss; eRbIsMrab;eFIVCakaerm rW dMNab; [6,13,32] . EpøminTan;TuM
man Catis¥it Edl)anBIC½r b:uEnþsac;manrs;CatiEp¥m nigkøinRkGUbenAeBlTMu . CaFmµtasréseQIrbs;va

smRsb sMrab;eFIVCaRkdas EdlmanKuNPan b:uEnþvtßúFatuedImBIRbePTeQIenHmanlkçN³kMr [26] .
sMbk Gacpþl;nvU CatitanIn . sMbk C½r nigRKab;RtUv)aneRbICa»sfbUraN [6]
RKab;eRbICafñabM Ba©úHTwkenam søwkeRbI Ca adstringent nigsMrab;bitrbYs .
EpøRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Xat;Qam nigRbqaMgnwgCMgWRKun [32] . épÞxag eRkamsøwk RtUv)anRtduH
nigykeTAlab rW s¥MelIrbYs . søwk Edles¶arrYcRtUv)anbriePaK sMrab;Büa)aleraK xVHCatisár .
EpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;Büa)al karhUrQam rW CMgWRKun . edImTwkedaHeKaRtUv)andaMduHCa
RbePTeQIlMGr edaysarsøwkrbs;vamanBN’exovébtgPøWenAépÞxagelI
nigBN’sMNenAEpñkxageRkamrbs; søwk [6,9,26] . EmksmRsbCaTMr sMrab;kardaMduHG½rKIed [6].
enAtMbn;GaTik én Costa Rica GaemrikkNþal edImTwkedaHeKaduHlayCamYy Terminalia
amazonia, Averrhoa carambola, Persea americana Diospyros discolor RtUv)andaMduHya:geRcIn
enAtMbn;valesµA enAkñúgKMeragsþaréRBeLIgvij [32] . kMritlUtlas;RbcaMqñaM mankMritl¥

sMrab;CaeQIplþ ;Epø nigsMrab; Terminalia amazonia manlkçN³l¥CagRbePTeQIeTalenAkñúgcMkar rW

éRBlUtlas;eLIgvij enAeRkam kMritmøb; edaymankardaMeBat (Zea mais) enAkñúgRbB½n§ksirukçkmµ
Taungya [32].
minmancMNat;fñak; [18].
5
edImTwkedaHeKa manduHenAkñúgsYn rW cMkar manBt’mantictYcNas;GMBIkarbegáIt nigRKb;RKgcMkar .

cenøaH énkardaMmancab;BI 10x10 m rW 12x12 m edaysar vaminsUvmanEmkeRcIn
eFIVeGayvaminsUvRtUvkaréRk EmkeT . kareRsacTwkRbcaMs)þah_ RtUv)aneFIVenAry³eBl 6 Ex dMbUg
enAeBlkMLúgrdUvecjpáa . enAPaK xaglic Indies edImeQIminRtUv)andak;CIeT
b:uEnþvaGacpþl;TinñplticenAeBldaMenAelIdIminsUvmanCICati [32] .
edImeQIxøHGacpþl;Epø)anya:geRcIn nigxøHeTotpþl;pltic . edImeQI EdlenAtUc KWgayrgeRKaH
edaysarkarCaMTkw enAkMLúgqñaMTImYy nigduHlUtlas;yWt . enAeBledImRtUv)andaM kMriténkarlUtlas;
nig karvivtþ manlkçN³elOn . karRKbedaycMebuIg dak;CI
nigeRsacTwkGacCYyeGayvaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ . edImeQIGacpþl;Epø enAeBlmanGayu 3-5 qñaM
nigEtGacpþlp; leBjelj enAeBlmanGayuBI 6-7 qñaM . karecjEpø GacekItmanenArdUvekþA
nigEpøcas;enAcugrdUvsøwkeQIRCuH rhUtdl;rdUvekþA . EpøTMu enAExemsa nig mina enAPaKxaglic Indies
vaRtUv)anraykarN_fa minmanecjEpøeT enAkñúgekaH Virgin . Rbecov KW
CaGñkeFVIkarBRgayEpørbs;va[26] .
lT§plénkarviPaKsarFatuciBa©wmmandUcxageRkam :
sár 5%
pUsVr 16mg/100g
kal;süÚm 17 mg/100g
Edk 0.3-0.68 mg/100g

niacine 1mg/100g [32].
6
karrkSaTukRKab;CaRbePT intermediate RKab;GacminKYrRtUv)ansMgYtmineBlrkSaTuk . lT§PaBdMNuH

GacRtUv)anrkSary³eBl 6 Ex RbsinRtUv)anrkSaTukenAkñgú lkçx½NÐsMeNIm enAkMritsItuNðPaB 20 ºC
. dMNuHrbs;RKab;Gacmandl; 81% enAkMritsMenIm 4% m.c.( EdlesñIrnwg 30% énsMeNIm
EdlBak;B½n§). dMNuHrbs;RKab;fycuHeTAdl; 23 % bnÞab;BIry³eBl 14 enArkSaTukenAkMrit 10 ºC.
RKab;GacmanTgn; s 1100 RKab; /kg [26] . karbnþBUC GacRtUv)aneFVIeLIgedayRKab;
EdlRtUv)ansabenAelIdIl,ayxSac;. kMritdMNuHman 70% enAkñúgry³eBl 14-40 éf¶ .
edaysarEtmanPaKxus²KñaeRcIn BIkUneQImYyeTAmYy karbnþBUCedayGePT dUcCakarkat; rW bMe)A
KWmankareBjniym . TaMgeFIVeGaymanCMerIsnUvBUC CaeRcIn EdlmanRbPBepSg²Kña .
karb:HBnøkk_GacTTYl)aneCaKC½ypgEdr . vaRtUv)anraykarN_fa karkat;GaclUtlas;)an
RbsinRtUv)aneFIVeLIgBIBnøk Edlcas;l¥ nigdak;enAkEnøgEdlmanGakaFatuekþAesIm .
karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijedayFmµCatiKWl¥ EdlmankMritRbEhl 50% edaymankMritBnøWRKb;RKan;
[26].
RbePTstVl¥itrYmman BBYkecaHEmk ( twig borers) stVl¥iteQI (carpenter moth)

BBYkstVl¥itCBa¢k; (scales) nigruyEpø . RbePruyEpø Dacus dorsalis
eFIVkarbMpøajya:gF¶n;F¶reTAelIEpøkMBugTMu nigeFIVeGayEpø minGacbriePaK)an . karrMuEpø nigkarRbmUl
nigkat;ecjEpø EdlxUcGacCYykat;bnßykarbMpøaj . stVbkSI Rbecov nigqµaéRB
k_GacRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaPñak;garbMpøajpgEdr . BBYkpSit Lasiodiplodia theobromae
bNþalmkBIPaBraMgs¶Üt eFIVeGaymankarrlYyelIEpø EdlGacRtUv)ankMcat;tamry³kareRbIfñaM

sMlab;pSit EdlmanCatisMNr . enAXVIneLn RbeTsGURsþalI Fusarium solani sMlab;edImeQI
EdlenAtUc nig bMpøajEmkrbs;edImeQIcas;² . Pñak;garpSit EdlminGaceFVIGtþsBaØaN)an
eFIVkarbMpøajEpø EdlminTan;TMu enA Florida [26].
7
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ankMNt; b:uEnþmanduHenAkñúgsYn kñúgRbeTskm<úCa [4].

manRbePBkMeNIt enAGaemrikkNþal nigekaH Caribbean RtUv)annaMcUl RbeTs\NÐÚcin éf ma:eLsIu
\NÐÚensIu hVIlIBIn RbeTsPaKxagekIt niglicGaeRhVc nigGaemrikkNþal nigRbeTsRtUBikepSgeTot
[26,32].
p> epSg² :
Sapotaceae CaRKYsarFM énedImeQIRtUBki manduHenAtMbn;RtUBki CaBiess enAéRBtMbn;TMnab nigx<g;rab

[11]
Anon. 1986. The useful plants of India. Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi,
India.
Dassanayake MD, Fosberg FR. 1983. Flora of Ceylon. Vol. 10. Amerind Publishing Co. New Delhi.
Hearne DA. 1975. Trees for Darwin and northern Australia. Australian Government Publishing
Service.
Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium. Handbooks for
Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI.
Popenoe W. 1974. Manual of the tropical and subtropical fruits. The Macmillann Company.
Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S. (eds.). 1998. PROSEA 5(3) Timber trees: lesser known
species. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
8
Timyan J. 1996. Bwa Yo: important trees of Haiti. South-East Consortium for International
Development. Washington D.C.
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE (eds.). 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia No 2. Edible fruits and
nuts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
4) Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom Penh,
915 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field guide.
Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
9) Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide Encyclopaedic

Guide. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 484 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press,
New York; 336 pp.
13) Baertels, A., 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Color Atlas
Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ. Stuttgart, illustrated, 384 pp.
Indonesia, 859 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree
Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM).
27) Wikipedia http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/species name (Internet source)
32) http://www.herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk/adc/downloads (Internet source)
9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Chucrasia tabularis Ant. Juss.]

[Chucrasia tabularis Ant. Juss.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Chucrasia tabularis Ant. Juss. [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Burma almondwood, chickrassy, chittagong wood [16]
bastard cedar, East Indian mahogany, Indian redwood, white

cedar [12].
K> sTisn½y ³ Chickrassia tabularis (A.Juss.) Wight&Aen., Dysoxylum
esquirolli H. Lev., Swietenia chickrassia Roxb. (8); Chukrasia

velutina M. Roem., Chukrasia velutina (Wallich) Roemer,
Chukrasia tabularis var. velutina (M. Roem.) W. Theob.,
(Botanists do not agree on whether C. velutina is a separate
species or not) [12,16].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ surian batu, trade name in Indonesia and Malaysia; repoh,
cherana puteh, suntang puteh (Malaysia); yinma, tawyinma,

kinthatputgyi, (Burma); vory yong, (Cambodia); nhom, nhom
hin, nhom khao, (Laos); siat ka (Thailand-SE); yom-hin,
(Thai-general), fakdap (Thai-Chanthaburi), lát hoa, Vietnam.
[2,16,20]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ vlø×eyag/ Ereyag

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ rê:-yôô:ng, voë(lli) yôông [4]
lMdab; : Sapindales
1
RKYsar : Meliaceae subfamily Swietenioideae
ePT : Chukrasia A.H.L. Juss. [16]
RbePT : Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2 ; 4 ;8 ; 11 ; 12 ]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: vlø×eyag CaRbePTedImeQIFM²EdlmankMBs; 30 m nigmanGgát;p©it 100 cm.

edImrbs; vaRtg;RsLÚnl¥ manRBwgFM² nigmanEmkehIyRkas; .[2] vaCaRbePTeQIEdlmankMBs;BI 8-
20 m .[4] vaCaRbePT eQIEdlmansøwkébtgCanic© mankMBs;rhUtdl; 35 .[5]
vaCaRbePTeQICMruHsøwkmankMBs;Gac rhUtdl; 40 m nigmanGgát;p©it 120 cm nigEtgEtmanRBwg.[8]
vaCaRbePTeQICMruHsøwk manpáajI nigpaáeQµalenAelIedImEtmYy manTMhMmFüm
CYnkalragx<s;bnþicEdlGacmankMBs;rhUtdl;eTA 30(40) m tall edImmanEmktic
Edlcab;BIKl;dl;EmkTImYymankMBs; 18 (32) m nigmanGgátp; ©it 110(175) cm
nigGt;manRBwgeT.[16]
[sMbk]: sMbkvamanBN’exµARsal manragrbkbBÄr² maneramxøI²BN’RkhmRsal.[2] sMbkman
BN’etat eRKImehIyrageRbH² nigsMbkxagkñúgmanBN’Rkhm.[5] sMbk

ragrbkdMu²tambeNþayedIm. sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’RkhmRsal layetñat b¤BN’páaQUkx©I.
sac;eQIRsaymanBN’TwkRkUcRsal nigsac;eQI xøwmmanBN’elOg b¤RkhmRsalEbketñat.
cMENkÉ EmktUc²manBN’RbepH. [8] sMbkxageRkAeRKIm manBN’etñat b¤etñatcas;
Edlmanragrbk² nigsMbkxagkñúgmanBN’RkhmRsal. [16]

[søwk]:vlø×eyag mansøwkCaRbePTsøkw smas sñitKUr. Tgsøwk manRbEvg 30-40 cm
nigmanragdUcbMBg;. søwkmancMnYn 7-10 KUr CaRbePTsøwkqøas; EdlCYnkalesÞIrEtQm
manbeNþaymanRbEvg 10-12 cm nigTTwg 5-6 cm manragdUcs‘ut b¤manragCalMEBg
EdlcugsøwkmanragRsYcbnþic. søwkmanTg RbEvg 0.4-0.8 cm. RTnugbnÞab; mancMnYn 10-15 KUr
nigRTnugGkS½maneram .[2] søwkmanRbEvg 30-85 cm nigCaRbePTswksñitess(5) EdlmankUnsøwk
8-13 KUr EdltMerobqøas; b¤esÞIrQm nigmanTMhM 7-13x3.0-4.5 cm ragdUcs‘uterovtUc b¤
2
manragRTEvg ehIymanragRsYcenAxagcug nigEpñkKl;manragbBa¢it bnþic. søwkx©I maneram
søwkTMurelag manRTnugsøwkTIBI cMnYn 7-10 KUr. TgkUnsøwkmanRbEvg 0.3-0.5 cm nigTgFMmanRbEvg
7-11 cm. [5]
søwkrbs;va CaRbePTswøksñitKUr EdlsMy:ugcuH nigmanBkkUnsøwkenAeBlenAx©I ehIymanRbEvg 30-80

cm. Tgsøwk manRbEvg 4-9 cm ragbBa¢itenAKl;søwk EKmsøwkmanrageBj (eBlsøwkTMu)
cugsøwkmanrag RsYc ehIyTgsøwkTIBI mancMnYn 10-15 KUr TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2-6 mm .[8]

søwk CaRbePTsøwksñitrYmKUr manEKmsøkw rageBj kUnsøwkGsmmaRt nigragRsYc EdlCaRbePTsøwk
sñitess manBk²enAelIsøwkx©I Edlrelag b¤maneram.[16]
[páa]:vlø×eyag mankBa©Múpaá CaRbePTpáakYr bBaÄrRtg; EdlmanpáasßitenAxagcug² nigmaneramtic².
sÞbpáa manragRTEvg ehIyCMruHral;qñaM. páava CaRbePTpáa 2 ePT manBN’elOgRsal nigmanRbEvg

1.5 cm. Tgpáa xøICagpáa. Rtbkpáa manRbEvg 0.25 cm nigmaneramxøI²enAxageRkA. Rtbkpáa
mancMnYn 5 manRbEvg 1.5-2.0 cm tMerobRtg; ehIymanragekagbnþicenAeBlEdlvarIk

EdlEKm²ragsMyu:gcuH manduHeramxøI²enAxageRkA nigxagkñúgrelag. maneksreQµal cMnYn 10
TgeksreQµalmanragCabMBg; sIuLaMg relag ehIyxøICagRtbkpáabnþic nigmanrage)a:genAKl;.
e)aøklMGg mancMnYn 10 relag ehIyEbrmuxecjeRkA. GUEv rbs;vamaneram sÞicma:xøI
nigmanragCasIuLaMg.[2] páamanRbEvg 2.5-3.0 cm manBN’elOgx©I
nigEpñkxageRkAmanBN’RkhmenAeBlpáarIk enAelIcegáamEmk b¤enAelIxagcugGkS½søwk
nigTgnImYy²manRbEvg ± 0.3 cm ehIyrelag. RtbkpáamanRbEvg 1-2 mm
maneramRkas;BN’etñat ehIyRsTab;páamancMnYn 4-5 ragerovtUc manRbEvg ± 0.7 cm
ehIyeTAeRkay ehIymaneramdUckaMxJI. eksreQµal manragCabMBg;sLIu aMg
nigmanragerovtUcenAEpñkxagcug mane)aøklMGgcMnYn 10 EdlsMEb:t nigEKmGgáaj;dUceFµj.

GUEvrbs;varelag ehIyEvgCagbMBg;eksrjI nigmanragsMEb:tesþIgmUldUcfas. [5]
kBa©Múpáa manragCacegáam tMerobenAGkS½ ehIymanpáasßti enAEpñkxagcugénGkS½. sÞbpáa
manragRtIekaN erovtUc EdlPaKeRcInCMruHral;qñaM. páarbs;va CaRbePTpáaeFVrePT manRtbkpáacMnYn 5
EdlmaneramRkas; BN’etñat. RsTab;páa mancMnYn 5 esrI manrageekagbnþic enAeBlEdlrIk
EdlEpñkxageRkAmaneram nigEpñkxagkñúgrelag. eksreQµal manragCabMBg;sIuLaMg
3
ehIymanragerovtUcenAEpñkxagcug nigmane)øaklMGgrelag cMnYn 10 nigEKmmanragGgáaj;². GUEv
manduHeram.[8]
páarbs;va CaRbePTpáaeTVePT ehIytMerobenAcugelIGkS½ mancMnYn 4 b¤ 5 manRbEvg 16 mm
Rtbkpáarag Bk² RsTab;páaesrI ragrmUlenAeBlEdlpáarIk ehIymanBN’s
eksreQµalmanragCabMBg;sIuLaMg nigmanragerovenAEpñkxagcugehIyTn;
mane)aøklMGgEdlmanEKmragGgáaj;² manragtUcsMEb:t GUEvman ragtUcsþÜc manekasikacMnYn 3-5
EdlekasikamYy² manGUv:ulCaeRcIn nigbMBg;eksrjIragRsav.[16]
[Epø]: vlø×eyag manEpøragCaeGlIb mancugRsYcbnþc i manbeNþayRbEvg 4.0-4.5 cm nigTTwgRbEvg
2.5-3.5 cm manRKab;eRcInenAkñg ú EpønImYy². RKab;manbeNþayRbEvgBI 1.0-1.2 cm nigTTwg 0.4
cm nigminmanGg;dUEs<m.[2]
Epø GacmanRbEvgrhUtdl;eTA 4 cm manBN’elOg layRbepH maneramtic²eBlEdlEpøx©I

nigRCYjenA eBlEdlEpøTMu ehIyEckxNÐCa 3 xNÐ ehIyRKab;rbs;vamansMbkrwg nigmansab.[5]
Epø rbs;vaCaRbePTEpøs¶Üt manragRTEvg sMbUreTAedayCatoeQI nigmanBN’etñatcas; manTMhM 2.0-
4.5 x 2.0-3.5 cm mansnÞHbiTebIkcMnYn 3-5 enAEpñkxagcugénEpø. RKab;vamaneRcIn
nigCaRbePTRKab;mansøab ehIymanRbEvg 1.0-1.3 cm .[8]

Epørbs;vaRtg; ehIysMbUreTAedayCatieQI manragdUcs‘ut b¤RTEvg nigCaRbePTEKab;s¶Üt mansnÞHbiT
ebIkcMnYn 3-5 enAEpñkxagcugénEpø ehIyRsTab;xagkñúg nigRsTab;xageRkA
énsnÞHnImYy²sMbUreTAeday CatieQI ehIyEpñkxagcugénRsTab;xagkñúg manragERBkeRCA. rn§mYy
manRKab;cMnYnBI 60-100 ragsMEb:t nigenAxagcugénRKab;mansøab nigGMRbIy:U mankUTIeldUnesøIg².
vlø×eyag duHenAelIdIesIm² kUTIeldUnduH ecjCasøwkQmdMbUg 2 ehIyduHsøwkCabnþbnÞab;

enAxagcugénedIm nigeBlTMumingayRCuH.[16]
vlø×eyag cab;epþImecjpáaenAExkkáda nigecjEpøenAExFñÚ b¤GacrhUtdlExmkra.
RbsinebIduHedayFmµCati vacab;epþImecjpáaenAExmifuna dl;ExsIha nigecjEpøBEI xvicäika dl;Exmkra.
CaTUeTA edImvlø×eyag ecj páa nigEpøeBjmYyqñaM ehIyRKab;cab;epþImTMuenAcenøaHExmkra dl;Exmina.
Epørbs;va CaRbePTEpøsøab EdlmankarsayPayedaysarxül;. [2,8,16]
4
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
Chukrasia manTMgn;lµm nigmansac;eQIrwg. sac;eQIxøwm manBN’RkhmRsal layetñat

BN’elOgRsal layRkhm EbkRkhm BN’exµA elOsRsay nigetñat ebIdak;vab:HBnøW
manBNíRkhm Rsallayetñat eTABN’ exµAlµmlayetñat EdlmanPaBxusKñaBIsac;eQIRsay
EdlmanBN’elOgx©I lays BN’elOgx©IPølW ayetñat BN’páaQUkRsallayetñat
b¤BN’RbepHRsallayetñat. sac;eQI rbs;vamansñamqñÚtelceLIgya:gc,as;. vamanTMgn; 625-
880 kg/m³ enAkMritsMenIm 15%. sésreQI rbs;vacak;eRsHKña CYnkalrYj
EdlbegáIt)anCaRkLaBIess nigmansac;eQIs¥at b:uEnþminrabesµIeT. sac;
eQIRss;enAeBlkat;mankøinRkGUb b:uEnþeBlsac;eQIs¶ÜtBMumankøineT ehIyk¾KµanrsCatiEdr. sac;eQI
manPaBPWøxøaMg ehIyføa.[16]
enAkMritsMenIm 15% vamankMritkat;pþac; 82-101 N/mm² manbt;Ebn)an 10,800-14,300 N/mm²
sMm<aFRsb 47-64 N/mm² sm<aFTb; 11-12 N/mm² kMritbMEbkkat; 15-18 N/mm² kMriteRbHTTwg
60 N/mm² nig kMriteRbHEKm 71 N/mm² nigPaBrwgéncug Janka 8,990-9,230 N.
GaRtaénkarrYjrbs; sac;eQITabKW BIkMritsMenImeQIRss; 15% kMriteRbHTTwg 1.3% nigkMriteRbHEKm

1.7% BIeQIEss; rhUtdl;eQIs¶Üt rYjkaM 3.9% nigEKm 6.0%. CaFmµta
sac;eQImankars¶Ütya:gqab;rhs½ b:uEnþRtUv ]sSah_BinitükMedA eRBaHvaGacFøak;cuHsMenImRCuleBk.
enAelIépÞvamaneram enAeBlsMgYtRtUvBnitüeram rbs;vaeRBaHvanwgeLIgRkas;. enARbeTsm:aeLsIu
cMeBaHkarsMgYtkñúgL RtUvmantarageBlevlac,as; las;. karsakl,gnUvRbeTsma:eLsIubgðajfa
vaCaeQIEdlBi)akkñúgkarGar nigkat;TTWgeQINas; BI)akkñúgkarBt; ehIykan;EtBi)akkñúgkarxYg
b:uEnþgayRsYlkñúgkardaMduH. sac;eQIrbs;vaminsUvrelageT edaymanknÞÜlxøH²enAelIsésr
EdlBI)akkñúgkarGareFVICaeRKag b¤Bum<. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday karsak

l,genAtMbn;epSgeTot)anbgðajeGayeXIjfa sac;eQIrbs;vagayRsYlGaredayeRbIma:sIun.
sac;eQI rbs;vagayRsYlkñúgkardMEdkeKal xYgCaRbeLaH b:uEnþvaGacmansñameRbH b¤
manRbeLaHrelags¥atEt mþg. edImrbs;va GacekagEtkñúgkMritl¥GacTTYlyk)an.
vaGackat;ciBa©aMeFVICavIenor b¤ekobeFVICasMbk vIenor. enARbeTsma:eLsIu vlø×eyag manPaBmaM
nigFn;enAeRkamkardak;haléf¶ b:uEnþenAkEnøgepSgeTot CYnkalvaBMumanPaBFn;eT.
vaFn;cMeBaHkarbMpøajBIBBYkkeNþór. sac;eQImanPaBFn; nwgRbRBwtþkmµ nigkarbgáarepSg².[12,16.
5
Chukrasia manmYy b¤BIrRbePT EdlduHenA eN)a:l; \NÐa )a:KIsßan bg;køaeds sirIlgáa

PUmiPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTscin \NÐÚcin ¬Lav km<úCa evotNam¦ éf ePnIsL‘U a énRbeTsma:eLsIu
(Kalimantan) nigRbeTsCb:un.[8,12,16] vaCaRbePT EdlmanduHenAtMbn;esImRtUBic
EDlnaEBlbc©úb,nñ manduHeRcInbMput BIeRBaHnaeBlfµIenH vamankareFVIGaCIrkmµhYskMrit.[12]
PaKeRcIn vaduHenAtMbn;PñM EdlmandIfµkMe)ar manry³kMBs;TabCag 800 m ehIyduHlaylMCamYy
Dracontomelum dao, Garcinia spp. nig Peltophorum tonkinensis.[8] enARbeTsevotNam
vaduHenAry³kMBs;TabCag 800 m EdlCaFmµtavaduHenAelIPñMEdlmandIfµkMe)a:r

ehIyduHlayCamYyRbePT Pentace tonkinensis, Garcinia spp., Amoora gigantea nig
Dracontomelum duperreanum.[2] vlø×eyag k¾GacduHenAkñúg éRBRkas;énRbeTs\NÐa \NÐÚeNsIu
nig Malay Peninsulas.[4] vlø×eyag CaFmµtaeKEtgEtRbTHePIjva duHenAtMbn;TMnab

laylMCamYyéRBébtgCanic© dipterocarp EdlCaéRBTwkePøóg éRBesImBak;kNþal eRsag
b¤éRBel,aHEdlmanry³kMBs; 300-800 m . enA Peninsular RbeTsma:eLsIu vaduHenAdI
valrehasßan Edlmanpøúvqøgkat; nigtMbn;dIksikmµ.[5,16,26] tMbn;sMxan;²EdlmanduHvlø×eyagKW
RbeTs\NÐa bg;køaeds éf nig m:aeLsIu. vamanduHenARbeTsmYycMnYneToteRkABI
PUmIPaKxagt,ÚgénGasIu dUcCa nIesrIya: kaemr:Un Gaemricxagt,Úg Hawaii, Puerto Rico nig Costa
Rica .[20]

vlø×eyag duHenAkñúgéRBFmµCati EdlmankMBs;TwkePøógRbcaMqñaM CamFüm 1800-3800 mm nigeRcIn

CagenH. vaRtUvkarsItuNPð aBGb,rmaBI 2.5-15.5 ºC nigGtib,rmaBI 36.0-40.5 ºC [16]. vaduHenA
eRkamry³kMBs;TabCag 800 m ehIymankarduHlUtlas;yWt nigCaRbePTeQIEdlRtUvkarBnøW
b:uEnþeBlvaenAtUcvaFn;nwgmøb; [2,8] vaduHenAelIdIfµkMe)ar enA Sarawak
(xagekItRbeTsma:eLsIu).[16] vaduHenAry³kMBs;mFümBI 0-900 m RtUvkarkMritTwkePøógRbcaMqñaMBI
1400-4000 mm/ m² eTaHbICaenA rdUvR)aMg vamanPaBFn;nUvedUvR)aMg)anry³eBl 5 Ex.
vaduHenAkMritsItuNðPaBRbcaMqñaMCamFümBI 20-25ºC. vlø×eyag GacduHenAkMritTwkePøógRbcaMqñaM 850
6
mm b:uEnþvamankarduHlUtlas;yWt. vaduHenAtMbn; GDÆeKalxageCIg eTAxagt,ÚgKW 27º N to 0º
N.[12] vaRbePT EdlmanlkçxNÐduHlUtlas;elOn nigCaRbePTEdlFn;nwgmøb;enAeBlEdlvaenAtUc
.[12, 26] vlø×eyag GaceFVIkaréRkEmkedayxøÜnÉg gayduHExñgeBlEdledImkMbutcug ehIyvamanPaB

Fnlnwgmøb; nigxül;. [26]
Chukrasia CaFmµtaKYrEteCosvag daMvaenAelIdIesImxøaMg eKeXIjvaCaFmµtaeRcInduHenAelIdIfµkMe)ar [8]

CYnkalvaduHenAelIdIvalrehasßan.[16] vaduHenAelIdIfµkMe)ar dIéRBEdlmanBN’etñat b:uEnþRtUvcgcaMfa
vaduHenAelIdIkMe)armanCICati. vaduHenAelIdICaeRcInRbePTdUcCa dIl,b; dIfµkMe)ar dI alfisols nigdI
cambisols.[12] vaduHenAelIdIGasIutEdlman pH 4.0 eTAdIesÞIrNWt Edlmanh pH 7.5.
vaduHenAelIdI EdlRss;Twk dIrabesµIr b¤dTI ICMral ehIyvacUlcitþduHenAtMbn;xagt,Úg.[12]
[sac;eQI]: vlø×eyag mansac;eQIRss;s¥at dUcedImmhkkanI (mahogany). sac;eQIrbs;va

eRbIsMrab; karsagsg;epSg² nigeFVICasgðarwm.[2] vaCaRbePTeQIEdlmantMélx<s; sMrab;kareFVItu
TU[4] eRKOgcMlak; eFVICaTVar bg¥Üc rnab sMrabqøak; nigRkLwg. vak¾eRbIsMrab;eFVICaTUreTHePøIg TUk k)a:l;
sgðarwm ]bkrN_ePøg dUcCaBüaNUr eFVILaMg sMPar³kILa TUrrfynþFM² k,alGnøgÚ k,alsVa
bøúkEdkRTnab; ]bkrN_KUrKMnUr dgkaMePøIg vIenor kþarbnÞH nigeFVICakþaregO.[12] enARbeTs\NÐa
eRbIsMrab;eFVICakarsagsg; epSg²EdlmanTMgn;mFüm dUcCassr Fñwm nigkþar. [8,16]
[Gnupl]: søk w Edlx©I nigsMbk manpÞkú nUvCati tannin x<s; ehIysMbkrbs;vapþl;Cr½BN’RkhmRsal
Edl Gaclk;laymYyCr½eQIepSg²eTot.[12.16] sMbkrbs;va GaceRbIeFVICa»sfburaN
Büa)aleraKRKun. ehIysMbkrbs;va k¾manpÞúknUvCati Tannin 15% cMENksøkw manp;ÞúkeRcInCag
7
22% . søwkeFVICafñaMRClk; BN’elOg nigRkhm.[12] enAxagt,ÚgRbeTscin eKykEmktUc b¤Exñg
eFVICafñaMEdleFVIeGaystVmni ha‘n mkCit Pieris rapae nigfñaMkarBarstVli¥tbMpøajRsUv.[12]
vlø×eyagGacdaMeFVICaksirukkç mµ. BIRBaH vaGaceFVIkaréRkEmkedayxønÜ va nigmanedImRtg;l¥ EdlGaceRbI
sMrab; daMlayCamYyedImeck RkUcqµar RtEbk nigeQIhUbEpøepSg²eTot.[12]
vlø×eyag CaRbePTeQIEdlmancMNat;fñak;elx 1. [4,18]
vlø×eyag eRkABIPUmiPaKxagt,ÚgGasIu mandaMenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn ]TahrN_dUcCa³ nIesrIya: GaRBic

xagt,Úg kamemr:Un haév: Puerto Rico nig Costa Rica. kareduHeLIgvijenAedayFmµCati
KWmanduHenAkñúg éRBeRsagRbeTs\NÐa KWkñúgbrimaNlµm nig enAkñúgéRBBak;kNþaleRsag
manduHtictYc. rlø×eyag KWCaRbePTEdlcat;Tukfa manduHenAtMbn;enaHmuneKbg¥s;
nigCaFmµtavadaMedIm,Ipøas;brþÚ tMbn;dIksikmµ. cMeBaHedImtUc duHlUtlas;Exñg)anl¥.[16]
enARbeTs\NÐa bgðajfakaedaMduHedaykUneQI mankarduHlUylas;elOnlµm kñúgry³eBl 2qñaMdMbUg.
bnÞab;BIry³eBl 2qñaMdMbUg GaclUt)ankMBs; 1.2-2.1 m qñaMTI 3bnÞab; lUt)ankMBs; 2.8-3.4 m
nigmanGgátp; ©it 4-5 cm nigqñaMTI 6 valUt)ankMBs; 5.5 m nigmanGgát;p©it 15 cm Gacbgðaj)anfa
CamFümkñúgmYyqñaM valUt)anGgát;p©it 2.5 cm. RbPBepSg eTotenARbeTs\NÐa)anbgðajfa
valUtlas;)ankMBs; 6.6 m nigGgát;p©it 5.2 cm kñúgry³eBl 5qñaM. enAPaKxaglicén Java

eKeFVIkardaMduHvlø×eyagedayeRbIRKab;EdlykmkBI ekaHs‘Uma:Rta ehIyvaGacduH lUtlas;)ankMBs; 13
m nigGgát;p©it 18 cm kñúgry³eBl 10qñaM bnÞab;Bd I aM. enAkñúgkarBiB½N’rukçCati KMrb xYbelIkTI 33
rbs;RKwHsßansikSaRsavRCavGMBIéRBeQI RbeTm:aeLsIu )anbgðajnUredImvlø×eyagFMCaeKbg¥s;
KWmankMBs; 33 m Edlcab;BIKl;dl;EmkTImYymankMBs; 16m nigmanGgát;p©it 66 cm
bnÞab;BIdaMry³eBl 40qñaM. vlø×eyag k¾mankarduHlUtlas;l¥enAkñúgcMkarEdr KWenAtMbn;EdlRtUvBnøWéf¶
niglUtlas;Ggát;p©it )anCag 1 cm Caerogral;qñaM.[16]
8
vlø×eyag GaceFVIkardaMduHExñgEdlduHecjBIedIm nigkarbgátb; ¤s (Rashid et al., 1986). kargáat;
ExñgEdlduHecjBIedImeBjvy½ nigTTYl)anGaRtaénPaBeCaKCy½dl;eTA 97%
b:uEnþebIbgáat;b¤sTTYl)an Et 50% b:ueNÑaH. kUneQIcMnYn 10,800 Edl)anmkBIkarbgáat;edayExñg

RtUvkarfñalTMhM 100 m² edIm,IeFVIkarrkSakUnTukmYyqñaM.(Pandit, 1996) [12]
sMrab;cMkar TItaMgRtUveFVIkardutsMGat bnÞab;BIkab;sMGat eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday enAeBlEdlkUneQI
cab;epþIms¶ÜtdI KYrEteFVIkarEfTaMeGay)anditdl; edIm,ICyY kat;bnßyGaRtasøab;eGay)anelOn
dUcCadak;va enAkñúgmøb; cMeBaHRbePTeQIEdlmankarduHlUtlas;elOn. viFIsaRsþenH
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAxaglic Bengal (Forest Research Institue India, 1974) .[12]
kñúgry³eBl 3qñaMdMbUg caM)ac;RtUveFVIkarsMGat b¤dkesµAecjya:gtic 3dg kñúgrdUvvsSa. vlø×eyag

gayrg nUvkarbMpøajBIBBYkstVEdlecaH b¤xYgBnøk b¤Exñg
dUecñHehIyRtUvdaMvalaylMCamYyRbePTepSg²eTot EdlCaRbePTFn;nwgkarbMpøaj. dUcenH
vaRtUvkaréRkEmk nig edImEdlEbkCMBam CaBiesskaréRkEmk elIkdMbUgKYrEtqab;eFVI
edIm,IeGayvaTTYl)amBnøW. vlø×eyag GacRtUv)ansIuedayeKa RkbI nigkþan;bMpøaj sMbk
dUecñHcaM)ac;RtUveFVIrbgBT§½CMuvijcMkar. [12]
BnøkEmkEdlduHmkBIedIm GaceFVIkarkat;ecjral; 21-24 éf¶mþg. EmkEdleBjvy½

manlkçN³smRsb sMrab;BBYkGr½KIed rs;enAelI. karsikSaRsavRCavenAelIdg;sIuetéRB
BIedImeQIepJIrR)aN eRCIserIsTItaMgrs; enA KWTTYl)aneCaKCy½ edaybgðajfaBBYkGr½KIed
Edlrs;enAelIvlø×eyag ehIykarsikSaRsavRCavenH RtUv)aneFVIeday mhaviTüal½y Chittagong

rbs;RbeTsbg;køaeds. vamanCH\T§iBlmindUcrKñaeT cMeBaHBBYkGr½KIed
EdlepJIrxøÜnenAelIbMENkénBnøk b¤Emk.[12] vlø×eayag b¤Er:eyag duHeLIgvijedayFmµCati
tamry³RKab; k¾dUcCatamry³Exñg edIm,IbMeBjtMrUvkar. RtUveFVIkarRbmUlEpøTMuBI edImenAkMLúgExmina
dl;ExsIha nigdak;BRgayhaleRkamBnøWéf¶ ry³eBl 2-3éf¶ bnÞab;mkeFVIkarbMEbk
RKab;edayvayRsal² edIm,IkarBarvaxÞatRKab;eTAq¶ay b¤k¾sMgYtEpøenAkñúgmøb; rhUtdl;vaEbk bnÞab;mk
ykRKab;ecjedayTajepþkfñm² b¤GRgYnEpø. edImEdleBjvy½ mankenSamsøkw l¥ Gacpþl;EpøcMnYn 8-
9
16 kg EdlmanRKab;cMnYn 1-2 kg. kñúgRKab; 1kg mancMnYnBI 45,000 eTA 100,000RKab;
manlT§PaBdMNuHBI 25 eTA 90%. RKab; GacrkSaTukenAkñgú fg;ry³eBlRbEhl 5Ex
ehIiyvanwgcab;epþImrwgPøam². KYrEteCosvag sMgYtedaydak;vahaléf¶edaypÞal; vaGacekþARCuleBk
nigs¶ÜteBk eFVIeGayRKab;xUc. RKab;rbs;va minRtUvkareFVIRbRBwtþikmµRKab;eT
nigsabvaenAelIdIEdlRCay² b¤FUr nigenAeRkamBnøWéf¶. vamanGaRtadMNuHKYrsmKW³ enAma:eLsIu
manGaRtadMNuH 35% bNþúHry³eBl 1-2.5 s)aþh_ enARbeTs \NÐa manGaRtadMNuH 80-90%
kñúgry³eBl 1-4 s)aþh_. viFIsaRsþl¥bMptu EdleFVIeGayRKab;duH)aneRcIn
KWsabRKab;edaytMerobenAcMgay 0.6 m x 1.8 m XøatBIKña. edIm,IeGayvaTTYl )anGaRtadMNuHl¥KW
sabRKab;enAkñúgfñalsabEdlRss;Twkl¥ b¤enAkñúges,ag muneBlykeTAsÞÚg.
enAeBlEdlkUneQIman b¤scak;TMluHfñalsab ehIymanGayuRbEhl 1Ex nigmankMBs; 6-8 cm
RtUvykkUneQIeTAsÞÚg. RbePtenHk¾GacdaMedayeRbIb¤sEkv)anEdr KWykvaeTAdaMEtmþg b¤sÞúM.
rebobénkarrkSaRKab;Tuk KWtamk,Ún buraN vanwg)at;bg;lT§PaBdMNuHkñúgry³eBl 1qñaM
ebIrkSavaTukkñúgbnÞb;biTCitEdlGacRKb;RKgsItuNðPaB )an ehIyva)at;bg;GaRtadMNuHtictYcb:ueNþaH
KWva)at;bg;GaRtadMNuH 4% kñúgry³eBl 6Ex ebIrkSavakñúg bnÞb;CitenAkMritsItuNðPaB 10 GgSares
nigkMritsMenIm 6%. RKab;Rss;manpÞúknUvlT§PaBdMNuH)anry³ eBlxøI Et 3Ex b:ueNÑaH. [26]
vlø×eyag sßitenAkñúgRKYsar Meliaceae Edldg;sIuetrbs;vaenAelIBPi BelakmankarbMpøajya:gF¶n;F¶rBI

BBYkstVxYgBnøkeQIKW Hypsipyla robusta. tamkarBit manRbePTeQIeRcInNas;
EdlEbkCMBamelOn snµt;)anfa edImrbs;vamanRkBMuBnøkeRcIn EdlRtUv)anbMpøajeday Hypsipyla.
vamanBnøWlµm b¤manBnøWenAEpñkxageRkay EdlCYykat;bnßynUvkarbMpøajBIBBYk Hypsipyla.

tamry³karsikSa RsavRCavGMBIkarkøÚn sgÇwmfaEsnrbs;vanwgmanPaBsm
b¤GacTb;Tl;nwgkarbMpøajrbs; Hypsipyla EdlGacedaHRsaynUvtMrUvkarry³eBlEvg.
Tak;TgnwgkarRsavRCavenaH RtUv)anbBa©ÚleTAkñúgkmµviFIsikSa énRKwHsßanGb;rMEpñkviTüasaRsþéRBeQI
nigbrisßan enAmhaviTüal½y Chittagong enARbeTsbg;køaeds. karbMpøajrbs; Plagiophleus
longiclavis KWeFVIkarecaH b¤xYgvlø×eyag nigGacTb;sáat;)aneday)aj; Furadan 3G enAelIdICMuvijedIm
EdlCaeRKOgpSMCYybegáIteGayman carbofuran.[12]
10
F> karGPirkS :
vlø×eyag CaRbePTEdlrgeRKaHfñak; eRBaHRKab;rbs;vaesÞIrEtputBUC dUecñHehIy enARbeTsevotNam

va)an køayCaRbePTEdlrgeRKaHfñak;. [2]
minmanTinñn½y.

vlø×eyag manenAxagekIténPUmiPaKxagt,ÚgGasIu nigvamanRbPBkMeNIt enAxaglic nigxagt,Úg
GaRBic nignaMykeTAGaemrickNþal.[12,16]
p> epSg² :
Chukrasia CaRbePTEdlmanPaBxusEbøkBIRbePTepSg²eTotenAkñúgePT (genus) vaCaBYkén

Swietenieae nigCaRKYsarrg (subfamily) én Swietenioideae. vlø×eyag manlkçN³dUcteTAKW
manpáa FM EdlmanbMBgeksrragmUl CYnkalmantic nigCYnkalmaneRcIn

nigmancMnYnRKab;tMerobKñaeRcIn. [11,16]
Chudnoff, M., 1980:Tropical timbers of the world.For.Prod. Lab., USDAForest Service

pp.591-592.
Gamble JS, 1984. A manual of Indian timbers. (Reprint) Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh
Mahendra Pal Singh.
Latif MA, Younus-uzzaman M, Gupta SRD, De BC, 1989. Natural durability of some
important timber species of Bangladesh. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 18(1-2):31-35; 6 ref
11
Mabberley DJ, 1995. Meliaceae. In: Dassanayake MD, ed. A Revised handbook to the
flora of Ceylon. Vol.9. Washington D.C., USA: Smithsonian Institution and National
Science Foundation, 229-30
Rai SN, 1985. Notes on nursery and regeneration technique of some species occurring in
southern tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Karnataka (India) Part II.
Indian Forester, 111(8):644-657; 3 ref.
Sekhar AC, Sharma RS, 1965. Physical and mechanical properties of woods tested at
FRI. Report 9. Indian Forest Records.
Venkataramany P, Rashid MA, Joshi HB, Venkataramanan SV, Ram Parkash, 1981.
Troup's The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Vol. 3. India: Govt. of Indian Press, 160-164.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) NGUYEN et al.1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House,

Hanoi, 788 pp.
4) DY PHON, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House;



species.BLUMEA J. Plant Tax. and Plant Geogr. , Nat. Herbar. Nederlande, Univ.
Leiden Br. Leiden The Netherlands , 349 pp.
12

? (Internet source)
13
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cinnamomum cambodianum Lecomte ]

[Cinnamomum cambodianum Lecomte ]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Cinnamomum cambodianum Lecomte [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Chinese cassia [7]
K> sTisn½y ³ None known.
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ cannelier, cannelle (France) [4, 7] - gudatvak (India) [7]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ eTBirU

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ tep porou [1], tep tieru [4], tepirou [5], teep piiruu [7]
lMdab; : Laurales
RKYsar : Lauraceae
ePT : Cinnamomum Schaefer
RbePT : Cinnamomum cambodianum
Lecomte
1
[lkçN³TUeTA]: eTBirUCaRbePTedImeQIFM ébtgCanic© EdlmankMBs; 15-25 m [1] (-17 m [2], 10-15 m

[4, 7]) nigmankenSamsøwkFM RBmTaMgRkas; . edImRtg;RsLÚn nigragCasIuLaMg edaymanTMrg;Rss;sa¥ t
nig manGgát;p©it DBH BI 30-80 cm [1] (30-50 cm [2]) . RKb;EpñkTaMgGs;rbs;edImKWmankøinRkGUb .

[sMbk]: sMbkxageRkAmanBN’eRbH nigRKbeTAedayrun§tUc² . sMbkxagkñúgmankMras; 1.2-1.5 cm [2]
manBN’elOg nigmankøin .
[søwk]: søwkragmUl zitenAQmKñaCaragmUl manTMhM 6-15 x 3-8 cm [1] (9 x 4 cm [7], 12-14 x 7-9
cm [2]) .
[páa]: páatUc CaRbePTpáaBIrePT (=hermaphrodite) tMerobCaG½kSenAelITgpáa nigmanBN’elOgRbElt
.
[Epø]: EpømanragdUcs‘ut nigmanGgát;p©it 6-8 mm [1] . manBN’elOgRbepHeBlminTan;TMu
nigERbCaBN’Rkhmcas;enAeBlTMu .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: Cinnamomum spp. maneQIxwøm EdlmanTMgn;F¶n; nigRsalmFüm .

eQIxwømmanBN’xsu ²Kña BIBN’ébtgcas;eTAsICu m<Ú rWRkhmcas; CYnkalmanBN’Rkhmetñat rW etñat
(RkhmragRbepHsMrab; C. cambodianum [1]) nigEtgEtminGacEckdac;BIKañ BIBN’dUccMebIg
nigetñatRsalrbs;eQIRsay (RbepHRsalsMrab; C. cambodianum [1] . dg;seIu t 0.37-0.86 g/cm³

enAsMeNIm 15% . lkçN³eQI epSgeTot karbMEbkedaysMelg (Modulus of rupture) enA 12% mc:
44-93.5 N/mm². PaBGacbt;)an (Modulus of elasticity) 7,315-12,570 N/mm² .
sMBaFRsbrbs;séseQI (Compression parallel to grain) : 28-52 N/mm² . sMBaFEkg

(Compression perpendicular to grain) : RbEhl 5.5N/ mm² . kMritrYj (Rates of shrinkage)
(BIBN’ébtgeTA 12% mc): 1.6% (radial), 4.8% (tangential) . kMritrYj (Rates of shrinkage)
(BIBN’ébtgeTAkarsMgYtRCul): 3.3% (radial), 5.7% (tangential)" [9] .
2
RbEhlkMrit : 30°N to 30°S [8] . RbePTeQIenH manduHlUtlas;enAkñúgRbeTskm<Cú a nigevotNam

enAkñgú éRBeRsamRkas; nigéRBeRsagesImenAtambeNþayTenø nigsÞwg tamRClgPñM nigeCIgPñM .
BYkvaduHlUtlas;CaRkum EdlmaneedImeQIBI 5-10 edIm edayduHlayCamYy Elaeocarpus dubius,
Actinodaphne pilosa, Polyanthia cerasoides, Michelia balansae nig Canarium album .
enARbeTskm<Cú a vaGacrkeXIjenAkñgú éRBeRsag tamtMbn;PñM énPñbM UkeKa (Bokor) nigPñRM kvaj

(Cardamon Mountains) nigkñúgextþrtnKIrI nigkMBg;FM .
CaTUeTA vaduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 600-700 m a.s.l. [1, 4] (200-600 m [2]) b:Eu nþenARbeTskm<Cú a

vaduHenAry³kMBs;dl;eTA 1,500 m a.s.l. pgEdr [1] . eTBirURtUv)ansMrbeTAnwg lkçN³Gakas
Fatuxus²Kña . vaFnnwgkarraMgs¶Ütry³eBlxøI . kñúglkçN³CaedImeQIéRB vamankarFnnwgmøb;
b:Eu nþduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAkñúgBnøéW f¶eBj enAeBlcas; .
Annamites kNþal
[1]
[TItaMgRbPBRKab;BUC (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:

rtnKIrI (X:732948 Y:1551895), rtnKIrI (X:732419 Y:1567241), rtnKIrI (X:766785 Y:1500486),

rtnKIrI (X:701601 Y:1570885),rtnKIrI (X:728014 Y:1536309), kMBg;FM (X:544510 Y:1403022) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
eTBirUdHu lUtlas;l¥ enAelIdImanCICati nigsMeNIm . eTaHbI vaduHEtenAelIdIEdlmindkTwk éntMbn;PñM

Edl manCICati nigmanCatiGasIuxaø gM edayman pH of 4-6 [8] . vaFn;nwgkarrCaMTwkry³eBlxøI .
3
[eQI]: eQImanlkçN³Rtg; nigBN’s GacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;snM g; kþa begáal nigsMPar³ksikmµ .

vak_RtUv )aneRbIR)as;CaeQIfamBlpgEdr .
[Gnupl]: sMbkRtUv)anTMBalayCamYysøa rWeRbIR)as;enAkñgú pÞH)aysMrab;CaGahar .
vamanpÞúknUvsarFatu eRbgya:gsMxan; EdleRbIsMrab;CafñaMbru aN eFIeV GaymankMedA bM)at;ehImeBaH
RbqaMgnwgkark®nþak; nig sMlab;emeraK . vamanRbsiT§PaBcMeBaH karminrMlayGahar rebg
nigQWcab;eBlmanrdUv . sMbkedIm RtUv)aneRbICafñaCM MnYyebHdUg RbqaMgkarehImeBaH
nigkarGs;kMlaMg . EpSgEdl)anBIkarcMhuyénsøkw RtUv )aneRbIsMrab;karhUrsMe)a rWTwktamRcmuH .
GñkCMgWRtUv)anBüa)al fñaMEdkRbqaMgnwgkareLIgkk EdlRtUv )anRtYtBinti üya:gRbugRby½tñ
enAeBleRbIR)as;rukçCatienH edaysarEtvamanpÞúksarFatu coumarin [7] .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y ..
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:eTBirUduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBbzmesIm nigéRBbnÞab;bnSMenAtamdgTenø nigsÞwg tameCIgPñM

. vaduHlUtlas;CaRkum EdlmancMnYnBI 5-10 edIm [1] ehIyEtduHlayCamYy Elaeocarpus dubius,
Actinodaphne pilosa, Polyanthia cerasoides, Michelia balansae nig Canarium album .
enARbeTskm<Cú a vamanduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBeRsagtMbn;PñM . vaRtUvkarmøb;enAeBlenAtUc

b:Eu nþduHlUtlas;
)anl¥enAeBlmanBnøéW f¶eBj enAeBlvaeBjv½y .
4
CaTUeTA karduHlUtlas;eLIgvij edayFmµCati KWmanlkçN³l¥ enAeRkamKMrbéRB .

[karRbmUlRKab;BUC]: RKab;BCU RtUv)anRbmUlBIedIm nigRbmUlBIelIdI edaykarGRgugEmk
.enAkñúgtMbn;RbPB RKab;BCU dIRtUv)ansMGat CYnkalRtUv)andut sMrab;karRbmUlRKab;BCU .
edIm,IeGaymanPaBgayRsYlkñgú karRbmUlRKab;BUC kMralRtUv)andak;enAelIdpI gEdr . eBlevla
Edll¥bpM tu sMrab;karRbmUlRKab;BUC KWenAeBlEdlEpømankarpøas;brþÚ BN’BI ébtgeTACaetñat .
karTMurbs;EpøGaceGaydwgtamry³karkat;Epø edIm,IBinitüemIl .
[ stVl¥ti ]: "RbePTstV Ceylon cinnamon EdlRtUv)anraykarN_faCa dgávÚ énRbePTembMe)A

cinnamon butterfly (Chilasa clytia) nig leafminers (Acrocerops spp.) dgávÚ leafwebber
(Sorolopha archimedias) nigcRgit (Gryllotalpha spp.) EdlbMpøajkUneQItUc² " [8] .
[CMgW]: "CMgWmandUcCa dMe)AqñÚt (Phytophtora cinnamomi), CMgWBN’sC

Iu m<Ú (Corticium salmonicolor,
Syn: C. javanicum), rlYy (Fomes lignosus), eRcH (Aecidium cinnamomi) nig anthracnose
(Glomerella cingulata) . CMgW witches broom EdlmanlkçN³Fn;F¶r RtUv)anrkeXIjedIm Chinese
cassia enAkñg ú RbeTsevotNam . karkMcat; edaykar antibiotic berberine FmµCatiKWTTYl )an

eCaKC½y .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8].
F> karGPirkS :
"edaysartMél nigtMrUvkarx<ss; rM ab;eTBirU eFIeV GayRbePTeQIenHziteRkamsMBaFya:gxøaMg

edaykarukrk hYsehtu nigrgeRKaHfñak;esÞIrputBUC RbsinkarkarBarminRtUv)aneFIeV LIg CaBiesskar
kab;edayxusc,ab; . cMnnY edImeQI Edlcas;RtUv)anfycuHCabnþbnÞab; nigvamankar lM)ak
kñúgkarEsVgrksMPar³tMnBUC (germplasm) . enAqñaM 2002 karRbCMru bs; CTSP
elIyTu §saRsþkúgñ karGPirkSEsnéRBeQI (Forest Gene Conservation Strategy) )anbgðajfa
5
Cinnamomum cambodianum KWCaRbePTcMbgkñúgkar GPirkSCabnÞan; nigeFIV
Lecomte
GnþraKmn_kúgñ karkarBareGay)ansmRsb . ÉksarBieRKaH [1].
vamanduHlUtlas;enACMralPñbM UkeKa nigPñRM kvaj nigextþrnKIrI nigkMBg;FMénRbeTskm<úCa .

eTBirUKwmanduH lUtlas; edaytMbn;enAkñúgRbeTskm<Cú a .

[ r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[ RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTskm<Cú a evotNam [1]
[karnaMclU ]: Cak;EsþgNas; RbePTenHminRtUv)annaMykeTAdaMduHenAtMbn;eRkABIRbPBkMeNIt FmµCatienA

eLIyeT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
p> epSg²
:
[sarFatuKmI I]: "eRbg Volatile dl;eTA 4% (cinnamaldehyde 65-75% & eugenol 4-10%), tanIn
(tannins), coumarins nig mucilage . " ÉksarBieRKaH [7].
6
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Institute.
[3] Bertram, A. (2006): Own observations.

[8] PROSEA, 1999: Plant Resources of South East Asia 13 - Spices
[9] PROSEA, 1995: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (2) Timber trees: Minor
commercial timbers.
1988. Phnom Penh.
7
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. & Panzer) Swingle]

[Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. & Panzer) Swingle]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. & Panzer) Swingle [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ lime, sour lime, common lime [1]
K> sTisn½y ³ Limonia aurantifolia Christm. & Panzer (1777),
Citrus javanica Blume (1825),

Citrus notissima Blanco (1837) [1],
Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle,
Citrus acida Roxb.,
Citrus hystrix ssp. acida (Roxb.) Engl.,
Citrus lima Lunan,
Citrus limetta var. aromatica Wester,
Citrus medica var. acida (Roxb.) Hook. f.,
Limonia acidissima Christm. [2]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ lime acide, limettier, limettier acide (France) [1, 4] -
jeruk nipis, jeruk pecel (Indonesia) [1] - limau asam, limau

nipis (Malaysia) [1] - muli (Papua New Guinea) [1] - dayap
(Philippines) [1] - naaw (Laos) [1] - somma nao, manao
(Thailand) [1] - chanh, chanh ta (Vietnam) [1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RkUcqµa

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ krôôch chhmaa muul [1], kroôch chmâa [4], kro:ch chma:
khmè [7]
1
lMdab; : Rutales [2] / Sapindales [5]
RKYsar : Rutaceae
ePT : Citrus
RbePT : Citrus aurantifolia
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQItUcébtgCanic© EdlmankMBs;dl; 5 m [1] (8 m [4]) . kenSamsøwkRkas;

nigmanEmkmineTogTat; ehIymanEmktUc²eRcIn nigmanbnøa . kUnEdlduHecjBIrWs manlkçN³FMl¥ .
RKb;EpñkTaMgGs;énrukçCatimankøni RkGUb .
[søwk]: søwkqøas; ragCaeGlIb rWst ‘u EdlmanTMhM 4-8 cm x 2-5 cm [1] (3-8 cm × 2-5 cm [5])
edaymanEKmsøwkminmut rW ril. cugsøwkRsYc TgsøwkmanragmUledaymansñamGuC nigKµaneram .
[páa ]: kBa©úp
M aá xøI nigqøas;Kña manpáaBI 1-7(-10) [1] (7 páa [4]) . páamanlkçN³eBjelg rWpáaeQµal
manTMhMtUc nigEtzitenAdac; rWCacegáamenAelIGk½ Sénsøkw rbs;Bnøk EdleTIbduHecjmk . Rtbkpáaxag
eRkAmanragdUcEBg man 4-6 ft . RsTab;páa 4-6 [1] (4 [4]) EdlmYy²manbeNþay 8-12 mm [1]
nigkøinRkGUb . ekseQµalmancMnnY 20-25(-34) [1] . GUvarI (=female organ) mancMnYn 9-12(-15) [1]
EdlmanlkçN³xus²Kña . sþima: (stigma) RTpáaenAeBlrIk nigzitenAelIenHry³eBl BIreTAbIéf¶ .
eksminRtUv)anBRgayrhUtdl;paá rIk . Twkdmd_l¥RtUv)anbit)aMg edaypáa BIkarvaRbharBIsN M ak; XµMú
EdlCaGñkeFIeV GaymandMeNIrlMGg . dMeNIrlMGgedayxøÜnÉg ekIteLIg b:Eu nþcMnYnEpømankMNt; .
[Epø]: Epø (=berry) ragmUldUcs‘t u manGgát;pit© 3-6 cm [1] (4-6 cm [5]) CYnkalmankNþlÜ ekItelIEpø .
sMbkd_esþgI manBN’ébtgelOg enAeBlTMu ragdUcEs,k eRKIm nigmaneRbgEdlmankøin .
EkøbmanpÞkú nUvsac;Casrés² EdlmanBN’ébtgelOg EdlmanCatiGasIut sMbUrTwk nigkøinRkGUb .
RKab;manTMhMtUc e):ag nigrelagedaymanGMRb‘yÍ g:u BN’s (polyembryonic) . CaTUeTA RbePT
RkUcqµaPaKxaglic\NÐa EdlmkBIGaemrikkNþalmanEpøFMCagtMbn;epSg²eTot . EpøTbMu nÞab;
BIry³eBl 5.5-6 Ex [1] .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
RkUcqµaduHlUtlas;edayFmµCatienAkñúgtMbn;TMnabRtUBci PaKeRcInenAtMbn;eqñrnigRtUv)andaMduHya:g
eRcInenAkñgú tMbn;RtUBci nig subtropic .
vaduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;BI 0-1,000 m a.s.l. [1] rW x<sC; agenH (0-2,200 m [5]) . edImeQI

RtUvkarGakasFatuekþA niggayrgeRKaHnwgGakasFatuRtCak; b:uEnþFn;ngw karraMgs¶Üt .

RkUcqµaGacduHlUtlas;enAelIdImni sUvmanCICati nigmanlkçN³FnnwgdICaRkUceBaF×sat; RbsibdImni dk;

Twk nigGackarBarkarelcTwk.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
enARbeTskm<Cú a edImRkUcqµaRtUv)andaMsrM ab;CaeQIhUbEpø .

[eQI]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
3
[Gnupl]: RkUcqµaCaeRKOgpSMragral;éf¶sMrab;Gahar enARbeTsGasuIGaeKñy_ . EpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
esÞIrEtral;éf¶enApÞH sMrab;CnM yY Gahar b:Eu nþk_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFVICaePsC¢³pgEdr . rs;Cati
nigCatiGasIuteFIVeGayRkUcqµasmRsbsMrab;Gahar Edlhil nigsMbUreKOgeTs TaMgRss; rWCaRbePT
RCk; nigTwkRClk; . KuNPaB EdlenARss;Edl)anBIRkUcqµa RtUv)aneRbICa TwkRkUcqµa EtRkUcqµa nigeRbI
CamYyEpøeQIepSg²eTotdUcCa lðgú CaedIm . enARbeTsma:eLsIEu pø RtUv)ankarBarTwkGMbli nigTwkexµH
vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaePsC¢³ rW Gahars enAeBldak;econCamYyeRbg nigsár . enARbeTskm<Cú a
Epørbs;va RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIsV árRKab;nigdak;bEnßmeTAelImbðÚ EdleFIBV sI ac; . vak_RtUv)aneRbI ya:g
eRcInenAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a sMrab;Ca»sfburaNsøwk nigEpømanpÞkú CatifñaMeRcIn nigmYycMnYneTotTak;Tgnwg
CMenO EdlfaRkUcqµaGacedjnUvviBaØaNGaRkk;eGayecjq¶aypgEdr . Epø nigsac; manpÞkú nUv GasIut
citric nig vitamin C . TaMgsøwkcas; nigx©ImanpÞúknUv coumarin isopimpinellin . eRbgrbs;vamanpÞk ú
limonene. sabinene, terpinolene, citral, alpha- nig beta pinenes, alpha terpinol, linalool, alpha
bergamotene nig beta bisabolene . sarFatu coumarins rYmman limettin, bergamottin,
bergapten, dimethoxycoumarin nig gamma geranoxypsoralen isoimperatoren . vaCa
RbPBsMxan;én vitamin C . søwkRtUv)ancMhuy CamYy Cymbopogon nardus edIm,IBüa)alCMgW

pþasay nigRKun . EpøRss; ¬sMbkxageRkA¦ RtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;Büa)alCMgWkk¥ . kareRbI
R)as;RkUcqµasMrab;C]sf enAmankMritenAeLIy eTaHbICamankarsikSaCaeRcIneTAelIRbsiT§PaBén
immuno-modulatory k_eday . RkUcqµaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;Ca photosynthesizer sMrab;
labkarBarkMedAéf¶ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
minmancMNat;fñak; [3]
4
[kardaMduH]: kareBlv½yrbs;edImRkUcqµaGacmanry³eBldl;eTA 5 qñaM . [5]

[karRKb;RKg]: RkUcqµaCaRbePTedImeQI EdlecjpáaRKb;rdUv . eRkamlkçxN ½ ÐraMgs¶Üt kareRsacRsB
mansar³sMxan;kgñú karTTYl)annUvEpø EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ . edImeQI Edlmin)anéRkEmk nwgman
EmkRkas; rWeRcIn nigkenSamsøwkGacRCuHsøwk BIeRBaHEtkarRbKYtRbECg . dUcenH edImeQIRtUv
)anéRkEmk edIm,IkMcat;RbePTstVl¥ti nigdMe)AEdlmanelIEmk . edIm,IeGayman \T§iBldl;
eBlRbmUlpl kareRsacTwkRtUv)anp¥aksMrab;ry³eBl 3 s)aþh_enAkñgú rdUvR)aMg kareRsacTwkeLIgvij
nwgCYyeGayedImecjpáaeLIgvij .
[karRbmUlpl]: karEpøRtUvkarry³eBl 5.5-6 Ex [1] cab;BIeBlecjpáa . EpøRtUv)anebHRbmUledayéd
enAvacas; manBN’ébtg rWelOg . EpøEdlminTan;cas; eTaHCamanTwktic k_GacebHRbmUlpgEdr

enArdUvEdlkarpÁt;pÁg;EpømankMritTab . enARbeTséf EpømancMnYnticenAkñgú Ex mina-emsa .
enHedaysar Etkarqab;TeMu Bkrbs;Epø enArdUvRtCak; kñúgEx FñÚ-kumÖ³ . CagenHeTAeTot cenøaH
énkarpÁt;pgÁ ;GacbNþaeGaypáa nig EpømancMnnY tic enAkMLúgEx kBaØa-tula ¬Bak;kNþalénrdUvvsSa¦ .
[plitkmµ]: edImEdl)anpSaMGu acpþl;nUvEpø enAkñúgqñaMTIBIr bnÞab;BIkardaM b:uEnþGñkdaM
manbMNgbegánI nUvkarlUtlas; edIm,ITTYl)annUvTinñplx<s;enAqñaMTIbI . TinñplCamFümrbs; RkUc
qµaenARbeTséf enAkMLgú qñaM 1988/1989 KW 2,400 kg/ha . enARbeTs\NÐaGacmancMnYn 600-1,500
Epøkúgñ 1 qñaM . edImRkUcqµamYy edImEdldaMenA Ek,rpÞHGacbMeBjtMrUvkarrbs;RKYsarmYy)an .
RbCaCnenATIRkugBwgEp¥keTAelIEpø Edl)anmkBIckM arRkUcqµa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1].
"mindUcRbePTRkUcd_éTeTot RkUcqµakMrRtUv)anbgáat;edayBnøk . enAGasIuGaeKñy_ karbMe)AKWCaviFsI aRsþ

Fmµta enAkEnøkxøHedImRtUv)anbNþHú ecjBIRKab; . EmkEdlmaMl¥ RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;bNþHú Bnøk
edaykarbMe)A edaydak;sMbkdUg ¬RskIdUg¦rMCu vMu ij RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enARbeTséf . edImTMr
RtUv)andak;kgñú fg;nigEfrkSaenAkñúgfñal ry³eBl 2-4 s)þah_muneBlykeTAdaM .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1].
5
[stVl¥ti ]: stVlt¥i ecaHsøkw (Phyllocnistis citrella) eFIeV Gaysøkw xUcRTg;RTay nigCuHmineBlTMu .

stVenHCH\T§Bi leTAelIedImeQITaMgGs; nigbMpøajpáaeTotpg . karkMcat;edayeRbIR)as; fñasM lM ab;
stVl¥ti KWmankarlM)ak BIeRBaHdgávÚ RtUv)ankarBarya:gmansuvtßiPaBenAkñgú sMbkrbs;BkY va enAxag
eRkamsøwk nigvdþCvI itrbs;BYkvaxøI nigmanry³eBlCan; rWpnÞÜ ²Kña . karbegánI kareRbIR)as;fñaM sMlab;
stVl¥ti eFIeV GaystVl¥ti mankarsauM nigGacbNþaleGaymaneRKaHfñak;dl;RbePTstVl¥ti EdlsIuBYkva
CaGaharEfmeTotpg .
[CMgW]: CMgWdMe)A ekItBI)ak;etrI (bacterial canker) KWRtUv)anekItmanenAtMbn;RtUBc i esIm .
RkUcqµagayrgnwgvIrus tristeza b:Eu nþCMgW EdlFn;Fr¶ KW dMe)AekItBI)at;etrI (Xanthomonas campestris
p.v. citri) EdleFIV eGayvamanGayuxIø edaydMe)ACMuvijedIm . )ak;etrIGaceFIVeGayedImeQImanrbYs
EdlekItBIkarTic rWCBa¢k;rbs;stVl¥it . )ak;etrIRtUv)anEbgEck tamry³ePøóg . kareFIGV nam½ycMkar

edaym:t;ct; tamry³karykrW kat;nUvEmkEdlrgnUvCMgW )aj;nvU sarFatusN M r enAmunrdUvePøóg nig
)aj;nvU streptomycin RtUv)anpþl; Gnusasn_ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1].
F> karGPirkS :

:
vaRtUv)annaMcUlRbeTskm<Cú a enAkEnøgEdlmankardMaduHeQIhUbEpøeRcIn .

[ RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTs\NÐa
[7]
[ karnaMclU ]: GasIu (Rb‘eu N km<Cú a \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav ma:eLsIu hVlI IBnI )a:BUNUKeI no éf nigevotNam )
6
GaemrikkNþal : (misu uikU, dUmnI kI a)
GaRhVci : (hÁaNa)
p> epSg² :
[plitkmµenAelIBPi Belak]: "eyagtamsßti i FAO BiPBelak)anplitnUvRkUcqµa nigRkUc (Citrus limon

(L.) Burm.f.) cMnYn 6 lanetan enAqñaM 1988 tYelx)anbgðajnUvkarekIneLIg . dMNaMRkUcKW
enAmanlkçN³ tUcenAeLIy edaysarRkUc (lemons) mankarBi)akkñgú kardaMduH enAtMbn; GasIuGaeKñy_

eyagtam FAO )anbgðajtYelx: RbeTskm<Cú a 1,000 t, RbeTsLav 8000 t,RbeTsma:eLsIu 3,000 t,
RbeTséf 1,000 t . Tinñn½ysßiti)anBIRbeTséf KWmanlkçN³c,as;las; KW 53,600 t BItMbn;
Edl)andaMduHcMnYn 29,100 ha kñgú 1987/1988 . sßitiBaNiCk¢ mµ)anbgðajfa karnaMecj BIRbeTs
\NÐeÚ nsIu hVlI IBnI nigéf KWmanTMnak; TMngnwgkareRbIR)as;kúgñ Rsuk . plitkmµ CaRTug
RTayFMsrM ab;BaNiC¢kmµGnþrCati enAkñgú karplitTwkRkUc nig eRbgKWmanenAGaemrikkNþal ( Central
America) (EdlmanRbePTRkUc Mexican rW West Indian ) dUmn I kI a (Dominica) nigháaNa (Ghana) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[lkçN³Epø]: EpøTm Mu anBN’elOg EdlmansMbkesþgI nigCatiGasIut : 7-8% GasIut citric
eyagtamTMgn; . TwkEdl)ancMraj;RbEhl 41% énTMgn;Epø . karviPaKenARbeTséf cMeBaH 100 g
Epñk EdlGacbriePaK )an man : Twk 91 g, RbUetG‘nÍu 0.5 g, xøaj; 2.4 g,kabUnGIRu tat (carbohydrates)
5.9 g, sarFatu srés (fibre) 0.3 g, vitamin A 17 IU, vitamin C 46 mg; nigtMélfamBl 150 kJ
kñúg 100 g .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1].
Sethpakdee, R., 1992. Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. & Panzer) Swingle. In Coronel, R.E. &
Verheij, E.W.M. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2: Edible fruits and nuts.
Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 126-128.
[6]
7
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(CD-ROM).
of
Commercial Woods, unpublished
[5] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=2242&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full (Internet
source)
[6] World Agroforestry Center: AgroForestryTree Database


8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Citrus hystrix DC.]

[Citrus hystrix DC.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Citrus hystrix DC. [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Mauritius papeda, leech-lime [1], kaffir lime, kieffer lime
[5], Indonesian lime, wild lime [7]
K> sTisn½y ³ Citrus papuana Bail. [6]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ citron combera, citron ride (France) [1, 3] - jeruk purut,
limo purut, jeruk obat (Indonesia) [1, 5] - limau purut
(Malaysia) [1] - kabuyau, kulubut, kolobot (Philippines)
[1] - shouk-pote (Myanmar) [1] - 'khi 'hout. (Laos) [1] -
ma kruut (Thailand) [1] - tr[us]c, chanh s[as]c (Vietnam)
[1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RkUcesIc

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ krauch soeuch [1]
lMdab; : Rutales [4] / Sapindales [6]
RKYsar : Rutaceae
ePT : Citrus
RbePT : Citrus hystrix DC.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
1
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQItUc rW culøRBwkS EdlmankMBs; 12 m [1] (5-10 m [3, 8], 6-8 m [6]) .
edImragekagnigtUc edaymanbnøaRsYc²CaeRcIn . manTMrg;kat; ( hybrid forms) rvag C. hystrix and
C. aurantifolia.
[søwk]: søwk nigkBa©p

úM aá RsedogeTAnwg C. aurantifolia . søwkmanTMhMFM ragdUcs‘ut rWRTEvg manTMhM 3-15
cm x 2-6 cm [1] nigmanBN’exµArelag edaymanTgsøwkragdUcsøab begát I CaragnaLikardIxSac;
rvagsøkw nigTgsøkw .
[páa]: páatUcmanBN’s nigkøinRkGUb .
[Epø]: Epø (=berry) manragdUcs‘ut eTACaeGlIb RbEvgGgát;pit © 5-7 cm [1] (4 cm [5], 8 cm [6])
manBN’exov eTACaelOn edaymanbnøamineTogTat;enAelIsMbk nigmansac;Edl GacbriePaK )an
tictYc EdlmanBN’exovragelOg mancMnYn 10-12 Ekøb . sMbkrbs;vamankøinxøagM nigmanrsCati
CUrxøaMg .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
RkUcesIcRtUv)andaMenAkñúgsYnCMvu ijpÞH (home gardens) b:Eu nþminmancMnYneRcInenaHeT .

ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
RbePTenHduHlUtlas;eRcIn enAtMbn;TMnab nigRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;ekþA .

2
[eQI]: minTan;manTinñn½y.
[Gnupl]: enARbeTskm<C ú a vaRtUv)andaMduHsMrab;eRbIR)as;enAkñúgpÞH . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; ya:geRcIn
enAkñgú kareFImV bðÚ rbs;éf nigLav . søkw rbs;va k_mankareBjniymenAPaKxaglic RbeTskm<Cú a
b:Eu nþminsUveBj niymenARbeTsevotNam . enAma:eLsIu nig\NÐeÚ nsIu (CaBiess Balinese)
mðbÚ PaKeRcIneRbIR)as;BkY va CamYyman; nigRtI. søwkGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;TaMgRss; rWsMgYteGays¶tÜ
nigRtUv)anTukenAkñgú kEnøgRtCak; . eTaHbICa plitplEdl)anmkBIswøk (EdlmaneRbgsøwk
sMrab;mÚbð éf dUcCa tom yum nigmðbÚ \NÐeÚ nsIu 'sayur assam' Edlmann½yfa bEnøCrU ) .
enAkñgú kareFImV bðÚ rbs;éf RkUcesIcRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Cajwkjab; edaylayCamYyxÞmw s galanga xJI nig
fingerroot CamYynwgemÞspgEdr . CIRkhmRss;rbs;éf RtUv)an lay edIm,IeGaymankøn i l¥ .
Twkrbs;Epø Edlmanrs;CatiCUrxøaMg nigmankøindUcsøwkrbs;vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; CaeRKOgpSMsMrab;eFImV ðbÚ
nigCYnkalRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelImbðÚ EdleFVBI RI tI rWsac;enAkñgú RbeTséf nigma:eLsI.u vak_
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CaePsC¢³pgEdr . EpøGacRtUv)anbriePaK b:Eu nþRtUv)ancitCacMnit sMrab; eRbIR)as;
enAkñgú BiFIsasna EdlvaRtUv)anlayCamYyTwk . EpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CafñaMsMlab;stVl¥ti sab‘kU k;sk;
nig eRbIsMrab;slM ab;eQIgø EdlTameCIgpgEdr . søwk nigsMbkEpøeRbIsMrab;eFICV aeRKOgeTs .
BYkvaRtUv)anlk; enARKb;haglk;eRKOgeTsrbs;RbeTsGasIu enATUTaMgBiPBelak .
sMbkRtUv)ancitCacMnit halsMgYt nigbukCaemSA niglayCamYyemSA Tinospora sMrab; Büa)al

karQWRkBH . Twkrbs;vaRtUv eRbIR)as;fñaM sMrab;ClY TMlak;kMhak . sMbkEpømanpÞúkCatifñaM
EdlCYyeGay)at;ehImBYk . RbqaMgnwgkarbgákMeNIt nigkarRCabcUl Edl\TiB§ lTaMgenHRtUv )an
sikSaeTAelIrukçCatiRbePTenH . sMbkRkUcesIcmanpÞúknUveRbg Edlmansar³sMxan; RsedognwgeRbg
rbs;RkUcqµa smasFatusxM an;KW limonene nig β-pinene [7] .
3
minmancMnat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
F> karGPirkS :
RkUcesIcRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;ekþA énRbeTskm<Cú a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]

[ RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTsma:eLsIu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
karnaMclU ]: RbeTsm<úCa PUma \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav Rb‘uyeN hVlI IBnI )a:BUNUhÁIeN RsIlgáa éf
[
nigevotNam .
4
p> epSg² :
[Bakübec©keTs]: "The Oxford Companion to Food (ISBN 0192115790) pþl;Gnusasn_fa eQµaH

'kaffir lime' KYrEteCosevog BIeRBaHBaküenH CaBaküRbmatenAkñgú vb,Fm’RbeTsxøH nigminehtuNamYy
EdlPa¢b;nUvkareRbIR)as;BaküenHCamYyrukCç atienHeLIy . eTaHbICa kaffir lime eRcIneRbIR)as;ya:gjwk
jab;k_eday . eQµaHRbePTenHKW hystrix (Greek hystrix [ὕστριξ] “porcupine”) EdlsMedAeTAelI
rukCç ati EdlmanbnøaeRcIn [7] .
[sarFatuKm I I]: smasFatu niglkçN³køinRtUv)anviPaB EdlbgðajnUv (-)-(S)-citronellal EdlmanpÞúkenA
kñúgsøkw eTAdl; 80% . smasFatubnÞab;bnSMKW citronellol (10%) nerol nig limonene .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(CD-ROM).
of
[5] Answers.Com: http://www.answers.com/topic/kaffir-lime (Internet source)
5
[6] ECOPORT:
source)
[7] Gernot Katzer's Spice Pages Table of Content page:

http://www.kfunigraz.ac.at/~katzer/engl/Citr_hys.html (Internet source)
6
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.]

[Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ pummelo, shaddock, pomelo [1], pompelmous [3]
K> sTisn½y ³ Citrus aurantium L. var. grandis L. (1753)
Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck (1757)

Citrus decumana L. (1767). [1]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ pamplemoussier (France) [1] - jeruk besar, jeruk bali
(Indonesia) [1] - jambua, limau betawi, limau bali (Malaysia)

[1] - muli (Papua New Guinea) [1] - lukban, suha
(Philippines) [1] - shouk-ton-oh (Myanmar) [1] - kièngz
s'aangz, ph'uk, sômz 'ôô (Laos) [1] - som-o, ma-o (Thailand)
[1] - b[uw][owr]i (Vietnam) [1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RkUcføúg
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ krôoch thlông [1]
lMdab; : Rutales
1
RKYsar : Rutaceae
ePT : Citrus
RbePT : Citrus maxima
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
[lkNç³TUeTA]: manTMhMtUc eTAmFüm manEmkTab nigmanbnøa EdlmankMBs; 5-10(-15) m [1] (10-15

m [3]) . edImtUcmaneram nigeBlxøHmanbnøa . EmkduHEbkecj manbnøaeRcIn ¬bnþBUCedayRKab;¦
rWKµanbnøa¬bnþBUCedaysrIragÁrukçCati¦ EdlmanbnøaRbEvg 5 cm nigmaneramenAeBlenAtUc .

[søwk]: søk
w manragCas‘ut rW eGlIb manTMhM 5-10 (-20) cm x 2-5 (-12) cm [1] EdlmanKl;skøw mUl .
EKmsøwkTaMgmUlragCaTwkrlk edayRsYcenAEpñkxagcugsøwk manRkeBjCacMnnu ² . TgsøwkduHCasøabFM
EdlmanTTWg 7 cm [5] .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá duHelIG½kS edayzitCabNþúM énpáa 2-3 rW eTal . páaFMmanTMhM 2-3 cm x 3-5 cm [1]
enAeBl EdlrIkFM nigmaneram . RtbkpáamanBN’s nigmanekseQµal 20-25 (-35) [5] nigeksjI
11-16 . enAkñg ú tMbn;RtUBci vapþl;páa 2-4 dgkñgú mYyqñaM CaBiessenAeBlcab;duHBnøkfµI . ry³eBlén
karecjpáaKW eyageTAtamePøógmUsug eTaHbITwkRtUv)anpþl;eGaytamry³ RbB½n§FarasaRsþ dUcenA
RbeTséfk_eday ¬páaenAEx mkra-kumÖ³¦ . EpøTeMu nAry³eBl 7-10 ExbnÞab;BIkarpáa . enARbeTséf
PaKeRcInBI ExsIha dl; tula . rukçCatiEdldaMPaKeRcInKWmni GacbgákMeNIt)an .
[Epø]: Epø (=berry) ragmUl rWragdUcdb nigmanTMhMFM edaymanGgát;pit © 10-20(-30) cm [1] man
BN’ébtglayelOg nigcMncu tUc²eRcIn . sMbkmankMras; 1-3(-4) cm [1] EdlmanEckdac;

BIKñaedaysrésmanBN’elOgRsal rIpáaQUk edaymanrsCatiEp¥m nigCYnkallVgI pgEdr . ral;cMEnk
nimYy²énEpøRtUv)anrMueTAedayPñas (membrane) ya:gmaMu . RKab;mancMnYn BIreTAbI TMhMFM Ggáaj;
BN’elOg nigmanGMRb‘yÍ g:u EtmYy (monoembryonic) .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
RkUcføgú duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;TMnabRtUBci nigRtUv)andaMCacMkar nigenACMuvijpÞH ( home gardens) sMrab;Ca

RbePTeQIhUbEpø .
RkUcføgú GacduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 900 m a.s.l. [5], eTaHbIkMrix<s;bpM tu sMrab;plitkmµCaBNiCk¢ mµ

RtwmEt 400 m a.s.l [1, 5] . vaRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;EdlmankMritePøogRbcaMqañ M 1,500-1,800 mm [1]
nigrdUvR)aMgBI 3-4 (-5) Ex [1, 5] . enARbeTséfkMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMEx 25-30°C Edlman
GakasFatuRtCak; BIreTAbIEx [1] .
RkUcføgú GacFnnwgRbePTdIeRcInTMrg; dUcCadIxSac;eRKIM nigdIEdlman\dæeRcIn rYmmandImanCatiGbM il .

eTaHCavasmRsbcMeBaHdIEdlmanvaynPaBmFüm manCICati nigKµanCatiGbM ilk_eday . tMbn;Edl

l¥bMputsMrab;RbePTeQIenH KWzitenAtamRcaMgTenøfµI nigcas; .
[eQI]: eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCadg rWédkan;srM ab;]bkrN_eRbIR)as; .

[Gnupl]:RkUcføgú RtUv)andaMduHya:geRcInsMrab;kareRbIR)as;kúgñ Rsuk . enARbeTskm<Cú a Epørbs;vaRtUv)an
1
briePaKTaMgenARss; rWeRbIR)as;CabEnß . EpñksEdlenAxagkñúgénsMbkGaceRbIR)as;eFICV asá bnÞab;BIcit
ykecjnUvEpñkxageRkAEdlmanpÞúkCatieRbg . CYnkarTwkRkUcRtUv)ancMerjykmkpgEdr . páaEdl
manxøinRkGUbRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCaTwkGb;enARbeTsevotNam . eTaHEpørbs;vaminsUvmanKuN
PaB nigtMélx<s; edImrbs;vaenAEtRtUv)andaM sMrab;eRbIR)as;CafñaM Edlsøwk páa Epø nigRKab;GacBüa)al
CMgWk¥k RKun nig RkBH .
[lkçN³TUeTA]: enAGasIGu aeKñy_ RkUcføgú RtUv)andaMenAkñgú sYnc,arCMuvijpÞH edaylayCamYyRkUc

eBaF×sat; nigCaRbePTcMkarRkUcføúgsuT§pgEdr ¬éf nighVlI IBnI ¦ . enARbeTséf søa ( areca palm)
RtUv)andaMenAcenøaHcMkarRkUcføgú rWweFIVCaRBMRbTl;karBarenAkEnøgEdlRkUcføúgRtUv)andaMedaykarelIk
rg .
[kardaMduH]: edImRtUv)andaMenAcenøaH 8-10 m x 6-8 m [1],GaRs½yPaBrwgmauM karerobcMdIeGay)anl¥
BYkvaRtUv)ankat; nigeRsacTwkCajwkjab; rdUvdl;dHu )anl¥ . srIragÁsMrab;daMRtUv)ankat; CaBiess

karkat;eday rWsminCab;dI . kardaMeckenAcenøaHRbePTeQIenH GacCYykarBarxül; nigpþl;møb; RBm
TaMgRbPB cMNUl pgEdr .
[karRKb;RKg]: edImeQItUcRtUv)ankat; edayTukEtEmksMxan;cn M nY 3 EmkEdlTabbMputKWya:gehac

Nas; 30-40 cm [1] BIdI . edImeQIRtUvkarkaréRkEmk enAcugqñaM edIm,IrkSaeGay)anl¥ edIm,IFanafaEpø
EdlenAelIEmk minb:HnwgdI nigkat;nUvEmkEdlgab;ecj . edImeQIEdlEpøl¥RtUv)an edatbegáab¤sSI
kñúgkarCYyTb;edIm . RbePTrukCç atiKMrbdImYycMnYnCYykat; bnßykarlUtlas;rbs;esµA b:Eu nþenArdUvvsSa
karsMGatesµARtUv)aneFIeV LIg enAedImrdUvR)aMgcMkarRtUv)an )aj;edayfñaMsMlab;esµA . karRKbenAxag
eRkamedIm edayeRbI R)as;ceM bIg rWsMPar³d_eTotKYrEtRtUv )aneFIVeLIg edIm,IrkSarWsenAkñúgRsTab; dIEpñk
xagelI . kareRsacRsBKWmansar³sMxan;Nas;enAkMLúg eBlecjpáa nigkarRbmUlpl edIm,IbEnøm
2
eTAelIkareRsacRsBedayTwk ePøóg . enAkMLgú rdUvR)aMg kareRsacRtUv)anBnüaeBlrhUtdl;edIm
bgðajnUvlkçN³RseBan . vaKWCakarCMrujeGayedImecjpáaenAeBlEdleRsacTwkenAeBledIm RseBan
edIm,Ipþl;TwkeGayedImrs;rhUtdl; rdUv vsSa . karbgçM eGayedImRbmUlpl)anmunrdUv RbmUlpl
KwmankMritkMNt; vamankarBi)akkñúgrkSanUvBnøk EdlduHfµI nigkarpáaenArdUvekþAmuneBlePøógFaøk; .
kardak;CIRtUv)aneFIsV rM ab;RkUcqµa k_GacGnuvtþsrM ab;RkUc føúg)anEdr rYmTaMgkarepþateTAelI RbePTCI
ma:ejsüÚm (magnesium) nigmIRkUGasUt (micro-nutrients) (Zn, Mn, Cu, B) . kardak;CICaRbcaM
edayeRbIR)as;lamkstVKCW akareFIeV GayRbesIrdl;rukçCati . enA Nakhon Prathom (RbeTséf) Gñk
daMduHRtUv)anpþl;eyabl;eGayeRbIR)as;nvU 5 kg én NPK 16-16-16/edIm/qñaM [1] edaydak;BIrExmþg
nigCICnM yY søkw enAeBlvaeLIgRkhm . kardak;mþgeTotmuneBl RbmUlplnUv CI NPK 13-13-21 RtUv
)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;begánI nUvrsCatirbs;Epø . enAkEnøgepSg²eTot kardak;CIBrI dgRtUv)aneFIeV LIg
muneBlecjpáa nig 4-6 ExeRkaymkeTot . Tinñn½ypleyageTAtam kardaMduH nigbrisßan . 70-100
Epø/edIm/qñaM (RbeTséf) nig 20 etan/hicta kñgú mYyqñaM (RbeTsma:eLsIu).
"eTaHbIedImeQIPaKeRcInEdlRtUv)andaMenAkñgú sYnCMuvijpÞHRtUv)andaMBRI Kab;viFsI aRsþEdleKniymeRbI

R)as;kúgñ karbnþBUCRbePTeQIenH enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ KWkarpSaMu . enAeBlkarBiesaFn_nUvemeraK rbs;
edImeQIemrYcral;ehIykarkat;BnøkRtUv)aneFIV . kUnRkUcføgú GaceRbIR)as;CaTMrbgáat;pgEdr . enA
RbeTs hVlI IBnI karrMuBnøkRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAelIedIm .
kardaMnUvRbePTRkUcepSg²layKñaenAtMbn;EtmYyGacCYykarBarcMkarpgEdr .
[stVl¥t i ]: stVlt¥i bMpøaj RkUcPaKeRcInrs;enAelIRkUcføúg EdlmandUcCa RbePTecaHsøkw Phyllocnistis
citrella (enA Java karkarBarRtUv)aneFIeV LIgedaykardak;sN M aj; b¤mgu enAelIedImeQItUc²) dgávÚ sIusøwk
dgávÚ ecaHEpø (Citripestis sp.) keNþóRkhm ruyEpø RBUn nigBBYkNþlú .
1
[CMgW]: RkUcføgú gayrgnwgCMgWdMe)Aedaysar)at;etrI enAelIEpøedaysarkarTicrbs;ruy . kar)aj;fñaM
sMlab; pSitEdlmansMNr enARbeTséfminTTYl)aneCaKC½yeT . karrlYyrWs enAedIm nigrlYyEpø
TaMgGs;enH bNþalmkBI pSit Phytophthora EdleFIeV GayedImeQIqab;gab;enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_
eTaHCaRkUcføgú minRtUv )ancat;TukCaRbePTEdlgayrgnUvCMgWenHk_eday .
F> karGPirkS :
RkUcføgú duHenAtMbn;ekþAénRbeTskm<Cú a nigCaRbePTEdlRtUv)annaMcUl .

ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[ RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTsma:eLsIu
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[ karnaMclU ]: RbeTskm<Cú a éf evotNam hVlI IBnI )a:BUjÚheÁI no PUma Lav .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
p> epSg² :
[FatupSMrbs;Epø]: EpñkEdlbriePaK)anmanlkçN³CabMENktUc énsMbkEpøEdlesþIg . tamRbPBBI

RbeTséfsmasPaBpSMén 100 g EpñkEdlbriePaK)anman: Twk 89 g RbUetG‘nÍu 0.5 g, xøaj; 0.4 g,
kabUnG‘uÍRdat 9.3 g, vItamIn A 49 IU, vItamIn B1 0.07 mg, vItamIn B2 0.02 mg, NaysInu (niacin)
0.4 mg nig vItamIn C 44 mg . Naringin KWCalkçN³ glucoside EdlRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñg ú Epø . .
2
Chaiwongkeit, D. & Chaireongyod, T., 1988. Som O - The pummelo. Bangkok. 76 pp.
[1]
Chomchalow, N., 1984. Genetic wealth of pummelos in Thailand. IBPGR Newsletter, Regional
Committee for South-East Asia 8(3): 27-29.
[1]
Fachzurozi, L., 1978. Apakah benar jeruk besar (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) mulai menghilang? [Is
the pummelo really disappearing?]. Buletin Kebun Raya 3(4): 133-136.
[1]
Martin, F.W. & Cooper, W.C., 1977. Cultivation of neglected tropical fruits with promise. Part 3: The
pummelo. ARS-S-157, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Orleans. 17 pp.
[1]
Ochse, J.J., Soule, M.J., Dijkman, M.J. & Wehlburg, C., 1961. Tropical and subtropical agriculture.
Vol. 1. Macmillan, New York, pp. 486-488.
[1]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names of
[5] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=712&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full

(Internet source)

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18078
(Internet source)
1
2
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cocos nucifera L]

[Cocos nucifera L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Cocos nucifera L.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ coconut [2], copra, coconut palm [4]
K> sTisn½y ³ Calappa nucifera (L.) Kuntze,
Cocos nana Griffith [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ coconut (trade name) [8] - narikel (Bangladesh) [8] -
mak-un, on (Myanmar) [8] - kokoye (Caribbean) [8] - Coco,

Cocos, Cocospalm, Klapperboom (Netherlands) [8] - coco,
cocotier, cocoyer, coq au lait, noix de coco (France) [8] -
Kokospalme (Germany) [8] - kelapa (Indonesia) [8] - kelapa
(Malaysia) [8] - coc, tubab sibo (W-Africa) [8] - coco da
Bahia, coco da India, coqueiro de Bahia (Portugal) [8] - coco,
coco de agua, cocotero, palma de coco, palmera de coco
(Spain) [8] - mnazi (E-Africa) [8] - tennai-maram (Sri Lanka)
[8]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ dUg
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ daung, dong
lMdab; : Palmales / Principes [3] / Arecales [4]
RKYsar : Palmae [3] / Arecaceae [4]
1
ePT : Cocos
RbePT : Cocos nucifera
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQI EdlmanTMhMmFüm eTA FM mankMBs; 20-25 m [2] (2-30 m [3])

edaymanedImragsILu aMg Ggát;p©it 20-40 cm [2] DBH (45 cm [7]) . mansñamCargVg;enAelIedIm
EdlsMKal;BTI ItaMg rbs;swkø cas;duH . "enAkMBUl manduHkenSamsøwk EdlmansøwkRbEhl 20
EdlduHragekagcuHmkeRkam EdlsøwknimYy² manRbEvgBI 3 eTA 4.5 m (RbEhl 10 eTA 15 ft) [7] .
[Epø] EpømUl nigeRKIm manTMhM 5 cm x 3 cm EdlmankMras;Rkas; manCasrés enACMuvijCarages<ó rwg
RsYy nigmansMbkmaneram . EpømanTMhM 2-2.5 cm x 3-4 cm . manrun§cMnYn bI EdlmanlkçN³Tn;

nigRtUv)anehAfa EPñk EdlzitenAcugénEpø . enAxagkñgú sMbk manRsTab;esþgI BN’s
EdlRtUv)anehAfa sac; . EpñkxagkñúgEpø Rbehag rW xUg b:Eu nþmanTwkenAxagkñúg EdlRtUv)anehAfa
TwkdUg . sac;manlkçN³Tn; dUccahYy enAeBlminTan;cas; nigrwgenAeBlcas; . TwkdUgmanenAkñgú Epø
EdlminTan;TMu nigRtUv)ankat;bnßyenAeBlEpøcab;epþmI TMu . EpømanBN’ébtgenAeBldMbgU enAbþrÚ
CaBN’etñatenAeBlTMu GacmanBN’elOgcas; eTABN’etñat .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
"sac;eQImankarBi)akkñgú karGar TamTareFµjrNa tungsten carbide " [4] . enAEpñkkNþaledIm

manpÞkú nUvCalika parenchymatic EdlrMuB½T§eday vascular nigsésCaeRcIn . bNþúM vascular
énsMbkxageRkA mandgsIuetx<s;CagEpñkkNþal EdlRKbedayRsTab;esþgI ² enAcenøaHekasika .

kMritRbEhl: 27°N eTA 25°S [4], 20°N eTA 20°S (BaNiCk¢ mµ) . vaEtduHlUtlas;enA
cenøaHExSry³TTwg xagt,Úg nigeCIgeGkVaT½r éntMbn;RtUBik . CYnkalduHenA 30°N nig S [9] nigtMbn;ekþA
50°+ N nig S [9] (sMKal;ExSry³kMBs;kan;Etx<s; kMritry³TTwgkan;EtTab edaymansItuNðPaBTab
2
EdlCaktþaRtUvRKb;RKg) vaGacekItmanenAtMbn;RtUBikesIm dUcCatMbn;smuRT EdlmanéRBduH rWRtUv
)andaMduH EdlzitenAtamRcaMg .
dUgduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 520-900 m a.s.l. [8] (0-1,000 m [2], 0-1,200 m [4]) b:Eu nþRtUv)andaM
sMrab;BaNiCk¢ mµenAeRkam 300 m [9] . "enA 1,000 m BYkvaGacduHlUtlas;)an Etminpþl;EpøeLIy
(sMKal; kMritry³kMBs;kan;EtTab enAeBlry³TTwgkan;Etx<s; nigsItuNðPaBkan;EtTab ) [9] . kMBs;
TwkePøóg 1,000-1,500 mm [9] (1,200-2,300 mm [4]) KWsmRsbsMrab;k; ardaMduH . dUgman karFn;

nwgrdUvR)aMg Edlmanry³eBlBI 0-3 Ex [2] (0-4 Ex [4]) b:Eu nþplþ ;nvU EpøkMritTab . eRkaykarraMgs¶Üt
ry³eBl 6 Ex vanwgQb;ecjpáanig gab;enAeBlmankarraMgs¶tÜ dl;eTAry³eBl 9 Ex . kMrit
sItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M : 22-35°C [4] (20-28°C [8]) edaymansItuNðPaBx<sb; Mput 27-32°C . kMrit
sItuNðPaBx<sb; Mptu enArdUvekþA : 30-38°C [4] .sItuNðPaBTabbMputenArdUvRtCak; : 16-23°C [4] .
sItuNðPaBPaBTabbMput : >7°C [4] . eTaHbICa kardaMduHdUg Gacrs;)anenAkñgú ry³eBlxøI éntMbn;
sItuNðPaB sUnü (sub-zero temperatures) k_eday [9] . vaTamTarnUvBnøéW f¶ BImFümeTA x<s;
nigminFn;ngw møb; . karqab;ecjpáa RtUv)anBnüaeBl edaysarmøb; nigkarlUtlas; páa nigEpøRtUv)an
karBaredaysarmøbx; øaMgeBk . vamankarFn;xs< n; gw xül; nig CatiéRb . dUgminGac duHlUtlas;enAkñúg
éRBeT .
dImanCMerAeRCA manCICati nigl,b;xSac;RKb;RKan; nigl,ayxSac; . vaduHminl¥enAelIdI\dæ EdlRtUv)aneFIV

eGayhab;edaysaryanþCMniH nigstV . manfµ nigdIfµ)ayeRkom KWmni smRsbsMrab;RbePTenHeT.
luHRta EtsarFatusrIragÁRtUv)anRKb;RKg)anRtwmRtUv . man pH of 5.5-6.5 [4] KWsmRsb b:Eu nþ
3
vaGacduHlUtlas;BI kMrit 5.0-8.0 [2] . dIEdlmanRbPBTwk nigsMeNImenAEpñkxagelI smRsbbMptu
. dUgKWmankarFn;ngw CatiGMbli enAtameqñr nigGaceFIVeGaymanCIICatil¥ edaysarsUlüÚm kørYl
enAeBlenAq¶ayBIsmuRT b:Eu nþ vaminEmnCa halophile nigkarekIneLIgnUvCatiGMbli TamTarkarkat;bnßy
edaykarhUrrbs;TwkeRkamdI ePøóg nig RbB½nF§ arasaRsþ .
[eQI]: eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Ca srsr sMNg; eRKOgsgðarwm RbGb; fñaMsMrab;KUKnM rU bnÞHkþa eQIplit

RkdasFüÚg nigCYnkalCavIna (veneers) EdlmanKuNPaBTab .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[Gnupl]: "eRkABIEpø edImdUgGaceRbIR)as;)aneRcInya:g . TwkdUgGacRtUv)anbriePaK rW eRbIR)as;Ca
sMPar³sMrab;daMCalikar . sac;dUgs¶tÜ GacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;cMerjykeRbg eRbIR)as;srM ab;Ca

Gahar eRKOgsMGag nig »sf . RskIdUg (cori: mesocarp fibres) RtUv)aneRbIR)as;eFICV asMPar³ Edl
eFIeV dayéddUcCa kenþ ExS kMral Rcas; GMe)as k®nþk nigsMPar³sMrab;vciu x©b; . RteLakdUg (shell)
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFVICacan EBg søab;RBa Evk exSó caneKaH)arI fUpaá RbGb; nigrbs;ekµgelg .
søwkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;Rbk;dMblU pÞH nigsøwk nigedIm Edlx©IRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CabEnø pgEdr .
rWsrbs;vamanCatifñaM nigeRbIR)as;srM ab;ciBa©wmstV edayBüa)alkarehIm nigkarTullamk .
dUgpþl;nUvCatisrU‘ Us (sucrose-rich) EdlmanCati Ep¥m EdlRtUv)ansÁal;fa TwkdUg (toddy) .
kñúgkarlay CamYyCI sMbkdUgRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;bNþHú kUneQIya:gl¥ . vamansar³sMxan;Nas;
sMrab;CarukçCatiplitl½kç nigCatitanIn . EpøRtUv)aneRbIsMrab; RClk BN’sURteGaymanBN’ébtg

nigTgEpøRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIeV GayeFµjmanBN’exµA .
4
[karRKb;RKg]: dUgminGacduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBeT b:uEnþvaGacRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú RbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ .

kardaM duHCacenøaHCamYy dMLgÚ CVa dMLgÚ mI Rtav kaehV nigRbePTepSg²eTot . kardaMenAcenøaHeck
sMrab;qañ TM ImyY rWlayCamYysVay kakav ekAs‘U RkUc nigdMNuHepSgeTotk_RtUv)aneFIeV LIgpgEdr .
eKaGacRtUv)anciBa©wmeGaysIuesµAEdlenAcenøaHedIm EdlmanGayu 6-8 qñaM CaTUeTA GacciBa©wmeKa BI 2-3
k,alkñgú mYy ha . kareRsacTwkenArdUvR)aMgGacCYybegánI nUvTinpñ lEpø . kardaMduHRbePTdMNaM
EdlCYybegánI GasUtenAkñgú dI enAxageRkamedImk_GacbegánI Tinñplpg Edr . karlUtlas;: 20 cm/qñaM
bnÞab;BIeBjv½y . dUgmankarduHlUtlas;yWt . vaTamTarnUvkMlaMgBlkmµx<s; enAeBlRbmUlplEpø .
vamanlT§PaBéRkEmkedayxøÜnÉg . "kardak;CGI acCYybEnßmnUvGasUteTAelIdI nigCYnbegánI nUvkarlUt
las;rbs;swøk nigEpø b:Eu nþgayrgkarbMpaø jBIBBYkpSit . CIpUsVatGacRtUv)andak;eTAelIdI EdlminsUv
manCICat nigdIxSac; . b:Utas;KWCasarFatuciBa©wmya:gsMxan; sMrab;begánI nUvEpø nigeFIeV GaymankarFn;
nwgCMgW EdlbMpaø jsøwk . ma:ejsüÚmKWTamTa b:Eu nþmni RtUvdak;CaRbcaMeT nigsarFatu (boron) RtUv)an
dak;enAeBl EdlmaneraKsBaØafamankarxVHRbePTsarFatuenHb:eNÑaH . sarFatubnÞab;bnSMd_éTeTot
TamTarbEnßmeTAelIRbePTdItameqñr (coral atoll soils) . .
CaFmµCati Epørbs;va RtUv)anray)a:yenAtamsmuRT . CaTUeTA dUgGacduHlUtlas;BIRKab; ¬Epø¦ Edl

TamTarkarRtaMTwkry³eBl 1-2 s)þah_ nig 8-10 s)þah_kgñú karduHlUtlas; . mincaM)ac;RKbfñalbNþHú
eGaymanmøb;eT . eRkay 30 s)þah_ [4] (20-24 s)þah_ [2]) BYkvaGacykeTAdaM)an bnÞab;BIBnøk
duHlUtlas;)anl¥ nigrwgmaM . RKab;Gacrs;)an rWrkSadMNuHdl;eTA 2 qñaM . karbgáat; eday

srIragÁGaceFIeV TA)antamry³ karbNþHú Calika (tissue culture) . kardaMduHRtUv)an eFIeV LIgedayeRbI
R)as;karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati nigkardaMedayRKab;paÞ l; .
5
[ stVl¥ti ]: stVl¥ti rYmman Aceria guerreronis, Aleurodicus destructor, Artona catoxantha,

Aspidiotus destructor, Brontispa longissima, Hidari irava, Homaledra sabalella, Oryctes
monoceros, Oryctes rhinoceros, Parasa lepida, Promecotheca, Rhadinaphelenchus
cocophilus, Rhynchophorus vulneratus, Setora nitens, Tirathaba, Xylotrupes gideon .
stVmanq¥wgkg EdlCYb RbTHjwkjab;KW Rattus rattus .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[ CMgW]: CMgWpSitmandUcCa Bipolaris incurvata, Cerastomella paradoxa, Corticium penicillatum,
Drechslera halodes, Ganoderma boninense, Pestalotiopsis palmarum, Phytophthora
palmivora, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus . CMgWekItBIvIrus RtUv)ansÁal;faCa Cadang-cadang .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
F> karGPirkS :
RkugRBHsIhnu kMBt ekaHkug PñeM Bj kNþal esomrab )at;dMbg kMBg;cam RkecH kMBg;s<W kMBg;qñaMg
kMBg;FM eBaF×sat; éRBEvg sVayerog bnÞaymanC½y taEkv .
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]

dUgmanRbPBBI \NÐmÚ a:eLyan (Indo-Malayan) nigtMbn;xaglic)a:sPIu ic nigtMbn;RtUBci .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[ RbPBkMeNIt]: Rb‘yu eN km<Cú a \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI sgðabUrI éf evotNam .
6
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[karnaMclU ]: GasSg;TIn ebnIn bU‘lIevo eRbsIul b½rKINahVasU kama:rU eqd qIlI cin kULbúM ‘Í ekaHkUk kIDIv½r
eGkVad½r hVCI I eRhnhÁINa ehÁmebo hÁaNa hÁeI no hÁaya:Na éhTI \NÐa caém:ka eknya: KIrI)aTI
lIebrIya: ma:daháasáa ma:lI ekaHma:sal; jÚvkalIdeU no nIesrIya: nIC½rero )a:BUjÚKeI no )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU
sama:v esenháal; esra:eLGUn el)anun ekaHsULmÚ un RsIlgáa sUrInam tUehÁa tughÁa shrdæGaemrik
G‘yu ra:hÁay evNaTU evens‘yu eGLa esnsI)u a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
p> epSg² :
[Bakübec©keTs]: "eQµaHRbePTeQIenH )anmkBIBakü b:uTyu háal;fa ‘coco’mann½yfa ‘sVa’" [8] .

[Rbvtþi]: "dUgmanvtþmanCag 4,000 qñaMknøgmkehIy (dMbg U dUgRtUv)anrkeXIj enAkñgú kMNaBü
rbs;cinenA kñgú stvtSTI 20 munRKissá kraC)" . ÉksarBieRKaH [3].
Andrew M.H. (1972) A Century of Coconuts.

Anonymous IBPGR (1992) Descriptors for Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.).

Anonymous Coconis (1983) Production physiology in coconut.

Child R. (1974) Coconuts. http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=3328
Edmonson CH, 1941. Viability of coconut seeds after floating in the sea. Bishop Museum.
Occasional Papers 16, No. 2.
Foale M.A. (1986) Tabular descriptions of crops grown in the Tropics. 10. Coconut (Cocos
nucifera L.). http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=7887
7
Frémond Y. Ziller R. Nucé de Lamothe M. (1966) Le cocotier. G.P.
Gallego VC, San Juan NC, Gallego CE, Concibido EC, Aterrado ED, 1987. Survey and
Evaluation of Coconut Pest and Disease Incidence in the Philippines. PCA-ARDB
Annual Report, 77-78.
Grimwood EB. 1975. Coconut palm products. FAO, Rome.
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation. Multipurpose
trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation., xv + 562 pp.; [18 pp. of ref + refs in text].
Haas A, Wilson L, 1985. Coconut wood. Processing and use. FAO Forestry Paper, No. 57:ii
+ 58 pp.; [18 pl.]; 12 pp. ref.
Harries H.C. (1978) The evolution, dissemination and classification of Cocos nucifera L.
IBPGR (1992) Descriptors for coconut.

Menon K.P.V. Pandalai K.M. (1958) The coconut palm, a monograph.

Ohler JG. 1984. Coconut, tree of life. Plant Production and Protection Paper No.57. FAO,
Rome. http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=212303
Ohler J.G. (1999) Modern Coconut Management. Palm Cultivation and Products.
Parrotta JA, 1993. Cocos nucifera (L.) Palmae. SO-ITF-SM-57. USDA Forest service,
Southern Forest Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Ecology, New Orleans, LA.
Patel J.S. (1938) The Coconut.

8
PCARRD, 1993. The Philippine Recommends for Coconut. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines:
PCARRD-DOST.
Ratnambal M.J. Nair M.K. Muralidharan K. Bhaskara Rao E.V.V. Pillai R.V. (1995) Coconut
descriptors Part 1. http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=500163
Thampan P.K. (1981) Handbook on coconut palm.

Thanh-Tuyen NT, Apurillo DI, 1992. Plant Regeneration through Somatic Embryogenesis
from cultured zygotic embryos of coconut. Philippine Journal of Coconut Studies, 17(1):June
1992.
Velasco JR, 1997. Review of studies on the cadang-cadang disease of coconut. Botanical
Review 63: 2, 182-196; 33 ref.
Watling D. Bennett G. (2005) Palms of the Fiji Islands.

Sources: [1, 4, 5, 9]
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(CD-ROM).
[6] CTSP, Cambodia Tree Seed Project-Institutional Capacity Building of the Tree Seed
Sector , Dec 2003, Forest Gene Conservation Strategy-Part A: Conservation of Forest
Genetic Resources.
9
[7] Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2005 © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. (CD-
ROM).

(Internet source).
[9] EcoPort Report: http://ecoport.org/ep (Internet source).
[10] Petri, Mathias (DED), 2006: Own observations.
10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wallich ex Hook]

[Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wallich ex Hook]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wallich ex Hook.
[8,27]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ melur, also called meloor in English, American,(comprising 4

Dacrydium species);
K> sTisn½y ³ Dacrydium pierrei Hickel [4]; D. junghuhnii Miq.; D. beccarii
Parl. var.subelatum Corner, Juniperus elata Roxb. [8,16,31]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ Trade name: melur; in Indonesia all timber of the genus
Podocarpaceae is traded under the name melur(meloor, En),

this includes D. elatum, D. beccarii, D. nidulum; other names
are: cemara gunung, sampinur pali, melur ; sangur
(Indonesia-Sumatera); ekor kuda, ru bukit, (Malaysia-
Peninsular); melor (Malaysia-East); lokinai, (Philippines);
taw-kyet, gale pan, (Burma); long len, hi9ng horm, hing nam
(Laos); srol kraham (Cambodia); samphanpi, (Thailand-NE);
son hang-karok (Thailand-central); phayamakampom
(Thailand-SE); hoàng dàn giâ, (Vietnam).[2,8,16]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RsUlRkhm

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ srô:l krâhâ:m [4]
1
lMdab; : Pinales
RKYsar : Podocarpaceae
ePT : Dacrydium Sol. ex J.G.Forster [16].
RbePT : Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex
Hook.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2 ; 4 ; 11 ; 16 ]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQIFM mankMBs; 30 m edaymanGgát;p©it 80 cm edImmUlRtg; [2]

edImeQIman kMBs; 20-30 m manedImRtg;RsLÚn [4] GacmankMBs;dl; 20 m [5]
edImeQImankMBs;dl;eTA 40 m Ggát;p©ti 100 cm manedImRtg; kenSamsøwkFøak;cuH manEmkeRcIn [8]
. edImeQIébgtCanic© eFIkIV arCMruHsøwk CaedImeQImankMBs; 40 m . edImmanragsIuLaMg manGgát;p©it
70 (100) cm edaymanrUbragCaBIra:mt I manEmkQr rW eTrbnþit enAeBltUc EmkragekageLIgelI
EmkeRcinRkas; [8, 16].
[sMbk]: BN’etñat eTAetñatcas; rW etñatRkhm nwgGackøayeTACaBN’RbepH eRbH nigRCYjenARtg;Kl;
[5] épÞsMbkrwg nigrerag mansñameRbHrbkCapÞH² [8,16] .
[søwk]: manRbePTsøwkcMnYn 2 (dimorphic): enAelIedIm nigEmkx©ImansøwkragekagcuHeRkam
TMrg;CaBhuekan EdlmanRbEvg 0.8-1.6 cm CYnkalRbEvg 2.0-2.1 cm . enAelIedIm

nigEmkcas;mansøwkxøI nigekagbnþic nigEmkEdlecjEpømansøwkdUcRska ekag RsYc manRbEvg 0.3-
0.5 cm eRbHtambeNþat [2] . søwkRbEvg 0.8-1.6 cm zitenARtYtKña ragdUcm¢úl PøWrelag .
søwkEdlenAelI Emkx©ImanTMhMtUc RbEvg ± 0.15 cm nigragdUcRska [5] . søwkmanlkçN³xus²Kña

tMerobCarages<ó . søwkx©I nigsøwkenAelIedImtUc manragekag RtYsuIKña manRbEvg 0.8-2.0 cm . søwk
nigEmktUc manekan ragdUcRska nigragRtIekan rwg Kl;ekagcuHeRkam nigkMBlU ekagpgEdr [8 ] .
søwkcas; zitenARtYtKña ragRtIekan nigmanlkçN³dUcRskar manCayxageRkARsYc TMhM 1.0-1.5 mm
x 0.4-0.6 mmm kMBUl man microsporophyll RtIekaN RKab;cas;manekanxøI nigRbEvg 4.0-4.5
2
mm [16] . EmkEdlRTpáa nigEpømansøwklkçN³dUcRskar ragekag RtYssIuKña mancugRsYc nigRbEvg
0.3-0.5 cm RBmTaMgeRbHtambeNþay [2] .
[Epø]: CaEpøekanÉkePT EdlEpøjI nigeQµalzitenAelIedImxusKña Rsedognwg Podocarpus .
ekaneQµal duHenAEtÉg nigcugmanragsIuLaMg RbEvg 0.7-0.8 cm . ekanjIzitenAEtÉg rW

tMerobCaRkumtUc² cugRsYc microsporophyll ragRtIekan . manEtRtbklMGg nigeksEtmYy .
RKab;manragmUl TMrg;dUcepH manRbEvg 0.2-0.3 cm Edl 1/3 énKl;rMuB½Te§ day pseudopericarp
[2] . RKab;ekanmanTMhM 0.5 x 0.3 cm CaEpøs¶ÜtragmUl zitenAkñúgftsac; EdlmanBN’Rkhmcas;
(podophyll) [5] . RKab;ragmUl ragRtg;bnþic Edl 1/3 Kl;RKbeTAeday epimatium [8] .
RKab;cas; manlkçN³xøI RbEvg 4.0-4.5 mm . ecjpáa enAExmina nigEpøenAEx tula-vicäika [2] .

cab;ecjekan enAExkumÖ³ TMuenAExtula nigvicäika [8].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
xageRkamenHCaTinñn½yGMBIePT Dacrydium edayBt’maneTARbePTKWmankMritkMNt; . Dacrydium

pþl;nUveQIRsay EdlmanTMgn;Rsal nigmFüm . ( enAkñúgBNiC¢kmµ eQIRsaysMedAelIRbePTeQI
søwkm¢úl eQIxøwmsMedAelIBBYkeQIsøwkFM EtCaeKalkarN_BBYkeQIRsayGacmanlkçN³rwgCageQIxøwm
nigpÞúymkvij) . eQIxøwmanBN’elOgetñat elOgsIuCMBU etñatRsal rW etñatRkhm
minGacEckdak;BIeQIRsay . kMritTMnaje 425-720kg/m³ enAkMritsMeNIm 15% . srésreQIRtg;
kMrkmanTwkrlk Fn;ngw karsgát; nigbt; . eQImanlkçN³relagBN’exµA EdlmanPaBRss;s¥at
EtKµankøin nigrsCati [16] .
karsakl,genA Fiji eTAelIeQIRsUlRkhm enAkMritsMeNIm 12% pþl;nUvB½t’mandUcxageRkam :

kMritGackat;pþac;)an 106 N/mm², kMritGacbt;Ebn)an 11590 N/mm² sMBaFtambeNþaysac;eQI
(TisedAsréseQI) 61.5 N/mm² kMritkMlaMgkat; 14 N/mm² kMritbMEbk 38 N/mm² radial nig
54.5 N/mm² tangential kMritrwgrbs;eQI 5430 N nigkMritrwgEpñkxagcug 8635 N .
kMritrYj (bgðajenAeBlEdlsMeNImFøak;cuH eFIVeGaymanesßrPaBépÞmuxkat;) mankMritTabeTAmFüm

enAeBlenARss; kMritsMeNIm 12% Edl 2.0% radial nig 4.5% tangential . karsMgYteQIGaceFIV
eGayeRbH b:uEnþbnÞHeQI EdlesþIgRtUv)ansMgYt edayyWt² edIm,IeCosevogkareRbH .
3
PaBekagGacekItmaneLIg enAeBleQIrmYl rW enAeBlkat;min)anRtwmRtUv . vaRtUv)anpþlG; nusasn_
eGayeFIVkarsMgYtedayL (sMrab;karsMgYtedaysib,nimiµt) edayeRbIGMBUlePøIg
EdlmankMritsItuNðPaB 65-80 ºC . karsMgYtedayL 25 mm (=1 inch ) énRbePTeQI D.
nidulum BIRss;rhUtdl; kMritsMeNIm 12% EdlRtUvkareBlRbEhl 3-4 éf¶ nigkMras;kþa 50 mm
RtUvkareBlrhUtdl; 2 s)þah_ . eQIrbs;vagayRsYlsMgYt edayhalxül; enAeRkamkarRKbpgEdr

. kareFIVRbRBwtþikmµ edaysMeNImxøaMg GaceFIVkat;bnßynUvTMgn; b:uEnþGaceFIVeGayrmYl
dUcenHkareFIVRbRBwtþikmµedaybeRBa¢obnUv cMhayry³eBl 2-4 ema:gKYrRtUv)aneFIVeLIgCMnYsvij .
eQImanesßrPaBkñúgkareRbIR)as; .
RsUlRkhmgayRsYlkñúgkarGar nigeRbIR)as; CamYyéd nigma:sI;un . eQImanlkçN³relag
niggayRsYlduHxat; . karbitkav dMuEdknigkat; manPaBgayRsYl [16].
CaRbePTkMr EdlmanduHenAextþxøHénRbeTsevotNam [2]. vaduHenARbeTstMbn;PñM

edaymanePøógmUsug dUcCa \NÐa PUma km<úCa evotNam Malay Archipelago hVIlIBIn PaKxaglic
Borneo/\NÐÚensIu ekaHhVICI . enAkm<úVCa manenAelIPb
ñM UkeKa duHlayCamYy Dacrycarpus imbricatus
eTaHbI TaMgkMBs;rbs;RbePT TaMgBIr minelIsBI 2-4 m edaysarEtGakaFatuminGMeNaypl
nigpøas;bþÚrtamrdUv dUcCaraMgs¶Üt niglicTwkCaedIm . vamanduHenAtMbn;éRBtammat;eqñr
b:uEnþminmankMBs;x<s;eT [4] manduHenAtMbn;éRBPñM layCamYy Rsl;søwkBIr (Pinus merkusii)
enAtamRClgx<s; ² . TICMrkrbs;vahak;dUcCakMNt;nUv r)a:yrbs;RbePTeQIenH
ehIyvak_manenALavpgEdr [7] .
ePT Dacrydium mancMnYn RbEhl 25 RbePT nigduHenAkñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ rhUtdl;eTA Malesia
ekaH)a:sIuPic jÚsIueLn nigPaKxagt,Úg Chile (Gaemrikxagt,Úg) . 5
RbePTeTotmanduHenA]bTVbI ma:eLsIu tMbn;éRBesIm manry³kMBs; 1300-1700 m

b:uEnþk_manduHenAtMbn; éRBRtUBik Edlmanry³kMBs; 2000 m [8] . vaEtgduHlayCamYy
Podocarpus spp.nig Agathis spp. [2] RBmTaMg Castanopsis spp., Cupressus spp.,
4
Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Fokienia hodginsii nig Illicium griffithii enAkñúgéRBeRsagtMbn;PñM [4,8,
16] .
RsUlRkhmanduHenAtMbn;éRBeRsagesIm tMbn;PñM manry³kMBs;BI 500-2000 m a.s.l .

vaCaRbePTeQIRtUvkarBnøW nigGakasFatuRtCak; duHelIdIBN’elOg esIm nigsMbUrmemak [2,4, 8] .
minRtUv)andwg .
RsUlRkhmmanduHenAelIdI limestone rW dIfµenAtMbn;PñM mansMeNIm dIsMbUreTAedaymemak nigRbePTdI

podsolic pgEdr [2,4,7.8]
[eQI]: RsUlRkhmCaRbPBsMxan;éneQIh‘ub enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ . eQIrbs;vamanBN’Rkhm manC½r

nigrWg EdlGaceRbIR)as;enAkñúgsMNg;Fn;Rsal eRKOgsgðarwm Bum< kMral TVa nigs‘umbg¥Üc dgekþag vIna
nigeQIeFIVRkdas nigRbGb;sMrab;viucx©b; . vasmRsbsMrab;eFIVRkdas nigbnÞHeQI

b:uEnþk_GaceRbIR)as;sMrab; eFIVs<an TUk nava nigeKOgsil,³pgEdr .
[Gnupl]:eRbgGacRtUv)ancMraj;ykBIeQI . vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVCaFUb ehIyk_GaceRbIsMrab;eraK
snøak; q¥wg nigbBaðaeBaHpgEdr [2,4,8,16] . C½rs¶ÜtRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVCacnøúHeTotpg .
5
RsUlRkhmCaRbePTRtUvkarBnøW . duHlUtlas;eLIgvijedayFmµCati enARKb;kEnøg .

vaGaceFIVkarrMelaH edayxøÜnÉg enAeBlmancMnYneRcIneBk . kMrmankarduHeLIgvijCasuT§
enAeBlEdlminmanedImem [16]
GacRtUv)anbnþBUCedayRKab; duHedayFmµCati rW karkat; . RKab;rbs;va minRtUvkareFIVRbRBwtþkmµ

CamuneT . karduHlUtlas;edayFmµCati KW manlkçN³cenøaH² k_dUcCakardaMpgEdr [7, 16]
RtUv)ancuHkñúgbBa¢IRkhm faCaRbePTrgeRKaH eday IUCN edaysarkareFIVGaCIvkmµhYtehtu nigkar

)at;bg; edImeQIem [27].
F> karGPirkS :

:
zitenAry³kMBs;x<s; enAtMbn;éRBmat;smuRT nigelIPñMbUkeKa .

\NÐa en)a:l; PUma RsIlgáa \NÐÚcin éf ma:eLsIu nigEpñkxøHénekaH Borneo EdlCaRbPBkMeNIt .
6
p> epSg² :
Brown FG, 1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Kuching:
Government Printing Office.
de Laubenfels DJ, 1969. A revision of the Malesian and Pacific rainforest Conifers I.
Podocarpaceae, in part. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 50:274-314.
Burkill IH, 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula (2nd
edition). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives.
de Laubenfels DJ,1988
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) Nguyen et al.1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi,

788 pp.
4) Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom
Penh,. 915 pp.
7) Lehmann, L.,Grejmans, M. and Shenman, D., 2003: Forest Trees of the Central
Highlands of Xieng Khouang, Lao P.D.R. – A field guide. DANIDA-DED-NAWACOP,
Vientiane-Laos. 246 pp.
8) Sam, H. V.,Nanthavong, Kh.and P.J.A. Kessler 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam:
A field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species.BLUMEA J. Plant Tax.
and Plant Geogr. 49(2004) p. 201- 349 pp., Univ. Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Prosea
7
18) Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife 2003: Cambodia Forestry Statistics to 2002.(in
Khmer and English) Planning & Accounting Off., Statistics Sect., Phnom Penh, Cambodia,
97 pp.
31) http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/earle/po/ da_m/elatum.

htm:(internet source).
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dalbergia cochinchinensis Lanessan , Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre]

[Dalbergia cochinchinensis Lanessan , Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dalbergia cochinchinensis Lanessan [1],
Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre [2]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Siamese rosewood, Thailand rosewood [1]
K> sTisn½y ³ Dalbergia cambodiana Pierre [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ mai ka young [1], khanhung (Laos) [2] - payoong (Thailand)
[1] - trac, suá nam bo (Vietnam) [2] - shisham, sissoo, biti,

eravadi, kalaruk (India) [7]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RkjÜg
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kra-nhourng [4]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae [1] / Leguminosae [6]
ePT : Dalbergia
1
RbePT : Dalbergia cochinchinensis
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQIFéM btgCanic© mankMBs;BI 8-30 m [5] (15-30 m [2], 25-30 m [4])
edaymanGgát;pi©t DBH rhUtdl; 60 cm [5] (CYnkal 120 cm [5]) sMbrU EmkeRcIn
edaymankenSamsøwkragCaes<ó .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’elOgRsal eRbHtambeNþay CYnkalrbkCadM² u .
[søwk]: søwkCaRbePTsøab manTgcMnn Y BI 7-9 Tg EpñkenAxagelImanTMhMFMCageK . søwkman beNþay
RbEvg 13-25 cm ragdUcEs,k TMrg;dUcs‘ut manTMhM 3-8 (-10) x 1.8-4 (-5) cm cugsøwkminRsYc rWxøIRsYc
Kl;søkw mUl Kµaneram srésTIBIr mansréscMnYn 7-9 KU manrujxül;CabNþaj enAxageRkam .
Tgsøwk manRbEvg 3-4 mm .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá enAelIGk½ S rWCakenSamenAelIk,alRKab; manbeNþay 10-20 cm . páamanBN’s
manbeNþay 5-6 mm kMrmaneram . ecjpáaenAEx ]sPa nigmifuna .
[Epø] Epø (=pods) TMeu nAEx vick äi ar nigFñÚ . BYkvamanlkçN³sMEb:t tUc Rtg; TMhM 4-7.5 x 0.8-1.2
cm,Edl manRKab; 1 rW 2 RKab; CayTaMgBIzitenARsbKña enARtg;kEnøgEdlmanRKab; sMbkesþg I
Kµaneram . RKab;ragdUcRklan manTMhM 6 x 4 mm zitenAcMkNþal manBN’Rkhm rWetñat .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
lkçN³eQI]: eQImanBN’RkhmRss;sa¥ t edaymanlkçN³xusKñarvageQIRsay nigxømw .

[
eQIRsaymanBN’etñat nigeQIxwmø manBN’etñatRkhm rWsCIu m<cÚ as; edaymansrèsya:gRss;sa¥ t .

vaynPaBsac;eQImanlkçN³ÉksNæan nigrelag . eQImanlkçN³rwg Fn nigF¶n;edaymandg;seIu t
1.0-1.8 g/cm³ [4] (1.09 g/cm³ [9], TMnajEpndI 15 of 0.85 g/cm³ [7]) b:Eu nþgayRsYlkñg
ú kareRbIR)as;
. vamanèpÞrelag nig eQIEdlkat;rYcmanBN’Rkhm nigkøni . GacBt; nigsgát;xøaMg)an
edaymanlkçN³minsUvrwg nigFn mFümnwgkarRTTMgn; . FnnwgstVl¥it nigkeNþó . minEbk rW
eRbHenAeBls¶Üt . duHnUvRBwgCaeRcIn nigekag ehIymanBN’exµAenAeBlcas; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9].
2
EdnCMrk : duHlUtlas;enArvag 22°N nig 10°N [1] . manRbPBkMenIt enA\NÐcÚ i nig RbeTsCitenH .
kMrduHlUtlas;enATIval nig éRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk CYnkalduHCaÉkRbePT .
Ednry³kMBs; : 400-500 m a.s.l. [4, 6] (100-350 m a.s.l. [1]) . CaBiesstMbn; Edlman

ePøógeTogTat; edaymankMBs;TwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 1200-1650 mm/qñaM . Fn;nwgrdUvR)aMg Edlman
ry³eBl 3-6 Ex . sItuNðPaBRbcaMqañ mM Füm : 20-32ºC . sItuNðPaBmFümx<sb; Mput enAExekþAbMput :
27-39ºC . sItuNðPaBmFümTabbMput enAExRtCak;bMpt u : 12-24ºC . sItuNðPaBdac;xatTabbMput :
>10ºC . Fn;nwgmøb; enAeBltUc EtRtUvkarBnøWxaø g
M enAeBlFM nigFn;ngw karraMgs¶Üt .
PñRM kvajEb:ksmuRT (A), xageCIgPñRM kvaj (B), TMnabPaKBayBü (D), TMnabkNþal (d),
GaNamkNþal (G), GaNamxagt,Úg (g)

ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[tMbn;RbPBRKab;BCU (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:
kMBg;FM (X:566524 Y:1400818), kMBg;FM (X:535833 Y:1441034), kMBg;FM (X:551179 Y:1433097),
kMBg;FM (X:540066 Y:1423043), kMBg;FM (X:533981 Y:1446062), kMBg;FM (X:530806 Y:1401082),
RBHvihar (X:514728 Y:1535416), rtnKIrI (X:712611 Y:1549021), eBaF×sat; (X:354350

Y:1348656), kMBg;FM (X:561743 Y:1395530), esomrab (X:400806 Y:1543940), RkecH
(X:594844 Y:1446830), esomrab (X:430346 Y:1472875), kMBg;FM (X:534018 Y:1458959),
esomrab (X:400757 Y:1520273), ekaHkug (X:285400 Y:1263350), sÞwgERtg (X:589200

Y:1518300), RBHvihar (X:516893 Y:1536291), mNÐlKIrI (X:720556 Y:1351058) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
3
RkjÚgGacduHlUtlas;enAelIdIPaKeRcIn minsUvTamTarlkçxN ½ ÐdIbun: µaneT . vacUlcitþduHenAelIdI

Edlman xSac;eRCA \dæ rW dImanCatikMe)ar edaymanvaynPaBdImFüm mindkTwk nig pH eRkam 7
(dIGasIut) .
[eQI]: eQImanlkçN³eBjniymsMrab;karpliteRKOgsgðarwm EdlmanKuNPaBx<s; nigRbNit eFIV vIna

sMrab; Rkal sMPar³eFIBV éI d ]bkrN_ePøg TU brikaç pÁt;pÁg; hag kariyal½y nigFanaKa kMral Fñmw sMPar³
eFIV BIeQI dg cMlak;eQI eQIRkLwg ma:snIu edr dMRu )aMg karsagsg;TUk nigeQITMr sMrab;sMng;FnF¶n; .
Kl;rWs nig rWsRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM abeFIsV PM ar³eFIBV éI d nigeRbIR)as;CaeQIfamBl nigFüÚg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7]
[Gnupl]: minTan;manTinn ñ y½ .
[epSg²]:vamanlT§PaBbegán I GasUtenAkñgú dI nigEklMGrKuNPaBdI. vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;
daMCaeQIlMGr.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
eQIRbNit .
[lkçN³TUeTA]: kMrduHlUtlas;enATIval nig éRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk CYnkalduHCaÉkRbePT .éRkEmk

edayxøÜnÉg cMEnkkardaMduH edayeRbIR)as;karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijedayFmµCati rWkardaM RtUv)aneRbI
R)as; kñúgksirukçkmµ (agroforestry) nigkarbegItá rukçCatieLIgvij . edayRtYv)ancat;fñak;eday
rdæ)alèRBeQI faCaRbePTeQIsMrab;plitkmµeQIhb‘u enARbeTskm<Cú a nigCaRbePTeQIsMrab;kar
daMCacMkar . RkjÚgmankarduHlUtlas;yWt b:Eu nþduHExñgeLIgvijelOn .
4
vaRtUv)ancat;TukfaCa "RbePTeQI Edlmanry³eBlEvg" edayrdæ)aléRBeQI RbePTénkar sþúkTuk

RKab;KW orthodox karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ edaykarkat; bMe)A pSauM nigdaMCalika .
RKab;EdlmanBN’etñatcas; KWCaRKab;TMu . Epø ¬EpøK¦Y RtUv)anRbmUlenAeBl EdlBN’ERb BI èbtg eTA
CaelOg edIm,Ikat;bnßykarbMpaø jBIstVl¥ti . EmkRtUv)ankat; rW GRgun nigRKab;RtUv)anRbmUleday
Rkalfg;pøas;siÞcenAelIdI . bnÞab;BIkarRbmUl EpøRtUv)anhaléf¶ ry³eBl 3 éf¶ . Epø Edls¶Üt
EdlminTan;eRbHEbk RtUv)ankat;ykRKab;ecj . ]bkrN_srM ab;e)akykRKab; KWmanRbsiT§PaBkñúgkar
TajykRKab; b:Eu nþRtUveFIeV LIgedayRbugRby½tñ edIm,IeCosvagkarbMpaø jRKab; . RKab;cnM Yn 100 man
TMgn; 18.5 g, nig 100 g RKab;Gacpþl;kUndMnuH dl;eTA 54,000 [4] . cMnnY RKab; EdlRtUvkarkñgú 1 ha
sMrab;kardaMenAcMkar : cMnnY RKab; /kg = 40,000. cenøaHénkar daM 3 x 3 m. kUneQIsuT§ EdlRtUvkarkñgú
1 ha = 1,112. GRtagab; : 1,335 = 20% (enAkEnøgdaM), 1484 = 10% kñúgkardwkCBa¢nÚ , 1855 = 20%
enAkñgú fñal . GRtadMNuH : 50%. PaBsuT§ : 95%. RKab;BCU srub EdlRtUvkar 0.11 kg" [10] .
[ stVl¥ti ]: stVl¥ti mandUcCa : Apoderus, Aristobia approximator, Aristobia horridula,

Hypomeces squamosus, Plecoptera reflexa, Psilogramma menephron, Sphenoptera,
Threnetica lacrymans. ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[ CMgWpSit]: CMgWpSit: Maravalia pterocarpi, Phyllachora pterocarpi.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
F> karGPirkS :
cMNat;fñak;GPirkSrbs; IUCN (Conservation category) : VU A1c,d (Asia Regional

Workshop,1997) . )ancat;TukenAkñg ú RbeTsevotNam nigéf faCaRbePTgayrgeRKaHfñak; .
karkab;bpM aø jéRBeQI nig karrukrkd_eRcInelIslub GacKMramkMEhgRbePTenH .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
5
kMBg;Fm RBHvihar rtnKIrI eBaF×sat; esomrab RkecH ekaHkug sÞwgERtg nig mNÐlKIrI .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[ RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTskm<Cú a \NÐa Lav PUma cinxagt,Úg étva:n; éf evotNam .
[ RbePTnaMcUl]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project
workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997
[6]
Chính, N.N, Chung, C.T., Cân, V.V., Dung, N.X., Dung, N.K., Dào, N.K., Hop, T., Oanh, T.T.,
Quynh, N.B., Thìn, N.N., 1996. Viet Nam Forest Trees. Forest Inventory and Planning
Institute. Agricultural Publishing House: Hanoi. pp.788.
[6]
Phan Thuc Vat 1996. Red data book of Viet Nam. Volume 2 Plants. Science and Technics
Publishing House.
[6]
Vu Van Dung (Ed.) 1996. Viet Nam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi.
[6]
6
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng: Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
of
[6] Tree Conservation Information Service : http://www.unep-

wcmc.org/trees/trade/dal_coc.htm. (Internet source).
[7] Rosewood Facts: http://www.1-unicarpenter-

oy.com/Wood%20facts/Rosewood%20facts.htm. (Internet source)
[8] Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife, 2003: Cambodia Forestry Statistics to 2002.
Institute.
7
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dalbergia oliveri ]

[Dalbergia oliveri ]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dalbergia oliveri
K> sTisn½y ³ Dalbergia bariensis Pierre
Dalbergia dongnaiensis Pierre

Dalbergia duperreana Pierre
Dalbergia mammosa Pierre [1]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ kham phi leung, padong deng, cam lai, cam lai bong,
cam lai mat (Laos) [1] - trac lai (Vietnam) [1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ nagnYn

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ neang nuon [2, 4]
1
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae
ePT : Dalbergia
RbePT : Dalbergia oliveri
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1- 6]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:edImeQICrM uHsøkw mFüm eTAFM kMBs; 15-30 m [1] (20-25 m [7], 20-35 m [2]) Ggát;p©it
DBH 50-60 cm [2] (40-60 cm [7], 60-90 cm [1, 6]) . kenSamsøwkebIkFM enAeBleBjv½y . EmkFM
maneramtic² .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’RbepHcas; mancMnucBN’elOg nigs EtmineRbHrbkCadMt u Uc² .
[søwk]: søwkmanRbEvg 15-25 (-30) cm . TgsøwkzienAqøas;Kañ 13-17 minsUvman 9-11 b¤ 19-21
ragdUcs‘ut 4-8 x 1.2-3 cm lat nigduHenAxagcugTgsøwk kMBlU søwkminRsYc Kl;skøw ragmUl .

mansrésEvnCabNþajsrésTI 2mancMnYn 9-12 KU. søwkx©ImanBN’sIuCm<Ú maneramTn; nigsøwkcas;
manBN’ébtgcas; nigrelag. [páa]: kBa©púM aá zitenACaG½kSduHEbkecjmk edaymanRbEvg 10-45 cm
. TgkBa©úpM áamanRbEvg 8-10 cm maneramtic . páamanBN’sVayenAeBlminTan;rIk manBN’sVay
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
RbEltenAelIbNþúcM ugEmk EdlmanRbEvg 10-12 mm .

[Epø]: Epø ¬EpøK¦
Y ragCaeGlIb manTMhM 9-14 x 2.5-4.5 cm sMEb:t ragmUlenAelIRKab; TgEpømanRbEvg
1-1.5 cm . manRKab; CaTUeTA 1 nigCYnkalman 2 rW 3 ragdUcRKab;sENþk TMhM 12.5 x 9 mm enAEpñk
kNþalsMEb:t manBN’etñat rWRkhm .

2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQIrWg nigF¶n; edaymandg;seIu t 1.07-1.15 g/cm³ [2] . vamansrésd_Rss;sa¥ t

gayRsYlkñgú kardusxat; nigFnnwgkarbMpaø jrbs;keNþó . RbePTeQIBNiCk¢ mµ CaeRcInGacRtUv )an
Eckdak;BIKañ edayBN’rbs;eQI ³ BN’kUlabelOg sréseQIBN’etñat rW Rkhmcas; nigmansñamqñÚt
BN’sVay edaylay elOg .
RbePTeQIenHduHlUtlas;EtÉg rWCaRkumEdlmancMnYn 5–10 edIm nigduHenAkñgú tMbn;éRBeRsag rWBak;

kNþaléRBrel,aH EdlmanRbePTeQIlubCa Lagerstroemia nig dipterocarps .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
ry³kMBs;EdlRbePTenH GacduHlUtlas;KW 1,100 m [5] (1,200 m. [1], <900 m [2]) .

edImeQIGacFn;ngw møbe; nAeBlmanGayutic b:Eu nþRtUvkarBnøW enAeBlFM .
PaKxageCIgPñRM kvaj (B), TMnabPaKBayBü (D), TMnabkNþal (d), TMnabelcTwkTenøemKgÁeRkam (E),

Annamites kNþal (G)
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[ TItaMgRbPBRKab;BCU (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:
3
RBHvihar (X:491881 Y:1560352), RkecH (X:575520 Y:1453205), kMBg;FM (X:570229 Y:1406639),
RBHvihar (X:498262 Y:1514060), RkecH (X:606741 Y:1423572), RkecH (X:631083 Y:1419339),
RBHvihar (X:494558 Y:1517764), RkecH (X:586368 Y:1412724), RkecH (X:594306 Y:1376211),
rtnKIrI (X:710881 Y:1547976), RBHvihar (X:511900 Y:1531250), RBHvihar (X:519800
Y:1541250), RBHvihar (X:511900 Y:1534350), RBHvihar (X:515564 Y:1536686), rtnKIrI
(X:704001 Y:1504648), rtnKIrI (X:708916 Y:1550449), kMBg;FM (X:561882 Y:1396560), RkecH
(X:595445 Y:1447118), sÞwgERtg (X:636350 Y:1522763), esomrab (X:396300 Y:1539500),
sÞwgERtg (X:589200 Y:1518300), eBaF×sat; (X:354350 Y:1348650), RBHvihar (X:494650

Y:1516781), Ratanak Kiri (X:721623 Y:1515900), esomrab (X:400757 Y:1520273)
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
CaTUeTAduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;mansMeNIm tamsÞgw nigTenø nigenAelItMbn;x<g;rab . duHlUtlas;)anl¥

enAelIdI ferralitic BN’Rkhmcas; nigelOgcas; . eCosvagtMbn;EdlricrilxøaMg .
eQI]: eQIRsedognwgRbePTeQIrbs;RbeTseRbsIul ( Brazilian rosewood) EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;

[
ya:gTUlMTUlaysMrab;eFIVCa eRKOgsgðarwm EdlmanKuNPaBx<s; TURbNit sMPar³sil, nigsMPar³eFIV

edayéd nigkartubEtCaedIm .
[Gnupl]: minTan;manTinnñ y½ .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y . .
4
RbePTeQIRbNit [2, 3]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: duHlUtlas;EtgÉg rW CaRkumEdlmancMnYn 5-10 enAkñgú éRBbzm nigricril

dipterocarp éRBel,aHcMruH éRBeRsag rWéRBBak;kNþalel,aHtambeNþalsÞwg rWGrU .
[ karRKb;RKg]: edImeQIduHlUtlas;ytW TaMgenAkñgú éRBFmµCati nigéRBdaM .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
edImeQInimyY ²énRbePTenH Etpþl;nUvRKab;eRcIn b:uEnþkarduHlUtlas;eLIgvijedayFmµCati manlkçN³

TabedaysarEtGRtadMNuHmankMriTab rWedaysarktþaGakasFatumni l¥rbs;tbM n; . RKab;EdlRtUvkar
sMrab;épÞdI mYyhictasMrab;kardaMCacMkarenARbeTskm<úCa cMnnY RKab;kúgñ mYy kg: 5,000 . cenøaHkñgú kar
daM : 3 x 3 m. cMnYnkUneQIsuT§EdlRtUvkarkñgú mYy ha: 1,112 . GRtasøab; : 1,335 = 20% (planting
site), 1,484 = 10% kñúgkarepÞr rW dwkCBa¢n
Ú , 1,855 = 20% enAkñgú fñalbNþHú . GRtadMNuH : 50%.
Purity: 95% . RKab;BC U srubEdlRtUvkarsMrab;daM : 0.79 kg" [8] .
5
F> karGPirkS :
"edaysarEttMélesdækic©rbs;va nagnYnkMBugEtRbQmmuxnwgkarkab;bpM aø jedayxusc,ab;ya:gF¶n;F¶

. cMnnY edImeQI EdlenAsl;mancMnnY tictYcbMptu nigenAtMbn;xHø RbePTeQIenH)an)at;vtþmanEfmeTot
pg . enAkñgú tMbn;FmµCatid_FrM bs;va edImeQIFM nigmFümKWkMrCYbRbTHNas; . karxMRbwgERbgkñúg kareFIV
eGay RbePTenH duHeLIgvijenAenAmankMritenAeLIy . RbePTeQIenH RbQmmux nwgkarputBUC
RbsinebIkar karBarRbkbedayRbsiT§PaBminRtUv)aneFIVeLIg . enAqñaM 2002 karRbCMeu lIk TIBIr rbs;
CTSP eTAelI yuT§saRsþkarGPirkSesnéRBeQI ( Forest Gene Conservation Strategy) )an
bgðajfa nagnYnCaRbePT GaTiPaB nigRbePTmYyEdlTamTarnUvGnþraKmn_kúgñ karGPirkS nig karBar

eGay)ansmRsb . RbePTenH RtUv)ankarBaredayc,ab;éRBeQIkm<Cú a elx 35 [2].
RkecH RBHvihar kMBg;FM rtnKIrI sÞgw ERtg eBaF×sat; nigesomrab .

ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[ RbPBkMeNIt]: km<Cú a Lav PUma éf nigevotNam .
[ karnaMclU ]: minTan;manTinñny½ . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
p> epSg² :
6
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng: Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a
field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM)
[4] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K. Panzer)
[6] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees of
Northern Thailand.
[7] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute.
[8] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection and Tree
Planting. (CD-ROM)

7
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf]

[Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. [4].
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ flame tree, peacock flower, fire tree [4]
K> sTisn½y ³ basionym: Poinciana regia Bojer ex Hook. [8,20].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ seinban (Burma); fang han nhoung, in si (Laos); hang nok
yung farang (Thailand); phuong, diêp bông do, diêp tây

(Vietnam) [6,8], flamboyant, poinciana (French) [20]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ ek¶ak)araMg

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kńgaôk barang [4]
lMdab; : Fabales
ePT : Delonix
1
RbePT : Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. [4]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 11 ; 4 ]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: ek¶ak)araMg CaRbePTeQItUc² duHenAkñúgéRBBak;kNþalel,aH EdlmanTMhMmFüm nig

man tYedImxøI CaTUeTAb¤srbs;vamanragCacnÞl; ehIyEbksaxaFM kenSamsøwkmanragdUcqRt½
EdlmanGgátT; MhM rhUtdl;eTA 15 m.[6,8] edImek¶ak)araMgmankMBs; 10-15m (kMBs;GtibrmaKW
18m) manGgát;p©itrhUt dl;eTA 60 cm tYedImFMEdlEpñkKl;manragCacnÞl;eRCagtY edImeLIg
elI.[26] kenSamsøwkmanragdUcqRt½ EbkEmksaxaEvg EdleFVIeGayEmkmanTMrg;esÞIrEtepþk

nigmanbrimaRtFMCagedImeQIx<s;²d¾éTeTot. Exñg b¤ EmktUc²rwg manBN’èbtgRsal
ehIyERbeTABN’etñat EmktUc² b¤Emkx©ICaFmµtamaneram. b¤srbs; vacak;rak;. [26]
[sMbk]: ek¶ak)araMgmansMbkBN’RbepH relag manxñaysÞbCasñitcMnYn 4 b¤ 5 Rtbk
EdlenAelIRtbk nimYy²mancMnucBN’etñat ehIytMerobragbBaÄr²CabnÞat;.[6,8] sMbkrelag

manBN’RbepHRsallay etñat EdlCYnkalmanrageRbHtic² EdlmancMnucmYycMnYnmanragrbk
beNþay² ehIysMbkxagkñúgman BN’etñatx©I. [26]
[swøk]: ek¶ak)araMgmansøwk CaRbePTsøwksmasqøas; manRbEvg 20-60 cm nigmansñitsøwk cMnYn 15-
25 KUr Edlsñt i nimYy²mankUnsøwkcMnYn 14-30 KUr nigtYsøwknImYy²manragRTEvg manbeNþayRbEvg 8-

10 mm nig TTwgRbEvg 3-4 mm .[6]
søwkCaRbePTsøwksñitKUr EdlRTnugemmanRbEvg 50-60 cm sñitsøwknImYy²tMerobqøas;Kña cMnYn 9-24

KUr nigmanRbEvgGacrhUtdl; 10 cm. kUnsøwkmancMnYn 10-40 KUr enAelIsñitnImYy² EdltMerob
qøas;Kña CaRbePTsøwk manTgxøI b¤KµanTg manragBgRkeBIRTEvg manTMhM 5-15 x 2-5 mm
ehIyKl;søwkmanrag bBaäitbnþic cugmanragTal nigépÞsøwkTaMgsgxagmaneramEkv.[8]
søwkCaRbePTswksñitKUr qøas; manBN’ èbtgx©I mansNæandUcEs,k RbEvg 20-60 cm
mansñitsøwkcMnYn 10-25 KUr EdlmanRbEvg 5-12 cm EdlsñitnimYy²mankUnsøwk 12-40 KUr
manragTalRTEvg EdlmanRbEvg 0.5-2.0 cm nigTTwg 0.3 cm nigmanTgsøwkrage)a:gFMehIyrwg.
kUnsøwkPaKeRcInmanTgxøI Kl;nigcugsøwkmanragTal EKmsøwkmanrag eBj søwkesþgw
2
EdlèpÞsøwkTaMgsgxagmaneram nigèpÞsøwkEpñkxagelImanBN’èbtg. Kl;søwk manxñay sÞbsøwkcMnYn
2 EdlmanragerovEvg EdlmanragdUcsñiteFµj. [26]
[páa]: ek¶ak)araMg manpàaPaKeRcInmanBN’Rkhm EdlEKmmanBN’elOg ehIyduHCacegàamRkas;
EdlCYn kal esÞIrEtRKb;dNþb;BaseBjkenSamsøwk.[6] kBa©úMpáa tMerobenAelIGkS½Cacegáam

EdlmanRbEvg 10-15 cm nigminmanerameT. páa mancMnYn 5-10 nigmanTgpáaRbEvg 5-8 cm.
Hypanthium xøI ehIymanrag dUcCYg. Rtbkpáa mancMnYn 5 manragBgRkeBIRTEvg manTMhM 4-7 x
2.0-2.5 mm EdlcugmanragRsYcEvg nigEpñkxagkñúgmanBN’Rkhm. RsTab;pàa mancMnYn 5
EdlmansNæanminesµIrKña manbeNáayRbEvg 3-7 cm nigTTwg 3-4 cm manragdUcEpøkaMbit

tMerobCavg;mlU sþÜcenAEpñkxagcug EdlkBa©úMpáaRbEvg 3 cm EdlpàamYymanBN’elOgRsal
layBN’s nigBN’Rkhmq¥al nigpàaepSg²eTotmanBN’Rkhmq¥al. eksreQµalmancMnnY 10
EdlmanRbEvgesµIr²Kña TgekareQµalmanRbEvg 4 cm manBN’Rkhmlay BN’enAEpñkxagKl;
ehIye)aøklMGgragmUlRTEvg nigmanRbEvg 4 mm. GUEv manragesþIgesÞIrEtdUcés,
bMBg;eksrjIqµardUcsésGMe)aH relagehIyKµaneram EdlmanRbEvg 2.5 cm nigsÞicma: manPaBRcbUk
Rcbl;Bi)akkt;sMKal;.[8] páaek¶ak)araMg CaRbePTpáacegáamRtwm manRbEvg 15-30 cm
EdlsßitenAbnÞab; EpñkxagcugEmk EdlcegáampáanImYy²tMerobCab;bnþbnÞab;Kña ehIypáa
rbs;vamankñni RkGUbtic². cegáampáa manTTwg 5-13 cm CamYynwgRsTab;páaesµI²KñacMnYn 5
enAelITgragesþIgsþÜcEdlmanRbEvg 5.0-7.6 cm. RtbkpáanImYy² manRbEvg 5.0-6.5 cm
nigmanTTwg 2-3 cm erobragCavg;mUl EdlRtbknImYy²FM manragdUcsøabRBa Talb:uEnþFMehIyEvg
ehIyEKm²manragdUcTwkrlktic² b¤ragRkeqtRkqt EdlduHCa kBa©úMmanRbEvgRbEhl 2.5 cm
varIkFMehIyekagfyeRkaymuneBlEdlvaFøak;. RsTab;páamancMnYn 4 manBN’TwkRkUclayRkhm
EdlesÞIrEtmanBN’Rkhmq¥al ehIymanRsTab; 1 manragerovEvgCag RsTab;epSg²eTot

EdlxagkñúgmanBN’s laynwgcMnucGuC²BN’Rkhm nigsñamqñÚt² manTgEvgEdlman ragCasIuLaMg
nigmaneram. RtbkpáamancMnnY 5 Rkas; EdlEpñkxageRkAmanBN’èbtg nigEpñkxagkñúgman
BN’RkhmRsal nigEKmmanBN’elOg enAeBlEdlpàarIkRtbkvanwgBt;ekag ehIymansñamGuC² man
eram nigmanRbEvgRbEhl 2.5 cm. eksreQµalmancMnnY 5 CamYynwgTgeksrBN’RkhmcMnYn 10
eksrjImaneram EdlGUEvmanekasikarcMnYn 1 ehIymanRbEvgRbEhl 1.3 cm
nigmanbMBg;eksrjIrag sþÜc EdlmanRbEvgRbEhl 3 cm.[26]
3
[Epø ]: Epøek¶ak)araMg CaRbePTEpøkYr EdlsMbUreTAedayCatieQI manBN’RkhmRsal etñat b¤exµA
manragsMEb:t nigmanRbEvgGacrhUtdl;eTA 40 cm.[6] vaCaRbePTEpøkYrEdlmanragerovmUl RTEvg
sMEb:t manragekagbnþic ehIyBüÜrTMlak;cuHeRkam EdlmanTMhM 30-80 x 3.5-7.0 cm sMbUreTA
edayCatieQI manBN’RsedogexµA nigRsYcsgxag. Epørbs;vamanRKab;cnM Yn 20-40 RKab; manragBg
RkeBI ehIysMEb:t EdlmanTMhM 25 x 8 mm. Epørbs;vaCaEpøkYr EdlenAeBlx©TI n;
ehIymanBN’èbtg nigERbeTACaBN’etñatcas;ehIyrwg nigcugsgxagmanragRsYcenAcas; b¤TMu
manRbEvg 30-75 cm mankMras; 3.8 cm nigTTwg 5.0-7.6 cm EdlEpñkxag
kñúgRKab;tMerobepþk²edaymansnÞHxNÐ²½ enAeBlTMu minEbkecjCaBIeT. Epørbs;vaCaRbePT
EpøkYrEdlBüÜrsMy:gcuHeRkam gayemIleXIj EdlKYreGaymankar cab;GarmµN¾ enArdUvsøwkeQIRCuH.
RKab;rbs;varwg EdlEpønImYy²manRKab;cMnnY BI 30-45RKab; relagehIy manBN’RbepHRsal
EdlmanRbEvg 2 cm manragRTEvg nigTMrg;RKab;mansNæandUcRKab;elµI Edlman
BN’cMruHenATTwg²RKab; nigmansMbkrwgdUcq¥wg. RKab;nImYy² tMerobRCUgeTAtambeNþayénEpøkYr.
RbePT "Delonix" KW)anmkBIPasaRkic "delos" (GacemIleXIj) nig "onyx" (RkjaMu)
Edlmann½yfaRtbkpáa rbs;vamanragCacegáamelceFøa. eQµaHtamtMbn;eKehAfa "regia"
)anmkBIBaküLataMg "regis" (RBHraCa b¤esþc EdlrugerOg b¤RbesIrelIslub).
PaKeRcInvamaneQµaHsamBaØ Edl)anmkBI kenSamsøwkFM nigpàaBN’ePøIgRkhmdUcGNþatePøIg.[26]
ek¶ak)araMgcab;ecjpáaBI Exemsa dl; Exkkáda nig ecjEpøBI Ex ]sPa dl; ExsIha.[8]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
sac;eQIRsaymanBN’elOgx©I nig sac;eQIxøwmmanBN’elOgcas; ERbCaBN’etñatRsal.

sac;eQITn; F¶n; EdlmanTMgn; 800kg/m³ (440kg/m³ [12] sac;eQIeRKIm Rsal puy b¤RsYy
EdlmanPaBgay RsYlkñúgkarxat; ehIyvamanPaBFn;eTAnwgsMenIm nigstVl¥itpgEdr
eTaHbICavagayrgnUvkarbMpøajBIBBYk keNþórEdlbMpøajeQIs¶Ütk¾eday. [20,26]
4
ek¶ak)araMgmanduHenAtMbn;mYycMnYnenA Madagascar. vaRtUv)andaMCaeRcInenAtMbn;RtUBic

eFVICarukçCatilMGr manenARbeTsGaRBic Gaemricxagt,Úg nig GasIu nigrYmman b‘mU a: RbeTséf \NÐÚcin
nigPIlIBIn Edlman eQµaHehAfa edImGNþatePøIg.[6,8] ek¶ak)araMgmanRbPBkMeNItenA
Madagascar nigmankarrIksay PaydaMduH kalBI 150qñaM mun EdlPaKeRcIndaMeFVICasYnc,ar
rukçCatilMGrtamdgvifI enAtMbn;RtUBicesIm nigs¶Üt dUcCaenABayBüénRbeTs\NÐa.

vaCarukçCatiEdlmankardaMduHeRcIn sMrab;eFVICarukçCatilMGr enAtMbn;RtUBic nig sab;RtUBic
nigtMbn;mYycMnYnBaseBjBiPBelak. enARbeTs sirIlgáa ek¶ak)araMgRtUv )aneKdaMduHeFVICarukçCatilMGr
ehIyk¾mankarsakl,gdaMenA Cyprus Edr b:uEnþvaminGacduH)annUvGakasFatu RtCak;nardUvrMehIy.
cMeBaHkarsakl,gdaMenA Ghana BMuTTYl)aneCaKCy½eT b:uEnþcMeBaHkarsakl,gdaM enARbeTs\NÐa
KWTTYl)aneCaKCy½edaymankarduHlUtlas;enAb‘Uma: nIesrIya: Jamaica, Borneo GaRhVicxagt,Úg
eGsIub Tanzania nig Uganda. vak¾Føab;RtUv)aneFVkI ardaMduHenAPaKxagt,Úgén Florida rYmmandUcCa
Florida Keys PaKxagt,ÚgénkalIhVja: Bermuda miucsIukU eRbsIul nigBaseBjxaglic
RbeTs\NÐa.[26]
ek¶ak)araMg RtUv)aneFVIkardaMduHenAkñúgPUmi sMng;FM² sUnc,ar tampøÚv nigRcktUc². vaCaRbePT

eQIEdlman karduHlUtlas;elOn ehIyvaCaRbePT EdlRtUvkarry³eBl 5qñaM edIm,Iecjpáa
bnÞab;BIdaM.[9] ek¶al)araMg GacduHenAry³kMBs;xs< ;Cag ry³kMBs;EdlvaRtUvkar b:uEnþecjpáa
mineTogTat;. vaCaRbePTeQI EdlRtUv karBnøW RbsinebIdak;vaenAkñúgmøb;vanwgmankarlUtlas;yWt.

vaduHenAtMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;x<s; nigman ePøógFøak;tic. ek¶al)araMg Caruk©Catipþl;páa
Edlpáarbs;vaFM² nigsaykøinenAeBlEdlvaFøak;cuHelIdIeRkam kenSamsøwkrbs;va ehIy
manRbBn§½b¤srak; EtTTYl)aneCaKCy½kñúgkarRbECgCamYyculøRBwkSEdlduHenA Cit. dUecñH eBl
daMvaenAkñúgsYnc,arKYrEtdaMvaeGayq¶ayBIrukçCatiepSg²eTot. CaeTogTat; vaCMruHsøwkEtenA rdUvR)aMg
Edlmanry³eBlEvg.[26] ek¶ak)araMgduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;cab;BI 0-2000 eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT
nigkMBs;TwkePøógRbcaMqñaMBI 700mm/m² eTA 1800mm/m² CamYyr)aysNæanTwkePøógrdUvR)aMg.
5
rdUvR)aMgRbEhlCakñgú kMLúgeBlcenøaH 1 nig 6 ExcugeRkay. vaRtUvkarsItuNðPaBRbcaMqñaM cab;BI 14
eTA 26ºC. b:uEnþminFøak;cuHTabCag 6ºC eT. [12]
BMuTan;manTinñn½y.
ek¶ak)araMg EdlduHenAelIdIEdlmanCICati ehIyRss;Twkl¥ pþl;nUvpáanigkarlUtlas;RbesIrbMput.[9]

vaRtUv)andaMnUvry³kMBs;RbEhl 2000 m enAelIdIl,b; dIfµPaCn¾¬fµRsTab;²¦ dIfµkMe)ar nigduHenAelIdI
RbePTepSg²CaeRcIn. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday vaduHlUtlas;l¥enAelIdIRss;Twk nigeRkamBnøW.
vaRtUvkardI EdlmanCatiGMbiltic.[12] vaynPaBdIKYrEtmanPaBCak;lak; faCadIRss;Twk
dIesÞIrEtNWt b¤dINWt ehIydIEdlmanPaBsmRsbcMeBaHkarduHlUtlas;rbs;va KWdIl,b; dIfµkMe)ar
nigdIEdlmanCatiéRb. [12]
[sac;eQI]: ek¶ak)araMg pþl;nUveQImUlEdlmanPaBmaMsMrab;karsagsg; b:uEnþkMrpþl;nUvelI eQImUl

Edlman TMhMFM²Nas;.[13] sac;eQI nigEpøek¶ak)araMgGaceRbIeFVCI aeQIfamBl.[17,26]
[Gnupl]: ek¶ak)araMg CaRbePTrukçCatilb u EdldaMsMrab;eFVICarukCç atilMGr nigCarukçCat;pþl;møb;.[6,8]
páarbs;va GaceFVICacMNIXMúµ.[20,26]
edImek¶ak)araMg pþl;nUvCr½s¥itd¾Rkas; EdlGacrlayeTACaCr½Twk EdlmanBN’elOgRsal b¤Rkhm
Rsal laynwgsès²BN’etñat RKab;manpÞúknUvCatiCr½EdlGaceRbIenAkñgú vaynPNÐ¬tM)aj¦ nig
]sSahkmµcN M I Gahar. [20,26] Cr½Edl)anmkBIsbM k eFVIVCafñaMRClk;BN’sMBt;.[13]
RKab;rbs;vaGacbriePaK)an. [8]
sMbkrbs;va CaFnFansMrab;eFVIfñaM nigsøwkrbs;vaGaces¶arrMgas; briePaKedIm,IBüa)aleraKsnøak;q¥wg.
[4, 26] RKab;ek¶ak)araMg EdlEvgrwg eKeRbIeFVICaRKab;GgáaM.[26]
6
sMbkek¶ak)araMg pþl;nUvRKab;Cr½tUc²CaeRcInEdlmanBN’elOgRsal b¤BN’RkhmRsallay BN’
etñat. Cr½rbs;vanwgrlaynUvedUvrMehIy eTACakard¾Rkas;Xµwk. vamanpÞúknUvbrimaN kal;süÚmd¾
eRcIn.[12]
RKab;ek¶ak)araMg GaceFVICaExSk ehIyvamanpÞúknUvCatiCr½ EdlGaceRbIeFVICavaynPNÐ¬tM)aj¦ nig
]sSahkmµcN M IGahar. Epørbs;vaGacbriePaK)an nigmanskþanuBll¥ edayCaRbPBRbUetGuIn
sMrab;mnusS nigcMNIstV. søwk ¬pÞúknUvCati 39.5%¦ pþl;nUvsarFatuciBa©wmeFVICacMNIstV
nigstVBahn³¬eKa RkbI>>>>>¦. enAekaH Virgin karRbmUlplcMNIstVCamass¶ÜtRbcaMqñaM
Edl)anmkBIek¶ak)araMg manRbEhlCa 13.45 t/ha nigRbUetGIunRbEhlCa 1.45 t/ha. [12]
karTajykCatiTwkrbs;ek¶ak)araMg manpÞúknUvsarFatuTaMgGs;rYmman GasIutehVNul alkaloids nig
flavonoids EdlGaceRbIeFVICatiNXatFmµCati nigeFVICafñaMsMlab;stVl¥it sMrab;eFVIeGayTinñpldMNaM
ksikmµmankarekIneLIg. yksøwkrbs;ek¶ak)araMg eTAkMcat; b¤bg¥ak;karduHlUtlas;

nigkarvivtþn¾rbs;stV l¥it. [12]
ek¶ak)araMg CaRbePTeQIEdldaMduHkñúgeKalbMNgeRcInya:g dUcCa daMsMrab;Tb;sáat;karhUreRcaHdI
enAtMbn; EdlmankarhUreRcaH nigsMrab;eFVIeGaydImanPaBRbesIeLIgvij nigeFVIeGaykMritGasUt kñúg
briyakas man karekIneLIg. enAkñúgkarsikSaBIkardaMdMNaMqøas; (alley cropping) enAtMbn;x<g;rabén
Sierra Leone ek¶ak)araMg CaRbePTrukçCatiEdlman\T§iBlbMputsMrab;karrkSasMeNImdI nigkat;bnßy
kMedAdI (Karim, 1987). ek¶ak)araMg RtUv)andaMnUvkñúgcMkarEt sMrab;pþl;møb;. vaCaRbePTeQIEdlman

RbCaRbiybMptu sMrab; kareFVIksirku çkmµ sMrab;eFVIeGaydImanPaBRbsIreLIg GPirkSdI Tb;sáat;karhUr
eRcaH nigCarukçCatilMGrEdl manPaBRss;eqItqay.[12]
ek¶ak)araMg CaRbePTeQIEdlBMumancMNat;fñak;eT. [18]
7
ek¶ak)araMg GacdaMenAtMbn;EdlePøógFøak;ticCagtMrUvkar ehIyvanwgduH)anyUrRbsinebIeRsacTwk

CaRbcaM. edImrbs;vagayduHlUtlas;ExñgelOn RbsinebImankarGnuvtþ ¬karkab;¦smRsb.
karéRkEmk eFVIeGay kenSamsøwkmanTMrg;l¥. ek¶ak)araMg manRbBn§½cak;rak; ehIysac;eQIRsYy
dUecñHehIyvagaynwgrelIgb¤s enAeBlEdlmanxül;xøaMg b¤BüúH nig)ak;edaysarxül;. edImek¶ak)araMg
mankarTak;TajGarmµN¾tic bnÞab;BIedImrbs;vaRCuHsøwk sl;EtEpøEdlBüÜrCab;eTAnwgEmkTeT
nigsMbukBBYkkeNþórEdllyecjmk eRkA nigeRcaHrUgedIm EdlCaktþavayRbharedImek¶ak)araMg.
lkN³GviC©manepSgeTitKW RbBn§½b¤s EdlCYnkal mankar)ak;EbkCBa¢aMgekasika nig
ekasikarbs;b¤s. BIeRBaHEtlkçN³minKm,ImYycMnYn KWedaysarGñkmanGMNacmYycMnYn
eFVIkarcat;TukvaCaRbePTeQIEdlminKYrdaM.[26]
ek¶ak)araMg CaRbePTeQIEdlRtUvkarBnøW nigCaRbePTeQIEdlduHlUtlas;yWtenAeRkamlkçN³møb;.

vaCa RbePTrukçCatiEdlesÞIrEtmanBN’èbtgCanic© KWvaeFVIkarCMruHsøwkbnþicb:eNÑaH nardUvR)aMg.
vamanRbBn§½b¤s cak;rak; EdlgayeGayvarlMeTAtamxül;bk; enAeBlEdlmanBüúH b¤xül;xøaMg.
edaysarEtRbBn§½b¤s rbs;vamankarrIksayPayCMuvijedImenAeRkamdI eFVIeGayedImeQIepSg²eTot
EdlduHCitvasøab; edaysar EtkarRbkYtRbECglUtlas;b¤s.[12] ek¶ak)araMg GacduHeLIgvij
edayFmµCati edaysarRKab; EdlGacduH BnøkrIkrayBaseBjenAelIdIEdlmantMél pH BI 4.9 eTA
10.6 b:uEnþvaRtUvkarry³eBlyUrkñúgkarduHBnøk b¤k¾kb;enAkñúgdIry³eBl 2-3qñaM edayBMucaM)ac;
eFVIkarbNþúH. vamankarduHlUtlas;elOn KWmankMBs;Gac rhUtdl;eTA 8 m kñúgry³eBl 3 qñaM. vaFn;

nwgxül;éb nig karéRkEmkRtwmRtUv. vaCaRbePTrukCç atiEdl CYsCussarFatuGasUt nigb¤smanpÞúknUv
mycorrhizas . [12]
ek¶ak)araMg CaFmµtaduHBIRKab;. kñúgRKab; 1kg manbrimaNRKab;cMnnY BI 1600-3700RKab;

enAkñúgkMritsMenIm RbEhl 10.5%. RKab;rbs;vaGacrkSaTuk)anry³eBl 4-5
qñaMedayBMu)at;bg;nUvlT§PaBdMNuHeT ebIrkSa vaTukkñúgkEnøgEdls¥atehIys¶Üt. RKab;rbs;va
caM)ac;TamTareGayeFVIRbRBwtþkmµsakl,g edIm,ICYysMrYl dl;karduHBnøk
8
nigedIm,IeGaymankarenArs;zitefr. RKab;rbs;vaeFVIRbRBwtþkmµCamYyGasIuts‘ulpYric RbEhlCa 3
ema:g RtaMnwgTwkekþAry³eBlRbEhlCa 24 ema:g b¤qabedaym:asIun muneBlykeTAsab.
edayRtaMenAkñúgTwkekþAEdlmansItuNðPaB 90°C ry³eBl 10 vinaTI EtebIRtaMnUvkñúgTwkekþAry³eBl 24
ema:g enAeRkam lkçxNÐsItuNðPaB 28.2°C nigkMritsMenIm 83% EdlGacpþl;nvU BnøkRbEhlCa
80%. qabvaehIy RtaMvaenAkñúgGasIut Gibberelic 400 ppm ry³eBl 48 ema:g
k¾CaktþaEdleFVIeGaydMNuH manPaBRbesIeLIg. [12]
sabRKab;ek¶ak)araMg enAsßanIy¾bNþúHkUneQIkñúgfñalsab kñúges,ag b¤kñúgfU ehIyminRtUvkarmøb;eT.
ehIy kUnsMNabGacykeTAdaMduHenATIval)an eRkayBMubNþúHry³eBl 4 Ex. cMeBaHkUnEdlsÞúM
GacTukrhUtdl; ry³eBl 10 Ex eTIbykeTAdaM KWrhUtdl;BnøkedImmankMBs; 5 cm nigmanb¤sRbEvg
25 cm. kUneQI EdlduHecjBIRKab; GacmanpàaBN’xus²Kña. dUecñH
karbNþúHrukçCatiedaybgáat;edImGacmanlkçN³l¥KYrsm
CaBiesscMeBaHkarbgàat;edImeQIEdlmanpàaBN’Rkhmeq¥A. enAeRkamlkçxNÐFmµta
karbgáat;b¤sBMuTTYl )anpll¥eT b:uEnþvaGacduHlUtlas;)anedaybEnßmsarFatuciBa©wm dUcCa IBA.
karbgáat;edayb¤sk¾mankar duHlUtlas;)anEdr ebIGnuvtþtambec©keTsbgáat; edayrkSabnÞb;bgáat;
eGaymansMeNImCanic©. ek¶ak)araMg k¾Føab;TTYleCaKCy½edaykarbgáat;ekasika Edltamry³
Bt’manbgðajfamanbrimaNxus²Kña. [12]
bnÞab;BIRKab;EdlsabenAkñúgfñalsabEdlRtUvéf¶ vacab;duHBnøkkñgú ry³eBl 5-10 éf¶
EdlmanGaRtadMNuH rhUtdl;eTA 90% nigkarduHlUtlas;bnþbnÞab;mk cab;epþImduHyWteTA².
pÞúymkvij RKab;ek¶ak)araMgGac eFVIkarsabRKab;edaypÞal;enAkñúges,ag Edlkñúg 1 es,ag
dak;RKab;cMnYn 4-5 RKab;. RtUveFVIkareRsacTwk nigdkesµACaRbcaM ehIyRtUvykkUnek¶ak
)araMgeTAdaMenAcMkar b¤TIvalenArdUvvsSa bnÞab;BIrkSaTukenAkñúg fñal ry³eBl 3-5 Ex. Rbsin

ebIminTan;cg;daM GacrkSakUneQITukenAkñúgfñalry³eBl 9 Ex b¤yUrCagenH
EtkUneQIGacmankMBs;x<s;eBkBi)akkñúkarEfTaM b:uEnþvaenAEtGacdaMduH)an eTaHbICavamankMBs;rhUtdl;
20 eTA 25 cm k¾eday. CaFmµta ek¶ak)araMgduHeLIgedayFmµCati. kUnEdlenAtUcBMuGac
rs;)anedaysarePøIg dUecñHehIyKYrEteFVIkarEfTaMvaeGayrYcputBIePøIgeqH.[20,26]
ek¶ak)araMg manPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarbNþúHedayeRbIRKab;Edlrwg b:uEnþeRbIry³eBlyUrkñúgkarecjBnøk.
eRBaHRKab;rbs;vaGacsMgMenAkúñgdIry³eBl 2-3qñaM edayBMuecjBnøk EdlCaFmµtaeRbIry³eBlEt 12-
9
349 éf¶ b:eu NÑaHkñúgkarecjBnøk. edIm,IkMcat;karminduHlUtlas;enH KYrEtGnuvtþkareFVIRbRBwtþRKab;
edaykMcat; sMbkRKab;d¾EsnrwgCamunsin b¤edayes¶arRKab;enAkñúgTwkekþA bnÞab;mkRtaMry³eBl 24
ema:g. ek¶ak)araMg k¾GaceFIVkarbNþúHedaybgáat;EmkpgEdr. [20]
BBYkstVl¥itmYycMnYn ¬dUcCaBBYkGeNþIkmas kEBa©>>>.l.¦ nigBBYkdgáÜvrbs; Poecilips

sierralemensis rMxandl;EpøedayeFVIkarbMpøajRKab;. ek¶ak)araMg rgnUvkarvayRbhar edayman
karrMxandl;karlUtlas; rbs;Bnøk nigeBlxøHeFVIeGayRCuHsøwkedaysarBBYkdgáÚvemGMe)A b¤k¾stVl¥it

EdlsøwkesÞIrEtRCuHTaMgGs;. ek¶ak)araMgrgnUvkarvayRbharBIBBYk Ganoderma lucidum
EdleFVIeGayrlYyb¤s CaBiessenAtMbn; EdlmanePøógFøak;eRcIn.[17] ek¶ak)araMg gayrgnUvkar
vayRbharBIBBYkkeNþór EdlrMxandl;BnøkeQI. cMeBaH Pteroma plagiophleps
mankarbMpøajya:gF¶n;F¶reTAelIedImek¶ak)araMgEdldaMtamdgvifI. mankar bMpøajya:gF¶n;F¶rBIBBYk
bostrichid Sinoxylon anale eTAelIek¶ak)araMgKYreGaykt;sMKal; enAGIuRsaEGl enAqñaM 1984.
RsedognwgKñaenHEdr KWBBYkdgáÚv noctuid Pericyma cruegeri k¾mankarbMpøajKYreGaykt; sMKal;Edr

edayeFVIeGayek¶ak)araMgRCuHsøwkesÞIrEtGs; enA Nagaland RbeTs\NÐa.
Acanthopsyche reimeri KWCadgáÚvenAtMbn;RtUBic énTVIbGaRhVic. vaCadgáÚv EdlsIucMNIRKb;mux
vaciBa©wmCIvit enAelIswøkrukçCatiDIkUTIeldUn CaBiesscMeBaHrukçCatilMGr nigrukçCatiEdlduHenATIval.

vaeFVIeGayek¶ak)araMg RCuHsøwkesÞIrEtGs; enA Kenya.
Anoplocnemis curvipes CaBBYkstVl¥itcéRgEdlmaneCIgEkk ehIyvamanrayeBseBj
enAtMbn;RtUBic énTVIbGaRhVic. TaMgstVCMTg; nigemFM²énRbePTenH KWsIucMNIRKb;mux nigciBa©wc

CIvitenAelIrukrç sdMNaMksikmµ nigrukçCatiEdldaMenAsYnc,ar. enA Malawi eK)aneFVIkarkt;Rtafa
vaCastVl¥itEdlrMxanelIBnøkedImrbs; ek¶ak)araMg EdleFVIeGayxUcxatRTg;RTayedIm
nigmankarkat;bnßycMnYn EdltamBt’manbgðajfavabMpøaj edImek¶ak)araMgEdlmanGayu !qñaM
eGaysøab;.
Leptostylus praemorsus RtUv)aneKkt;RtaenA Antigua, Bermuda, Dominica nig St. Lucia.
vaCa stVl¥itmYyEbbEdlmanEsñgEvg EdlRtUv)aneKdwgfavaCastVl¥itEdlenAelIedImRkUc
10
Etvak¾rMxandl; rukçCatiepSg²eTotEdr CaBiessBBYkrukçCatiDIkUTIeldUnTaMgGs; EdlrYmmanek¶ak)araMg
nigsrlkUl¬snþan edImRsl;¦ pgEdr.
Orthezia insignis KWmanrayeBseBjenAtMbn;RtUBic sab;RtUBic nigtMbn;mYycMnYnEdlmansIutNðPaB
esIm. enA Malawi vabgárPaBGnþraydl;ek¶ak)araMgCaerOy² nig RbePTrukçCatiepSg²eTot CaBiess

rukçCatilMGr EdlCajWkjab;vaeFVIeGaylkUneQIgab; b¤mankarrMxand¾F¶n;F¶rEdleFVIeGayedImeQIduHmin
eBjlkçN³.
Oxyrhachis latipes KWCastVkNþÚbbMpøajedImeQI EdlciBa©wmCIvitenAelIrukçrs rbs;edImek¶ak)araMg enA
Malawi. tamkarkt;Rta bgðajfavamankarbMpøajtictYc EdltamkarCak;Esþg karbMpøajrbs;vaBMusUv
sMxan;eT. karxUcxatedaysar Schedorhinotermes lamanianus eTAelIedImek¶ak)araMg RtUv)ankt;

RtaTuk. stVl¥itcéRg nigdgáÚv Poecilips sierraleonensis vamankarrMxandl;Epø
nigRKab;rbs;ek¶ak)araMg. [12]
RbePT Ganoderma sp. RtUv)ankt;sMKal;fa vamankarbMpøajeTAelIkUnek¶ak)araMg
enARbeTsGURsþalI. Fusarium oxysporum eFVIeGayek¶ak)araMgrlYyb¤senAtMbn;xageCIg Guinea
énRbeTsnIesrIya:. CMgWelIb¤s nigBkb¤s CH\T§iBl dl;edImmankarrIklUtlas;yWt
nigkarvivtþn¾kMras; nigmanBkpSitBN’ etñatcas;enACMuvijKl;ènedImEdlmanCMgW.
tamr)aykarbgðajfa esøaksøwk nigERbBN’søwk edaysarman kMralpSitBN’etñatenAelIb¤s
nigenAelIedIm EdlGaceFVIeGayek¶ak)araMgsøab;)an.
pSit Pleiochaeta setosa RtUv)ankt;sMKalfamanenAelIedImek¶ak)araMg enARbeTs\NÐa. vabMpøaj
elI kUTIeldUnrbs;kUneQIEdlbNþúH nigsøwkrbs;kUneQIEdltUc² krNIenHeFVIeGaysøwks¶Üt ehIygab;
nigRCuH søwk. EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday k¾mineFVIeGaykUneQIgab;eT.

mankarbgðajeGaydwgya:gc,as;fa BBYkpSit Armillaria mellea manrayBaseBjBiPBelak nigman
cMnYnd¾eRcInenAelIrukçCatiepSg² rYmmanek¶ak)araMgpgEdr EdlvaCaRbePTpSiteFVIeGayrlYyb¤s.
vaCapSit EdlRkas; manBN’s manragdUcsMBt;EdlsßitenAcenøaHRsTab;sMbkeQI nigsMbkgab;
nigEpñkxageRkam.
Sphaerostilbe repens man\T§iBleTAelIek¶ak)araMg edayvaCaCMgWs¥úyb¤s. vaqøgtamry³s,:
EdlenA kñgú Twk enAeBlEdlb¤scab;yk. vaeFVIeGaysMbkb¤sxageRkam manBN’etñat b¤
11
BN’Rkhmcas;. nigeFVIeGayEpñkxagkñúgènb¤smanBN’s nigmankarsaykøinEdl)anmk BIskmµPaB
bBa©ÚlKñarbs;pSit nig )ak;etrI.[12]
F> karGPirkS :
ek¶ak)araMg minEmnCaRbePTEdlrgnUvkarKMramkMEhgenaHeT. [17].
ek¶ak)araMg manduHesÞIrEtRKb;extþ Rkug nigPUmi.

ek¶ak)araMg RtUv)annaMykeTAdaM nigduHedayFmµCatienARKb;extþRkug nigPUmi
enAkñúgRbeTsEdlmanGakas FatutMbn;RtUBic.[8] vaduHedayFmµCatienA Madagascar, Zambia
nignaMykeTAdaMenA eRbsIul Burkina Faso, Cyprus, eGsIub, Eritrea, Ethiopia, \NÐa, Jamaica,
eknya:, miucsIuk,U Niger, nIesrIya:, Puerto Rico, saMgkaBYr GaRhVicxagt,Úg sirIlgàa s‘Udg;
Tanzania, Uganda nigshrdæGaemric. [26]
p> epSg² :
Anon. 1986: The useful plants of India. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR,
New Delhi, India
Bein E. 1996: Useful trees and shrubs in Eritrea. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU),
Nairobi, Kenya.
Bekele-Tesemma A, Birnie A, Tengnas B. 1993: Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia.
Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority
(SIDA).
12
Birnie A. 1997: What tree is that? A beginner's guide to 40 trees in Kenya. Jacaranda
Designs Ltd.
Gbadegesin RA, 1993: Root rot of Delonix regia caused by Fusarium oxysporum in the
northern Guinea zone of Nigeria. Discovery and Innovation, 5(3):255-259; 18 ref.
Grant G, More LJ, McKenzie NH, Dorward PM, Buchan WC, Telek L, Pusztai A, 1995:
Nutritional and haemaglutination properties of several tropical seeds. Journal of
Agricultural Science, 124(3):437-445; 32 ref.
Hood IA, Ramsden M, Allen P, 1996: Taxonomic delimitation and pathogenicity to

seedlings of Delonix regia and Albizia lebbeck of a species related to Ganoderma lucidum
on broadleaf trees in Queensland. Australasian Plant Pathology, 25(2):86-98; 27 ref.
Hutchinson J, 1964: The genera of the flowering plants. Oxford, UK: The Clarendon
Press.
Luna RK. 1996: Plantation trees. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun, India.
Millat-E-Mustafa M, 1989: Effect of hot water treatment on the germination of seeds of

Albizia lebbeck and Delonix regia.. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 18(1-2):63-64; 4 ref.
Pandey J, Agrawal M, 1994: Evaluation of air pollution phytotoxicity in a seasonally dry

tropical urban environment using three woody perennials. New Phytologist, 126(1):53-
61; 56 ref.
Saxena SC, Yadav RS, 1986: A preliminary laboratory evaluation of an extract of leaves
of Delonix regia Raf. as a disruptor of insect growth and development. Tropical Pest
Management, 32(1):58-59; 10 ref.
Streets RJ. 1962: Exotic forest trees of the British Commonwealth. Claredon Press,
Oxford.
Vogt K. 1995: A field guide to the identification, propagation and uses of common trees
and shrubs of dryland Sudan. SOS Sahel International (UK).
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
4 ) Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom
Penh, 915 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field guide. Orchid
Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
8) Sam, H. V.,Nanthavong, Kh.and P.J.A. Kessler 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: A field
guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species.BLUMEA J. Plant Tax. and Plant
13
Geogr. 49(2004) p. 201- 349 pp., Univ. Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands,
9) Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 484 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, New
York; 336 pp.
13) Baertels, A., 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Colour Atlas
Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ. Stuttgart, illustrated, 384 pp.
Indonesia, 859 pp.
18) Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife 2003: Cambodia Forestry Statistics to 2002.(in Khmer and
English) Planning & Accounting Off., Statistics Sect., Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 97 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics. Josef
Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree
Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM). Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y

(Internet source)
14
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dimocarpus longan Lour]

[Dimocarpus longan Lour]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dimocarpus longan Lour.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ longan [1], dragon's eye, longan tree, lungan [5]
K> sTisn½y ³ [for ssp. longan var. longan]: Dimocarpus longan Lour. (1790),
Euphoria longana Lamk. (1792) nom. illeg.,
Nephelium longana Cambess. (1829) ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2],

Euphoria longan Steud. ÉksarBieRKaH [4],
Nephelium long-yan Bl. ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[for ssp. longan var. longepetiolulatus Leenh.]: Euphoria morigera
Gagnep. (1950) nom. inval. ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[for ssp. longan var. obtusus (Pierre) Leenh.]: Euphoria scandens
Winit & Kerr. ÉksarBieRKaH [1]

[for ssp. malesianus Leenh. var. malesianus]: Nephelium malaiense
Griff. (1854),
Euphoria cinerea Radlk. (1878) nom. illeg.,
Euphoria malaiensis Radlk. (1879) nom. illeg.,
Euphoria gracilis Radlk. (1913) nom. illeg. ÉksarBieRKaH [1]

[for ssp. malesianus Leenh. var. echinatus Leenh.]: Euphoria

nephelioides Radlk. (1914) nom. illeg. ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ longanier, oeil de dragon (France) [1] - lengkeng, buku, ihau,
medaru, kyet mouk (Indonesia) [1, 4] - lengkeng, mata

kucing, isau, sau, kakus (Malaysia) [1] - kyet mouk
(Myanmar) [1] - lam nhai, nam nhai (Laos) [1] - lamyai pa,
lamyai khruer, lamyai tao, lahm-yai (Thailand) [1, 4] -
nh[ax]n, nam:nhan (Vietnam) [1, 4] - mamoncillo chino
(Spain) [5]
1
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ emon
ÉksarBieRKaH : [7]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ mien [1]
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Sapindaceae
ePT : Dimocarpus
RbePT : Dimocarpus longan Lour.
GnuRbePT 1
: Dimocarpus longan longan
Lour. / Dimocarpous longan malesianus Leenh.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[ lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQImanTMhMtUc eTAmFüm CaedImeQIébtgCanic© cMeBaHkardaMduH

vaGacmankMBs; dl;eTA 9-14 m [4] (9-12 m [5], 10-20 m [3]) nigmankenSamsøwkmUl
ehIyRkas; EdlGacman TTwgdl;eTA 14 m [4] . edImeQI EdlRKb;RKgmin)anl¥ GacmankMBs;dl;

eTA 40 m [1, 4] (-30 m [2, 8], 20-40 m [11]) b:Eu nþCYnkalvaGackøayeTACarukCç ativlø×pgEdr .
eBlxøH edImrbs;vamanduHnUvRBwg EdlGacmanGgát;p©itdl;eTA 75-100 cm [4] (76.2 cm [5], 100
cm [1] 20-40 cm [11]) . Emk manlkçN³Evg EbkEmkeRcIn ragFøak;cuHeRkam .
rWsGacduHlUtlas; dl;CMerABI 2-4 m [3, 4] eTAdl; RbPBTwkeRkamdI .
[sMbk]:sMbkmanlkçN³relagenAeBldMbg U nigeRkammkeRKIm nigrbk .
1 Information regarding subspecies is not available for all tree species.
2
[søwk]: søwkqøak;CaKU EdlmancMnnY BI 4-10 [4, 5] snøkw (2-6 søkw [1], 6-8 snøkw [11]) ragCaeGlIb
nigdUcs‘ut rW ragRTEvgdUces<ó nigminRsYnenAkMBUl . sønkw nimyY ² manTMhM 10-20 x 3.5-5 cm [5]
(3-45 x 1.5-20 cm EvgCagTTwgBI 1-5 dg [1], 9-18 x 3.2-6 cm [8], 7-20 x 2.5 x 5 cm
[11]) nigragdUcEs,k Twkrlk BN’ébtgrelag enAEpñkxagelI maneramtic²

nigBN’ébtgcas;enAxageRkam . søwkx©ImanBN’RkhmsVay . søwknImyY ² mansréscMnYn 14-17 KU
[8] (10-14 KU [11]) EdlminCab;Kña . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 1-20 cm [1, 4] (7-12 cm [11])
Tgsnøkw manRbEvg 0.5-35 mm [4] (2-10 mm [8]) .

[páa]:kBa©úp
M áamanRbEvg 8-40 cm [1] nigRKbdNþbe; dayeramya:gRkas; . k,alpáamanpáacMnnY BI 3-5
[4] EdljI nigeQµalenArYmKña edaymanRbEvg 1-4 mm [4] TgpáamanRbEvg 1.5-5 mm .
páamanTMhM 2-5 mm x 1-3 mm [1] Rtbkpáa nigRsTab;páamanBN’elOgetñat rW elOgRsal

edaymanTMhM 1.5-6 mm x 0.6-2 mm [1] maneramRkas; rWKµaneram nigTMhMFM²CaKUelneTAeTot .
páaeQµal manekscMnnY (6-) 8
(-10) [1] edaymanTgeksRbEvg 1-6 mm . dMNak;kalecjpáajI
nigeQµalRbRBwtþeTAkñgú ry³eBl 4-6 s)aþh_GaRs½½yeTAelIRbePTedIm . dMeNIrkarlMGg
edaystVl¥itdUcCa Rsemac ruy nigXµMú (Apis cerana, Apis florea nig Apis dorsata) KWman
RbsiT§PaBrvagema:g 8.00 RBwk nig 2.00 l¶ac . ry³eBlsmRsbsMrab;karRbmUlpl KW 5-7 Ex
eyageTAtamRbePT nigGakasFatu . enARbeTséf vaecjpáabnÞab;BIsItuNðPaB eLIgx<se; nA
cugrdUvRtCak; nigedImrdUvekþA . EpøPaKeRcInRtUv)anRbmUlplenA kñgú Ex sIha nig kBaØ .
[Epø]:EpøCacegáam nigmanragmUl edaymanGgát;pit © BI 1-3 cm [1] (1.25-2.5 cm [5]) .
sMbkrbs;vaesþgI nigpuyRsYy manBN’elOgetñat ERbCaRkhmPøW nigeRKImtic² . sac;manTwk nig
s¥it BN’sRsGab;edaymankøin nigrsCatiEp¥m b:Eu nþminEp¥mdUcCa KUeln eT nigmancegáamticCag .

Ep¥manragmUl manBN’exµAetñat PøW nigmansñamGuCBN’sragmUlenAKl; pþl;nUvkarTak;EPñk .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]:eQIxwmø manBN’Rkhm rwg mineRbH rW rbk nigrelagl¥ . eQIRsaymanlkçN³rwg

nigmanBN’elOgeTAetñatRsal .
3
RbEhlkMrit: ExSRsbBI 15°N eTA 15°S edaymankMritdac;xat 20°N eTA 20°S [3]. GnuRbePT
malesianus GacRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkMrit 10°N nig 10°S [1] . GñkniBn§xHø )ankMnt;nUv
tMbn;RbPBkMeNItrbs;RbePTenH famkBItMbn;CrY PñPM Uma qøgkat;PaKxagt,Úgcin

nigbnþeTAdl;PaKnirtIén\NÐa nigRsIlgáa EdlrYmTaMgtMbn;TMnabpgEdr . dMNaMenHPaKeRcIn
mandaMduHenAPaKxagt,Úgcin étva:n; nigPaKxageCIgéf nigkardaMelIépÞdItUc² dUcCa\NÐcÚ ni (km<úCa
evotNam) k_dUcCa Queensland (GURsþalI) nig Florida (shrdæGaemrik)
nigedImeQIeFIVkarpøas;TIeTAtMbn; Edlmanry³kMBs;x<s; enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ . GnuRbePTrbs;emon
duHlUtlas;enARsTab;xageRkaménéRBbzm CYnkaléRBricril éntMbn;TMnab eTA x<g;rab
EdlminmanePøgI eqHjwkjab; . eRkamkardaMduH vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAelIdI EdlenACitRsH nigkñúg
cMkar )anl¥CagKUeln . GnuRbePT malesianus duHlUtlas;eBjtMbn;\NÐcÚ ni nigma:eLsüa:
(ma:eLsIu \NÐeÚ nsIu hVlI IBnI ) nigmancMnnY d_eRcInxus²Kña enAkñgú Borneo
CaBiessenARsTab;xageRkaménéRBbzm rW CYnkaléRBricril .
GnuRbePTemon duHlUtlas;BtI Mbn;TMnab eTAx<g;rab nigGacduHenAkMritry³kMBs; 1,500 m a.s.l. [1]

enA PaKnirtI\NÐa ry³kMBs; 900 m [1] enA Giava nig 1,300 m [1] enA Bengala .
RbePTenHGacFn; nwg tMbn;TMnabesImRtUBki EdlenACitsmuRT Edlmanry³kMBs; 150-450 m a.s.l.

[5] . emonCaRbePTeQI GnutMbn;RtUBc i EdlduHlUtlas;l¥enAtMbn;RtUBci b:Eu nþTamTarnUvkarpøas;bÚrþ rdUv
sMrab;karecjpáa . tMbn; GakasFatuxageRkamenH KWmanlkçN³saksmsMrab;kardaMduH : RtUBicekþA
ehIyesIm RtUBci esIm GnuRtUBci esIm nigGnuRtUBci ekþA . D. longan ssp. RtUvkarkMritTwkePøóg 1,300-
2,000 mm/qñaM [3] (1,500-2,000 mm [1]) sMrab;karlUtlas;)anl¥ nigkMritePøógFaøk;dac;xat 800
eTA 3,000 mm [3] . kMritePøógFaøk; sMrab; ssp. malesianus KWBI 2,500 mm eTAeRcInCag 4,000
mm kñúgmYyqñaM [1] edaymankMritsMenIm 65-95% [1] . vaRtUvkarkarpÁt;pÁg;TwkeGay)anRKb;RKan;
4
nigGacelcTwkry³eBlxøI b:Eu nþminmankarraMg s¶ÜtyUr . sItuNðPaBsMrab;karlUtlas; 7-36°C [4]
edaymankMritmFüm 18-30°C [4] [15°C [5]] cMeBaH ssp. longan nig 25-30°C [1] cMeBaH ssp.
malesianus . cMeBaHGnuRbePTRtUvkarsItuNðPaB RtCak; BI 7-12°C rW 2-3 ExedaymansItuNðPaB
15-22°C nigrdUvR)aMgry³eBlxøI sMrab;karecjpáa . enAeBlEpøcab;epþm I ecj sItuNðPaBminKYreQIBI

20-25°C [3] . vaminGacFn;nwgG½BÞ)aneT . edImeQIenA tUc GacRtUvbMpaø jedaysItuNðPaBBI -0.5º
eTA -1ºC [4] nigGacRtUv)ansMlab;enAkMrit sItuNðPaBTab . edImeQI

EdlFMbgðajnUvkarrbYssøwkenAkMritsItuNðPaB -2º eTA -3ºC EmkEdltUcGacrgrbYsenA sItuNðPaBBI
-3º eTA -4ºC [4] Emk nigedImEdlFMbgðajkarbMpaø j enAkMritsItuNðPaB -4.5°C [4] nig
CYnkalminGacCasHes,IyeLIgvijeT . edImeQIeBlv½yGacFn;nwgsItN u ðPaBBI -3 eTA -5°C [3]

ry³ eBl 4-5 em:ag . enAeBleFIrV sµIsMeyaK vamingayrgeRKaHfañke; T Fn;nwgeBléf¶
Edlmanry³eBlxøI (<12 em:ag [3]) éf¶Fmµta (12-14 em:ag [3]) nigéf¶Evg (>14 em:ag [3]) .
edImeQItUcRtUvkarmøb; nig RtUvkarBnøWeBjenAeBlcas; .

emonGacduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAelIdIeRCA mindkTwk l,ayxSac; nigsMbUrsarFatusrIragÁ .

vak_GacduHenAelI dI Edlmanfµ oolitic FM² . Fn;nwgkarraMgs¶Üt)anl¥ (kMriteRCob >50% kñúgmYyqñaM
[3]) . kMrit pH sMrab; ssp. longan rvagBI 5.5 eTA 6 [3] edaymankMritdac;xatBI 5-8 [3] .
enAdImansarFatusrIragÁmni sUvl¥ karecjpáa nigEpøminRKb;RKan; BIeRBaHBnøkbnþlUtlas;ry³eBlEvg

eBk . enAPaKxageCIgRbeTséf kardaMCacMkarsmRsbcMeBaHRbePTdIRsal CadIenAtammat;Tenø .
edaymansarFatumankñgú dI ³ CMerAdI (>150 cm) . CMerAdac;xat : mineRCA (20-50 cm) .
CICatidI:x<s; nigkMritCICatidac;xat: mFüm . dImanCaéRb : kMritTab (<4 dS/m) [3] . enA
5
Sarawak, ssp. malesianus duHlUtlas;enAelIdIl,b; CaBiessenA tammat;Tenø . enAtMbn;epSg
eTot edImeQIduHlUtlas;enAelIRbePTdIxsu Kña . kMrit pH BI 4.5-6.5 KW sMbrU enAkñgú tMbn;enH .
[eQI]: emonminRtUv)ankab;sMrab;eFICV aeQIh‘ubeT . eQIGaceRbIR)as;Cabegáal sMNg; nig eFIsV PM ar³

ksikmµ . RbsinebIeQImanKuNPaBl¥ vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CaeQIcMlak; eFICV aBum< nig eRKOgsgðarwm
pgEdr . kareRbIR)as;srM ab;CaeQIfamBlKWRtUv)ankMNt; .
[Gnupl]: EpøénRbePTenHRtUv)anbriePaKTaMgRss; . RbPBxøHniyayfa EpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
sMrab;bEnßm eTAelIkarcMGni Gahar . man]sSah_kmµplitenAemonkMbg:u enAkñgú RbeTs éf cin
nigétva:n; . EpøF²M RtUv )aneRbIR)as; CaBiessEpø EdlmanRKab;tUc² . EpøGacRtUv)andak;kgñú kMb:gu
CamYynwgTwkrbs;va edaymin eRbIR)as;sá rW eRbIR)as;tictYc edayeyageTAelIkMritrlayx<s; .
enARbeTscin PaKeRcInRtUv)andak;kbM g:u CalkçN³ rav rW s¶Üt . EpøEdl)an
dak;kMbu:grYcRtUv)andwkCBa¢nÚ BI Shanghai eTAshrdæGaemrik kalBI GtItkal . bc©úb,nñ
BYkvaRtUv)annaMecjeTAkan; hugkug nigétva:n; . emonkMbug: rkSarsCati nigKuNPaB
rbs;va)anRbesIrCag savma:v rW KUeln . emonGacRtUv)anrkSaTukCalkçN³s¶Üt
bnÞab;BIyksMbkecj. sMrab;karsMgYt EpøRtUv)ankMedAeGayrYj nigcitsMbkecj . bnÞab;mk
RKab;RtUv)anykecj nig sac;RtUv )an sMgYtedaykMedA . plitpls¶tÜ manBN’exµA dUcEs,k
nigmankøni EpSg ehIyRtUv)an eRbIR)as;srM ab; eFIeV GayePsC¢³manlkçN³Rss;eLIgvij .

RsaRtUv)aneFIeV LIgedayRtaMemonRss;enAkñgú Gal;klu . edaymanpÞúknUvsarFatu saponin
RKab;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;dUcCa soapberries (Sapindus saponaria L.) sMrab;kk;sk; . Epøemon
nigRKab;Rss;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;Ca»sf :sac;rbs;vaGacCYy dl;karrMlay Gahar CafñaMRKun
fñasM lM ab;dgávÚ nigGaceRbICafñabM nSabCatiBlu pgEdr . kares¶arMgas;sac; Edlhals¶Üt
RtUv)anTTYlTanCaePsC¢³elIkkMlaMg nigmineGayguyedk
RBmTaMgBüa)alCMgWsk<w srésR)asaTpgEdr . enAevotNamxageCIg nigt,Úg EPñkrbs;RKab;emon (eye
of the longan seed) RtUv)anykmk sgát;enA kEnøg EdlBs;xaM edIm,IbnSabBis .
6
RKab;karBarmineGaymankarEbkejIsxøaMg nigkMTicRKab; manpÞkú nUv saponin tanIn nig xøaj; .
søwkmanpÞkú quercetin nig quercitrin nigpáaRtUv)anlk;enAkñgú TIpSar»sf buraNrbs;cin .
páas¶tÜ RtUv)annaMecjeTARbeTsma:eLsIu sMrab;eFIVCafñaM . RKab; nigsMbkRtUv )andutsMrab;
CaeQIfamBl .
[epSg²]: enAPaKxagekItRbeTséf ssp. longan var. obtusus RtUv)andaMduHCarukC ç atlMGr . enA
Bengal nigkEnøgepSgeTot edImemonRtUv)andaMduHCarukçCatilMGr nigpþl;møb; ehIyRtUv)an cat;TukfaCa
RbePTeQI EdlmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;RbB½½n§ksirukçkmµ .
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: GnuRbePTrbs;emon duHlUtlas;enARsTab;xageRkaménéRBbzm CYnkaléRBricril én

tMbn;TMnab eTA x<g;rab EdlminmanePøgI eqHjwkjab; . eRkamkardaMduH vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAelIdI Edl
enACitRsH nigkñúgcMkar )anl¥CagKUeln . GnuRbePT malesianus duHlUtlas;eBjtMbn;\NÐcÚ ni
nigma:eLsüa: (ma:eLsIu \NÐeÚ nsIu hVlI IBnI ) nigmancMnnY d_eRcInxus²Kña enAkñúg Borneo CaBiessenA
RsTab;xageRkaménéRBbzm rW CYnkaléRBricril .
[kardaMduH]:cenøaHénkardaMKW 6 m x 6 m eTA 12 m x 12 m [1] EdlkardaMenACitKña
TamTarnUvkarkab; rMelaHeGay)anjwkjab; . sMrab;cMkareQI kardaMGacmancenøaH 10 m x 10 m [1]

CaTMrg;kaer rW qekan . CaTUeTA kardaMduHPaKeRcIn mancenøaHCit²Kña . karEfTaM eGay)aneTogTat;
GacCYykMnt;nvU TMhMedIm eGay smRsbeTAnwgcenøaHdaM 6 m x 8 m eTA 7 m x 10 m [1] .
enARbeTscin RbsinemonRtUv)andaMenAelI dITMnab vaEtgRtUv)andaMenAelIPøW EdlRtUv)anelIkeGayx<s;
. enAelIdIxs< ; edImeQIRtUv)andaM reNþAEdl )anerobcM enAelIépÞdI .
7
[karRKb;RKg]: edImeQIcab;ecjEpøenAGayu 4-5 qñaM [3] bnÞab;BI)andaM .
Gayurbs;eQIRbePTenHGacdl; eTA 25 qñaM [3] . edImemon EdlenAtUc RtUv)anéRkEmk edIm,IkMnt;
cMnnY Emk . edImeQIGaceRbIR)as;CaTMr bgáat; tamry³karkat; EdlvaGacduHnUvBnøkfµyI a:gelOn .
kñúgkarRbmUlpl edImRtUv)ankéRkEmk BIeRBaHTg nigEmkxøHRtUv)ankat; . bnÞab;BIkarRbmUlpl
karkat;nUvEmktUcRtUv)aneFIeV LIg . karkat;Emk TaMgenH eFIeV GaykenSamsøkw lUtlas;)anl¥
nigeGayBnøcW lU eTAkñúgedImeQI)an ehIyeKk_Gackat;ecjnUv EmkEdlTMngCapþl;Epøtic
enAqñaeM RkaypgEdr eTaHbIvamanEpøenAqñaeM nHk_eday . RbsinmineFIVdUcenHeT BnøknwgduHecjtamkEnøg
Edl)ankat;RbmUlpl . BnøkTaMgenHeFIVeGaykenSamsøkw Rkas; nigyUrecjpáa.
eyagtamGñkdaMduHenAkñgú extþ Fukien enARbeTscin )anraykarN_fa karkat;rMelaH
páaenAqñaMCabnþbnÞab; Gacpþl;nUvEpøya:geRcIn ehIyeRKaHfañk; EdlekItBIkarkat;rMelaH
eRcInhYsehtuKmW ankMritTab nigenAeBl 50% éncegáampáaRtUv)ankat; (3/4 = 75% énk,alkBaM©pú aá
RtUv)ankat; [5]) . karecjBnøk eRkaykar kat;smRsb GaceFIVeGayqab;ecjpáakñúgedImrdUv .
karGnuvtþkarkat;rMelaHfµ²I enH KW edIm,Ikat;ecjnUv RbePTkUneQI EdlduHBIedIm nigEmk
EdleFIeV Gay)at;bg;nUvkBa©púM áa EdlenAsl;bnÞab;BI karRbmUlpl . karkat;rMelaHenHminkMNt;nUvTMhM
edImeQIeT . emonRtUvkareRsacTwkeGay)anRKb;RKan; nigGacrs;enA kñúgTwk)anry³eBlxøI
b:Eu nþminFn;nwgkarraMgs¶ÜtyUr . kareRsacTwkmansar³sMxan;Nas;enA rdUvR)aMg .
sMeNImTamTarenAeBlecjpáa rhUtdl;muneBlRbmUlpl nigGackarBaredaykarRKb . enAeBledIm
eQIbBaÄb;karlUtlas;enAcugrdUv ePøógGacCYyCMrujkarduHlUtlas;BnøkfµI eFIeV Gaymankarecjpáa
xusrdUvU nigRCuHpáa . minmanB½tmanCak;lak;GBM Ikardak;CIeT . CnCaticinbgðajfa TinñplmankMritx<s;
mankarTak; TgnwgkMritsarFatucBi a©wmrbs;søwk dUcxageRkam ³ GasUt (N) x<sC; ag 1.70% pUsVr (P)
0.12-0.20% ma:ejsüÚm (Mg) 0.20-0.30% . kMrit 0.60-0.80% nig 1.50-2.50%
RtUv)anpþl;CaGnusasn_srM ab; b:tU asüÚm (K) nigkal;süÚm (Ca) b:uEnþminTan;rkeXIj

GMBITMnak;TMngrbs;BkY va eTAelITinñplenAeLIyeT . sMrab; 'mata kucing' nigRbePTEdl
RtUv)andaMduHepSgeTot RtUv)ankMnt;nvU karRbmUlpl nigkarkat;Emk EdlecjEpø .
kMLúgeBlsmRsbsMrab;karRbmUlpl KW 5-7 Ex [5] GaRs½yeTAelIkUneQI nig GakasFatu .
[karRbmUlplEpø]: Epøemon EdlrYmman ssp. malesianus KWRtUvRbmUlplenAeBlTMu . karTMRu tUv)an
kMNt;eTAelIragEpø BN’ nigrsCati . Epø EdlminTan;TKMu WKaµ nrsCati . Epøemon EdlTMumanBN’exµA
8
relag nigmanrsCatiEp¥m . edImemonRbmUlplBIrdg enAcenøaHry³eBlBI 7-10 éf¶ Epø 'mata
kucing' RtUv)an ebHRbmUlplEtmþgeT . cegáamEpøRtUv)ankat;edaykaMbt i rW ké®nþ . cegáamEpø
minKYrebHTMlak;eT . BYkvaRtUv)anerobcM nigcgCa)ac;eGay)anl¥ .
[Tinñpl]: enARbeTséf TinñplCamFümKW 0.99-1.65 t/ha BIqañ M 1981 eTA 1987 [1] (1-6 t/ha
[3]). TinñplmankMritTabebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgcMkar EdlmankarEfTaMl¥ EdlGacpþl;pl 12
t/hakñg ú mYyqñaM . sMrab;edIm EdlmanGayuBI 10-15 qñaM pþl;plBI 60-190 kg/edIm [1] (120
kg/edIm [3]). enAPaKxag ekIt Java edImeQIEdll¥bp M tu Gacpþl;Epø 150-300 kg [1]
enAqñaEM dlsmRsb (200-300 kg [3]) . enARbeTscin edImeQIEdllUtlas;l¥
edaypþl;nUvlMhRKb;RKan; ya:gehacNas; 12 m BIKñaGacpþl;pl 180-225 kg [5] . enA Florida
cMeBaHedImeQImankMBs; 6 m nigTMhMFM TTYlnUvplxus²Kña tic (22.5-45 kg [1]) mFüm (68-113
kg [1]) nigeRcIn (135-225 kg [1]) . kMrkmanedImeQI EdlGacpþl;pl 272-317 kg Nas; [5] .
PaBxus²Kñaénkarpþl;pl GaRs½yeTAelIPaBmineTogTat;énkarecjEpø CYn kal qñaMmyY l¥

nigqñaMeRkayeTotminl¥ .
[karRKb;RKgeRkayeBlRbmUlpl]: GñkdaMduHenARbeTséfrMEu pøemonedayk®nþk; EdleFIB V bI ¤sSITMhM 35
cm x 50 cm EdlGacpÞúk)an 21-22 kg . EpøRtUv)annaMecj edaykat;ecjBIcegáam nigvicx©b;eday
RbGb;esña rW )aøskÞi . edaysarEpøemon manpÞkú Catisrá x<s; vaGacenARss;)anry³eBlBIr eTAbIéf¶ enA

sItuNðPaB (25-31°C) . EpøemonRtUvkarPaBRtCak;edaycMhayTwk rW xül;RtCak; Edlman
sItuNðPaB 5°C GacrkSaTuk)an 40-45 éf¶ nig 10°C ry³eBl 20 éf¶ edaymansMeNIm 85-90% .
sMrab;karrkSa Tukry³eBlEvg EpøRtUv)ankarBaredaysarFatuKImI dUcCa s<an;Fr½ DIGuk‘ sIut (SO2)
CaedIm [1] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 12]
[karRbmUl nigsþúkTukRKab;BCU ]: karrkSaTukRKab;BCU KW CaRbePT recalcitrant .

RKab;Gac)at;bg;dMNuH enAsMeNIm 18% . manEtRKab;RbEhl 70% Edlrs;bnÞab;BIry³eBl 7
s)aþh_ edaymaneRbIR)as;sar FatuKImCI MnYy nigkMritsMeNImenAsItuNðPaB 8-10°C KWkMrit 100%
9
rYmCamYynIRtaGuksItu 80% + GuksIuEsn 20% b:Eu nþminmankarduHlUtlas;eT
enAeBlTwkRtUv)aneRbIR)as; kMritdMNuHman 67% bnÞab;BI ry³eBl 250 éf¶enAkMrit (20 %) én
perlite + 4% chlorthalonil enAsItuNðPaB 15°C [5] . kMritdMnuHRKab;BC U GacRtUv)anBnüaeBl
edayeFIkV areRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;pSit nigrkSakMritsMeNIm énRKab; elIs 30% [1] .
[karbnþBUCedayRKab;]: edImmanPaKeRcInduHlUtlas;BIRKab; . bnÞab;BIsMgYtenAkñg ú møbr; y³eBl 4 éf¶
BYkvaKYrRtUv)andaMedayminmankarBnüaeBleT b:Eu nþmineGayeRCACag 2 cm [5]
eTaHbIvaGacduHecjedIm
eRcInCamYyk_eday . dMnuHGacRtUvkarry³eBl 7-10 éf¶ . kUneQIRtUv)andaMenAkñgú fñaleRkammøb;
nigRtUv )anykeTAdaMenAeBlmanGayuBI 2-3 qñaM . karlUtlas;rbs;kUneQImankMrityWt
nigRtUvkarry³eBl 7 qñaM edIm,IeBjv½y .
[karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ]: enARbeTséf edImemonRtUv)anbnþBC U edaykarbMe)A enARbeTscin
vaRtUv)anpSauM edayeRbIR)as;edImTMr)anBIkUneQI edayeRbIviFIsaRsþ Forkert . eTaHbI karduHBnøkmin
esµIKañ k_edayKWCa bBaða EdlekItmaneLIgk_eday . enArdUvvsSa rWsGacduHecjmktamry³karbMe)A
enAkMLgú 2-2.5 Ex BYkvaRtUv)anEfrkSaenAkñúgmøbr; y³eBl 6-12 Ex bnÞab;BIkarkat;ecj . edImeQI
Edl)anBIkarbMe)A KWgay rgeRKaHfñak;edayxül; CaedImeQIEdlpSaMu dUcenH BYkvaRtUv)andaM
edaymanbegáalb¤sSITb; karBUndIenAKl; rW enACitkUneQI EdldaMedayRKab; edIm,IbegánI nUvesßrPaBedIm
. enAextþ Kwangtung (cin) enAeBl karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁRtUv)aneFIeV LIg vaRtUv)andaMenACit edIm
'Wu Yuan' EdlmanGayu 3-5 qñaM nigman kMBs; 5 eTA 6 ft (1.5-1.8 m) . cenøaHKWmineGayticCag
4 ft (1.2 m) BIeRBaHvamanlkçN³gayRsYl . karpSauMKm W insUvGnuvtþeT nigenAeBlvaRtUv)aneFIV

viFsI aRsþ sandwich graft RtUv)aneFIV ehIymankarpSaMu 3 rW 4 EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½y . viFsI aRsþ
Conventional modes KWmni TTYl)aneCaKC½yeTenA Florida b:Eu nþ whip-grafting

pþl;nvU PaBeCaKC½ydl;eTA 80% enAétva:n; . karbMe)A CaTUeTARtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAextþ Fukien (cin)
nig RtUv)ankMnt;faCameFüa)ay EdlGaceFI)V an nigmanRbPBBI Hawaii . karbMe)AEfrkSa 2 eTA 3
qñaMeTIbykeTAdaM . edImeQIGaceFIVeGayeTACaTMrgbgáat; edaykarkat; eGayduHBnøkfµI . karkat;
edImminsUvRtUv)aneRbIeT .
10
[stVlit¥ ]: stVl¥ti CaeRcInRtUv)anrkeXIjenAelIedImemon dUcCa stink bug (Tessaratoma

javanica) EdleFIk V arbMpaø jeTApáa . k_manRbePTstVdgávÚ EdlsIupáapgEdr . kareRbIR)as;sarFatuKImI
GaceFIVeGay b:HBal;dl;dMenIrlMGg nigRbePTstVXúMµ cMeBaH stink bug GacRtUv)ankMcat;eday
hymenopterous parasitoid Edlrs;elIst u‘ dgávÚ nag . EpøRtUv)anbMpøajeday xµtÚ ecaHrun§ (piercing
moths) dgávÚ ecaHrun§ (borer caterpillars) nigruyEpø (fruit flies) . GñkdaMduHenARbeTséf
(nigk_dUcCaenA RbeTskm<C ú a [13]) CYnkaleRbIR)as;fg;)aø sÞci edIm,IkarBarEpø . Epø nig 'mata

kucing' c.s. - RtUv)ansIuedayBBYkRbecov (enAkm<C ú a nigéf cegáamEpøRtUv)ankarBaredayk®nþkb¤sSI
[13]) . viFs I aRsþ draconian CakarsMlab; edaycrnþGKÁIsnI edayeRbIR)as;tg;RKb
CamYysMNaj;lYs EdlmancrnþGKÁsI nI . RbPBepSgeTot)an Bnül;fa edImemonCaRbePTeQI
EdlminrgkarvayRbharBIBBYkstVl¥it . ([5])
[CMgW]:CMgW EdlsMxan;EtmYyKt;enA kñúgRbeTséfKW rosette shoot rW witches' broom
EdlbNþalmkBI mycoplasm . edImeQI EdlrgnUvCMgW nwgbgðajnUvkarlUtlas;minFmµta

nigecjpáatic . minTan;manviFI kñúgkarBüa)alenAeLIyeT nigedImeQIEdlmanCMgWRtUvkab;ykecj
ehIyeFIkV ardutkMeTcecal . Powdery mildew bMpøajkBa©úMpáa nigEpø Edlx©Ién 'mata kucing'
EdlmanlkçN³ RsedognwgkarbMpaø j eTAelI savem:A . Thread blight ekItmaneLIgenAelIEmk
nigsøwkrbs; 'mata kucing'" [1] .
[epSg²]: enAeBlCamYyKñaenaHEdr mansBaØaBIkarxVHnUvsarFatuEr: EdlRtUv)anBüa)aleday bEnßmnUv
sarFatuTaMgenaH kñúgeBleFIkV ardak;CI [5].

F> karGPirkS :
edayehtufaRbePTenHRtUv)andaMduHCaeRcInenaH vaminRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbePTEdlrgeRKaHfañkeLIy
.
ÉksarBieRKaH [12]
11

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]:
PaKxagt,Úgcin \NÐa PUma RsIlgáa .

[karnaMclU ]:
GURsaþlI (Queensland) b½rmUda km<Cú a cin Kuy)a \NÐeÚ nsIu (manEt ssp. malesianus) Lav ma:rITus
ma:eLsIu (manEt ssp. malesianus ) eBrUrIkU hVlI IBnI ( manEt ssp. malesianus) rIyeU non étva:n; éf
shrdæGaemrik evotNam .
p> epSg² :
[plitkmµ nigBaNiCk¢ mµGnþrCati]:plitkmµemonenARbeTséf KW 20,100 t enAkMLgú qñaM 1986/1987

nig 58,660 t enAqñaMbnÞab;eTot EdlbgðajBI karecjEpøBrI rdUv BItMbn; EdlmanépÞRkla RbEhl
23,500 ha. karnaMecjEpøRss; Epødak;kMbug : nigEpøsÜ¶t eTAkan;sgw ðbrU I hugkug nig EC mancMnYn
10600, 2950 nig 0.4 t enAqñaM 1986 . enAkEnøgepSgeTotenAGasIG u aeKñy_ enARtwmEtxagekIt cava:
(Java) KWCakEnøgEdlplit emon EdlmanbrimaNx<s. ; Epød_éTeTotdUcCa 'mata kucing'
manlk;enAtamrdUv enAkñgú TIpSarkñgú tMbn; . ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[sarFatu EdlmankñúgEpø]: kñúgEpø 100 g énEpñkEdlbriePaK)anman : Calories: 61 (Rss;), 286
(s¶Üt) sMenIm : 82.4 g (Rss;), 17.6 g (s¶t Ü ) (458 kJ/100 g [1]) . Protein: 1.0 g (Rss;), 4.9
g (s¶Üt) . xøaj; : 0.1 g (Rss;), 0.4 g (s¶Üt). Carbohydrates: 15.8 g (Rss;), 74.0 g (s¶Üt)
(25.2 g [1]). sarFatusrés: 0.4 g (Rss;), 2.0 g (s¶Üt). epH: 0.7 g (Rss;) (0.5 g [1]), 3.1 g
12
(s¶Üt) kal;süÚm : 10 mg (2 mg [1]) (Rss;), 45 mg (s¶Üt) pUsrV : 42 mg (Rss;) (6 mg [1]),
196 mg (s¶Üt) Edk : 1.2 mg (Rss;) (0.3 mg [1]), 5.4 mg (s¶Üt). Thiamine: 0.04 mg (s¶t Ü ).
Ascorbic Acid: 6 mg (Rss;), 28 mg (s¶t Ü )" [6] . "Vitamin A 28 IU, vitamin B1 0.04 mg,
vitamin B2 0.07 mg, niacin 0.6 mg nig vitamin C 8 mg . smasFatupSMénEpø 'mata kucing'
KWmni sUvCaxusKñab:nu aµ neT b:uEnþ carbohydrates nigfamBlKWmankMritTabCag

eTaHbIkrM itsarFatiEr:x<sk; e_ day [1] .
[GnuRbePT nigkUn]: BIr GnuRbePT nigR)aMBUCrbs;emonRtUv)anEckdac;BIKañ edaysarTgsøk w . cMeBaH
ssp. malesianus, var. malesianus bgðajnUvlkçN³xusKñaenA Borneo . EpøragmUl nigrelag .
enA]bTIbV ma:eLsIu TMrg;EdlKYreGaykt;sKM al;KEW pømUlrelag EdlbþrÚ CaBN’etañtenAeBlTMu . RbePT

'mata kucing' RtUv)ankMNt;faCa Euphoria malaiensis . vamansMbkxageRkAesþgI
nigBi)akbriePaK .TMrg;enH k_manenA Borneo nig Sumatra pgEdr . TMrg;Edll¥bpM tu manenA
Sarawak edaymanEpøFM nig sMbk Rkas; . TMrg;TaMgenHGacRtUv)ancat;fñak;Ca bI
RbePTedayeyageTAtamlkçN³Epø : 'isau' EdlmanEpø ragmUl nigmanBN’ébtgenAeBlTMu 'sau'
EpømUlRTEvg nigmanBN’ébtgenAeBlTMu nig 'kakus' manrag mUl nigBN’etñatenAeBlTMu . søwk páa
nigTMrg;edImk_manlkçN³xusKñapgEdr . 'kakus' manduHBaseBj Sarawak cMEnk 'isau' nig 'sau'
eRcInduHenAtamdgTenøén Tenø Rajang nigRClg Bareo . Var. echinatus manlkçN³xusKñaBI
var. malesianus edayEpømanlkçN³Evg RsedogsavemA: (Nephelium lappaceum L.) .
BUCenHRtUv)anrkeXIjenA Sabah EdlCakEnøgman 'kakus' duHlUtlas;pgEdr . RbePTemon

EdlGacbriePaK)anRtUv)anEbgEckenAkñgú RbeTséf EdlRtUv)ansnñdi æanfazitkñúgRbePT ssp.
longan. RbePTTImy Y CaedImeQIéRBFM EdlmanEpøtUc nigsMbkesþgI EdlGaceRbIR)as;srM ab;karbgáat;
BUC . RbePTTIBIrCaRbePTemonFmµta ('lamyai kraduk') RtUv)andaMduHenAPaKxageCIg rbs;RbeTs

Edl manedImRtg; pþl;nUvEpøtUc nigRKab;FM nigeRbIR)as;karbgáat;edImsMrab;knU eQIeFIBV aNiC¢kmµ .
RbePTTIbCI a RbePTkUneQIBaNiCk¢ mµ ('lamyai kraloke') Edlpþl;nUvEpøFM nigRKab;tUc . RbePTkUn
EdlnaMclU RbeTs éfrYmman : 'Daw', 'Chompoo', 'Haew', 'Biew Kiew', 'Dang', 'Baidum',
'Luang' nig 'Talub Nak' . enARbeTscin 'Fu Yan', 'Wu Long Ling' (TaMgenA Fujian), 'Wu Yuan'
nig 'Shi Xia' (TaMgenAkñgú extþ) KWkEnøgEdlplitkUnd_FM enAétva:n; 'Yong Tao Ye' nig 'Chiau On
Diao'" [1] .
13
[FnFanesenTic]: RKab;BCU manCivitxøeI BksMrab;karRbmUlsMPar³tMnrBUC (germplasm collection).
RbeTséfKWCaTIkEnøgEdlRbmUlpþMúnUvRbePTemonya:geRcIn enA Chiang Mai nig Lamphun.
kUneQIrbs;
éfmanlkçN³xusKañTaMgBnøk páa niglkçN³EpøBkI nU eQIrbs;cin b:Eu nþPaBcMruHrbs;EsnmankMritTab .
mankarRbmUlnUvkUneQICaeRcInRbePTenARbeTsGURsþalI karRbmUleRcInbMptu KWenA Kamerunga
Horticultural Research Station zitenACit Cairns nig Queensland .
saklviTüal½yksikmµma:eLsIu (The University of Agriculture Malaysia) edaymansaxaenA
Bintulu nig Sarawak \LÚvkøayCaGñk RbmUlsMPar³tMNBUCrbs; D. longan ssp. malesianus
ya:gFM . PaBxus²Kña enA Sarawak pþl;nUv

»kaskñgú karTTYl)annUvsMPar³tMnBUCEdlmanKuNPaBx<s.; karEsVgrkenAkñgú tMbn;qa¶ y
dac;RsyalRtUv )aneFIVeLIgCaeTogTat; edIm,IeFIVGtþsBaØaNedImeQI EdlmanKuNPaBEpøx<s;
sac;Rkas; cegáamEpøeRcIn nig RbmUlnUvBnøkrbs;RbePTeQI .
[karbgáat;]: kUneQICnM an;eRkaymanlkçN³xusBIKañ ya:gxøaMg nigEpømanTMhMtUc . dUcenH
karEklMGrnUvkUn eQIRtUv)aneFIeV LIgtamry³kareRCIserIs CaBiess EpøTMhMFM
EpñkEdlGacbriePaK)aneRcIn sac;RsYy rsCatiqa¶ j; nigCatisxá <s; . kñúgkarpþl;nUv TinñpleRcIn
nigeTogTat; emonGacqab;gab; ebIeRbobeFobeTA emon FmµtaenARbeTséf . bc©úb,nñlkçN³TIpSar
dUcCakarqab; rW yWtkñgú karRbmUlpl sMrab;eFICV aemon
kMb:gu RtUv)aneFIeV LIgedaymankarRbugRby½tñbpM tu .
[GnaKt]:EpøEdlmanTMhMtUc nigpþl;EpøBrI rdUv KWCakarsMxan;kúgñ karBRgIkdMNaM .
karpþl;eyabl;CaeRcIn RtUv)aneFIeV LIg edIm,IFananUvkarecjEpøeGay)aneTogTat; Edleyagtam
P½sþtú agmYycMnYn b:Eu nþvaRKab;Et Cakarsakl,b:ueNÑaH . vagayRsYlkñgú karTTYl)annUvTinñpll¥

nigmanesßrPaBBIemon eRcInCagKUeln BIeRBaHRbePTTaMgBIrenHGacCMnsY Kña)an
ehIymanKWmankarsaksmCagKUeln . RbsinedImRtUv)anecaH runC§ aeTogTat;
karlUtlas;mankMritmFüm niggayRsYléRkEmk edIm,IrkSaTMhMedImeGaymanTMhM EdlGac
RKb;RKg)an . edImtUc EdldaMenACitKña pþl;EpøeTogTat; nigpþl;plx<s; . RbePTemon
Edll¥bpM tu enaHKW spp. malesianus CaBiess var. malesianus enA Sarawak nigtMbn;d_éTeTotén
Borneo EdlGacpþl; nUvkarTak;Tajdl;RbePTemon edaysarvazitenAtMbn;TMnabRtUBicesIm .
14
[karrkSaTukEpø]: enAkñgú bnÞb;rkSasItuNðPaB emonenArkSalkçN³l¥)anry³eBlCaeRcInéf¶ . BIeRBaH
sMbkd_rwgmaMu CYyeGayEpøminqab;sy¥ú rlYydUcCa KUelneT . karsakl,genA Florida
bgðajfaEpøemon Gackk nigminEbkya:gelOn dUcKUeln enAeBlvarlayenaHeT .
Anonymous, 1987. Lychees and longan. Union Offset, Bangkok. pp. 44-71. (Thai).
[1]
Holtum, R.E., 1953. Gardening in the lowlands of Malaya. The mata kucing. The Straits
Times Press, Singapore. pp. 294-295.
[1]
Knight Jr., R.J., Manis, W.E., Kosel, G.W. & White, C.A., 1968. Evaluation of longan and
lychee introductions. Proceedings Florida State Horticultural Society 84: 314-317.
[1]
Leenhouts, P.W., 1971. A revision of Dimocarpus (Sapindaceae). Blumea 19: 113-131.
[1]
Liu, X., Zheng, J., Pan, D. & Xie, H., 1986. An investigation on the leaf nutritional
diagnosis criteria of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.). Journal of the Fujian Agricultural
College 15 (3): 237-247.
[1]
Menzel, C.M., Watson, B.J. & Simpson, D.R., 1989. Longans - a place in Queensland's
horticulture? Queensland Agricultural Journal 113(5): 251-265.
[1]
Morton J. (1987) Fruits of warm climates; Longan.
15
[4]
Tongdee, S.S., 1977. Study on the characteristics of longans during storage. Kasikorn
50(2): 95-97. (Thai).
[1]
Verheij, E.W.M. & Koopmans, A., 1984. Flowering and fruiting of longan (Euphoria
longana Lam.) in East Java in 1983. Agrivita 7(1): 14-19.
[1]
van Welzen, P.C., Lamb, A. & Wong, W.W.W., 1988. Edible Sapindaceae in Sabah.
Nature Malaysiana 13: 10-25.
[1]
Wong, K.C., Ibrahim Yusof, Pearce, K.G. & Alau Tayan, D., 1988. Isau - A potential
tropical longan (Dimocarpus longan) of Sarawak. Proceedings of the Third National
Biology Symposium, Subang Jaya (in print).
[1]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[2] ARCBC BISS Species Database: http://arcbc.org/cgi-bin/abiss.exe (Internet

source)
[3] ECOCROP: http://ecocrop.fao.org (Internet source)
16
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Species
Info.asp?SpID=17976 (Internet source)
[6] Morton, J. 1987: Longan. p. 259–262. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F.
Morton, Miami, FL.
[8] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to

Forest Trees of Northern Thailand.
[9] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35,
25th June 1988. Phnom Penh.
[10] Rehm, S.; Espig, G., 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics.
Planning Institute. Hanoi
[12] Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees. A Worldwide

Encyclopedic Guide.
17
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don]

[Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don [10]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ hairy-leafed apitong [10], Indonesian gurjun [9]
K> sTisn½y ³ Dipterocarpus gonopterus Turcz.,
Dipterocarpus lemeslei Vesque,

Dipterocarpus incanus Roxb.,
Dipterocarpus unesbi Vesque [4],
Dipterocarpus philippinensis Foxw. [7]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ keruing yang, keruing (Trade name) [9, 10] - yang-na
(Thailand) [7] - dàu rái, d[aaf]u r[as]i , dau nuoc, dzau con rai
trang, dau con rai (Vietnam) [5, 11, 12, 16] - nha:ng, nha:ng
kha:w, nhang, nhang khao, nhang mouk (Laos) [9, 10] -
hairy-leafed apitong, apinau, ayamban (Philippines) [10] -
keruing, kruen (France) [9] - dulia garjan, garjan
(Bangladesh) [9] - gurjin (India) [9] - kanyin, kanyin-byu
(Myanmar) [9]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ eQITalTwk

c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ chhe tiel tuk, chhe tiel thom [3], chhë: ti:ël bângku:ëy, chhë:
ti:ël ba:y [10], chhoeuteal tan, chur tuk, gnang [9],

chheutealteuk [15]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
ePT : Dipterocarpus Gaertner f.
RbePT : Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G.
Don
ÉksarBieRKaH: [9]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: eQITalTwkCaedImeQICrM uHsøkw manTMhMmFüm eTAFM EdlGacmankMBs;dl;eTA 40 m

x<s; CagenH [10, 11] (-45 m [16], 25-40 m [3], 45-53 m [4]) . edImmanlkçN³mUl x<s; Rtg;
ragsIuLaMg nigKµanEmkenA rhUtdl;kBM s; 20 m [10] (20-30 m [4]) edaymanGgát;pti© DBH Gtibrima
150 cm [10, 11, 16] (200 cm [12] RbEvgCMvu ij 3-4 m [4]) . kenSamsøwkragdUcq½Rt .
EmkenAtUcmaneram nigBnøkrag Caes<ó nigrMueTAedayeramBN’elOg .

[sMbk]: sMbkxageRkAesþg I BN’RbepHRsal nigrelagenAeBltUc eRkammkmanlkçN³Rkas; enAeBl
edImcas; nigeRbHeRCA² . RsbesþgI ² RCuHFøak;CadM²u . sMbgxagkñúgmanBN’etñatlayelOg
nigmanC½r .
[søwk]: søwkragdUcs‘ut rW eGlIb EdlmanRbEvgare 9-25 x 3.5-15 cm [11] (10-20 x 6-11 cm [4], 16-
20 x 8-10 cm [12], 14-25 x 6-15 cm [16]) edaymanBN’ébtgRsalenAelIépÞxageRkam .
Kl;søkw ragdUc esñók nigmUl cugsøkw xøIRsYc rW BITaleTARsYc . srésrEv:nTIBIzitenACaKUmancMnYn 11-

18(-20) [11] (15 KU [4], 11-20 KU [16] minsUvmaneramenABIelI nigmanerameRcInenAxageRkam .
TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2.5-4.5 cm [11] (2.5 - 3.5 cm [4]) edaymanBN’elOgcas; nigmaneram .

karduHsøwk nigBnøkenAelIedIm eBjv½yekIt maneLIgenAEx mkra dl; mifuna bnÞab;BIsItuNðPaB
nigsMeNImminsUvERbRbYl søwkcab;epþImRCuHenABak; kNþal Exvickäi a (enAeBlsItuNðPaBTab
nigsMeNImTab RBmTaMgmanry³eBlxøI ) [11] .
[páa]: kenSampáamanragCaG½kS nigzitenAcugEmk nigBnøk. páamanlkçN³FM tMerobCaRbB½n§
CapáaBIrePT nig mankøni . manRtbkpáa 5 RbEvg 8 mm manTMrg;mlU Kµaneram zitenAB½T§GvU :lu
2
EdlmanragmUlbnþic . RtbkpáacMnnY BIrmanlkçN³Evg manTMhM 14 cm x 3 cm [10] (12-15 x 3-5 cm
[12]) ragRTEvgman srésEv:n 3 xus²Kña . bIeTotxøI manTMhM 12 mm x 14 mm [10]
b:Eu nþCYnkalxøITaMg 5 Etmþg . RsTab;páa FM manragRTEvg rmYl nigmaneramenAxageRkA BN’Bgman; rW

sIuCm<Ú nigmanqñÚtBN’Rkhm enAkNþal . EpømanekseQµaleRcIn Edlmansrés filaments sMEb:t
. eksjImaneramRkas; manRbEvg 1 cm [4]FM nigmaneramenAEpñkxageRkam . ecjpáaenAExvickäi a- FñÚ
[12, 16](éf: edImExFñÚ[11]).
[Epø]: ecjEpø enAExemsa-]sPa [12, 16] (éf: Bak;kNþalExkum³Ö [11]) . ecjEpøCaerogral;qañ M
nigpþl;nvU RKab;ya:geRcIn . EpømanRbEvg 1.8-2.4 cm [4] Ggát;p©it 2-3 cm [12] kMBUl (Ggáaj;² )
cMnnY 5 Edlman RbEvg 8 mm [16] BN’ébtgenAeBlenAtUc nigERbCaBN’RkhmetñatenAeBlTMu
nigmaneramesþgI ragdUc páayRKbBIelI . vaRtUv)anrMuB½T§ edaybMBg;Kµaneram
edaymanRtbkpáaxageRkAcMnYn 5 EdlmancMnnY 2 FM EdlmanTMhMrhUtdl; 14 cm x 3 cm [11] (12 x
2.5 cm [4], 10-14 x 2-3 cm [16]) nig 3 eTotxøI Edlman TMhM 1.2 x 1.4 cm [11] (1-1.4 x 1-1.3 cm
[16]) Edlbegát I CaTMrg;søabrbs;Epø . søabman BN’RkhmenA eBlenAtUc .

ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQImanlkçN³rwgmFüm nigmanBN’PøW edaymaneQIRsal nigxømw xus²Kña .

eQIRsayman BN’esÞrI Et s rW sIuCm<Úcas; eQIxwmø manBN’sCIu m<Ú rW etñatcas; nigmansrésrRtg; .
rgVg;lUtlas;RbcaMqañ M manlkçN³minc,as; . srés vessels manGgát;p©itFM nigmancMnYntickñgú mYy
mm² [12] . sréseQICa bMBg;xül; EdlmanRbEvg 1.1-1.4 mm [12] edaymankMras;Rkas; .
vamandg;sIeu t 0.62-0.905 g/cm³ enAkMritsMeNIm 15% [10] (0.78 g/cm³ eQIst¶Ü [12] TMnajEpndI
0.574 [4], 0.72-0.8 g/cm³ enAkMrit 12% mc [4]) . lkçN³eQIepSgeTot : PaKry³énkarrYj (ébtg
eTAs¶tÜ ): Radial 3.0%, tangential 7.5% nig maD 10.8% . kMritsMelgqøgkat; (kg/cm²): 661.5
(ébtg), 1020.7 (sMgYt edayxül;) . kMrit elastic (kg/cm²): 103,900 (ébtg), 151,900
(sMgYtedayxül;) . kMrtibEM bk (kg/cm² ): 318.4 (Rss;), 552.1 (s¶t Ü ) [4] . emKuNrYjmaD : 0.51
kMriteRCob : 26% kMlaMgsMBaF (tam beNþay): 586 kg/cm² . kMlaMgbt; : 0.6 [12] .
3
RbEhl: 22°N eTA 2°N [9] (15°N eTA 5°N [6]) . eQITalTwk manRbPBkMeNIt BI\NÐeÚ nsIu éf
xaglic \NÐa (ekaH Andaman) ]bTIbV ma:eL nighVlI IBnI (Luzon) . vaGacsMrbeTAnwg
tMbn;éRBeRcInRbePT BItMbn; TMnab dl;tMbn;PñM nigCaBiess duHenAkñgú éRBeRsagesIm éRBeRsags¶Üt
éRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk éRBCMruHsøkw esIm nigéRBCMruHsøkw s¶tÜ . vamanduHtictYc enAtamsÞwg RcaMgTenø
nigRClgPñM . enAtMbn;éRBeRsag rW mUs sug vaEtduHlayCamYy Dalbergia cochichinensis,
Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Pterocarpus macrocarpus nig Sindora siamensis . enAkñg ú éRBtMbn;PñM
vaduHlayCamYy Swintonia floribunda nig Artocarpus chaplasha ehIyk_manduHlayCamYy
Shorea cochinchinensis nig Irvingia spp. enA cenøaHrvagéRBeRsag nigéRBel,aH
EdlmanRsTab;xageRkamRkas; . enAkñgú éRB dipterocarp eQITal TwkbegátI CaTMrg;RkumeGkULsÚ Iu

CamYy Dipteroarpaceae dUcCa Hopea odorata nig Anisoptera costata .
CYnkalRbePTenHbegátI CaTMrg;suT§ EdlkenSamsøwk eQITallb;eTAelIRbePTepSg²eTot . enAkñgú
brievnGgár (extþesomrab RbeTskm<Cú a) Dipterocarpus alatus, Lagerstroemia spp. nig
Tretrameles nudiflora mancMnYneRcIn EdlbNþalmkBIkareFIk V sikmµBencr enAsm½yburaN .
CaTUeTA vaRtUv)andaMenA tamR)asaT nig tampøvÚ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20]
eQITalTwk CaedImeQItMbn;PñM nigTMnab EdlmanenAkMritry³kMBs;BI 0-500 m a.s.l [2, 11, 17] (30-
500 m [9], 0-450 m [6], 300-900 m [3], 0-800 m [5], 200-500(-800) m [16]).
GakasFatumsU gu RtUBki (RtUBki esIm nigs¶Üt (Aw) [6]) edaymankMritsMeNImCamFüm 75-85% [12]
kMritePøógFøak;CamFüm 1,100-2,200 mm/ qñaM [9] (1,500-2,200 mm [12], 3,500-4,500 mm
(x<sb; Mput) [6], 3,000-5,200 mm (dac;xat) [6]) nigrdUvR)aMgBI 3-6 Ex [9] (4-6 Ex [12])
KWsmRsbbMptu . cMnYnrbs;va enARbeTshVlI IBnI KWGaRs½yeTAtamrdUv eRcInCagenAtMbn;\NÐcÚ in [11]
.kMritsItuNðPaBx<sb; Mput sMrab;karlUtlas; 22-32ºC [6] (20-30ºC [9], 25-27ºC [12])
edaymankMritsItuNðPaBTabbMput enAExRtCak;bpM tu 12-18ºC [9] nigsItuNðPaBTabbMput 10ºC [6, 9]
4
. sItuNðPaBx<sb; Mput 30-40ºC [9] (36ºC [6]) enAExekþAbMput . eyagtamRbPBxøH eQITalTwk
CaRbePTFn;ngw møb; [4, 9] RbPBepSgeTot )aneGaydwgfa vaCaRbePT eQI RtUvkarBnøWenAeBlFM
nigFn;ngw BnøeW nAeBlenAtUc [5, 16] . vaGacsmrb eTAnwgry³eBl eFIrV sµI sMeyaK ry³eBlxøI ticCag
12 ema:g/éf¶ [6] (eBléf¶ manry³eBlxøI) . Fn;nwgkarlicTwk eTaHbIgayrg eRKaHedaysarePøg I
nigxül;k_eday .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17]
edImeQIRbePTenH cUlcitþdI Edlmindk;Twk manCICati manl,aytic rWmFüm rW xSac;enAtamdgTenø nig

dITMnabmansMenIm . Fn;nwgkarlicTwkry³eBlxøI . manlkçN³dUc Hopea odorata nig Anisoptera
costata eQITalTwkduHlUtlas;enAelIdI BN’RbepH EdlCaRbePTl,b;cas; nigman ferallit . dI
Edlman memaktick_smRsbsMrab;RbePTenHpg Edr . vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥

enAelIdImanCatiGasIuttictYc eday man pH BI 5-6 [12] nigdINWt . lkçN³dI : CMerAeRCAbMput (>150
cm) CMerAdac;xat : mFüm (50-150 cm) kMritCICatirbs;dI : x<s; kMritCICatidac;xat : mFüm kMritGMbil:
Tab (<4 dS/m) kareRCobTwk : l¥ [6].

ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 20]
[eQI]: eQIeQITalRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;BaNiCk¢ mµ 'keruing' enAeBlvaminRtUv)ankab;eQIenH

RtUv)an rkSaTuksMrab;karRbmUlC½r enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ CaBiess enAxagt,Úg\NÐa RsIlgáa PUma éf
nigevotNam . enARbeTséf vaKWCaRbePTsMxan;sMrab;eQIh‘ub bnÞab;BIém:sak; . eQId_mantMélenH
5
GaceRbIR)as;Ca sMng;Epñkxagkñúg vIna eQIemSARkdas kþakMral kþarCBa¢aMg TU begáal Fñmw
sMPar³sMrab;Ekécñ sarFatuKmI I sMPar³eFIBV eI QI TUrrfePøgI eQIfamBl nigsMng;TUk .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 9, 10, 11, 22]
[Gnupl]: eRbgBN’s EdlTTYl)anBIeQIRsay RtUv)ansÁal;faCa 'minyak keruing', 'damar
minyak', 'minyak lagan' rW 'balau' . eRbg EdlTTYl)anBI oleoresin RtUv)anehAfa 'gurjun
balsam' . enHminEmnCa balsam mankøin nigminmanpÞúk GasuIt cinnamic rW benzoic acid [17] .
enARbeTséf vaRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaC½r Edll¥bpM ut . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;eFIVTwkGb;

nigCaBiesssab‘U . vaCaeRbg EdlGaceRbICnM sY nigmantMélefakCag 'patchouli oil' Edl)anmkBI
Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth . eRbg oleoresin RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaRbéBNIsMrab;dutbMPWø
eFIeV RKOgsgðarwm bitTUk eFIkV ERBa¢g nig labeTAelIeQI edIm,IkarBar . enAkñgú »sfburraN
vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;sMlab;emeraK fñabM Ba©úH fañM sMrab;elIkkMlaMg nigCafñaMrwteGays<kW . sMbk
edImeQItUc² Edlmansøwk 2-4 RtUv)aneCOfa mansarFatu RbqaMgeraKsnøak;qg¥w CMgWeføIm nigCacMNId_l¥
sMrab;eKa . enAkñgú sgÁmrIkcMerIn eRbgRtUv)aneRbI sMrab; (manCatisg½ ásI) fñaKM UrKMnUr TwkfñasM rM ab;e)aHBum<
lagsMGatCBa¢aMg nigeRKOgsgðarwm nigCaRm½kSN_sMrab;lab . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
CaeRbgenAkñgú ma:sIunma:s‘UtpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17]
[epSg²]: eQITalTwkk_manskþanuBl sMrab;ksirukk ç mµpgEdr . enARbeTséf viFsI aRsþ taungya
RtUv)an Gnuvtþ edIm,IsþaréRBeQIeLIgvij enAelIdImni sUvmanCICati . sarFatusrIragÁ nigdIman NPK
enAxageRkam smRsbsMrab;karlUtlas; [11] . vaCaedImeQI eRbIkgñú kardaMCacenøaH
CamYyedImeQIhUbEpø . eTaHbI karsikSaenAevotNam bgðajfakardaMCacenøaHCamYykaehV (Coffea

spp.) minRtUv)anpþl;dbM Unµan.
RbePTeQIlMdab;fñak;TI 2 [1].
6
[lkçN³TUeTA]: vaGacsMrbeTAnwgtMbn;éRBeRcInRbePT BItMbn;TMnab dl;tMbn;PñM nigCaBiess

duHenAkñgú éRB eRsagesIm éRBeRsags¶Üt éRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøkw éRBCMruHsøkw esIm nigéRBCMruHsøkw s¶tÜ .
vamanduHtictYc enAtamsÞwg RcaMgTenø nigRClgPñM . enAtMbn;éRBeRsag rW mUssug vaEtduHlayCamYy
Dalbergia cochichinensis, Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Pterocarpus macrocarpus nig Sindora
siamensis . enAkñg ú éRBtMbn;PñM vaduHlayCamYy Swintonia floribunda nig Artocarpus chaplasha

ehIyk_manduH layCamYy Shorea cochinchinensis nig Irvingia spp. enAcenøaHrvagéRBeRsag
nigéRBel,aH Edlman RsTab;xageRkamRkas; . enAkñgú éRB dipterocarp eQITalTwk begátI
CaTMrg;RkumeGkULsÚ uI CamYy Dipteroarpaceae dUcCa Hopea odorata nig Anisoptera costata .
CYnkalRbePTenHbegátI CaTMrg;suT§ EdlkenSamsøwk eQITallb;eTAelIRbePTepSg²eTot .
eyagtamRbPBxøH eQITalTwk CaRbePTFn; nwgmøb; [4, 9] RbPBepSgeTot )aneGaydwgfa
vaCaRbePTeQI RtUvkarBnøWenAeBlFM nig Fn;ngw BnøeW nAeBl enAtUc [5, 16] . vamanlT§PaBéRkEmk
edayxøÚnÉgpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 20]
[karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: enAkñg ú éRB Dipterocarpus FmµCati kUneQI nigkUneQIbun: efñal
Gacrs;enA kñúgéRB ry³eBleRcInqñaeM nAkñgú møb; . karduHlUtlas;edayFmµCatimanlkçN³l¥
CaBiessenAtambeNþay dgTenø rWtMbn;TMnabesIm . enAqñaMTI 2 karebIkKMrbmøb; minRtUv)anFn;eT
b:Eu nþknU eQIGacduH)anl¥ (RbEhl 120 cm ) KMrbmøbG; acRtUv)anebIk edIm,IeFIVeGay
kUneQIduHlUtlas;)anelOn . RbePTeQIPaK eRcInduH lUtlas;)anl¥ enAkñgú éRBbzmEtb:eu NÑaH [17]
. karduHeLIgvij edayFmµCatirbs;eQITalTwk RtUv)anduH eLIgvijCaeRcIn enAtamdIsMrab;eFIkV sikmµ
nigéRBkarBarbnÞab;BIkareFVGI aCIvkmµ .
[kardaMduH]: kUneQIsMrab;daMduH KYrRtUv)andaMenAeBlBYkvamanGayu 12-14 Ex [12] edaymankMBs;
CamFüm 60-80 cm [12] . vaRtUv)anpþl;eyabl;eGaydaM eQITalenAelIdIRbepH dIl,b;cas; Edl

mankardaMduH edayenAkMrittMbn;FM enAbrievN 15-30 m [12] . sßanPaBdIKrY EtesµI edaymanéRBtUc²
rW esµA . enAPaK xagt,ÚgevotNam kardaMduHRtUv)andaM bnÞab;BIePøógFaøk; elIkdMbgU (mifuna - kkáda) [12]
7
. vaRtUv)andaMCa cMkarsuT§ enAeRkammøbe; dImeQIdUcCa Indigofera teysmanii, Cassia siamensis,
Acacia auriculiformis nig Paraserianthes falcataria edaymandg;seIu tdMbUg 1,000 edIm/ha (3 x 3
m) [12] rW 600 edIm/ha [12] (km<C ú a : 625 edIm/ha [19]) (4 x 4 m) [12] . kardMaedaypÞal;
enAeRkamedImeQI k_GacRtUv)aneFIeV LIgpg Edr RbsinebIvamanmøb;RKb;RKan; . kUneQI
GacduHlUtlas;l¥ CamYy ectomycorrhizae énePT (genus) Russula .
[karRKb;RKg]: karEfTaMRtUv)aneFIeV LIg ry³eBl 7 bnþbnÞab; . BIqñaMTI 1 eTA 3 : karsMGatesµABIrdg
(2x = mun nigeRkayrdUvePøóg ). enAqñaT M I 4 eTA 5 :karkat;rMelaHBnøk ebIkKMrbmøb; kMNt;

dg;sIeu tRtUv)aneFIeV LIg. enArdUvR)aMg RtUvmankarRKb;RKgePøgI eqH . enAqñaMTI 7-10 karkab;rMelaH
RtUv)aeFIeV LIg edIm,IkMNt;dg;seIu t edImeQIRtwm 280-300 edIm/ha (4 x 8 or 6 x 6 m) [12] .
[karRbmUlC½r]: bec©keTskñúgkarRbmUlC½r éneQITalTwk manlkçN³dUcKñaTUTaMgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ nig
minRtUv)anvivtþ rWpøas;brþÚ eT enAkñgú kMLúgry³eBl 100 qñaMknøgmkenH . karykC½r TamTareGay

mankar ecaHrun§ enAelIedIm edaybBaÄiteTAkNþaledIm . dMenIrkarenHRtUv)anehAfa 'boxing' .
CYnkal CeNþrI RtUv )anksagedIm,I eFVkI arecaHykC½r EdlenAkEnøgelIRBwgénedImeQIF²M .
eQITalTwkKWCaedImeQIEtmYyKt; EdlRtUv)anecaHykC½renAeBlvamanGgát;p©itelIsBI 50 cm
enAeBledImeQItUcCaenH vaminpþl;plRKb; RKan;eT . rn§manlkçN³bBaäti nigGacBRgIg
dl;Bak;kNþaledIm . vaRtUv)anecaH enARCug EdlkenSam søwkmanEmk nigsøwkeRcIn . Boxing
GacRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenATabCag 2-3 m énedIm nigedIm EdlmanGgát; p©it 75 cm EdlGac
RtUv)anecaHBI 2-3 run§ . CaTUeTA C½rGachUrkñúgry³eBlmYyema:g nigRtUv)anrkSaTuk enAkñgú run§ .
vaRtUv)andgmþgeRkayry³eBl 7-8 éf¶ . bnÞab;BIkarRbmUl C½rEdlrwgRtUv)andut edIm,IkarBar
mineGaysÞHkarhUrC½r nigeFIeV GayvahUr)anelOn . kareqH RtUvkary³eBl 20 vinaTI eTA 2 naTI

CYnkal dl;eTA 20 naTI . bnÞab;BIePøgI rlt; C½rEdleqH RCuHcUleTAkñgú run§ nigeFIeV Gay
C½rcab;epþmI hUrmþg;eTot . enAeBl run§ElgmanC½rhUr vaRtUv)ane)aHbg;ecal . kareRbIR)as; ethrel
CMnYskardut edImeFIVeGayC½rhUr RtUv)anGegát b:uEnþminmanRbsiT§PaBxøagM eT rW
b:HBal;eTAelIedImeQIenaHeT . karykC½rRtUv)aneFIeV LIg ry³eBleRcInqñaM nigkarhUrrbs;C½r man
eRcInenArdUvvsSa nigkarRbmUlC½rRtUv)ankMNt; . GñkRbmUlC½rCn CatiLav GHGagfaedImeQIGacpþl;
C½rrhUtdl;ry³eBl 50-80 qñaM . GñkykC½r mansiT§ieTAelIedImeQI nimYy²
8
nigTTYlsiT§ti amry³karsñgmrtk . edImeQI EdlRtUv)andaMduHRtUv)an RKb;RKgedayma©sE; tmñak; Kt;
. enAeBledImeQIRtUv)anTukecal enAeBlsiTy§i kC½rRtUv)an)at;bg; . enAma:eLsIu karykC½rRtUv)an
GPivDÆn_ Edlpþl;plx<sC; agmun . viFsI aRsþ 'bark chipping' Tak;Tgnwgkarkat;sbM kxageRkA bnÞab;BI
sMbkRtUv)anykecjBIedIm EdlmanTTWg 2.5 . sñamenH manRbEvg 1 m nigmanTiseTAxagelI eday
mankMritmMu 30º eFobnwgG½kSedk . RbB½nT§ RtUv)anbitenAxag eRkam edaydak;EBgenAEpñkxageRkam
. GasuIts‘ulpYric RtUv)an)aj;eTAelIeQI . enAkñgú karBiesaFn_ eTAedImeQIcMnYn 4 )anbgðajnUv
kMritkMhab; cMnnY 10% Edlpþl;nUvTinpñ lRbcMaéf¶ BI 78-320 g . søwk)øasiÞk RtUv)anRKbeTAelIRbB½nT§
nig karBarnUv ePøóg nigPaBkxVk; eTAelIC½r EdlhUr . minmankarGnuvtþnvU viFsI aRsþenH
plitkmµCr½ GacRtUv)anx¢Hx¢ay . vamankarsgS½y eTAelIbec©keTsenH faetIvaGacCMnsY
viFsI aRsþburaN rW k_Gt; enAeBl EdlvaTamTarnUv kargarbEnßmsMrab;Gkñ ykC½r [17] .
[karrkSaTuk bnÞab;BIkarRbmUl]: enA]bTIbV ma:eLsIu karRbmUlC½reQITalTwk RtUv)ancMeraH eday)av rW
és, EdlPa¢b;nwgs‘mu eQI . eRbgRtUv)anhUrqøgkat; enAeBlkMeTc rW kkRtUv)anXaMgTukenAkñgú és, rW
)av . enAkMLgú eBldMenIrkarenH eRbgGacRtUv)anhYt nigeRbg migRtUv)anEjkecj
BIC½rTaMgRsugenaHeT . karcMhuyCamYyTwk Gacpþl;nUveRbgkMritx<s; [17] .
[Tinñpl]: TinñplRbcaMqñaM énedImeQITalTwk enARbeTsLavKWRbEhl 22.5-31 l/edIm [11, 17] .
[karRbmUl nigkarrkSaTukRKab;BCU ]: eQITalTwkCaRbePT Edlecjpáa nigEpøCaerogral;qñaM

b:Eu nþkarplit RKab;Kwmni eTogTat; edaymanry³eBl 1-3 qñaM rW 1-6 qñaM [9] GaRs½yeTAelITItaMgtMbn; .
karRbmUlEpøRtUv )aneFIVeLIgBI Exmina- emsa [12] enAeBl EdlEpøERbBIBN’ébtg eTACaébtgcas; .

EpøGacRtUv)an RbmUlBIedImeQI rW bnÞab;BIBYkvaFøak;mkelIdI . eTaHbI BYkvaminRtUv)anRbmUlTan;eBl
k_EpøTaMgenaHnwgRtUv )anbMpaø j edaystVkekr rW BBYkstVl¥ti . bnÞab;BIkarRbmUlEpø
søabrbs;vaRtUv)ankat;ecj nigdak;RtaM enAkñgú TwkekþAlµm RbEhl 5-6 em:ag [12] . karrkSaTukRKab;
mankMrtimFüm kMritsMeNIm 17% KµanRKab; NamYyGacrs;)aneTenA eBlsMeNImmanEt 8% .
enAkMritsMeNIm 12% kMrtidMNuHmanRtwmEt 36% bnÞab;BIry³eBl 939 éf¶ edayrkSaenAkñgú bnÞb;bti Cit
enAkMritsItuNðPaB -18ºC dMNuHGacdl;eTA 80% [11] .
9
[karbnþBUCedayRKab;]: manRKab;BI 130-500 RKab;/kg [11] . RKab;Gac)at;bg;dMNuH ya:gqab;rh½s
(eRkayry³eBl 10-15 éf¶ kMritdMNuHRtUv)ankat;bnßy 50% [12]) dUcenH BYkRtUv)anlagsMGat
nigsab eTAkñúgfñaleRkayeBlRbmUl . BYkvaRtUv)anRKbedaycMebIug edIm,IeGayduHBnøk

nigbnÞab;mkdaM enAkñgú fg;pøasÞic (15-20 cm [12]) edaydIRtUv)anlay dIfñal 80-85% [12]
nigkaksMNl;CIkMbus: þ× 15-20% [12] . enAkñgú fñal dMNuHcab;epþmI kñgú ry³eBlRbEhl 10 éf¶ [4] (4-7
éf enA 25ºC [11]) nigbnþrhUtdl;ry³ eBlmYyEx nigTTYl)abnkMritdMNuHRbEhl 27% [4] .
kMritdMNuHmanGRtax<se; nAeRkammøb; . RKab; Edl RtUvkarsMrab;daMkñúg cMkarmYyhicta enAkñgú
RbeTskm<Cú a : 300 RKab;/kg cenøaHdaMduH : 4 x 4 m kUneQIsuT § RtUvkarkñgú mYyhicta : 625 GRtagab;
: 750 (20% enAkñg ú cMkar), 834 (10% enAkñgú kardwkCBa¢Ún), 1,043 (20% enAkñgú fñal) kMritdMNuH : 50%
PaBsuT§ : 90%. cMnYnRKab;srub EdlRtUvkar : 7.74 kg [19] .
[karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ]: plitkmµRKab;mineTogTat; nigRKab;CaRbePT recalcitrant
EdleFIeV Gayvamankar Bi)akkñgú karbnþBUC edayePT . . enAkMLgú qñaM 1980s edImeQIRtUv)anbnþBCU

edaymanCMnYyFmµCati nig sib,nimitµ minRtUv)aneFIeV LIgeLIy [4] . sBVéf¶
eTaHya:gNakarbnþBCU edaysrIragÁ RtUv)aneFIeV LIgtam ry³karkat; pSaMu nigbNþHú Calikar .
karkat;RtUv)aneFIeV TAelIBnøk nigExñg bnÞab;BIkarkat;rWs EdlTTYl )aneCaKC½yBI 44.5% [11] (>75%
énkarkat;rWs [12]) EdlbgðajnUvskþanuBlPaBénplitkmµ tamry³ karkat;rWs
sMrab;eKalbMNgdaMduHeQIeLIgvij .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 9, 11, 12, 19]

:
[stVl¥ti ]: RtUv)ansÁal;faCaRbePTstVlt¥i dUcCa Coryphothrips trochiceps nig Gynaikothrips
siamensis .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
[ CMgW]: The cerambycid, Celosterna pollinosa sulphurea (Synonym: Cerosterna pollinosa
sulphurea) bMpøajedImeQIenARbeTséf . Celosterna scabrator (Synonym: Cerosterna
10
scabrator) k_bpM aø jeQITalTwkpgEdr . RbePTpSitepSgeTotdUcCa Croton lucidum, Croton
sublyratus, Fomes albomarginatus nig Ganoderma applanatum .

[ epSg²]:gayrgnwgePøgI eqH nigxül; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
F> karGPirkS :
karkab;bpM aø jéRBeQI nigkarrukrkhYsehtu)anKMramKMEhgRbePTenH . dUcenHvaRtUv)ancat;cUlCa

RbePT rgeRKaHfñak; (EN A1cd+2cd, B1+2c [2, 7, 12, 18]) eyagtam IUCN (International Union
for the Conservation of Nature) World List of Threatened Trees . edaymankarkab;bp M aø j
enAevotNam RbB½ne§ GkULsÚ uIrbs;RbePTenHRtUv)anbMpøajesÞIrEtTaMgRsug . enAmunqñaM 1975
manKMeragkarkñgú kardaMduH eLIgvijRbEhl 6,000 ha én D. alatus nig D. cochichinensis b:Eu nþ
edaysarEtmans®gÁam KMeragenH RtUv)anbraC½y . bnÞab;mkenA eRkayqñaM 1975
cMkareQITalTwkrab;Ban;hictaRtUv)anbegátI edayrdæ cMkarÉkCn karEkrlMGréRBeLIgvij ksirukçkmµ
CaedIm . KMrUdaMduH CaeRcInRtUv)anTTYleCaKC½y cMeBaHkar daMduHCaRTg;RTayFM KW 300-1,200 ha
CalkçN³cMkar [12] . enARbeTséf vamanduHenAtMbn;CaeRcIn b:Eu nþ k_man karfycuHvijpgEdr .
kar)a:n;sµan;cMnYnedImeQI EdlRtUv)anKMramKMEhg enARbeTskm<Cú a (kMNt;enAkñúgsikçasalafñak;CatieTA
elIRbePTeQICaGaTiPaB erobcMeday rdæ)aléRBeQI nigKMeragRKab; BUCeQIkm<Cú a enAqñaM 2000)
edImeQI >10,000 RtUv)anKMramKMEhgtamry³karkab;bpM aø j nigedImeQI >1,000 RtUv)anKMramKMEhg
edayePøgI eqH .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 7, 8, 12, 18, 21]

11
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]: km<C
ú a Lav xagekIt\NÐa (ekaH Andaman ) PaKxageCIg\NÐeÚ nsIu PUma hVlI IBnI
(Luzon) éf evotNam .

[ karnaMclU ]: bg;køaeds \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu RsIlgáa .
p> epSg² :
[cMNat;fñak;]: enAqñaM 1993 vaRtUv)anrkeXIjfa D. alatus nig D. philippinensis KWCaRbePTrYmKña

(=RbePT EdldUcKña) [10] .
[karbgáat;]: karbgáat; rvag Dipterocarpus alatus x D. costatus RtUv)anraykarN_fµI²enH BI Khong
Chiam Ubon Ratchathani EdlCakEnøgbgáat; D. costatus x D. obtusifolius .
vaduHlUtlas;enAtMbn; Edlman Rsl;swkø BIrduH rvagéRBCMruHsøkw dipterocarp Edllb;eday D.

obtusifolius nig D. intricatus nigéRBébtgCanic© dipterocarp RtUv)anlb;eday D. costatus nig D.
alatus . TMrg;sk øw niglkçN³Epø rYmanTMhM nigBN’Tak;Taj mankMritmFüm . kUnkat;rvag

Dipterocarpus alatus x D. chartaceus RtUv)anraykarN_famanduHenAtampøÚv rvag Songkhla nig
Ranote (éf¶) RbEhl 100-200 m BIeqñrsmuRT . eramenAelIEmktUc² nigsøkw

zitenAelIbMBg;RsTab;páa EdlmanlkçN³dUc D. alatus b:Eu nþRtbkcMnYn 3 tUcCag nigKµaneramdUc D.
chartaceus [2] .
[plitkmµCr½ ]: karxYgykedaypÞal;enAkMritsItuNðPaB 255ºC énC½rrbs;eQITalTwkpþl;nvU 70%
eRbg Rkhm nig C½r 30% . enAkMLgú qñaM 1920 enAxagt,ÚgevotNam manC½rcMnYn 1,000 t
RtUv)anRbmUlBIeQI TalTwk [17] .
12
[BNiCk¢ mµeQIhb‘u ]: tMéleQImlU enAqñaM 2003 enAkñgú BiPBelak RbEhl US$ 1,500-2,000/m³ [12]
.
[sarFatuBul]: kMTiceQI rW Gacm_rNa rbs;eQITalTwkGacbNþaleGayrmas; [11].
Ankarfjard R and Kegl M. 1998. Tapping oleoresin from Dipterocarpus alatus

(Dipterocarpaceae) in a Lao village. Economic Botany. 52(1): 7-14.
[11]
Aniwat C, 1989. Common forest tree diseases in Thailand. Thailand Journal of Forestry,
8:216-226.
[10]
Hans JW, Valeriano SB, 1982. Aspects of Management and Silviculture of Philippine
Dipterocarp Forests. Philippine-German Rain Forest Development Project, Schriftenreihe
der GTZ No. 132, 17-34.
[10]
Linington IM, 1991. In vitro propagation of Dipterocarpus alatus and Dipterocarpus

intricatus.. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 27(1):81-88; 21 ref.
[10]
Namura J, 1986. Forest management in Bangladesh. Tropical Forestry, No. 7:29-35.

[10]
Ngampongsai C, Aksornkoae S, Tamanontha P, Sahunalu P, 1967. The Influence of

Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. on Soil Properties. Research note. Bangkok, Thailand: Faculty of
Forestry, Kasetsart University.
[10]
RAPA, 1985. Dipterocarps of South Asia. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
(RAPA) Monograph 4/85. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO.
[10]
13
Sabhasri S, Boonnitee A, 1967. Growth and Development of Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. in
Natural Forest. Bangkok, Thailand: Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University.
[10]
Smitinand T, Santisuk T, 1981. Dipterocarpaceae of Thailand with special reference to

silvicultural ecology. Malaysian Forester, 44(2/3):377-385; 9 ref.
[10]
Soerianegara I, Lemmens RHMJ, 1993. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(1) Timber
trees: major commercial timbers. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(1) Timber trees:
major commercial timbers., 610 pp.; [Also published by Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia. PROSEA NUGI 835.]; 817 ref.
[10]
Soonhuae P, Limpiyaprapant S, 1996. Rooting cutting of Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. and

Shorea roxburghii Roxb. in nonmist propagators. Information note, ASEAN Forest Tree Seed
Centre Project, Muak-lek, Saraburi, Thailand.
[10]
Watanabe H, Sahunalu P and Khemnark C. 1988. Combinations of trees and crops in the
taungya method as applied in Thailand. Agroforestry Systems. 6(2): 169-177.
[11]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1988. Phnom Penh.

http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Dipterocarpus.htm
(Internet source)
[3] Dy Phon, 2000, Dictionary of Plants used in Cambodia
14
[4] Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1985: Dipterocarps of South Asia. RAPA
Monograph 1985/4. Regional office for Asia and the Pacific. 321 pp.
Institute.
[7] Forest Herbarium (BKF) National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department,
Thailand – http://www.dnp.go.th/Botany (Internet source)
[8] Sontara, S. (PNSA); Petri, M. (DED), 2006: Own observations.
(CD-ROM).

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID
=10 (Internet source)

[13] ARCBC BISS Species Database: http://arcbc.org/cgi-bin/abiss.exe
15
[17] PROSEA, 2001: Plant Resources of South East Asia 18 - Plant producing exudates.
[18] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy,
Species Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-
ROM).
[19] FA/CTSP, 2005: Guidelines for site selection and tree planting in Cambodia. 90pp.
Phnom Penh
[20] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K.
Panzer).
[21] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04
[22] WWF Tropical Timbers - http://assets.panda.org/downloads/tropical_wood_images.pdf

(Internet source)
16
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertner f.]

[Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertner f.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertner f.
K> sTisn½y ³ Dipterocarpus insula[1] / Dipterocarpus insularis
Hance (1876) [6] / Dipterocarpus artocarpifolius Pierre ex

Lanessan (1889) [6]
Dipterocarpus parvifolius Heim (1903) [6]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ keruing bukit (Malaysia) [6] - kanyin in, kanyin po,
kanyin-ywet-the (Myanmar) [6] - nha:ng dè:ng (Laos) [6] -

yang-pai, yang-khao, yang-kabueang (Thailand) [6] - d[aaf]u
m[is]t, d[aaf]u c[as]t (Vietnam) [6]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ eQITalbgÁÜy

ÉksarBieRKaH : [7]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³
chhe tiel nieng daeng, chhe tiel angkuey, nieng daeng
kraham [1], chheuteal bangkuoy[7], cheuteal [8]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae[4]
ePT : Dipterocarpus Gaertner f.[6]
RbePT : Dipterocarpus costatus
Gaertner f.
[lkçN³TUeTA]:vamankMBs;BI 25-40 m [1] edaymanedImRtg; nigkenSamsøwkragCaes<ór .eQITal

bgÁyÜ GacmanGgát;p©it 160 cm [6] .
[sMbk]:sMbkmanBN’etñatRsal nigrbkCabMENk² . [søk w ]:søwkmanTMhM 8-14 x 4-8 cm [2]
nigCaTUeTAmanragdUcs‘ut . BYkvamancugRsYc nigKl;manragdUcebHdUg . søkw x©IRtUv)anRKbedayeram
Edl manTMrg;dUcCapáay . søwkcas;BRgayeramxø²I enAelIséssøkw nigEpñkxageRkamsøwk .
[páa]:páamanRbEvg 2 cm [2]nigBN’TwkRkUcRsal . vaduHlUtlas;CakBa©x úM KøI µanEmk Edlmanpáa 3-6
[2] enARtg;cMBaménsøkw x©I .
[Epø]:EpømansøabEvg BIr EdlmanRbEvg 8-12 cm [2] . RbEvgEpøKW 1.2-1.5 cm [2] .
Epøx©IKmW anBN’ RkhmRss; . ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 6]

Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
kMritdg;suIeteQIKW 0.74-0.97g/cm³ [6] enAsMeNIm 15% . vaminFn;ngw GakasFatuxageRkA .

2
eQITalbgáÜyCaRbePTeQIén\NÐcÚ ni nig]bTIbV ma:eLsIu EdlvaEtduHlUtlas;CamYyBBYk

D.turbinatus eTaHbICa kMrgmanenAry³kMBs;x<sk ; e_ day . vaduHlUtlas;enAkñgú éRBeRsagCMruHsøwkcMruH
RbePT b¤ Bak; kNþalCMruHsøwkénTMbn;TMnab nigéRBesImtMbn;PñM .
RbePTeQIenH duHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;BiI 0-1,200 m a.s.l. [5] . GakasFatumsU gu RtUBci Edlman

kMrit TwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 2,500-4,500 mm [5] nig rdUvR)aMgBI 0-4 months [10]KWsmRsbbMptu .
eTaHbI kMritTwkePøóRbcaMqñaxM <sb; Mput 2,800 nig 3,500 mm [5] . sItuNðPaBx<sb; Mput 21°C eTA 31°C
[5] . sItuNðPaBTabbMput 10°C [5] nigsItN u ðPaBx<sb; Mput 38°C [5] .
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn;

eQITalbgáÜyduHlUtlas;l¥enAelIdIeRCobTwk)anl¥ nigmanCICati . RbePTeQIenHGaclUtlas;elIdI

man pH BI 5 eTA 6 [5] . cMeBaHdImanCatiGbM il <4 dS/m[5] RbePTenHmankarFn;pgEdr .
[eQI]:eQIh‘ubRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;sMNg; nigkarksagnava b:Eu nþvaminsUvFn;eT . vak_RtUv)aneRbI

R)as; sMrab;eFIVFüÚgpgEdr .
3
[Gnupl]:C½r oleo d_mantMél (=eRbgeQI)RtUv)anRbmUlBIedImeQIEdleRbIR)as;srM ab;]sSahkmµ
fñalM ab biTTUk nigkareFIcV nøHú nigfñaBM üa)aldMe)A .
[epSg²]:minTan;manTinñn½y .
RbePTeQIcMNat;fñak;elx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:eQITalbgÁyÜ duHlUtlas;CamYyBBYk D. turbinatus eTaHbICa kMrmanenAry³kMBs;

x<sk; _ eday . vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBeRsagCMruHsøkw cMruHRbePT b¤ Bak;kNþalCMruHsøwkénTMbn;TMnab
nigéRBesIm tMbn;PñM .
[karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: "kUneQI nigedImb:unefñal mankarFn;RTaMng w møbx; øaMg . enABIrqñaMdMbgU
kar ebIk enSamsøkw TaMgmUlminKYreFIeV LIy b:Eu nþbnÞab;BIknU eQIrwgmaMl¥ (kMBs; 120 m) kenSamsøkw RtUv
)anebIk edIm,I begánI karlUtlas; . RbePTeQIPaKeRcInduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAkñúgéRBminTan;man
karrukran . [9]
[kardaMduH]: "enAeBlkUneQIRtUv)andaMenATIval edImeQIpþl;mbø ;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;dUcCa Acacia

auriculiformis nig Paraserianthes falcataria .
[karRKb;RKg]: minTan;manTinñny ½ .
4
karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijedayFmµCatiKWmanlkçN³l¥ . kUneQIk_RtUveRbIsMrab;kardaMduHpgEdr . [9]
[CMgW]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTeQIenHRtUv)ancat;fñak;CaRbePTeQIrgeRKaHfñak; ('EN' [4]) eyagtam IUCN (International

Union for the Conservation of Nature) World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red
Databook') .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTsbg;køaeds RbeTsPUma RbeTs\NÐa (Andaman Islands) RbeTsLav
RbeTskm<Cú a RbeTs evotNam RbeTséf nigPaKxageCIgRbeTsma:eLsIu .

[karnaMclU ]:Cak;EsþgNas; RbePTenHminRtUv)andaMduHenAeRkAtMbn;EdlvaduHlUtlas;CaFmµCatienA
eLIy eT.
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
5
p> epSg² :
[kUnkat;]: " kUnkat;edayFmµCatirvag D. costatus nig D. obtusifolius RtUv)ansegáttam danenA

RbeTséf nigPUma nigrvag D. costatus and D. gracilis enARbeTséf nig ]bTIbV ma:eLsI"u .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6].
Foxworthy, F.W., 1932. Dipterocarpaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest

Records No 10. Printers Limited, Singapore. 289 pp.
[6]
Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd
edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-
1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
[6]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH [1] Dy Phon, 2000, Dictionary of Plants used in Cambodia

:

[4]ARCBC BISS species database http://arcbc.org/cgi-

5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
6
[9] PROSEA, 2001: Plant Resources of South East Asia 18 - Plant producing
exudates.

7
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre]

[Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre
K> sTisn½y ³ minTan;manTinñn½y.
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ keruing etoi, keruing daun besar (Malaysia) [1] - kanyin thi
(Myanmar) [1] - yang-klong, yang-man-mu, yang-sian, yang

yung, yung, yung dam (Thailand) [1, 2] - d[aaf]u song n[af]ng
(Vietnam) [1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ eQITalQ¶
ÉksarBieRKaH : [5]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| Datasheet Report
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ chhë: ti:ël chngâ:(r), chhë: ti:ël pruhs, chngâ:(r). [1], royieng,
chhe tiel pruhs, chhe tiel th’ngor [3], cheuteal chngo [4],
chhoeuteal chhngar [9]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
RbePT : Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:CaedImeQIBak;kNþalCMruHsøwkmanTMhMmFüm nigFMkMBs;dl;eTA 40 m [1] (30-40 m [3, 6])

. vaCaRbePTedImeQIFbM MputenAevotNamxagt,Úg [6] . edImmanragCasILu aMg Rtg;nigKµanEmkTal;
Etman kMBs; 25 m [1] manRBwgtic nigGgát;pit© FMbMput enAkMBs; DBH KW 125 cm [1] (150 cmnigGacFM
CagenH [6]) . EmktUc²esÞrI EtKµaneram enAeBlEmkcas;vamanBN’RkhmetñatedaymanxñaysÞbCa
rgVg;RKb edayeram BN’RbepH rWRkhm-etñat . BnøkmanragdUcs‘ut b¤es<ór nigRKbedayeramBN’
etñatrag .
[sMbk]: épÞsMbkmanBN’RbepH b¤etñatcas; KeRKIm nigmanrbkCadMt u Uc² . sMbkEpñkxagkñúgman
BN’elOgetñat eTACa Rkhmetñat nigmankMras; 6-10 mm [6] . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | Datasheet Report
[søwk]: søwksamBaØ ragdUcs‘ut b¤eGlIb TMhM 16-40 x 7.5-14 cm [1] (13-45 x 8-20 cm [2] RbEvg 5-25 cm
b¤EvgCagenH [6]) edaymanbeNþay 5 mm [1] mancugRsYc nigTalenAEpñkKl;EdlmanragdUcebHdUg .

søwkenAx©IRtUv)anRKbdNþbe; dayeramRkas; CaBiessenAelIsésrEpñkxageRkamsøwk . søwkcas;Kaµ n
eram enAEpñkxagelIépÞskøw eT . sésTIBrI zitenACaKUr Edlman 24-30 KUr [1] (20-30 [2], 18-31 [6])
EdlduHeLIg nigemIleXIjc,as;enAEpñkxageRkam . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 4-6 cm [1] (3-8 cm [2], 4-8 cm
[6]) edayman xñaysøk w manragCaes<ór TMhM 15-20 x 2-4 cm manBN’RkhmenAxagkñgú nig
eramenAEpñkxageRkA .
2
[páa]: kBa©Mpú aá maneram RbEvg 10-18 cm [6] (10-20 cm [2]) EdlmanpáacMnYn 6-8 [6] . RtbkpáamanTMrg;Ca
eGlIb nigbMBugeksKµaneram manRbEvg 1.7 cm [6] mancg¥tÚ Uc²cMnnY 5 [1] Edlrt;kat;BkI BM lU man
beNþay 2/3 énbMBug . RsTab;páamanBN’sCIu MBU nigKµaneram RbEvg 5 cm [6] . páamanekseQµal 30
[1, 6] . BnøkpáarIkEvgRbEvg 4-5 cm [2] . rdUvpáaKWeBjmYyqñaM BIExmkra dl;FñÚ [2] (mifuna-sIha [6]).
[Epø]:EpøTMeu nAkMLg ú Ex mkra dl;FñÚ [2] (kkáda-FñÚ [6]) . EpømaneramRsYc ragRTEvg rWekaNedaymanTMhM
4 x 2.8 cm . vamansøabcMnn Y 5 Edl 2 TMhMFMGacTMhM 20 x 5.5 cm [1] (18-25 x 3.5-4 cm [2], 20-23 cm
x 3-4 cm [6]) EdlmanséssMxan; 3 nig 3 eTotxøICagTMhM 1.5 x 0.6 cm [1] (1.5-2 x 0.5 cm [2]).
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]:eQIRsay nigeQIxwmø manPaBxusKña . eQIRsaymankMras;esþgI nigeQIxwmø man BN’

Rkhm etñat rwgnigF¶n;Edlmandg;seIu t 0.63-0.83 g/cm³ enAsMenIm 15% [1] (0.8 g/cm³ [6]) nwggay
RsYlykmk eRbIR)as; .
eQITalQ¶KgW ayduHsayPay b:Eu nþkarpøas;TIrbs;RbePTeQIenHEtekItmaneLIgenAtMbn;TMnab RbeTs

PUma eTAdl;\NÐcÚ ni elIkElgEt RbeTsLav nigPaKxageCIgRbeTsevotNam nigBayBü]bTVbI
ma:eLsIu (Perlis nigxageCIg Kedah) . vaduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRB dipterocarp Bak;kNþaleRsag

nigéRBb¤sSI Schima eRcInenAéRBmat;swgÞ enAmat;ERBkEdlmanry³kMBs;Tab . vak_manduH lUtlas;
enAéRBébtgCanic©esIm EdléRBeQImanPaBsþúkx<s; CYnkalduHCaRkumeQIlb; . enARbeTskm<Cú a
vaduHenAkñgú éRBBak;kNþal el,aH CamYy Lagerstroemia, Peltophorum, Cratoxylon, Anogeissus nig
Irvingia EdlCaRbePTmanvtþman Cajwkjab; . enAkñg ú éRBeRsagbiTCit vaduHCamYyRbePT Parinarium
annamense, Vatica sp., Shorea hypochra, Dipterocarpus intricatus, Diospyros helferi, Sindora
cochinchinensis, Peltophorum dasyrachis, Grewia paniculata, Spondias spp., Cratoxylon, Payena
elliptica, Memecylon laevigatum, Murraya exotica, Caryoa urens nig Corypha lecomtei .
3
vaduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;eRkam 800 m a.s.l. [6] (eRkam 500 m [2]) . eQITalQ¶lUtlas;enA

kñúgGakas FatumsU gu RtUBci EdlmanrdUvR)aMxsu ²Kña . vaCaRbePTTamTarnUvBnøW b:Eu nþFn;nwg
møbe; nAeBltUc .
eQITalQ¶lUtlas;)anl¥enAelIdIRbepH nigdImanCatifµBN’etñat TMnab EdlmineRCobTwk)anl¥

enArdUvvsSa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | Datasheet Report
[eQI]:eQIh‘ubRtUv)aneRbIR)as; nigeFIBV aNiCk¢ mµ dUcCa 'keruing' eTaHCamantMélefakCag Shorea

roxburghii nig Hopea odorata b:Eu nþvamanmaDx<sC ; ag . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;sagsg;pHÞ TUk
nigeFICV aeRKOgsgðarwm .
[ Gnupl]:vaGacRtUvTajyknUveRbgeQI EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;kareFIcV nøHú ¬cegáógburaN¦ .
4
[ epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
RbePTeQIenHRtUv)ancat;CacMNat;fñak;eQIelx 2 .
[lkçN³TUeTA]:eQITalQ¶ duHlUtlas;enAkñgú tMbn;éRB dipterocarp Bak;kNþaleRsag nigéRBb¤sSI

Schima eRcInenAéRBmat;swg
Þ enAmat;ERBkEdlmanry³kMBs;Tab . vak_manduHlUtlas;enA éRBébtg
Ca nice© sIm EdléRBeQImanPaBsþúkx<s; CYnkalduHCaRkumeQIlb; . enARbeTskm<Cú a vaduHenAkñgú
éRBBak; kNþal el,aHCamYy Lagerstroemia, Peltophorum, Cratoxylon, Anogeissus nig Irvingia
EdlCa RbePTmanvtþmanCajwkjab; . enAkñgú éRBeRsagbiTCit vaduHCamYyRbePT Parinarium
annamense, Vatica sp., Shorea hypochra, Dipterocarpus intricatus, Diospyros helferi, Sindora
cochinchinensis, Peltophorum dasyrachis, Grewia paniculata, Spondias spp., Cratoxylon, Payena
elliptica, Memecylon laevigatum, Murraya exotica, Caryoa urens nig Corypha lecomtei .
karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]:kUneQI Dipterocarpus GacFn;enAkñgú éRB)an eRcInqñaMeRkam TIkEnøgman
[
møbx; øaMg. enA BIrqñaMdMbgU karebIBnøWTaMgRsugKWew FIeV GaykUneQImni GacFn;)aneT b:Eu nþbnÞab;BIkUneQIman
PaB rwgmaM (kMBs; 120 m )KMrbmøbG; acRtUv)anebIk edIm,IbegátI karduHlUtlas; . RbePTeQICa eRcInduH
lUtlas; eLIgvij)anl¥enAkñúgéRBcMbg ¬minTan;mankarrunran¦. karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati

KwmanlkçN³l¥RbesIr CaBiesseRkamkenSamsøkW BI 0.3-0.4 [6] .
[kardaMduH]:enAeBlkUneQIRtUv)andaMenATIval edImeQIpþl;mbø ;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;dUcCa Acacia
auriculiformis nig Paraserianthes falcataria.
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[ karRKb;RKg]: minTan;manTinnñ y½ .
5
mkdl;sBVéf¶ karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijRtUv)ankMNt; enAkñgú karduHeLIgvijkñúgFmµCati . kardaMduHeday

kUneQIKCW aviFsI aRsþEdlRtUv)anGnuvtþ .
[CMgW]:minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
vaduHsayPay b:Eu nþCabNþútM Uc² enAkñgú tMbn;rbs;edaymancMnYntictYc . cMnnY bc©úb,nñ nigkalBI

GtItkal Gac eRbobeFob)an . vaRtUv)ancat;CaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; (CR A1cd+2cd, B1+2c [2]
"GacRtUv)anbBa©Úl kñúg A1" [2]) eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature)
World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook') . sBVéf¶RbePTenH Cakmµvtßú
sar³sMxan;sMrab;karEsVgrk enAtMbn;éRBCa eRcInenARbeTsevotNamxagt,Úg .

ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 6] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | Datasheet Report

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTskm<C
ú a RbeTsLav [6] (minmanenARbeTsLav [2]) RbeTsma:eLsIu (Peninsular)
RbeTsPUma RbeTséf nigRbeTsevotNam .
6
[karnaMclU ]: Cak;EsþgNas; RbePTenHminRtUv)andaMduHenAeRkAtMbn;EdlvaduHlUtlas;CaFmµCatienA
eLIyeT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
p> epSg² :
Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry
of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
[1]
Choo, K.T. & Sim, H.C., 1981. Malaysian timbers - keruing. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet
No 48. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 18 pp.
[1]
Daljeet-Singh, K., 1974. Seed pests of some dipterocarps. Malaysian Forester 37: 24-36.
[1]
Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêtnam (various editors), 1960-. Muséum National d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.
[1]
Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc, Wageningen. 251 pp.
[1]
Smitinand, T., Santisuk, T. & Phengklai, C., 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of mainland
South-East Asia. Thai Forestry Bulletin 12: 1-110.
[1]
7
Symington, C.F., 1941. Foresters' manual of dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Records No 16. Forest
Department, Kuala Lumpur. pp. xliii + 244.
[1]
van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950-. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[1]
Wong, W.C. & Ong, C.L., 1986. Particleboard from oily keruing. Malaysian Forester 49: 65-71.
[1]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :

http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Dipterocarpus.htm (Internet
source)
[4] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June 1988.
Phnom Penh.

[9] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K. Panzer).
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer]

[Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer
K> sTisn½y ³ minTan;manTinñn½y.
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ may sa beng (Trade name) [4] - krat, hiang krat, chik, cha
baeng, tabaeng, hiang khon, sat, tat (Thailand) [1] - dau trai,
dau long (Vietnam) [4]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Rtac
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ krai, trai [1], trach, trach sa, trach snaeng, trach sra [2]
lMdab; : Malvales
1
RbePT : Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]CaedImeQIFCM MruHsøkw kMBs;BI 20-30 m [4] (15-30 m [2]) Ggát;pit© 60-80 cm enA
kMBs; DBH . Emk nigedImRKbdNþbe; dayeramCaeRcInEdlmanragCapáay nigmanBN’elOgcas;
eTACaetñat . [sMbk]:épÞsMbkmanBN’etñatcas; b¤RbepHcas; nigeRbHtambeNþay . sMbkxagkñúg
manBN’TwkRkUc EdlmankMras; 8-10 mm [4] GacRkas;CagenH .
[søwk]: søwksamBaØ qøas; nigmanragdUcs‘ut zitenACaesñótsNþk Ú tambeNþayKl;skøw nigmancugril
TMhM 10-30 x 8-14 cm [4] nigmaneramenAelIépÞTaMgBIr ¬xageRkam nigelIskøw ¦ CaBiessenAEpñk
xageRkamén søwk . sésTI2man 14 (-21) KU [4] (10-15) KU [1] . Tgsøkw manRbEvg 3-4.5 cm long [4]
sMrab;karBarBnøk . sÞbsøwkmanRbEvg 3 cm [4] . RtacCMruHsøkw rbs;vary³eBlBIr eTA bIéf¶enA
erogral;qañ M . søwkcas;Føak;enAExFñÚ ehIysøwkfµIcab;epþmI duHlUtlas;enAExmkra [4] .
[páa]: kenSampáamanRbEvg 16-18 cm [4] manEmkBI 2-4 EmknimYy²manpáa 6-8 flowers [4] tMerobCa
BIrCYr CamYypáaEdlKµanTg zitenARtg;kEnøgEdlEmkRtUv)anEbk rWdHu EbkExñg . RtbkpáaxageRkA RtUv

)anEckCa R)aMgftedayminmaneram EdlmanRbEvgEvgbMput 14 mm [4], nigtUcbMput 2-3 mm [4] .

RsTbpáamanBN’Rkhm RbEvg 3 cm [4] nigmanragdUckeNþóv . páamanekseQµal 30 [4] .
ecjpáaenAEx mkra [4] (mkra-FñÚ [1]) .
[Epø]: EpøenABIEx mina dl; emsa [4] (mkra-vick äi ar [1]) EpømanragCas‘tu qøas;Kña BN’RkhmenAeBlx©I
nigetñatenAeBlcas; 2 x 1-1.5 cm [1] (1.5 cm [4]) . søabrbs;Epøbt;Carages<ó mansøabR)aM
nigsøabFMBIr 6-7 x 1.5 cm [1] (8-11 cm [4]) edaymansñamqñtÚ 3-5 . søabbI EdlxøImanRbEvgRbEhl
1 x 0.5 cm [1] nigmanlkçN³rYj .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
lkçN³sac;eQI]: eQIxwmø nigeQIRsaymanlkçN³xusKña . eQIRsay (Sapwood) manBN’Rkhm

[
nigesþIg cMEnkeQIxwmø (Heartwood) manBN’RkhmetñateTACaRkhmexµA edaymanlkçN³relag

nigF¶n;Edlmandg;seIu t 0.66-0.93 g/cm³ . vaCab;)anyUr nigmanlkçN³Fn;ngw keNþó nigstVl¥ti .
RtacCaRbePTEdlmanedImkMeNItenA]bTVbI \NÐcÚ in EdlEtgduHlUtlas;enAkñgú éRBCMruHsøkw dipterocarp

s¶Üt nigéRBcMruHEdllicTwktamrdUvEdlmanBBYk dipterocarps b¤RbePTepSg²eTot . vak_manduH
lUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBeRsags¶Üt nigéRBCMruHsøkw dipterocarp EdlmanRsl;swøkBIr (Pinus merkusii) duH .
[1] enARbeTskm<C ú a vaduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBminsUvmanKMrbmøb; edaymanBBYk dipterocarps enAéRB
eRsag b¤éRBricrilEdlmanRsl;swkø BIrduH nigeQIepSgeTotdUcCa Calophyllum spp., Payena elliptica,
Carallia lucida, Eugenia zeylanica, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Anisoptera
spp., Shorea cochinchinensis, Shorea cf. hypochra, Parinarium annamense, Irvingia oliveri, Sindora
cochinchinensis, Fragraea fragrans nig Melanorrhoea laccifera . vaKWCaRbePTlb;myY enAkñgú éRB
dipterocarp s¶ÜténRbeTskm<Cú a . manRbePTdUcCa Capparis, Randia tomentosa, Memecylon
laevigatum, Memecylon edule, Buchanania, Intsia, Irvingia oliveri, Cratoxylon spp., Terminalia
mucronata, Pterocarpus pedatus, Dalbergia oliveri, Albizzia lebeck, Eugenia spp., Shorea
cochinchinensis, Ochrocarpus spp., Azadirachta indica, Parinarium annamense, and Gardenia spp .
enAkñgú éRBeRsagricril vaduHlUtlas;CamYy Xylia, Schleichera, Andina, Spondias, Ceiba, Vitex,
Hymenodyclion, Sterculia colorata, Milletia erythrocalyx, Strychnos, Schrebera, Holarrhena

antidysenteria nigRbePTepSgeTotdUcCa Cycas siamensis, Shorea obtusa, Careya, Arundinaria
falcata, Buchanania latifolia, Terminalia bialata, Terminalia tomentosa, Aporosa (Krung), Phoenix
humilis nigsmasPaKéRBricrilmandUcCa Combretum quadrangulare, Cratoxylon, Zizyphus,
Cochlospermum, Streblus asper nig Oroxylum enAkñg ú éRBeRsagesImvaduHlUtlas;CamYy Shorea
cochinchinensis nig Eugenia spp . vak_duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBricril b¤valesµA savanna .
3
RtacKWEtgduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;TMnab nigmanenAtMbn;PñMEdlmankMBs;elIsBI 500 m tMbn;Edlman

Gakas FatumsU gu RtUBci EdlmanrdUvR)aMgBI 3-6Ex KWsmRsbsMrab;karduHlUtlas; .
minmanB½t’man b¤Tinñn½y .
CaTUeTA vaduHenAelIdIxSac; rW ferrallitic enAtMbn;ERBk . enARbeTskm<úCa valUtlas;elIdI EdlmanxSac;

nigdIgaybMEbkCadM²u . dImanBN’seTACaRbepH ehIyRbePTdITaMgenHGacman BN’srag RbepHenA
épÞxagelI BN’elOgenACMerA 20 cm nigmanlkçN³rwgenACMerAeRCACagenH mansMeNImx<s; nigman
l,ay CatiEdkenAeRkamCMerA 50 cm nigmanlkçN³rwgxøaMg . silaemenAxageRkam CYnkalelc
eLIgenAépÞdI EdlmandUcCafµxSac; silicon nigkMrmandMbkU keNþo . [7].
[ eQI]:eQImanlkçN³l¥RbesIrsMrab;snM g;reTH nig pÞH .

plitplminEmneQI]:C½rEdlmanBN’etñatcas;)anmkBIedIm nigRtUv)an eRbIR)as;dUc CaRbePTC½r eQI

[
TalTwkEdr . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eFICV acnøúHsMrab;bPM øW .

4
cMNat;fñak;eQIRbePTelx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:RtacCaRbePTEdlduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBCMruHsøkw dipterocarp EdlRslH ¬mancenøaH¦

ehIyelcTwktamrdUv edayduHlayCamYyRbePT dipterocarps epSg²eTot b¤duHsuT§EtÉk .
enARbeTskm<Cú a vaduHCamYyRbePT dipterocarps enAkñgú éRBeRsag b¤éRBEdlrukranrYc
EdlmanduHRsl;swkø BIr (Pinus merkusii) cMnYneRcIn b¤tic . vaCaRbePTlb;myY enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú ati
enAéRB dipterocarp nig enAkñgú éRBBak;kNþaeRsagricril b:Eu nþkm_ anpgEdlenAtMbn;valesµApgEdr .
enAéRBeRsagesIm vaduHlay CamYy kekaH (Shorea cochinchinensis) nig Eugenia spp.
[karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: " kUneeQItUc nigb:nu efñalRbePT Dipterocarpus GacFn;RTaMenAkñgú éRB
Edl mankMritmøbx; øaMgry³eBleRcInqñaM . enA 2qñaM karebIknUvkenSamsøwkeFIeV Gay RbePTeQI enHFn;
)aneLIy b:Eu nþenAeBlvalUtlas;l¥ (RbEhlkMBs; 120 m) kenSamsøkw GacRtUv)anebIk edIm,IbegánI
karlUtlas; . RbePTCaeRcInduHlUtlas;eLIgvij)anl¥enAkñúgéRBminTan;rukran rWéRBbzm .
[6] .
[kardaMduH]: enAeBlkUneQIRtUv)andaMenATIval RbePTeQIpþl;mbø ;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;dUcCa GakasüasøwktUc

( Acacia auriculiformis) nig Paraserianthes falcataria"
[6].
[ karRKb;RKg]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
karbnþBUCedayFmµCati nigkarduHedayExñgmanlkçN³l¥ ehIykUneQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;kardaMduH .

5
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTenHminTan;RtUv)ancat;fñak;edayeyagtamesovePARkhmrbs; IUCN (International Union for the

Conservation of Nature) énbBa¢eI QµaHedImeQIEdlKMramkMEhgenAelIBiPBelak (='IUCN Red
Databook') enAeLIyeT . eTaHbICa sßanPaBrbs;vaRtUv)ancat;faGacCaRbePTEdlKYreGay ykcitþ
Tukdak; 'of least concern' (LR lc) eTaHmankarGHGagfa enAPaKxageCIgRbeTséf nig \NÐcÚ ni
manvtþmanrbs;RbePTenH k_eday .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: evotNam km<úCa Lav éf nig ma:eLsIu .
karnaMclU ]: CakarBit RbePTminTan;RtUv)annaMykcUleTAdaMenAtMbn; epSgeRkABItMbn;EdlvaduHlUtlas;
[
CalkçkN³ FmµCatieLIy .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
6
p> epSg² :
[ kUnkat;]: "Dipterocarpus intricatus x D. tuberculatus RtUv)anRbmUl enAkñgú Sakaerat, Nakhon
Ratchasima ( RbeTséf) vamanlkçN³EpømFüm .

ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :

http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Anisoptera.htm (Internet
source)
Phnom Penh.
[5] ARCBC BISS Species Database: http://arcbc.org/cgi-bin/abiss.exe (Internet source)

7
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq]

[Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq.]
K> sTisn½y ³ Dipterocarpus vestitus Wallich ex Dyer (1874)
Dipterocarpus punctulatus Pierre (1889) [1]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ keruing (Trade name) [1], keruing beludu, atoi (Malaysia) [1]
- in bo, in byu, in hmwe sok, kung (Myanmar) [1, 2] - (maiz)

s'a:d (Laos) [1] - yang-hiang, krat, ko satiang, hiang, sat, sa
baeng, ta baeng [1, 2] (Thailand) - d[aaf]u tr[af] beng
(Vietnam) [1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Et,g
ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³
(daëm) thbaèng, thbaèng, ba:y sra:, thbaèng snaèng [1, 3]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
RbePT : Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm.
ex Miq.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQICrM uHsøkw manTMhMmFümkMBs;dl; 30 m [1] (25-30 m [5], 10-15 m [3], -28 m [6])
. edImmanragCasILu aMg Rtg;[5] (EtmanTMrg;mni l¥ [1]) kMBs;dl;eTA 20 m [1] Ggát;p©it DBH KW 80 cm
[1] (50-80 cm [5]). kenSamsøk w manBN’ébtg-R)ak; cMhr nig EbkEmksaxa . EmkeQIFrM agsMEb:t
bnþic nig RKbeTAedayeramEvg . BnøkmanragCaes<ó rMueTAedayeramBN’etñat nig CYnkalmin maneram
eT .
[sMbk]: sMbkxageRkAKeRKIm BN’RbepH RbepHetñat eTACaRbepHcas; mansñameRbHbeNþayeRCA .
sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’Rkhmetñat b¤Rkhm .
[søwk]: søk
w samBaØ qøas; ragdUceGlIb b¤st‘u mancugsgçagTal b¤mlU TMhM 15-30 x 10-18 cm [6] (14-22
cm x 10-16 cm [1] RbEvg 9-15 cm [5]) . EKmsøwkmaneram nigeFµjtUc² . épÞxagelIKaµ neram
erammanragdUc CapáayzitenAelIRTng;swkø enAeBlcas; épñxageRkammaneramEdlmanragCapáay .

épÞswøkmanséscMnYn BI 10-18 KU [6] (14-20 KU [1], 10-15 KU [5]) . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2.5-4 cm [1, 6] (3-
5 cm [5]) sMEb:t nigFM RbEvg 7-12 mm [6] xñaysøk w maneram nigBN’sCIu m<Ú .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M áa RsYczitenAelIG½kS nigmanbNþúpM áaBI 5-6 [5] (3-7 [6]) EdlmanTgxøI . páamanRbEvg 3.5-5
cm [6] RbEvg 1.4 cm [6] RtbkpáaenApþúK ¿ añ CaragbMBg;maneram . páanimYy² manekseQµalcMnYn 30 [1]
. rdUvpáa KWeBjmYyqñaM BI Exmkra-FñÚ [2] ( mkra-]sPa [5]) .
2
[Epø]: EpøTMeu nAkMLgú Exmkra-FñÚ [2] (emsa-sIha [5]) . EpømanragmUl nig relag manGgát;p©it 2.5-3 cm
[5] (2.5-3.5 cm [6]) manEpøFM RKbedayeram nig mansøab 2 FM nig 3 tUc . søabFMmanTMhM 15 cm x 3 cm
[1] (8-15 x 1.5-4 cm [2], 10-14 x 2.3 cm [6]) nigmanragekagcuHeRkamenAEKm . søab 3 tUcmanTMhM 15
mm x 10 mm [1] (1.5-2 x 1-1.5 cm [2] GactUcCag 1 cm [6]) .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]:eQIRsay nigxømw manPaBxusKña edayeQIRsaymanBN’etñat nigeQIxwmø man BN’Rkhm

Rsal b¤Rkhmetñat edaymansésFMCag . eQImanlkçN³rwg nigF¶n; Edlmandg;seIu t 0.71-0.9
g/cm³ [1, 5] enAsMeNIm 15% . vagayduHxat; b:Eu nþB)
i akeRbIR)as; edayvagaykñgú karEbk nigminsUv
Cab;enAeBl dak;TIenAval. vaGacsMgYtenAeRkammøb; b¤dMblU RKb .
Et,gmanlkçN³duHlUtlas;CaRkum enAtMbn; Indo-Burmese nig\NÐcÚ ni . CaTUeTA vaduHenAkñgú éRBCMruH

søwk dipterocarp s¶Üt éRBb¤sSI nigéRBricril EdlvaCaRbePTrukCç atilb; . bamboo forests and
degraded fores eTaHbICa vaduHCadM² u enAtMbn;ricril . enARbeTséf vaeRcInduHenAtMbn; éRBCMruH
søwktamTMnabeqñrsmuRT man cMnYnCamFümTUTaMPaK|sanénéRBCMruHsøkw tMbn;eqñr nigtMbn;éRBRsl;
nigéRB dipterocarpenAPaKxageCIg . enARbeTsevotNam vaCaFatusxM an;énéRB diptercarp s¶Üt .
vaEtduHlayKñaCamYyBBYk Dipterocarpus intricatus, Dipterocarpus turbinatus nig Shorea obtusa .
enAry³kMBs;x<s; éntMbn; Lam Dong (Vietnam) vaduHlayKñaCamYy Pinus keysia nig Pinus merkusii
nigRbePTénGMbUr Fagaceae [5]. enARbeTskm<Cú a vaduHlUtlas;enATIval EdlmanBBYk dipterocarps

duHlUtlas; enAkñgú éRBRkas; b¤éRBrukran EdlduHeLIg vij ehIyman Pinus merkusii tic b¤eRcIn .
vaduHlayCamYyBBYk Calophyllum sp., Payena elliptica, Carallia lucida, Eugenia zeylanica,
Dipterocarpus intricatus, Anisoptera sp., Shorea cochinchinensis, Shorea cf. hypochra, Parinarium
annamense, Irvingia oliveri, Sindora cochinchinensis, Fragraea fragrans and Melanorrhoea laccifera
. vak_duHenAkñgú éRBRsl; elIxg< ;rabdIfµxSac;CamYy Pinus merkusii, Careya arborea, Melanorrhoea
laccifera, Dillenia, Randia tomentosa, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Tristania birmanica, Symplocos,
Engelhardtia serrata, Lithocarpus and Erythroxylon . enAtMbn;éRBricril vaduHCa mYy Melanorrhea,
Fragraea, Calophyllum, Irvingia, Anneslea, Tristania birmanica nig Aporosa .
3
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
Et,gCaedImeQIéntMbn;TMnab submontane Edlmanry³kMBs;dl;eTA 1,200 m a.s.l. [3] (100-1,300 m

[5]). GakasFatums U gu RtUBci EdlmanrdUvR)aMg 3-6 Ex [10] smRsbbMptu cMeBaHRbePTenH .
vaCarukCç atiRtUvkaBnøW enAeBlcas; Fn;nwgePøgI eqHéRB nigPaBraMgs¶tÜ .
xSac; b¤dIGasIutmanBN’RbepHtic² EdlCYnkal licTwkenArdUvvsSaKWsmRsbbMptu cMeBaH RbePT

eQIenH .
[eQI]: eQIh‘ubRtUv)aneRbI nigmaneQµaHBaNiCk¢ mµfa 'keruing' . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab; sMng;Fn

Rsal karsags<an eRKOgsgðarwm nigkþabnÞH .
Gnupl]: C½rrbs;edImRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eFICV acnøúH . eTaHbICa C½Edl)anBIsbM kmanplitPaBTab nig

[
gay kkrwg . edImtUcEdlkat;rYc Gacpþl;TwkRKb;RKansMrab;briePaKsMrab;GñkdMeNIrCabeNþaHGasnñ .

søwkRtUv )aneRbIsMrab;x©b;Gahar nigmUl)arI .
4
cMNat;fñak;eQIRbePTelx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaFmµta D. obtusifolius duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBCMruHsøkw dipterocarp s¶tÜ EdlmancenøaH

b¤lMhM éRBb¤sSI nigéRBricril EdlmanTMrg;CarukCç atilb; . eTaHbICa vaduHCadM²u enAtMbn;ricril .
enARbeTs éf vaeRcInduHenAtMbn; éRBCMruHsøkw tamTMnabeqñrsmuRT mancMnYnCamFüm TUTaMPaK|san
énéRBCMruHsøkw tMbn;eqñr nigtMbn;éRBRsl; nigéRB dipterocarp enAPaKxageCIg . enARbeTsevotNam
vaCaFatusxM an;én éRB diptercarp s¶tÜ . vaEtduHlayKñaCamYyBBYk Dipterocarpus intricatus,
Dipterocarpus turbinatus nig Shorea obtusa . enAry³kMBs;x<s; éntMbn; Lam Dong (Vietnam)
vaduHlayKñaCamYy Pinus keysia nig Pinus merkusii nigRbePTénGMbrU Fagaceae [5]. enARbeTskm<Cú a
vaduHlUtlas;enATIval EdlmanBBYk dipterocarpsduHlUtlas; enAkñgú éRBRkas; b¤éRBrukranEdl
duHeLIgvij ehIyman Pinus merkusii ticb¤eRcIn. vak_duHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBRsl; elIx<g;rabéndI sila
xSac; Edlman Pinus merkusii . vak_manvtþmanenAkñgú tMbn;éRBricril (shrub savannas) pgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: kUneQI Dipterocarpus GacFn;enAkñgú éRB)an eRcInqñaMeRkam TIkEnøgman
[
møbx; øaMg. enA BIrqñaMdMbgU karebIBnøWTaMgRsugKWew FIeV GaykUneQImni GacFn;)aneT b:Eu nþbnÞab;BIkUneQIman
PaB rwgmaM (kMBs; 120 m )KMrbmøbG; acRtUv)anebIk edIm,IbegátI karduHlUtlas; . RbePTeQICa eRcInduH
lUtlas; eLIgvij)anl¥enAkñgú éRBcMbg ¬minTan;mankarrunran¦.
[8].
[kardaMduH]: kUneQIRtUv)andaMenATIval enaHedImeQIpþl;mbø ;RtUv)aneRbIR)as; dUcCaRbePT Acacia
auriculiformis and Paraserianthes falcataria" [8] .
[karRKb;RKg]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
5
karduHedayFmµCati nig karkat;KWmanlkçN³l¥ . kUneQIk_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;kardaMduHpgEdr .

[CMgW]: minTan;manTinñny
½ .
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTenHminTan;RtUv)ancat;fñak; eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature)

World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook'). eTaHbI sßanPaBrbs;vaRtUv)anbgðajfaCa
RbePT EdlRtUvepþatCasMxan; (LR lc) .

ÉksarBieRKaH [2]

:

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: evotNam km<C
ú a Lav éf ma:eLsIu \NÐa PUma (Pegu, Hantawaddy, Tavoy, Thaung
Yin, Tenasserim).
[ karnaMclU ]: RbeTs PUma \NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu ¬bUeNGU¦ .
6
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
p> epSg² :
[kUnkat; nigBUC ]: "kUnkat;FmµCatirvag D. obtusifolius nig D. costatus RtUv)ansegátenARbeTséf

nigPUma. enA\NÐcÚ ni TMrg;Kaµ neramRtUv)anEckdac;BIKañ nigRtUv)anehAfa var. subnudus Ryan & Kerr."
[1].
[1]
Choo, K.T. & Sim, H.C., 1981. Malaysian timbers - keruing. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet
No 48. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 18 pp.
[1]
Daljeet-Singh, K., 1974. Seed pests of some dipterocarps. Malaysian Forester 37: 24-36.
[1]
Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêtnam (various editors), 1960-. Muséum National d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.
[1]
Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc, Wageningen. 251 pp.
[1]
[1]
7
[1]
[1]
Wong, W.C. & Ong, C.L., 1986. Particleboard from oily keruing. Malaysian Forester 49: 65-71.
[1]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :

source)
Phnom Penh.
Northern Thailand.
(Internet source)
8
9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.]

[Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.

K> sTisn½y ³ Dipterocarpus grandifolius Teym.
Dipterocarpus cordatus [1]
Dipterocarpus cordata Wall [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ phluang, tueng, kung, khuang, mai-tueng (Thailand) [1] -
mai-tueng (Myanmar) [1] - dau dong (Vietnam) [4]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ xøgú
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ khlong [1], khlong kraham, khlong sa [2]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
RbePT : Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:CaRbePTeQIEdlCMruHsøwkmanTMhMmFüm b¤FM EdlmankMBs;eTAdl; 15-25 m [2, 5, 8] (-30

m duHelIdl I ¥manCICati [4]) . edImRtg; CYnkalmanEPñk rWBk ragsIuLaMg nigmanGgát;p©itenAkMBs; DBH
KW 40-60 cm [4] . enAelIdImanCICatil¥TMrg;edImmanlkçN³l¥ . kenSamsøkw FM nigesþIgedaymanEmk
rmYl nigmaM BN’Rkhm nigmaneramenAelIEmkEdlmanBnøkBN’etñatRsedogTwkmasEdlmaneram .
[sMbk]:sMbkxageRkAmanBN’RbepHcas; mansñameRbHeRCAtambeNþay nigrbkecj .
[søwk]: søk w samBaØ ragCaes<ór nigFM CaBiessenAelIBnøkeTIblUtlas; nigkUneQI 20-50 x 18-34 cm [4]
(12-70 x 10-50 cm [1], 30-45 x 12-35 cm [5]) ragdUcs‘ut b¤eGlIb edaymancugsøwkTal . Kl;søk w
manragdUcebHdUg enACaysøkw manragCaeFµjrNatUc²cMeBaHsøkw cas; nigmanséscMnYn 9-16 KUr [4]
EdllyecjenAépÞswøkEpñkxageRkam edaytMerobenACit²Kña . TgsøwkFM ragsMEb:t nigmanRbEvg 5-
7.5 cm [4] (3.5-12 cm [1])edaymanxñaysøk w BN’paá QUkRsal RbEvg 7-10 cm [4] .

[páa]:kBa©úp
M aá manpáa 6-8 [4, 5] EdlKµanTg . páamanRbEvg 2.5-3 cm [4, 5] BN’sCIu MBU Edlmaneks
eQµal cMnYn 28-30 [5] . RsTab;páamanBN’sVay b¤RkhmsVay . rdUvpáaKW ExFñÚ [4] (kum³Ö -kkáda [1]).
[Epø]:EpøTMBu EI x kBaØa dl; ]sPa [4] (mina-FñÚ [1]) . EpørwgmanragmUl dUcs‘tu RbEvg 2-3 cm [4] (Ggát;p©it 2-
2.5 cm [1]) KµaneramnigCYnkalmaneramragdUcpáayedaymansésQr 5 enAEpñkxagelI . søabTaMg BIr
manTMhM9-15 x 2.5-4 cm [1] (RbEvg 9-16 cm [4], dl; 20 cm [5])mansés 3-5 [5](sés 3 [4])manRbEvg
3/4énsøab. søabbIeTotxøI ragsMEb:t TMhM 1.5-2 x 1.5 cm [1] nigmanragekaN cuHeRkam eTAEKm søwk .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
lkçN³eQI]: eQIRsay nigxømw manlkçN³xusKña edaymanBN’RbepH nigRkhmetñat . eQIxwmø man

[
lkçN³exµAenATIkEnøgval F¶n;Cagedaymandg;seIu t 0.9 g/cm³ . vaCab;)anyUr RbsinebIkarBarBIBnøéW f¶

nigePøóg [4] (eQIFn;nwgGakasFatumni l¥ [2] nig Fn;RTaMmFüm [6]) . vagayRsYleRbIR)as; b:Eu nþB)i akkñúg
karduHxat;eGayl¥ .
xøgú CaRbePTeQIenA Indo-Burmese nig\NÐcÚ ni EdlduHlUtlas;enAkñgú éRBCMruHsøwk dipterocarp s¶Üt

niglUt las;suT§ b¤layCamYy Dipterocarpus obtusifolius nig Dipterocarpus intricatus (vaBitNas;fa
xøgú GacduH enATIkEnøgepSg²eTot CagéRBcMruH savanna [9]. ) "enARbeTséfesÞIrEtTUrTaMgRbeTs
elIkElg ]bTIbV nigxagt,ÚgeCogxaglic EdlCaéRBCMruHsøkw dipterocarp én dipterocarp pine-oak" [1]
. vaCaRbePT Edl maneRcInbMptu enAextþ eQogém: edayduHlUtlas;enAkñúgtMbn;éRBricrilxøaMg
edaysar ePøgI eqH Edlman Rsl;swkø BIrduHlUtlas; . enARbeTskm<Cú a vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBcMruH
EdlCaRbePTlb;myY kñúgcMeNam RbePT Shorea obtusa nig Terminalia tomentosa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9]
RbePTeQIenHduHlUtlas;BtI Mbn;TMnab eTA tMbn;PñM edaymanry³kMBs; 200-800 m a.s.l. [4] (800-1,000

m [2, 8]) . GakasFatums U gu RtUBci EdlmanrdUvR)aMg 3-6 Ex [11] smRsbbMptu . vaCaRbePTEdl
RtUvkarBnøWenAeBlcas; nigFn;ngw ePøgI eqHéRB RBmTaMgPaBraMgs¶tÜ .

3
xøgú duHlUtlas;enAelIRbePTdIxsu ²Kña b:Eu nþvaeRcInduHenAelIdIxSac; . enAelIdI EdlmanCICativaduH lUt

las; )anl¥ . vak_manduHenAelIdIRbePTGasIut ( acidic lateritic soils) .
[ eQI]:eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karsagsg; eFIFV mñw kþa TUk nigeRKOgsgðarwm .

[Gnupl]:C½rRtUv)anTajykBIedImeQItamry³kardutePøgI niglabfñaM . C½rRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab; fñaM
buraN enAeBllayCamYy Feaula assafoetida Linn.nigeRbgdUgsMrab;Büa)aldMe)A . søwkcas;rbs;
edImeQItUc² RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCadMblU pÞH . søwkrbs;vaKWmingayeqH nigmingayrg karbMpaø j
rbs;stVl¥ti ehIyGaceRbIR)as;)andl;ry³eBl bI qñaM .
eQIelx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:xøgú duHlUtlas;enAkñgú éRBCMruHsøkw dipterocarp suT§ rwcrM uHRbePTCamYy Dipterocarpus

obtusifolius and Dipterocarpus intricatus ("vaBitNas;faxøúgGacduHenATIkEnøgepSg²eTot CagéRBcMruH
savanna [9] ) "enARbeTséfesÞrI EtTUrTaMgRbeTs elIkElg ]bTIb V nigxagt,ÚgeCogxaglic EdlCaéRB
4
CMruHsøkw dipterocarp én dipterocarp pine-oak" [1] . vaCaRbePTEdlmaneRcInbMptu enAextþ eQogém:
eday duHlUtlas;enAkñúgtMbn;éRBricrilxøaMg edaysarePøgI eqHEdlmanRsl;swkø BIrduHlUtlas; .
enARbeTs km<Cú a vaduHlUtlas;enAkñgú éRBcMruH EdlCaRbePTlb;myY kñúgcMeNamRbePT Shorea
obtusa nig Terminalia tomentosa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9]
[karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: "kUneQI nigedImb:unefñal mankarFn;RTaMngw møbx; øaMg . enABIrqñaMdMbgU kar
ebIk enSamsøkw TaMgmUlminKYreFIeV LIy b:Eu nþbnÞab;BIknU eQIrwgmaMl¥ (kMBs; 120 m) kenSamsøwkRtUv)an
ebIkedIm,I begánI karlUtlas; . RbePTeQIPaKeRcInduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAkñúgéRBminTan;mankarrukran .
[7].
[kardaMduH]: "enAeBlkUneQIRtUv)andaMenATIval edImeQIpþl;mbø ;RtUv)aneRbIR)as; dUcCa Acacia
auriculiformis nig Paraserianthes falcataria" [7] .
[karRKb;RKg]:minTan;manTinn ñ y½ .
karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijedayFmµCatiKWmanlkçN³l¥ . kUneQIk_RtUveRbIsMrab;kardaMduHpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[ stVl¥ti ]:søwkrbs;RbePTenHmingayrgkarbMpøajBIstVl¥iteLIy .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
F> karGPirkS :
5
RbePTenHminTan;RtUv)ancat;fñak;enAkñúg IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature)
World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook') enAeLIyeT . eTaHbICa sßanPaB rbs;RbePT
enHesÞrI EtrgkarKMramkMEhg 'near threatened' (LR nt [1]) . vamanduHmYy² mindUcRbePT dipterocarps

epSgeTot eT dUcenHvamanvtþmanEtenAkñgú tMbn;rbs;vab:ueNÑaH . karvaytMélcMnYn énkarKMramkMEhg
enAkñgú RbeTs km<Cú a (dUc)anbgðajenAkñúg National Workshop on Tree Species Priorities organized by
DFW and CTSP in 2000) manedImeQIcMnYneRcInCag 10,000 edImRtUv)anKMram edaykarkab; nig 500
edImedaysarePøgI eqH.

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTsevotNam RbeTskm<C
ú a RbeTsLav RbeTséf nigRbeTsPUma .
[ karnaMclU ]: RbeTs\NÐa (Manipur) RbeTsbg;køaeds (Chittagong)
p> epSg² :
kUnkat;]: "eyagtam Pooma (2002) manTMrg;BIr énkarbegátI kUnkat; : Pooma et al. 3387 (BKF) søkw man
[
lkçN³Rsedog b:Eu nþEpømanTMhMmFüm nig Wongprasert 22 (BKF) søkw dUcKña b:uEnþmaneramenAelIRtbk

nig Tgsøwk dUc D. obtusifolius" [1] .
6
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :

source)
Phnom Penh.
Northern Thailand.
[10] FAO:
(Internet source)
7
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F. Gaertn.]

[Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F. Gaertn.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F. Gaertn. ]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ common gurjun tree, wood oil tree of Assam [8]
K> sTisn½y ³ Dipterocarpus laevis Buch.-Ham.
Dipterocarpus jourdainii Pierre [1, 2]

Dipterocarpus andamanicus (King) P. K. Tewary & A. K.
Sarkar [8]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ garjan, gurjan (Trade name) [8] - yang daeng, yang bai
lueam, yang nu, yang khaeng (Thailand) [1] - dau conquay,

dau la bong (Vietnam) [4] - kali garjan, telia garjan
(Bangladesh) [8] - gurjun kuroil sal, kherjong, kuroil sal,
shweta garjan, teli-gurjun (India) [8] - kan yin (Myanmar) [8]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ eQITaleRbg

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ chhe tiel dang [2], cheuteal preng [3]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
RbePT : Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F.
Gaertn.
Gnu-RbePT : Dipterocarpus turbinatus var.
andamanica King,
Dipterocarpus turbinatus
var. turbinatus
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1,8]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: eQITaleRbgCaRbePTeQIFM nigCMruHsøkw EdlGacmankMBs;dl;eTA 35-50 m [4, 6] (30-

45 m [2]) . edImEvg Rtg;RsLÚn ragsIuLaMg nigéRkEmkedayxøÜnÉg nigmankaréRkEmkeRcInCag 70%
énkMBs; srub . RbePTenHGacmanGgát;p©it DBH dl;eTA 170 cm [8] nigCYnkalrhUtdl; 460 cm [8]
(200 cm [4]). vagayRclMCamYy D. costatus b:uEnþvamankenSamsøwkRkas;Cag EmktUcmanxñay
nigsMbkesþgI . BnøkduHCakBa©úM edaymaneramBN’etñat .

[sMbk]:sMbkxageRkAmanBN’RbepH rwg KRKat mansés eRbHtambeNþay nigrbkCadM² u . sMbkxag

kñúgmanBN’elOgetñat esþIglµm maneramenAeBlx©I nigeRkammkminmanerameT .
[søwk]: D. turbinatus manlkçN³xusBIRbePT dipterocarps epSgeTot edaymansøwkrelag
EdlnwgmanBN’etñatrelagdUcsMN enAeBls¶Üt . søwksamBaØ qøas; (17-36) x 5.5 x 20 cm [8] (13-20 x

6-10 cm [4], 17-24 x 9-12 cm [5]) ragCaes<ó mUlrWeGlIb . séssøk w GacemIleXIj edaymancMnnY 14-
24 KU [8] (12-17 KU [1], 14-18 KU [5]) nigKµaneramenAelIépÞTaMgsgçag . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2.5-4.0 cm [8]
(3 cm [4], 2.5-3.5 cm [5]), gayRCuH (caducous = easily falling) xñaysøk w manRbEvg 1.5-9 cm [8]
2
(Gacdl;eTA 12 cm [8]) BN’RbepH nigmanlkçN³Rkas; . søwkEdlcas;RtYv)anRCuHenArdUvR)aMg
¬ExmIna¦ nigsøkw x©Icab;duHlUtlas;enArdUv rMehIy .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[páa]: kBa©úpM aá manpáa 3-5 [4] niglUtlas;BIekøóksøkw . páaTaMgmUlmanRbEvg 2.5-3.5 cm [5] (3.0-3.5 cm
[8]) enAExñgeRkamsøwk . Rtbkpáaxagkñúg 5 zitenACaragsIL u aMgKµankMBUl EdlmanRbEvg 1 cm [4] .
RsTab;páaxageRkA 5 zitenACabnÞat; manBN’s sIuCm<Ú rWRkhm . páanimyY ²manekseQµal 30 nig
eksjIzitenACasnÞHRKbdUceramenAelIkMBUl . ecjpáaBI Ex mIna-emsa [8] (RbeTséf: kum³Ö -FñÚ [1]) .
[Epø]: "Epøcab;TeMu nAEx emsa dl;]saPaenARbeTsbg;køaeds nig ]sPa-mifunaenARbeTsPUma .
enAEx]sPa-mifuna Epøcab;epþmI RCuH enAeBlmanePøógFøak; . karecjEpøKWmanlkçN³ mineTogTat;

eyag tamtMbn; nigRKab;BCU Edll¥ EtekIteLIgenAkñgú qñaMEdlqøas;Kañ . (karecjEpøenARbeTséf :
kumÖ³-FñÚ [1] enAevotNam : karecjEpøenAEx emsa enAedImrdUvR)aMg [4]) . EpøCaRbePTEpøsÜ¶t
manragCasñlÚ nigrelag TMhM 3 cm x 1.5 cm [4] (2.5-3 x 2 cm [1] Ggát;p©it 2-3 cm [8]).
RbePTeQIenHmanPaBxusEbøkBIRbePT Dipterocarpus spp. edayvaminmankMBUl nigKµaneramenAelIEpø
. søabFMTaMg 2 rbs;EpømanTMhM 10-15 x 2-3.5 cm [1] (9 x 2 cm [4], 11-18 x 2.5-4.0 cm [8])
mansésEvn 3 nigKµaneram EdlsésBIkgñú cMenamenaH manlkçN³xøCI agsésepSgeTot .
søabbIxIømanTMhM 0.6-0.8 x 0.5 cm [1] nigmanragCaExSekag cuHmkEKm søkw .
Epønmi Yy²manRKab;cnM nY mYy nigmansMbk EdlCab;nwgsMbk RKab;ya:grwgmaM .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: sac;eQImanBN’etñatRbepH rWetñatlaysVay rwgedaymandg;seIu t 0.75-0.85 g/cm³ [4].

vamanlkçN³emkarnicrwgl¥ b:Eu nþminFn;xøaMgeT cMeBaHlkçx½NÐxageRkA . dUcenH
sarFatukarBarRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karBarenAeBleRbIR)as;eQIenAlkçxN
½ ÐxageRkA nigRbsineQIRtUv)an
eRbIR)as;edaymankarb:HedaypÞal;ngw dI . karsMgYtrbs;vamanlkçN³yWt nigrwglµm b:Eu nþgaysMgYt
edayeRbIL . eQIxwmø manlkçN³FnlµmnwgpSit b:Eu nþgayrgkarbMpøajBIkeNþó nigstVlt¥i RbePTecaH
eQIepSgeTot eRkABIenHRbePTeQIQrKWmankarFnmFümpgEdr . edIm,IkarBarkarbMpaø j eQIRtUv)an
3
eFIRV bRBwtþikmµedayviFsI aRsþeRbInUvsMBaF dUcCa dMeNIrkaeFIeV GayGs;ekasika (Lowry's empty cell
process) nig karbMeBjekasika (Bethel's full cell process)" [8] . tMélénkMedAKW 5,300 Kcal/kg
(eQIRsay) [8] nig 5,050 Kcal/kg (eQIxwm ø ) [8].

kMritRbEhl : 27°N eTA 5°S [8] (10°N to 25°N [7]) . Dipterocarpus turbinatus duHlUtlas;ray)a:y
b:Eu nþ vaCaRbePTEdlBRgay enARbeTs\NÐa (West Bengal, Assam, Andaman Islands) bg;køaeds nig
BIPUma dl;\NÐcÚ ni . enARbeTséf vaduHray)a:yenAPaKxaglic nig kMrmanduHenAtMbn;ekaH . CaTUeTA
vaduHenA tMbn;RClgPñM EdlmaéRBeRsagesIm ¬dIRbepH¦ nigéRBBak;kNþaleRsag éRB dipterocarp-
esIm nig éRBel,aH enAtMbn;éRBbzm nigéRBrgkarrukran . enAéRBel,aH dipterocarp
vaduHlUtlas;CabNþMCú aRbePT suT§ nigCYnkallayCamYy Irvingia malayana, Scaphium lychnophora
nig Parinari annamense. vaEtgEtduHlayKñaCamYy D. costatus,
ebIeTaHCavakMrmanenAtMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;Tabk_eday .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10]
edImeQIRbePTenHKWduHenAkñgú RbePTéRBEdlmanry³kMBs;BI TabeTAmFüm eRkam 700 m a.s.l [4]

b:Eu nþvaeRcInmanenAry³kMBs; 200-400 m [4] m a.s.l. (100-1,100 m [1], 10-300 m [8]) .
vaduHlUtlas;enA tMbn;RtUBci esIm (RtUBci esIm nigs¶Üt (Aw) [7]) edaymankMBs;TwkePøógCamFüm 2,000-
4,000 mm/qñaM [8] (kMBs;TwkePøógx<sb
; Mput: 2,500-3,500 mm/qñaM [7],TabbMput: 1,500-5,100 mm/qñaM [7]) .
kMritsMenImRbEhl 100% [8]. vaTamTanUvkMriGakasFatu EdlmanePøógeRcInCag 130 éf¶ [8] nig
rbbePøógenArdUvekþA 0-4éf¶ [8] . eTaHCa rdUvR)aMgmanEt 0-4 Ex [8] k_vaGacFn)anEdr . D. turbinatus
GacsMrbry³eBlrsµsI eM yaK Edlmanry³eBlticCag 12 em:ag [7] (eBléf¶xIø) . sItuNðPaBTabbMput
24-32°C [7] (sItuNðPaBmFüm RbcaMqañ M 20-24°C [8]) sItuNðPaBx<sb ; Mput 40°C [7] . vasmRsbnwgtMbn;
EdlmansItuNðPaBTabbMput enAExEdlRtCak;bMput 6-18°C [8] nig sItuNðPaBmFümx<s;bpM tu 28-45°C
4
[8]enAExEdlekþAbMput . Tinñn½yGakaFatubgðajfa D. turbinatus minsmRsbkñgú karduH lUtlas;
enAtMbn; EdlmankMrit sItuNðPaB eRkam 10°C" [8] . vagaybMpaø jedaysarePøgI eqHéRB nigeQIbu:n
efal EdlRtUv)anbMpøajedayePøgI KWmni GacduHlUtlas;eLIgvij)aneT . RbePTenHmankarFn;ngw
xül; enAtMbn;skIu Únø RtUBic dUcCaenARbeTs bg;køaeds Andamans (\NÐa) nigPUma [8] . D. turbinatus
Fnnwgmøb; enAeBleBjv½y nigRtUvkarBnøWenA eBlcas; .
minTan;manTinyñ½ . .
D. turbinatus GacduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;dImanlkçN³xus²Kña eTaHbIdImanl,aytick_eday (cambisols)

dIxSac;lay\dæ EdlmaneRcaHTwk)anl¥ KWCaRbePTdIsmRsb . vakMrduHlUtlas;enAelIdIxSac; Edlman
BN’Rkhm rWelOg (alfisols nig ultisols) nig dIRbepH EdlmankMritGasIutTab edayman pH of 4.8-5.8
[8] b:Eu nþdIEdlNWt (pH=7) KWmanlkçN³smRsbpgEdr . D. turbinatus duHlUtlas;)anelIenA tMbn;
RClgPñrM abesµI enAtMbn; EdlmanTwkelc nigkUnPñM EdlenAPaKxageCIg nigt,Úg . vaduHlUtlas;enA elI

dI laterized b:Eu nþminFnnwgRbePTdI calcareous eT . lkçN³dIepSgeTot CMerAdI (>150 cm) CMerAdIsuT§Ca
mFüm (50-150 cm) kMritCICatimFüm rWTab kMritGMbilTab (<4 dS/m) dIeRcaHTwk)anl¥ kMriteRCobTwk
Tab (saturated >50% of year) [7] .
[eQI]: eyageTAtamr)a:yd_eRcIn nigPaBsMbUrrbs;va RbePTeQIenH)ankøayCa eQIh‘ubya:gsMxan;enA

kñúg]bTIbV \NÐa . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;eKalbMNgCaeRcIn nigRtUv)annaMecjpgEdr . RbeTsCa
eRcIIn enAtMbn;GasIu naMecjRbePTeQIenHenAkMriteRcInKYrsm dUcCaRbeTsPUma nigvaRtUv)annaMenAkan;
RbeTs \NÐeÚ nsIu nigéf . eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;sMng;FnF¶n; dUcCa ka)a:l; TUk nigs<an . vaRtUv
)an eRbIR)as; sMrab;sagsg;pÚvø rfePøgI nigbegáalsMrab;bBa©ÚnsarpgEdr . D. turbinatus GacRtUv)an
5
eRbIR)as;srM ab;CnM sY European oak nigeFICV akMral . vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karplitRkdas eTaHbIB)i akkñgú
karCaedaysaEtman C½reRcInk_eday . vaCaeQIfamBld_l¥ (eQIRsay 5,300 Kcal/kg nig eQIxwøm
5,050 Kcal/kg)" [8] . kareRbIR)as;epSg²eTotmandUcCa eQIml U begÁalRbGb;sbM uRt ssr eQImlU
eQIGar sMNg;FunF¶n; Fñmw sMNg;FnRsal CBa¢aMg rbg TVa sMNg;visVkmµ kargarkñgú Twk RbGb; Fug
]bkrN_]sSah_kmµ nigeRbIR)as; kñúgpÞH dgsMrab;kan; Rcas; eRKOgsgðarwm vIna tYyanynþ
sMPar³plitBIeQI kþa nigFüÚg .
[Gnupl]: D. turbinatus KWCaRbPBén eRbgBaNiCk¢ mµ (commercial oleoresin) EdlRtUv)ansÁal;fa
'kangin oil' enARbeTsPUma nig 'garjan oil' enARbeTsbg;køaeds . eRbgeQIKRW sedognwgeQITalTwk
(Dipterocarpus alatus) b:Eu nþKuNPaBx<sC ; ageQITal . C½rmanlkçN³rwg bnÞab;BIkarRbmUl nigRtUv)an

eRbIsMrab;eFICV acnøúH . eRbgd_sMxan;enHmanpÞkú nUvsarFatu 2 sMxan;KW alpha- nig beta-gurjunene . C½rKW
enA bnSl;Tuk bnÞab;BIkarxYgykeRbgEdlmanpÞúkGasIut gurjunic . C½r oleo KWmaneRKOgpSM Edlman
sar³ sMxan;énTwkfñaM EdlsresrelIfµ (lithographic ink) nigkarBarkarBukpuuyrbs;Edk . vak_RtUv)an
eRbIR)as; sMrab;karBarb¤sSI nigGaceRbICafña)M aneRcInRbePT dUcCa Büal)aldMe)ArlYy ERsg
nigCMgWEs,kepSg² eTot . vaGacCYyeGayFøak;esøs nigCMrujeGay beBa©jTwkenam .
[epSg²]: enAkñgú EdnFmµCati D. turbinatus RtUv)andaMduHCaRbePT naMcUl (exotic species) edIm,IbegánI kar
GPirkSéneGkULsÚ uIFmµCati . enAbg;køaeds vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;kardaMduHéRBeQIeLIgvij .
enARbeTsPUma nigbg;køaeds vaRtUv)andaMduHya:geCaKC½y enAkñgú RbB½nk§ sirukmµ dUcCa taungya .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
cMNat;fñak;eQIelx 2.
6
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaTUeTAvaduHenAtMbn;RClgPñM EdlmaéRBeRsagesIm ¬dIRbepH¦ nigéRBBak;kNþal

eRsag éRB dipterocarp- esIm nigéRBel,aH enAtMbn;éRBbzm nigéRBrgkarrukran . enAéRBel,aH
dipterocarp vaduHlUtlas;CabNþMC ú aRbePTsuT§ nigCYnkallayCamYy Irvingia malayana, Scaphium
lychnophora nig Parinari annamense. vaEtgEtduHlayKñaCamYy D. costatus,ebIeTaHCavakMr
manenAtMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;Tabk_eday . D. turbinatus CaRbePTFnnwgmøb; enAeBlenAtUc b:Eu nþRtUv

karmøb;enAeBlmanGayukan;EteRcIn . vaGaceFIV karéRkEmkedayxøÜnÉg b:Eu nþminduHExñgeLIgvijeT .
eQITaleRbg RtUv)andaMCacMkar enAkñgú RbeTsbg;køa eds PUma nig Karnataka (\NÐa) [8] .
[karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: kUneeQItUc nigb:n u efñalRbePT Dipterocarpus GacFn;RTaMenAkñgú éRBEdl
mankMritmøbx; øaMgry³eBleRcInqñaM . enA 2qñaM karebIknUvkenSamsøwkeFIeV GayRbePTeQIenHFn;)aneLIy
b:Eu nþenAeBlvalUtlas;l¥ (RbEhlkMBs; 120 m) kenSamsøwkGacRtUv)anebIk edIm,IbegánI karlUtlas;
. RbePTCaeRcInduHlUtlas;eLIgvij)anl¥enAkñúgéRBminTan;rukran rWéRBbzm . D. turbinatus
GacduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati dMNuHRKab;BUC enAkñgú dIesIm rI manCIkbM usþ× . enAkñgú éRB dMNuHRtUv)an cab;
epþIm BI 3-4 éf¶ [8] bnÞab;BIEpøRCuH nigbBa©b;enAkñúgry³eBl 3 s)þah_ . enAkñgú RbB½n§ shelterwood
edImeQIpþl;BUCxøHRtUv)anTukeGayBRgayRKab; . karsMGatépÞdIGacCYydl;RbePTkUneQItUc² dIRtUv
)anRkal edayrukçCatiEdl )ankat;rYc . enAbg;køaeds kenSamsøwkEpñkkNþalRtUv)anrkSa rhUtdl;
kUneQIRtUv)anduHlUtlas; eRkay mkkarkab;ebIkkenSamsøwk EdledIm,IbegánI karlUtlas;RtUv )aneFIV
eLIg .
[kardaMduH]:eRkABIkarduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati kardaMduHRtUv)aneFIVeLIgtamry³kardaMedaypÞal; nig
daMkúgñ fñal . kardMaedaypÞal;CaviFIsaRsþFmµtakñúgkardaMeQITaleRbg nigRtUv)aneRbIenAtMbn; Edl
maneQI RbePTenHduH . kardaMRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenATIval EdlmanedImeQIpþl;mbø ;myY cMnnY dUcCa Acacia

auriculiformis nig Paraserianthes falcataria . enARbeTsbg;køaeds bnÞab;BIkarkab;sMGatTaMgelIdI nig
kñúgdI edImeQIpþl;RKab;RtUv)anTuk . tMbn;RtUv)andut . RKab;RtUv)andaMenAkñgú reNþA 2.5 cm Edlman

cenøaH 1 x 1 m RKbedaydI nigsøabEdlRtUv)ansgát;ya:gENn . enAeBlePøógesµAduHya:grh½s
nigkarsMGat esµARtUv)aneFIV kardkedayédRtUv)aneFIeV LIg . karsMGatesµA (ya:gehacNas; 3 dgkñúg
ry³eBl 3 qñaM) karkarBaePøgI nigkarkat;BBYkvlø×RtUveFICV aRbcaMkgñú ry³eBl 3-4 qñaM rhUtdl; edImeQI
rwgmaM nigRbePTeQI pþl;møbR; tUv)andkhUt . enARbeTsPUma nigbg;køaeds eQITaleRbgdaMduH)an
7
ya:geCaKC½enAkñúgRbB½n§ ksirukçkmµ edayeRbIvIFIsaRsþdaMedaypÞal; vaRtUv)andaMduHCaRbePT eQIpþl;
eQIh‘ub nigdaMenAcenøaHRbePT dMNaMksikmµ . RKab;RtUv)andaMCaCYrragral; 30 cm nigCYrnimyY ²man
RbEvgRbEhl 2 m BIKañ nigvaman cenøaHsMrab;daMdMNaMdUcCa Tephrosia candida rW Cajanas cajan . kUn
eQIGacmankMBs;dl; 1.8 m bnÞab;BI ry³eBl 4 qñaM enAeBlBYkvaduH)anl¥ .
[karRKb;RKg]: bnÞab;BIry³eBl 5 qñaM edImeQIRtUv)ankab;rMlHeGayenAsl;cenøaH 1.2 x 1.2 m nigkar
kab; edayeRCIserIsRtUv)aneFIbV nÞab;BIry³eBl 10 qñaM . cMkarEdlmanGayu 10 qñaM Gacplit)an nUv

edImeQI mankMBs;CamFüm 11.9 m nig Ggát;pit© DBH 10.4 cm enAGayu 45-60 qñaMénxYbrgVilCMu kar
ekIneLIgmFüm RtUv)ankt;RtaenARbeTsbg;køaeds KW 10-12 m³/ha . Haque nig Osman (1993)
)anraykarN_facMkar daMRbePTeQITaleRbgsuT§GacTTYl)ankMritlUtlas;x<s; ebIeRbobeFobnwg
cMkarcMruH edayeRbIR)as; ém:sak;CaRbePTlay .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10]
[karRbmUl nigsþúkTukRKab;BCU ]: edImeQIEdleBjv½y mankenSamsøwkl¥ Gacpþl;RKab;)ancMnnY 5-7 kg

. EpøEdlTMu RtUv)anRbmUlBIedImeQIem ehIyEpønmi Yy² manRKab;EtmYyKt; nigEpøRtUv)anyk eTAbNþHú
dUcCa RKab;Edr enAeBleFIRV bRBwtþikmµRKab; . RKab;CaRbePT recalcitrant manry³eBlduHxøI
dUcenHBYkvaKYrEtRtUv )anTukenAkñgú møb; nigbNþHú enAkñúgry³eBlmYys)aþh_ . GRtadMnuHKW 82% [8]
edaymankMrit rs;bnÞab; BIkardaM 50% [8] . EpømYyKILÚRkam (RbEhl 130-154 Epø [8]) Gacpþlþ ;knU eQI
RbEhl 77 edIm [8]..
[karbnþBUCedayRKab;]: kUneQIGacRtUv)anbNþHú enAkñgú fñal edayeRbIR)as;fñalEdlmanmøbR; Kb eday
fg; pøas;sÞci . RKab;RtUv)ansabkñúgry³eBl 2-3 éf¶eRkayBIkarRbmUlRKab; nigRKbedaydI nigTuk
søabeGay lyecjmk . kareRsacTwk nigsMGatesµAmansar³sMxan;Nas; nigkarkat;bnßymøb; edIm,I
eGayedImduH )anl¥ RtUv)aneFIeV LIg . kUneQIGacmankMBs; 50 cm enAExmifuna (RbEhl 12-13 Ex).
RKab;ngw beBa©j nUvrWs EdlrwgmaMenAeRkamlkçxN½ ÐfñalFmµCati . eyagtamkar duHlUtlas; ya:g
8
elOgrbs;rWs (RbEhl 20 cm ry³eBl 2 Ex) kUneQIRtUv)anbNþHú enAkñgú fg;p; aø s;sÞic bnÞab;mkRtUv)an
ykeTAdaM .
[karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁlUtlas;]: D. turbinatus GacbnþBUCedaysrIragÁlUtlas;edaykarpSaM EdlRtUv
)an eFIeV LIgenAkMLgú rdUvmUsug ¬mifuna-kkáda¦ . Emkrbs;edImeQIeBjv½y (Ggát;pit© 0.7-1.0 cm )

RtUv)anpSaM edIm,IbegánI karlUtlas;rbs;rWs EdlmanlaylamkeKa eRbg (oil-cake) nigdI (smamaRt
2:1:1 ) . vacMNayeBlRbEhl BIr ExsMrab;karduHrWs nigBnøk edayeRbIviFIsaRsþ 'Forkert' Edlman
kMrieCaKC½y RbEhl 25%" [8] .
[stVl¥ti ]: minmanRbePTstVlt¥i NamYyRtUv)ankt;RtaeTsMrab;RbePTeQITaleRbg . RbePTsu‘trbs;

Lepidoptera GacecaHcUleTAkñúgRKab; nigEpø . cMeBaHedImeQIKm
W ankar FnnwgRbePTEdlecaH cUlsac;
eQInigkeNþó .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[ CMgW]: minmanRbePTCMgWRtUv)ankt;RtaenAeLIyeT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[epSg²]: "kareFIkV Únø GacbNþaleGaybMpøajnUvRKab;mnu eBlvaTMu . eQITaleRbggaybMpøajedaysar
ePøgI edayEtvamanpÞúknUveRbgeRcIn nigRtUv)anbMpøajya:gF¶n;Fr¶ BIksikmµBencr edaysarkardut .
kalBIGtItvalERsRtUv)andutragral; 7-10 qñaM bc©úb,nñcMnnY énkardut)anekIneLIgragral; 2-3 qñaM" [8] .
F> karGPirkS :
D. turbinatusRtUv)ancat;fñak;CaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; (CR A1cd+2cd [1]) niggay)at;bg; (VU A1acd,

B2cd [1]) eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) World List of
Threatened Trees . eTaHbI enARbeTséf vamanduHlUtlas;CadM² u enAkñgú FmµCatik_eday .

enARbeTskm<Cú a kar)a:n;sµan;eTAelIkarKMramkMEhgeTAelIedImeQI (as defined on the National
9
Workshop on Tree Species Priorities organized by DFW and CTSP in 2000) KWmancMnYneRcInCag
10,000 edImRtUv)anKMramkEhgedaykarkab; nig eRcInCa 1,000 edImRtUv)anKMramkMEhgedayePøg I .

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: bg;køaeds km<C
ú a Lav \NÐa (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Meghalaya, West
Bengal, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura) PUma éf nigevotNam .
[ karnMacUl]: \NÐeÚ nsIu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
p> epSg² :
[karbgáat;BCU ]: "fµ²I enH kmµviFIEklMGreQI enAviTüasßanRsavRCavéRBeQIbg;køaeds (Bangladesh Forest

Research Institute) enA Chittagong )aneRCIserIsedImeQIRbEhl 150 edIm BITICrM kFmµCatienAkñúg
RbeTsbg;køaeds nigcMkarRbEhl 8 hictaénRKab;l¥Edl)ankøÚnrYc . eTaHCaya:gNak_eday kUneQI

Edl )anBIRKab;l¥¬viCm¢ an¦enaHminRtUv)anlk;eTAeGayGñkRKb;RKgéRBeQI nigdaMduHCaRTug RTayFM

enAeLIyeT.
Anon, 1983. Bangladesh Standard Specification for General Purposes. Dhaka, Bangladesh:
Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution.
[8]
10
Anon, 1985. Dipterocarps of South Asia: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, bangkok,
Thailand.
[8]
Anon, 1988. Bangladesh Standard Code of Practice for Preservation of Timber. Dhaka, Bangladesh:
Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution.
[8]
Banik RL, 1980. Studies on sowing position of garjan seeds on their germination and seedling
behaviour. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 9(1/2):43-52; 6 ref.
[8]
Das DK, 1970. Anatomy of Dipterocarpus Species Timbers of East Pakistan. Bull. 2, Wood Anatomy
Series. Chittagong, Bangladesh: Forest Research Institute.
[8]
Das S, 1980. Dipterocarp forests of Bangladesh and their management. Bano Biggyan Patrika,
9(1/2):71-86; 7 ref.
[8]
Dochnal EF, 1987. Review of Provisional Yield Tables Set-up. Assistance to the Forestry Sector of
Bangladesh - Phase II. FAO Project BGD/85/085. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organizations of
United Nations.
[8]
Finnemore H, 1926. The Essential Oils. London, UK: Benn Limited.
[8]
Haque MA, Rahman AHMM, Choudhury JH, 1985. Effect of harvesting time and sowing interval of
garjan seeds on germination. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 14(1/2):30-35; 10 ref.
[8]
11
Haque SMS, Osman KT, 1993. Performance of gurjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus) and teak (Tectona
grandis) in pure and mixed plantations at Kaptai, Bangladesh. Indian Forester, 119(9):738-743; 9 ref.
[8]
Khan MS, 1984. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora of Bangladesh, No. 25. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh
National Herbarium.
[8]
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, 1935. Indian Medicinal Plants. 2nd edition, Vol 1. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen
Singh Mohendra Pal Singh.
[8]
Latif MA, Dey BC, Das Gupta SR, 1978. Treatability of nineteen timber species of Bangladesh. Bano
Biggyan Patrika, 7(1/2):1-8; 5 ref.
[8]
Limye VD, 1939. Properties of woods grown in India. Dehra Dun, India: Forest Research Institute.
[8]
Luna RK, 1996. Plantation trees. Plantation trees., xii + 975 pp.; [refs at ends of sections].
[8]
Martindale, 1958. The Extra Pharmacopocia, Vol 2. London, UK: Pharmacuetical Press.
[8]
Rai SN, 1978. Pre-treatment of seeds of Albizia falcata, A. chinensis and A. richardiana.. Myforest,
14(4):241-245; 1 ref.
[8]
Rai SN, 1983. Notes on nursery and regeneration techniques of some species occurring in southern
tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Karnataka (India). Indian Forester, 109(3):127-
136.
12
[8]
Rashid MH, Serajuddoula M, Banik RL, Matin A, 1986. Vegetative propagation of forest trees in
Bangladesh. Bulletin 1. Chittagong, Bangladesh: Silviculture Genetics Division, Bangladesh Forest
Research Institute.
[8]
Rashid MH, Serajuddoula M, 1984. Vegetative propagation of dhakijam and garjan by air-layering.
Bano Biggyan Patrika, 13(1/2):64-66; 5 ref.
[8]
Sattar MA, 1980. Kiln drying schedules for indigenous timbers of Bangladesh. Bulletin, Forest
Research Institute, Chittagong, Wood Seasoning, No. 4:ii + 11 pp.; 9 ref.
[8]
Sattar MA, 1981. Some physical properties of 116 Bangladeshi timbers. Bulletin, Forest Research
Institute, Bangladesh, Wood Seasoning, No. 7:15 pp.; 1 ref.
[8]
Sen Gupta JN, 1937. Seed weights, plant percents, etc. for forest plants in India. Indian Forest
Records, Silviculture, 2(5):175-221.
[8]
Tewary PK, Sarkar AK, 1987. Lectotypification of Dipterocarpus andamanicus (King) Tewary & Sarkar
comb. nov. & stat. nov. (Dipterocarpaceae). Indian Journal of Forestry, 10(1):63-64.
[8]
Thangam ES, 1982. Regeneration methods of Dipterocarpus species in India. Indian Forester,
108(10):637-647; 18 ref.
[8]
13
Joshi HB, 1980. Troup's The silviculture of Indian trees. Volume II. Dipterocarpaceae. Troup's The
silviculture of Indian trees. Volume II. Dipterocarpaceae., xxxv + 471 pp.; [148 pl. (4 col.)]; 43 pp. ref.
[8]
Yakub M, Bhattacharjee DK, Ali MO, 1972. Strength Properties of some Bangladesh Timber Species.
Bulletin 2. Chittagong, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Forest Research Institute.
[8]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :

http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Anisoptera.htm (Internet
source)
[2] Dy Phon, 2000, Dictionary of Plants used in Cambodia
Phnom Penh.
Northern Thailand.
[6] ARCBC BISS Species Database: http://arcbc.org/cgi-bin/abiss.exe (Internet source) Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
14
[11] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.htm(Inter
net source)

15
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Durio zibethinus Murray.]

[Durio zibethinus Murray.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Durio zibethinus Murray.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ durian [2], civet fruit, civet-cat tree, thurian [7]
K> sTisn½y ³ Durio acuminatissima Merr. (1926) ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ durian (trade name) [7] - du-yin (Myanmar) [7] - dulian
(Philipines) [7] - Durianbaum, Zibetbaum (Germany) [7] -

ambetan, duren, kadu, durian (Indonesia) [7] - thouri่n (Laos)
[7] - durian kampong, durian puteh (Malaysia) [7] - mduriani
(E-Africa) [7] - rian, thurian (Thailand) [7] - s[aaf]u ri[ee]ng,
sâù riêng (Vietnam) [7]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Fuern

ÉksarBieRKaH : [1]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ thou reann [1], thu-réén [7]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati
lMdab; : Malavales
1
ePT : Durio
RbePT : Durio zibethinus
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQIébtgCanic© EdlmanTMhMBmI Füm eTAFM nigmankMBs; 25-40 m [2] (-40 m

[5], -45 m [7])enAkñg ú éRBRkas;tMbn;TMnab nigkMBs; 10-15 m [7] (10-20 m [3])enAkñgú cMkar
nigsYnc,arCMuvijpÞH . edImmanRBwg edaymanGgát;pit© DBH BI 50-120 cm .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’etñatcas; nigrbkecjmineTogTat; .
[søwk] søwkmanragCaeGlIb rW es<ór RbEvg 10-15 cm [7] (10-17 cm [5]) TTwg 3-4 cm [7] (3-4.5(-
12.5) cm [5]) RsedogRkdas mancugRsYc . épÞxagelIrbs;skøw Kµaneram relag

épÞxageRkamRkas;RKbdNþb; edaysMbkBN’R)ak; rW mas . sréssøkw TIBIrmancMnnY RbEhl 15 KU
EdlzitenACargVg;CitCaysøkw rn§xül; zitenAxageRkam . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 1-1.5 cm .
[páa]: páaduHCakBa©m
úM Ul nigkenSampáasMEb:t . TgpáamanRbEvg 5-7 cm . RtbkpáamanragdUcfg;
sMEb:tenA Kl; edaymanbMBg;RbEvg 2 cm nigGgát;p©it 1.5 cm . RsTab;páamanBN’Bg;man; rW s
manRbEvg 5 cm nigTTwg 2 cm EdlCaEpñkd_FM . ekseQµalBN’s manRbEvg 4 cm srés
filament mancMnYn 12 nig anthers ragdUcCgÁg; . eksjImanragdUcsu‘t ragsþÜc RbEvg 4 cm nig
stigma BN’elOg . enARbeTséf FuernecjpáanenAExmina enAcugrdUvrga . enAkñg ú GakasFatumUsug

karecjpáaGacmanenA rdUvR)aMgpgEdr . enAtMbn;EdlmansMenIm énRbeTsma:eLsIu nig\NÐeÚ nsIu
edImeQIGacecjpáadl;eTABIrdg kñúgmYyqñaM eday manry³eBlxus²KñaenAqñabM nþbnÞab; .
karsegátTaMgenH )anpþl;eyabl;fa karvivtþrbs;paá GacmanTMnak; TMngCamYynwgkar BnüaeBlnUvkar

lUtlas; .
[Epø]: EpømanTMhMxus²Kña CaTUeTAmanGgát;p©itBI 15-25 cm BN’ébtgeTAetñatcas; edaymanbnøa
Edlman RbEvg nigrUbragxus²Kña . RKab;manBN’etñat EdlRKbdNþbe; daysac; BN’s rW elOg Tn;

Rkas; nigman rsCatiEp¥m .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQImanlkçN³eRKIm nigRsal b:uEnþFn; edaymaneQIxwmø BN’Rkhmcas; EdlmantMélfamBl 520

kJ/100 g .
RbEhl : 18°N eTA 18°S [4] . vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAtMbn;Cti eGkVaT½r . edImduHEttMbn;RtUBki nig
Qb; lUtlas;enAkMLgú ExRtCak; . CaFmµCati vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBRkas;tMbnTMnab
b:Eu nþRtUv)andaMduHya:g eRcInenAkñgú cMkar nigsYnCitpÞH éntMbn;GasIueKñy_ .
FuernduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;BI 0-900 m a.s.l [4] (300-800 m [7]) EtmanlkçN³xus²KñatamRbeTs

Edl)andaMduH dUcCa dl;eTA 300 m enARbeTséf 600 m enARbeTsRsIlgáa 700 m
enARbeTshVlI IBnI nig 800 m enARbeTsma:eLsIu . rbbTwkePøógsmRsb edaymanr)a:yl¥
b:Eu nþGacÉksNæan edayman kMrit TwkePøógmFümRbcaMqañ M 1,500-2,000 mm [7] (1,200-3,500 mm
[8], 2,000 - 4,000 mm [4]) nigrdUvR)aMgBI 2-3 Ex [8] (0 - 5 Ex [4]) . sItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ KM W 25-
27ºC [4] (22ºC [7]) kMrit sItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ x M <sb; Mput enAExekþAbMputKW 26-34ºC [4]
sItuNðPaBmFümTabbMputenAExRtCak; 21-30ºC [4] . kMritsItuNðPaBFmµta : 22-36 °C [2] .
sItuNðPaBdac;xat: > 15ºC [4] . FuernKWCarukCç atiRtUvkarmøne; nAeBlenAtUc (30-50% énkMritmøb;

rhUtdl;knU eQImankMBs; 1 m [7]) eRkaymkvaGacduHlUtlas;enAkñgú BnøéW f¶eBj)an .
3
tMbn;eqñrPMMñRkvaj (A) dIRkhm (c) TMnabelcTwkTenøemKgÁeRkam (E)

ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
dIKrY EtmanCICati eRCA nigesIm EtmindkTwk . vaynPaBdImanxSac;tictYc eTAl,aymFüm .

dImanvayn PaBF¶n;KrY eCosevog edIm,Ikat;bnßykar)at;bg; EdlbNþalmkBIkarrlYyrWs . dIman pH
BI 4.3-7.5 eday mankMritx<s;bpM tu 5.0-6.5 . vaminGacduHenAelIdI EdlmanCatiéRb)aneT .
[eQI]: eQIFeu rnmanlkçN³Fn; nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CaeQIGar rW kþaCBa©agM sMNg;Fn;Rsal nigF¶n;

kþabitxageRkA Fug sMPar³eFIBV eI QI ]sSah_kmµ nigsMPar³eRbIR)as;kúgñ pÞH eRKOgsgðarwmmantMélefak
veneers TUk tYyanþCMniH eQIemSARkdas; kþakMTiceQI nigeQIfamBl . eTaHbI
eQIRbePTmanlkçN³minsUvl¥sMrab;kareRbIR)as;CaeQIh‘ubk_eday .
[Gnupl]: FuernRtUv)andaM sMrab;plitEpø EdlCaRbPBén carbohydrates nigsarFatu protein nig
vitamins B nig C . vasMbrU eTAedaysac; EdlGacbriePaK)an cMGn i CabEnø eFIeV Gaykk rW

haleGays¶tÜ sMrab;kareRbIR)as;enAeBleRkay . vaRtUv)andak;bEnßmeTAelI nMu kaer:m

nigGaharepSgeTot . CnCati \NÐeÚ nsIpu a¥ b;sac;rbs;va edaylayCamYyGgár nigsár
edIm,IplitnUvmðbÚ EdlRtUv)anehAfa 'lamping' . RKab;RtUv)anes¶ar rW lIg
nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CadMNab;pgEdr . sMbkrbs;EpøRtUv)ansMgYt nigeRbIR)as; sMrab;dutCaeQIfamBl
CaBiesssMrab;eq¥IRtI . Twkdm niglMGgmanCaRbPBd_sMxan;srM ab;XúMµ . lkçN³ rbs;TwkXµMú
minRtUv)ansÁal;eLIy . EpñkxøHrbs;edImeQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CafñaMbru aN : EpøGacCMnyY kMlaMgmnusS
4
nigstV . eyagtamCMenOd_manRbCaRbiyPaB karbriePaKFuernCamYy RsaRBmKña GacbNþaleGayQW
rWkG_ acsøab;pgEdr .
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: FuernduHlUtlas;CaFmµCatienAkñúgéRBtMbn;TMnab b:Eu nþbc©úb,nñ vaRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú cMkar

nig enAeRkaypÞHenAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ . vaCaRbePT Edlmansar³sMxan;srM ab;RbB½n§ksirukkç mµenAGasIu
nigRtUv )aneRbIR)as;CaRbePTedImeQIlMGrpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[karRKb;RKg]: edImeQItUcRtUvkarmøb; 30-50% rhUtdl;Bk Y vamankMBs; 1 m EdlCaeBlRtUvpþl;BnøW
eGay )aneBjlIg . edImeQIRtUv)andak;ClI amkstV nigeRsacTwkenAkMLgú rdUvlUtlas; nigeRsactic
tYcenArdUv rMehIy edIm,IeGayecjpáa enArdUvecjpáa nigrdUvekþA . enAkMLgú mYyqñaMdMbgU bnÞab;BIkardaM
edImeQIRtUv)an kat;tMrwm edaykat;ecjnUvBBYkvlø× nigBnøkmYycMnYn RBmTaMgkat;ecj nUvedImEdl
duHminRtg;l¥ . edImeQI ecjEpø)anl¥enAelIEmk EdlminduHtamTisedk cMEnkEmkEdl duHeLIgeTA
elIGaceFIVeGayedImeQImanTMhM FM nigkMBs;x<s; . karéRkEmkEdlduHeLIg edIm,IrkSanUvEmk
sMxan;EtmYyEdlenAkNþaledIm KWmansar³ sMxan;Nas; . kMritplitPaBTabrbs;cMkarFuern

KWbNþalmkBIkrM itdg;sueI tdaMduHTab nigkarTamTarry³ eBlyUredIm,IeBjv½y . kardaMenAcenøaH kakav
(cocoa) GacCYybegán I nUvplitPaB tamry³lkçN³énRb B½nd§ aMduHdUcCakarpþl;møbC; aedIm .
vak_GacdaMCamYyRbePTdMNaMepSgeTotpgEdr dUcCamañs; langsat (Lansium domesticum) mgÄút
(Garcinia magnostana) nigsavma:v (Nephelium lappaceum) [2] . RbsinmanrdUvR)aMgyUr dUcenA
Chantaburi EdlCaTIkEnøgsMrab;plitkmµFuernenARbeTséf enaHRbB½n§Fara saRsþman

sar³sMxan;Nas; [5] .
5
[karRbmUlpl]: edImeQIduHlUtlas;ya:gx<s; nigmankarBi)akkñg ú karkMNt;nvU PaBcas; rWTrMu bs;Epø
ehIyCa FmµtaeKGaccaMrhUtdl;EpøRCuHmkelIdEI tmþg . enARbeTséf edImEdlmanEpøeRcIn
eBkGackat;bnßynUv kMlaMglUtlas;rbs;edIm nigkarebHEpøRtUv)aneFIeV LIg . karRbmUlpleday
eRCIserIsmansar³sMxan; nig GñkCMnajxagebHEpøGaceRbIR)as;lkçN³vinicyä½ CaeRcInkñúgkarkMNt;
EpøEdlcas; . edayKitBIcMnnY éf¶cab;BI eBlecjpáa BYkvak_GackMNt;edaylkçN³dUcCa BN’ PaByWt
nigrIklUtlas;rbs;bnøa kMritkøinrbs;Epø sMelgenAeBlykRmamédeTAGUsqøgkat;cenøaHrbs;bnøa
karERbRbYlrbs;TgEpø nigkarGENþtrbs;EpøenA kñgú Twk .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[Tinñpl]: enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ Tin
ñ plKWmankMritTab nigmineTogTat; edaysarEtpáatic nigkarecj
Epømin RKb;RKan; . enARbeTséf bBaðaenHKWminsUvFn;F¶reT EtTinpñ lCamFümRtUv)anKNna BIsißti
enAtamtMbn; nigplitkmµenAqñaMbnþbnÞab; EteTaHya:gNak_edayvaenAEtmankMritTab EdlmanBI 3.1
eTA 8.3 t/ha kñúg mYyqñaM . cMkarEdll¥enAkñúgRbeTséf nig Perak EdlzitenAma:eLsIu
Gacplit)andl; 10-18 t/ha kñúgmYyqñaM EdlmanEpøRbEhl 50 kñúgmYyedIm nigTMgn; 1.5-4 kg
cMeBaHEpønimyY ² [5].
[dMeNIrlMGg]: minP½stþú agNamYy Edlbgðajfa edImeQIRtUv)andMeNIrlMGg edaysarxül;eT nigva

RtUv )aneCOfastVRbecov ( Eoncyteris spelea) CaGñkeFIeV GaymandMeNIrlMGg enAeBlEdlvacUleTA
rkTwk dmpáa . XµMúRtUv)anrkeXIj enAelIpáa enAeBléf¶ EdledIrtYCaGñkeFIeV GaymandMeNIrlMGgpgEdr

. dMeNIrlMGgedayFmµCatiGacRtUv)aneFVeI LIgenAeBlyb;Etb:ueNÑaH páamankøinxøaMg nigrIkenAeBléf¶
nig RkBMeu nAema:g 5 l¶ac dl; 6 RBwk b:Eu nþdMeNIrlMGgcab;epþmI enAema:g 7 RBwk nigEpñkrbs;paá nwgRCuH
Cabnþ bnÞab; ehIymanEtsñlÚ páaeT EdlenAsl;enAema:g 11 RBwk [8] .
[karbnþBUC]: FuernRtUv)anbnþBCU eday kardaMedayRKab;pÞal; (rW eRbIR)as;;edImsMrab;daM [4]) .
RKab;CaRbePT recalcitrant BYkva)at;bg;dMNuHenAkñgú ry³eBl 2 s)aþh_ . BYkvamankarFn;ngw PaB
raMgs¶tÜ EdlmancMnHu sMeNIm 41.5% RbsinebIst¶Ü mþgbnþci ² eTA sMeNIm 38.5% RbsinebIst¶Ü ya:g
6
rh½s . GMRb‘yÍ g:u man lkçN³Fn;ngw PaBs¶ÜtenAkMritsMeNIm 53.9% nigminGacrs;)anenAsMeNIm
40.1% . manRKab;cn M nY BI 60-70 RKab;/kg . enA\NÐeÚ nsIu FuernRtUv)andaMedayRKab; eTaHbICamankar
GnuvtþviFIsaRsþ køÚnk_eday . karbnþBUC edaysrIragÁ RtUv)anGPivDÄn_enAkMLgú TsvtS 1920s .
viFsI aRsþ modified forked edaybgáat; Bnøk RtUv)aneFVeI LIg EdlBnøk)anBIEmk EdltUcRtUv)anbgáat;
CamYy edImEdlmanGayu 2 Ex . Exñgbgáat; ecjpáa nigEpømanGayuRbEhl 4 qñaM .
enAkñgú cMkarBaNiCk¢ mµ kareRCIserIsedaykarbgáat;enAkUneQI rW RbePTeQIéRB . Fuernecj
EpøenAeBlmanGayu 7-8 qñaM eRkaylkçxN ½ ÐcMkar . enAma:eLsIu nigsigðbrU I karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ
eday etiolation KWTTYl)aneCaC½yKYreGaykt;sMKal; [7].
[stVl¥ti ]: FuernRtUv)anvaRbhar edaystV dgávÚ sIuskøw nigxµtÚ EdlecaHEmk nigedIm .

RbePTstVlit¥ BIrKW Helicotylenchus spp. nig Radopholus spp.RtUv)anraykarN_pgEdr .
enAelIdIEdldk;Twk eFIeV GayrWs rlYy EdlbNþalmkBI Phytophthora palmivora nig Pythium
complectens EdlGacsMlab;edImeQI kñg ú ry³eBlya:gxøIbpM tu bnÞab;BIecjeraKsBaØaelIkTI 1 .
[CMgW]: manCab;Tak;Tgnwg Pythium EdlRbePTpSit dUcCa Diplodia spp. nig Fusarium spp.
Corticium salminicolor eFIeV GaymanCMgW suICm<Ú (pink disease) , Phyllosticta durionis,
(Phytophthora palmivora [4]) nig Homostegia durionis
EdlbNþaleGaymansñamGuCelIskøw BN’exµA nigetñat . søwkk_rgkar bMpøajBI Colletotrichum

zibethinus nig C. durionis . kargab;Bnøk KWCab;Bak;Bn ½ n§ gw Diplodia spp. nig Phomopsis spp .
karGnuvtþkardaMduH RbePTEdlFn KWGacTb;Tl;nwgbBaðaCMgW . edImeQIenAtUc EdlFn;
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karbgáat;pgEdr [7] .

[karkarBar]: edImRtUv)anTl; edIm,IkarBarkar)ak;Emk nigkarRCuHEpø edaysarxül;xaø gM [8].
F> karGPirkS :
7
FuernRtUv)andaMduHenAextþkMBt RkugRBHsIhnu nigextþkMBg;cam (Rsukemmut) .

ÉksarBieRKaH [1]

[ RbPBkMeNIt]: \NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[karnaMclU ]: RbeTsGURsþalI km<Cú a dUmInIka \NÐa PUma )a:BUjÚKeI N hVlI IBnI sgðabUrI RsIlgáa éf
evotNam esSnsI)u a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
p> epSg² :
[sarFatu EdlmankñúgEpø]: sac;mancMnYn 20-35% énTMgn;Epø RKab;man 5-15% . sac;

nigRKab;sbM UreTA edaysarFatuciBa©wm carbohydrates, proteins xøaj; nigsarFatuEr: . sac; 100 g
pÞúknUv : Twk 67 g RbUetGIun 2.5 g xøaj; 2.5 g carbohydrates 28.3 g sarFatusrés 1.4 g epH 0.8 g
kal;süÚm 20 mg pUsrV 63 mg b:tU asüÚm 601 mg, thiamine 0.27 mg, riboflavine 0.29 mg, nig
vitamin C 57 mg . tMélfamBlKW 520 kJ/100 g .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5].
[Bakü]: eQµaHePT (genus name) KW)anmkBIBaküma:eL fa 'duri' (bnøa) sMedAeTAelIEpømanbnøa [7] .
[RbvtþénkardaMduH]: FuernRtUv)annaMcUleTAkñúg Ceylon (bc©úb,nñRbeTs Sri Lanka)

edayCnCatibT:u uyháal; enAstvtSTI 16 nignaMcUleLIgvijCaeRcIndgEfmeTotpg .
vaRtUv)andaMenAshrdæGaemrik b:Eu nþdaMenAEtkñúg sYnrukçCatibe:u NÑaH . kUneQIdMbgU bMputRtUv)anepJIBIsYn
Kew Botanic Gardens RbeTsGg;eKøs eTAkan; St Aromen dUmn I kI aenAkñgú qñaM 1884 [7] .
8
[stVéRB]: enAkñgú éRB dMrI xøa rmas nigstVéRBdéTeTotRtUv)anTak;TajedaysarEtkøin rbs;FuernTMu nig
RbkYtRbECg deNþmI ykEpøEdlRCuH .
Kostermans AJGH, 1958. The genus Durio Adans. (Bombacaceae). Reinwardtia 4: 47-150.
[4]
Burate Bamrungkarn, L., 1971. Durian plantation. Prae Pittaya Publishers, Bangkok (in
Thai). [5]
Corner, E.J.H., 1949. The durian theory of the origin of the modern tree. Annals of Botany
13(52): 367-414.
[5]
Hasan, B.M. & Yaacob, O., 1986. The growth and productivity of selected durian clones
under the plantation system at Serdang, Malaysia. Acta Horticulturae 175:55-58.
[5]
Kostermans, A.J.G.H., 1958. The genus Durio Adans.(Bombac.). Reinwardtia 4(3): 357-460.
[5]
Punsri, P., 1970. Observations on durian plantation. Puech Suan 6(4): 49-59 (in Thai).
[5]
Punsri, P., 1972. Wild durian. Puech Suan 8(2): 17-22 (in Thai).
[5]
Soegeng-Reksodihardjo, W., 1962. The species of Durio with edible fruits. Economic Botany
16: 270-282.
[5]
Soepadmo, E. & Eow, B.K., 1976. The reproductive biology of Durio zibethinus Murr. The
Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 29: 25-33.
[5]
9
Valmayor, R.V., Coronel, R.E. & Ramirez, D.A., 1965. Studies of floral biology, fruit set and
development in durian. The Philippine Agriculturists 48: 355-359.
[5]
Morton J. (1987) Fruits of warm climates; Durian.

[8]
Verheij E.W.M. Coronel R.E. (1991) PROSEA - Plant Resources of South-East Asia; 2 -
Edible fruits and nuts. http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=369920
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Sok, Sokunthet (RUA), 2006: Own observations
(CD-ROM).
[6] Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2005 © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. (CD-

ROM)

(Internet source)
10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh]

[Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ river red gum, red gum [1], Murray red gum, river gum [3],
red river gum [6], long beak eucalyptus [12]
K> sTisn½y ³ Eucalyptus longirostris F. Muell. ex Miq.,
Eucalyptus rostrata Schltdl., nom. illeg. [4] ,

Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. var. brevirostris (F. Muell.)
Blakely [12].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ bach dan trang [2], b[aj]ch d[af]n [us]c, bajch dafn usc, pré;ng
khchâl slök sâ [12] (Vietnam) - eucalyptus rouge (France) [3]

- eucalipto rojo (Spain) [4] - eucalipto (Portugal) [4] -
Rotgummibaum [4], Roter Eukalyptus [12] (Germany) -
pyilon-chantha (Myanmar) [12] - ekaliptus (Indonesia) [12] -
yukhalip (Thailand) [12]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ eRbgxül;skøw s

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ preng khchal slek sa [9]
lMdab; : Myrtales
1
RKYsar : Myrtaceae
ÉksarBieRKaH: [-]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQImanBN’ébtgCanic© EdlmanTMhMBtI UceTAmFüm kMBs; 20-45 m (-50m [3,

4, 12]) (-60 m [2]) edaymanGgát;p©it DBH BI 1-2 m CYnkalGacdl; 3 m . vaGacmanGayuBI 500
eTAdl; 1,000 qñaM . enAtMbn;éRB EdlRslH vaduHCaedImFMmaMu EdlGacRTg; kenSamsøwkd_FM .

enAkñgú cMkar vaman ragRsLÚn enAeBledImb:unefñal nigmankenSamsøwkesþIg . EmkenAx©I
manBN’Rkhm RsLÚn nigzitenA reyag . vamanlT§PaB éRkEmkedayxøÜnÉg CaBiessenArdUvekþA .
karduHrbs;BnøkekItmanenAeBl lkçxN ½ ÐGeM Naypl . rWsduHcak;ya:geRCA eTArkRbPBTwk .
kUneQItUc² GacmanRbePTrWs aerenchymatous EdlGaccab;ykGuksIuEsn)an .
[sMbk]: sMbkrelagBN’s RbepH ébtgcas; elOg rW sIuCm<Ú eTARkhm ehIyeRbHRCuHCadMeu rogral;qañ M
. sMbkeRKIm CYnkalmankMras;dl;eTA 1-2 m éntYedIm RbePT E. camaldulensis var.

camaldulensis . søk w x©IzitenAqøas;Kña ragdUcs‘ut rWes<ó edayP¢ab;Tw AnwgTgd_tUcmYy .
[søwk]: søwkcas;manlkçN³samBaØ qøas; ragdUces<ó manBN’Rsal TMhM 8-30 cm x 0.7-2 (-3.5) cm
edaymankMBlU søwkBN’ ébtgcas; nigTgsøwkRbEvg 12-15 mm nigragsþÜc . enAEpñkkNþalman

srés BN’elOg . srésbeNþayzitenAzitenAlat edaybegátI CamMu 30-60° CamYysréskNþal .
Venules enAeKmsøk w ragsþÜc nigelceLIgya:gc,as; .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá zitenACaG½kS edaymanpáaBI 4-8 (7-11) . BnøkpáamanragdUcs‘ut rWekan . páamanBN’s
nig TMhMmFüm edaymanTgsøwktUc . ry³eBlénkarecjpáaGaRs½yeTAtamtMbn; dUcCaenARbeTséf
karecj páa kBaØa-vickäi ar .

[Epø]: EpøragmUlRTEvg rW dUcs‘ut EdlmanTMhM 5-8 x 5-8 mm (7-8 x 5-6 mm) Edlman 3-5
duHecjmk . RKab;tUc ragCaqL½gÁ (15 kñgú EpømYy) edaymansMbkRKab;cnM nY BIr . sMbkxageRkA

manBN’elOgeTA elOg etñat enAsMbkxageRkammanBN’etñatcas; (EpøTaMgGs;mansMbk
RKab;BN’etñatcas; rW exµA) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7]
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQImanBN’Rkhm nigrelag . manlkçN³rWg b:Eu nþgayRsYlGar nigRkas;bnÞab;BIkar

sMgYt ehIyRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbePTeQI EdlFn;enAkñúgBiPBelak . dg;seIu teQI 0.9-0.98 g/cm³
enAkMrit sMenIm 12% . TMnajEpndI r15 éneQIQr 0.79 g/cm³ . rgVg;lUtlas; minxusKña
nigmineTogTat; rag ekag CYnkal dUc E. camaldulensis EdlmanCBa¢aMgekasikaeQIRkas; . srés
Vessels elceLIg (4-) 7-9 (-11)/mm² duHeTalEtmañkÉ ; g . vaBi)akeRbIR)as; b:Eu nþgayduHxat;
bnÞab;BIkarcMhuy smRsbsMrab;kar bt;Ebn . Fn;ngw karbMpaø jrbs;keNþó nigeqHedaymin bnSl;
TuknUvepH .
duHlUtlas;ya:geRcInenAtMbn;RtUBki enAkMrit 15-18 (-38)°S . vaduHeRcInenAtammat;Twk RClgPñM

Edllic Twk Cajwkjab; tamtMbn;PñMTab² rWTY .
kMritry³kMBs; 0 (30) eTA 600 m a.s.l. [1, 2, 3, 9] (0-1,500 m a.s.l [12]) . kMriteGkULsÚ uIxs< ;
Fn;ngw kar raMgs¶tÜ nigkarelcTwk enAry³eBlxøI . smRsbeTAnwgGakasFatumsU gu nigFn;karCaMTwk
b:Eu nþsmRsb cMeBaHtMbn;raMgs¶Üt nigraMgs¶tÜ mFüm . manRbPBkMeNItBItbM n; EdlmanrdUvrMehIy
nigmanePøógenArdUvekþA edaymankMritePøógCamFümRbcaMqañ M 250-625 mm [3] (400-2,500 mm [4]) .

Gacrs;enAtMbn;EdlmankarraMgs¶tÜ xøaMg Edlmanry³eBl 4-8 rWyrU CagenH b:Eu nþvaRtUvkarRbPBTwk
eRkamdI edIm,Iecjpáa . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ MenAExekþAbMput 29-35°C [3] (21-40°C [12])
enAExRtCak; bMptu 11-20°C [3] (3-22°C [12]) . Fn;nwgCatiéRbmFüm .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 12]
3
GacduHlUtlas;enAelIRbePTdIeRcInya:g dUcCa dIGasIuts‘lu pat . cUlcitþduHenAelIdIxSac; nigl,b;

Edl sMbUredaykal;süÚm PaKeRcInenAtammat;Tenø rWsgÞw énRbPBTwkéRbpgEdr . duHlUtlas;enA
elIdImanxSac; mFüm l,aymFüm nig\dæeRcIn TamTarnUvdImni CaMTwk nigGacduHlUtlas; enAelIdIEdl
mansarFatuciBa©wm tictYc . Fn;ngw dI EdlmanlkçN³raMgs¶tÜ CaBiessmansarFatuEr:Tab . cUlcitþdI
GasIut NWt nig)as niglUtlas;elIdI EdlmanCaéRbpgEdr . vaRtUvkarBnøW nigminduH
lUtlas;enAeRkammøbe; T . vaTamTarnUv sMenIms¶Üt rW dIEdlmansMeNIm nigGacFn;ngw PaBraMgs¶tÜ .
[eQI]: eQIeRbIR)as;srM ab;eKalbMNgTUeTA . eRbIR)as;CasMxan; eTAelIplitkmµGus nigeFIRV kdas .

Gus rbs;RbePTeQIenHeqHya:gelOn edaysarvamanCatieRbg nigpþl;RbePTFüÚgya:gl¥ .
smRsbsMrab; karplit vIna kþakMeTceQI kþa sMNg;Fn;Rsal nigF¶n; TVa s‘umbg¥cÜ TU TUrfePøgI begáal
rbg sMNg;ka)a:l; nigTUk sMNg;eRkamTwk tYyanþCMniH RbGb; cMlak; dgsMPar³epSg² sMPar³kILa
nigsMPar³ksikmµ .
[Gnupl]: søk w nigEmktUc²manpÞkú eRbgrbs;eRbgxül; Edlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;plitpl»sf

TwkGb; sab‘U fañlM agsMGat nigfñasM lM ab;emeraK nwgBüa)alCMgWk¥k pþasay QWbBM g;kr
nigCMgWepSg²eTot . vaCa sarFatusxM an;kgñú karBüa)alCMgWk¥k .
eRbgRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CafñaMsMlab;emeraK nigfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it . GacplitCaekAs‘U (kino)
EdlhUrecjBIedImya:geRcIn nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;plit»sf nigsMlab; Es,k .
sMbkk_manpÞkú nUvCatitanInpgEdr . páaGacplitnUvlMGg nigTwkdm EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ pgEdr .
TwkXµMmú anBN’dUcmas nigmanrs;Catil¥ .
4
[epSg²]:RtUv)andaMduHCarukC
ç atilMGr pþl;møb; nigCMrk . eRbIR)as;srM ab;rkSaesßrPaBdI nigRtUv)andaMduHenA
tMbn;valPk; EdlCYyRsUbykTwk kñgú karbMpaø jkEnøgbgáat;BCU rbs;BBYkmUs .
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
enARbeTskm<Cú a RbePTeQIenHRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú cMkar nigCaedImeQIlMGrtamrukçvifI .

ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
[cMkar]: CYnkalRtUv)andaMduH sMrab;karsþaéRBeQIeLIgvij . cMkarRtUv)anbegátI enAcenøaH 3 x 3-4 x 4 m
CYnkal 3 x 2 m . RbB½n§ EdleRbIR)as;eRcInCageKKW Murray Darling System BIkMrit 25-37°S eTA
140-150°E . vaCakUnkat; rvag E. alba nigRbePTepSgeTotén eucalypts . karRKb;RKgesµA
mansar³sMxan; Nas;KkW arsMGatesµARtUv)aneFIV 4-5 dgerogral; 2 qñaM . cMkarRtUv)an

daMduHsMrab;pÁt;pÁg;eQIGar EdlTam TarnUvkarkab;rMelaH BIeRBaHedImeQIeRcInmanEmkeRcIn nigTMrg;mni l¥
. cMkareRbgxül;RtUv)ankab; eGay rhal enAeBldl;xYbrgVli CMu nigRtUv)andaMduHeLIgvijTaMgRsug .
enA)a:BUjÚKeI no edImeQImanTMrg;mni l¥ nigedImBIr RtUv)ankab;ecjenAGayu 5 qñaM nigkab;rMelaHdl;cnM nY
250 edIm/ha enAGayu 10 qñaM nig 100 edIm/ha enAGayu 15 qñaM nigRbmUlplcugeRkayenAGayu 25 qñaM
ehIyRbePTrukçCati enHduHExñg)anl¥eTot pg . enARbeTshVlI IBIn vaduH)anl¥CamFüm

edaymankardak;nvU CIGasUt (30g/edIm) nigpUsrV (30g/edIm) eRkayry³eBl 3 bnÞab;BIkardaM .
kMritlUtlas;manlkçN³xus²Kña rvagkardaMBiesaFn_ nigkardaMenA TIval . enAkMLgú 10 qñaM
dMbgU karlUtlas;kBM s;RbcaMqañ M 2 m nigGgát;p©it 2 cm . enAdMNak;kaldMbgU kMritlUtlas;kBM s;
Gacdl; 3 m kñgú mYyqñaM sMrab;tbM n;EdlmanCICatil¥ . edImeQI EdlenAtUcGacduH ExñgeLIgvij BI 2-3
xYb . eTaHya:gNakarduHExñgeLIgvij KWmanlkçN³xus²Kña . RbsinvaRtUv)andaMduH
5
sMrab;eFIVeQIemSARkdas; edImeQIGacRtUv)ankab;RbmUlplenAGayu 6-10 qñaM . kMritTinpñ leQIRbcaMqñaM
KW RbEhl 20 - 25 m³/ha enAGasSg;TIn 30 m³/ha enAGIRu saEGl 17 - 20 qñaMenATYKI enAxYbdMbgU nig
25 - 30 qñaMCabnþbnÞab; . enAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt TinñplTTYl)an 2 - 11 m³ xYbBI 14 rW 15 qñaM .
[karduHCaFmµCati (GURsþalI)]: CasmasFatulb;enAtMbn;éRBlicTwk . enAelITMnablicTwk
vaCaRbePTedIm eQIEtmYyKt; Edlmanvtþman . enAtMbn;xs< ; vaduHlayCamYy black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens) rW coolibah (E. microtheca) . vak_manray)a:ytampøÚvTwk nigéRBkpgEdr
. kUneQIbu:nefñal begátI CaTMrg; éRB EdlmanedImRtg; . enAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt EdleQIQrCabnÞH ( ribbon

stands) ekItmanenAtamERBk edIm eQImanEPñkeRcIn nigmankenSamsøwkFM . TMrg;enHekItmaneLIg
enATUTaMgtMbn; EdledImeQIduHenAdac; Rsyal enAelIdI EdlmanCICatieRCA nigsMeNIm .

kMritlUtlas;elOn enAeBlmanRbPBTwk EdledImeQI GacmankMBs; 12-15 m kñúgry³eBlbI eTA
bYnqñaM . karRbKYtRbECgsMrab;sMeNImkñgú dI CamYyedImeQIenA RsTab;eRkamepSg²eTot
Gacman\T§Bi ldl;GRtars;rbs;knU eQI EdlBwgEp¥tya:gsMxan; eTAelIlkçx½NÐ rdUv nigkarlicTwk .
sMeNIm EdlmanGackat;bnßynUv\T§Bi lrbs;edImeQI (EdlGaclUtlas;dl; 40 m enAeBlcas; ) .
enAeBlminmankarRbKYtRbECg kMritrs;rbs;kUneQImancMnYn 20-30 dgeRcInCagmun .
kUneQIgayrgeRKaHfñak; enAeBldaMduHdMbgU edaysarkMedA nigktþarMxan;epSg²eTot .
kUneQIGacTb;nwg kMedA edaybegánI karlUtlas;rWs eTArkkEnøgEdlmansMeNIm .
kUneQIGacduHeLIgvij edayCMruHsøkw TaMg Gs; nigcab;duHBnøkfµIeLIgvij .
[dMeNIrlMGg;]: dMeNIrlMGg;PaKeRcInRtUv)aneFIeV LIg edaysarstVlt¥i b:Eu nþminRtUv)an eFIeV LIgedaysar

stVsøab nigfnikstVtcU ²enaHeT . karvivdþrbs;Epø nigkarcas; Gacmanry³eBl 4 Ex . plitkmµén
RKab;BCU dMbgU GacekItmaneLIg enAkñgú ry³eBl 3 qñaM eRkayeBldaMduH .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
6
[plitkmµRKab;]: karlUtlas;)anl¥ rbs;eRbgxül; Gacpþl;nUvRKab;rab;lanRKab; kñúgmYyqñaM
nigGacrs;ran nigplitRKab;)anry³eBleRcInstvtS . cMnYnRKab; kñúgmYy kg = 666,000 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[karbnþBUC ]: RKab;manTMgn;Rsa eday 1.3-1.4 g/1,000 RKab; nigGacRtUv)anrkSaTukry³eBleRcInqñaM
enA kEnøgRtCak; s¶Üt nigminmanxül;ecjcUl . 1 kg RKab;pþl;nUvkUneQI)anBI 15,000-20,000 .

karbnþBUC BIRKab; nigkarkat; . sabRKab;BCU cMnnY 50g dak;RKab;kg ñú mYy m² .
karduHlUtlas;rbs;RKab; manry³ eBl BI 4-14 (-20) éf¶ . kUneQIduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAkñgú fas
EdlsMlab;emeraK edaydak;beM Bj nUv dIxSac; layCamYyl,ay . fasKYrRtUv)anrkSaenAkñgú møb;
ry³eBlBIr eTAbIéf¶ bnÞab;BIkarsab b:Eu nþkrM it BnøWkR_ tUv)anbegánI eGaydl; 50% énBnøWéf¶TaMgmUl .
eRkaymkkarduHlUtlas; RtUvTamTarnUvBnøeW Bj elj. BYkvaRtUv)andkykeTAsab bnÞab;BIry³eBl
1 Ex enAeBlBYkvamankMBs;BI 3-5 cm nigsøwkBI 2-3 KU eTAdak;kúg ñ fg;enAkñúgfñal enAkMritcenøaH 10 x
10 cm . RbEhlry³eBl 2 s)aþh_ muneBl daMduHenA TIval kUneQITaMgGs;RtUvEtBRgwg
edaykat;bnßykareRsacTwk nigkat;bnßykMritmøb; . karbnþBUC eday srIragÁ

RtUv)aneFIeV LIgtamry³karkat;Emk b:Eu nþ BYkvaRtUv)ankat;ecjBIedIm minelIsBIry³eBl 2 qñaM .
Cakarl¥ RtUvkat;ykUneQIBIfñaMgEmk CakEnøgEdlEcksøwk . G½mnU dUcCa indole-acetic acid, indole-
butyric acid, rW naphthalene-acetic acid GacbegáInnUvkMriteCaKC½y . kUneQIsmRsb
sMrab;ykeTAdaM enAkñgú TIval enAeBlvamankMBs; (20-) 25-30 cm nigbnÞab;BIry³eBl 3-4 (5) Ex .

BYkvaPaKeRcInRtUv )andaMenAkMritcenøaH 2 x 2 m eTA 3 x 3 m enAelIdI EdlerobcMrYc . karP¢rÜ eGay
manCMerAeRCAKYrRtUv)an eFIeV LIg . RKab;BUC EdlRtUvkarsMrab;eRbg xül;kgñú kardaMduHenA kñúgRbeTs
km<Cú akñgú mYyhicta: cMnnY RKab; kñúgmYy kg: 1,000,000 cenøaHdaMduH: 2 x 2 m
kUneQIsuT§EdlRtUvkarkñgú mYy ha: 2,500 GRtagab; : 3,000 = 20% enAkEnøgdaM , 3,334 = 10%
enAeBldwkCBa¢nÚ , 4,168 = 20% enAkñgú fñal . kMritdMunuH 40% cMnYn RKab;srub 0.01 kg [10] .
7
[stVl¥ti ]: RbePTecaHedImdUcCa Agrilus opulentus EdleFIkV arbMpaø jenAtamtMbn;xHø . vavayRbhar

edImeQI nigeFVeI GayedImeQIgab; edayecaHedImCMuvij . karkab;sMGat edImEdlmanCMgWGacCYy
dl;ckM ar TaMgmUlpg Edr . kareRbIR)as; dieldrin eTAelIknU eQImnu eBldaMGacCYy kat;bnßykarbMpøaj
edaykeNþó eTA elIRbB½nr§ Wsrbs;rukçCati EdlenAtUc .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[CMgW]: kUneQIgayrgeRKaHedaysarkarCaM rW dk;TwkenAkñg ú fñal . edIm,IkarBar fñasM lM ab;pSitRtUv)an
eRbIR)as; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[epSg²]: kUneQIKg W ayrgeRKaHNas;enAkñúgdMNak;kaldaMduHdMbgU edaysarEtkMedA nigCaMTwk .
BYkvaGac Fn;ngw kMedA)an edaybegátI nUvRbB½nr§ Ws EdlGaccak;eTAdl;dIEdlmansMeNIm .
BYkvaGacduHdal eLIg vijya:gelOn edayCMruHsøwkrbs;BkY va enAeBlmansMeNIm nig
duHBnøkeLIgvijmþgeTot . gayrgeRKaH fñak;edaysarePøgI eqH eTaHmankareqHtictYck_eday
k_GacbNþaleGaymanrbYspgEdr. ePøgI GacsMlab; kUnEdlduHeLIgvij nigedImeQIFpM gEdr
RbsinkMritePøgI xøaMg . ePøgI k_GacbMpaø j nUvRBwgrbs;vapgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
F> karGPirkS
:
8
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTsGURsþalI
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[ karnaMclU ]:
GWru :ub (sayRb‘sÍ Rkic GIutalI ma:l;ta b:uTuyháal; eGs,aj);
GasuI (bg;køaeds km<Cú a cin \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu GIru :g; GIurak; GIRu saEGl CUdg; KUevt Lav eL)ann; ma:eLsIu
PUma en)a:l; )a:KsI aß n hVlI IBnI Gara:b; sgðbUrI RsIlgáa éf TYKI evotNam ya:Emn);
GaeRhVc (Gal;esrI Gg;eháaLa bUsVaNa b‘UKINahVIsU bU‘ran;DI kaemrU Eqk kUmUr: Us kugeháa kUDIv½r eGsIbu
eGsIub G‘Íru IeTol eGsüÚBI háaNa eknya: eLsUtU lIebrIya: ma:hÁadasáa ma:LavI ma:lI mU:rukU mUsg;bu‘cí
NamIbÍ‘ nIesrIya: ra:van;da esenháal; esra:elGUn sUma:lI GaeRhVxagt,Úg s‘dU g; tg;sanI esnsIu)a
sIum)aev );
kara:ebon (Kuy)a RTInIedt nigta)aehÁa);
GaemrikNþal (kUsþarIkar eGkVaD½r háaetma:La hugdYrus nIháara:hÁ½r );
GaemrixageCIg (misu uickU shrdæGaemrik);
Gaemrikxagt,Úg ( Gasüg;TIn eRbsIul qIlI kULMbú Í‘ eGkVaD½r hÁyÚ a:Na )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU G‘yu ra:hÁay );
mhasmuRT (hVCI I)
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
p> epSg² :
9
Banks JCG, 1990. Flowering patterns in Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Proceedings

international Eucalyptus symposium, Zhanjiang, China.
[4]
Boland DJ, Brooker MIH, Chippendale GM, Hall N, Hyland BPM, Johnston RD, Kleinig DA,
Turner JD, 1984. Forest trees of Australia. Forest trees of Australia., Ed. 4:xvi + 687 pp.; 77
ref.
[4]
Booth TH, Pryor LD, 1991. Climatic requirements of some commercially important eucalypt
species. Forest Ecology and Management, 43(1-2):47-60; 31 ref.
[4]
Davidson J, 1993. Domestication and breeding programme for Eucalyptus in the Asia-Pacific
region. UNDP/FAO Regional Project on Improving Productivity of Man-Made Forests
Through Application of Technological Advances in Tree Breeding and Propagation
(RAS/91/004-FORTIP). Los Baños, Philippines: FAO of the United Nations.
[4]
Doran JC, Williams ER, 1994. Fast-growing Eucalyptus camaldulensis clones for foliar-oil
production in the tropics. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 73(4):261-266, 273-274; 18 ref.
[4]
Doran JC, Wongkaew W, 1997. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. In: Faridah Hanum I, van
der Maesen LJG, eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 11. Auxiliary Plants. Leiden,
the Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 132-137.
[4]
Eldridge K, 1995. Breeding plan for Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Thailand 1995 revision.
Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Division of Forestry.
[4]
Evans J, 1992. Plantation forestry in the tropics: tree planting for industrial, social,
environmental, and agroforestry purposes. Plantation forestry in the tropics: tree planting for
industrial, social, environmental, and agroforestry purposes., Ed. 2:xv + 403 pp.; 32 pp. of
ref.
10
[4]
Holmgren M, Pettersson P, 1995. Evaluation of long-term growth trials of Eucalyptus

camaldulensis and Eucalyptus tereticornis in Laos, South-East Asia: a minor field study.
Working Paper - International Rural Development Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, No. 282:24 pp.; [ISRN SLU-IRDC-WP-282-SE]; 15 ref.
[4]
Midgley SJ, Eldridge KG, Doran JC, 1989. Genetic resources of Eucalyptus camaldulensis..
Commonwealth Forestry Review, 68(4):295-308; 35 ref.
[4]
Pinyopusarerk K, Doran JC, Williams ER, Wasuwanich P, 1996. Variation in growth of

Eucalyptus camaldulensis provenances in Thailand. Forest Ecology and Management,
87(1/3):63-73; 26 ref.
[4]
Pinyopusarerk K, Luangviriyasaeng V, Rattanasavanh D, 1996. Two-year performance of

Acacia and Eucalyptus species in a provenance trial in Lao P.D.R. Journal of Tropical Forest
Science, 8(3):412-423; 21 ref.
[4]
Pukittayacamee P, Saelim S, Bhodthipuks J, 1993. Seed collection period for selected tree
species in Thailand. Seed collection period for selected tree species in Thailand., 2 pp.
[4]
Soerianegara I, Lemmens RHMJ, 1993. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(1) Timber
trees: major commercial timbers. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(1) Timber trees:
major commercial timbers., 610 pp.; [Also published by Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia. PROSEA NUGI 835.]; 817 ref.
[4]
Wasuwanich P, 1989. Phenological investigation of Australian tree species in field trials in

Thailand. Unpublished report. Bangkok, Thailand: Royal Forest Department.
[4]]
11
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1992: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (1) Timber trees: Major
commercial timbers.
[2] Nguyen et al, 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
[3] Lamprecht, H., 1989: Silviculture in the Tropics. GTZ
[5] Schmidt, L., 2000: Guide to Handling of Tropical and Subtropical Forest Seed. CTSP-
DANIDA.
[6] Plants for a Future:
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Eucalyptus+camaldulensis&CAN=COMIND
(Internet source)
[7] CSIRO: http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/WfHC/Eucalyptus-camaldulensis/ (Internet source)
[8] FA, 2002 (draft): List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names

[11] Petri, Mathias (DED) 2006: Own observations.

760 (Internet source).
12
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Eucalyptus tereticornis J.E. Smith]

[Eucalyptus tereticornis J.E. Smith]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Eucalyptus tereticornis J.E. Smith [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ forest red gum [1], blue gum, red irongum [2], flooded
gum, grey gum, siver ironbark, slaty gum, stinking gum [10],
forest river gum, horn-cap eucalyptus, mysore hybrid,
mysore-gum, Queensland blue gum [11].
K> sTisn½y ³ Eucalyptus subulata Cunn. ex Schauer (1843),
Eucalyptus insignis Naudin (1891),

Eucalyptus umbellata (Gaertner) Domin (1928) non Desf.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1],
Eucalyptus tereticornis var. pruiniflora (Blakely) Cameron,
Eucalyptus umbellata auct. non (Gaertn.) Domin,
Eucalyptus umbellata var. media Blakely,
Eucalyptus umbellata var. pruiniflora Blakely ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ forest red gum [1], mungurra [3], mysore gum [11] (Trade
name)
g> eQµaHPasaExµr eRbgxül;skøw tUc

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ preng khchal slek toch [2]
1
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Myrtaceae
ÉksarBieRKaH: [-]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:edImeQIéRBmanTMhMmFüm nigx<s; EdlmankMBs;BI 18–46 m [4] (20-50 m [2], -45 m

[3, 11]) Ggát;p©it dbh 1.5 m [3] (-2 m [1, 2], -1.8 m [4, 11]) . kenSamsøk w FM nigebIkcMhr rW
Rkas;mFüm edaycab;epþmI enAeKoknwgdI . edImRtg; nigCYnkalmanRbEvgEvgCagBak;kNþal
énedImeQITaMgmUl edayEmkFM² manlkçN³eTcuHeRkam . b¤sEkvrwgmaM nigrWsryagEvg .
vaminduHlUtlas;eTACaBnøkeT ehIyduHenAl½kçNÐ EdlsmRsbb:ueNÑaH .
[sMbk]: sMbkrelag BN’s rbkCadM² u manBN’cMruH s RbepH rW exov . edImmanlkçN³eRKIm BN’etñat
cas; rW exµAcas; .
[søwk]: søwkcas;zitenAQmKña nigqøas; manragdUcs‘ut KµanBN’ mansrésrmineTogTat; . søwkeBjv½y
manlkçN³qøas; rages<ó manTMhM 10-20 cm x 1-2.5 cm [1] (12-21 cm x 1.2-2.5 cm wide [3])
kMBlU RsYc TgsøwkmanRbEvg 13-24 mm nigKµaneram .
[páa]: páaduHCacegáam Edlman 5–12 [3, 4] (7-11 [1]) duHray)a:yesµK I ñaenAelITg EdlmanRbEvg 5–7
mm . cegáamduHecjeRkA G½kSrbs;swøk .
[Epø]: EpøsÜ¶t (=capsules) ragCaBak;kNþaEsV rW mUl rWragdUcs‘ut EdlmanTMhM 6–9 mm x 8–10 mm

[4] (5-7 mm x 4-8 mm [1], 6 x 6 m [3]) edaymansnÞHcMnYn 4 eTA 5 . RKab;eRcIntUc²
EdlmanRbEvg 1 mm BN’exµAcas; rWetñat .

2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: sac;eQImanlkçN³Rkhmcas; rwgmaM sVit F¶n; nigFn;bE:u nþB)i akeRbIR)as; .

Fn;ngw karbMpaø j rbs;keNþó . TMnajCak;lak; KW 0.95 g/cm³ [3] (0.75–1.05 g/cm³ [4]) .
vamankarBi)akkñgú kar sMgYt b:Eu nþgayRsYleRbIR)as;CamYy]bkrN_epSg²eTot . vaRsedognwg
Cedrela wood .
duHlUtlas;enAkMrit 9-38°S [2] (6-38°S [3, 4]) EdlCakEnøgénRbePT EdlzitenAkñúgePT (Genus)

enH manduH . duHlUtlas;CaFmµCatienAtameqñr nigEk,rTY rW TMnabPaKxaglicGURsþalI .
cMnnY BYkvaPaKeRcIn zitenAkñgú cMgay 100 km BIsmuRT nigbnþray)a:yq¶ayBIsmuRT . eRbgxül;skøw tUc
duHlUtlas;CaFmµCatienA)a:BjU hÚ eÁI no .
kMritry³kMBs;BI 0-800 m enAnUKeI no nig 30-1000 m enAGURsþalI [3] (0-1,000 m [1,11], 0-1,800 m
[4, 7]) . EdlmanEdncab;BI tMbn;RtUBk i s¶tÜ eTAdl;esIm nigéRBesIm . manRbPBBItMbn;
EdlmanrdUvekþA nigrdUvrga manePøóg edaymankMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 500-1,500 mm [3] (500-3,000
mm [2], 500-3,500 mm [11]) edaymanExekþAdl;eTA 7 Ex [3, 4] (-8 Ex [2]) nigGacFn;
nwgkMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 50-200 mm . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M 14-24°C [3] (16-25°C [4]) .

kMritsItuNðPaBRbcaMqañ Mxs< b; Mput enAExekþA 27°C [4] (22-32°C [3]) kMritsItuNðPaBmFüm
enAExRtCak;bpM tu 7°C [4] (8-12°C [3]) . Fn;nwgCatiéRb nigTwksenSIm edaymansenSImBI 0–15
kñúgmYyqñaM [4] (GacrgeRKaHedaysarsenSImpg Edr [2]) . vak_Fn;nwgePøgI eqHeTotpg .
3
cUlcitþdImansMeNIm b:Eu nþminCaMTwk (GacduHenAtMbn;éRB EdlelcTwktamrdUvpgEdr [2, 11]) l,ayxSac;

l,aydIl,b; nigRKUs edaysMbrU sarFatuciBa©wm . kMritGMbillµm RbePTeQIenHGacduHlUtlas;)an nig
dINWt rWGasIuttictYck_GacFn;)anpgEdr . eTaHbIya:g dIGasIut pH TabeBkKWmni smRsbsMrab;karlUt
las;rbs;vaeT .
[eQI]: smRsbsMrab;sMng;Fn;Fn¶ ; pøÚvrfePøgI begáal begáalrbg eQIsMrab;eRbIR)as;kúgñ karykEr:

(GacmanGayudl; 50 qñaM ) RbGb; kMBg;Ep eQIfamBl FüÚg eQIemSARkdas kþa nigkþakMeTceQI .

[Gnupl]: tanInRtUv)ancMraj;ykBI eQI nigsMbk . eRbgeRbgxül; cineole (45%) Edl)anBIswøk
Edl RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCa»sf . eRbgRtUv)anRbmUltamry³PaKryénTMgn;Rss;KW 0.9-1.4%

[11] . eQImanpÞk ú nUv 0.5% éneRbg [11]. edImeQICaRbPBd_sMxan;énlMGg; nigTwkdm
edayplitnUvTwkXµMmú an rsCatiEp¥m .

[epSg²]: manRbsiT§PaBkñg ú karkarBarRcaMgTenø BIkarhUreRcaH . eRbIR)as;CaedImeQIlMGrenAkñgú RbeTs
km<Cú a . k_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;Ca ExSRkvat;ébtg møb; nigkarciBa©wmXµúM .
4
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: eRbgxül;skøw tUc duHray)a:yenAkñúgFmµCati enAkñgú tMbn;vaesµA savanna

nigtMbn;TMnabén éRBtMbn;RtUBki . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkardaMduHéRBeQI ksirukçkmµ nigkarsþar
éRBeQIeLIgvij . enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a vaRtUv)andaMduHenAtamdgpøÚvpgEdr . vaduHlUtlas;elOn
nigduHExñgpgEdr . enAkñgú rukç vb,kmµ eRbgxül;skøw tUc minRtUvEckdac;ecjBIRbePT E.
camaldulensis .
[karRKb;RKg]: kardaMsakl,gmansar³sMxan;Nas; muneBlkarcab;epIm þ nUvcMkarRTg;RTayFM . dUckrNI

E. camaldulensis enAPaKxageCIg vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ . cenøaHénkardaM nigkarduHExñgmanlkçN³
xus² Kña BIkardaMduHCashKmn_ enAkñgú PUmi tamdgpøÚv nigkardaMduHCacMkar nigvaGaRs½yeTAelI

plEdleKcg;)an. xYbGacmanlkçN³xusKñaGaRs½yeTAtamKuNPaB tMbn; nigeKalbMNgénkar
RKb;RKg . eRbgxül;skøw tUc RtUv)andaMduHenAkñúgxYb Edlmanry³eBlxøI nigkab;eFIVGaCIvkmµ
enAeBlEdlTMhMGaceFIVGaCIvkmµ)an . Ca BiessenAkMritGgát;p©ittUc EdlsmRsbsMrab;
eFICV aeQIemSARkdas eQIsMNg;sMrab;karykEr: eQIfamBl nigFüÚg . enAeBlkardaMduH
sMrab;ykeQIemSARkdas nigeQIfamBl xYbGacmanry³eBlBI 5-6 qñaM nig kMritcenøaHdaM 1.5 m x 1.5
m RtUv)anGnuvtþenARbeTs\NÐa . enA\NÐad_Edr kMritcenøaHFMCagenH dUcCa 4 m x 2 m rW 6 m x 1.5
m RtUv)anpþl;Gnusasn_ enAeBldMNaMepSg²eTot RtUv)andaMduHenAcenøaHenaHenA qñaMdMbg U eTaHya:gNa

kardaMduHCitCagenHRtUv)anGnuvtþpgEdr dUcCa 2 m x 2 m, 2.6 m x 2.6 m nig

3 m x 1.8 m [2] . enAkñg ú cMkar EdleTIbnwgcab;epþmI edImGacduHCaragdUcsm nigEmkTab²
EdlGacRtUv )ankat;pgEdr . cMkarGacduHlUtlas;eLIgvij BIExñg ya:gehacNas;bdI g .
rdUvkab;rMlMGacb:HBal;dl; karduHExñgeLIgvijpgEdr . karkab;enArdUvR)aMg GacBnüanUveBlduHBnøk
nigbegánI nUveRKaHfañkd; l;Kl; . karkab;edayrNa pþl;nvU Kl;Edll¥ nigmankarbMpøajtictYcdl;sMbk
[2] .
5
[Tinñpl]: TinñplGaRs½yeTAelIsMeNIm . Tinñplx<s;bpM tu RtUv)anraykarN_ enAeRkamlkçxN ½ Ðénkar
eRsacTwk tamry³RbB½nF§ arasaRsþ . enAkñgú cMkar EdlmanRbB½nF§ arasaRsþ enAGaeRhVc
eRkamlkçxN ½ Ðl¥ edImeQIGacpþl;pl 20 eTA 25 m³/ha/qñaM enA 15 qñaM dMbgU ehIyTinñplnwgFøak;cHu 10
eTA 15 m³ kñúgmYy ha kñúgmYyqñaM rhUtdl;edImeQIRtUv)ankat;Bnøkecj [5] .
enAtMbn;EdlmanlkçxN ½ Ðl¥ enAGasSg;TIn MAI pþl; 18–30 m³/ha/qñaM b:Eu nþenAtMbn;
EdlminsUvl¥én\NÐa MAI Gacdl; 3 . edImeQI EdlmanGayu 5 qñaM EdlmancenøaH kñúgcMnnY 1,670
edIm/ha enAkMrit basal area mFüm 18 m²/ha . enAeRbsIulkMrit TinñplmFümKW 18 m³/ha/qñaM .
enAkMritxYbrgVli CuM 5-7 qñaM enAtMbn;Edll¥ enAkugeháa vaGacpþl;nvU Tinñpl RbcaMqañ M 18-25 m³/ha .
enAtMbn;mni l¥ énGu‘yra:háay TTYl )an 6m³/ha enAxYbmanry³eBl 16 qñaM [3] .
[ksirukçkmµ]: enAkñgú RbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CamYyRbePTdMNaMepSg²eTot dUcCa eBatenAkñgú
RbeTs)a:KsI aß n enAry³eBl 6 eTA 12 Ex CamYy dMLgÚ mI enARbeTs\NÐaenAkMLgú 2 qñaMdMbgU [5] .
[karbnþBUC]: edImeQImyY edIm GacplitRKab;)an 150-350g kñgú mYyqñaeM nAGayu 3 qñaM [2] (3-6 qñaM
enAkñgú cMkar [3]) . eRbgxül;skøw tUceFVIkarbnþBCU tamry³RKab; . manRKab;RbEhl 642,000 /kg
(540,000 RKab;/kg [3], 285,000-800,000 RKab;/kg [5]) . minTamTarnUvkareFVRI bRBwtþkmµCamuneT .
dMNuHduHya:g elOnenAeRkamsMeNIm nigekþAlµm (25°, 30° rW 35°C enAkñgú mnÞIBiesaFn_)

kñúgkrNImanBnøW . CaRbePT dMNuHeGPIClI (epigeal) lT§PaBdMNuHRKab;RtUv)anrkSalkçxN ½ Ðst¶Ü (5-
8% énsMeNIm [2], 60% sMeNIm [5]) enAsMPar³pÞk ú bitCit enAkñgú TUTwkkk (3-5°C [2], 4°C [5])
GacrkSadMNuHdl;eTACag 10 qñaM . tMrUvkarRKab;sMrab;kardaMduHkñúgmYy hicta sMrab;cMkarenA
kñúgRbeTskm<Cú a : cMnnY RKab;kgñú mYyKILÚRkam : 1,000,000 RKab; cenøaHdaMduH : 2 x 2 m.
cMnnY kUneQIsuT§kgñú mYy ha: 2,500. kMritsøab; : 3,000 = 20% enAkñgú cMkar kMritsøab;enAeBldwkCBa¢Ún
3,334 = 10% kMritsøab;enAkñúgfñal 4,168 = 20% PaKrydMNuH RKab; 40% . cMnYnRKab;srub
EdlRtUvkar 0.01 kg [8] .
6
[karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ]: vak_mankargayRsYlkñgú karbnþBUC edaysrIragÁ . karpSaMuKmW an
eCaKC½ypgEdr tamry³kareRbIR)as;viFpI SaMBu nøk (apical rind grafting) enAkñgú fñal . Micro-
propagation énCalikarBnøk nigbNþRÚ tUv)aneFIeV LIgenAkñg ú RbeTscin nig\NÐa . enAkñgú RbeTscin
vamanlT§PaBduHdleTA 54%enAkñgú ry³eBl 10 Ex enAeRkamlkçxN ½ ÐkarkønÚ vitro rW non-in vitro .
karduHeLIgvijeday Kl;rbs;rukçCati KW pþl;nUvlT§pll¥pgEdr enAkñgú RbeTs\NÐa. enAkñgú karkønÚ
vitro énkUnkat;rvag E. tereticornis nig E. camaldulensis KWTTYl)aneCaKC½y .
karduHeLIgvijeday Kl;RtUv)aneRbIR)as; nig eFVeI LIg BIr eTA bIdg kñgú ry³eBl 10 qñaM edayman
lkçN³vilCMu [5] .
[bec©keTsfñalbNþHú ]: RKab;BCU GacRtUv)ansab edaypÞal;enAeRkammøb; rW enAkñgú fg; nigGacsab
enAkñgú fñal bnÞab;mkykeTAdaMenAkñgú fg; enAeBlmanduHsøwkBIr eTA bI nigbnÞab;BIry³eBl 6 s)þah_ .
eRkamkarRtYtBinti ü karduHrbs;RKab;)anl¥ enAkñgú kMritsItuNðPaB 20 eTA 30°C edaymanBnørW y³eBl
8 ema:g [5] . karpþl;seM NImeRcIneBkGacRtUv)aneCosevog edIm,IkarBarkarbMpaø j rbs;pSit nig
)ak;etrIenA eBlduHlUtlas; . BYkvaRtUv)andak;kgñú fg; Edlbitya:gCit rW enAkñgú Fug rWekskBa©k; .

kUneQIGacRtUv )andaMduH enAkñgú fg; EdlmanlaynUv xSac;¼kMeTcrukçCati nigfñasM lM ab;stVl¥it rW
xSac;Tenø Edl)ansMlab; emeraKrYc . kardak;CItictYckñgú kMrit 1.75-4.3 kg/m³ [2] rW CIrav
EdlGaceGaykUn eQIduHlUtlas;)an l¥enAkñgú fñal . kUneQIGacRtUv)andaMduHenATIval enAeBl
EdlmankMBs; 25 cm ry³eBlBI 3 eTA 5 Ex bnÞab;BIkarsab . enAeBl EdlrdUvvsSacab;epþmI
enAkñgú tMbn;RtUBki .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5, 8].
eRbgxül;søkw tUvminRtUv)anKMramkMEhgxøaMgkøaedayCMgW nigstVl¥ti eT .

ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[stVl¥ti ]: RbePTstVlt¥i ecaHedIm dUcCa Agrilus opulentus EdleFVkI arbMpaø jenAtamtMbn;myY cMnnY .
vabMpøajkUneQItUc² nigGacsMlab;edImeQITaMgmUlpgEdr edaykarecaHCMuvijedIm . karkab;sMGat
edIm eQImanCMgWrWRtUv)anbMpøajedaystVl¥ti mansar³sMxan;Nas;kñúgkarRKb;RKg edImeQIenAkñúgcMkar
7
. kareRbI R)as; dieldrin eTAelIknU eQIenAkñgú fg; GacCYykat;bnßykarbMpøaj edaykeNþóeTAelIRbB½n§
rWsénkUneQI tUc² .
[CMgW]:gayrgeRKaH edaysarkarCaMTwk nigpSitenAeBlkMBg u lUtlas;kgñú fñal. kareRbIR)as;fñasM lM ab;
pSit rW eFVGI nam½y kat;bnßykareRsacTwk nigmøb; eFIeV Gaymanxül;ecjcUlRKb;RKan;GacCYy
Tb;Tl;ngw bBaðaenH.
F> karGPirkS :
vamanduHlUtlas;enAkñúgRkugPñeM Bj nigtampøvÚ kñúgextþkMBg;s<W .

ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[ RbPBkMeNIt]: )a:BUjÚhÁIeno GURsþalI
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[karnaMclU ]:
GurW u:b (Rkic GIutalI b:Tu uyhÁal; eGs,aj )
GasIu (bg;køaeds b‘tU an km<Cú a cin \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Cb:un Lav ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; )a:KsI aß n hVlI IBnI
RsIlgáa éf TYKI evotNam eyEmn )
8
GaeRhVc (Gg;eháaLa bUsVaNa bU‘ran;DI kaemrUn kUmUr: Us kugeháa kUDIv½r eGsIub eGsüÚBI háaebo háaNa
hÁeI no eknya: lIebrIya: ma:daháasáa ma:LavI ma:lI ma:rITus mUr: YkU mUsSg;bíc‘ NamIbÍ‘ nIesrIya: ra:van;da
esra:eLGUn GaeRhVcxagt,Úg sUd‘ g; tg;saeno esnsIu)a tueháa Guyehánda sSamebo sIum)aev )
karIebon ()a)adUs Kuy)a dUmnI Ika háaEdLÚb éhTI camIka eb:rU RTInIedt nigta)aeháa )
GaemrikkNþal (kUsþarIka háaetma:La hugdYrUs nIkara:há½r )a:Nama:)
GaemrikxageCIg (misu uickU shrdæGaemrik )
Gaemrikxagt,Úg (GasSg;TIn bULaevo eRbsIul qIlI kULeúM bo EGkVad½r háyÚ a:Na )a:ra:háay eb:rU
Guy‘ ra:háay evens‘yu eGLa)
mhasmuRT (GURsþalI hVICI nUsuIeLn ekaH)a:suIPic )a:BUjÚKIen sama:v ekaHsULmÚ gu: tugháa TUvalU evnUTU )
p> epSg² :
Boer E, 1997. Eucalyptus tereticornis J.E. Smith. In: Faridah Hanum I, Maesen LJG van der,
eds. Auxiliary plants. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 11, 137-140.
[2]
Booth TH, Pryor LD, 1991. Climatic requirements of some commercially important eucalypt
species. Forest Ecology and Management, 43(1-2):47-60; 31 ref.
[2]
Davidson J, 1988. Breeding eucalypts in tropical countries. In: Newman RL, ed, Proceedings
International Australian Bicentennial Forestry Conference, Albury-Wodonga, Australia, 25
April-1 May 1988. Canberra, Australia; Institute of Foresters of Australia. Vol. 5: 1-21.
[2]
9
Davidson J, 1993. Domestication and breeding programme for Eucalyptus in the Asia-Pacific
region. UNDP/FAO Regional Project on Improving Productivity of Man-Made Forests
Through Application of Technological Advances in Tree Breeding and Propagation
(RAS/91/004-FORTIP). Los Baños, Philippines: FAO of the United Nations.
[2]
Hartley A, 1977. The establishment of Eucalyptus tereticornis on tailings from the

Bougainville copper mine, Papua New Guinea. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 56(3):239-
245; 13 ref.
[2]
Holmgren M, Pettersson P, 1995. Evaluation of long-term growth trials of Eucalyptus

camaldulensis and Eucalyptus tereticornis in Laos, South-East Asia: a minor field study.
Working Paper - International Rural Development Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, No. 282:24 pp.; [ISRN SLU-IRDC-WP-282-SE]; 15 ref.
[2]
Khan JA, Akhtar P, 1973. Mechanical properties of Eucalyptus tereticornis. Pakistan Journal
of Forestry, 23(4):325-343; 8 ref.
[2]
Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1997. Variation in growth and disease resistance of Eucalyptus
species and provenances tested in Vietnam. IUFRO Conference on Silviculture and
Improvement of Eucalypts, 1997, Salvador. Proceedings. Vol. 1. Tree improvement
strategies. Colombo: EMBRAPA, 416-422.
[2]
Pukittayacamee P, Saelim S, Bhodthipuks J, 1993. Seed collection period for selected tree
species in Thailand. Seed collection period for selected tree species in Thailand., 2 pp.
[2]
Tewari DN, 1992. Monograph on Eucalyptus.. Monograph on Eucalyptus., xv + 361 pp.; [17
colour pl. (unpaginated)]; 87 pp. of ref.
[2]
Verma RK, Gurumurthi K, 1997. Improvement of important parameters of yield in Eucalyptus

Tereticornis by selection and clonal propagation. IUFRO Conference on Silviculture and
Improvement of Eucalypt, 1997, Salvador. Proceedings. Vol. 1. Tree improvement
strategies. Colombo: EMBRAPA, 240-244.
10
[2]
Wang H, Zang D, 1997. Provenance tests of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. in China. IUFRO
Conference on Silviculture and Improvement of Eucalypts, 1997, Salvador. Proceedings.
Vol. 1. Tree improvement strategies. Colombo: EMBRAPA, 305-309.
[2]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
commercial timbers.
[4] Purdue University:

http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Eucalyptus_tereticornis.html (Internet
source)
[5] RNGR: http://www.rngr.net/Publications/ttsm/Folder.2003-07-11.4726/PDF.2004-03-

03.1218/file/. (Internet source)
and Tree Planting. (CD-ROM)
[9] Petri, M. (DED): Own observations.
11
[10] ECOPORT:
source)

7 (Internet source)
12
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Fagraea fragrans Roxb. [1], Fagraea fragrans Pit [3]]

[Fagraea fragrans Roxb. [1], Fagraea fragrans Pit [3]]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Fagraea fragrans Roxb. [1], Fagraea fragrans Pit [3]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ ironwood [1]
K> sTisn½y ³ Fagraea cochinchinensis A. Chev.,
Fagraea gigantea Ridley,

Fagraea sororia J. J. Smith,
Fagraea wallichiana Benth. [1],
Fagraea peregrine Blume [7]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ pangsoma (Bangladesh) [1] - tembesu (Brazil) [1] -
ambinaton, kayu tammusu, ki badak (Indonesia) [1] - manpa

(Laos) [1] - ahnyim, anan (Myanmar) [1] - tembusu hutan,
tembusu padang, tembusu tembaga (Malaysia) [1] - dolo,
susulin, urung (Philippines) [1] - tembusu, tembusu hutan,
tembusu padang (Singapore) [1] - kankrao, man pla,
thamsao (Thailand) [1] - tembesu, tembusu, trai , trai nam bo
(Vietnam) [1, 7]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ taRtav

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ tatraou [1], ta trao [3], ta trav [5]
1
lMdab; : Gentianales
RKYsar : Loganiaceae
ePT : Fagraea Thunb.
RbePT : Fagraea fragans Roxb.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQImanTMhMBmI FümeTA FM nigmankMBs;dl;eTA 20 m [3] (-25 m [1], -30 m [3],

8-30 m [7], -55 m [2]) . CYnkalCaedImeQIFM (kMBs;dl;eTA 55 m) RtUv)anBiBN’nafaCaRbePT
dac;eday ELk (F. gigantea Ridley) . manGgát;p©it DBH 135(-250) cm [2] (-150 cm [3, 7]) .
edImeBlxøHmanRBwgtUc nigFMCab;CamYy EdlmankMBs;dl;eTA 2.5 m .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanlkçN³eRbHya:geRCA nigmineTogTat; manBN’eRbHelOg eTACaetñatcas;
sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’etñat rW elOg nigmankMras;dl;eTA 1 cm . EmkragRsLÚn dUcsIuLaMg Kµaneram

manfñaMg nig BN’ etñatlayelOgenAeBls¶tÜ .
[søkw ]: søkw eTal ragCaes<óRTEvg rW dUcs‘ut TMhM 4-15 x 1.5-6 cm [2] (7-12 x 1.5-5 cm [3,
4])Kµaneram nigmanlkçN³dUcEs,k edaymanRTng;swøkya:gc,as;enAxageRkam . kMBl U søwkGacEvg
nigxøI nigman lkçN³RsYc . srésTIBIrmancMnnY 5-16 KU kMremIleXIjBIxagelI b:Eu nþGacemIleXIj
BIxageRkam .
[páa}: páaCakBa©úM EdlmancMnn
Y 20-30 páa . páamanBN’s nigmankøni RkGUb RsTab;paá cMnYn 5 manragCa
kNwgá RbEvg 0.7-2.3 cm long [3] (1.5-2.5 cm [4]) . RtbkpáacMnnY 5 nigTMhMminesµIKañ . ekseQµal
mancMnYn 5 manRbEvgEvgCagRtbkpáa . eksjIzitenAxageRkA nigEvgCaekseQµal . ecjpáaBIEx
emsa eTA kkáda nigecjEpøBEI x kkáda dl;vickäi a . eyagtam FIPI (1996) ecjEpøenAExemsa
dl;mifunaenA RbeTskm<Cú a nigecjEpøenAExkkáda dl; vicikä a . eTaHbICa TsSnavdþéI RBeQI (FA, 1997)
)anbgðajfa karecjpáaekItmanenAExkumÖ³-mIna nigEpøEx]sPa-mifuna .
[Epø]: Epø (=drupe) manragCaeGlIbFM mUl manTMhM 0.7-1 x 0.4-1 cm ERbBIBN’ébtgeTATwkRkUc
rWRkhm kMBlU ragmUl rW RsYc . manRKab;EtmYy enAkñgú EpømYy RbEvgBI 0.1-0.2 cm .

2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQIxwmø manTMgn;mFüm nigFn; nigRtUv)ancat;TukCaRbePTeQIelxmYy .

eQIxwømmanBN’ elOgRsal rW elOg CYnkalexµA rW etñat TwkRkUc minGacEckdac;ecjBIeQIRsay .
vamansrésRss;sa¥ t maMu Fn;ngw Twk nigkarBukpuy . rgVg;lUtlas; elcecjmkya:g
eRcInenAelIsrésCalika . dg;seIu teQI 0.51-0.93 g/cm³ [2, 8] (0.85-1 g/cm³ [3]) enAkMritsMeNIm
15% . EpñkEdlmanKuNPaB sMrab;eQIGar x<sK ; W maneRcInsMrab;RbePTenH eyageTAelI TMrg;edImd_l¥
. eTaHbI sac;eQItaRtavEtman fñaMgEdlekIt edaysarEmk EdleFIeV GayxUcsac;
eQIk_eday.sac;eQImanlkçN³gayRsYlkñgú kardMEdkeKal nigGar. vaGacRtUv)aneRCokCavIna
EdlmankMras; 1.5 mm enAkMritmMu 90° edaymincaM)ac;eFIRV bRBwtþikmµCamun . eQIxwmø mankarBi)akep¢ak rW
eFIeV GayesIm eTaHbIeRbIR)as;sBM aFk_eday . eQIRsayGacep¢akeday sarFatukarBarsac;eQI)an .
eQImanpÞkú nUv 63% holocellulose 46-47% alpha-cellulose 24-29% lignin 11-13% pentosan
0.1-0.7% epH nig 0.3% silica . PaBrlay)anénsac;eQI KW 1.8-2.5% enAkñg ú alcohol benzene
2.4% enAkñg ú TwkRtCak; 4.9-6.9% TwkekþA nig 13.1-13.5% enA 1% NaOH . enA\NÐeÚ nsIu
karsMgYtRtUvkarry³eBl 3 Ex edIm,I sMgYtkþa EdlmankMras; 20 mm sMeNImBI 40% eTA 14%
enAeBlEdlkþakMras; 13 mm RtUv)anraykarN_faRtUvkarry³eBl 4-6 Ex edIm,IsMgYtenAma:eLsIu .
karsakl,enAma:eLsIu enAsMeNIm 17% )anbgðajnUvlkçN³emkanicdUcxageRkam :
kMritsMeLgqøgkat;KW 95-107 N/mm cubic kMritPaByWt 14,000-14,100 N/mm cubic
kMritsMBaFRsb 52-62.5 N/mm cubic kMritsMBaFEkg 8-9 N/mm cubic sMBaFkat; 10.5-12.5 N/mm
cubic karkat;bMEbkedayEkg 37 N/mm karkat;edaybBaÄit 40 N/mm nig PaBrwg 6,540-6,970 N .
enAeBleQIenAx©I kMritsMeLgqøgkat; 88.5 N/mm cubic kMritPaByWt 14,715 N/mm cubic,

sMBaFRsb 51.5 N/mm cubic sMBaFkat; 5-5.5 N/mm cubic katkat;edayEkg 58.5 N/mm
karkat;edaybBaÄit 58.5 N/mm PaBrwgenARCug 5,050 N nigPaB rwgenAcug 6,180 N .
enAkMritsMeNIm 15% kMritsMeLg 73.5 N/mm cubic kMritPaByWt 12,360 N/mm cubic sMBaFRsb
52.5 N/mm cubic, sMBaFkat; 6-6.5 N/mm2 karkat;edayEkg 49.5 N/mm karkat; edaybBaÄit 54
3
N/mm kMritrWgénRCug 3,985 N nigkMritrwgenAcug 5,445 N . kMritPaBrYjBIRss;eTAs¶tÜ 3.4% RCugEkg
nig 6.6% RCugbBaÄit .
RbEhl : 23°N eTA 5°S [1] . manduHlUtlas;enAéRBbzm nigmankarrukran GacCaéRBeRsag rW

éRBel,aH cMruHenAtMbn;esIm niglicTwk b:Eu nþk_manduHenAtambeNþaypøÚv sÞwg Tenø nigvalERs .
enAtMbn;éRBlicTwk sab vaduHlUtlas;layCamYy Melaleuca spp . enAkm<Cú a
vamanduHenAéRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk nigkMrenA kñgú éRBeRsag .
duHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 20-1,500 m a.s.l [1] (eRkam 800 m a.s.l. [3, 7])

edaymankMritePøógFøak;RbcaMqañ CM amFüm 800-3,000 mm tMbn;EdlmanrdUvBIr R)aMg nigvsSa .
Fn;ngw rdUvR)aMg Edlmanry³eBl 3-4 Ex [1] . sItuNðPaBmFüm : 20-30ºC [1] .
sItuNðPaBmFümenAExekþA : 30-36ºC [1] . sItuNðPaB mFüm TabbMputenAExRtCak; : 15-25ºC [1] .
sItuNðPaBTabbMput : >5ºC [1] . vaCaRbePT eQI EdlRtUv karBnøW nigmankarFn;nwgePøgI mansMbk
karBar . vamanlT§PaBkat;bnßykarlUtlas;rbs; esµA lalang grass (Imperata cylindrica) .
tMbn;eqñrPñRM kvaj (A) PaKxageCIgPñRM kvaj (B) TMnabkNþal (d) TMnablicTwkTenøemKgÁeRkam (E)
tMbn;GaNamxagt,Úg (g) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[tMbn;RbPBRKab;BC U (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:
4
kMBg;FM (X:539779 Y:1444098) kMBg;FM (X:535833 Y:1429922) kMBg;FM (X:550649 Y:1421984)
kMBg;FM (X:534774 Y:1406109) RkecH (X:587956 Y:1388382) kMBg;FM (X:524985 Y:1401082)
kMBg;FM (X:529218 Y:1445532) RkecH (X:594835 Y:1425953) ekaHkug (X:336601 Y:1292074)
kMBg;FM (X:544576 Y:1432832) kMBg;FM (X:532794 Y:1398585) eBaF×sat; (X:290036 Y:1323858)
ekaHkug (X:380635 Y:1241779) RkecH (X:575828 Y:1457121) RBHviha (X:505989 Y:1532493)
kMBg;FM (X:548465 Y:1434598) ekaHkug (X:329784 Y:1266328) ekaHkug (X:285400 Y:1307780)
sÞwgERtg (X:589200 Y:1518300) eBaF×sat; (X:354350 Y:1348650) RBHviha (X:511900
Y:1534350) mNÐlKIrI (X:715845 Y:1352093) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
lUtlas;l¥ enAelIdImni sUvmanCICati nigdk;Twk dI\dæ nigdIsbM UrxSac; rW manfµrak;² enAtambeNþaysÞgw rW

Tenø . vayNPaBdI Rsal mFüm nigFn; . vaRtUv)andaMenAelIdImni sUvmanCICati rW éRBricril b:Eu nþmin
dk;Twk nigtMbn;valesµA . Fn;ngw dIEdlrak; nigminmanCICati .
[eQI]: eRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIV nava begáalTUrs½BÞ Epñkxagkñúgrbs;pHÞ eQIfamBl eQImlU

begáalsMrab;bBa¢Ún sar srsrpÞH eQIGar sMng; Rsal nigF¶n; s<an Fñmw pøÚvrfePøgI sMPar³eFIBV eI QI
cMlak;eQI kþarmQUs eRKOgsgðarwm FüÚg . enAkñgú vb,Fm’Exµr taRtavRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCaTVa nig
s‘umrbs;TVa CaBiessenA tamR)asaTburaNExµmyY cMnnY .

[Gnupl]: sMbkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CafñaMRKun Emk nigsøwksMrab;CafñaBM üa)aleraKmYl .
eRbIR)as;srM ab;daMéRBeQIeLIgvij nig begánI KuNPaBdI nigkat;bnßykarduHlUtlas;rbs;esµArYmman
Imperata cylindrica nig Gleichenia linearis . RbePTenHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaeQIpþl;mb ø ; nigCMrk
enAkñgú sYn nigtampøvÚ .
5
eQIRbNit .
[lkçN³TUeTA]: manduHlUtlas;enAéRBbzm nigmankarrukran GacCaéRBeRsag rW éRBel,aH

cMruHenAtMbn; esIm niglicTwk b:Eu nþkm_ anduHenAtambeNþaypøÚv sÞwg Tenø nigvalERs .
enAtMbn;éRBlicTwk sab vaduH lUtlas; layCamYy Melaleuca spp . enAkm<Cú a
vamanduHenAéRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk nigkMrenA kñúgéRB eRsag . vaduHlUtlas;CaRbePT Edle)aHTItaMgfµI
bnÞab;BIéRBRtUv)anePøgI eqH nigtMbn;valesµA "lalang" (Imperata cylindrica) . enARbeTskm<Cú a
vaEtduHenAkñgú éRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk nigkMrenAkñgú éRBeRsag .
[kardaMduH]: cMkareQIenA Java RtUv)anbegát I eLIg edaykMnt;cenøaHdaM 2.5-3 x 1 m .
[karRKb;RKg]: taRtavCaRbePT EdlrwgmaM niglUtlas;)anl¥TaMgkñúgFmµCati nigedaykardaMduH . vaman
RbeyaCn_sMrab;kardaMduHéRBeQIeLIgvij nigkardaMCacMkar edayehtufa vamankarsmrbxønÜ x<s;

duHExñg)an elOn nigFn;ngw esµA . sMrab;karRKb;RKgesµA EdlmanRbsiT§PaB vaKYrRtUv)andaMlayCamYy
RbePTeQI EdlFn;nwgmøb; . kardaMlayCamYy Schima wallichii (DC.) Korth. subsp. bancana
(Miq.) Bloembergen KWTTYl)aneCaKC½y KYreGaykt;sK M al; . edImePøaH rW BIr KYrEtkat;myY ecj

karkab;rMelaH
RtUveFIeV LIgenAerogral; 5 qñaM nig 10 qñaM enAeBlcMkarmanGayu 30 qñaM . karéRkEmkRtUv)aneFIeV LIg
edIm,I
begánI karlUtlas;kMBs; . edImeQI EdlFMEtgmanRbehag . xYbrbs;cMkarKW 15 qñaM
sMrab;plitkmµsrsr nig 100 qñaMsMrab;plitkmµeQIGar .
6
[Tinñpl]: kMenInGgát;p©itmFümRbcaMqañ M 0.8 cm (37 qñaMénkardaMsakl,enA W-Java), 0.6 cm (cMkar
Gayu 20 qñaMenA Sabah elIdI podsolic), 0.7 cm / 0.8 cm (cMkarGayu 38 / 29 qñaMenA ]bTVbI ma:eLsIu)
. kMenIn maDmFümRbcaMqañ éM ncMkareQIh‘ub enA Java KW 6.1 m³/ha . maDmFümenAkñgú éRBFmµCati
enA\NÐeÚ nsIu 1.3 m³/ha .
RKab;TMeu nAeBlEdlEpøERbCaBN’etñatcas; . RKab;BCU GacRtUv)anrkSaTukry³eBl 6 Ex b:Eu nþBkY va

)at;bg;lT§PaBdMNuHya:gelOn enAeBlEdlRKab;RtUv)anrkSaTukkñúgEpø . RKab;Rss;manGRtadMnuH 65-
80% GacrkSaTuk)anry³eBldl;eTA 6 Ex nigduHenAkñg ú ry³eBlBI 15 éf¶rhUtdl; 2 Ex [8] (-3 Ex [2])
. kñúgRKab;BCU mYyKILÚRkamman RKab; mio. 5 [2, 8] (4 mio. [5]) . karsab
RKab;eGay)anqab;rh½spþl;lT§pl)anya:gl¥ . RKab;KrY RtUv)anlayCamYyxüac; nigsabenAkñgú møb;
. vaRtUvkarkarkarBarBIRsemac . kareRsacTwkRtUveFVeI LIgedaykar)aj; . kUneQIRtUv)andaMenAkñgú
fñalbNþHú bnÞab;BIry³eBl 2 ExenAeBlmankMBs; 5-7 cm . kUneQIRtUv)andaMenAcMkarenAeBlvaman
kMBs; 30-45 cm . kardaMedayKl; eFIeV GaymancMnYnedImeRcIn . karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ RtUv)aneFIV
eLIgedaykarkat; nig kardaMCalikar . eTaHbI karkat;nUvfñaMgCaeRcInBIEmk Edlcas;ke_ day
edImeQIenAEtminGacduHecjrWs)an . b:Eu nþenAeBlExñgduHBnøk BYkvaduHecjb¤s)anya:gl¥ . kabnþBCU
In-vitro pþl;nvU kUnEdlGacduHrWs b:uEnþminGaceRbIR)as;daMenAeRkABIedImeQI EdlmanGayu 10 qñaM .
RKab;BCU EdlRtUvkarkñgú mYyhicta sMrab;cMkarenARbeTskm<Cú a : cMnnY RKab; kñúgmYyKILÚRkam :

4,000,000 . cenøaHdaM = 2.5 x 2.5 m . cMnYnekIneQIsuT§ EdlRtUvkarkñg ú mYyhicta : 1,600 .
kMritsøab; : 1,920 = 20% enAkEnøgdaM , 2,134 = 10% enAeBldwkCBa¢nÚ , 2,668 = 20% enAfñalbNþúH
. GRtadMNuH 40% . kMritsuT§ = 95%, srubRKab;BCU EdlRtUvkar 0.003 kg" [5] .
7
[stVl¥ti ]: mandUcCa Bunaea alcinoe, Reticulitermes flavipes . CaTUeTAvaminRtUv)anbMpøajeday

ambrosia beetles b:Eu nþvaeFIk
V arbMpaø jsMbkeQImlU .
[CMgW]: minTan;manTinn
ñ y½ .
[epSg²]: eQIRsaygayRblak; rW xUc . dUcenH vaRtUv)andak;fñaMKmI IRbqaMgnwgkarxUc rWRblak; bnÞab;
BIkarGar .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
F> karGPirkS :
CaTUeTA RbePTenHminEmnCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak;eT BIeRBaHvaRtUv)anduHlUtlas;ya:geRcInesÞRI Kb;tMbn;

. BIeRBaHeQIRbePTenHmantMrUvkarx<s; nigmantMél eFIeV GayRbePTenHRtUv)ankab;rMlMhYsehtu
nigzitenA kñgú sßanPaBCitputBUC RbsinminmankarkarBareT . vaduHray)a:y
nigCMrkrbs;vaRtUv)anbMpøajedaykar ranykdI karkab;edayeRCIserIs nigkarkab;eQIxsu c,ab; .
cMnnY edImeQIEdlcas;RtUv)ankat;bnßy nig bc©úb,nñvamankarBi)akñúgkarEsVgrkRbPBsMPar³tMnrBUC (
germplasm) . enAqñaM 2002 karRbCMeu lIkTIBIr rbs; CTSP eTAelIyT u §saRsþkúgñ karGPirkSesnéRBeQI
eTAelIRbePTtaRtav EdlCaRbePTGaT×PaB Edl RtUvkarkarBar nigGPirkS . RbePTenHRtUv)ankarBar
edayc,ab;éRBeQIénRbeTskm<Cú a elx 35 .
ekaHkug eBaF×sat; sÞwgERtg RkecH kMBg;FM mNÐlKIrI nigRBHvihar .

ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
8
[RbPBkMeNIt]: Rb‘yu eN km<Cú a \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI éf evotNam .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[karnaMcl
U ]:
GasIu (sgðabUrI RsIlgáa )
GaeRhVc (nIesrIya:)
karIebon (camIka),
Gaemrikxagt,Úg (eRbsIul)
p> epSg² :
[sarFatuBl]: C½rrbs;edImeQIGacbNþaleGayrlakdl;Es,k .
[cMNat;fñak;]: Gñkrukvç iTüaCaeRcIn)anbMEbk F. fragans CaBIrRbePT : F. gigantea
CaedImeQImankenSamsøwkFM edaymankareRbHelIsMbk nigmansrésEvn 5-6 KU minEmn 8 KUeT . F.
wallichiana CaedImeQI tUc edaymansøwkFM nigpáaFM CamYynwgEpøragdUceGlIb .
[Rbvtþi]: enAedImstSvtSTI 20 F. fragrans nig Eusideroxylon zwageri Teijsm. & Binnend.

RtUv)anruk rk CaRbePTeQI 'ironwood' EdlmanlkçN³RsedogKñaenAPaKxagt,ÚgsUma:Rta nigRbPB

rbs;RbePTeQIenHkMBgu RtUv)anbMpøaj .
Hildebrand, J.W., et al. 1995. Fagraea Thunb. In Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. &
Wong, W.C. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor
commercial timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp 234-242.
[8]
9
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] PROSEA, 1995: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (2) Timber trees: Minor
commercial timbers.
[7] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng: Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and

10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Garcinia mangostana L]

[Garcinia mangostana L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Garcinia mangostana L. [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ mangosteen [6]
K> sTisn½y ³ Mangostana garcinia Gaertn. [26]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ mangostan, mangis, mangostán, palo de cruz (Spanish);
mangoustan, mangoustanier, mangouste, mangoustier

(French); manggis, (Cambodia); (Indonesia, Malaysia);
mankhud (Laos); mingut (Burma); mangkhut (Cambodia);
manggustan, manggis (Philippines); mangkhut (Thailand);
cay mang cut, mang cut (Vietnam) [1,4,6].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ mgÇút

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ mangkhut [4]
lMdab; : Theales
RKYsar : Guttiferae [11]
ePT : Garcinia
RbePT : Garcinia mangostana L. [4]
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1 ; 4 ; 11 ; 27 ]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: mgÇút CaedImeQIEdlRss;s¥at mankMBs;rhUtdl; 20 m EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday

cMeBaHedImEdldaM mankMBs;minelIsBI 10 m nigmanGgát;p©itBI 0.25-0.35 m. kenSamsøwkmanragCa
saCII edImrbs;vaRtg;RsLÚnl¥ manEmkEbksaxaeRcIn b:uEnþRbBn§½b¤smankarduHlUtlas;minsUvl¥.[1]
edImmgÇút mankMBs;BI 10-20 m.[4] edImvamankMBs;BI 6-2m ehIymanedImRtg;RsLÚnl¥
EdlmanEmksmamaRteTAnwgtYedIm nigmankenSamsøwkmanragCasaCI.[6] edImmgÇútmankMBs;BI 10m
eTA 20 m ehIymanEmkTab² nigmankenSamsøwkRkas;.[13] vaCaRbePTrukçCatiEdlmanedImtUc
duHlUtlas;yWt ehIymanBN’ébtgCanic© mankMBs; 6-25 m nigmankenSamsøwkragCasaCI. [26]
[sMbk]: edImmgÇút mansMbkBN’etñat layexµA eRKImehIyRkas; ehIyenAeBlkat;manehorCr½ BN’
elOgx©I.[1] sMbkrbs;vamanBN’etñatcas; b¤esÞIrEtexµA ragrbk² nigsMbkxagkñúgman

pÞúknUvCatiCr½s¥it lVIg BN’elOg.[26]
[søwk]: mgÇút mansøwkCaRbePTsøwkqøas; ragdUcs‘ut BgRkeBI b¤RTEvg Edlcugsøwkman
ragTalehIyRsYc Evg Kl;søwkmanragRsUc EKmsøwkrageBjehIyTal nig mansNæandUc
Es,kehIyRkas; vamanBN’ ébtgcas; b¤BN’elOgRsallayébtgehIyPøWcMeBaHépÞsøwkxagelI
nigEpÞsøwkxageRkammanBN’elOg Rsal layBN’ébtg ehIyépÞsøwkTaMgsgxagBMumanerameT
EdlsøwknImYy²manRbEvg 12-23 cm nig manTTwgTMhM 4-10 cm. TgsøwkmanRbEvg 1.5-2.0 cm
EdlKl;søwkmanrage)a:g RkBMupáatMerobenAelI GkS½ragesÞIrbBa¢it. [1]
søwkmgÇút CaRbePTsøwkQm tMerobenAelITgxøI manragRTEvg b¤manragCaBgRkeBI EdlmanRbEvgBI

15-25 cm nigmanTTWgTMhM 7-13 cm ehIymansNæandUcEs,k Rkas; EKmsøwkrageBj
cugsøwkmanragRsYc EdlépÞsøkw xagelIrelag manBN’ébtgPøW épÞsøwkxageRkamman BN’elOg

layébtg nigRTnugkNþalman BN’ébtgRsal nigmanRTnugxag²Ca eRcInEdlsßit
enAXøat²BIKña.[6] søwk CaRbePTsøwkQm EdlmansNæandUcEs,k Rkas; ragBgRkeBIRTEvg
manRbEvg 15-25 cm nigmanBN’ébtgcas;.[13] søwkCaRbePTsøwkQm TgsøwkxøI
manragdUcs‘utRTEvg b¤manragBgRkeBI mansNæandUcEs,k ehIyRkas; manBN’ébtgcas;
2
EdlépÞsøwkxagelImanPaBPøWrelag manBN’elOgx©Ilayébtg nigragsµwkenAEpñk xageRkam
manRbEvgBI 9-25 cm nigTTWgBI 4.5-10.0 cm EdlgayRsYlcMNaM nigRTnugkNþalmanBN’ Rsal.
søwkx©ImanBN’páaQUk.[26]
[páa]: páamgÇút CaRbePTpáaeTVePT b¤páaÉkePT GaRsy½eTAnwgvtþmanrbs;eksreQµal
enAEpñkxagcugEmk faeTalb¤KUr. vamanRtbk nigRsTab;páacMnYn 4 eksreQµaltUc²mancMnYn 16-17
EdlmanTgeksr eQµalEvg nige)aøklMGgmancMnYn 2ft søwkrbs;vaesÞIrGgÁúyehIyKµanTg
GUEvmanekasikacMnYnBI 4-8 ekasika nigeksrjIKµanTg.[1] páarbs;vaxøI manTgpáaRkas;
EdlduHeTalenAcugEmk b¤ duHCaKUr Edlman Ggát;p©itRbEhl 5.5 cm ehIymanRtbkpáacMnYn 4
nigRsTab;páacMnYn 4 BN’elOglayébtg nigEKm² BN’Rkhm.[6] páamanTTwgTMhM 4-6 cm
manBN’páaQUk nigkNþalmanCatiCr½xab;²BN’s ehIyman Rtbk nigRsTab;páamancMnYn 4
ehIymankBa©úMpáaenAcMBamEmk. páarbs;varIkenAeBléf¶ ehIyRtbkpáarbs; vagayRCuH enA
eBlEdlpáarIk. CaFmµtapáajIduHenAEtÉg b¤páarbs;vamane)øaklMGgs¶Üt ehtuenHehIyBMu
manplkñúgkarvivtþn¾rbs;EpøeT.[13] páamanTMhM 4-5 cm CaRbePTpáaeTVrePTenAelIedImEtmYy
nigvaman rage)a:g. páamanTMrg;CacegáamcMnYn 3-9 páa sßitenAcugEmk manRtbkpáacMnnY 4 ragRTEvg
Rkas; Rtbkpáarage)a:g manBN’ébtgehIymancMnucRkhm²enAEpñkxageRkA nigEpñkxagkñúg
manBN’elOg Rsal layBN’Rkhm. eksreQµalmaneRcIn manCICati ehIyKaneram.
páarbs;vaCaRbePTpáaeTVePT EdlduHenAeTalEtÉg b¤CaKUrenAEpñkxagcugEmkEdlx©I
RsTab;páarbs;vamanBN’elOgx©Ilayébtg enA EKm² mancMnucBN’Rkhm² b¤BN’Rkhmcas;
nigqab;RCuH. [26]
[Epø]: mgÇút CaTUeTAEpørbs;vaeTal b¤CYnkalmanKUr. Epørbs;vamUl CaRbePTEpøsac;manRKab;eRcIn
EdlmanGgátp; ©itBI 5-7 cm nigvamanRsTab;páamingayRCuHehIysßitenACMuvji sÞikma:.

sMbkrbs;vamanBN’ RBIgTMulaysVay ehIyRkas; (0.8-1.0 cm) nigmansNæandUcEs,k.
vaCasMbkBT§½CMvu ijEkøbsac; EdlmanbrimaNxus²Kña (5-7) EdlsMbkxøHCMuvijRKab;
nigsMbkxøHminenACMuvijRKab;eT. sMbkvamin GacbriePaK)aneT eRBaHvamanCatilVIgxøaMg
nigmanCatiCr½BN’elOgRsal. eRkABIsMbk sac;Ekøb²KWCaEpñk énEpøEdlGacbriePaK)an.
sac;EdlmanBN’sdUcRBil manrsCatiq¶aj;BisarKYreGaykt;sMKal; nigman
rsCatiRbhak;RbEhlnwgEpøTMBaMg)ayCUr nigmankøinRkGUbl¥.[1]
3
EpømgÇút CaRbePTEpßsac; manragmUl rlag EdlmanGgát;p©it 4-7 cm manBN’sVayRkem:AenAeBlTMu
ehIyenAelIEpømanRtbk. sMbkEpømankMras;RbEhl 0.9 cm manBN’sVay ehIymanRKab;FM²cMnYnBI
0-3RKab; Edlbgáb;enAkñgú sac;BN’srelag.[6] Epørbs;vamanGgátlp©itTMhM 9 cm
manBN’sVaycas; layetñat nigmanRsTab;CatieQIFM²enAKl;TgénEpø EdlmancMnYn 5 eTA 8
EdltMerobenArabEt ekagbnþic. Epørbs;va CaRbePTEpøsac;manRKab;eRcIn EdlsMbkman
CatisésdUcsac;eQI ehIymanBN’ dUcRsaRkhm mankMras;Rkas;Cit 1 cm manpÞúknUvsac;cMnYn 5-8
EdlCaKMrbénRKab; b:uEnþPaKeRcInsac; rbs;vaBMumanRKab;eT. sac;rbs;vamanrsCatiq¶aj;Nas;. [13]
Epørbs;varlag CaRbePTEpsac;man RKab;eRcIn Edlk,alEpøRKb;eTAedayRtbkBkenAxagcugénTgEpø
EdlmanragRtIekaN ehIymancMnYnBI 4-8 nigxagcugEpømanRtbkrabdUcpáakUlab
Epørbs;vamanBN’sVayRkem:A b¤BN’sVaylayRkhm ehIy elag manGgát;p©itTMhM 3.4-7.5 cm .
sMbkmgÇút mankMras;BI 6-10 mm manBN’Rkhm enAeBlEdlkat;TTwgEpø nig
manRblak;Tkw BN’sVay EpñkxagkñúgmanBN’sVayRkem:Alays nigmanpÞúk nUvCatiCr½lVIgBN’elOg.
manEkøb²ragRtIekaN BN’ssÁúsdUcRBilcMnYnBI 4-8 Ekøb ehIysac;rbs;vaTn; ¬EdlkarBit
vaCasMbkénRKab;¦. EpømgÇút GacKµanRKab; b¤manRKab;cMnYnBI 1-5 ehIyvivtþn¾eTACaRKab;.
RKab;rbs;va manragmUldUcs‘utEtRTEvg EtmanRKab;xøHragsMEb:t manRbEvg 2.5 cm nigmanTTwgTMhM
1.6 cm EdletagCab;ng w sac;. sac;rbs;va manCatiGasIuttic b¤manCatiGasIutexSay EtmanrsCati
q¶aj;Bisar EdlKYreGaycg;TTYlTan.[26]
mgÇút ecjpáaEtmþgeTkñúgmYyqñaM elIkElgEtPUmPi aKxagt,ÚgsirIlgáab:ueNÑaH EdlCakrNIBiess.
RtUvEt eFVIkarRbmUlplEpøenAeBlEdlsMbkrbs;vaenATn;. edIm,IeCosvag enAeBlEdlRbmUl
Epørbs;vaFøak;mk mankar)ak;Ebk RtUveRbICeNþIreLIgebHvaedayéd ehIydak;vaeTAkñúgkeBa©Ir
b¤kRnþk.[1] enARbeTssirIlgáa enAtMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;Tab EpømgÇútcab;epþImTMucab;BI Ex]sPa

dl;Exkkáda EtcMeBaHtMbn;Edlmanry³ kMBs;x<s; cab;epþImTMuBIExkkáda dl;ExsIha b¤BIExsIha
dl;ExkBaØa. enARbeTs\NÐa rdUvEdlEpømgÇútTMu manBIrdUvepSgKña rdUvTImYyKWenAkMLúgxül;rdUvmUsüúg
¬BIExkkáda dl;Extula¦ nigrdUvTIBIrKWcab;BIExemsa rhUtdl;Exmifuna. enA Puerto Rican
edImEdlTTYl)anBnøWRKb;RKan; ecjEpøBIExkkáda dl;ExsIha cMeBaHedImEdlduHenAkñugmøb;
manEpøBIExvicäki a dl;ExFñÚ.[26]
4
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
edImmgÇút mansac;eQIF¶n; rwgmaM nigmanBN’exµA CaTUeTA vamanTMgn;esÞIrEtesµIr 1 b¤eRcInCag 900

kg/m³ . vaeRbIsMrab;sMng; nig kargarCageQI b:uEnþkareRbIR)as;rbs;vamanEdlkMNt;
eRbI)ancMeBaHEtkarsagsg; EdlmanTMhMtUc²b:ueNÑaH.[1] sac;eQIrbs;vamanBN’RkhmRkem:A F¶n;
ehIymanPaBrWgmaM nigeRbIenAkñúg kargarCageQI.[6] enARbeTséf cMeBaHedIm mgÇútEdl
BMumanEpøehIydYlrlM sac;eQIrbs;vaGacykmk eRbIR)as;)an b:uEnþeRbIR)as;kñúgTMhMtUcb:ueNÑaH.
sac;eQIrbs;vamanBN’etñatcas; manTMgn;F¶n; EdlesÞIrEt liceTAkñúgTwk nigmanlkçN³Fn;lµm.[26]
mgÇút manRbPBkMeNItenAekaH Sunda nigenA Malay Pensinsula nigCaFmµtaBMumanduHenAxageRkA

RbeTsenAPUmiPaKxagekItenaHeT. edImrbs;vamanRbPBkMeNItmkBIéRBTwkePøógtMbn;RtUBicéntMbn;eqñr
xag ekIt RbeTsma:eLsIu.[13] vaRtUv)andaMduHenATMhKM Yrsm enAtMbn;sMxan;²mYycMnYnenA\NÐÚcin cava
s‘Uma:Rta Malay Pensinsula hVIlIBIn the Moluccas nigsirIlgáa.[12]
edImmgÇút RtUvkarGakasFatuekþA EdlmanlkçxNÐstI uNðPaBBiess RtUvkarsMenIm nigRtUvkardIRbeTs

mYycMnYnEdlsßitenAtMbn;RtUBic. eRkABItMbn;Edlerobra:b;xagelI vakMrmankarduHlUtlas;Nas;
b¤mankar duHlUtlas;BMul¥. ktþaEdlcaM)ac;sMrab;karduHlUtlas;KW sItuNðPaBtMbn;RtUBic
nigtMbn;EdlmanePøógFøak; eRcIneBjmYyqñaM. nigtMbn;TMnab;énRbeTssirIlgáa
EdlTTYl\T§IBlxül;mUsüúgnirtI nigmankarGnueRKaH edaymanPøógFøak;. mgÇút RtUvkarxül;

nigBn¶Wéf¶.[1] enAry³eBld¾ekþAénrdUvR)aMgvacab;epþImecjpáa. [6] mgÇút
manduHeRcInbMputenAtMbn;RtUBic. vaBMuGacFn;RTaMnwgsItuNðPaBeRkam 4 °C nigelIsBI 38 °C eT.
enARbeTsma:eLsIu karduHlUtlas;rbs;vamanEdnkMNt; KWduHenAry³kMBs; 450 m. enA Madras
vaduHenAry³kMBs;cab;BI 75-1500 m eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT. CaFmµta edImmgÇútRtUvkarsMenImenAkñgú
briyakasx<s; nigkMBs;Tkw ePøógRbcaMqañMya:gtic 1270mm/ m² nigminmankarraMgs¶Ütry³eBlyUr.
mgÇút RtUvkardIEdleRsaHTWkl¥ nigGacrkSaTwkenAxageRkam)an enAkMritkMBs;RbEhlCa 1.8 m.
5
mgÇút RtUveCosvagdaMenAtMbn;Edlmanxül;xøaMg nigxül;GMbil k¾dUcCadIéRb
b¤dIsMbUreTAedayCatiTwk.[26]
lkçxNÐsItN u ðPaB EdlmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;mgÇútduHlUtlas;KWRtUvman ry³kMBs;cab;BI 0-
1000 m eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT kMBs;TwkePøógCamFümRbcaMqñaMenAcenøaHBI 1300-2500 mm/m²
nigmanr)ayeTogTat; enArdUvnImYy² EdlrdUvekþAmanefrevlacenøaHBI 0 eTA 2 Ex. sItuNðPaBGb,rma

CamFümcMeBaHExRtCak; bMput KWRbEhlCaRtCak;cab;BI 5 - 20ºC
EdlsItuNðPaBGb,rmaCak;lak;KUrEtx<s;Cag 5ºC.[12]
BMuTan;manTinñny½Cak;lak;.
mgÇút duHlUtlas;l¥enAelIdI\dæ ehIydIRtUvEtmansMenIm b:uEnþminebomTwkeT.[1]
[sac;eQI]: edImmgÇúteRbIR)as;sMrab;karsagsg;epSg² nig kargarCageQIeQIdUcCa eFVItu TU

CaedImb:uEnþ manEdnkMNt;kñúgkareRbIR)as; KWeRbIR)as;)ancMeBaHEtkarsagsg;EdlmanxañttUc
b:ueNÑaH.[1]
[Gnupl]: EpømgÇútRss;GacbriePaK)an nigGaccMGineFVICadMNab; b:Eu nþeBleFVICadMNab; vanwgkat;bnßy
køin RkGUb. RbsinebI ebHEpøminTan;TMu GaceFVIkardwkCBa¢nÚ edayBMu)at;bg;KuNPaB.[1] Epøl¥

bMputKIduHCacegáam ehIyEpøTaMgenaHmanbrimaNénRsTab;BkelIEpøeRcInbMput enAKl;Tgrbs;Epø
cMeBaHEpøRbePTenH manEkøb sac;eRcIn nigRKab;tic. cMnYnenHEtgEtmankarTak;TgKña. [6] mgÇút
CaFmµtaeKEtgEtbriePaKEpøRss; sMrab;eFVICabEg¥m. CYnkal sac;rbs;vaCaGaceFVICabEg¥mkMb:ug
b:uEnþeKniyayfavanwg)at;bg;køind¾RbNit rbs;vaenAeBlEdl evcx©b;vaenAkñúgkMbug:
CaBiessRbsinebIkMedAkMcat;emeraKeRcInCag 10 naTI. vaman rsCatiq¶aj;bMput
6
enAeBlEdleRbITwksar:U 40% nigeFVIkarsMlab;emeraKry³eBlRtwmEt 5 naTIb:ueNÑaH.
EpøEdlmanCatiGasIuteRcIn l¥bMputsMrab;karrkSaTukry³eBlyUr. enARbeTsma:eLsIu edIm,IeFVIdMNab;
eKykRKab;rbs;va es¶arCamYysárEdlmanbrimaNesµIrKña ry³eBl 15-20 naTI
bnÞab;mkdak;eTAkñúgRkLEkv. enARbeTshVIlIBIn kareFVIdMNab; KWRtUveFVIkares¶arEkøbénsac;mgÇút
CamYy sáretñat ehIyRKab;rbs;vaRbEhlCamanrsCatiq¶aj;. CYnkalRKab;rbs;
RtUv)anbriePaKTeTbnÞab;BIes¶ar b¤dut. sMbkrbs;va sMbUreTAedayCatisés.
bnÞab;BIeFVIRbRBwtþkmµCamYy sUdüÚmkør:Y 6% sMbkrbs;vagay nwgsVit
ehIysMbkrbs;vaERbCaBN’etñatRkem:A ehIyragGn§ildUcecAhYy.[26]
cMeBaHkareRbICa»sf briePaKEpørbs;vaTb;Tl;nwgCMgWRKunekþA CafñaMbB©úaH nig

RbqaMgnwgeraKraKmYl.[1,4 ,6] . cab;taMgBIsMbkmanpÞúknUvCati phytosterine nigCati tannin
(manpÞúkcMnYn 15%) GaceFVIkardkhUt eRbgecjBIRKab; (EdlmanpÞúknUvCati tannin 45%)
KWyUr²dkhUtmþg. [13] sMbkrbs;EpømanpÞúknUvCati tannin 7-14% nigCatiCr½s¥it

ehIyenARbeTscin eKeRbICati tannin enHsMrab;karsMlab;Es,k. vak¾man
RbeyaCn¾cMeBaHkarRClk;BN’exµA. sMbkrbs;EpømgÇút eRbIsMrab;RbqaMgnwgCMgWpSit nig
RbqaMgnwgskmµPaB rbs;BYkRbUtug.[26] citsMbkmgÇút CacMerokesþIg² ehIysMgYt
bnÞab;mkkinvaeGaym:t;dcU emSA briePaK sMrab;raraMg nigTb;Tl;eraKraKmYl.
nigGaceFVICaeRbgsMrab;labEs,k EdlvaGacGaclabenAelIEs,k EdlekItRtGk
nigenAelIEs,kEdlmanbBaðaepSg²eTot. esarsMbkrbs;vabriePaK edIm,IkMcat;CMgWraK
nigeraKrlake)aøkenam RbemH nig eFVICaeRbgritenAEpñkxageRkA. citsMbkCacMNit ehIyqugCamYyTwk
mYyyb; bnÞab;mkykTwkEdlqugrYcenaHbriePaK CafñaMEkeraKraKraMuér: EdlekItmancMeBaHmnusSeBjvy½

nig kUnekµg. CnCatihVIlIPIn eKes¶arsøwk nig sMbkedImmgÇút sMrab;eFVICafñaRM Kun
nigCafñaMBüa)aleraKs¥úyRkck eCIgesH eraKraK eraKraKmYl nigeraKenamTas;. enARbeTsma:eLsIu
eKeFVIkarqugsøwkmgÇút layCamYyEpøeckx©I nigdak;Cr½kMBanbnþic sMrab;labelIrbYs
b¤dMe)AEdldac;Es,k. es¶arb¤s briePaKedIm,I eGaymanedUveTogTat;. karcMraj;sMbk eKehAfa
"amibiasine" Føab;manTIpSarbMputkMcat;GamIbéneraK raKmYl. [26]
7
mgÇút CaRbePTeQIEdlBMumancMNat;fañ k;.
mgÇút CaRbePTeQIEdlmankarduHlUtlas;yWt manEpøtic ehIyvacab;epþImEpøeBlEdlvamanGayu 10

b¤ 15 ehIyecjEpøeRcInenAeBlEdlvamanGayu 20 qñaM. RtUvykcitþTukdak;EfTaMvabMput
enAeBlEdlykva eTAdaMenAtMbn;epSg b:uEnþcMeBaHviFIsaRsþénkardaMduH BMucaM)ac;ykcitþTukdak;eBkeT.
dMbUgRtUvEjkRKab;ecjBI Epø BIr eTAbIéf¶bnÞab;mkerIsRKab;Edl)at;bg;lT§PaBdMNuHecj nigBIr
eTAbIs)aþh¾bnÞab;mkRtYtBinitü EpømþgeTot RbsinebImansl;kaksMNl;.[1]
bnÞab;BIykvaecjBIsßanIybNþúHkUneQI RtUvykkUneQI eTAdaMenAkñúgreNþA EdlmandIesIm
ehIymanCI. cenøaHBIkUneQImYy eTAkUneQImYyKYrEt 10m x 10 m.
ehIydIRtUvmanpÞúknUvsarFatuciBa©wmx<s; nigRtUvdak;CIeGay)anjwkjab;taMgBIeBldaM eRBaHrukçCatiRsUb
yk brimaNénsarFatuciBa©mw tic.[1]
KYrEtdaMdkXøa BIedImmYyeTAedImmYy 10.7-12.0 m. eKcUlcitþeFVIkardaMedImmgÇútenAedImrdUvvsSa.
reNþARtUvmanTMhM 1.2 x 1.2 x 1.3 m ehIyRtUUveFVIkarerobcMvaya:gtic 30éf¶ muneBldaM
nigRtUvCIkreNþA enAelIdIEdlsMbUreTAedaysarFatuciBa©wm nigdak;RsTab;dIxagelIhalxül;.
RtUvrkSakUneQIEdltUc² RbugRbytñ½bMput edIm,IeCosvagvamineGayrbYsb¤s
nigeRsacTwkeGay)aneRcIn. RtUveGayvaenAkñúgmøb; xøHeday eRbIFagetñat b¤GVIepSg Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
manny½faKYrEteFVIkarEfTaMva ry³eBl 3-5 qñaM. cMeBaHkardaMlUtlas; enARbeTs\NÐa
ral;edImeQInmI Yy RtUveFVIkardaMduHEfTaM edaydak;CIlamkstVCaeTogTat;edIm,IeGayb¤s
rbs;vamankarduHlUtlas;l¥ (brimaN 45-90 kg) nig emSAsENþk (brimaN 4.5-6.8 kg) Casrubkñúg
1qñaM. PaKeRcInedImmgÇút duHenAtammat;GUr RtBaMg bwg b¤tamExSrTwk
eRBaHvaCakEnøgEdlb¤sGacpÞúkenA sMenIm. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday
rdUvekþAmanmuneBlEdledImecjcab;ecjpáa nigCakMLúgEdlpáaGacvivtþn¾ eTACaEpø)anya:gl¥.
kEnøgEdlpþl;sMenImdl;kUneQI KWmingaynwgrk)an dUecñHKYrEteFVIkarCIkRbLay
edIm,IeGaymanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarEfTaM nig)aneRsacTwkCaRbcaM CaBiessenAkñúgkMLúgrdUvR)aMg. enA
8
RbeTsma:eLsIu nig sirlI gáa vaCakarGnuvtþn¾kardaMduHd¾samBaØ cMeBaHkardaMduHenAelIdIs¶ÜthYtEhg
eRBaHeK eFVIkardaMduHBBYkdUg RsUv b¤etñat edIm,IbgçaMgsMenIm.
KUrEtrFVIkaréRkEmkEdlcas;²enAxagkñgú ecj EdleFVI eGayedImeQIBMuGacecjEpøpáa)anl¥. mgÇút
pþl;EpømineTogTat; dUecñHkarRbmUlplRtUveFVIeLIgCaeRcInsar xus²Kña edayeFVIkarRbmUlBIedImmYy
eTAedImmYy nigBIrdUvmYy eTArdUvmYy cab;taMgBIvamanGayu 6 qñaM cMeBaHenA GaemrickNþal
nigRbeTséf cab;BIGayu 12-20 qñaM. karRbmUlplEpømgÇútdMbUg RbEhlCa )anBI 200-300 Epø.
plCamFümrbs;edImmgÇútRbEhl 500 Epø. ehIyTinñplmankarekIneLIgCalMdab; rhUtdl;qñaMTI 30
EdlenAeBlenaHTinñplmanRbEhlBI 1000-2000 Epø. enA Madras edImmgÇútnImYy²
EdlsßitenAcenøaHGayu 20-45 qñaM Gacpþl;EpøBI 2000-3000 Epø. taMgBIeBlenaHmk edImmgÇút
pþl;plCalMdab; rhUtdl;vamanGayu 100 qñaM edImrbs;vak¾enAEtpþl;pl.[19,26]
RKab;mgÇút rwg nigKYrEtrkSaEpørbs;vaTukenAkñúgbnÞb;EdlRKb;RKgsItuNðPaB)an

b¤k¾enAkñúgsMenImEdlGac eGayrukçCatiBukpuy)an eTaHbICaRKab;rbs;vanwg)at;bg;lT§PaBdMNuH
bnÞab;BIykvaecjBIEpøkñúgry³eBl 5 éf¶ dUecñHeBlEdlrkSavaTukenAkñúgRKab;vaGacrs;)anrhUtdl;eTA
3-5 s)aþh¾. lT§PaBdMNuHrbs;vaGac rkSa)anry³eBlBI 1-2 Ex ebIrkSavaTukenAkñgú
bnÞb;EdlmansMrnIm nwgmansItuNðPaB 20 °C ebIrkSaTuk kñúgsItuNðPaB 10 °C vanwgxUc.
RtUveFVIkarevcx©b;RKab;edayepSImvaticCamYynwgEsø b¤RskIdUg edayx©b;va
ya:gNaeGayxül;ecjcUl)an ehIykarevcx©b;rebobenHGacrkSaTuk)anry³eBl 3 Ex.
ebIrkSavaTukCa mYydIlaynigFüÚg GaRtadMNuHrbs;va)at;bg;Et 22% b:ueNÑaH kñúgry³eBl 15 éf¶.
RtUvrYsran;rkSavaenA kñúgTwkry³eBl 24 ema:g edIm,IbegáInGaRtadMNuH.

CaTUeTAvaduHBnøkenAkñúgry³eBl 20 eTA 22 éf¶ bnÞab; BIbNþúH nigduHBnøkGs;enAéf¶TI 43 . [26]
cMeBaHRKab;EdldaMenAelIdIval b¤sÞÚgenAkñgfg;pøasÞicFM² krNIenHRtUvsÞÚgkUneQImun eBlEdlvaman
kMBs; 60 cm b¤enAeBlEdlvamansøwkcMnYn 6 KUr. cMeBaHkarbgáat; RtUvbgáat;EmkEdlcas;l¥.
b¤srbs;vagay duHlUtlas;enAelIdIxSac;Edldak;enAkñúgLaMgbiTCit EdlenA)atLaMgRtUvmankMedAl¥
nigeRbIemSAGr½m:Un edIm,ICyY BenøÓnkarduHlUtlas;. mgÇútk¾GaceFVIkarbMe)Ab¤pSaMCamYy RbePTdUcKña
b¤k¾RbePTRsedogKña EdlsßitenAkñúgePTEtmYy dUcCa Garcinia xanthochymus Rock. f.
9
EdlCaRbePTEdlmanPaBFn; nigrwgmaM. karbgáat;Exñg b¤Bnøk k¾TTYl)anpll¥Edr
RbsinebIBnøkmanBN’ébtg Tn; Gn;manTg ehIymanRbEvgBI 2.5-4.0 cm.
enAeBlEdlykkUneQIEdltUcecjBIfañ lbNþúHkUneQI RtUvykvaeTAdaM enAkñúgreNþAEdlerobcMrYc
CaeRsc EdldIeBareBjeTAedayCICati nigsMenIm. CadMbUgkardaMduH RtUvdaMenAkñúg møb; ]TahrN¾³
RtUvRKb;nwgsøwketñat. RtUveFVIkarEfTaMvaeGay)anl¥ kMueGaysøwkx©I 2 b¤RtYyrbs;vasVit
ebIvasVitRtUvEfTaMrhUtdl;vaduHmkvij eTaHbICavasøab;k¾eday. cenøaHBIedImmYy eTAedImmYyRtUvmanTMhM
10 m x 10 m. ehIyGacbegáInkareRbIR)as;dI edaydaMdMNaMenAcenøaHrg b¤k¾daMrk u çCatiepSg²eTot
enAkñúgry³eBl 10 qñaMdMbUg. daMrukçCatiEdlmanb¤sRtg; b¤daMxJI. kaGnuvtþn¾EbbenHmgÇút TTYl)anpl
cMenjeRcInBIkareRbIR)as;ClI amkstV énkardMNaMbnÞab;bnSM. tamPaBCak;Esþg RbePTenHTTYl)anpl
eRcInBI karRbmUlpþMúx<sé; nsarFatuciBa©mw nigdIl¥EdleBareBjeTAedaysarFatuxniC.
vaRtUvkardIEdlman pÞúknUvsarFatuxniCx<s; nigmanRsTab;elIRkas;
Edl)anmkBIkars¥úyrlYyénkMeTckMTIsMram søwkeQI cMebIg b¤EmkeQI
EdlCaCIeFVIeGayedImeQImankarduHlUtlas;l¥. karéRkEmkKImanEdnkMNt; edayeFVIkar
kab;EtEmkEdlgab; b¤sarFatuEdlgab;b:ueNÑaH nigRtUvsgát;BnøkeQIEdlEvg
b¤EmkEdlmanragerovsþÜc cUleTAkñúgkenSamsøwk.[1]
enARbeTs\NÐa søwkmgÇútRtUv)ansIuedayBBYkdgáÚvemGMe)A ehIyRbEhlCamanlkçN³dUcKñaenHEdr

EdlenAkñúgRbeTshVIlIPIn EdlBnøkEmkfµIRtUvTTYlrgnUvkarvayRbharBIBBYk Orgyra sp. énRKUsar
Lymantridae. enA Puerto Rico RsemactUc² Myrnelachista ramulorum rs;enAelIedImgÇút
edayecaHsIurUgedIm nigEmk nigbMpøajeTAelIRtYyEdleTIbnwgduHlUtlas;fµI. CYnkalBBYkstVl¥ittUc²

bMpøajedayeFVIeGayEpøxUcRTg;RTay edayxaMb¤ xVacEpø. cMeBaHEpøEdlTMul¥ TTYlnUvkarbMpøajBIBBYksVa
RbeCov nigmanGaRtaénkarbMpøajmanenAtMbn;GasIu. enA Puerto Rico mgÇútTTYlrgnUvCMgmW üagenA
elIsMbkEdlbgáreLIgedayBBYkpSit nig Pellicularia koleroga EdlCajwkjab;manenAelIkUnEmktic
søwk nigépø énedImmgÇútEdlduHenAkñgú møb; nigtMbn;EdlmansMenIm. Epørbs;va mansMbkrwg nigeFVIeGay
xUcxatedaysarEtsMbukBIgBagrMuBT§v½ a. enARbeTsma:eLsIu BBYk Zignoella garcineae
eFVIeGaymankar rIkdalCMgWs¥úyrlUy EdlbgárenAelIEmkEdlkMBugduHlUtlas;
10
EdlkrNIenHeFVIeGayvinassøwk eFVIeGaysøwk Emkgab; nigsUm,IEtedImTaMgmUl. cMeBaHBBYkpSit
Diplodia gossypina, Pestalotia sp., Phomopsis sp., Gloeosporium sp., and Rhizopus
nigricans eFVIeGaymankarxUcxat;dl;edIm. bBaða cMbgénsrIrsaRsþehAfa "gamboge"
KWCabBaðaEdleFVIeGayCatiCr½hUrecjmkeRkAEpø nig enAelIEmk kñúg kMLúgeBlmYyd¾F¶n;F¶r
nigbnþrhUtdl;rdUvePøóg. vaminCH\T§iBlGaRkk;dl;EpñkEdlbriePaKenaHeT. [26]
F> karGPirkS :
edImmgÇút BMuEmnCaRbePTEdlrgnUvkarKMramkMEhgenaHeT.

mgÇút manduHenAtMbn;EdlekþA nig tMbn;esIm EdlsßitenAEk,rGakasFatueGkVaTr½
énGasIuxagt,Úgeqogxag ekIt ehIyvamanRbPBkMeNItenARbeTsma:eLsIu ekaH Molucca
énRbeTs\NÐÚeNsIu nignaMykeTAdaMenA RbeTsGURsþalI \NÐa b‘Uma: éf evotNam hVIlIPIn
ekaHkarIebon nigRbeTsmYycMnYneTotenA GaemrickNþal enAPUmIPaKxaglic nig
xagekIténTVIbGaRhVic. [12,26]
p> epSg² :
EpñkEdlGacbriePaK)anmanRbEhlCa 30% énTMgn;rbs;EpøTaMgmUl.

ehIyvamanpÞkú nUvsmasPaBmYy cMnYndUcxageRkam:
sarFatuTwk 84.9%
11
RbUetGIun 0.5%
Catixøaj; 0.1%
sarFatuxniC 0.2%
sarFatukabUn 14.3%
nigRKab;manpÞkú nUvCatixøaj; 45%. [1]
karplitepSg²eTot: enA Ghana eKykEmktUc²rbs;edImmgÇút eFVICaeQIRct;. sMbkEpømgÇútEdlTMu
manpÞúknUv polyhydroxy-xanthone EdleKehAfa mangostin nigmanpÞúknUv ß-mangostin pgEdr.
cMeBaHEpEdlTMuxøaMg manpÞkú nUv xanthones, gartanin, 8-disoxygartanin nig normangostin.
mangostin, mangostin-e nig 6-di-O-glucoside KIedaysarexSayRbBn½§sésRbsaTkNþal
nigkrNI sMma< FQamekIneLIg.[26]
Almeyda N, Martin FW, 1976: Cultivation of neglected tropical fruits with promise 1. In:
The Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). US Agricultural Research Service South
Region.
Asai F, Tosa H, Tanaka T, Iinuma M, 1995: A xanthone from pericarps of Garcinia

mangostana. Phytochemistry, 39(4):943-944; 8 ref.
Hutton W, Cassio A, 1996: Tropical Fruits of Malaysia and Singapore. Republic of

Singapore: Periplus Editions.
Normah MN, Nor-Azza AB, Aliudin R, 1995: Factors affecting in vitro shoot proliferation
and ex vitro establishment of mangosteen. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture,
43(3):291-294; 11 ref.
Nakasone HY, Paull RE. 1998: Tropical fruits. Crop Production Science in Horticulture No.
7 CAB INTERNATIONAL, Wallingford, UK.
National Academy of Sciences, 1975: Underexploited tropical plants with promising

economic value. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.; USA
12
Richards AJ. 1990: Studies in Garcinia, dioecious tropical fruit trees: the origin of the
mangosteen (G. mangostana L.). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 103(4): 301-
308.
Othman Y, Suranant S, 1995: The Production of Economic Fruits in South-East Asia.

Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Oxford University Press.
Tirtawinata MR, Othman Y, Veevers-Carter W, Sidharta A, 1995:mm/ m²mm/ m² Fruit of

Indonesia. Jakarta, Indonesia: Mekar Unggul Sari.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Italy, 177 pp.

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.

12) Forestry Compendium Edition 2003 (on CD ROM)

pp.
13

?
(Internet source)
14
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale ]

[Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale ]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale .[4],
Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Hook. f.[2]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Haldu (English, Indian)[17]
K> sTisn½y ³ Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Hook. f. ex Brandis [2];
Nauclea cordifolia Roxb. [17]

Caesalpinia dasyrhachis Miquel
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ hnaw nhan -ben, nhing pen, (Burma); khvao, (Cambodia);
khao, thom (Laos); kwao, tong lueang, tum kwao (Thailand-

North); gáo lá tim , giáo vàng, (Vietnam) [2,4,17]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ xVav

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ khvao [16], khwaw [4]
lMdab; : Rubiales
RKYsar : Rubiaceae
ePT : Haldina Ridsd. [17)
1
RbePT : Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd.
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQICMruHsøwk manTMhMmFümeTAFM EdlmankMBs;BI 18-30 m

nigGacmanGgát;p©it 70-100 cm . edImRtg; ragsIuLaMg manEmkduHtamTisedk manRBwgenAkMBs;
1.5 m [2] . edImeQI mankMBs; 7-20 m [4] CaedImeQICMruHsøwk Rtg; mantYedImRCYjbnþic
nigmankenSamsøwkmUl [5] . edImeQI CMrusøwk manTMhMtUceTAmFüm CYnkalmankMBs;dl;eTA 30 (-

40) m manedImmUl nigKµanEmk enAkMBs; 20(-25) m manGgát;p©itdl;eTA 110 (-150) cm manRBwg
nigmanlkçN³RCYjelIedIm [17] .
[sMbk]: manBN’RbepHRsal eRbHtambeNþay kMras; 1-2 cm . EmktUc² manragBhuekan
manBN’RbepH maneram nigminmaneramenAeBlcas; [2,4] . sMbkmanBN’etñatRsal relag rW

eRbH sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’sIuCm<Ú eTAetñatcas; . épÞsMbk manBN’etñatcas; eTARkhmetñat .
manBnøkragsMEb:t niggayeFIVkarsMKal; [2, 4, 17] .
[søwk]: søwksamBaØ QmKña bnÞHsøwk rageGlIb nigKl;ragdUcebHdUg manRbEvgbeNþay 10-30 cm
nigTTwg 8-20 cm manBN’ébtgcas; Kµaneram enAxagelI BN’ébtgRsal nigmaneramenAxageRkam

. søwksamBaØ QmKña ragmUlminmaneFµj rageGlIb rW dUcebHdUg manxñaysøwk nig
manRbEvgbeNþay 10-30 cm nigTTwg 8-20 cm manBN’ébtgcas; Kµaneram enAxagelI
BN’ébtgRsal nigmaneramenAxageRkam . mansréscMnYn 5-8 KU enAtamG½kSedk Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ehIyesÞIrEtRsbKña . Tgsøwk manragRsLÚn EdlmanRbEvg 4-9 cm EdlmanragCacg¥ÚrenAxagelI .
xñaysøwkmanragRTEvgekag manRbEvg 10-15 mm nigmaneram [2] . søwkmanTMhM 8-20x6-16
cm kMrmanTMhM 30x20 cm zitenA QmKñCaBIrCYr (decussate) ragmUl rW FMmUl edaymanTgxøI
nigragdUcebHdUgenAKl; . søwkx©ImanBN’ébtg rW manTgBN’sIuCm<Ú søwkcas; manlkçN³Rkas;

edaymanlkçN³eRKIm nigmaneram Rkas;Tn; enAxageRkam . mansrésEv:n 5-7 KU enAelIépÞsøwk
nigman 5-8 KUenAmmçag²søwk . Tgsøwkman ragRsLÚn RbEvg 3-8 cm . EmktUc manlkçN³sMEb:t
manBnøkmUl EdlRtUv)ankarBaredayxñaysøwk mYyKUr EdlmanBN’ébtgRsal manRbEvg 1.2-1.8
cm [5] .
2
søwksamBaØ QmKña bnÞHsøwk rageGlIb nigKl;ragdUcebHdUg manxñaysøwk [17] .
[páa]: kBa©úMpáamanlkçN³Cak,al manGgát;p©it BI 1.8-2.5 cm enAeBlrIk manTgpáaRbEvg 3-8 cm .
páa manTMhMtUc² BN’elOg RtbkpáamanragCabMBg; sIuLaMg man 5 ft ragRTEvg CaRbePTpáa valvate

rIkFM nigmankMBUlragmUl mankMBUlCalkçN³ imbricate . kenSampáamanrTMrg;Ca
hypocrateriform, manRtbkpáaCab;Kña (gamopetalous) edaymanRtbkcMnYn 5 manragRTEvg
manRbEvg 1 mm . maneks eQµal cMnYn 5 EdlduHenAkñúgkenSampáa TgeksxøI mane)øaklMGg

duHeLIgya:gRsYcenAkMBUl . GUva:rI manfaBI duHenAeRkam manTgRsLÚn RbEvg 1 cm man stigma tUc
ragmUl edaymanGUvulCaeRcIn . páazitenAelIG½kS manTg BN’elOg mank,alEckCa R)aMEpñk (5-
merous ) k,al (2-4-10) duHBIG½kS manRTng;páaenAcenøaH [2,17] .
[Epø]: CaEpø capsule eRbHEbkCaBIr enAKul manragdUck,al EbkCabYnEpñk enAmanG½kSenAcMkNþal
nigmanRtbkenACab;enaH [2,17] .
manRKab;RbEvg 6-8, 2.5-3.0mm mansøab 2 enAcugTaMgsgçag [2] . RKab;ragmUl tUc
nigmansøabtUc . kUneQImandMNuHCaRbePT epigeal EdlmankUTIeLdUnCasøwk [17] .
ecjpáa enAExmina - mifun EpøenA ExsIha-vicäikar [2] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIxVav manlkçN³F¶n;mFüm nigrwg edaymankMritTMnajEpndI 550-650 kg/m³ [2] eTA 570-895

kg/m³ [26] enAkMritsMeNIm 15% m.c . eQIxøwm manBN’elOg eTAelOgRsal rW etñatRkhm
enAeBldak;halval [17] . eQIRsay manBN’elOgRsal GacEckdac;BIeQIxøwm b:uEnþqab;ERb

CaBN’etñatenAeBldak;halxül; [2] . sac;eQIRtg; relag CYnkalmanlkçN³cak;eRsH rW

ragdUces<ó . vaynPaBeQI relag nigesµI maneQIPWø . rgVg;lUtlas; minGacEckdac;BIKña
sréseQItUc² enAdac;²BIKña CYnkalmaneRcIn 2-3 CakBa©MútUc² GacemIleQI edayeRbIEkvBRgIkMrit
(10x) . Parenchyma enAdac;² paratracheal vasicentric, apotracheal duHeLIgCadMuCab;²Kña
minGacemIleXIj eTaHbImanEkvBRgIkk_eday . Rays manlkçN³relagmFüm minmansñamTwkrlk

. PaBrYcmankMritx<s; eQITMngCamansñam nigGaceRbHenAeBlsMgYtedayxül; . dUcenH
ehIykarsMgYtedayL KYrEtRtUv)aneFIVeLIg . eQIminmanesßrPaBl¥eT kñúgkareRbIR)as; . eTaHbIva
3
gayeFIVkaredayéd nigma:sIunk_eday . vaKYrRtUv)aneRbI edayRbugRby½tñ edIm,IeCosevog
kare)a:gsac;eQI . vagaynwgdus xat; nigmanPaBPøWrelagl¥ [2,17] .
kareFIVetsþbec©kviTüaeQI énlkçN³emkanic enAma:eLsIu)anbgðajfa : kMritEdlminGacRTRTg;)an
84-86N/mm², kMritPaBGacbt;Ebn)an 8,900-9215 N/mm² sMBaFRsbsac;eQI 41.5-44.0
N/mm², karkat; 8.5-9.5 N/mm², kMritPaBrwgrbs;eQI 5070 N kMritPaKrwgenAcug 6275 N
[17,26) . eQImanlkçN³Fn;mFüm kareFIVRbRBwtþkmµ sMrab;karBareQIRsay

nigxwømmanlkçN³gayRsYl . eQIxwøm manlkçN³Fn;nwgpSit nigeQIRsaygayrgkarvayRbhalBI
xñÚt Lyctus . tMélfamBlrbs;eQIKW
18 500 kJ/kg [17,26] .
xVavmanduHenA\NÐa dl;RsIlgáa PaKxagt,Úgcin PUma \NÐÚcin éf dl; evotNam

b:uEnþkMrmanenA]bTIVbma:eLsIu . xVav CaRbePTeQI ÉkePT (monotypic genus) . RbePTenH
manduHenAkñúgéRBeRsag éRBel,aH tMbn;TMnab nigx<g;rab b:uEnþkMrmanenA]bTVIbma:eLsIu [17] .
enAevotNam vamanduHenAéRBbnÞab;bnSM éntMbn;éRBeRsagRtUBik rW Bak;kNþalCMruHsøwk [2] .
duHlUtlas;eRcIn b:uEnþray)a:y enAkñúgtMbn;éRBel,aHTMnab Edlmanry³kMBs; 700-800 m a.s.l.

EdlmankMritkMBs;TwkePøógmFüm 1500 -2500 mm EtduHlUtlas;enAtamdgTenø rW tMbn;dIesIm
nigtMbn;dIl,ays¶Üt EdllicTwkry³eBlxøI . vaduHlUtlas;layCamYy Terminalia nigrovenulosa,

Stereospermum sp, Sterculia lychnosphora, Buchanania arborescens, Choerospondias
axillarisnig Hopea odorata [2] . enAPUma nigéf vamanduHlayCamYyém:sak; (Tectona grandis
L.f.) [2,17] . kMritktþaPUmisaRsþman: ry³kMBs; 0-1000 m a.s.l., kMritePøógRbcaMqñaM 750-2500
mm/ m² enArdUvekþA nigsItuNðPaBx<s; nigTabbMputmanBI - 2ºC nig 43ºC . r)a:yrbs;vamanBI 30º
N-5º S [12].
4
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
xVavduHenAtMbn;TnM ab rW tameCIgPñM enAtMbn;esIm EdllicTwkry³eBlxøI nigdIl,ays¶Üt [2] .

vaduHlUtlas; )anl¥ enAtMbn; Edlmindk;Tkw dUcCa TMnabCMralPñM dIl,b; Edlmindk;Twk .
vamanRbB½n§rWs rwgmaMu EdleFIVeGayvaFn;nwgkarraMgs¶Üt . eTaHya:gNa vagayrgeRKaHedaysarkarsIu
nigCan;BIsMNak;stVRsuk nigstVéRB nigminFn;nwgePøIgeqHeT [12].
[eQI]: eQImanlkçN³rwg manTMgn;TMnajEpndI 550-650 eTA 590-895 kg/m³ mansac;relag

niggay eRbIR)as; sMrab;CasMNg; nigeKOgsgðarwm enA\NÐaeQIRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;sMNg; .
k_GaceRbIR)as; sMrab;eFIVvnI apgEdr [2] nigeFIVkarGarCakþa [4] . eQIRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVpÞH TVa
s‘umbg¥Üc CeNþIr nigkMral b:uEnþk_eRbIsMrab;karsagsg;nava eKOgsgðarwm sMPar³eRbIR)as; nigvIna .
vak_smRsbsMrab;kargarRkLwg sMrab;eFIVbnÞat; exµAéd xñarGMe)aH RbGb; nigxÞgb; üa:NU (piano keys) .
eQIRtUv)anraykarN_mankar Fn;nwgGasIut EdleFIVeGayvasaksmykmeFIVCa
ekAGIenAkñúgmnÞIBiesaFn_ nigkareRbIR)as;RsedogKñaenH [17,26] .
karyksMbkecjPøam eRkayeBlkab;rMlM RtUv)aneFIVeLIgedIm,IkarBarkarbMpøajrbs;pSit . enA\NÐa
karqáÚtelIedIm muneBlRbmUlplRtUv)aneFIV edIm,IbegáInKuNPaBeQI enAedImeQIGacRtUv)ansMgYt

edayxül; muneBlRtUv)ankab;rMlM nigGar . eQIxVa RtUv)aneFIVBaNiC¢kmµEtenAkñúgtMbn; nigkMrmankarnaM
ecj edaysEtmaDrbs;eQImanTMhMtcU . enAbNþalRbeTsPaKeRcIn plitkmµrbs;vaKWmanlkçN³Ca
RTg;RTaytUcenAeLIy [17] .
[Gnupl]: kardaMykTwkBIrWs GaceRbICafñaM sMrab;Büa)al CMgWraK nigeraKmYl (4) .
enAPUma søwkrbs;vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;RKbdI enAkñúgcMkarém:sak; b:uEnþvak_GaceRbIR)as;CacMNIstVpgEdr

[12].
5
edImeQI EdlenAtUcgayrgeRKaH kardaMduHedayKµanrWs minRtUv)anpþl;CaGnusasn_eT . edImeQI

Edlman GayuBIrqñaM KWsmRsbsMrab;kardaMduH . edImeQImanGayumYyqñaM GacRtUv)andaMenAcenøaH 2x2
m . karduH edayFmµCatienAkñúgéRBKWTTYleCaKC½ypgEdr. eTaHbItMrUvkarBnøW minsUveRcInenAdMNak;
kaldMbUgk_eday . kareRsacTwk nigsMGatesµAbnÞab;BIkardaM mansar³sMxan;Nas; sMrab;karlUt

las;rbs;rukçCati . karkarBar BIkaresµA mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;karlUtlas;enAkñúgFmµCati .
xVavgaynwgduHExñgeLIgvijNas; [26] .cMkarsakl,gRtUv)anbegáIt enAnIesrIya: nigGaeRhVcxagt,Úg
b:uEnþlT§plminTan;dwgenAeLIyeT [17,26] . enAkñúgRbB½n§ksirukçkmµ søwkrbs;vaKWmansarFatu
allelopathic EdlGacCH\T§iBldl;dN M aM . xVav gayduHExñg nigGacdaMduHenA tMbn;Edl
manGakasGaFatutamrdUv . cMkardaMdHu sakl,g EdleRbIR)as; Bt’manBIRbeTs\NÐa KWTamTaeGay
mankarepÞógpÞat;eLIgvij [17].
xVaGacdaMedayRKab; b:Eu nþkardaMedayRKab;pÞal; KWTTYlbraC½y edayRKab;manlkçN³tUc²eBk

(RbEhl 11 lanRKab;/kg) . RKab; EdlTMuKYRtUv)anRbmUl muneBlRKab;RCuH ehIykar s¶Ütyk RKab;
ecj manlkçN³gayRsYlCag . RKab;GacrkSaTuk ry³eBlmYyqñaM enAkñúgbnÞb;bitCit . enAkMLúg

qñaMdMbUg lT§PaBdMNuH ekIndl; 13% bnÞab;BITMu . kareFIVRbRBwtþkmµCamun edayRtaMTwk ry³eBl 12

ema:g nigRtUv)ansMgYt edIm,IykeTAsabenAkñgú fñal . RKab;RtUv)ansab enAelIxSac;suT§ edayRKb
edayxSac;ya:gesþIg nigeRsacTwktic² . BYkvaRtUv)ankarBarBIkarRtUvBnøWéf¶ eday pÞal; nigePøóg .
karRKb fñalbNþúHRKab;bgðajfa manlkçN³l¥CagkareRbIfg; RKabfñalTaMgmUl . karCaM
TwkRtUv)anGegátenA kñúgfñal . enAeBlkUneQImanGayu 2-3 Ex BYkvaRtUv)anykeTAdaMkñúgfg; .
6
manBBYkPñak;garbgáreraKCaeRcIn EdlbMpøajedImxVav . eTaHbI minmanRbePTNamYyeFVIkarKMramdl;

karlUtlas;rbs;cMkar . RbePTstVl¥itxageRkam RtUv)aneFIVGtþsBaØaN ebIeTaHbI minBN’manBIkar
bMpøaj eTAelIedImeQI rW EpñkNamYyrbs;vak_eday : Acalolepta cervina, Antitrygodes
cuneilinea, Aristobia approximator, Cephonodes hylas, Cephonodes picus, Dirades
adjutaria, Epiplema quadricaudata, Episparis liturata, Gonodontis clelia, Gonodontis
clelia, Lyctus, Pantoporia silenophora kanara, Parotis marinata, Rhodoneura nitens [12]
.
CMgWpSitrYmman : Cercocladospora adinae, Cercospora adiniana [12].
F> karGPirkS :

PaKxagt,ÚgGasIu nigenAGasIuGaeKñy_ \NÐa RsIlgáa PaKxagt,Úgcin PUma \NÐÚcin EdlesÞIEtCaTIkEnøg
kMeNIt enAnIesrIya: GaeRhVcxagt,Úg EdlCakEnøgRtUv)annaMcUl [26].
p> epSg² :
xVavmanTMnak;TMngCamYy Adina nig 4 RkumepSgeTot EdlrYmman Adinauclea, Metadina,

Pertusadina nig Naucleeae . vagaysMKal; edaysarBnøkrbs;vamanlkçN³sMEb:t
nigpáamanlkçN³Cak,al nigmanxñay .
7
xVav gayduHExñg nigGacdaMduHenAtMbn;EdlmanGakasGaFatutamrdUv . cMkardaMduHsakl,g
EdleRbIR)as; Bt’manBIRbeTs\NÐa KWTamTaeGaymankarepÞógpÞat;eLIgvij [17].
Cheksum Tawan, 1998. Haldina Ridsd. In Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T. & Prawirohatmodjo,
S. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(3). Timber trees: Lesser-known
timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp 278-280.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

House; Phnom Penh, 915 pp.


? (Internet source)
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Hevea brasiliensis (Willd, ex A. Juss.)]

[Hevea brasiliensis (Willd, ex A. Juss.)]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Hevea brasiliensis (Willd, ex A. Juss.)
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ rubber [12], Brazilian rubber tree, hevea, Para rubber tree
[9], rubber wood, caoutchouc tree [7]
K> sTisn½y ³ Siphornia brasiliensis Willd. ex A. Juss [1],
Siphonia brasiliensis H. B. & K.[7]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ yegoma zaf (Ethiopia) [7] - kyetpaung (Myanmar) [7] -
caoutchouc, caoutchouc de para, h้v้a (France) [7] -

Parakautschukbaum (Germany) [7] - kayu getah, kayu karet,
pokok getah para (Indonesia) [7] - jaang (Laos) [7] - kayu
getah, pokok getah para (Malaysia) [7] - caucho (Spain) [7] -
mpira (E-Africa) [7] - katoh, yang phara (Thailand) [7] - cao
sau (Vietnam) [7]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ ekAs‘U

c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ Kaov Sou [11]
lMdab; : Geraniales
1
RKYsar : Euphorbiaceae
ePT : Hevea
RbePT : Hevea brasiliensis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: ekAs‘CU aedImeQIBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk EdlGacmankMBs; 25 m [7, 12] (10-20 m

[3], -40 m [2, 13], -20 m [9])enAkñg ú cMkar b:Eu nþenAkñgú éRB edImeQIGacmankMBs;dl; 40 m [7] .
edImman ragRsYc b:Eu nþRtg; nigGaRs½yeTAelIBCU rbs;va nigGacmanGgát;p©it DBH dl;eTA 35 cm
[13] (50 cm [7] brimaRt 2.6–3.3 m [2]) . vaminmanRBwgeT nigminmanEmkenAkMBs; 10 m [7]
CYnkal vaduHEmk eRcIn nigkenSamsøwkRkas; . rWsEkvduHlUtlas;)anl¥ .

[sMbk]: épÞsb M krelag rage)a:g BN’etñat rW RbepHRsal sMbkxagkñúgBN’etñatRsal
nigmanC½rBN’s.
[søwk]: søwkCaRbePTsøwkqøas; mansøk w cMnnY bI EdlmanragCas‘utbRBa©as; rW eGlIb eTAes<ò
edaymankMBlU søwkRsYc . CaTUeTA BYkvamanTMhM 10–15(-50) cm x 3–6(-15) cm [2] .
søwkmanxñaysøkw nigTgsøkw EdlmanRbEvg 7.5–10(-70) cm [2] .
[páa]: køinRkGUb nigCapàa EdlmanpàajI nigeQµalenACamYyKña CakBa©úM nigmaneram . BYkvamanBN’
elOg ébtg elOg rW ébtgRbELt páaeQµal duHenAelIkBM lU rbs;kBa©púM aá nigmanRbEvg 10-12 mm

[13] páa eQµalmancMnn Y eRcInCagenAKl;kBa©púM áa EdlmanRbEvg 8-10 mm [13] . Rtbkpáaminman
nigRsTab; páamancMnYn 5 ft [9] nigRKbedayeramBN’s . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[Epø]: Epø (=3 ft nig 3 RKab;) EdlmanGgát;pSit 3 eTA 6 cm [13] nigbþÚrBN’ BIébtg eTAetñat .
RKab;manrageGlIb sMEb:t manmYyrW BIRCug PørW elag BN’etñat nigmancMnucGuC² BN’kaehV ragmUl .
RKab;manTMhMxus²Kña RbEvg 2.5–3 cm [9] nigGgát;pSit 2-3.5 cm [13] TMgn;RKab;nmi Yy²KW 2–4 g
[13] . BYkvamansMbkrwg esþIg nigsac;enAxagkñúg . RKab;GacxÞatcMgay dl;eTA 15 m
edaysarkarpÞHú rW Ebk rbs;Epø b:Eu nþmanEtviFsI aRsþ BIr eTAbIbue: NÑaH EdkRKab;GacRtUvBRgay .
karRbmUlRKab;RtUv)aneFVeI LIg enAExkkáda eTAdl;kBaØa enARbeTs\NÐa [2] . CamFümmanRKab;cnM nY
180 kñgú mYy kg [13] .
2
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQIxwmø manBN’Bgman; nigsICu m<ÚenAeBlRss; rW BN’RsedogcMebIgu rW etñatRsal

minGac Eckdac;BIeQIRsal . srésreQIRtg; nigrak; . vaynPaBeQI eRKImEtesµI .
eQIGarrYcmanBN’exµAqñtÚ ² EdlbNþalminBIkarkat;ykC½rmin)anl¥ rW cambium RtUv)ankat;ecj
cMeBaHeQIGar enARss; KWman køinC½r . eQIekAs‘U GacRtUv)aneFIRV bRBwtþikmµedayeRbIsMBaF 5 kg/cm²
enAkñgú ry³eBl 1 ema:g [8] . vaGacRtUv)anRClk;enAkñúgsMeNIm EdlmankMritGaceCob
cUlkñgú srésreQI . eQImanlkçN³Fn;lµm enAeBleRbIenAxageRkA .
RbEhl : 12°N eTA 35°S [1] (kardaMduH EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½y 15°N eTA 10°S [7]) .
ekAs‘dU uHlUt las;CaFmµCatienAkñúgéRBrgTwkePøògRtUBki éntMbn;Gama:sUn EdlEtlicTwktamrdUv
b:Eu nþmanedIm eQIF²M duH lUtlas; enAx<g;rab Edlmindk;Twk . enAkñgú CMrkFmµCati
vaduHenARsTab;kNþal énéRBRtUBki . enAtMbn; RtUBki cMkarCaRTg;RTayFMRtUv)anbegátI CaBiess
enAGasIuxagt,Úg nigGasIuGaeKñy_ . enARbeTskm<Cú a extþ kMBg;cam nigkMBg;FM KW CaextþmaneQµaHl,I
edaysarmancMkarekAsUe‘ RcIn .
edImeQIduHenAelI TIcMenat EdlmankMritBI 0-70% [13] enAkMritry³kMBs;BnI vI T:U wksmuRT dl; 1,200
m [13] . eTaHbI kardaMduHenAx<sC ; ag 400-500 m a.s.l.vaminRtUv)anpþl;Gnusasn_eT
edaysaredImeQI enAkMritry³kMBs;kan;Etx<s; edImeQIkan; EtmanTMhMtUc nigduHlUtlas;ytW
RBmTaMgkat;bnßynUvkarplit C½r nigeQI . kMritry³kMBs;x<sb; Mput EdlsmRsbKW 0 eTA 450 m
a.s.l. [1] (300-500 m [5]) . GakasFatu EdlsmRsbKW manenAGnutMbn;RtUBei sIm eTARtUBk i s¶tÜ
nigéRBRtUBki esIm . ekAs‘RU tUv)an raykarN_faFn;nwgkMritTwkePøògRbcaMqañ BM I 1,020 eTA 4,290 mm
3
[2] ( kMritmFüm 24 krNI = 2,450 mm [2], 1,500-3,000 (x<s;bpM tu 4,000) mm [7, 13],
1,500-3,600 mm [1]) . kMritTwkePøóg man r)a:yesµI nigmanCamFüm BI 1,900 eTA 2,600
elIkBIenH [2] . ekAsUG‘ acFn;nwgGakasFatuRtCak; ry³eBl 3-4 Ex [13] (2-3 Ex [7], 0-3 Ex
[1]) rW CYnkal karraMgs¶ÜttictYc b:Eu nþvaminecjpáaeT eday rdUvR)aMg nigkarpøas;brþÚ rbs;sItuNðPaB
EdleFIeV Gaysøkw RCuH . sMeNImKYr EtkMueGayelIsBI 70-80% [13] . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümKW BI

23.1 eTA 27.5°C [2, 5] KWsmRsbbMpt u (23-33°C [12], 22-30°C [13]) . enAtMbn;
EdlmanBBkeRcIn nigsenSIm KW minsmRsbsMrab;karlUtlas;eT nigRbePT RtUvkar
kMritBnøWéf¶CamFümRbcaMqañ M 1,500 eTA 1,800 ema:g . kMritxül;xs< C; ag 8 m kñúgmYyvinaTI GacbMpaø j
edImeQI rW eFIeV GayedImeQIrlM [13] . eTaHya:gNa vaminFn;nwgxül;xaø gM eT [7] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13]
ekAs‘dU uHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAelIdImni dk;Twk nigCal,aydI manrn§xül; EdlmanCMerA ya:gehacNas; 1

m [13] edaymanKMrbrukçCati legume enARsTab;eRkam edIm,IkarBarkarhUreRcaH .
vacUlcitþdImanCatiGasIut b:uEnþFn;nwgkMrit pH BI 4–8 [2] (4.0-6.5 [13], 4.3-8.0 [5]) . eTaHbI Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
RbePTdIeRcIn manlkçN³sm Rsb cab;BIRbePTl,ay\dæ rhUtdl;d\I dæ . vak_Fn;nwgkarCaMTwk b:Eu nþ
enAeBlmankMritePøógxøaMg dIRtUvman karhUrTwk)anl¥ . dIkMe)ar KWmni smRsb nigmanlkçN³rak;
nighUrTwkmin)anl¥ rW dImemak nigkMeTc rukçCatiRtUv)aneCosevog . dI Lateritic KWmanlkçN³smRsb
sMrab;karlUtlas; .
4
[eQI]: eQIekAs‘U RtUv)ancat;TukCavtßúFatuedIm sMrab;karplitFüÚg eQIfamBl sMrab;dutplit\dæ

sMgYt fñaCM k; nigsMgYtekAs‘U . sar³sMxan;rbs;eQIekAs‘U RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_
nigk_RtUv)andaM sMrab;ykeQIpgEdr . eQIPaKeRcInRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;pliteRKOgsgðarwm .
kareRbIR)as;epSg²eTotdUcCa CBa©agM s‘umrUbft édfttu FugeQI nigdgkan; kþamQUs vIna
nigeQIEdlbitkav . eQIrbs;vaFn;mFüm enAeBleRbIR)as;enAxageRkA
dUcenHehIyeTIbvaPaKeRcIneRbIsMrab;Et EpñkxagkñúgEtb:ueNÑaH . kMeTceQI RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;plit
kþakMeTceQI enARbeTsma:eLsIu [7] .
[Gnupl]: C½r EdlmanRbPBBIedImekAs‘U RtUv)anecaHykecjBIedImekAs‘U . C½r
GacRtUv)aneFIeV Gaykk edayeRbIGasIut acetic acid, formic acid nig alum . ekAs‘U
EdleFIeV GaykkGaceRbIsMrab;plit plitplCaeRcIn . eTaHbI mansarFatuBlu enAkñgú RKab;ekAs‘U
k_vaGacRtUv)anbriePaK enAeBlman eRKaHGt; køan bnÞab;BIkarEkécñ edayRtaMenAkñúgTwkekþA nigkat;yk
cyanic EdlmanCatiBulecj . cMkarekAs‘U Edl manlkçN³Rkas; enAkñg ú éRBGama:sUn RtUv)anKitfa
mankarCMrujeGaymankarduHdal BIsN M ak;CnCatiPaK tic edIm,IbegánI nUvkarpÁt;pÁg;Gahar .
RKab;manpÞkú nUv eRbg 40-50% Edlgays¶tÜ nigsmRsbsMrab;kar eRbIR)as;CaGahar
nigeKalbMNgbec©keTs . RKab;CaRbPBéneRbgRKab;ekAs‘U . RtUv)anes¶ar edIm,Iyk CaBulecj
nigcMraj;ykeRbg EdleRbIsMrab;dut . sac;RKab; (50-60% énRKab;) manCatieRbg Edlman
BN’elOgRsal eRbIsMrab;eFIsV ab‘U fñaKM UrKMnUr nig varnishes . eRbgsac;RKab; manRbsiT§PaBRbqaMg
nwg ruykñúgpÞH nigéc [7] . eRbgGaccMraj;yk edaykarRc)ac; rW cMraj; . sMNl; 8-15%
Edl)anmkBIkar cMraj;ykeRbg GaceRbICaGaharBI 2-4% [14] . RKab;CYnkal RtUv)ansIuedayeKa

. sMNl;BkI arcMraj; ykeRbgRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CacMNIstV nigCaCI . TwkdmCaeRcInRtUv
)anRbmUlykedayXµMú . sMNl;eQI ekAsU‘ RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;daMpSit CaBiess oyster mushrooms
(Pleurotus spp.) . sac;RKab;rbs;ekAs‘U RtUv)aneRbICanuy ensaTRtI enATenøGama:sUn [7] .
[epSg²]: dMNaMdUcCa mañs; sENþk kaehV rW kakav RtUv)andaMduHenAcenøaH . CaBiesssMrab;kaehV
nigkakav ekAs‘GU acRtUv)aneRbICaeQIpþl;mbø ; pgEdr . dMNaMcN M IstV dUcCa Cajanus GacRtUv)andaM
5
CMnYsRbePT dMnaMKMrb (dUcCa Calopogonium, Centrosema, Flemingia, Psophocarpus,
Pueraria) . eKaGaccUl eTAsIeu sµAenAcenøaH edImekAs‘U EdleBjv½y .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: ekAs‘dU uHlUtlas;CaFmµCatienAkñúgéRBrgTwkePøògRtUBki éntMbn;Gama:sUn EdlEtg

licTwk tamrdUv b:Eu nþmanedImeQIF²M duHlUtlas; enAx<g;rab Edlmindk;Twk . enAkñgú CMrkFmµCati vaduH
enARsTab; kNþal énéRBRtUBki .
[kardaMduH]: edImeQIGacRtUv)andaM edaykarsabRKab;paÞ l; rW daMedaykUn . kEnøg EdlRtUv)andaM RtUv
sMGat eFICV aCYr nigeFIRV bB½np§ Úvø Twk nigpøvÚ eGay)anl¥ . TMhMreNþAdaM 75 x 75 x 75 cm [7] rW 90 x 90
x 90 cm [7] nigRtUv)anbMeBj edayépÞdIxagelI nigCIlamkstV . vaTamTareGaymankardaMrukC ç ati
legume CaKMrbbnÞab;BIkardaMduH .
[karRKb;RKg]:xYbCIvitrbs;ekAs‘UenAkñúgcMkarmanBI 30-35 qñaM [7] bnÞab;mkkardaMeLIgvij RtUv
)aneFVIeLIg. karRKb;RKgesµAmansar³sMxan;Nas;enAkñúgcMkarekAs‘U . karéRkEmk edImrkSa

TMrg;edImeGay)anl¥ nig kat;nUvBBYkvløe× cj mansar³sMxan;Nas; . karRKbRtUv)aneFIeV LIg
muneBlenAcugrdUvePøóg . CIkR_ tUv)an dak;pgEdr enAkMritmYykMNt; edIm,IbegánI karlUtlas; [7] .

[karRbmUlpl]: karcak;ykC½rcab;epþm I enAeBledImmanGayu 5–8 qñaM GaRs½yeTAtamtMbn;
nigmankar ekIneLIgCaerogral;qañ rM hUtdl;vamanGayuRbEhl 20 qñaM TinñplGacpþl;kgñú ry³eBlBI
40–50 qñaM rW eRcInCagenH . karcak;ykC½rrYmmankarkat;ecjnUvsMbk EdlesþIgmankMras; 1 mm
CacenøaHeTogTat; edIm,IebIkrun§ vessels enAkñúgsMbk EdltMerobCaragsILu aMg nigcuHmk

eRkamCarages<ótamTisrbs; Rtnic naLicka CMvu ijedIm . CaTUeTA karkat;RtUv)aneFIeV nABak;kNþaledIm
b:Eu nþ enACMuvijedIm . karkat;CaeRcIn rebobRtUv)aneRbI . manEtépÞ (1.3 m) énedImRtUv)anecaHykC½r
6
. kaMbti BiessRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kat; . C½rRtUv)anRbmUl BIsbM k nigdak;kgñú can rWFug
Edl)andak;enAcug énkEnøkkat; . edImeQIRtUv)anecaHenA eBlRBwk EdlCaeBlC½rGachUreRcIn
nigkarhUrfycuH eTAtamsItuNðPaB nigEtQb;enAkñúgry³eBl 3 ema:g . kMrimFüm EdlGñkecaHC½r
GacecaH)anKW 200–300 edImkñgú ry³eBl 3 ema:g . bnÞab;mkGñk RbmUl C½r
Rtlb;mkRbmUlC½rBIcan CYnkaldak;slU uysüúg ammonium bnþicedIm,IkarBarkMeu Gaykk . Tinpñ l
C½rekAs‘U GacRtUv)anbegànI edaydak;Gm½ Un eTAelIsMbk nigfñasM lM ab;esµA dUcCa Stimalax, Eureka,
2,4-D, 2,4,5-T enAkñg ú dUceRbg . sMNrs‘ulpat k_GacCYy eGayC½rhUrpgEdr [2] .
[Tinñpl]: RbEhl 1,500-1,800 kg/ha/qñaM [12] énC½ekAs‘U RtUv)anRbmUlenAkñg ú cMkar .
[ksirukçkmµ]: dMNaMdUcCa mañs; sENþk kaehV rW kakav RtUv)andaMduHenAcenøaH . CaBiesssMrab;kaehV
nig kakav ekAs‘GU acRtUv)aneRbICaeQIpþl;mbø ; pgEdr . dMNaMcMNIstV dUcCa Cajanus GacRtUv)andaM

CMnYs RbePT dMnaMKrM b (dUcCa Calopogonium, Centrosema, Flemingia, Psophocarpus,
Pueraria) . eKaGaccUl eTAsIeu sµAenAcenøaH edImekAs‘U EdleBjv½y . BIreTAbIqañ eM Rkay edayeRbI
legumes CImn i caM )ac;RtUv)andak;eT b:uEnþ pUsrV nigb:UtasüÚmGacRtUv)ankMNt;enAkñúgtMbn;xøH .

[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;]: edImekAs‘Ucab;ecjEpø enAGayubnY qñaM . EpøRtUv)anRbmUl enAeBlBYkva

bþrÚ BN’BI ébtg eTA etñat CaeBlEdlRKab;mankMlaMgkñúgkarduHlUtlas; . EpønImyY ² manRKab;cMnnY bI
eTA bYn EdlRCuHmkelIdI enAeBlTMu nigeRbHEbk . edImmYy²Gacpþl;RKab;RbEhl 800 RKab; (1.3
kg)BIr dgkñúgmYyqñaM [14] . RKab;CamFümancMnn
Y 180 kñúgmYy kg [13] . karrkSaTukRKab;CaRbePT
recalcitrant dMNuHGacRtUv)anrkSa)anRtwm 3 ExenAkEnøg EdlmansMeNIm edayeRbIFüÚg

nigGacm’rNa nigfg;pøasÞic EdlmankMritsItuNðPaB 7-10°C . RKab;TaMgmUlmansMeNIm kMrit 36%
sMeNImTabbMputKW 20% EdlRKab;Gacrs;)an nigRKab;minGacduHenAkMritkMedA 15% mc .
RKab;Gacgab;enAsItuNðPaB -5°C sMrab;ry³eBl 3-4 ema:g . sMrab;kareFIkV Únø RKab;CalkçN³BNiCk¢ mµ
RKab;RtUv)anrkSaenAkMrit 4°C EdlGacnUvmankMritdMNuH [7] . RbsinBYkvamins¶tÜ
RKab;Gacrs;)anEtry³eBlBIr eTAbIs)aþh_ rW Ex b:eu NÑaH . kMrithalxül;RtUv)ankMNt;
BIeRBaHRKab;mankarrMhYtelOn [13] . karbNþHú CamunRtUv)aneFVI enAelIGacm’rNa .
7
dMNuHRKab;manry³eBlxøI bnÞab;BIebHBIedImem nig 8 éf¶bnÞab;BIkardaM ( 7-10 éf¶ [7]) . 15
éf¶bnÞab;BIkarRbmUl kMritdMNuHRKab;RtUv)anfycuH . PaKry³dMNuHRKab;CamFümman 60%. kEnøg
bNþHú RtUvmanTTwg 1 m nigkMBs; 10 cm nigbeNþayGacepSg²Kña . kEnøgbNþHú RtUv)anerobcM edaydI
l,b; EdlmanlayCamYyGacm’rNa . RKab;RtUv)antMerob eGaymanrun§xül; manRbEvg 1 cm BIKña .
RKab;cnM nY mYyBan;RKab;GacbNþHú kñúgTMhM 1 m² . fñalTMhM 1.7 m² Gacdak;)anRKab;cMnnY 1,700 Edl
pþl;nvU kUneQIcMnYn 500 GacdaMduHkñgú 1 ha . dMNuHekItmaneLIgenAkñgú ry³eBlBI 8 eTA 10 éf¶ bnÞab;
BIkardaM (1-3 s)aþh_ GaRs½yelIGakasFatu nigPaBRss;rbs;va [7]) nigkUneQI RtUv)andkykeTA
daMenA eBl EdlvaduHlUtlas;dl;krM itsmRsb . fñalRtUv)aneRsacTwk edIm,IrkSasMeNIm
nigCYyCMrujdMNuH [13] .
[karbnþBUC]: ekAs‘G U acRtUv)anbnþBCU edayRKab; rW karkat; (b:HBnøk nigkat; [7]) rW daMCalika .
CaTUeTA manRKab;BI 2 rW eRcInRtUv)andak;kúgñ reNþA nigkUneQIRtUv)aneRCIserIs BIfñalsMrab;kardaMduH .
kUneQIGac mankMBs; 1-1.5 m enAkñgú ry³eBl 6 Ex . kUneQIgaykat;
b:Eu nþkarduHCaedImKWmankMritTab rWminduH[7] .
[stVl¥ti ]: stVl¥ti )a:ra:sitrYmman Loranthus spp. BYkdgávÚ Helicotylenchus cavenessi, H.

dihystera, H. erythrinae nig Meloidogyne incognita acrita . stVBYkmanRskadUcCa
(Aspidiotus cyanophylli and Parasaissetia nigra) nigRsemacs . xüg

CaRbePTEdlbMpaø jeQItUc² ya:gF¶n;Fr¶ nigRbePTstVepSg²eTot EdlbMpaø jedIm [7] .

[CMgW]: manCMgW elIrWscMnnY bIRbePT RtUv)ancat;fñak;dUcCa s Rkhm nigetñat
GacRtUv)anRKb;RKgedaykat; nUvCalika EdlrgnUvCMgWecj nigeRbI prophylactic coatings .
CMgWecjCaRkum mandUcCa sñamqñtÚ exµA (black stripe) pSitelIrWs (mouldy rot) nig panel necrosis
RtUv)ankMcat;eday)aj;fñaMsMlab;pSit . CMgWedIm dUcCa pink disease dMe)AedIm nigRCuHsøwk
RtUv)ankat;bnßyedayeRbIfñaMsMlab;pSit . CMgWswkø man dUcCaRCuHsøwk Gloeosporium leaf disease,
8
powdery mildew nig bird’s-eye spot RtUv)anRKb;RKg edayeRbIRbePTfñaMdUcCa copper
oxychloride nig sulphur dust [7] .

F> karGPirkS :

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]:
b‘lU Ievo eRbsIlu kULMbú Í‘ eGkVaD½r eBrU evensUeGLa .

[karnaMclU ]:
Rb‘yu en km<Cú a cin eGsüÚBI \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav lIebrI ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI sigðbrU I RsIlgáa éf
G‘yu ehànda evotNam .
p> epSg² :
[BUC]: manBUCCaeRcInRtUv)anEklMGr nigkUneQI EdlRbePT Para Rubber RtUv)andaMsrM ab;

eFIBV aNiCk¢ mµ . BYkvamanTMhM plitPaBC½r nigkarFn;nwgCMgW xus²Kña . (2n=36, 34,72) [2] .
[lkçN³KIm]I : kñúg 100 g RKab;manCatiBl u manpÞkú 8.5 g Twk 17.6 g RbUetGIun 48.5 g xøaj; 22.9
g kabUnGIRu datsrub 2.5 g epH , 120 mg Ca, and 430 mg P . søk w manpÞúk - nig -tocopherol,
nig plastochromanol-S. Ubiquinone 9 nig 10 heveaflavone, vitexin, nig isovitexin .
9
C½rmanpÞúknUvTwk 60% nig 37% caoutchouc, 0.34% protein, 1.45% quebrachitol, 0.25%
sár , 0.53% epH, nig 0.34% sarFatu EdlminGackMNt;)an Arachidylacohol, r, -, -, -,
nig -tocotrienol, hevein, L-inosit-2-methylether, -indolylaceticacid, trigonelline,
ergothioneine, nig hercynine. sMbkmanpÞúk D-apiose (C5H10O5) . RKab;manpÞk ú toxin
linamarin (C10H17NO6) . eRbgRKab; (ca 40%) man 7% palmitic-, 9% stearic-, 0.3%
arachidic-, 30% oleic-, 30–50% linoleic-, nig 2–23% linolenic-acids [2] . sMNl;Rss;
Edlsl;BIRKab; manpÞkú 0.09% prussic acid RtUv)anbeBa©j dUcenAkñgú linseed BI glucoside eday
enzyme [14] .
[RbvtþiénkardaMduH]: enAkMLg ú TsSvtScugeRkayenH ekAs‘UKCW aplitpléRBeQI EdlTTYl)anedImekAs‘U

BIéRB enAtMbn;TenøGama:sUn . RbEhlqñaM 1895 vaRtUv)andaMduHCacMkar enAPaKxaglicRtUBki nig
GaeRhVc kNþal . \LÚv karpÁt;pÁg;RtUv)anykecjBIcMkar CMnYseGayedImekAs‘UFmµCati EdlRtUv
)ansÁal;fa para rubber manEtekAs‘mU YyEpñktUcb:ueNaÑH EdlRtUv)anykecjBIFmµCati enAeRbsIlu
. ekAs‘FU mµCatirYm cMEnk 30% éntMrUvkarBiPBelak enAqñaM 1991 tulüPaBRtUv)an
pþl;eGaytamry³ekAs‘sU eM yaK Edl)an mkBIplitpl én]sSah_kmµ eRbg nigEr: .
sþúkcMkarekAs‘PU aKeRcIn enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ )anmkBIepJIr nUvkUneQIrYmKñacMnYn 22
eTAeGaysYnrukCç atienA sigðbrU I ( Singapore Botanic Gardens) enAqñaM 1877 BI Kew Royal Botanic
Gardens, UK . Rkumh‘n u Goodyear eFIkV ardaMduHekAs‘eU nAhVIlIBnI enAqñaM 1928 .
RKab;ekAs‘RU tUv)anepJIreTA\NÐa BIeRbsIul enAqñaM 1873 b:Eu nþBYkvamin)anrs;eT . karBüayamelIkTIBIr
RtUv )aneFIeV LIgenAqñaM 1875 b:Eu nþdMNuHRKab;manry³eBlyUreLIy enAeBlBYkvaeTAdl;RbeTs\NÐa .
cMkarekAs‘U (Para rubber) RtUv)annaMeTAtMbn;RtUBki énRbeTsGaeRhVk enAedImstSvtSTI 20 . dUcenH
G‘uyehànda TTYl)ankUnBI Kew enAqñaM 1901 nigBIRsIlgáa (bnÞab;mk Ceylon) enAqñaM 1903 . enAqñaM
1912 cMkarcMnn Y 15 000 acres RtUv)andaMduHenAG‘uyehànda . Rkumh‘nu Firestone
)ancab;epþmI daMduHenA lIebrI enAqñaM 1924 [7].
10
Anon. 1986. The useful plants of India. Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR,
New Delhi, India.
[7]
Bekele-Tesemma A, Birnie A, Tengnas B. 1993. Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia.
(SIDA).
[7]
Cobley L.S & Steele W.M. 1976. An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops.
Longman Group Limited.
[7]
Crane E, Walker P. 1984. Pollination directory for world crops. International Bee
Research Association, London, UK.
[7]
Gonçalves P. de S. Cardoso M. Ortolani A. A. (1990) Origin, variability and domestication

of Hevea - a review.
[11]
[7]
Lanzara P and Pizetti M. 1978. Simon & Schuster’s guide to trees. Simon & Schuster,
Inc., New York.
[7]
11
Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-east
Asia. No 5(2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
[7]
MacMillan HF et al. 1991. Tropical planting and gardening. Malayan Nature Society.
[7]
Nigel JHS, Williams JT, Donald LP, Jennifer PT. 1992. Tropical forests and their crops.
Cornell University Press.
[7]
Opeke LK. 1982. Tropical tree crops. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
[7]
Priyadarshan P.M. Goncalves P. de S. (2002) Allied Species of Rubber and their

Distribution.
[11]
Purseglove JW. 1968. Tropical crops. Dicotyledons. Longman Group Ltd, UK.
[7]
Taylor DH, Macdicken KG. 1990. Research on multipurpose tree species in Asia.
Proceedings of an International Workshop held November19-23, 1990 in Los Ba๑os,

Philippines. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development.
[7]
Webster C.C. Baulkwill W.J. (1989) Rubber.
[11]
12
Williams R.O & OBE. 1949. The useful and ornamental plants in Zanzibar and Pemba.
Zanzibar Protectorate.
[7]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Center for New Crops and Plants Products, Purdue University:
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/SearchEngine.html (Internet source)
[5] ECOPORT:
(Internet source)
[6] Various Authors, 1973: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-nam

(Fascicule 18th), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

arch.asp
[8] Khurshid Akhter, 2005: Preservative Treatment of Rubber Wood (Hevea

brasiliensis) to increase it's Service Life. The International Research Group
on Wood Protection, Bangalore, India (http://www.irg-wp.com)
[9] Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER):

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/hevea_brasiliensis.htm (Internet source)
13
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[12] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and
Development Project. Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.).
Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International. 320pp.
[13] V.M. NIETO and J. RODRIGUEZ, Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg Euphorbiaceae
(Spurge Family). Corporacion Nacional de Investigacion of Forestal Santafé
de Bogotá, Colombia.
[14] Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO):

http://www.fao.org/AG/aGA/AGAP/FRG/AFRIS/index_en.htm (Internet
source)
14
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Hopea ferrea Lanessan]

[Hopea ferrea Lanessan]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Hopea ferrea Lanessan [1]
K> sTisn½y ³ Balanocarpus anomalus King (1893),
Hopea anomala (King) Foxw. (1927) [1]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ malut, giam (Trade name) [1] - malut, chengal laki,
chengal batu (Malaysia) [1] - chik, cha:d, kh'è:n hin (Laos) -
takhian-hin, kian-sai, takhian-nuu, takhian sai, lao tao
(Thailand) [1, 7] - s[aw]ng d[af]o, sao t[is]a (Vietnam) [1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ KKIfµ
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kôki thmâ [10], koki thmor [5]
lMdab; : Malvales
ePT : Hopea Roxb.
1
RbePT : Hopea ferrea Lanessan
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: manTMhMmFüm CYnkalCaedImeQIFéM btgCanic© edaymankMBs; 20-35 m [1, 9, 10] .

edImmanragCasILu aMg nigRtg;RsLÚn b:Eu nþ manlkçN³rmYl nigmanEPñk nigmanGgát;p©it dl;eTA 70-80
cm [9] (-145 cm [1]) nigmanRBWgminc,as;las; . kenSamsøwkragmUl nigmanEmkeRcIn .
[sMbk]: sMbkxageRkAmanerameRcIn eRbH nigrbkCadM² u EdlmanBN’etñatcas; rWRbepH .

sMbkxageRkAmanBN’elOgTwkRkUc nigmanséseRcIn kMras;BI 1-1.2 cm [9] .
[søwk]: søwkx©ImanBN’RkhmxøaMg . CaTUeTAsøwkmanlkçN³samBaØ nigsIuemRTI ragdUcs‘ut manTMhM 4-10
cm x 2-5.5 cm [1] (4-6 x 2-4 cm [9]) edaymanTgsøwkFM minmut nigmancugEvgRbEvgRbEhl 2 cm
[1]. run§xül;ragdUcCeNþrI edaymanEKmsøwkenABIelI sésTI 2 mancMnYn 6-8 (-9) KU [1] (8-10 KU [9])
ragekagb:Eu nþduHeLIgelIenAEpñkxageRkam .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá KWEpñk EtmYyKt;Edlmaneram . páamanBN’s edaymasMbkEpøragmUl 2 Evg EdlmanTMhM
4 cm x 1 cm [1] (3-4 x 1-1.8 cm [7]) manragdUcsøabRBa nig 3 eTotxøm I anTMhM 5 mm x 1 mm [1]
(3-4 x 1 mm [7]) manragCaes<ór rWml ¢ú nigmanlkçN³Rkas; . rdUvpáaBIEx mIna dl;FñÚ (enARbeTséf)
[7] .
[Epø]: EpømanragdUcsIuLaMg manC½r TMhMRbEhl 1 x 0.3 mm [7] . EpøenAExkumÖ³ dl;FñÚ (RbeTséf) [7]
(minadl;emsa enARbeTsevotNam [9]) .

[1, 7, 9, 10]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQIRsay nigeQIxwmø manlkçN³xusKña . eQIRsayesþIg nigmanBN’elOg rWelOgcas;

eQIxwømF¶n; edaymansés nigBN’exµACag CYnkalmanBN’Rkhmetñat . vagaybMEbkenAeBls¶Üt .
dg;sIeu t éneQI 0.87-1.17 g/cm³ [1] enAsMenIm 15% . eQImanlkçN³Fn mingayrgkarbMpøajBI stV
l¥it nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCaeRKOgsgðarwm . edImmanBN’elOg nigmanC½rEdlmankøinRkGUb .
[1, 9, 10]
2
KKIfµEtgduHlUtlas;CaRTg;RTaytUc nigGacduHlUtlas;CaÉklkçN³PaBenAkñgú tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ nig

TVbI GasIu . vaCaRbePTEdlEtgmanduHenAtMbn;\NÐcÚ ni edayduHray)a:yenAkñgú tMbn; elIkElgEtPaK
xageCIgRbeTsevotNam . enARbeTséf RbePTeQIenHmanduHenATUTaMgRbeTs b:Eu nþmanlkçN³kMr
enAPaKxag eCIg (eQogém:) nigminmankarkt;RtaenAtMbn;PaKxagliceLIy . vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúg
éRBeRsag nigBak;kNþaleRsag éntMbn;TMnab CYnkalenAtammat;swgÞ EdlGacmanRbePT edImeQICrM uH
søwkmYycMnYnpgEdr (BI 20-50% [4]) . RbePTéRBTaMgenHCaFmµtamankMBs;BI 25 eTA 30 m [4]
edaymankenSamsøwkCit nigmanRsTab;edImeQITab CYnkalmankMBs; 5 m nig 17 m [4] .
edImeQIkMrmanduHenAtMbn;EdlCaRbePTfµ limestone enAkñgú éRBeRsags¶Üt . enAkñgú éRBeRsag KKIfµ
EtduHlUtlas;sTu § rW CaRbePTeQIlub . eTaHbIenAkñúgRbePTéRBepSg²eTot vaEtduHlayCamYy
Anisoptera costata, Dipterocarpus alatus, Lagerstroemia spp., Sindora siamensis,
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Schima superba, Terminalia chebula, etc. enAtamdgTenø
nigtMbn;EdlrukçCatimankarricril .
[1, 4, 7, 9, 10]
KKIfµKCW aRbePTeQI EdlRtUvkarBnøW nigduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;TMnab Edlmanry³kMBs; 700 m a.s.l. .

[7, 9]
KKIfµduHlUtlas;enAtamfµcMenat CaBiesselIfµ limestone b:Eu nþmanfµ granite nigfµxSac; (sandstone)

. enAEpñkxagelIén]bTIbV ma:eLsIu (Kedah, Perlis, Langkawi) vaeRcInduHenACYrPñRM bePTfµ limestone
. CaBiess manCatiGasIu rW pH NWt EdlmanlkçN³smRsbbMptu .
[1, 7]
3
[eQI]: "KKIfµmansar³sMxan;srM ab;BaNiCk¢ mµ EdlCaRbPBéneQI 'giam' EdlCYnkalRtUv )aneFIV

BaNiCk¢ mµdac;edayELk nigRtUv)anehAfa 'malut'" [1] . eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karsagsg; sMrab;
eFIkV aþ Fñwm srsr eRKOgsgðarwm nigTUk .
[1, 8, 10]
[ Gnupl]: RbePTeQIenHpþl;nUvC½r EdlmankøinRkGUb EdlRtUv)anRbmUlenAkñgú \NÐcÚ ni .

[1]
[ epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y . .
cMNat;fñak;elx 1 [2]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBeRsag nigBak;kNþaleRsag éntMbn;TMnab CYnkalenA tam

mat;swÞg EdlGacmanRbePTedImeQICrM uHsøkw mYycMnYnpgEdr (BI 20-50% [4]) . RbePTéRBTaMgenH
CaFmµtaman kMBs;BI 25 eTA 30 m [4] edaymankenSamsøwkCit nigmanRsTab;edImeQITab
CYnkalmankMBs; 5 m nig 17 m [4] . edImeQIkMrmanduHenAtMbn;EdlCaRbePTfµ limestone
enAkñgú éRBeRsags¶Üt . enAkñgú éRBeRsag KKIfµEtduHlUtlas;sTu § rW CaRbePTeQIlub .
eTaHbIenAkñgú RbePT éRBepSg²eTot vaEtduHlayCamYy Anisoptera costata, Dipterocarpus Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
alatus, Lagerstroemia spp., Sindora siamensis,Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Schima superba,
Terminalia chebula, etc. enAtamdgTenø nigtMbn;EdlrukçCatiman karricril .
[1, 4, 7, 10]
4
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTeQIenHRtUv)anKMramkMEhg taMgBIqñaM 1994 [3] (1998 [8]) nigRtUv)ancat;fñak;Ca RbePT

rgeRKaHfñak; (EN A1cd+2cd, B1+2c [8]) niggayrgeRKaH (VU A1cd, B1+2cd [7])
eyageTAtamGgákar IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) World List of
Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook') . eTaHbICa enARbeTséf RbePTeQIenHman
duHenAkñgú tMbn;CaeRcInenAkñgú RbeTsk_eday.

[3, 6, 7, 8]

[ r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[ RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTsLav km<Cú a evotNamxagt,Úg éf PUma nigPaKBayBüén]bTImV a:eLsIu .

[1]
[ karnaMclU ]: RbeTsRb‘yu en ma:eLsIu .

[6]
p> epSg² :
Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1948. Flora Malesiana. Flora Malesiana Foundation, Leiden.
[8]
5
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(CD-ROM).
[3] Omaliss, K. and Monyrak, M., 2006: Threatened Species Listing in Cambodia - Status,
Issues and Prospects. 19 pp. (Internet publication)

bin/abiss.exe/spd?SID=1364644904&spd=6776&tx=PL (Internet source).

http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Hopea.htm#4.2%20H
opea%20ferrea (Internet source).
[8] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species – Species Information:

http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=33161. (Internet source). Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Institute.
6
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Hopea helferi (Dyer) Brandis ]

[Hopea helferi (Dyer) Brandis ]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Hopea helferi (Dyer) Brandis ]
K> sTisn½y ³ Hopea andamanica King
Hopea dealbata Hance

Hopea suavis Krurz ex Brandis
Shorea helferi Kurz
Vatica helferi Dyer [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ krabok krang, ngon-kaibok, ngon kai, takhian-nuu,
takhian mi, giam lintah bukit, pha nong daeng, pha

nong hin, bai lang khao, bak dam (Thailand) [6, 7, 8]
- damar, mata kucing, damar siput (Malaysia) [7] -
thingan kyauk (Myanmar) [7] - sao xanh (Vietnam)
[7]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ KKIEdk / epþókRkhm

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ koki daek, phdiek kraham [3], ko ki dek [2]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
ePT : Hopea
RbePT : Hopea helferi (Dyer )Brandis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 6]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:edImeQIman TMhMFM nigCaRbePTeQIébtgCanic© EdlmankMBs;BI 20-37 m [4] (8-25

m [2,3], -50 m [7]) edImmUl nigRtg;RsLÚn KµanEmkenAkMBs;BI 15-21 m [7] nigGgát;p©it DBH
dl;eTA 165 cm [7] (vNÐmNÐl 2-3 m enARbeTsPUma [4]) CYnkal manRBwgFMenAKl; . Bnøk
enAtUcRtUv)an ruMBT½ § eTAeday eram .
[sMbk]:sMbkrelag nigmansés manBN’Rkhmetñat nigexµA nigrebHCadM² u manBN’sCuI m<Ú .
[søwk]: søwkTMhM 10-18 x 3.5-7 cm [4] ((5-)10-24 cm x (2-)4.5-8 cm [7], 10-14 x 4-6 cm
[2]) ragRtEvg CYnkalragCaes<ó edaymancugRsYc . Kl;sk øw manragmUl b¤dUcCaebHdUgEdlman

sés cMnnY 13-17 rWeRcInCagenH EdlRsbKñaCaKU [4] ((12-)14-16 KU [7]) . Tgsøkw manRbEvg 0.5-
1.3 cm [4] .
[páa]:páaCaRbePTkBa©úM EdlG½kSrbs;vamanBN’RbepH nigrMuedayeramragdUcpáayya:gRkas; . páaduHCa
CYr EdlmancMnnY 4-12 [4]enAelIkBa©Mú ( racemes) . RtbkpáaminesµIKañ manRtbk BIr EdlFMCageK

Edlman rag BgRkeBI nigTal nig bItUc²eTotRsYc nigesþIg . RsTab;páaxagkñúgmanBN’elOg
nigrageGlIb . ekseQµalman 15 kBa©lMú MGgmaneramtUc²enABIelI . eksjI manragCasILu aMgxøI
2
RsYc nigKµaneram RsYc bnþicenAEpñkxagelI nigrYmtUcenAEpñkkNþal . RbePTeQIenHpáaenAEx mkra
dl;kmu Ö³ .
[Epø]:EpøTMeu nAEx mIna dl;emsa . EpømanragdUcs‘ut cugEpøRsYc Kµaneram nig h‘b
u B½T§eTAedayRtbkpáa
EdlmanTMhM 5-8 x1-1.2 cm [4] (6.5 cm x 1.8 cm [7]) sþcÜ Evg mancugmUlKµaneram nig
mansés cMnYn 7-9 [4] RtbktUc² 3 eTotragmUl manRbEvg 3-4 mm [4] (5 x 3 mm [7]) .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQImanlkçN³rwgxøaMg nigF¶n;lµm manBN’elOgcMeBaHeQIRsay nigbþCÚ aBN’etñat

enAeBldak;halval nigBN’elOg ERbCaetñatRkhm b¤etñatRbepHcMeBaHxømw CYnkalmansñamqñtÚ BN’
exµAenA elIsac;eQI . sésl¥ti ragmUl cMhr nigray)a:y . runn§ aMCr½ zitenAmineTogTat;. varay
)a:yya:geRcIn edaymanTMhMtUc nigmFüm mansés vessels EdlmanTItaMgmindUcKña . vamandg;sIuet
0.895-1.125 g/cm3 enAsMeNIm 15% [7] . CaTUeTA eQIKm W inFn; ehIyBi)akGar
b:Eu nþgayRsYleRbIR)as; nigGac Ekécñ)anl¥ . RbRBwtþkmµmni gayRsYl CaBiesseQIxwmø Edlcug
sgçagmingayeRCob b¤kareRCobcUlesÞIr EtesµI sUnü . vaFn;ngw Twk nigxül; .
RbePTeQIenHduHray)a:yenAtMbnlGasIuGaeKñy_ nigGasIuxagt,Úg ekaH Andaman (\NÐa) . H.

helferi EtgRtUv)andaMduHenAdIsNþTenøemKgÁ nig]bTIb

V ma:eL . RbePTenHmYyPaKtUcmanduHlUtlas;
enAtMbn;PñM nigéRBBak;kNþaleRsag nigéRBeRsagesIm éRBeRsag nig éRBmat;Twk .
KKIEdkEtgduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;TabCag 700 m a.s.l. [2] (dl;Rtwm 500 m [7], 0-400 m

[8]) enAkñg
ú tMbn;GakasFatumsU gu RtUBci . vaFn;ngw møb; enAeBltUc .
3
xageCIgCYrPñRM kvaj (B) dIRkhm (c) tMbn;TMnabEb:kBayBü (D) TMnabkNþal (d), Central
Annamites (G), Southern Annamites (g).
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[TItaMgtMbn;RbPBRKab;BCU (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:
RBHviha (X:506199 Y:1529405) kMBg;FM (X:556593 Y:1405028)RkecH (X:621507
Y:1343173) RkecH (X:574776 Y:1455668) RkecH (X:584122 Y:1377330) sÞwgERtg
(X:659571 Y:1525339) esom rab (X:402976 Y:1544202) RBHviha (X:514960 Y:1536045)
kMBt (X:425917 Y:1212667) mNÐlKIrI (X:720687 Y:1355859) eBaF×sat; (X:354350

Y:1348650).
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
H. helferi duHlUtlas;enAelIdIeRCA nigesIm CaBiessmanfµtcU ² nigman pH NWt .

RbePTenHk_duHenA tMbn;EdldIminsUvmanCICati EdlvamanduHmYy² .
[eQI]: eQIKRW tUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;sMNg;Fn;Rsal nigF¶n; nigsMrab;karensaTRtI nigTUkg . pÞHEdl

ksagBIeQIenH GacKg;vgSdl;eTA 7-8 qñaM [2] nigTUkdl;eTA 30 qñaM [2] . vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;
sMrab; eFIVreTH vtßeú FIeV dayéd nigTU .
[Gnupl]:C½rRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karplit va:nsI ¬varnish¦nigcnøHú sMrab;eRbIR)as; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
4
epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[
cMNat;fñak;eQIRbePTelx 1 [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: H. helferi EtgRtUv)andaMduHenAdIsNþTenøemKgÁngi ]bTIbV ma:eL . RbePTenHmYyPaK

tUcman duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;PñM nigéRBBak;kNþaleRsag nigéRBeRsagesIm éRBeRsag nigéRBmat;Twk .
[kardaMduH]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[karRKb;RKg]:karkab;edayeRCIserIsRtUv)aneFIeV LIg enARbeTsPUma edIm,ITTYl)annUveQI Edlman
KuNPaBl¥ .
[karRbmUlRKab;BUC nigkarrkSaTuk]: RKab;KKIEdk TMu nigsmRsbkñgú karRbmUlenAeBlEdlsøabrbs;va

ERbCaBN’etñatcas; nigsMbkRKab;brþÚ BIébtgeTACaelOg . vamansar³sMxan;Nas; kñúgkarkMNt; eBl
evla RbmUlRKab;BCU énRbePTeQIenHedayRbugRby½tñ enAeBlRKab;mni Tan;TlMu ¥ eFIeV GayGRtadMHu Tab
. EpøRtUv )anRbmUledaypÞal; edaykareLIgedImeQI GRgunedImedayRkal)aøscÞi BIeRkam . karRbmUl
RKab;BkI úgñ éRBKYEteCosvag eRBaHRKab;TaMgenHmanGRtadMNuHTab nigEtrgkarbMpaø jedaystVkEBa© .
RKab;Rss;man kMritsMeNImx<s; nigRtUrrkSaTukCaRbcaMenAkñgú fg; eGayq¶ayBIBnøéW f¶enAeBldwkCBa¢nÚ
b¤rkSaTuk . karTukdak;RKab;BCU ³ bnÞab;BIkarRbmUlPøam RtUvkat;saø becjedayéd nigEpø EdlminTan;TMu
nigrgkar bMpøajBIstVl¥itRtUvykecj .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
5
[
F> karGPirkS :
éRB Dipterocarp CaTUeTA RbePTKKIEdkminsUvmanvtþmaneT edaysarEtkarkab;hYsehtu nigkar

)at;bg;nvU CMrkrbs;va . cMnnY KKIEdkCaeRcIn kMrrkeXIjenAkñgú tMbn;éRBsm,TanNas; . RbePTenH
duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBesIm nigtamdgsÞwg . dUcenH enAeBlEdlCMrkBYkvaRtUv)anbMpøaj edImeQIman
karBi)akkñgú karduHlUtlas;eLIgvij . enAqñaM 2002 karRbCMeu lIkTIBIrrbs; CTSP GMBIyTu §saRsþ GPirkS
EsnéRBeQI eTAelIKKIEdk EdlCaRbePTGaTiPaB sMrab;karGnþraKmn_kgñú karGPirkS nigkarBar eGay
)ansmRsb . RbePTeQIenHRtUv)anKMramKEhg nigrgeRKaHfñak; (CR A1cd+2cd, B1+2c [5])eyag
tam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) World List of Threatened
Trees (='IUCN Red Databook') . vamanvtþmanCaRkumtUc² enAtMbn;my Y cMnnY ehIycMnYn bc©úb,nñ
nigGtItGaceRbobeFobKña)an .
enARbeTskm<Cú a vamanduHlUtlas;enA extþ sÞgw ERtg esomrab RBHviha mNÐlKIrI kMBtnigeBaF×sat; .

ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
ú a PUma éf \NÐa (Andaman Islands) ma:eLsIu (Peninsular)
nigevotNam .
karnaMclU ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[
p> epSg² :
6
Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêtnam (various editors), 1960-. Muséum National

[7]
Foxworthy, F.W., 1932. Dipterocarpaceae of the Malay Peninsula. Malayan Forest

Records No 10. Printers Limited, Singapore. 289 pp.
[7]
Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc,
Wageningen. 251 pp.
[7]
Grewal, G.S., 1979. Air-seasoning properties of some Malaysian timbers. Malaysian

Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 41. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 26
pp.
[7]
Lee, Y.H., Engku Abdul Rahman & Chu, Y.P., 1979. The strength properties of some
Malaysian timbers. Revised edition. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 34.
Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 107 pp.
[7]
Ng, F.S.P. & Tang, H.T., 1974. Comparative growth rates of Malaysian trees. Malaysian
Forester 37: 2-23.
[7]
Smitinand, T., Santisuk, T. & Phengklai, C., 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of
mainland South-East Asia. Thai Forestry Bulletin 12: 1-110.
[7]
7
Symington, C.F., 1941. Foresters' manual of dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Records No
16. Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur. pp. xliii + 244.
[7]
Tang, H.T. & Tamari, C., 1973. Seed description and storage tests of some dipterocarps.
Malaysian Forester 36: 113-128.
[7]
van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950-. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[7]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation

Strategy, Species Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site
Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[3] Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[4] Regional Office for the Asia and the Pacific, 1985: Dipterocarps of South
Asia. RAPA Monograph 1985/4. Regional office for the Asia and the Pacific.
321 pp.
[5] www.dnp.go.th/Botany (Internet source)
[6] Sontara, S. (PNSA), 2006: Own observations.
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
8
http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Hopea
9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Hopea odorata Roxb ]

[Hopea odorata Roxb ]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Hopea odorata Roxb ]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ white thingan [11]
K> sTisn½y ³ Hopea decadra Buch. Ham. ex Wt.
Hopea wightiana Mig. ex Dyer

Hopea eglandulosa Roxb [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ thingan, white thingan, merawan (Trade name)
[9, 11] - koki mosau, sao den, sao (Vietnam) [9, 11] - takhian
thong, takhian-yai (Thailand) [7, 9] - sauchi, thingan net
(Myanmar) [11] - merawan siput jantan, chengal mas,
chengal pasir, merawan siput jantah, net sauchi, thingan
(Malaysia) [9, 11] - kh'e:n (Laos) [9] - rimda (India) [14]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ KKIremSA

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kôki msau [3], koki mosau, thmar [9], koki msav [12], koki
masao, ko ki msau [2]
1
lMdab; : Malvales
ePT : Hopea Roxb.
RbePT : Hopea odorata Roxb
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4,9]
[lkçN³TUeTA ]: KKIemSA CaRbePTedImeQIébtgCanic© EdlduHlUtlas;rhUtdl;kBM s; 45 Em:Rt .

edImrbs;vamanlkçN³Rtg;RsLÚn ragmUl minsUvmanEmksaxaBIkMBs; 15-25 Em:Rt nigman Ggát;
p©it (DBH) FMCag 120 sg;TIEm:Rt ¬Gacdl;eTA 80/ 450sg;TIEm:Rt b¤FCM agenH¦ ehIymanduHRBWg
pgEdr . kenSamsøkw KWmanlkçN³Rkas BN’ébtgcas; nigmanragCaBIra:mIt b¤ekan enAeBledImeQI
enAtUc nig kenSamsøkw rIkFMenAeBlEdledImeQIcas; . ExñgmanlkçN³esþIg nigKµaneramelIkElg
EtenAeBledImeQIenAtUc .
[sMbk]:épÞsMbkmanBN’etñatcas;be¤ xµA nigmansñameRbHenAtambeNþaymineTogTat; enAeBledIm eQI
tUc b:Eu nþminsUv mansñameRbHeRCAenAeBledImeQIeBjv½y . EpñkxagkñúgsMbkKWmanBN’elOg b¤

Rkhm .
2
[søwk]: KKIemSA CaRbePTEdlKYreGaykt;sMKal;énGMbYr Dipterocarpaceae edayeyageTAtam eram
BN’exµAEdlzitenAelIskøw . søwkrbs;vaeTalehIyqøas;Kañ CaragBgRkeBI eTACarages<ó nigRbEvgBI
10-20 sg;TIEm:Rt (15 sg;TIEm:Rt [9], 7-14 x 3-7 sg;TIEm:Rt [11], 8-12 x 3-6 sg;TIEm:Rt
[2], 8-14 x 3-6 sg;TIEm:Rt [17]) edaymanKl;esñóksøk w minesµIKañ . RsTbsøwkmanBN’ébtgcas;
nigmansésRbEhlCa 11 Rsb²Kña . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2 sg;TIEm:Rt nigragsþÜc .
[páa]: Tgpáa duHenAcug manRbEvg 12 sg;TIEm:Rt manEmkBIrEdlmanRbEvg 205 s>m manpáadl;eTA
9 , páamanTMhMtUc ÉkePT nig mankøni RkGUb manBN’páaQUk nigmaneramenATgpáa . páaeQµalman

lMGg 15 edaymanragCaeGlIb . páajImanGUvulmYy EdlmansñamGuC² nigKµaneram . RbePTeQI
enHecjpáaenA rvagEx kumÖ³ nigmIna karecjKWmni eTogTat; CaTUeTAKWedImeQIEdlmanGayueRcInCag 8-
10qñaeM cj páaragral; 2 qñaM .
Epø³ EpøTMeu nAEx emsa-]sPa ]sPa-mifuna emsa-kkáda . ry³eBlénkarrIkrbs;páa
nigkarcas;rbs;EpøKWmanry³eBl 3 Ex . EpømanragmUleTABgRkeBI manBN’ébtgenA eBlminTan;
cas; Ggát;pit© 1 s>m 0>7-0>8 s>m nigeRsabeTAeday søwkpáa . vamansøab 2 RbEvg 3-4 s>m
nigmanséstambeNþay . manRKab; 1 kñgú Epø 1 ehIyRKab;CaRbePTEdlmanGMRb‘yÍ g:u eRcIn CamFüm
4 kñúg 1 RKab; . enAkñgú qñaMxHø edImeQImanEpøeRcIn ehIyEpøKWRtUv)anray)a:yedaysarxül; nigduH
lUtlas;enAeBlFøak;dl;dI .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
lkçN³eQI ³ sac;eQITn; nigeQIxWmø KWmanlkçN³xusKña . sac;eQITn;manBN’elOgRsGab; nig

sac;eQIxwømmanBN’elOgcas; nigetñatcas; CYnkalexµA EdlmansésnaMCr½ BN’s EdlmancenøaH

mineTog Tat; . rgVg;lUtlas;RbcaMqñaKM WgaynwgemIleXIj nig manTMhM 3-6 s>m . vaemIleXIj
c,as;enAeBldMbUgb:Eu nþ)at;eTAvijeTAtamGayurbs;va . épÞeQIKmW anlkçN³relag nigF¶n;lµm .sés
eQIKmW anRbEvgBI 1>3-1>8 m>m . eQIhu‘bKWmanlkçN³rwglµm nigsac;eQIl¥ . vamandg;seIu t 0>5
- 0>98 Rk¼s>m KUb enAeBlmansMeNIm 15 PaKry nig 0>75 Rk¼s>m KUb enAsMeNIm 12 PaKry
. emKuNrYjKW 0>45 kMriteRCobrbs;séseQI 18 PaKry³ . kMritsMBaF KW 0>647 Rk¼s>mKUb
kMlaMgeFIeV Gayekag1>635Rk¼ s>mKUbkMlaMgbMEbk 16 K>Rk¼s>m nig karTgÁiceGayekag 0>97 .
3
sac;eQIKmW anlkçN³ gayRsYlkñgú karGa b¤kat; . kareFIeV RKagKWmankargayRsYl nigpþl;nvU épÞ
Edlrelagl¥ . kardMuEdleKal mankMritTab . rdUvRbmUlpleQIKmW ankaryWt BIeRBaHsac; eQI man
karxUgdUcEBg enAeBlrgkarxUcxat. kþa 15 m>m RtUvkarry³eBl 4 Ex kñúgkarsMgYtedaykarhaléf¶
ehIy 40 m>m RtUvkary³eBl 6 Ex . sMrab;karsMgYtedayL TamTareGaymankarkMNt;ema:geGay
)anc,as;las; . kþa 25 m>m RtUv)ankar eBl 5 éf¶ edIm,IsMgYtBI 50 eTA 10 PaKryénsMeNIm .
minmankarkt;RtaGMBkI arsMgYtfycuHenaHeT . sac;eQIKmW ankarFn;mFüm cMeBaHkarbMpaø jrbs;keNþó
eTaHbICaya:gNak_eday vamankarFn;xaø gM enAeBl sMgYtedayRbRBwtþkmµ . KKIemSA KWCaRbePTeQI
BaNiCk¢ mµ enAkñúgRbeTsma:eLsIu \NÐeÚ nsIu nig TIkEnøg epSg²eTot .
RbEhlkMrit ³ 20°N eTA 5°S KKIemSAKWmanRbPBkMeNItenAPaKxagt,Úg nigGasIuGaeKñyB_ I ekaH

Andaman (\NÐa) eTAdl;PUma éf nig\NÐeÚ nsIu EdlzitenAPaKxagt,Úgén]bTIb V ma:eLsIu . vaCaRbePT
eQIEI dlmanenAkñgú éRBeRsagesIm eTaHbImanRbePTEdlduHenAmat;TwkcMnYnduHlUtlas;enACiteRCaH .
CYnkal vamanduHlUtlas; enAkñgú éRBmat;smuRtpgEdr . enARbeTskm<Cú a KKIemSA duHlUtlas;lb;enA
kñúgéRBeRsagcMruH b¤ suT§ GacduHCaRkum b¤EtÉg . enAkñúg\NÐcÚ ni KKIemSA EtduHlUtlas;CamYyRbePT
dipterocarps dUcCa Dipterocarpus alatus, Anisoptera cochichinensis, Dipterocarpus intricatusi
nigRbePT leguminous species dUcCa Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Xylia xylocarpa, Dalbergia

cochichinensis .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4, 9, 11, 14, 17]

enA\NÐlÚ cin KKIemSAmanduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 300 m cMEnkenA\NÐamanenAry³kMBs;; 90-600

m q¶ayBIeRCaH b¤sgÞw . vasMbrU enAtMbn;RtUBci EdlmanGakasFatuxus²KñaBI GakasFatueGkVaT½resIm
edaymankMBs;TwkePøóg 2200-5000 mm xusBIGakasFatutamrdUv Edl mankMBs;TwkePøógCamFüm
1500-2000 b¤ 1200-4000 mm nigrdUvR)aMgBI 0-5 Ex b¤ 4-6 Ex . kMritsMeNImCamFümKW 75-
85 PaKry. eTaHbICa vamankarFn;eTAnwgkMritkMBs;TwkePøógTabCag 1000 mm b:Eu nþvamancMeBaH
4
EtkarduH lUtlas;enAEk,eRCaHb:ueNÑaH . karduHlUtlas;)anl¥KGW aRs½y elIGakasFatu EdlmankMrit
mFüm 25°-27° b¤ 36-40°. kMritsItuNðPaBekþAbMputKW 27-35 ºC kMritsItuNðPaB
RtCak;bpM tu KW 18-22ºC nigkMritsItuNðPaBTabbMput 0 nig 14ºC. KKIemSAKWmankar Gt;RTaM nwg
møbe; nAeBlvaenAtUc ¬enAeBl 5qñaMdMbgU ¦ b:Eu nþeRkaymkKWTamTanUvBnøWéf¶ . kMrmanePøgI eqH enAkEnøg
EdlvaduHlUtlas;Nas; ehIyvagayrgkarxUcxatedaysarePøgI Nas;CaBiessenA eBlenAtUc .
tMbn;eqñrénPñRM kvaj (A),dIRkhm (c),TMnabPaK\san (D), TMnabkNþal (d), Southern Annamites

(g).
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
duHlUtlas;l¥enAelIdIEdlmanBN’RbepH nigl,b;cas; feralit on mica schist, granite

sila)al;Rkhm , lateritic soils, dIxSac; nigdItMbn;RtUBic Edlmanmemak 2-3%. CaTUeTA minCaMTwk
EtmansMeNIm nigman CICatil¥ EdlmanenAtammat;eRCaH b¤sgÞw TMnab nigcMenateCIgPñM . BIGasIut eTA
NWt pH BI 5.5 eTA 6.5 KWmanlkçN³smRsb . karBiesaFn_)anbgðajfa KKIemSA
KWsmRsbsMrab;kardaMduHenAtMbn; EdlRbmUl pleQIrYc pøÚvGUsTaj nigdIrukrkEr:rYc .
ÉksarBieRKaH[5, 9, 11, 17]
[sac;eQI]: eQIh‘ubCaRbePTeQIxwmø EdlGacRtUv)aneFIBV aNiCBa¢kmµCa 'merawan'. vaRtUv)aneRbI

R)as; sMrab;karsagsg;F¶n; nigRsal dUcCa karsg;s<an Fñmw kþaRkal rbg eRKOgsgðarwm dMblU sMng;
visVkmµ RbGb; kþasMgM Yt karksagTUk nignava . RbePTeQIenHmanlkçN³BiesssMxan; enARbeTs
km<Cú a BIeRBaHva RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karsagsg;TUkg . kareFIGV aCIvkmµhYtehtu eTAelIRbePT
eQIenH eFIeV GaymanPaB kMr ehIyvaRtUv)anCMnYseday Shorea obtusa" [2]vak_man sac;eQI l¥
sMrab;karsagsg;pÚvø rfePøgI pgEdr .
5
[plitplminEmneQI]:søkw sMbk nigeQImanpÞkú nUv 13-15 nig 10 PaKry énCatitanIn EdlsMrab;
eRbIR)as;srM ab;kareFItV anIn . CaBiess sMbkrbs;vamanCatanIn EdlsMrab;plitnUvC½rehAfa 'rock
dammar' C½renHRtUv)ancat;fñak;TI 2 sMrab;BaNiC¢kmµ nigmankareRbIR)as;eTAnwg Dipterocarpus spp.
kñúgkarerobcMKrU KMnU niglabBN’kgñú pÞH . CnCatiPUmaeRbIR)as;C½renHsMrab;bTi TUkrbs;BkY eK niglay

vaCa mYyTwkfñasM rM ab;KrU KMnU . karerobcMedaylayC½rCamYyRkmYnXµMú nigdIRkhm RtUv)aneRbIR)as;
sMrab;bti P¢ab; nwglMEBg nigk,alRBYj . søwkEdlsMbUreTAedaytanInGaceFIVeGaymanPaBTn; nigeRbI
R)as;srM ab;plit Es,ktanInekagkag . EpñkénedImRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCa»sfburaN 'dammar'
labeTAelImxu rbYs nigkEnøgQWcab; . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;Büa)alCMgWrak nigCafñaMEkeraK
rlakGBa©aj . vaGaceRbIR)as; CMnYssøaEfmeTotpg . enA\NÐcÚ ni sMbkRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;TMBar
EdlvamanlkçN³sVit .
[epSg²]:vasaksmsMrab;kardaMduHenAelIdIEdl)at;bg;éRBeQIsMrab;karsþaréRBeQIeLIgvijnigeFIV eGay
dImanCICatieLIgvij ehIyRtUv)andaMduHCarukCç atilMGr nigpþl;møbp; gEdr . enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ RbePT

enH RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karsþaréRBeQIeLIgvijCaBiessenARbeTsevotNam . enAkm<Cú avaRtUv)an
daMduHCa rukCç atilMGrCaBiess enAtampøÚv vtþ nig salaeronCaedIm .
eQIcMNat;fñak;elx 1 [1]

[lkçN³TUeTA]:KKIemSACaedImeQIEdlmanduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBeRsagesIm eTaHbICavamanvtþmanenA
tMbn; TMnab nigeRCaHEk,PñkM _eday . vak_manduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBEk,mat;smuRTpgEdr . enAkñgú
RbeTs km<Cú a KKIemSAduHenAkñgú éRBeRsagcMruH b¤ suT§ . vagayduHlUtlas; ehIygayRKb;CacMkar .
vaFn;ngW kar rukranrbs;BYkRbePTepSgeTot dUcenHRbePTenHRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú TIRkug . karFn;
RTaMenHeFIVRbePTenH man kareBjniymsMrab;ckM ardaMéRBeQI . eTaHbICa vamankarduHlUtlas;yWt nig
minsUvpþl;Exñgk_eday . vamankarFn;nwgmøbe; nAeBldMbgU nigenAeBlduHlUtlas;bun: efñal b:Eu nþ
RtUvkarBnøWxaø gM enAeBlFM . vaman lT§PaBkñúgkaréRkEmkedayxønÜ Ég .
6
[kardaM]:RbePTenHGacrtUv)andaMelIdRI bepH l,b;cas;nigdIEdléRBeQIRtUv)anrukranEtenAmanKMrbéRB
. kUneQIRtUv)ansabenAkñgú fñal edayRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú kEnøgesImedaykarRKb . RbB½né§ nkardaMKW
kardaM suT§ b¤layCamYy Dipterocarpus alatus, Indigofera teysmanii . vaGacRtUv)andaMCYs
¬beNþay 15-30 m¦ edaydg;seIu t 600edIm¼hicta ¬4 x4 ¦eTA 1 000 edIm¼hicta ¬3 x 3¦
dUcenH dg;seIu tcugeRkaybnÞab;BI karkab;rMelaHKW 300-400 edIm¼hicta . krNIkardaMlMGr cenøaH
RtUvEt RKb;RKan; sMrab;karlUtlasrbs;edImeQI enAeBledImeQIeBjv½yvaGacmanTMhMFM . RbePT
eQIenHRtUv )andaMsakl,genAelIdI)at;bg;CICati nig éRBEdleFIGV aCIvkmµhYsehtu nigpøÚvGUs
TajCaedIm . kUnKKIemSA RtUvkarmøb;tic . Indigofera teysmanii and Cassia siamensis RtUv
)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CyY RbePT KKIemSAenA 2-3qñaMdMbgU EdldaMCacMkar . karEfTaMtictYcGacRtUv)aneFIV
eLIg bnÞab;BI 3qñaeM Rkay . karEf TaMmandUcCa RKb;RKgesµA nig sMGatrukçCatienACMuvijedIm enAeBl
begátI cMkardMbgU .
[karRKb;RKg]:karEfTaMRtUv)aneFIeV LIgCalMdab; kñúgry³eBl 7 qñaM rhUtdl;kenSamsøwkduHCit . BIqñaT MI
1 dl;qñaMTI 3 karEfTaMRtUv)aneFIeV LIg 2 dg ehIyelIkTI 1 enAeBlmunrdUvvsSa nig 1elIkeTotbnÞab;
BIrdUv vsSa . karEfTaMrYmman kareFIeV sµA BUnKum<kUneQI eFIeV GaydIFU nigkat;vlø× . enAqñaMTI 4 nig 5
karkat;Bnøk nig tMrg;edIm nig ebIkenSamsøwkedIm,ICrM ujkarduHlUtlas;RtUv)aneFIeV LIg . enAqñaMTI 7 nig
8 karkab;rMelaH RtUv)aneFIeV dIm,Ipþl;nUvcenøaHRKb;RKan;srM ab;karduHlUtlas; . eRkABIenH karRKb;RKg
ePøgI eqH enArdUvR)aMgRtUv EteFIeV LIg eRBaHKKIemSAgayRtUv)anbMpøajedaysarePøgI eqH .
[karbegán I cMnYn nig Tinñpl]:RbePTeQIenHpþl;nvU karekIneLIgx<s; kñúgcMenamRbePT dipterocarp
with kMenInGgát;p©it 0>97 sm¼qñaM nigkMBs; 0>51 m¼qñaM . Tinñn½yénkarduHlUtlas; KWenAman kar
xVHxatenA eLIy b:Eu nþkarkt;Rtarbs; Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) )anbgðaj
fa kMenInGgát; p©itRbEhl 1>8 sm¼qñaM sMrab;edImeQIGayu 46qñaM edaymaGgát;p©itmFüm 80 sm

EdlsmRsbsMrab; karRbmUlpl . xYbvilCMumni RtUv)anKNnaeLIyehIykarlUtlas;Ep¥keTA elIkrM it
cMnnY rbs;edImeQImyY xYb 30 eTA 40 qñaM smRsbsMrab;RbePTeQIenH .
[ksirukçkmµ]:CaTUeTA RbePTeQIenH GacmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;RbB½nk § sirukçkmµ eTaHbICakardaMcrM uH
CamYykaehV enAevotNamminTTYl)aneCaKC½yk_eday . RbePTeQIenHRtUv)anéRkEmkCajwkjab;
edIm,Ipþl;BnøWdl;kaehV .
7
[karduHlUtlas;kúgñ FmµCati]:KKIemSARtUvkarBnøwxaø gM b:EnþminQøanBaneKeLIy . karduHlUtlas;eLIg

vijkñúg FmµCati EtgekIteLIgenAkñgú tMbn;EdlmankMritmøb;Tab nig manedImeQIemenACMvu ij . edIm,ICyY
karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijtamFmµCatikenSamsøkw RtUvkat;tMrwmb¤ykecj . enA]bTIbV ma:eLsIvu aduH eLIg
vijenAtamdgTenø . enAkñgú RbB½nC§ MrkeQI enAkñgú éRBeRsag vamankarBi)ak kñúgkarTTYl)annUvkarduH
lUtlas;eLIgvijRKb;RKan; BIeRBaHvakMrray)a:y . bEnßmeTAelIenH karsabCabnÞat; 15 sm eday
man KMrbrukçCatiKWTTYl)aneCaKC½y .
[karRbmUlRKab; nigkarrkSaTuk]:KKIemSACaRbePT dipterocarp species edayecjpáaCaRbcaMqñaM
nigEpøpg Edr nigpþl;nUvRbPBRKab;BCU sMrab;kardaMduHéRBeQI . enAkñgú qñaMpþl;Epø vapþl;nUvbrimaNEpøeRcIn

. rdUvRbmUl RKab;KW emsa-]sPa enAeBlsMbkERbBIébtgeTACa elOg . vaCakarl¥kgñú kar RbmUl
RKab;enABak;kNþal énrdUvRCuH b¤Faø k; rbs;Epø . enAeBlenaH EpøKWmankarTMku úgñ cMnnY d_eRcIn . BYkeK
RbmUlRKab;BdI Iedayman Rbdab;RbmUlRKab;BUC nigeKGacRbmUledaykat;EmktUc b¤eLIgedImeQI .
eTaHbI man eRKaHfñakx<se; day kabMpøajBIkEBa© cMeBaHkarRbmUlRKab;muneBlTMu CaBiessRKab; EdlRtUv
)anRbmUlBIelIdeI nAkñéú RB . sMrab; karRbmUlRKab;eRcIn EpøRtUv)anRbmUltamry³karGRgunEmk
edIm,IeGayEpøRCuH . RkNat;tg;RtUv)andak; enAxageRkamedImedIm,IsrM Yldl;karRbmUlRKab; . bnÞab;
BIkarRbmUlsøabRtUv)ankat;ecjedayéd ehIy EpøtUcminTan;cas;ngi rgkarbMpaø jBIstVl¥ti RtUv)anyk
ecj . RKab;Rss;KWmansMenImx<s; nigRtUvEtrkSaenAkñgú fg; eGayq¶ayBIBnøéw f¶enAeBldWkCBa¢nÚ nigrkSa
TukbeNþaHGasnñ . RKab;BCU )at;bg; lT§PaBdMNuH qab;rh½s BI10-15 éf¶ bnÞab;BIkarRbmUlEdl kat;
bnßynUvPaKry³dMNuH 50 PaKry . dUecñHbnÞab;BIkar RbmUlRKab;RtUv)anRtaMTwk edIm,IeGayduHBnøk
nigsabeTAkñúgfñalbNþúH . dMNuHGacRbesIredaykarRtaMTwk ry³eBl 8 em:agmuneBlsab . man
RKab;RbEhl 3000-4600RKab;¼KILRÚ kam . RKab;Gacsøab;enAkñúg ry³eBl 5 éf¶eday sar

rMhYtCatiTwk . RbsinebIsgM Yt 35°C eTA 33% énsMeNIm RKab;GacrkSadMNuH )anBI 1-2Ex enA
sItuNðPaB 15°C karrkSakMritdMNuHKW 60 PaKry³ . RKab;Edlmin)ansMgYtmankMrit dMNuH 75 PaK
ry bnÞab;BIry³eBl 14éf¶ edayrkSasItuNðPaB 14 °C . RbsinrkSaenA 4°C RKab;Gac rkSaTuk)an
3 Ex . ebI rkSaenAkñgú sItuNðPaBTabGaceFIVeGayRKab;xUcxat . CamYynwgkarrkSaTuk)anyUr lT§PaB
dMNuH)at;bg; nigfycuHPaKrydMNuH CaBiess enA 10 GgSaes . karrkSaenAkñgú ]sµn½ nIRtUEsn
KWmni )anbg¥ak;nvU dMNuHrbs;RKab;eT .
8
[bec©keTsfñal]: kUneQIKeW nAtUceBkRbsinebIeFIkV ardaMenAqñadM UcKña.dUcenHvamansar³sMxan;kgñú karrkSa
kUneQIenAkñúgfñalry³eBl 12 Ex ¬6-9 Ex¦enAeBlkMBs;mFüm)an 80 sm eTA 100 sm.enAkñgú
fñalRKab;RtUv)ansab 8 sm BIKañ nig sÞÚgenAkñgú fg; ¬15 x 20 sm¦ edaylaydI 75-80PaKry
nig CIkMbu:sþ× 15-20PaKry . RbEhl 70 RkaménRKab;KWRKb;RKan;sMrb; fñal 1 Em:Rtkaer . kUneQI
duH)an l¥enAkñgú kMritmøb; 50 PaKry . kMritdMNuH 73 PaKry cMeBaHfñalminmanmøb; 83PaKry
fñalmanmøb; nig 40PaKrycMeBaHkardaMedaypÞal;; . CaTUeTA dMNaMpþl;mbø ;sMrab;karBarkUneQI BIFatu
GakasekþA nigkMcat; esµA . eTaHCa kUneQIRtUvkarBnøWeBj EtdMNaMplþ ;møbK; WRtUv)ankat;tMrwmpgEdr .
karsMGatesµAkareRsac Twk nig eFIeV GaydIFeU nACMuvijkUneQI RtUvEt)aneFIVeLIgenAkñgú fñal .
Ectomycorrhizal eFIeV GaykUneQIduH las;)anya:gl¥ .
[tMrUvkarRKab;BUCsMrab;cMkar 1 hictaenAkñúgRbeTskm<C ú a]: cMnnY RKab; 3000 RKab;¼ KILRÚ kam

cenøaHdaM : 4 x 4 m RKab;BCU bEnßm kñúg 1 hicta ³ 625 kMrit)at;bg;kUneQI ³ 750 b¤ 20PaKry b¤
834 ¬10PaKry¦ 1043 esµI 20PaKry enAkñgú fñal . kMritdMNuH ³ 80 PaKry cMnnY RKab;BCU
RtUvkar ³ 1304 TMgn;³ 0>44 KILRÚ kam PaBsuT§³ 90 PaKry nig srub ³ 0>49 KILRÚ kam .
[karbnþBUC]:KKIemSAGaceFIk V atbnþBCU tamkarkat;b¤s .viFIsaRsþenHGacGnuvtþn_edIm,Iplþ ;knU eQI RKb;
RKan; sMrab;kardaMéRBeQI.PaKryb¤sEdll¥GacTTYl)anBIknU eQIEdlmanGayu3-12Ex nigExñg
BIknU eQIEdl cas; ¬1-4qñaM¦ . kat;RbEhl 10 sm edayTuksøwk 2 EdlmanRbEvg 1¼2 b¤ 1¼3
edaydak;Gm½ Un 2,4-D 50 ppm b¤ AA 500 ppm ry³eBl 3 vinaTI bnÞab;mkdak;eTAkñgú xSac; .
enAelIedImeQI karpSaMu Emkcas;eTAelIknU eQIk_GacRtUv)aneFIpV gEdr . enA\NÐeÚ nsIu kardaMeday
Kµanb¤s TTYl)ankUneQI 100 PaKry rs; RbsinebIkUneQIRtUv)ankat;b¤sdMbgU ehIydMNuH cab;epþmI
kñúgry³eBl 1-4 s)aþh_ .
[stVl¥ti ]: karbMpaø j edayeFIVeGayRCuHsøwkKWekItmanCajwkjab; enAkñgú cMkareQI CaBiessenAeBl

swøkfµI duHlUtlas; . stVl¥ti ecaHedIm vayRbhaledImeQIbun: efñal enAkñgú éRBFmµCati . kEBa©k
Nanophyes shorea bMpøajeTAelIRKab; . xµt Ú CaeRcIn nig dgávÚ Coleoptera and Isoptera
ecaHbMpaø jeQIgab; . RbePTepSgeTotKW Calliteara cerigoides k_bpM aø jpgEdr . eTaHCaya:gNa
9
k_KµankarbMpøajF¶n;Fr¶ eTAelI fñal nig éRBeQIeT elIkElgEtkEBa©suIbMpøajRKab;munTMu .
kar)aj;fñasM lM ab;stVl¥itGacRKb;RKg karbMpaø j stVl¥itenAkñgú fñalpgEdr .
[CMgW]:minmankarraykarN_BI karbMpaø jedayCMgWenAkñúgfñal b¤ éRBeQIeLIy .
[ktþaepSg²]:ePøg I ecHKWminsUvmaneTenAkñgú éRBFmµCati . eTaHbIknU eQItUc²gayRtUv)anbMpøaj eday

ePøgI .
F> karGPirkS :
éRB Dipterocarp CaTUeTA KKIemSARtUv)ankab;bpM aø j edaysarkareFIGV aCIvkmµhYsehtu nig kar)at;bg;

CMrkedaysamnusS nig éRBeQIsm,Tan . cMnnY énKKIemSAKWmanPaBkMrenAkñgú éRBsm,Tan . bc©úb,nñ
manedImeQIticNas; sMrab;eFIVCaedImem ehIykarRbmUlRKab;BCU mankaBi)ak . KKIemSAEtgduH lUt
las;enA kñúgéRBeRsagesIm b:Eu nþCMrkrbs;vaRtUv)anbMpøaj EdleFIeV GayvamankarBi)akkñgú kar duHlUt
las;eLIgvij kñúgFmµCati . enAqñaM 2002 kic©RbCMeu lIkTI 2 rbs; CTSP eTAelIk yuT§saRsþ GPirkS
Esn KKIemSA KWCa RbePTsMxan;EdlRtUvkarkareFIGV nþraKmn_kúgñ karkarBar . RbePTenH RtUv)an cat;Ca
RbePTgayrgeRKaHfñak; eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature)
World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook'). mankar)a:n;sµan;fa karbMpaø jeday
buKlÁ mañk;² edayka rkab;ykeQI enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a (as defined on the National Workshop on
Tree Species Priorities organized by DFW and CTSP in 2000) KW >1 000 enAevotNam
karkab;RtUv)ankat;bnßy . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[TIkEnøgkMeNIt]: \NÐa (Andaman Is.) Lav PUma éf km<C ú a xageCIgma:eLsIu evotNam
[karnaMcl
U ]: RbePTenHminRtUv)annaMcUlRbeTsepSg²eTot .
10
p> epSg² :
[cMNat;fñak;]: ePT Hopea (family Dipterocarpaceae) manRbEhl 100 RbePT . karBiesaFn_fµI

RtUv )anrkeXIj enA Ashton (1982) . KKIemSA manTMnak;TMngCamYy H. parviflora énPaKxaglic
Ghats \NÐa .
[Bakübec©keTs]: eQµaHRbePT mann½fa køn i nigsMedAeTAelIpáamankøinRkGUb .

[kabgáat;]: mankarbgáat;tictYcRtUv)aneFIeV LIg . Apomixis)anraykarN_GB M I KKIemSA nig Maury
(1970) )anbBa¢ak;BI polyembryony edayTTYl)an 12 embryos BIkarvivtþ GUvul 1 .
[RbvtþiénkardaMduHenAkm<C
ú a]:vaRtUv)andaMenAkñgú vtþedayesþc b¤ RBHsgÄ eTaHbIvaEtgEtRtUv)an daMduHxag
eRkA vtþk_eday .
Aminah Hamzah, 1991. A note on growth behavior of branch cuttings of Hopea odorata.. Journal of
Tropical Forest Science, 3(3):303-305; 4 ref.
[9]
Aminah H, 1994. Hopea odorata (Dipterocarpaceae) - Merawan Siput Jantan. In: Zakaria I, Ratnam
W, eds. Selected Tree Species for Forest Plantations in Peninsular Malaysia - A Preliminary
Consideration. FRIM Research Pamphlet No. 116:9-13.
[9]
Ang LH, Maruyama Y, Wan Razali MW, Abd Rahman K, 1994. The early growth and survival of three
commercial dipterocarps planted on decking sites in logged-over hill forest. In: Nik Muhamad M,
Ismail AAM, Mohd ZH, Kamuruzaman J, eds. Proceeding of International Symposium on

Rehabilitation of Tropical Rain-forest Ecosystems: Research and Development Priorities. Kuching,
Sarawak, Malaysia, September 2-4, 1992:147-156.
[9]
Ashton PS, 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana, I, Spermatophyta, 9(2):237-552; [in text, 45 pl.];
many ref.
[9]
Corbineau F, Come D, 1986. Experiments on germination and storage of the seeds of two
dipterocarps: Shorea roxburghii and Hopea odorata.. Malaysian Forester, 49(3-4):371-381; 21 ref.
11
[9]
Kantarli M, 1993. Vegetative propagation of Hopea odorata by cuttings: a low-cost technology.

Technical Publication - ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre, No. 16:iii + 8 pp.; 7 ref.
[9]
Kochummen KM, 1993b. Hopea odorata. Plant Resources of South-East Asia, 5(1):251.
Oldfields S, Lusty C, Mackinnen A. 1998. The world list of threatened trees. 650 pp. World
Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.
[9]
Nguyen Minh Duong, 1985: Preliminary results of Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata planting
system. Scientific and Technical Information, South Vietnam (No. 2-1985).
Soerianegara I, Lemmens RHMJ (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 5(1): Timber
trees: major commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
[11]
Tixier P. 1973. The biology of the Dipterocarpaceae: phenology and germinaiton of Hopea odorata at
Dangkor (Kandal). Bois et Forets des Tropiques. 48: 47-52.
[11]
Troup RS. 1929. The silviculture of Indian trees. Controller of publications, New Delhi, India.
[11]
Troup RS. 1975. The silviculture of Indian trees. ed. 2, vol. 1. Government of India.
[11] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Winata L, Suharyati, Kamil H, Yani SA, Muryono, 1986. Rooting of stem cuttings of Shorea leprosula
and Hopea odorata in liquid media. BIOTROP Technical Bulletin, 1(1):10-17; 7 ref.
[9]
12
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
Phnom Penh.
[3] Dy Phon, P., 2000: Dictionary of Plants used in Cambodia
[4] Regional Office for the Asia and the Pacific, 1985: Dipterocarps of South Asia. RAPA Monograph
1985/4. Regional office for the Asia and the Pacific. 321 pp.
[6] DANIDA, 2002: Seed leaflet - www.dfsc.dk/pdf/Seedleaflets/Hopea%20odorata_int.pdf (Internet

source)
[7] www.dnp.go.th/Botany (Internet source)
[8] Sontara, S (PNSA), 2006: Own observations.
[10] PROSEA, 1994: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (1) Timber trees: Major commercial
timbers.


(Internet source)
13

[16] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-
ROM).
[18] FA/CTSP, 2005: Guidelines for site selection and tree planting in Cambodia. 90pp. Phnom
Penh
14
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Hopea pierrei Hance ]

[Hopea pierrei Hance ]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Hopea pierrei Hance
K> sTisn½y ³ Hopea foxworthyi Elmer
Hopea glutinosa Elmer [3]

Hopea avellanea F. Heim [7]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ merawan, giam (Trade name) [1] - merawan palong
(Malaysia) [1] - kh'èn hin (Laos) [1] - takhian-rak,

takhian-sai, khaen-hak-yong (Thailand) [1] - ki[eef]n
(Vietnam) [1] - dalingdingan, malungai, manggachapui-
tagokan (Philippines) [3]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ KKIxSac;

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kôki, khsach [1, 10], koki khsach [5]

lMdab; : Malvales
1
ePT : Hopea Roxb.
RbePT : Hopea pierrei Hance
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 3]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: manTMhMFM nigmFüm CaedImeQIébtgCanic© EdlmankMBs;eTAdl; 25 m [1] (-35 m[3],

15-30 m [10], -40 m [9]). edImCYnkalRtg; b:Eu nþPaBeRcInmanragrmYl nigmanTMrg;mn i l¥ edayman
Ggát;pit© DBH dl;eTA 50 cm [1] (180 cm [3], 60-80 cm [9]) nigmanRBwg 4-5 [10] rW b¤senAKl; .
kenSamsøwkmanragCaes<ó . Emk nigBnøkx©IRtUv)anrMueTAedaeramxøBI N’etñat rWBN’mas . EmktUc²sMbUr
C½reRcIn .
[sMbk]: sMbkxageRkArelag edaymansñameRbHtambeNþay sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’etñatRsal nig
BN’suCI m<Ú .
[søwk]: søwksamBaØ qøas; sIuemRTI ragdUcGUvul rWes<ó TMhM 4-8 cm x 1.5-4 cm [1] esþógdUcEs,k man
BN’ etñatcas; enAeBls¶tÜ manemSAenAelIépÞskøw . séssøkw zitenACaKUr cMnnY 15-25 [7] (18 KU [1]).
[páa]: páatMerobCakBa©úM . Domatia (=CasrIragÁBiessEdlmanenAkñg ú páa) ragCabMBug nigmaneram .
EpñkPöab;manRbEvg 3-4 dg EdlEvgCagbMBugeks . GUvarIragCaCadb nigxøI . RtbkEpømansøab 2 TMhM
2.5-5 x 0.7-1 cm [7] nig 3 xøt I ambeNþay manTMhM 4 x 3 mm [7] . ecjpáaBIEx mkra-kBaØa
¬RbeTséf¦kBaØa-tula enARbeTsevotNam .
[Epø]: Epø (EpøsÜ¶t) manragCas‘t u rWekaNedaymanGgát;pit© 0.7-0.8 cm [7] . vamansøabBIr
EdlmanRbEvg 2-2.3 cm nigsrésRsbKñacMnYn 7 [7] . eBlvalUtlas;eTACaeQI sMbkxageRkAman
pÞúkC½reRcIn . vaecjEpøBIEx mkra-FñÚ ¬RbeTséf¦ nig]sPa-mifuna enARbeTsevotNam .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: KKIemSApþl;nUveQIEdlmanKuNPaBx<s; EdlGacFn;ngw stVl¥ti CaBiesskeNþó . eQI

Rsay manBN’etñatcas; nigvaynPaBl¥ . dg;seIu trbs;eQIKW 0.76-1.155 g/cm³ enAkMritsMeNImcMnYn
15% .
kMritRbEhl : 12°N eTA 14°N . RbePTenHGacCYbRbTHenAtMbn;\NÐcÚ ni CaBiess km<Cú anigéf CYnkal

k_manduHenA]bTIbV ma:eLsIpu gEdr . CaTUeTAvaduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBeRsagbzm nigbnÞab;éntMbn;
TMnabenAkñgú éRBtMbn;eqñr nigéRBEdlmansuxPaBl¥ . vaEtgduHlUtlas;CaRsTab;lubenAkñúgéRB eRsag
tMbn;TMnab edayduHlayCamYy Hopea odorata, Sindora tonkinensis, Sindora siamensis nig
Anisoptera costata . enARbeTséf vaduHray)a:yBIKañ enAkñg ú éRBeRsags¶tÜ enAelIPñMEdlmanRbePT
fµ limestone enAtMbn;GaeKñy_ . vamanduHCadMtu Uc² rWEtÉg CamYynwgcMnnY d_tictYcpgEdr .
duHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 1,000 m a.s.l. [1] (0-700 m [3]) enAma:eLsIvu aduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;

300-700 m [1] . KKIemSAduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;GakasFatumUsugRtUBc i ekþA EdlmankMritTwkePøóg 2,500-

5,000 mm [1] nigeRcIn rWrbbTwkePøógticCagenH . vas‘RU TaMng
w rdUvR)aMgEdlmanry³eBlBI 1-3 Ex [3].
kMritsItuNðPaBmFümKW 22-32ºC [3] sItuNðPaBmFümx<sb; MputénrdUvekþA 21-28ºC [3]nig sItuNðPaB
TabbMputenArdUvRtCak; 18-21ºC [3] . sItuNðPaBTabbMputdac;xat 12ºC [3] vaGacRTaM)anpgEdr .
RbePTeQIenHFn;nwgmøbe; nAeBltUc b:Eu nþRtUvkarBnøWenAeBleBjv½y . vak_Fn;nwgxül;xaø gM pgEdr .
3
RbePTeQIenHduHenAelIdIxSac; EdlmanvaynPaBmFüm mindkTwk nigmanCatiGasItu rW pH NWt .

vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAelIdRI khm nig dI ferrallitic elOg EdlvivtþBI fµGasIutRkanIt nig)asal; .
[eQI]: eQId_mantMélRtUv)aneRbICa 'merawan' (eQImanTMgn;Rsal) rW 'giam' (eQImanTMgn;F¶n;) nig

GaceRbICnM sY eQIém:sak;pgEdr . CaTUeTA vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karsagsg begáal s<an eQImlU
eQIGar rWCBa©agM GaKar karsagsg;ka)a:l; eRKagvisVkmµ kMral nigeRKOgsgðarwm . enARbeTskm<Cú a
vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karsagsg; .
Gnupl]: sMbkEdlrelagRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCakg; ExS nigRkdas . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;Ca
[
fñanM gi sMlab;Es,k . enARbeTsevotNam C½rEdlmanBN’elOgRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCacegáóg nig

sMrab;bti TUk nigeRbIR)as;CaemSApÞúHdUckaMePøgI enAeBlmankarsMEdgenAkñgú eragelçan EdlTaMgenH)an
mkBIkar dutykFüÚg .
[ epSg²]: vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;kardaMduHéRBeQIeLIgvij enAtMbn;EdlmankareFIGV aCIvkmµéRBeQI .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
RbePTeQIelx 2 .
4
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[CaTUeTA]: CaTUeTAvaduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBeRsagbzmnigbnÞab;éntMbn;TMnabenAkñgú éRBtMbn;eqñrnigéRB

EdlmansuxPaBl¥ . vaEtgduHlUtlas;CaRsTab;lubenAkñúgéRBeRsagtMbn;TMnab edayduHlayCamYy
Hopea odorata, Sindora tonkinensis, Sindora siamensis nig Anisoptera costata . vaRtUv)an
daMCa rukCç atibEnßm enAtMbn;EdlmankareFIGV aCIvkmµéRBeQI rWkarbegátI CacMkarEdlTamTar nUvmøbe; nAkñgú

dMNak; kalduHlUtlas;dMbgU . edImeQIduHlUtlas;eLIgvijya:gelOn nigRtUv)andaMenA tMbn; EdlKµan
edImeQI .
KuNvibtþdi _sMxan;srM ab;karRbmUlRKab;BCU nigkarsþúkTukRKab;BCU KWRKab;BCU manGayuxIø nigkarplitRKab;

KWmanlkçN³mineTogTat;edaymancenøaHBI 3-5 qñaM . karsþúkTukRKab;BCU aRbePTRKab;esIm
(recalcitrant) . enAkñg ú fñalbNþHú rukçCatiedaysrIragÁRtUv)aneFIeV LIgedaykarpSaM . eTaHCa tMrUvkarkar
RsavRCaveRcIneTotKYreFIeV LIgI eTAelIkarbnþBUCedayesrIragÁ nig karRKb;RKgkardaMduH . kardaMduHRtUv)an
eFIeV LIgtamry³ karduH lUtlas;eLIgvijedayFmµCati kardaMedaypÞal; nigkarduHedayÉkÉg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]

[ stVl¥ti ]: RbePTstV Nanophyes shoreae .

ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[ CMgW]: Nectria radicicola RtUv)anraykarN_faCaRbePTCMgWpSit .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[ epSg²]: H.pierrei gayrgnwgsarFatuKmI I EdleFIeV GayRCuHsøwk . edImeQICaeRcInRtUv)ansMlab
;edaysarFatuKmI IenAkMLgú eBlsRgáamenA\NÐcÚ ni enAkñúgTsSvtS 70 .
5
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTeQIenHRtUv)anKMramkMEhg nigcab;BIqañ M 1994 [4] (1998 [8]) RtUv)ancat;fñak;CaRbePTrgeRKaH

fñak; a (EN A1c+2c, B1+2c, C1, D [8]) eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the
Conservation of Nature) World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook') . cMnn Y
RbePTeQIenHenARbeTskm<Cú aRtUv)anfycuH edaysarkarsMlab;edaysarFatuKmI IenAeBlsRgáamkar
kab; nigkarbMpaø jCMrk .eTaHbICaenAma:eLsIu RbePTeQIenHenAmanduHenAkñgú tMbn;éRBkarBar CaeRcInk_
eday .

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: Lav km<úCa evotNam éf ma:eLsIu nigekaHsUm
‘ a:Rta ¬\NÐeÚ nsI¦u .
[ karnaMclU ]: \NÐa hVlI IBnI )a:BUjÚKeI N . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
p> epSg² :
6
Ashton, P.S. 1990. Annotations to: conservation status listings for Dipterocarpaceae.
[8]
de Guzman ED, Umali RM, Sotalbo ED, 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna: Dipterocarps and
Non-dipterocarps. Quezon City, Philippines: JMC Press Inc.
[3]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[4] Omaliss, K. and Monyrak, M., 2006: Threatened Species Listing in Cambodia.

bin/abiss.exe/spd?SID=354709234&spd=6818&tx=PL. (Internet source).

http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Hopea.htm#4.9%20Hopea%2
0pierrei. (Internet source).
[8] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species – Species Information:

http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=33095. (Internet source).
7
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Lansium domesticum Corrêa]

[Lansium domesticum Corrêa]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Lansium domesticum Corrêa [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ langsat, duku [6]
K> sTisn½y ³ Aglaia dookoo Griffith [26], A. domestica (Corrêa em. Jack.)
Pellegrin., A. aquea [6]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ langsat, duku, kokosan (Indonesia, Malaysia); langsat, duku,
(Burma); lansones, buahan (Philippines); langsat, duku,

longkong (Thailand); bòn-bon (Vietnam) [6,26].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ laMgsat

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ léang sa:t [4]
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Meliaceae
ePT : Lansium
RbePT : Lansium domesticum Corrêa [4]
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4; 6 ; 11 ]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImlaMgsat CaRbePTeQIEdlmankMBs;BI 8-30 m [4] CaelIGacmankMBs;rhUtdl;

30 m nigmanGgát;p©it 75 cm (cMeBaHedImlaMgsatEdldaM mankMBs;BI 5-10 m)
Kl;edImPaKeRcInragmUldUcxøúy manduHRBwgragecaT nigCYnkalEmktUc²manduHeram.[6]
edImlaMgsat mankMBs;BI 10-20 m.[13] edImrbs;vaQrRtg;eTAelI tYedImxøI manragCasIuLaMg
b¤ragRtdag nigman kMBs;rhUtcab;BI 10-15 m.[26]
[sMbk]: edImlaMgsat mansMbkRCYj eRbHehIymanBN’RbepH layTwkRkUc
nigmanpÞúknUvCatiCr½xab;² s¥it manBN’Rkhmlayetñat b¤BN’elOglayetñat.[20,26]
[søwk]: søwklaMgsat CaRbePTsøwkqøas; tMerobRbEvgBI 30-50 cm EdlmansøwkcMnYn 6-9søwk relag
ehIymanduHeramRkas; manTgsøwkrhUtdl;eTA 7 cm. søwkCaRbePTsøwkqøas; ragBgRkeBIRTEvg man

RbEvg 9-21 cm nigTTwg 5-10 cm relag ehIymansNæabsøwkdUcEs,k EdlenAKl;Gsmb,as
nigcug ragRsYcxøI nigmanRTnugbnÞab;cMnYn 10-14 KUr. TgsøwkmanRbEvg 5-12 mm
ehIymanKl;Rkas;.[6] søwklaMgsat CaRbePTsøwksñitminEmnKUr mancMnYn 10-20KUr
raglMEBgmUlRTEvg EdlmanRbEvgBI 12 eTA 25 cm.[13] swøkvaCaRbePTsøkw sñitqøas;
tMerobRbEvgBI 22.5-50.0 cm nigmancMnYnsøwk 5-7 ragBgRkeBI b¤mUlRTEvg EtragRsYcenAcugsgxag
manRbEvg 7-20 cm mansNæandUcEs,k BN’ébtg cas; épÞsøwkxagelIrelag nigxageRkamrags<wk
PøW nigmanRTnugsøwkx<s;.[20,26]
[páa]: páalaMgsat kBa©MúpáanImYy²manpáaeRcIn ehIykBa©úMvamanRbEvgBI 10-30cm EdlduHenAeTal
b¤CaRkum enAelIEmkFM nigmYyedIm²mancMnYnBI 2-10. páarbs;va Capáasac;tUc ragdUcEBg

EdlRtblpàarbs;vaman BN’ébtgRsallayelOg cMnYn 5 . RsTab;pàasac; manBN’s
b¤BN’pàaQUklayelOg manTMhM 2-3 x 4-5 mm.[6] páalaMgsattUc²
manBN’elOgRsallayébtg manRsTab; nigRtbkpàacMnYn 5 mankøinEp¥m nigCapáacegáameRcIn
EdltMerobragegIbenAcugEmkcas;².[13] pàalaMgsatCaRbePTpàasac; tUc² manBN’s
2
b¤BN’pàaQUklayelOg EdlPaKeRcInCaRbePTpàaeTVePT CaFmµtatMerobCacegàamenA elIEmk
EdlduHeTal b¤CaRkum tMerobenAelIedIm nigenAelIEmkcas;² RbEvg 10-30 cm
EdlpáaTImYyragQrRtg; nigpáacugeRkay ragRsya:kcuHeRkam.[20,26]
[Epø]: EplaMgsat CaRbePTEpøsac;manRKab;eRcIn manTMhM 2-4 x 1.5-5.0 cm (b¤FMCagenH) maneram
BN’elOgRsal nigmanRtbkminRCuH ehIyEpøvamansMbkRkas; nigmansac;BN’sPøW.[6]

EpøvaCaRbePT Epøsac;manRKab;eRcIn relag manGgátp; ©it 4 cm manBN’elOgs¶Üt nigmanRtbkcMnYn.
EpølaMgsat Rss; manCatiCUrbnþic Etq¶aj; nigmanRKab;lVIg.[13] Epørbs;vamanCacegáam mancMnYnBI
2-30 Epø ragBgRkeBI b¤mUlRTEvg EdlesÞIrEtmUl nigmanGgátp; ©itTMhM 2.5-5.0 cm
RBmTaMgmanBN’RbepHRsal layBN’ EbkCaBN’etatcas;PøW b¤BN’pàaQUk mansMbkdUckaMmJIú esþIg
b¤Rkas; mansNæandUcEs,k nig manpÞúknUvCatiCr½xab;². Epørbs;vamancMnYn 5-6Ekøb manBN’sPøW
mankøinRkGUb sac;vamanTWkdm ¬sMbk¦ manrsCatiCUrxøaMg b¤CUrtic². RKab;rbs;va manCab;sac;tic
b¤eRcIn nigCaFmµtaEpørbs;vamanEkøbsac;cMnYn BI 1 eTA 3Ekøb. RKab;vamanBN’ébtg manTMhMFKM W
manbeNþayRbEvg 2.0-2.5 cm nigTTwg 1.25-2.00 cm manCatilVIgxøaMg
nigCYnkalmanCab;sac;eRcIn RKab;vaGacmanPaBlVIgtic.[20,26] EpølaMgsat duHCa cegáammancMnYnBI
6-40Epø ehIyEpønImYy²manRKab;cMnYnBI 1-3RKab; manBN’ébtg nigmanrsCatilVIg.
enARbeTshVIlIPIn mankardaMcuHmYycMnYnEdlrs;ran)anKW "Conception" nig "Paete" enARbeTséfKW
"Uttaradit" enARbeTsm:aeLsI "LA8" nig "LA9" nig "Casto" enA Puerto Rico.[33]
manPUtKamsaRsþ 2 RbePT epSgKñaKW³ var. pubescens CaRbePTlaMgsat CaRbePTelIEdlmanedIm

tUcesþIg Emkrbs;vamaneram ehIyesÞIrmUl EpøvamansMbkRkas; nigmanCayiCr½s¥it²eRcIn
cMEnkmYyeTotKW var.domesticum EdlehAfa duku, doekoe b¤ dookoo
EdledImrbs;vamanPaBriwgCag cugEbkEmk saxaFM nigmankenSamsøwkRkas;ragRceggRcgag

mansMbkBN’etatRsal mankøinRkGUb nigmanpÞúkCatiCr½tic b¤Kµan. PaKeRcInvaCaRbePTeQIéRB
nigCalaMgsatdaM b:uEnþvamanTMhMnig KuNPaB Rbhak;RbEhlKña. eKcg;)anTaMgBIrRbePT.
PaKeRcInEpølaMgsattUc² manRKab;tic nigmanrsCatoEp¥m tic².[20,26]
enARbeTsma:eLsIu CaTUeTAlaMgsatEpø 2 dgkñúgmYyqñaKM W elIkTImYyBI Exmifuna dl;Exkkáda
nigwlIkTIBIrExFñÚ dl;Exmkra b¤GacrhUtdl;ExkumÖ³. enARbeTs\NÐa EpølaMgsatTMuBIExemsa
3
dl;ExkBaØa b:uEnþenARbeTshVlI IPIn vaTMuBIExemsa dl;ExkBaØa nigbnÞab;BIenHry³eBl
mYyExenATIpSareT.[20,26] EpøcugeRkayeKenA Puerto Rico BIExsIha dl;Extula.[33]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
laMgsat mansac;eQIrwg ehIymaM[6] manBN’etatPøI manPaBrwglµm mansésRtg;l¥ maM rYj

nigmanPaB Fn; EdlmanTMgn; 840 kg/m³. enA Java eKykvaeFVICassrpÞH eRKOgdMbUlpÞH
eFVIdg]bkrN¾eRbIR)as; epSg² nigeFVICaeRKOgeRbOR)as;kñúgpÞH)ay. bitsac;eQI
edIm,ITajykCatiCi r½ecj eRBaHvaeFVIeGayeFµj eLIgBN’exµA.[20,26]
laMgsat manRbPBkMeNItenAPUmiPaKxaglicénGasIuxagt,ÚgeqogxagekIt EtnaeBlbc©úb,nñ vaduHBas

eBjRbeTséf m:aeLsIu nig\NÐÚensIu enAhVIlIPnI . laMgsat Føab;mankardaMduHCaTMhMtUcenARbeTsPUma:
nigevotNam.[6] vamanduHedaykMr enAGaemrickNþal nigGaemricxagt,Úg ekaHkarIebon
nigenAxagt,Úg nignirtIénshrdæGaemric.[26] laMgsat manduHeRcInelIslubenAtMbn;RtUBic.
vaKWCaRbePT eQIEdlduH enAkñúgéRBTMnabenAtMbn;RtUBic nigGnþrayedaysarsenSIm. enAelIekaH
Luzon énRbeTshVIlIPnI CakEnøg EdlEpørbs;vamanRbCaRbiyPaBbMput
nigedImrbs;vacab;epþImmankardaMduHenAtMbn;PñM. laMgsat mandaMduH
eRcInbMputenAPUmiPaKxagt,ÚgénRbeTséf nigevotNam mankarduHlUtlal;enA Nilgiris
nigtMbn;sMenImYy cMnYnén\NÐaxagt,Úg nigEpørbs;vasMbUrbMput enAkñúgTIpSarkñúgRsuk. laMgsat
RtUv)annaMykeTAdaMenA Hawaii munqñaM 1930 nigPaKeRcInvaduHlUtlas;

enAtMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;Tab. CYnkaledImlaMgsat GacduHenAtMbn;myY cMnYnénekaH)a:sIuhVic.
RtUv)andwgfa RbePTenHmanduHlUtlas;ticenAtMbn;RtUBicén RbeTsGaemric elIkElgEtenA Surinam
CakEnøgEdldaMduHCalkçN³ BaNiC©kmµRTg;RTaytUc.[26,28]
4
laMgsat CaRbePTeQIEdlRtUvkarmøb; sMenIm nigkEnøgmøb;EdlmankMBs; 800 m eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT

nigmanr)ayTwkePøógeRcIn.[6] eTaHbICa duHenAelITwkdIkMeNIt k¾vaminGacduHenAry³kMBs;TabCag
650-750 m Edr. vaRtUvkarbriyakasEdlmansMenIm mansMenImeRcIn
nigminmanPaBFn;nwgrdUvR)aMgEdl mankMLúgeBlEvgeT. RbsinebItMbn;Edlmøb;
laMgsatmankarduHlUtlas;l¥ CaBiesskñgú kMLúgqñaMdaMduH dMbUg. enA Java
laMgsatduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;EdlesImry³eBlBI 6-12 Ex RbsinebImYyEx²manePøóg Føak;eRcInCag

100 mm.[20,26]
laMgsat duHlUtlas;le¥ nAelIdIsMbUrmemak nigmanCatiGasIuttic eRsaHTwk)anl¥ manCICati

nigb¤scak; )aneRCA dIxSac;manCICati nigenAelIdIepSg²eTot EdlmanCatiGasIuttic b¤esÞIrNWt
nigmansrFatciBa©wm x<s;. vamankarduHlUtlas;minl¥eT enAlIdI\dæEdls¶Üt
nigeRbHenAkMLúgeBlEdlmanePøógtic nigminGac duHenAelIdIéRbRKb;RbePT. vaminmanPaBFn;eT
ebIKµanTwk 2-3 éf¶.[26,28,33]
[sac;eQI]: laMgsat mansac;eQIrwg nigmaM manTMhMlµm ehIyvaGaceFVICassrpÞH

dg]bkrN¾eRbIR)as; epSg² nigkareRbIeFVICaGVIepSg²eTot. [26]
[Gnupl]: EpølaMgsatRss; eKykeTAbriePaK.
5
dutsMbkEpølaMgsateGays¶Üt eFVICafñaMkMcat;stVl¥it ehIyEpSgrbs;vaCafñaMkMcat;mUs nigjIsMbkeGay
exÞc dak;vaenAkñúgbnÞb;GñkCMgW.[12] sMbklaMgsatRss; manpÞúknUvCatiCr½BN’etñat nigCatiGasIutkat;
bnßy eBlEdlsMbkeRkom ehIyERbCaBN’RskM nigmanpÞúknUvCatiCr½Bak;kNþalKW manCatieRbgrav
0.17 % nigCatiCr½ 22% .[26,28]
sMbklaMgsat manpÞúknUvCati tannin x<s; b:uEnþminmanBt’manNabgðajfa eKykCati tanning enHeTA

sMlab;Es,keT. [20, 26]
sMbkEpø RKab; nigsMbkeQIrbs;laMgsat eRbIeFVICa]sfburaN. Cr½laMgsat EdlminmanCatiBul
eFVICafñaM bBÄb;CMgWraK nigeFVIeGayeBaHevonmanPaBRbesIreLIg. ykRKab;vakmeTceGayl¥it
eFVICafñaMbM)at;RKun nig kMcat;dgáÚv. yksMbkrbs;vas¥M eBlEdlxÞÜy b¤xüadMrITic. es¶arsMbkeGaysVit
eFVICafñaMraKmYl nigRKun caj;. b¤yksøwkrbs;va es¶arCamYysMbk. Rc)ac;søwklaMgsat
ykTwksMGatEPñk nigBüa)alkarQIEPñk. [20,26]
laMgsat manpÞúknUvsarFatuciBa©wm (kñúgEpølaMgsatTMgn; 100 g ) dUcCa³
kabUn 7.8 - 14.2 g
RbUetGIun 0.4 - 0.7 g
kal;süÚm 10 - 19 mg
pUsVr½ 20 mg
CatiEdk 1 mg
Thiamine 0.05 mg
Riboflavin 0.02 mg
Niacin 0.5 mg
nigvItamIn C 4.0 - 13.4 mg . [33]
laMgsat CaRbePTeQIEdlminmancMNat;fñak;. [18]
6
RtUvdaMlaMgsat eGayXøatBIKñacMgay 8-10 m enAkñgú cMkar. CaTUeTA laMgsatEdlduHenAtamsMyab

b¤elIdgpøÚv BMuTamTareGaymankarEfTaMdUcdaMduHenaHeT. CaFmµta vaTTYl)anplEpømanTMhMFMl¥
CagdaM. laMgsatGacEpø)anbIdgkñgú mYyqñaM RbsinebIdak;CItamrUbmnþ 6-6-6 enACMhandMbUg
mankarduHlUtlas;l¥ pþl;plEpøeRcIn nigmanKuNPaBl¥ eTaHbICasßitenAkñúgbrisßanminl¥k¾eday.
enAkñúgRbeTshVIlIBIn CamFümlaMgsatEpø)an 1000 Epø kñúgmYyqñaM
RbsinebIvaduHlayenAkñgú møb;edImdUg. edImlaMgsat nwgEpø enAqñaMTI 12 eTAqañMTI20.[26,28] laMgsat
CaRbePTeQIduHlUtlas;yWt. edImvaRtUvkarry³eBlBI 10 eTA 30 qñaM edIm,IlUtlas;
muneBlvapþlE; pødMbUg b:uEnþedImEdlpSaMRbEhlCaRtUvkarry³eBlBI 4-6qñaM nwgecjEpø.
edImlaMgsatEdlcas; pþl;plEpø)anBIcenøaH 40 enA 300 kg CamFüm. [33]
CaFmµta laMgsatduHecjBIRKab; EdlnwgRtUveFVIkardaMduHkñúgry³eBl 1-2 éf¶ bnÞab;BIykvaecjBIEpø.

edIm,IeGayvaTTYl)anlT§pll¥ RtUveFVIkarbMEbkxag²ecj. karbgáat;Bnøk
KYrEteRCIserIsEmkEdlcas; l¥ b:uEnþkMueGaycas;eBk ehIymanRbEvg 6.5-9.0 cm nigkMras; 6-20
mm ehIydak;vaCamYyemImEdl manGgát;p©itx<s;CagdIRbEhl 6.5-10.0 cm.[26] RKab;laMgsatrwg
ehIymanlT§PaBdMNuHRbEhlCa 5 s)aþh¾ b:ueNÑaH RbsinebIrkSavaTukenAkEnøgesIm.

lT§PaBdMNuHvanwg)at;bg;kñúgry³eBl 8 éf¶ eTaHbICa
RKab;Rss;k¾eday EtebirkSavaTukkñgú fg; polyethylene kñugkMritsItuNðPaB 4-6 ºC
vanwgGacrs;)anry³ eBl 14éf¶.[20,26,33]
enA Puerto Rico edIlaMgsattUc² RtUv)anRCuHsøwkedaysarBBYkstVrMxanb¤s (Diaprepes

abbreviatus). laMgsat mankarrMxanBIBBYkstVl¥it CaBiess Pseudaonidia articulatus nig
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona ehIynig Tetranychus bimaculatus EdlCYnkalrMxandl;søwk
nigeFVIsMbukya:grhs½enAelIlMGgpáa EdleFVIeGaymankarxUxat. kNþúr kekrkUnEmk Emk

7
nigEpølaMgsatTMu. cMeBaHkrNI Anthracnose Edlbgáreday Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
KWbgàr eGaymancMnucBN’etñat nigBN’Gab;epSgeTotenAelIEpø nigeFVIeGayTgEpøTMumuneBlehIyRCuH.
dMe)ArlYy enAelIsMbk eFVIeGaysMbklaMgsatERbCaeRKIm XUg nigrbk ehIykrNIenHmanekIteLIgnUv
Florida, Hawaii nig Tahiti. ehIyeKmanPaBeCOCak;fa krNIenHbgáreLIgedayBBYkpSit
Cephalosporium sp. nigBBYkdgáÚvén Tineidae EdlciBa©wmCIvitenAelIsMbkEdlgab;.

eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday RbePTpSitepSg² eTotdUcCa Nectria sp. (CadMNak;kaldMbUgén Volutella
sp.) nig Phomopsis sp. EdltamÉksar bgðajfa RbePTenHeFVIeGaysMbkedImlaMgsatrlYy enA
Florida.[20, 26]
F> karGPirkS :
lMgsat minEmnCaRbePTEdlrgnUvkarKMramKMEhgeT.[9]
BMuTan;manTinnñ ½yc,as;las;.
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) : Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y

laMgsat manRbPBkMeNItenARbeTséf kmçúCa cin \NÐÚensIu ma:eLsIu nighVIlIBIn.
laMgsat manduHedaykMrenA RbeTséf evotNam GaemrickNþal nigekaH Caribbean Islands (
Honduras, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Trinidad nig Tobago), Surinam \NÐa nigshrdæGaemric.[26]
8
p> epSg² :
sMbklaMsatRss;manpÞúknUvCatieRbgBN’elOgPøWcMnYn 0.2% nigERbeTACaBN’cas;

enAeBlEdlsMbkva s¶tÜ ERbCaCr½EdlesÞIrrav esÞIrxab; nigmanpÞúknUveRbgravcMnYn 0.17 %
nigCatiCr½xab;cMnYn 22%.
CatiBisEdldak;enAelIRBYj KWeFVImkBIsMbkEpø nigsMbkedImlaMgsat. vamanTMagbrimaNCatiBul
nigmanCatiGasIutx<s; EdlenAeBlcak;cUleTAkñúgsac;kEgáb vanwgbBaÄb;cgVak;ebHdUg. cMEnkRKab;
laMgsat manpÞúknUvbrimaNtictYcénsarFatuéRbEdlminsÁal;eQµaH manpÞúknUvCatilVIgxøaMg nigCatiBul
tic².[26]
D.A.M. 2004: Langsat-Lansium domesticum; Dept. of Agriculture, Malaysia.
Hanelt, Peter et al. 2001: Mansfeld´s Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural

Crops. Vol.XX, Institute of Plant Genetics. Springer
Mabberley, D.J. 1997: The Plant Book-a Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants; 2nd
Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Morton, J. Langsat, p.201-203 in Fruits of Warm Climates, Julia F. Morton, Miami,

Florida, USA.
Porcher, Michael et al., 1995-2020: Sorting Lansium names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant
Name Database. Institute for Land and Food Resources University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, Australia
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Italy, 177 pp.

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.
9

(Colour Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ.,
pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor, B and Mutua A, 2002:

?
(Internet source)
28) Purdue University, USA:

www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/santol.html (Internet source)
33) montosogardens.com/langsium_domesticum.htm
10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit]
Datasheet Report
[Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ leucaena [2], horse tamarind, jumpy-bean [5], lead tree,
white lead-tree, white popinac, wild tamarind, kunai (Pidgin

English), lamandro (Pidgin English) [9]
K> sTisn½y ³ Acacia glauca Willd. nom. illeg.
Leucaena glabrata Rose

Leucaena glauca (Willd.) Benth.
Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gillis [5]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ lukina (Ethiopia) [9] - leuceana (Arabia) [9] - delen,
lisina (Caribbean) [9] - elana, ipil ipil, kariskis, palo-maria

(Philippines) [9] - delin ranger, faux mimosa, leucaene
(France) [9] - koo babul, ku-babul, lamtoro, subabul (India)
[9] - klandingan, lamtoro, pelending, petai cina (Indonesian)
[9] - kan thin, kathin, kh’o:ng kha:w, khaaw, kh'oonz koong
(Laos) [9] - ipil-ipil, petai belalang, petai jawa (Malaysia) [9] -

giant leucaena, guaje, Peru leucaena, Salvador leucaena
(Spain) [9] - lusina, mlusina (E-Africa) [9] - tagarai (Sri Lanka)
[9] - krathin, to-bao (Thailand) [9] - bo ch[es]t, bo ch?, keo
d[aaj]u, keo d? (Vietnam) [9]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ knÞMeú ft¼kÞmeÖ Ts
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kânthum the:t, khtum the [1]
1
lMdab; : Leguminosales / Fabales
RKYsar : Mimosaceae / Fabaceae
ePT : Leucaena
RbePT : Leucaena leucocephala
Gnu-RbePT:Leucaena leucocephala
subsp. glabrata (Rose) S. Zárate, Leucaena
leucocephala subsp. ixtahuacana C. E.
Hughes, Leucaena leucocephala subsp.
leucocephala [5]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 5]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:edImeQItUc mankMBs;BI 3-15 (-20) m [5] (10-20 m. [2]) nigGgát;p©it DBH 10-35 (-
50) cm [5] (-40 cm [2]) . "TMrg;xs
u ²KñaBIculø×RBwkS eTACaedIm EdlmanEmkeRcIn subsp.
leucocephala eTA arborescent EdlmanedImxøI 5 m EmkxagelIeRcIn nigcMhr kenSamsøwkmUlcMeBaH
subsp. glabrata" [5].
[sMbk] sMbkBN’etñatRbepH manRbHCabBaÄ²BN’etñatlayTwkRkUc nigqñÚrBN’Rkhm .
[søwk]: søwkCaRbePTsøabKUr Edlman 4-9 KUr kñúgsøabsøwkmYy nigTgsøwk 13-21 KUrkñúgsøabsøwkmYy .
TgsøwktUc RbEvg 9-21 mm TTwg 2-4.5 mm zitenACabeNþay b¤ CaeGlIbRsYccug Kl;skøw mUl

eTATal nigKµaneram elIkElgEtEKmsøwk ragdUcEBg .
2
páa páamanBN’s tMerobCaragmUldUck,al nig zitenACabNþMú 2-6 enARtg;cMBamEdlBnøkduH
[ ]:
søwkduHlUt las;dMNalpáa . k,al ¬páa¦ manRbEvgGgát;pit© 12-21 mm EdlmanpáacMnYn 100-180

kñúgk,almYy . kBa©lMú MGgEdlmaneram ¬emIleXIjtamry³EkvBRgIk¦ GaceGayeyIgEbgEckrvag
Leucaena BI mimosoid legume genera epSg²eTot .
[Epø]: EpøCaKY manRbEvgbeNþay 9-19 cm TTwg 13-21 mm zitenACabeNþay nigrMuedayRkdas
¬RsTab;esþgI ¦ Epø manBN’etñatlayTwkRkUc Kµaneram nigPøW (subsp. glabrata and subsp.

ixtahuacana) b¤rMeu dayeramBN’s (subsp. leucocephala) tMerobCakBa©B
Mú I 3-20 CYnkaldl;eTA 45
elIk,alpáamYy .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIxwømmanBBN’elOg nigRkhmRsal . vamandg;sIuetmFüm (0.8 g/cm³ [9] TMnajEpndI 0.5 nig

0.6 g/cm³ [9]) nig s¶ÜtedayminmaneRbHEbkeLIy . vamanlkçN³rwg relag niggayRsYl
eRbIR)as;srM ab; kargarCageQI . kMritsMeNImxus²KñaKWBI 30-50% [6] GaRs½yeTAelIPaBcas;rbs;va .

sac;eQImankar ERbRbYl eBlcas;manBN’mas nigrwgsMrab;ykmkeFICV akþakMral)an .
vakarBar)anl¥ b:Eu nþminFn;ngw keNþóeT . TinñplsMrab;plitRkdasx<s; (50-52%), lignin mankMritTab
séseQImanRbEvgxøI (1.1-1.3 mm) kMritkMedA (s¶ÜtRkik) CamFüm 19,250 kJ/kg .
RbEhlCamankMrit: L. leucocephala duHlUtlas;l¥rvag 15-25°N nig S [5] eTaHbICa

vaGacduHlUtlas; enA 30°N nig S k_eday . vamanRbPBkMeNItBI GaemrikkNþal b:Eu nþRtUv)annaMclU
nigeFIeV GayduHCa FmµCati enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ . CaFmµCati vaduHlUtlas; enACamYyBBYkrukCç atismuRT
éRBs¶Üt nigéRBric ril . enARbeTskm<Cú a vaRtUv)andaMenACitpÞH CaBiesssMrab;Carbg .
3
vaduHlUtlas;l¥bpM tu enAtMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;eRkam 1,500 m a.s.l [5] b:Eu nþvaGacrs;)an enAry³

kMBs; dl;eTA 2,000 m [5] (2,100 m [9]) . L. leucocephala duHlUtlas;l¥enAtMbn;man sMeNIm
b¤GakasFatu esIm EdlmanTMrg;ERbRbYl rdUvekþA b¤rdUvrga mankMritkMBs;TwkePøóg 650-3,000 mm
[5] nigrdUvR)aMg mankMritmFümBI 6-7 Ex [5] . eTaHbI vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAtMbn; Edlman
rdUvR)aMgeTogTat; nigGacrs; )anCamYyGakasFatuEdlmankMBs;TwkePøógTab BI 300-500 mm [5] .

vaCarukCç atiRtUvkarBnøW nigTam TanUvsItuNðPaBekþA 25-30°C [5] (11-33°C [2])sMrab;begánI karlUtlas;
. eTaHCa sItuNðPaBx<sd; l; 48°C k_RbePTenHenAGacFn;RTaM)anEdr . kMritsItuNðPaBmFüm 19-
28ºC [5] . kMritsItuNðPaB mFüm x<sb ; Mput nigekþAbMputénExKW 25-36°C . kMritsItuNðPaB mFümTab
bMput nigRtCak;bpM tu énExKW 10-20°C . L. leucocephala KWgayrgnwgPaBRtCak; nigsenSIm
(sItuNðPaBTabbMput > 3°C [5]) edaykat; bnßynUv karlUtlas; RCuHsøwkeTaHCamansenSIm
tictYck_eday nigsøab;enAEpñkxagelIrbs;edIm EdlenAdIeTaHCa edImEtduHlUtlas;mkvijbnÞab;

BIRCuHsøwkGs;ke_ day . vaFn;nwgePøgI nig GacduHlUtlas;eLIgvij bnÞab;BI RtUv)andutbMpøaj
nUvenSamsøkw edaykareqHya:gyWt² .
tMbn;eqñrPñRM kvaj (A) , PaKxageCIgPñRM kvaj (B), TMnabelcTwkbwgTenøsab (C)

tMbn;TMnabxagBayBü (D) tMbn;TMnabkNþal (d), TMnabelcTwkTenøemKgÁeRkam (E) Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | Datasheet Report
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
vaduHlUtlas;l¥enAelIdIEdlminCaMTwk edaymanvaynNÐPaBdImFüm eTAxøaMg niggaysMrbeTAnWg

RbePTdI Edl)anBIisilaem calcareous EdlmandUcCa coral . RbePTdUcCa acrisols, alkaline,
calcareous, ferralsols, karst, limestone . kMrit pH BI 6.8-9.0 [2] (>5 [5], >5.5 [6]) . vaminsm
4
RsbnwgRbePTdIGasIut Edlman pH TabCag < 4.5 [6] dICaMTwk b¤dImankMritpUsaV tTab kal;süÚm Tab
nigCatiGMbli x<s; [6] b¤dImanGaluymIj:mÚ x<s; .
[eQI]: L. leucocephala pþl;nUveQIfamBl)anl¥ EdlGacRbmUlBIckM arEdlmanxYbvilCMuxIø . BIeRBaH

TinñplsMrab;plitRkdasx<s; (50-52%), lignin mankMritTab séseQImanRbEvgxøI (1.1-1.3 mm) eFIV
eGayKuNPaBRkdasRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;fal¥RbesIr . vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIV RbGb;sMbRu t
begÁal kMral nigeQIhb‘u tUc² .
[Gnupl]:søkw manpÞúknUvRbUetGIun 25-30% nigeFICV acMNIstV)anya:gl¥ . BYkvaRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;ya:g
TUlM TUlaynUvtMélCICatiBN’ébtg enAkñgú cropping systems . BnøkenAx©I nigsøwkGacRtUv)anbriePaK
enAkñgú RbeTsmYycMnnY nigRKab;rbs;vak_RtUv)anbriePaKpgEdl bnÞab;BIcMGni rYc .
[epSg²]: L. leucocephala KWmanlT§PaBbegátI GasUt nigRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karbegánI KuNPaB nig
GPirkSdI karBarkarhUreRcaH enAkñgú RbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ nigRbB½nd§ UcCa dMNaMqøas; (alley farming)rbg
karBar rs;enAelIRBMénCMralPñM (live-barriers on terrace boundaries) rbgkarBarxül; (shelterbelts
or windbreaks) b¤CaedImeQIKrM bsMrab;dMNaM . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;ya:gTUlay kñúgkarsþa nUvKuNPaBdI
eLIg vij nig karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijenAtMbn;myY cMnYn CYnkal karsabRKab;BeI lIGakask_RtUv )an

eFIeV LIg dUcCa enA Guam [5]. enARbeTskm<Cú a vaRtUv)andaMenACitpÞH CaBiesssMrab;Carbg .
[3]
KµancMNat;fñak; . [1]
5
[kardaMduH]: sMrab;cMNIstV RKab;RtUv)ansabCaCYr EdlmanRbEvg 1-5 m [6] edaykMritRKab; 5-7 kg/ha

kareRbICRI tUv)aneFIeV nATIkEnøgEdlcaM)ac; enAeBldImansarFatuciBa©wmminRKb;RKan; . enAkñgú RbB½n§ kat;
nigCBa©Ún (cut-and-carry systems) rukCç atiRtUv)andaMCit²Kña edIm,Ipþl;nUvTinñplx<s; b:uEnþenAkñgú
sßanPaB EdlmanesµA cenøaHRtUv)anbegánI eGayFM 2-5 m [6] saksmsMrab;karduHlUtlas;rbs;esµA
enAcenøaHCYr nigkarBardI rebHCadM²u enArdUvvsSa .
[karRKb;RKg]: L. leucocephala CaRbePTduHlUtlas;elOn RtUvkarBnøWxaø g M gaysMrbnwgRbB½np§ litkmµ
dUcCa cMkarsuT§ ¬ÉkRbePT¦ nigksirukçkmµ EdlrYmman rbgsMrab;cMNIstV (hedgerows for fodder or
green manure) dMNaMqñas; (alleycropping) kardaMCacenøaH (intercropping) CamYy dMLg Ú mI eBat lðÚg
niigdMLÚgCVa ) . kardaMTukCacMNIstVRtUv)anRKb;RKg edaydaMCacenøaHCit²Kña ya:geTogTat; nigkat;tMrwm
eGay)anRtwmRtUv . vaduHExñgeLIgvij bnÞab;BIkarkat; b¤ebHsøkw . eRkamlkçxN ½ ÐsmRsb vaGacman
kMBs;dl; 8 m nigGgát;p©it DBH dl; 5 cm kñgú ry³eBl 3 qñaM [5] . karRbmUlpl eQImanry³eBl
xus² KñaBI 1-8 qñaM [6] GaRs½ynwgTMhMEdlcg;)an nig]bkrN_srM ab;RbmUlpl . kaMbti EdlmandgEvg
nigEpøxøRI tUv)aneRbICajwkjab;enA GasIu b:uEnþrNaekaN nig rNaynþkR_ tUv)aneRbIR)as;pgEdr .
karduHlUtlas;eLIgvij RtUv)aneFIeV LIgedaykarduHCaFmµCati kardaMedayRKab;pÞal; nigkardaMedayedIm Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | Datasheet Report

. cMnnY RKab;kñúgmYy kg KW 15,000-20,000 [5] . bnÞab;BIkarebHRbmUl RKab;RtUv)andak;haléf¶
EdleFVI eGayBBYkxµtÚ ecjBIRKab; . RKab;EdlxUcxat GacRtUv)anykecj edayeRbIR)as;kar RtaMkúgñ
Twk . RKab;EdlBi)akeRCobTwk TamTarkareFIRV bRBwtþikmµCamun edIm,IbegánI dMNuH . RbRBwtþkmµeday
emkanic Twk ekþA nigGasIuts‘ulpYricKWCaviFEI dlTTYl)aneCaKC½ysMrab;karRbRBwtþkmµ . RbRBwtþkmµ
edayTwkekþARKab; RtUv)andak;kgñú TwkekþAEdlmansItuNðPaB 80°C [5] ry³eBl 3 naTI rYclagsMGat
edayTwkRtCak; . viFsI aRsþemkarnic edaykat;sbM kRKab; CaviFEI dleFIeV GaymandMNuHx<s; b:uEnþvaGac
b:HBal;dl;RbePT RKab;tUc² . vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú kareCosevogsabRKab;eGayeRCAeBk
(eRkam 2 cm) [6] nig TIkEnøg EdlRbePTRbKYtRbECgeRcInRtUv)anRKb;RKgedaykardut b¤fñaMKm II.
6
karerobcMTIkEnøgdaM man sar³ sMxan; enAeBlkarduHlUtlas;ytW edaykarRbKYtRbECgCamYyBBYkesµA
nigvaCabBaða kñúgkarkMriténkar daMduHCaCYrénRbePtenHenAvalesµARbeTsGURsþalI. PaKeCaKC½yénkar
daMedayRKab;paÞ l; KWGaRs½yeTA tameBlevla karerobcMdI nigkarRKb;RKgesµA . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
ya:gTUlay kñúgkarsþanUvKuNPaBdI eLIgvij nig karbegIná karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijenAtMbn;myY cMnnY
CYnkal karsabRKab;BeI lIGakask_RtUv )aneFIeV LIg dUcCa enA Guam.
stVl¥ti ]: RKab; L. leucocephala RtUv)ansIubpM aø jeday seed-feeding bruchids nigxµÚtepSgeTot

[
dUcCa Acanthoscelides, Araecerus fasciculatus, Araecerus levipennis, Cathartus quadricollis,

Heteropsylla cubana nig Statherotis .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[CMgW]: CMgwBrI EdlGacbNþaleGayekItpSit KW Camptomeris leaf spot nig gummosis
(Camptomeris leucaenae) EdlRtUv)anraykarN_CaRbePTEdlsÁal;)antitctYcbMpt
u nigCMgWsxM an;
epSg².
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[ epSg²]: "esµAKWCabBaðasMrab;visy½ ksikmµ b¤enATIEdlRtUvkarbegátI CICatidIeLIgvij . [5].
F> karGPirkS :
kMBg;FM esomrab eBaF×sat; kNþal PñeM Bj . ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
7
RbPBkMeNIt]: KULbM U kusþarIka eGsavad½r hÁaetma:La hugdUra:s micsIukU nIkara:Kr½ )a:Nama: eGs,aj
[
shrdæGaemrik
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
[karnaMclU ]: Gg;TIháa nig)abUd‘ a GURsþalI )ahama:s )a)adUs km<Cú a kUedv½r cin Kuy)a kugehÁa dUmnI Ika
eGrIRTa eGTüÚBI hVCI I háaNa ehÁNada éhTI \NÐa \NÐÚensIu camIka eknya: Lav ma:eLsIu PUma nIesrIya:
)a:BUjÚhÁIeno hVlI IBnI eb:tUrIkU GahVci xagt,Úg RsILaMgka sU‘dg; étva:n; tg;sanI éf evotNam .l.
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
p> epSg² :
[sarFatuKmI I]: kn§eM n§t manpÞkú nUvsarFatuBlu amino-acid mimosine Edlman antimitotic nigeFIeV Gay
stVRCuHeram . vamanbrimanx<se; nAelIcugsøkw EdlkMBugduHlUtlas; (8-12%) søkw x©I (4-6%) nigEpøx©I
RBm TaMgRKab; (4-5%)" .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6].
Bhasker V, Rao NS. 1985. Pollination biology of subabul or ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala Lam de
Wit). Myforest 21(2):65-70.
[5]
Hughes CE. 1998. Leucaena; a genetic resources handbook. Tropical forestry Papers No. 37. Oxford Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | Datasheet Report
Forestry Institute, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford and Department for
International Development.
[5]
MacDicken GK. 1994. Selection and management of nitrogen fixing trees. Winrock International, and
Bangkok: FAO.
[5]
National Academy of Sciences. 1977. Leucaena: Promising forage tree crop for the tropics. National
Academy Press. Washington D.C.
[5]
8
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project.
Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock Interational.
320pp.
[7] Various Authors, 1973: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-nam (Fascicule 18th), Muséum
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
[8] Pham Hoàng Hô, 1972: Thu`c Vât Chùng. Saigon

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicSearch.asp (Internet
source)

9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Litchi chinensis Sonn.]

[Litchi chinensis Sonn.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Litchi chinensis Sonn. [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ lychee, litchi [1]
K> sTisn½y ³ [Synonyms of Lichi ssp. chinensis]: Dimocarpus litchi Lour.
[1, 5],
Litchi sinense J. Gmelin [1],
Nephelium litchi Cambess. [1, 5] -
[Synonyms of Lic ssp. philippinensis]: Euphoria didyma
Blanco [1],
Litchi philippinensis Radlk. [1] -
[Synonyms of Lic ssp. javensis]: Litchi chinensis Sonn. f.
glomeriflora Radlk. [1, 5]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ cérisier de la Chine, litchi de Chine (France) [1] - litsi
(Indonesian), klèngkeng, klengkeng , kalèngkeng,

kalengkeng, lengkeng (Indonesia) [1] - laici, kelengkang
(Malaysia) [1] - letsias, alupag, arupag, mamata (Philippines)
[1] - kyet-mouk, lin chi, lam yai (Myanmar) [1] - ngèèw (Laos)
[1, 3] - linchee, litchi, see raaman (Thailand) [1] - v[ar]i,tu
h[us] [1] cay vai, tu hu [3] (Vietnam) - Chinesische
Haselnuß, Litchipflaume (Germany) [5] - lizi, jingli, huoshan,

danli (China) [5] - lichi (Bangladesh) [5]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ KUeln

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kuléén [1]
1
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Sapindaceae
ePT : Litchi
RbePT : Litchi chinensis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQImanTMhMFM eTAmFüm ébtg;Canic© manGayuEvg edaymankMBs;dl;eTA 12 m

[5] (9-15 m [7]) b:Eu nþGacmankMBs;dl; 30 m [1] . edImTab kenSamsøwkRkas; rIkFM ragmUl .
Emkmanrag rmYl rWekag nigedImxøHmanragRtg; GacFøak;mkdl;deI Totpg .

[sMbk]: sMbkrelag puygay)ak; nigmanBN’RbepH .
[søwk]: søwkmanlkçN³q¶as; zitenACakenSam EdlmansøwkcMnn Y 2-5 KU . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 3-8 mm .

søwkmanragCaeGlIb rWes<ó nigmanTMhM (3-) 8-11(-16) cm x 1.75-4 cm manlkçN³relag dUcEs,k
BN’RkhmenAeBlx©I relag nigBN’ébtgenAEpñkxagelI BN’senAEpñkxageRkam .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá manEmkeRcIn manRbEvg 5-30 cm nigpáaCaeRcIn . páamanTMhMtUc BN’elOgRsal GacCa
páajI rWeQµal . manRsTab;páa cMnYn 4 nigminmanRtbk . ekseQµalmancMnnY 6(-10) srIragÁbnþBCU

eQµal (filaments) manRbEvgEvgCaTgpáaBIrdg b:uEnþceM BaHsrIragÁpáajImanRbEvgxøI .
[Epø] EpømanragmUl rWdc U ebHdUg manGgát;p©it 3-3.5 cm . sMbkEpøesþIg dUcEs,k manRkhmRss;
rWsCIu m<Ú manlkçN³esÞIEtrelag rWsMEb:t GacragmUl nigRsYcdUcb¤sS . sac;GacbriePaK)an
zitenACMvu ijRKab; Edlman 70-80% énTMgn;Epø . sac;xageRkABN’s nigsUvføa . RKab;manTMhM 10-23
mm x 6-12 mm nigmanBN’etñat .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQImni gaynwgbMpaø j)an nigkMritFn;xs< ; eTaHbICa vamanlkçN³RsYyk_eday .

manduHlUtlas;enAcenøaH 25°N nig 18°N [2] . enARbeTscin nig\NÐa vaduHlUtlas;enAcenøaH 15° nig
30° N [7] . edImKUeln EdlRtUv)andaM KWmanRbPBkMenIt BItMbn;PaKxagt,Úgcin evotNamxageCIg nig
ma:eLsIu . edImeQIéRBduHlUtlas; enAtMbn;éRBEdlmanry³kMBs;Tab .

duHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 100-400 m a.s.l. [2] EdlmanrbbTwkePøógmineTogTat; edaymankMBs;

TwkePøógmFümRbcaMqañ M 1,500-3,000 mm [2] (700-2,800 mm [7], 1,000 mm [5], 1,200 mm)
nigTabbMputBI 1,000-1,700 mm [7] . KUelnmanRbPBkMenItenAtMbn;RtUBci nigtMbn;ekþARtUBci
edaymanrdUvR)aMgry³eBlxøI nigRtCak; EdlminmanGab; nigGakasFatu ekþA . kMritsItuNðPaB
mFümRbcaMqañ M : 20-24°C [2] (20-25°C [5]) . sItuNðPaBmFümx<sb; Mput enAEx EdlekþAbMput : 24-
30°C [5] . sItuNðPaBmFümTabbMput enAEx EdlRtCak;bMput : 3-15°C [5] . sItuNðPaB
dac;xatTabbMput : 5°C [2] (edImeQI EdleBjv½jGacduHlUtlas;)anenAsItuNðPaBTabdl;eTA -4°C

enAeBlEdlvamanlkçN³rwgmauM . sItuNðPaBGacmanBI 15-40°C edaymankMritx<s;bpM tu 20-35°C
[7] . mankarFn;ng w rdUvR)aMg Edlmanry³eBlBI 0-3 Ex b:Eu nþgayrgeRKaHnwgkarbMpaø jBIxül; nigTam

TarkarkarBar .
3
KUelnduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAelIdI l,b;EdlmindkTwk enAtammat;Tenø nigtMbn;xg< ;rab Edlman

vaynPaBdImFüm sMbUrsarFatusrIragÁ nigsarFatuciBa©wm . enARbeTscinvaRtUv)andaMduHenAelIdIxSac;
rWl,ay\dæ nigdIsMbrU \dæeRcIn . vaRtUvkardIGasItu Edlman pH eRkam 7 [2] (rvag 5.5 nig 7.5 rW
TabCag [5], 5.0-8.5 [7]) . eTaHbICa dIman pH BI 6.0 eTA 6.5 smRsbbMptu sMrab;rukCç atienHk_eday .
RbsindImni manCakMe)aRKb;RKan;enaH vaRtUvEt)anbEnßm . KUelnminFn;ngw karlicTwk b:Eu nþTamTar
nUvdIEdlmansMeNIm dUcenHkareRsacTwkeGay)aneTotTat;mansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú kar lUtlas;rbs;
va . edImeQIKgW ayrgkarbMpøajBIdIEdlmanCatiGMbil nigkarlicTwk .
[ eQI]: eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;tictYcbMput .
[Gnupl]: KUelnRtUv)andaMduHya:geRcIn sMrab;CaRbePTeQIhUbEpø . EpøRtUv)ancitykecj nigRKab;RtUv
)aneRbIR)as;CafñaMbrU aN kares¶arrMgas;rWs sMbk nigpáaeRbIsMrab;fñaxM l<ú mat; . KUelnGacpþl;nUv TWkXµMú

TwkEpøeQI nigRsapgEdr . sMbkmanpÞkú nUvCatitanIn (tannin) .
[ kardaMduH]: cenøaH EdlKYrdaMduHKW 6 m x 6 m (280 edIm/ha) sMrab;kardaMbBaÄ dUcCa 'Kwai Mai Pink' .
4
kUneQIEdlmansuxPaBl¥ dUcCa 'Tai So', 'Souey Tung' nig 'Haak Yip' GacRtUv)andaMenAcenøaHBI 9-
12 m rvagrg nig 6 m rvagedImeQI (140-185 edIm/ha) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[karRKb;RKg]: "cMkareQITamTarnUvkarkab;rMelaH eGaymankMritRtwm 70 edIm/ha . dg;seIu t énkardaMduH
CitKñaCacMkar RtUv)anrMelaHBIrdg enAGayu 10 nig 15 qñaM . sMrab;karduHlUtlas;rbs; edImeQI Edlrwg

maMu EdlmanTMrg;l¥ KWmanPaBgayRsYlsMrab;karRbmUlpl ehIykaréRkEmkmansar³sMxan;Nas;
edIm,ITTYl)annUvTMrg;edImEdll¥ .
karrkSaTukRKab;BCU KW intermediate nig recalcitrant . karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁRtUv)an eFIeV LIgtam

ry³karkat; karpSaMu ( kMriteCaKC½y minTabCag 95% [1]) karbMe)A (manRbeyaCn_sMrab; edImeQIEdl
cas;² [1]) nigkardaMedayCalikar [2]) . kardaMduHRtUv)aneFIeV LIgedaykardaMknU eQI . karbgáat;
edaybMe)A)anpþl;nvU kUneQI EdlmantMélesdækic© bnÞab;BIry³eBl 3-6 years [1] . edIm,IdaM
edImeQIBIRKab; vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú karsÁal;nvU lT§PaBdMNuHrbs;RKab;BCU Edlmankñúgry³eBl
minelIsBI BIr eTA bIéf¶ enAkñgú sßan PaBekþAs¶Üt . kUneQI EdlenAtUcduHlUtlas;)anl¥
enAeBlBYkvamankMBs;BI 7 rW 8 inches . BYkvanwg mankMBs;RtwmenH rhUtdl;vamanGayu BIr qñaM
edayminmankduHlUtlas;epSg EdlKYreGaykt;sMKal;eT . kareRbIR)as;Caesñók nigBnøksMrab;bgáat;
GaceFVIeTA)an b:uEnþ eKkMreRbIR)as;Nas; . .
stVl¥ti ]: " Erinose mite (Eriophyes litchii) KWCastV EdlcMbgkñúgkarbMpaø jsøwk . karraldalF¶nF; ¶r
[
GacbMpaø j páaEdlkMBuglUtlas; nigEpø ehIybMpaø jEpñkepSg² eTot EdlkMBugduHlUtlas; .

Erinose mite GacmankarBi)akkñg ú karlb;b)M at; karRClk;ExñgEdlbMe)A eTAkñúg dimethoate
GacCYykarBarkar eRCotcUlrbs;stVlt¥i RbePTenHeTAkñúgcMkareQI . RbePTdgávÚ CaeRcIn (Phycita
5
leucomilta, Lobesia spp. nig Prosotas spp.) bMpøajkBa©púM áa nigpáa EdlkMBuglUtlas; . kar)aj;fñaM
methomyl mYy eTABIrdgGacCYykñúgkarRKb;RKgkarbMpaø j ya:gmanRbsiT§PaB .
RbePTstVl¥ti epSgeTotdUcCa : Ceroplastes, Conopomorpha sinensis, Indarbela dea, Kerria
lacca, Lymantria dispar, Maladera matrida, nig Tessaratoma papillosa [2] .
fñasM lM ab;stVl¥itpþl;nUvkarRKb;RKgRbePTstVlt¥i pgEdr . TaMgEpø EdlTMu

nigminTan;TMuRtUv)anbMpøajedaystVsøab dUcenHvamansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú karRKbedImeQI
edaysMNaj;karBar .
[CMgW]: CMgWRtUv)ankt;RtamandUcCa CMgWdMe)AsMbk nig søwkRCuHmanBN’etñat . CMgWpSitmandUcCa
Armillaria mellea, Armillaria tabescens, Botryosphaeria, Cephaleuros virescens, Fusarium
oxysporum, Gloeosporium, Glomerella cingulata, Oospora, Peronophythora litchii, Phoma,
Physimerus, Pythium, nig Thanatephorus cucumeris . Parasitic alga (Cephaleuros sp.)
EtbMpaø jedImeQI edayeFIeV GayedImmanlkçN³Tn;exSay . kUneQIEdlgayrgkarbMpøajdUcCa
'Souey Tung' nig 'Haak Yip' GacRtUv)ankarBar edaykar)aj;sarFatusN M rBIrdg mun
nigeRkayeBlrdUvvsSa .
[epSg²]: KUelngayrgkarbMpøajBIxül; nigTamTarkarkarBar .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
F> karGPirkS :
6
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: cinxagt,Úg evotNamxageCIg nigma:eLsIu . k_manduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;xg < ;rabén
RbeTséf nig)alI (\NÐeÚ nsI)u .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[karnaMclU ]: evotNam éf cin km<Cú a hugdYras; Gaemrik GaRhVci xagt,Úg eknya: ma:daháasáa rIyeU jón
ma:rITus \NÐa PUma \NÐeÚ nsIu GURsþalI hVlI IBnI hugkug G‘uRÍ saEG‘l micu sicu kU étva:n; esnsIu)a .
p> epSg² :
Verheij, E.W.M. and Coronel, R.E. (1992) : Edible fruits and nuts. Plant Resources of South-
East Asia, No.2 Prosea , Bogor, Indonesia
[2]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(CD-ROM).
[2] CABI: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition) (CD-ROM)
[3] Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of South East Asia.
[4] Antje Bertram, 2006: Own observations.
[5] World Agroforestry Center: AgroForestryTree Database:

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sites/TreeDBS/aft/botanicSearch.asp (Internet source)
[6] http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/lychee.html (Internet source)
7
[7] ECOPORT:
source)
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Mangifera indica L.]

[Mangifera indica L.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Mangifera indica L.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ mango [2]
K> sTisn½y ³ Mangifera amba Forssk.,
Mangifera anisodora Blanco,

Mangifera arbor Bonti,
Mangifera bompardii Kosterm.,
Mangifera domestica Gaertn.,
Mangifera gladiata Bojer,
Mangifera kukulu Blume,
Mangifera linnaei Korth. ex Hassk.,
Mangifera maritima Lechaume,
Mangifera oroph. ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ mango (Ethiopia) [6] - manga (Arabia) [6] - am
(Bangladesh) [6] - thar-yetthi, thayet thayt-hypu (Myanmar)

[6] - mangga, mango, paho (Philippines) [6] - mangue,
manguier, margot (France) [6] - Mangobaum, Mango
(Germany) [6] - aam, am, amb (India) [6] - ampelam,

mangga, mempelam (Indonesia) [6] - mwเngx (Laos) [6] -
muyembe (Uganda) [6] - ampelam, mangga, mempelam
(Malaysia) [6] - mango (Nepal) [6] - amba (Sri Lanka) [6] -
manga, mang๓, manguira (Spain) [6] - maembe, muembe,
mwembe (E-Africa) [6] - mammuang, mamuang (Thailand)
[6] - xo[af]I, xoai (Vietnam) [6]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ sVay

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
1
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ sva:y [1], svaay [6]
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Anacardiaceae
ePT : Mangifera
RbePT : Mangifera indica
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQIébtgCanic© EdlmanTMhMmFümeTAFM edaymankMBs;BI 15-25 m [2] (0-20

m [3], 10-45 m [7]) nigKl;xIø 2-3 m edaymanGgát;p©it DBH KW 60-100 cm [2] (-120 cm [7]) .
kenSam søkw EbkEmksaxa ragdUcq½Rt Rkas; nigBN’ébtgcas; . RbB½nr§ Ws manrWsEkvEvg nigFMRkas;

EdlGac manCMerA 2.5 m eFIeV GayedImeQIGacEsVgrksMeNIm sMrab;rdUvecjpáa nigEpø .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’RbepHetñat eRbHCadMu .
[søwk]: sVayduHsøwkeLIgvij mineTogTat; enARKb;rdUveBjmYyqñaM . søwktMerobCarages<ó samBaØ

rageGlIb RTEvg TMhM 8-40 cm x 2-10 cm . Kl;skøw RsYc cugsøwkminRsYc nigCaysøkw ragTwkrlk .
sréssøkw man cMnYn 12-30 KU EdlGacemIleXIjenAelIépÞTaMgsgçag srésEdlenAcenøaH
manragdUckr manPaBxus²Kña enAxageRkam Tgsøkw manRbEvgBI 1.5 cm-10 cm nige)a:genAKl;rbs;va
.
[páa]: páaCapáaBIrePT manRtbkpáacMnn
Y 5 nigRsTab;páa 5 . RtbkpáaBgman; eTAsICu m<Ú edayman
kMBlU BI 3-5 enAépÞxagkñúg ekseQµal EdlGacbgákMeNIt)ancMnnY mYy nig minGacbgákMeNIt)ancMnYn
4 . srés filaments zitenACaesrI edaymanragCaRTnab;can manftcMnn Y 5.
2
[Epø] Epøsac; manrUbragxus²Kña nigTMhM 30 cm x 10 cm . sMbkmanBN’elOg eTAébtg rWsVay
enAcas; nig sac;manBN’elOg eTATwkRkUc man rW Kµansrés edaymanrsCatiEp¥m rW CU .
EpømanpÞkú nUvRKab;cnM Yn mYy EdlmansMbkxageRkArwg .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIxwømmanBN’elOgetñat eTARkhmetñat manBN’exµAenAEpñkxageRkA minGacEbgEckBIeQIRsay

Edl manBN’elOgetñat . sréseQImanragTwkrlk edaymanlkçN³eRKIm . eQI EdleTIbnwgkat;
fµI² KWKaµ n køin . edaymantMélfamBl 4,200 kcal/kg eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCaFüÚg nigGus
EdlmanKuN PaBx<s; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
manRbPBkMeNItBItbM n;GasIuRtUBik (tMbn;\NÐmÚ a:eL) b:Eu nþRtUv)andaMduHTUTaMgBiPBelak enAkñgú tMbn;

RtUBki nigGnutMbn;RtUBik . enAkMritRbEhl : 22°N to 22°S [4] . vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBeRsag
Edlman rukCç atiswøkFM éRBel,aH nig éRBrgTwkePøógd_éTeTot nigk_GacmanduH lUtlas;
enAtameqñrsmuRTpg Edr . enAkñgú tMbn;RtUBki sVayRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú sYnCMuvijpÞH nigtamPøWERs .
cMkarCaeRcInRtUv)anbegátI enAkñgú GnutMbn;RtUBik nigRtUv)ancat;Tukfa mansar³sMxan;
enAkñgú GasIuGaeKñyp_ gEdr .
sVayGacduHlUtlas;enAkñúgtMbn;RtUBki nigGnutMbn;RtUBki Edlmanry³kMBs; 1,200 m a.s.l [6]

b:Eu nþceM BaH kUneQIBaNiCk¢ mµ Edl)anmkBIkarbgáat;mni GacduHlUtlas; 600 m [4] enAeBl
EdlGakasFatuRtCak; eBk . vaduHlUtlas;enA tMbn;EdlmanrdUvePøógeTogTat; edaymankMBs;
TwkePøógCamFüm 750-2,500 mm [4] (500-2,500 mm [6], 300-2,600 mm [7]) . enAry³kMBs;x<s;
rdUvR)aMgGacman ry³eBldl;eTA 3-8 Ex [4] KWmansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;plitkmµEpø .
enAkñgú GnutMbn;RtUBki ExEdlRtCak;KWmantYnaTIFananUv karecjpáaya:gl¥ b:Eu nþTwksenSIm
3
GaceFIVeGaymaneRKaHfañk; BIeRBaHEpñkmYycMnYnrbs;edImGacgab; . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M : 12-
42°C [4] (19-35°C [6]) . sItuNðPaBmFümx<sb ; MputenAExekþAbMput : 28-49°C [4] .
sItuNðPaBmFümTabbMputenAExRtCak;bpM tu : 9-22°C [4] . sItuNðPaBTabbMputdac;xat: >5°C [4] .
kñúgry³eBlBIr eTA bIema:g kMritsItuNðPaB -5 eTA 1°C GacbMpaø j rW eFIeV GayedIm Edlman Epøgab; .
edImeQIEdltUc nigBnøkGacRtUv)ansMlab;enAsItuNðPaB -1°C . páaminFn;ngw TwksenSImeT
nigEpørbs;vaGacrgrbYs enAkMrit 4-10°C rW 8-12°C GaRs½yeTAelIkUneQI [7]. sVayCaRbePT
EdlFn; nwgmøb; b:Eu nþk_RtUvkarBnøWxaø MgpgEdr. edImeQIFn;nwgkarraMgs¶Üt esµA
nigrs;enAkEnøgTwklickñgú ry³eBlxøI .
sVay nigkUntUc²rbs;vaGacduHlUtlas;enAelIRbePTdIeRcInRbePT CaBiess dIeRCA mindk;Twk

l,ayxSac; rW \dæ . man pH BI 5.5-7 [4] (5.5 eTA 7.5 [6]) KWsmRsbNas; eTaHbI kMrit pH
GacmanRtwm 4.3-8.5 [7] . vaminFn;ngw dImanCaéRbeT . sMrab;karlUtlas;)anl¥ vaRtUvkardIeRCA
EdlgayBRgIknUvRbB½nr§ rWs (CMerArWs 2.5 m) . eTaHdImanlkçN³rak; nigmineRCobTwk Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
vak_Gacpþl;EpøpgEdr . dImni sUvmanCICati EtCit RbPTTwk nigsarFatuciBa©wmkarduHlUt
las;GacGUsbnøaynUvkarecjpáa . [4] CaTUeTA vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAelIdIl,b; dIRkanIt dI lateritic
nigdIxSac; .
[lkçN³eQI]: sVayCaRbePTeQI EdlGaceRbIR)as;eRcInya:g edaypþl;nUveQIsMrab;eFIV veneer

eQIGar eQIsMng; RCun begáal eRKOgsgðarwm TU kMral RbGb; nigkarsg;TUk . edaytMélfamBl
4
4,200 kcal/kg eQIrbs;vaRtUv)anykeTAeRbIR)as;eFICV aFüÚg nigGus EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ .
eQIk_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab; bNþHú pSitpgEdr .
[Gnupl]: Epørbs;vaRtUv)anbriePaK enAkñg ú viFsI aRsþ 3 xusKña GaRs½yRbePTrbs;edIm: minTan;TMu
(cas;manBN’ébtg eBjniymenAkñg ú RbeTskm<Cú a éf nighVlI IBnI ) TMu (TUTaMgBiPBelak)
nigGacEkécñ)aneRcIndUcCa eFIsV aV yRtaM rWRCYk halsMgYtCacMnti ² (dMNab;sVay)
nigcMraj;ykTwkCaedIm . EpøRtUv)anRKb dNþbe; daysac;EdlmanBN’mas sMbUreTAedayvItamIn A nig
C . søwksVayGacCYybegán I KuNPaBdI enAeBleRbIR)as;srM ab;CaKMrb sMrab;dMNaM . CYnkalBYk
vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CacMNIstVeKapgEdr b:Eu nþ brimaNeRcIneBkGacbNþaleGayeKagab; .
sMbkRKab; GaceRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCacMnsI tV)an . EpñkCaeRcIn rbs;edIm
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCafñabM UraN : søwkRtUv)ankMeLac nigbukkMeTc sMrab;bti b¤sS (warts) .
RKab;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;Büa)alCMgWk¥k nigpþasay CMgWraK nigkarhUrQam .
sMbkeFICV afñaMTb;rWXat;karrak astringent, homeostatic nig antirheumatic
ehIyk_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVl½kçRClk;BN’sURtpgEdr . sVayCarukçCatisxM an;sMrab;XµúM
nigpþl;nvU Twk dm EdlmanKuNPaBl¥EfmeTotpg . vamansar³sMxan;BiesssMrab;BIFsI asnahinNÐÚ .
[epSg²]: vaCaRbePT sMxan;enAkñg ú RbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ enARbeTssIum)aev nigkEnøgd_eTotenAGaeRhVc .
vapþl; nUvkenSamsøkw ragdUcq½Rt EdleFIsV aV ykøayCarukCç atismRsbsMrab;pþl;mbø ; nigCMrkdl;mnusS
nigstV . vak_edIrtYnaTICar)aMgkarBarePøgI nigGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaExSRkvat;ébtg nigdaMCaCYrpgEdr
. edImeQItUc RtUv)andaMenAcenøaHdMNaMeQIhUbEpø nigbEnøepSgeTot ehIyedImsVayCasmasFatusxM an;

enAkñgú sYnCMuvijpÞH énRbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
5
[lkçN³TUeTA]: vaduHlUtlas;enAkñgú éRBeRsag EdlmanrukCç atiswøkFM éRBel,aH nig éRBrgTwkePøógd_éT

eTot nigk_GacmanduHlUtlas;enAtameqñrsmuRTpg Edr . enAkñgú tMbn;RtUBki sVayRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú
sYnCMuvijpÞH nigtamPøWERs . cMkarCaeRcInRtUv)anbegátI enAkñgú GnutMbn;RtUBki nigRtUv)ancat;Tuk
famansar³ sMxan;enAkñúgGasIGu aeKñyp_ gEdr . sVayminmansar³sMxan;dUcCa edImeQIéRBeT
dUcenHvakMrmanenAkñgú éRB b:uEnþenAeBlvamanvtþmanenaH vaRtUv)aneFIGV aCIvkmµpgEdr .
{kardaMduH]: kUneQIRtUv)andaMenAedImrdUvePøóg . enARbeTséf cenøaH 12.8 m x 12.8 m rW 69-156
edIm/ha RtUv)anGnuvtþ . kareRsacTwkenAqñaMTImyY bnÞab;BIkardaMGacCYyeGayqab;ecjpáa

nigeFIeV GayedImqab;F.M kareRsacRsBRtUv)anbegánI sMrab;dMNaMqøak; CamYy lðúg eck mñas; rWbEnø
enAeBldaMduHdMbgU .
[karRKb;RKg]: enAeBledImeQIFl M µm kñúgkarpþl;pl kareRsacTwkRtUv)anbBaÄb; edIm,IeGayecjpáa .
edImeQIPaKeRcInmankenSamsøwkRkas; ehIyTamTarkaeFIeV sµAtictYc . karéRkEmk RtUv)aneFIeV LIg
edIm,I FananUv tulüPaB nigplitPaB . enAelIedIm EdlmanEpø karéRkEmkKYreFIeV TAelIEmk Edlgab;
nig)ak; rWTn;edaystVl¥it nigCMgW . tYredImRtUv)anpþl;eGaydl;rhUtdl;kMBs; 1 m muneBlkat;
edIm,ITTYl)annUv karEbkExñgEmk)anl¥ . sVayminmanlT§PaBduHExñgeLIgvijeT . ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[karRbmUlpl]: EpøRtU)anebHRbmUledayéd rWeLIgebHelIedIm rWeRbIR)as;TMBYk Edlmank®nþk;bs ¤ SI
sMrab; ebH . vamankarBi)akkñgú karvaytMélEpø Edlcas; edayeyagtamrUbragrbs;EpøNas; .
EpøEdlcas;BN’ ébtg KYrmanTMhMFM f<al;rbs;vaduHlUtlas;l¥ nigsMbkrwg . ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁRtUv)aneFIeV LIg edaykarkat; bMe)A nigpSaM . sMrab;kardaMduHeLIgvij GaceFVeI LIg

edayFmµCati nigkardaMduHkUneQI . RKab; (50 RKab;/kg) RtUv)ansabkñúgmøb;
nigeRkaymkRtUvkarmøb;kat; bnßy enAeBlduHecjCakUneQI . karrkSaTukRKab;BCU CaRbePT
recalcitrant . lT§PaBdMNuHRtUv)an)at; bg;kgñú ry³eBl 7 éf¶enAkñúgTIval EdlmansItuNðPaB 30°C
. lT§PaBdMNuHGacRtUv)anrkSa sMrab;ry³ eBl 120 éf¶ edayepSImRKab;enAkMrit 15°C .
minmankar)at;bg; énGMRb‘yÍ g:u enAeBlsMgYtenAsMeNIm 11.8% . RKab;GacRtUv)an
6
bMpøajenAsItN u ðPaBRtCak;eBk KWeRkam 3-6°C . BYkvaminTamTarnUvkareFIV RbRBwtþ kmµCamuneT
b:Eu nþkarecaHsMbkbnþicGacCYyeGayqab;duHpgEdr . RKab; EdlenARss;GacduHenA kMritsItuNðPaB 5-
40°C edaymankMritdMNuHelOnenAkMrit 25-40°C . vaRtUvkarry³eBl 20 éf¶sMrab;kar duHlUtlas; .
kMritdMNuHénRKab;Rss;man 80% EtenAkMritFmµtamanBI 60 eTA 90% . Cakarl¥ RKab;Edl

l¥KYRtUv)anykeTAsab . kardaM rWsabTaMgEpøTaMgmUl (mansac;Cab;CamYy) GacBnüadMNuHdl;eTAry³
eBl 7 s)aþh_ nigkMritdMNuHmanRtwmEt 30-50% . karkat;ecjnUvsMbkedayRbugRby½tñ
GacCYyeGay edIm nigrWsduHRtg;l¥ . eTaH viFsI aRsþenHminsm RsbsMrab;plitkmµ
kUneQIsMrab;BaNiCk¢ mµk_eday . RKab;saV y EdlTMumankMritsMeNImx<s; nigmins¶ÜtPøam²eT .
kMritsMeNImeRkam 30% GacsMlab;dMNuHrbs; BYkva . karrkSasMeNIm nigsItuNðPaBRKab;Rtwm 15°C
GaceFIVeTA)an b:Eu nþRKab;ngw duH edaymanrWsRbEvg 5 cm nigBnøkRbEvgRbEhl 8 cm bnÞab;BIry³eBl
6 Ex . kUneQITaMgenaHRtUv)anykeTAdaMduHenAkñg ú fñal muneBlrWsEkvduHkat;EtEvg . eTaHbIya:gNa
kUneQIRtUv)andaMenAkñgú fg; rWkRnþk; ehIyRtUv)anykeTAdaM enA edImrdUvvsSa .
[stVl¥ti ]: stVl¥ti : Mealybug (Rastrococcus invadens) )aneCotcUleTAGaeRhVc EdlsVay

nigdMNaM epSg²eTotRtUv)anbMpøajya:gFn;F¶n . enAkñgú pÞHkBa©k; thrips EteFIeV Gaysøkw man
BN’etñateRcH . Malathion RtUv)an)aj; edIm,IkMcat;stVlit¥ . Sulphur RtUv)aneRbIR)as;
sMrab;kMcat;keNþó . RbePTxñtÚ long-horn beetle (Rhytidodera simulans) eFIkV arecaHedImeQI
nigsMbk . EmkGacRtUv)ansMlab; b:uEnþ edImGacenArs; . dgávÚ én mango weevil (Cryptorrhynchus
mangiferae) eFIk V arsIusac;Epø nigbMpøajEpø [6] . stVl¥ti epSg²eTot mandUCa : Idioscopus,

Plocaederus ruficarnis .
[CMgW]: CMgWpSit: Anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata, conidial stage Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides) bMpøajsøwk nigeFIeV Gaysøkw manBN’exµA nigeFIeV GayxUckarvivtþirbs;Epø .

karratt,atrbs;pSitGacradal eTAelIkUneQI EdleTIblUtlas;fµI .
7
vaGacRtUv)ankMcat;edaykareRbIR)as; bimonthly eday)aj;enAeBl kMBuglUtlas; rhUtdl;páarIk .
kar)aj;RtUv)anp¥akenAeBlEdl ecjEpø . kBa©púM áa Epøx©I nigsøwkRtUvrgkar bMpøajBI powdery mildew
(Oidium mangiferae) CaBiessenArdUvePøóg rW eBlsMbUrG½BÞ . kar)aj; powdered kelp
enARtg;BnøkEdlRtUvbMpøaj nwgCYyTb;sáat;CMgWenH . kar)aj; Sodium bicarbonate nig

fñasM lM ab;pSitk_manRbsiT§PaBpgEdr . CMgWepSgeTotrYmman karxUcnUvTMrg; rWrUbragpáa EdlbNþalmkBI
Fusarium moniliforme nigkarrIkradalrbs;keNþó )ak;etrIbgádMe)A EdlkøayCaCMgWd_Fn¶ F; ¶r
nigBBYkpSit dUcCa Gibberella fujikuroi, Glomerella cingulata .
F> karGPirkS :
RkugRBHsIhnu kMBt ekaHkug PñeM Bj kNþal esomrab )at;dMbg kMBg;cam RkecH kMBg;s<W kMBg;qañ gM
kMBg;FM eBaF×sat; éRBEvg sVayerog bnÞaymanC½y taEkv mNÐlKIrI .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) : Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y

[ RbPBkMeNIt]: bg;køaeds \NÐa ma:eLsIu PUma .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[karnaMclU ]:
GaTIháa nig)ab‘dU a GURsþalI )a)adUs ebnIn eRbsIul b‘UKINa hVasU km<Cú a kaemrU eqk cin kULbÚ ‘Í kUDIv½r
Kuy)a dUmnI kI a G‘ÍurIRTal eGsüÚBI hVCI I eRhVnKINa hÁaéb: hÁaNa ehÁNada hÁaetma:La hÁeI no hÁyÚ a:Na
éhTI hugdUrus \NÐeÚ nsIu camIku a eknya: Lav lI)aero ma:lI mUrItaeno misu ci kU en)a:l; jÚvsIueLn
nIhÁara:hÁ½r nIesrIya: nIC½r )a:KsI aß n )a:Nama: )a:BUjÚKIeno hVlI IBnI eb:rUrIkU sama:v esenhÁal; esra:eLGUn
8
ekaHsULmÚ :gu sUma:lI sU‘dg; sarINam tg;sanI éf tUehÁa tugháa RTInIedt G‘yu ehÁnda evens‘yu eGLa
evotNam sg;s)Iu a
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
p> epSg² :
[Bakübec©keTs]: eQµaHrbs;RbePT)anmkBIBakü ‘mango’ eQµaH\NÐasMrab;EpøeQI nigLataMg ‘fero’

(‘I bear’) [6] .
[Rbvtþi]: vaRtUv)andaMduHenAkñg
ú RbeTs\NÐa Gs;ry³eBlrab;Ban;qañ mM kehIy nignaMeTAdl;GaeRhVc
RbEhl ry³eBl 1000 qñaM [4] .
[sarFatuenAkñúgEpø]: EpøsaV ymansMbkBI 11-18% sac; 14-22% nigRKab; 60-75% stone .
kñúgsac;saV y 100 g man : Twk 78-85 g RbUetGInu 0.3-0.8 g xøaj; 0.1-0.2 g, carbohydrates 13.2-
20 g sarFatusrés 0.6-0.7 g kal;süÚm 9-25 mg pUsrV 10-15 mg nig Edk 0.1-0.2 mg .
tMélfamBlKW 225-350 kJ kñúg 100 g . sVaysMbrU eTAedayvItamIn : 100 g sac;man 14-62 mg

énvItamIn C, 0.03-0.09 mg vItamIn B1 nig 0.05-0.08 vItamIn B2 [5] .
[karbgáat;]: sVaymanrab;ryBUC enAtMbn;RtUBk i nigGnutMbn;RtUBki . eKalbMNgénkarbgáat;KW
TTYl)annUv edImTab rW etO rs;Catiq¶aj; Epøl¥enAkñúgtMbn;RtUBei sIm Fn;ngw CMgW nigstVl¥ti .
enAGasIuGaeKñyk_ arEklMGr kñúgplitkmµsaV y GaceGayeKeFIkV areRCIserIsnUvkUneQI
nigTMrbgáat;CaeRcInRbePT . kmµviFIenH GaRs½y eTAelIGuRI b‘utÍ kmµ (hybridisation)
EdlkMBugRtUv)aneFIeV LIg [4] .
[CatiBlu ]: cMeBaHmnusS karelbEpø rWsbM kGacbNþaleGayrmas; rW eralpgEdr [6].
Arogba SS, 1997. Physical , chemical and functional properties of Nigerian Mango
(Mangifera indica) kernel and its processed flour. Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture, 73(3):321-328.
[4]
9
Bonad ND, 1982. Origin and distribution of Mango. Philippine Geography Journal, 26(1):44-
52.
[4]
Chadha, K.L., 1985. Mango cultivation. ExtensionBulletin No 9. M/S Prithvvi Printers,

Bangalore, India. 28 pp.
[5]
de Laroussilhe, F., 1980. Le manguier. Maisonneuve & Larose, Paris. 312 pp.
[5]
Lahiry AK, 1995. Sterilization of mango wood (Mangifera indica L.) without heat. Document -
International Research Group on Wood Preservation, No. 95-30065:7 pp.; [Paper presented
at the 26th annual meeting, HelsingOr, Denmark, 11-16 June, 1995.]; 9 ref.
[4]
Lal Singh & Abdul Aziz Khan, 1939. Relation of growth to fruitbearing in mangoes. Indian
Journal of Agricultural Science 9(6): 835-867.
[5]
Mendoza Jr., D.B. & Wills, R.B.H. (Editors), 1984. Mango: fruit development, post harvest
physiology and marketing in ASEAN. ASEAN Food Handling Bureau, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. 111 pp.
[5]
Mukherjee SK, 1972. Origin of Mango (Mangifera indica). Economic Botany, 26(3):260-264.
[4]
Mukherjee SK, 1985. Systematic and Bio Geographic Studies of Crop Gene Pools. Vol. 1.
Mangifera L. IBPGR.
[4]
Musvoto C, Campbell BM, 1995. Mango trees as components of agroforestry systems in

Mangwende, Zimbabwe. Agroforestry Systems, 32(3):247-260; 24 ref.
[4]
10
PCARRD, 1978. The Philippines recommends for mango. PCARRD Technical Bulletin
Series No 38. 70 pp.
[5]
Saw LG, 1987. Conservation of the Mango and its relatives in Peninsular Malaysia. Report
to WWF. Kepong, Malaysia: FRIM.
[4]
Singh, L.B., 1968 (reprint from 1960 edition). The mango. Botany, cultivation and utilization.
Leonard Hill, London. 438 pp.
[5]
Verheij E.W.M. Coronel R.E. (1991) PROSEA - Plant Resources of South-East Asia; 2 -
Edible fruits and nuts. http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=369920
[7]
Whiley, A.W., 1984. Mango. In: Page, P.E.(Compiler): Tropical tree fruits for Australia.
Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Information Series QI 83018, Brisbane. pp.
25-31.
[5]
Zaman Z, Maiti B, 1994. Insects and mites infesting seedlings of mango in West Bengal.
Environment and Ecology, 12(3):734-736; 11 ref.
[4]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(CD-ROM).
11
(Internet source).
[7] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep (Internet source).
12
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Manilkara zapota (L.) v. Royen]

[Manilkara zapota (L.) v. Royen]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Manilkara zapota (L.) v. Royen [1]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ sapodilla, noseberry [6]: chicle gum, chicle tree,naseberry,
sapodilla 8
K> sTisn½y ³ Achras zapota L.,
Achras sapota L.,

Pouteria mammosa,
Nispero achras,
Manilkara achras (Miller) Fosberg,
Manilkara zapotilla (Jacqu.) Gilly;
Sapota achras Miller,
S. zapotilla (Coville) [1,6,26]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ lomut (Cambodia); sawo manila, ciku, sawo londo,
(Indonesia); lamud (Laos); ciku (Malaysia); chico

(Philippines); lamut, lamut farang (Thailand); xabôche, hông
xiem, tam luc (Vietnam; sapotillier, sapotille, (French),
nispero (Spanish);[1,6,26].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ lµút

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ l`mut [4]
1
lMdab; : Ebenales
RKYsar : Sapotaceae
ePT : Manilkara
RbePT : Manilkara zapota (L.) v. Royen
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQIébtgCaenH mankMBs;dl;eTA 30 m nigGgát;p©it 150 cm ( edIm

EdlRtUv)andaM GacmankMBs;BI 9-15 m nigCaTUeTAmanGgát;p©itminelIsBI 50 cm) manEmkeRcIn
EdlmanTMrg;CaG½kS edk . edImragmUl rW sIuLaMg nigmanlUtlas;Evg [1] . edImmankMBs; BI 2-8 m
[4] . edImduHeLIgeTAelI EdlmankMBs;dl;eTA 20 m b:uEnþ CYnkalmankMBs;dl;eTA 30 m
edImmanEmkTab manragBIra:mIt edaymankenSamsøwkmUl [6] . CaedImeQI mankMBs;BI 10-15 m

GacbeBa©jC½r Edlman BN’s [13] . CaedImeQIFM nigCaRbePTeQIéRB EdlmankMBs; 30 m
manGgát;p©it 1.5 m Gacman kMBs;dl; 9-15 m enAeBlRtUv)andaMduH GaRs½ynwgTItaMgpgEdr
CaTUeTAGgát;p©itminelIsBI 50 cm . edImanEmkRkas; nigEmktMerobCalkçN³epþk . edImragsIuLaMg
CaBiessenAeBlduHenAkñúgéRB [26] .
[sMbk]: etñatcas; mansñameRbHeRCA nigmanTMrg;CabnÞHctuekantUc² . enAeBlkat; vabeBa©jC½r
BN’s s¥it EdRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karplitekAsU‘ [1] . sMbkeRKIm manBN’etñatcas; [6] .

sMbkmanBN’etñatcas; eRbHCadMuragctuekaNeRCA² . edImeQImanRbB½n§rWsEbkExñgeRcIn [26] .
[søwk]: søwktMerobCalkçN³es<ó nigpþúMKñaenAcugEmk søwkCasøk w samBaØ rageGlIb rW mUlRTEvg
mankMBUlxøI manlkçN³dUcEs,k PWørelag nigminmaneramenAeBlcas; . srés
Ev:nbnÞab;manlkçN³FM begáIt)an CamuM CamYnnwgRTng;søwk [1,26] . søwkqøas; manragmUleTAeGlIb rW
EvgRsLÚn edanmanRbEvgbeNþay 3.5-15.0 cm nigTTwg 1.5-7.0 cm Tal rW RsYcenAcugTaMgBIr
mansñamecaHenaelIsøwk EdlmanlkçN³mUlKµan eFµj relag manBN’ébtgcas;
2
lyecjBIeRkamRTng;søwk nigmanlkçN³RsbKña . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 1.0-3.5 cm [6] .
søwkmanrageGlIb QmKña rW qøas;Kña eday begIát)anCa)ac; enAxagcugEmk [13] .
[páa]: BN’ébtg duHenAdac;EtÉg enAelIG½kS manragdUckNþg w manBN’etñat manRsTab;cMnYn 6
nigRtbk 6 [1,26]. BN’s man 6 Epñk (6-merous ) enAelIpáamYy EdlTgRbEvg 1-2 cm
nigGgát;p©itdl;eTA 1.5 cm maneramenAxageRkABN’etñat Edlpáaman 6 Epñk enAelIG½kSrbs;søwk
[6,13] .
[Epø]: ragmUl rW RTEvg edaymansMbkeRKImBN’etñat EdlmanRKab;BN’exµArelagBI 1-12 RKab;
CaTUeTAman R)aMRKab; EdlrMuB½T§ edaysac;BN’etñat sMbUreTAedayTwk nigmanrs;CatiEp¥m [1,26] .

Epøman tMélx<s; enAtMbn;GaemrikkNþal [1] . EpøragmUl RTEvg rW rageGlIb EdlTMhM 3-8 x 3-6
cm edayman BN’Rkhm eTA elOgetñat EdlmankMras;esþg I dUcEs,k nigrMuedayRsTab;BN’etñat .
sac;sMbUr Twkdm Tn; manBN’elOgeTAetñat Ep¥m edaymanragRTEvgExøbBI 0-12 EdlmanRbEvg 2
cm nigRKab;BN’etñat rW exµAenAxagkñúg . RKb;EpñkTaMgGs;rbs;va suT§EtmanC½rBN’s [6] .
EpømanragmUl rW RTEvg EdlmanRbEvg 3-8 cm eRKIm mansMbkBN’etñat . sac;manBN’elOgetñat

EdlmanRKab;tUcl¥it² Tn; nigEp¥m bnÞab;BITMu rs;CatiRsedog EpøB½r (pears) EdlTMuRCul .
RKab;manBN’ etñat sMEb:t manRbEvg 2 cm [6,13] . karecjpáa nigEpø bnþeBjmYyqñaM [1].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQImanlkçN³dUcKña BN’Rkhm rwg Rkas; maMu nigFn; [1] . eQIrwg nigFn; RbePTxøHénRKYsar
Sapotaceae manpÞúknUvsarFatusIulIkar (silica) EdleFIVvaFn;karbMpøaj rbs;keNþó
nigBBYkstVl¥itsmuRt enAeBl EdleRbIsMrab;sagsg;kMBg;Ep . edayEtmuxkat;rbs;eQI

niglkçN³bec©kviTüa eFIVeGaytMrUvkar eTAeQI Sapotaceous mankarekIneLIg
EdlCasmasFatusMxan;rbs;éRBtMbn;RtUBik enAma:eLsIu nigkalIma:n;tan; (Borneo) [11] .
eQImantMélx<s; manBN’Rkhm rwg maMu Rkas; nigFn; . vasmRsbsMrab;eRbIR)as; kñúgsMNg;Fn;F¶n;
eRKOgsgðarwm tMNeQI nigéd rW dgrbs;]bkrN_epSg² [26] .
3
manRbPBkMeNItBI GaemrikkNþal miucsuikU nigPaKxaglic\NÐa nigray)a:yeTAdl;GaemrikxageCIg

miucsiukU GaemrikkNþal karIebon Gaemrikxagt,Úg GasIu cin \NÐa RsIlgáa bg;køaeds \NÐÚensIu éf
]bTIVbma:eL \NÐÚcin nighVIlIBIn [12] . lµútCaRbePT EdlduHlUtlas;enAkñúg éRB
rgTwkePøógtMbn;TMnab . edImeQIduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAeRkamlkçx½NÐGakasGatuxus²Kña BItMbn;RtUBki
esIm dl; GnutMbn;RtUBiks¶Üt . b:uEnþBYkva cUlcitþduHenAtMbn; EdlmanGakasFatuekþAesIm manry³
kMBs;mFüm eTA Tab dUcCatMbn;eqñr CaedIm . ecjEpømanlkçN³xus²Kña GacRs½yeTAnwgkMrti TwkePøók
b:uEnþ sItuNðPaBx<s; (42-43ºC) GaceFIVeGayxUcxatpgEdr . edImeQIcUlcitdþ uHenAeRkamBnøWéf¶eBj
nigFn;nwgxül; enAeBleBjv½y . edImeQItUcGacRtUv)aneFIVeGaysøab; edaysarsenSIm
nigPaKRtCak;eRkamsUnü EtenAeBledImeQIcas; vaGacFn;ngw kMritsItuNðPaB -3ºC enAkñúgry³xøI
[26].
lµútCaRbePT EdlduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBrgTwkePøógtMbn;TMnab . edImeQIduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAeRkam

lkçx½NÐGakasGatuxus²Kña BItMbn;RtUBikesIm dl; GnutMbn;RtUBiks¶Üt . b:uEnþBYkva cUlcitþduHenAtMbn;
EdlmanGakasFatuekþAesIm manry³kMBs;mFüm eTA Tab dUcCatMbn;eqñr CaedIm . lkçN³rUbsaRsþ
nigPUmisaRsþmandUcCa : ry³kMB;sBI 0-600 m a.s.l kMritTwkePøógRbcaMqñaM 750 -2500 mm/ m²
GacduH ray)a:yrhUtdl;kMBUlPñM EdlmankMritsItuNðPaBmFüm 23-31ºC kMritsItuNðPaBTabbMput 3
eTA 0ºC [12] . kMriténtMbn; rbs;RbePTeQIenHmanRbEhlBI 25ºN eTA 10º N [12].
lµútCaRbePT EdlFn; niwgmanduHenAry³kMBs; 2500 m . Gacrs;enAkMritkEnøgmansenSImtictYc

mankar raMgs¶ÜtyUr manxül;xøaMg nigmanCatiGMbil . eTaHbI
vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAry³kMBs;Tabk_eday . RbePT enH duHenAtMbn;TMnab BIkMritry³kMBs;
BInIv:UTwksmuRT eTAdl; 900 m a.s.l edaymankMritTwkePøóg 1250 - 2500 mm . plitkmµ
Edll¥KWenAtMbn;smuRT . ePøógminGacbMpøajEpø)aneT b:uEnþ sItuNðPaB EdlmankMrit 40ºC
GacCabBaða . edImeQIgayrgeRKaHedaysarsenSImenAeBl enAtUc b:uEnþGacFn;nwg
senSImtictYtenAeBlcas; kñúgry³eBlxøI [6] .
4
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
cUlcitþduH enAtMbn; EdldImanCICati mindk;Tkw Cal,ayxSac; mansMeNImmFüm nigdI

EdlmanCatiéRbpg Edr . edImeQImanrWs latsn§wg nigcUlcitþ dI Edlmindk;Tkw dUcCa dIl,b; rW xSac;
enACitsmuRT EtvaduH lUtlas;minl¥eT enAelIdI\dæ [1].
[ eQI]: eQImanlkçN³rwg manCatislIu Ikat smRsbsMrab;eFIVCa eRKOgsgðarwm begáal sMNg;Fn;F¶n;

[26].
[Gnupl]: EpøRtUv)anbriePaKeday Rss; eFIVCakaer:m b‘Å dMNab; nigesr:U [6] .

lµútRtUv)andaMduHsMrab;Ca eQIhUbEpø EdlmantMélx<s; enAkñúgGaemrikkNþal . vak_RtUv)anbriePaKeqA
rW eFIVCadMNab; cMeBaHEpø EdlTMuRCul nigenAKuy)a nigeRbsIul vaRtUv)aneRbIeFVICaemSAePsC¢³ .
EpøGacrkSaTukenAkñúgTUTwkkk )anRb Ehl 6 s)þah_ enAkMritsItuNðPaB 0ºC . Twkrbs;EpøRtUv)anes¶a
eFIVCaesr:U rW p¥ab;sMrab;eFIVTwkexµH [26] . C½rRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCaekAs‘U (chicle Pasa\NÐa-
eRbsIul ) sBVéf¶vaRtUv)anCMnYsedayplitpl sMeyaK nigsMPar³]sSahkmµ [6] karduHedayxøÜnÉg
nigkardaMduHenAGaemrik sMrab;karcak;ykC½r EdlRtUv)aneFIVeGaykkCa chicle
CasarFatuekAs‘UsMeyaK . enAkMLúgqñaMfµI²enH sMPar³sMeyaKRtUv )aneRbICMnYs nUv chicle

dUcenHedImeQIPaKeRcInRtUv)andaMduHsMrab;ykEpø CagkarykC½r .C½rRtUv)aneRbI sMrab; Rkvat; rW
ExSbBa©Ún karvHkat;eFµj nigCMnYs gutta percha CaekAs‘Ukk Edl)anmkBI Palaquium spp.
EdlCaRKYsar Sapotaceae ehIyRtUv)aneRbIR)as;enAkñúg]sSah_kmµplitpøasÞik [26] . RKab; páa nig
CatitanIn RtUv)aneRbIR)as;Ca»sf [6] . søwk Edles¶arrYcRtUv)anbriePaKsMrab;Büa)alCMgWRKun
haemorrhage rbYs nigdMe)A sMrab; eraKRbsaT søwkGaceRbIsMrab;labpgEdr . RKab;GaceRbI
CafñaMbM)at; RKun . rukçCatiCaRbPBén sapotin nig glucoside EdleRbIsMrab;CafñaMRKun . enA\NÐÚensIu
5
páarbs;va RtUv)an eRbICaemSAsMrab;labxøÜn RsþIbnÞab;BIkarsMralkUn . enARbeTskm<úCa tanIn
Edl)anBIsMbk RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Ca Büa)al CMgWraK nigRKun [26] .
RKab;manpÞúknUvGasIut hydrocyanic nigKYrRtUv)anykecjenAmuneBlbriePaK Epø [26] .
tanIn Edl)anBIsMbkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;bti TUk rW nava nigensaTRtI .
RbePTeQIenH k_RtUv)andaMduHCaeQIlMGrpgEdr [26].
edImeQIRtUv)andaMenAcenøaH BIKña 7-12 m GacRs½yeTAkarduHlUtlas; nigRbePTkUneQI . BYkva

TamTar kareRsacTwk enArdUvR)aMg enA 3-4 qñaM dMbgU bnÞab;mkBYkvaGacduHlUtlas;)anedayxøÜnÉg .
Rbsin edImeQI enAtUcbegáalKYEtRtUv)andak; edIm,ITb;edIm . kareRbIR)as;CIk_TTYl)anpl l¥pgEdr
edaykardak; CI 3-4 dgkñúgmYyqñaMnUvCIGasUt . karéRkEmk RtUv)anGnuvtþ edIm,ITTYl)annUvTMrg;edIm l¥
enAry³eBl 5 rW 6 qñaM dMbUg . kardaMedIm,IeFIVCar)aMgxül;GacRtUv)aneFIVeLIgpgEdr [26] .
minmanBt’man Cak;lak;NamYyGMBIdMeNIrlMGgeT b:uEnþXMu EteFVIkarRbmUlTwkdmBIpáa
nigRbEhlCaGaccUlrYmkñúgdMeNIr lMGg . páaCaRbePT páaBIrePT Edlsþicma: duHenAeRkamRtbk . páa
nigEpøecjenAeBlmYyqñaM EpøRtUvkary³eBl 4 Ex edIm,Icas; . kUneQIRtUvkary³eBl 5-8 qñaM Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
edIm,IecjEpø nigkUneQI Edlbgáat; RtUvkarry³eBl 2-3 qñaMbnÞab;BIkardaM nigGaRs½yeTAnwgBUCpgEdr
[26].
6
karrkSaTukRKab; CaRbePT intermediate EdldMNuHRKab;GacRtUv)anrkSa enAkMLúgry³eBl 24 Ex

enAkñúgsItuNðPaB 5ºC [26] .
dMnuHrbs;RKab;manbnÞab;BIry³eBl 30 éf¶ edayminmankareFIVRbRBwtþkmµ nigGacmankMritdMNuHdl;eTA
80% dMNuHrbs;BYkva CaRbePTeGBICIl (epigeal) . RKab;RtUv)ansab enAkñúgfñal Edlman
RkalxSac; RbEhlcenøaH 2 cm enACMerA 1 cm . bnÞab;BIr eTAbIEx kUneQIRtUv)andk

ykeTAdaMenAkñúgfg; . BYkva duHlUtlas;yWt² ebIeTaHCIGasUtRtUv)andak;k_eday k_kUneQIRtUvkary³
eBlBI BIreTAbIqñaM eTIbsmRsbsMrab;karkat;pSaMu [26] .
kUneQI EdlRtUv)anlk;PaKeRcIn RtUv)aneFIVkarbnþBCU edaysrIragÁ dUcCabMe)A nigkat; . karbMe)A
RtUvkarEmk EdlmanGayuBIrqñaM RbEvg 46-60 cm kMras; 1 cm nigmansøwkl¥ . kUnEdlbMe)A
nwgRtUv)ankat;ecj BIedImem enAeRkayeBlry³ 5 Ex (2 ExedIm,IeGayduHekasika nig 3 Ex
sMrab;karecjrWs ) . sMrab;karkat; kUneQITMrRtUv)aneRbI rW kUneQI EdlmanePT RsedogKñaén
Mimusops rW Madhuca EdlzitenAkñúgRKYsarEtmYy . karkat; nigb:HBnøknwgRtUv)aneFIVeLIg .
karras;dI RtUv)anGnuvtþn_ muneBleFIVkardaMduH . Rbsinmanxül;xøaMg edImeQI GacRtUv

)andaMduHCar)aMgxül;pgEdr . RbsinmanRbPBTwkminRKb;RKan;enH cenøaHdaM 9x9 Cm
RbsinraMgs¶ÜtxøaMgcenøaHman 7.5x7.5 m . Rbsin mankarcaM)ac; kUneQIRtUv)aneRbIbegÁalsMrab;Tb; .
kardaMduHcenøaHrukçCati leguminous RtUv)anpþl;CaGnu sasn_ enAkMLúg 6 qñaMdMbUg [1] .

stVl¥itmandUcCa : Bactrocera dorsalis [1], Nephopterix eugraphella [2] .

enAtMbn;mYycMnYn s‘utrbs; Trypetidae EdlCaBBYkruyEpø mankarbMpøajya:gxøaMg enAeBlEdlva
ralda dl;Epø . Ceratitis capitata ruyEpøenA Mediterranean nig Anastrepha ludens CaruyenA
miucsiukU EdlCa RbePTeFIVkarbMpøajya:gxøaMgkøa . xµÚt Rhyparida GaceFIVkarbMpøajeTAelI swøkfµI²
nigstVl¥it EdleFIVeGaymansñamGuC²elIsøwkeck k_eFIVkarbMpøajEpølµútpgEdr. eraKsBaØaelIEpø KW
EpømanlkçN³rlYy edayRbePTstV Phytopthora palmivora EdleFIVkarbMpøajEpøTab² . Rusts
7
Scopella sapotae nig Uredo sapotae eFIVkarvaysIubMpøajsøkw . sñamGuC²elIsøwk (Septoria
spp.) RtUv)ansegát edayeFIVeGaysøwkrbs;edImRCuH enA Florida [26] .
stVl¥it : Bactrocera dorsalis [1], Nephopterix eugraphella [2]

CMgWpSit : Banisia myrsusalis [3], Corticium salmonicolor, Phaeophleospora indica [4] .
sMKal; : 1. BYkstVl¥itenAelIEpøTMu 2. enA\NÐa 3. BYksIusøwk 4. CMgWGuC²elIsøwk enARbeTs\NÐa
[12].
F> karGPirkS :

enATUTaMgGasIuGaeKñy_ EdlPaKeRcInRtUv)annaMclU nig CaBiessmanRbPBkMeNItBIGaemrikkNþal
nigmiusiuckU [12] .
p> epSg² :
8
Bose TK, Mitra SK, eds, 1996. Fruits: Tropical and Subtropical. Calcutta, India: Naya
Prokash.
Chadha KL, 1992. Strategy for optimisation of productivity and utilization of sapota
(Manilkara achras [M. zapota] (Mill.) Forberg.). Indian Journal of Horticulture, 49(1):1-
17; 55 ref.
Chaudhary SM, Shete MB, Desai UT, 1995. Performance of some sapota (Manilkara
achrus Mill Fosberg) cultivars under semi-arid region of Maharashtra. Recent
Horticulture, 2(2):47-51; 7 ref.
Lenka PC, Das DK, Samal B, 1996. Studies on floral biology and physical characteristics
of sapota cultivars. Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 24(1/2):42-46; 5 ref.
Sandhu MK, 1992. Standardization of grafting techniques in sapota (Achras zapota L.).
Acta Horticulturae, No. 321:610-615; 5 ref.
Pampanna Y, Sulikeri GS, Hulamani NC, 1994. Effect of season on the success of
softwood grafting in sapota (cv. Kalipatti). South Indian Horticulture, 42(5):303-308; 8
ref.
Galán Saúco V, 1995. Woody tropical fruits in Spain. Biogenetic resources, plant
material, production and prospects. Vida Rural, 2(24):60-63; [6 col. pl.]; 10 ref.
Company.
Rice RP, Rice LW, Tindall HD. 1987. Fruit and vegetable production in warm climates.
Macmillan Press, London.
Tankard G. 1987. Tropical fruit. A guide to growing and using exotic fruits. Viking O’Neil.
Timyan J. 1996. Bwa Yo: important trees of Haiti. South-East Consortium for
International Development. Washington D.C.
9
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Italy, 177 pp.

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.


pp.

?
(Internet source)
10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Melia azedarach L.]

[Melia azedarach L.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Melia azedarach L.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ China berry [2], azedarach, bead tree, China tree, Persian
lilac, pride of India, syringa [7], Barbados lilac, white cedar,

Chinaberry tree, umbrella tree [5]
K> sTisn½y ³ Melia australasica A. Juss. [5],
Melia composita Willd. [5],

Melia japonica G. Don [5],
Melia japonica Don.[7],
Melia sempervirens (L.) Sw. [5, 7],
Melia toosendan Siebold & Zucc. [5],
Melia dubia Cav. [6],
Melia bukayan Royle. [7],
Melia dubia Cavanilles [7]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ white cedar (Trade name) [7] - arbol del paraiso, jacinta,
paraiso (Spain) [5] - azedarach, lilas des Antilles, lilas des

Indes (France) [5] - goda neem (Bangladesh) [5] - arvore-
santa, cinamomo, jasmim-de-cachorro, jasmim-de-soldado,
lilás-da-India, para-raios (Brazil) [5] - Paternosterbaum,
Zedarachbaum (Germany) [5] - mindi, gringging, marambung

(Indonesia) [5] - arebevu, bakam-limdo, bakarja, bakarjan,
bakayan, bakon-limdi, betain, bokain, chik-bevu, deikna, dek,
deknoi, drek, ghora nim, gowdnim, heb-bevu, hutchubevu,
kadbevu, kaliyapa, karin vembu, kattu veppu, mahaneem,
makanim, malla nim, mallay vembu, padrai, pejri, puvempu,
sima veppu, taraka-vepa, thamaga, thurakavepa, turka,
vaymbu, vilayati nim, yerri-vepa (India) [5] - albero dei
paternostri (Italy) [5] - h'ienx, kadau s'a:ngz (Laos) [5] - mindi
kecil (Malaysia) [5] - bagaluñga, balagañgo, paraiso
(Philippines) [5] - bakain, white cedar (Pakistan) [5] - mindi
kechil (Singapore) [5] - khian, lian (Thailand) [5] - xoan
(Vietnam) [5]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ dkh‘an/ esþAexµac
1
ÉksarBieRKaH : [1]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ dâ:k hîën, sdau khmaô:h [1]
lMdab; : Geraniales
RKYsar : Meliaceae
ePT : Melia
RbePT : Melia azedarach L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: esþAexµac rW dkha‘n CaedImeQImanTMhMmFüm edaymankMBs; 10-15 m [5] eRkam

lk½N
ç ÐraMgs¶Üt GacmankMBs;dl; 45 m [5] enAkñgú éRBesIm (20 m [3], 10-25 m [2], 25-30
m [3], 45 m [7]) . vaCaTUeTACMruHsøwk b:Eu nþcMeBaHEtTMrg;xHø enAkñg
ú RtUBci esImb:ueNÑaH (e.g. ma:eLsIu
nig tugháa) EdlCaRbePTéRBeRsag " [7] . edImmanRBwgenAxageRkamenAeBlcas; edayman
Ggát;pit© DBH dl;eTA 60 cm [5] (100-150 cm [2, 4], 30-60, CYnkalrhUtdl; 120 cm
[7], 120 cm enAkñg ú tMbn;éRBeQIesIm [5]) . kenSamEmkduHEbkEmktUc²CaeRcIn . enARbeTs

\NÐa mankarraykarN_fa manTMrg;sMxan; bI . TMrg;EdleRcInCYbRbTHCageKKW EmkeQIEvg edayman
cenøaH nigduHlUtlas;eTATisxus²Kña . TMrg;d_éTeTot EdlmanduHmþg²enaHKWman EmkRkas;
kenSamsøwkragdUcq½Rt . TMrg;TIbI manecjpáaenAeBlvaCakUneQI nigpþl;paá mineTogTat;enAcenøaHBIr
eTAbIqañ M edayrhUtdl;vamankMBs; 1.8 m dMeNIrkalenHnwgRtUvQb; . EmktUc²manBN’etñat
edaykMrmansøwkduHlyecj nigrn§xül;BN’Rkhmetñat . dkh‘anmanRbB½nr§ Wsrak;; . vamanGac
GayuxIø nigGacgab;bnÞab;BIry³eBl 20 qñaM [5] .
2
[sMbk]: sMbkrelag manBN’ébtgetñat rWRbepHetñatenAeBltUc nigERbCaBN’RbepH
nigmankMras;Rkas; ehIymankareRbHenAtambeNþayedImeTotpg .
[søwk]: søwkqøas; manRbEvg 20-40 cm [7] (15-23 to 80 cm [4], -25 cm [5]) mansøk w cMnYn
3-7 KU [5] (3-11 KU [7]) edaymanTMhM 2-10 cm x 0.6-3.8 cm [5] (2-8 cm beNþay [4])
. søwkmanBN’ébtgcas; minsUvmaneramenAtamsésEvn manBN’ébtgRsal nigmanEKmsøwkdUc

eFµjrNarWrage)a:g . BYkvamankønw xøagM enAeBlEdlbukkMeTc .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M áazitenACaG½kS EdlmanKYrRbEvg 10-22 cm[5] (20 cm [7]) EmkFMmanRbEvg 5-
7.5 cm[5] nigEmkbnÞab;RbEvg 2 cm[5] RTnUvkBa©p úM áa enAelIedImeQIEdlmanGayuBIr qñaM .
EmkTgpáaman RbEvg 3-10 mm [5] ragdUcsrésGMe)aH nigTgpáamYy²manRbEvg 2-3 mm [5]
. RtbkpáaxageRkAmanftcMnnY 5 [7] BN’ébtg nigRbEvg 1 cm [7] (1.5-2 mm[4]) .
RsTab;páak_man 5 ftpgEdr edaymanBN’sCIu m<Ú rW s mankønw RkhUb maneram nigragqñÚtRbEvg 0.9
cm [7] (1-1.3 cm[4]) . pàaGacCapàaBIrePT rWpàaeQµal edaymanbMBg;eksBN’sVayRbEvg 0.5
cm nig TTwg 1 cm [7] (6-8 mm [4]) . vaRtUv)ankat;Eck enAxagcugCa 15-25 EpñkragdUceFµj
[4] . páanimy Y ²mankenSamekseQµalcMnYn 10 [4] . vaecjpáaBIEx mina dl; ]sPa

enAGDeKalxageCIg eTaHbICaeBlxøHvaecjpáaenArdUvekþAnigxøHeTotecjpáaeBjmYyqñakM e_ day .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7].
[Epø]: EpøEdlTMu CaEpøsac; EdlmanBN_elOgébtg eTAelOgetñat ragmUl nigGgát;pit © 1-1.5 cm
[4] (15 mm [7], 2-4 cm x 1-2 cm [5]) relag nigs¶t Ü bnþicmþg² mansac;tic .
vamanRKab;cnM nY mYy [7] (rhUtdl; 5 RKab; [5]) enAkñgú sMbkd_rwg EdlrMBu T½ §eTAedaysac;ya:gesþIg
nigmanrs;CatiEp¥m . RKab;BCU manragmUlRTEvg relag BN’etñat nigTMhMRbEhl 3.5 x 1.6 mm

[7, 4] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[smasFaturbs;eQI]: "eQImanlkçN³Tn; BN’sCIu m<Ú rW elOgetñatRsedogeTAnwg mahogany

edaymanrgVg;lUtlas; EdleFIsV ac;eQImanlkçN³Rss;sa¥ t " [7] . vamanlkçN³rwg
niggayRsYleRbIedaysarmanlkçN³Rsal ehIymandg;seIu t 0.51-0.57 g/cm³ [5] (0.51-
3
0.66 g/cm³ [7]) . eTaHya:gNa karsikSaenA Malawi eTAelIRbePTeQIxwmø cMnYn 18 RbePT
EdlmanGayuBI 5-8 qñaM )an bgðajfa dkha‘nmandg;seIu tCamFüm 0.401 g/cm³ .
eQIGaceRbIR)as;)an BI 1 eTA 15 qñaMenApÞal;dIbuE: nþvakMrmankarbMpaø jBIkeNþóNas; .
eQIRsaygayrgkarbMpøajBI Lyctus borer [5] . sac;eQIGac sMgYt)anl¥ edayeRbIR)as;xül;
manlkçN³Fn; niggayRsYlGar nigeRCok . vaCaRbePTeQIEdll¥sMrab;eRbIR)as;CaeQIfamBl
edaymantMélGMnackMedA 24,000-25,000 kJ/kg [5](5,100kcal/kg[7]).
RbEhl: 35°N eTA 34°S [5] . dkh‘anmanRbPBBIGasIuGaeKñy_ rW GasIuxagt,Úg [2]

(RbPBxøHbBa¢ak;favamanRbPBBI cin rW Cbun : [3]) b:Eu nþvaRtUv)andaMy:ageRcInenAkñgú tMbn;RtUBic
subtropical rWtMbn;Gakas FatubgàÜr sMrab;CaRbePTeQIlMGr nig pþl;mb ø ; . CMrkFmµCatiéndkh‘an
KWéRBduHlUtlas;tamrdUv dUcCa éRBb¤sSI nigéRBEdlmanGMBilduHlUtlas; . CaTUeTA
vaGacrkeXIjenAkñgú éRBCMruHsøkw éRBtammat;TwkéRBrgTwkePøóg nigvalesµA savannas .
RbePTenHduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 0-1,800 m a.s.l. [5, 7] . eRkamlkçxN ½ ÐFmµCati nigkardaMduH

vamankarsMrbxøÜnx<se; TAnwglkçxN
½ ÐGakasFatuRtUBic sub-tropical nigekþAbgárÜ EdlmanrdUvR)aMg .
RbePTenHFn;nwgkarraMgs¶Üt EdlmankMritTwkePøógRbcaMqñaM (385-) 600 to 2,000 mm (350-
2,000 mm [7]) . enA\NÐa ePøógFøak;enArdUvmUsug . enATINa EdlePøógFaøk;ticCag 600 mm
dUcenAmCÄibUBa’vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAelIdIesImtamTenø nigkareRsacRsBedayRbB½nF§ arasaRsþ .

enAGURsþalI Doran nig Turnbull (1997) )anraykarN_fakMritePøógRbcaMqañ BM I 800-1,200 mm
nigrhUtdl; 2,400 mm sMrab;tMbn;eqñrxageCIg . enAtMbn;eqñr EdlraMgs¶tÜ mankMritTwkePøóg 385-
570 mm . manePøógFøak;CamFüm 105 eTA 120 éf¶kúg ñ mYyqñaM [5] . CaTUeTArdUvR)aMgBI 4-8 Ex
RbePTeQIenHmankarFn;RTaM)an .
4
sItuNðPaBFmµta 23-26ºC [5] (23-27°C [7]) edaymansItuNðPaBTabbMput
nigx<sb; Mputdac;xatBI 15ºC eTA 39°C [5] (3-37°C [2]) . vaFn;ngw møb; nigs‘UnwgkarlicTwk
nigsenSIm . RbePTeQIenH GacRtUv)andaMenATIvalxageRkA enAtMbn;RbCMCu n dUcCaenA British Isles
[7] ( eyagtamRbPBepSgeTotesþAexµac GacrgeRKaHedaykMritsenSIm EdlmanlkçN³xus²Kña [5])
. vagayRtUv)anbMpøajedaysar ePøgI eTaHbIedImeQImankMBs;dl;eTA 10 m

k_GacRtUv)ansMlab;edayePøgI eqHenAeRkamedImpgEdr . vaGacduHpgEdlenAtMbn;eqñr nigmankarFn;
nwgxül; .
RbePTenHduHlUtlas;enAelIRbePTdIxsu ²Kña b:Eu nþduH)anl¥ enAelIdImni dkTwk eRCA

l,ayxSac;manCICati EtebIGacmanRKYsenAxageRkam GaceFIVeGaylUtlas;minsUvl¥ .
esþAexµacFn;nwgdIrak; manCatiGbM il nigdI)asxøaMg b:Eu nþminFn;ngw dIGasIut . smRsbnwg pH of 5.5-
6.5 [5] . enAGURsþalI vaduHlUtlas;eRcInelIdG I asIut nigdIRkhm dImanlkçN³pus²BN’Rkhm
(krasnozems) nigl,ayxSac;rak;² . vak_manduHenAdImn i sUvmanCICati tamCMral nigdIfµ
eTaHbIfµeRbHRkEhg . enAGURsþalI vaduHenARtg;xg< ;rab Edlman fµ)asal; fµxSac; TITYrTab² énRbeTs

nig TMnabxSac; TMnabeqñr Edlmanl,b; . vak_manduHenAtamdgTenø RClgPñM EdlmanCMrabminsUvecat
éntMbneqñr .
[eQI]:esþAexµacmaneQµaHBaNC¢kmµ 'white cedar' Rsedog mahogany nigeRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVTUr

nig sMng; edaykarFn;nwgkeNþó sMrab;eFIVsMPar³ksikmµ kþabnÞH RbGb; begáal nigdgrbs;]bkrN_déT
5
eTot. vaCaRbePTeQIEdll¥sMrab;eRbIR)as;CaeQIfamBl edaymantMélGMnackMedA 24,000-
25,000 kJ/kg [5](5,100kcal/kg[7]). enAGURsþalI RbePTenHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIV]bkrN_
ksikmµ kþar kMral TUr fñaKM MnUr .

[Gnupl]: vaCaRbePTrukçCatisrM ab;plitBN’ rWl½kç d_mansar³sMxan; . søwkRtUv)ankat;sMrab;
eFICV acMNIstV ( EdlmansarFatusÜt¶ GacrMlay)an 77% [5]) nigmansarFatuciBa©wmx<s;

b:Eu nàk_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CaCIFmµCatipgEdr . RKab;manpÞkú nUveRbgBN’ébtg sMbUreTAedayGasItu
linoleic (65-82% [5]) nig GasIut oleic EdlsmRsbsMrab;karduHbMPøW eFIs V ab‘U nigeRbglabsk;
. edImpþl;nUvC½r EdlGaceRbI R)as;)antictYc . RbePTeQIenH RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;ceM BaH
kareRbIR)as;Ca»sf . EpñkCaeRcInrbs;vaman sarFatu antihelmintic, antimalarial, cathartic,
emetic nig emmenagogic ehIyRtUv)aneRbIedIm,IBüa)alCMgWEs,kpgEdr . EpøTsMu Ü¶tRtUv)an
eRbIR)as; CafñaMsMlab;)a:ra:sit nig sarFatuBlRtUv)anrkeXIj enAkñgú eRbgrbs;RKab; karbriePaKeday
pÞal;GacbNþaleGaymankarBl;ya:gxøaMg nigGacsøab;eTotpg . sMbkEpø EdlrwgGacyk
mkeFICV aRKab;GgáayM a:gl¥ nigeFICV aExSkrpgEdr . Anderson (1993) )ankt;RtafaCnCati
Aborigines éntMbn;Tenø Tully PaKxageCIg Queensland eRbIR)as;sb M kEdldMeGayxÞic
nigsøwksMrab;bBM lu RtI EdlmanRbsiT§PaBya:grh½s . Gupta (1993) raykarN_faRsa whisky
RtUv)aneFIeV LIgBIEpørbs;vaeTotpg [5] .
[epSg²]: dkh‘anCaRbePTeQIEdlmankøinRkGUb EdlRtUv)andaMenAtambeNþaypøÚv edaysarPaB
Rss;sa¥ trbs;páa nigkarpþl;møb; edaykarlUtlas;rbs;kenSamsøkw . vak_RtUv)aneRbICaRBM rW

rbgkarBarxül; nigCarbgrs;pgEdr . páaKWmankarTak;TajXµMú sMrab;dMeNIrlMGg nigTwkXµúM .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
6
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CMrkFmµCatiéndkh‘an KWéRBduHlUtlas;tamrdUv dUcCa éRBb¤sSI nigéRBEdlmanGMBil

duHlUtlas; . CaTUeTA vaGacrkeXIjenAkñgú éRBCMruHsøkw éRBtammat;TwkéRBrgTwkePøóg nigvalesµA
savannas . vaGacduHBnøkeLIgvij nigbegát I nUvkUnEdlduHBIrWsEfmeTotpg ehIyvaduHeLIgvij
bnÞab;BI karkat; EdleFIeV GayRbePTeQIenHsmRsbsMrab;plitkmµeQIbun: efñal rW begáal .
[kardaMduH]: CaTUeTAkUneQI EdlmanGayumy Y qñaM RtUv)anykeTAdaMenAtMbn; EdlmanGakas
FatuekþAesIm cMEnkkUneQIGayu 6 Ex RtUv)andaMenAtMbn;RtUBci [7] (kUneQIGayu 4 Ex [5]) .
enAkMLgú rdUvrMehIy kUneQIGaRtUv)andaMCarg edayTukkrrbs;rWsRbEvg 5 cm enAeRkamdI .
karelIkdak; dwkCBa¢Ún nigkardaMnvU kUnEdlRCuHsøwk KYreFIVeLIgmuneBlsøkw eLIgRkhm . enA\NÐa
kUneQIRtUv)andaMenAkñgú reNþA enAExkkádaenAeBlKµansøkw . Kl;sMrab;daM Edl)anBIkUneQIGayu 15
ExRtUv)andaMtamviFIsaRsþdUcKña . karlUtlas;rbs;kUneQI RtUv)anbegánI edaykarsMGatesµA
nigpþl;nvU BnøeW Gay)anRKb;RKan; . enA\NÐa kUneeQItUcRtUv)anbMpøajedayBBYkkþan; .
kareRsacTwkGaceFIVeLIgcMeBaHtMbn; EdlraMgs¶Üt edIm,IFananUvkars;ran nigkarlUtlas;rbs;kUneQI .
Ryan nig Bell (1989) )anraykarN_eTAkarsakl,g EdleFIeV LIgenAPaK GaeKñyé_ n
Queensland EdlrYmbBa¢ÚlTaMgRbePTdkh‘anenHpgEdr . tMbn;EdlRtUv)ankab;sMGat rukC ç ati

nigeFIkV arP¢rÜ CMerA 30 cm nigP¢rÜ eLIgvijmþgeTotsMrab;daM . rg rW PøW RtUv)anbegátI sMrab;CMnYydl;kar
hUrrbs;Twk . kUneQIRtUv)andaMkñúgdb 50-70 ml éncMnuHdb rW bMBg; enAeBldak;daMeLIgvij
RtUv)andak; kñúgbMBg;cMnuH 200 ml enATIkEnøgEdlcaM)ac; . kUneQIRtUv)andaMenArvagcenøaH 3 m x 2
m . CIRtUv)an dak; nigkarsMGatesµAk_RtUv)aneFIV . lT§plbnÞab;BIry³eBl 18
kMritmFümEdlTTYl)anKW kMBs; 2.6 m rs; 100% nigduHExñ)anl¥bnÞab;BIkarkat; BI 0.1 0.5 nig
1.0 m xagelIdI [7] .
[karRKb;RKg]: eRkamlkçxN ½ ÐsmRsb dkh‘anduHlUtlas;elOn .

eTaHbICaminmanTMrg;ExñgminsUvl¥BeI dImEdlFMke_ day b:Eu nþExñgEdll¥KTW TYl)anBIedImEdlmanbrimaN
dl;eTA 0.9 m [7] . enAkñúgcMkar RbePTeQIenHTamTarnUvkarkat;rMelaH edIm,IkarBarkarRbKYtRbECg
EdleFIeV GayGgát;p©iteQImanTMhMtUc. RbePTeQIenHmanlT§PaBkñgú karéRkEmkedayxøÜnÉg .
eTaHbICaenAkñgú cMkark_eday karéRkEmkEdlTab² RtUvEteFVeI LIg edIm,Ikat;bnßyePøgI eqH .
edImeQIduHExñg)anl¥ nig begátI nUvkUnCaeRcIn CaBiessenAkEnøg EdlrWs zitenAkNþalval rW rgrbYs
7
. karkat;RbePTeQIenH sMrab;eFIGV us nig begÁal RtUv)aneFIeV LIg cMeBaH edImeQI EdlmanGayuBI 5-
10 qñaM . edImeQIRtUv)anbMpøajedayxül; rW karkat;EdlmankMritx<s; enAedImEdlmanduHBnøkeRcIn .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[ksirukçkmµ]: vaRtUv)andaMduHCaRbePTeQIpþl;mb
ø ; enAkñúgcMkarkaehV nig eck abaca (Musa textilis)
.esþAexµac CaRbePTEdlmanRbeyaCn_ sMrab;kardaMduHRbePTdMNaMRsUvsaLI .vak_GacRtUv)andaMCamYy
GMeBApgEdr . enA Paraguay EdlmanRbePTeQIenHRtUv)andaMsrM ab;ykeQIhb‘u vaRtUv)andaMenA
cenøaHCamYyRbePTdMNaMepSg²eTot . vaRtUv)andaMenAcenøaH 4 m x 3 m karkab;rMelaH
RtUv)aneFIeV LIgbnÞab;BIry³ eBl 3 qñaM eGayenAsl; 400 edIm/ha nigbnÞab;BI 6 qñaMeGayenAsl;
200 edIm/ha [7] .
[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;BCU ]: karRCuHrbs;EpøKWmankMNt; nigEpøEdlTMu KWzitenACab;ngw EmkGs;ry³

eBlCaeRcInEx bnÞab;BIskøw RCuH . kMritdMNuH 85% GacmanenAkñgú ry³eBl 2 Ex . [7] enAen)a:l;
EpøRtUv )anRbmUlBIEx FñÚ dl; mIna (GaRs½ytamRbPBkMeNIt) . enAeBlsac;RtUv)anykecj
RKab;cab;epþmI s¶Üt nigbnÞab;mkRtUv)ansabenAkñgú fñalbNþHú kUneQImnu Exemsa . [5]
[karduHeLIgvij]: RbePTenHRtUv)anbnþBC U edaykardaMduHedaypÞal; kardaMedaykUn rW Kl; b:uEnþk_GacduH
eLIgvijedayxøÜnÉgpgEdr . enA\NÐa karsabRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAkñgú fñalbNþHú kUneQI enAkMritcenøaH
15 cm x 2.5 cm enAkñgú BnøéW f¶eBj nigrkSaenAeRkamKMrbCMerA 2 cm .

dMNuHcab;epþmI enAkñgú ry³eBl 3 s)aþh_ nigRtUvkarry³eBl 3 s)aþh_eTot
edIm,IduHeGay)aneBjeljl¥ . 2-3 s)þah_ eRkaykUneQIman kMBs; 2-4 cm
nigGacRtUv)andaMenAkñgú fg; . kUneQIk_GacRtUv)andaMenAkñgú fñal enAeBlBYkvamankMBs; 7-10 cm
nigTukeGayduHlUtlas;kgñú fñalpgEdr . kUneQIduHlUtlas;ya:gelOnnigGacRtUv)andaMenA
xageRkAenAkñgú Ex mifuna-kkáda bnÞab;BIry³eBl 4 Ex enAkñgú fñal enAeBlBYkvamankMBs; 20 cm
[5] .
8
[stVl¥ti ]: dkha‘nCaTUeTAminrg\T§Bi lBIstVl¥itb:unµaneT . eTaHbI RbePT M. azedarach var.

australasica RCuHsøwktamrdUv edaysut ‘ rbs; white cedar moth (Leptocneria reducta) nig
spider mite . enATItaMgsakl,g eFIeV LIgenACit Gympie kñúgPaKGaeKñy_én Queensland
Ryan nig Bell (1989) )anraykarN_fa RbePTeQICaeRcInrYmTaMg M. azedarach var.
australasica EtgrgnUvkareFIeV GayRCuHsøwkBIBBYkstVl¥it .
[CMgW]: CMgWKB W usM UvmaneT . CMgWekItBI)at;etrI nigpSitRtUv)antamdanenAelIskøw kUnEmk nigEpø
b:Eu nþminmankarbMpøajFn;Fr¶ RtUv)anraykarN_enaHeT . edImeQImyY cMnnY RtUv)anvayRbhaedaypSit
EdleFIeV Gayman
CMgW brownish butt rot nig brownish pocket rot . enAkMLúgqñaM 1980 enA)a:ra:hÁay TMrg;énkar
duHlUtlas;mni RbRktIekItmaneLIgenAkñgú cMkar M. azedarach edaykarrgnUvkarbMpøajeday
mycoplasma .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[epSg²]: rWsrbs;edImeQImanlkçN³rak; EdleFIeV GayvagayrgeRKaHedaysarxül;xaø gM
EdlGace)ak edImeQIrMlM . vagayrgnwgePøgI eqH nigeTaHbICamankMBs;dl;eTA 10 m
edImeQIGacRtUv)aneFIeV Gaysøab; edaysarePøgI eqHEpñkxageRkam .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
F> karGPirkS :
9
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]:
bg;køaeds km<úCa \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; )a:KsI aß n )a:BUjÚKeI no RsIlgáa éf
nigevotNam
[karnaMcl U ]: Gahàan;nsI aß n Gal;)anI GasSg;TIn GURsþalI bUsVaNa eRbsIul Rb‘yu en cin Kuy)a CIbTU I
dUmnI ci ekn rIRTI eGsüÚBI )araMg Rkic háaetma:La hugdUrus GIru :ug GIru ak; GItu alI camIka ekya: kUer elsUtU
ma:l;ta misu uickU mUsüg;bíc‘ NamIb‘Í nIkara:hÁ½ )a:Nama: )a:ra:hÁay hVlI IBnI b:Tu uyhÁal; ebrU rIkU Gara:b;
sgðabUrI ekaHsULmÚ g:u sUma:lI GaeRhVxagt,Úg eGs,aj sVIs esrI tg;sanI tugehÁa TYKI G‘yu ehÁnda
Gg;eKøs Gaemrik nig esnsI)u a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
p> epSg² :
[Bakü]: "edaysarkarEckénsøkw eQµaHesenTic RtUvykmkBIBaküRkicfa ‘melia’ (mann½yfa epH )

eQµaHviTüasaRsþmkBI Persian ‘azzadirackt’ (edImeQIEdlmanPaBéføfñÚ)" [7] .
[sarFatuBul]: " karTajyk Aqueous nig alcoholic BIswøk nigRKab;GacsMlab;stVl¥t i
)anCaeRcIndUcCa keNþó nigRbePTstVl¥ti rs;enAkñgú dI . BIeRBaH BYkvamanpÞkú nUvsarFatuBlu
kareRbIR)as;TamnUvkarRbugRby½tñ . Epørbs;va mansarFatuBulx<ss; rM ab;RbePTstVQamekþA eTaHbI
ral;edImeQITaMgGs;minEmnsuT§EtplitnUvEpø EdlmanCatiBlu k_eday . krNIBulPaKeRcInekItmaneTA

elIRCUk b:uEnþminmanr)aykarN_GBM kI arBuleTAelI eCom eKa nigEqáeT . karBulekItmaneTAekµg
EdlbriePaKEpørbs;va . karbriePaKEpøBI 6-8 GacbNþaleGay k¥Üt Rbkac; nigcMeBaHekµgGac
søab;eTotpg . páaGacbNþaleGay dkdegðmI minRsYl nig kMTiceQI GaceFIVeGayrlakEs,k .
karkat;EmkCaerogral;qñaM nwgkat;bnßynUveRKaHfñak; edayehtufapáa RtUv)ankMnt;eGayecj
enAral;qañ TM IBIr .
10
Ahmed S, Idris S, 1997. Melia azedarach. In: Hanum IF, Maesen LJB van der,
eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 11 Auxiliary plants. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Leiden, Holland: Backhuys Publishers, 187-190.
[5]
Anderson E, 1993. Plants of central Queensland - their identification and uses.

Department of Primary industries. Brisbane: Queensland Government Printer.
[7]
Brune A, 1989. Mycoplasma attack on Melia azedarach in Paraguay. Revista

Forestal - Carrera de Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ingeniería Agronómica,
Universidad Nacional de Asunción, 5(1):23-26; 8 ref.
[5]
Cabral MMO, Garcia ES, Kelecom A, 1995. Lignanes from the Brazilian Melia
azedarach, and their activity in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae).
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 90(6):759-763; 26 ref.
[5]
Ginting CU, Djamin A, Hartanta, 1995. Efficacy of several concentrations of the

leaves of neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and mindi tree (Melia azedarach
L.) against Setothosea asigna van Ecke. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit,
3(2):119-125; 9 ref.
[5]
Gupta BB, Adarsh Kumar, Negi DS, 1989. Rooting response of branch cuttings of
Melia azedarach L. Indian Journal of Forestry, 12(3):210-214; 15 ref.
[5]
11
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilization.
New Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH.
[7]
Huang RC, Okamura H, Iwagawa T, Tadera K, Nakatani M, 1995. Azedarachin C,

a limonoid antifeedant from Melia azedarach. Phytochemistry, 38(3):593-594; 8
ref.
[5]
Milimo PB, 1994. Mechanisms of drought resistance in Melia volkensii and M.

azedarach. PhD thesis, Department of Forestry, Australian National University,
Canberra.
[5]
Milimo P, 1995. Drought resistance in Melia volkensii and M. azedarach. ACIAR

Forestry Newsletter, No. 20:3.
[5]
Moncur MW, Gunn BV, 1990. Seed development and germination responses of
Melia azedarach var. australasica.. ACIAR Proceedings Series, No. 28:24-28; 6
ref.
[5]
Ottino JF, Renner JE, 1997. Spontaneous poisoning by chinaberry (Melia

azedarach). Lesions in the skeletal musculative of cattle. Obiettivi e documenti
veterinari, 18(7-8): 72-75.
[5]
12
Piccolo ALG, Gregolim MI, 1980. Phenology of Melia azedarach in S. Brazil.
Turrialba, 30(1):107-109; 9 ref.
[5]
Ryan PA, Bell RE, 1989. Growth, coppicing and flowering of Australian tree
species in southeast Queensland, Australia. ACIAR Monograph, No. 10:49-68;
[refs. at end of book].
[7]
Ryan PA, Bell RE, 1991. Australian hardwoods for fuelwood and agroforestry.
Review report on ACIAR Project 8809. Gympie: Queensland Forest Service
(unpublished).
[7]
Salam ALA, Ahmed AAI, 1997. Evaluation of using the extract of chinaberry
fruits, Melia azedarach L. In the control of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera
littoralis in Egypt. International conference on pests in agriculture, 6-8 January
1997, at le Corum, Montpellier, France. Vol. 3. Assoc. Nationale pour la
Protection des Plantes, Paris, France. 1159-1162.
[5]
Simsiri A, Namsawath P, 1993. Melia azedarach. In: Plantation forest trees.

Silviculture Division, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, Thailand.
[5]
13
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[5] CABI: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition). CAB International. (CD-ROM)
(CD-ROM).

1988. Phnom Penh.
14
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Moringa oleifera Lam.]

[Moringa oleifera Lam.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Moringa oleifera Lam.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ horse-radish tree [9], ben-oil tree, cabbage tree, clarifier tree,
drumstick tree, moringa tree [1]
K> sTisn½y ³ Moringa moringa (L.) Small [1],
Moringa pterygosperma Gaetn. nom. illeg. [1],

Anoma moringa (Linnaeus) Loureiro, 1970 [4],
Guilandina moringa L. Standley, 1946, [4],
Hyperanthera moringa (Linnaeus) Vahl., 1970 [4],
Moringa erecta Salisb. (nom illegit.)., 1796 [4],
Moringa moringa (L.) Millsp. Standley, 1946 [4],
Moringa octogona Stokes. nom illegit., 1812 [4],
Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & Berger, 1987 [4],
Moringa ovalifoliolata Dinter, 1914 [4],
Moringa polygona DC. (1825) [7]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ shiferaw (Ethiopia) [1] - rawag (Arabia) [1] - sajina, sohjna,
sujina (Bangladesh) [1] - dan-da-lun (Myanmar) [1] -

benzolive tree (Caribbean) [1] - malunggay (Philippines) [1] -
ben ail้, neverdie, pois quenique (France) [1] - zogallagandi
(W-Africa) [1] - munga ara, mungna, sainjna, sanjna, shajna,

shobhanjana, sohanjna, sondna, suhujna (India) [1] - okwe
oyibo (SE-Nigeria) [1] - merunggai, sajina (Malaysia) [1] -
sohijan (Nepal) [1] - mlonge, mronge, mrongo, mzunze
(Tansania) [1] - murangai, murunga (Sri Lanka) [1] - ma-rum
(Thailand) [1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RmuM

c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ Morum [10]
1
lMdab; : Papaverales
RKYsar : Moringaceae
ePT : Moringa
RbePT : Moringa oleifera Lam.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: RmMCu aedImeQItUc EdlGacmankMBs;dl;eTA 9-15 m [4] (3-10 m [3, 7], 15 m

[1], 8 m [6], 10 m [2], 12 m [9]) edaymansøwkragdUces<ó nigdUcq½Rt ehIykenSamsøk w ebIk .
edImeQImni Rtg; manEmkeRcInenAKl; nigGgát;pSit DBH man 60 cm [6] (30 cm [4], 10-30 cm
[7], 1.0-1.5 m brimaRt [1]) . vaEtgmanlkçN³dUcRbePT leguminous epSgeTot enAeBlecjpáa
b:Eu nþGac cMNaM)an enAeBlecjEpø . Emk nigBnøk xøI b:uEnþmaneramRkas; RsYy nigFøak;mkeRkam .
edImeQImanRbB½nr§ WseRCA nigrWsEkvRkas; .
[sMbk]: sMbkrelag exµARbepH mansñamesþIg nigBN’elOg .
[søwk]: søwkmanlkçN³dUceram ébtgcas; enAxagelI nigébtgRsalenAxageRkam Casøk w qøas; smas

nig CasøabbI RbEvg 30–60 cm [2](30-90 cm [4]) søwkcas;ngw RCuHecj . søabsøwkzitenAQmKña
Edlman 4-7 pairs [4] (4-6 pairs [7]) søwkmYymansøabsøwkTIBIr cMnnY BI 2-7 KU [4]
manTgRbEvgRbEhl 5 cm edaymansøwkFM . søwknimYy² manTMhM nigrUbragxus²Kña b:Eu nþragmUl
eTAeGlIb manRbEvg 2.5 cm [6] (1.3–2 cm x 0.6–0.3 cm [2, 4])
KµaneramenAelIEKmsøwkTaMgmUl .
2
[páa]:mankøni RkGUb Edlpáaral;qñaM ecjCakBa©pMú áa EdlmanRbEvg 15 cm [2] . TgpáanimyY ² maneram
RbEvg 12 mm [6] (4-15 cm [7]) edayRsTab;páaBN’ébtgRsalcMnYn 5 EdlmanRbEvg 12 mm
[2] nigTaMg 5 enHminesµIKañ manBN’s rW Bgman; RtbkpáamanBN’elOg rW s
EdlmanlkçN³EvgCagRsTab;páa . enAelIRtbkTaMg 5 manekseQµal EdlmanbMBg;eks
nigragsþÜc .
[Epø]:plitkmµEpøcab;epþm
I enAExmina nigemsa enARsIlgáa enA\NÐaBIExmina dl;emsa
nigmþgeTotenAEx kBaØa nigtula [2] . Epø CaEpøKY BN’etñatRsal FM manRbEvg 90 cm [6] (30-90
cm [4], 30–120 cm [2]) nigTTwg 12 mm [6] (1.4 cm [4], 1.8 cm [2] ) manlkçN³Ggáaj;
RsYcTaMsgçag [6] mansñam eTAmuxTaMg 2 [6] (9 bnÞH [2]) . vaeRbH EbktambeNþay Ca 3

EpñkenAeBls¶Üt nigmanRKab;BN’exµA nigragmUl [6] . Epønmi Yy² manRKab;cnM YnRbEhl 20 [4]
enAxagkñúgBknimYy² . RKab;BN’etñatcas; sMbrU eRbg nigmansøabRkdascMnYn 3 [4].
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQITn; es<at nigRsal . vamandg;seIu t 0.5-0.7 g/cm³ enAkMrit minsÁal; % mc [6]
nigpþl;TinñplRbEhl 4,600 kcal/kg [6].
RbEhl : 30°N eTA 25°S [1] . RmMmu anRbPBkMeNItBIRbeTs\NÐa nig)a:KIsaß n nigRtUv)annaMcUleTA

GasIuGaeKñy_ EdlvaRtUv)andaMCarukçCatilMGr . enATUTaMg\NÐa RmMRu tUv)andaMenACarbg rW eRkaypÞH

BIeRBaH vamanRbeyaCn_sMrab;eFIVCacMNIstV [6] . vak_RtUv)aneRbICaRBM rbs;dIcMkar rW dIERspgEdr .
enAkñgú FmµCati RbePTenH duHlb;enAtamRcaMgTenø nigvalesµA EdlCakEnøg mandImni dk;Twk
nigRbPBTwkeRkamdI eBlmYyqñaM .
3
RmMCu aRbePTeQItMbn;TMnab EdlGacmanduHenAkMritry³kMBs; épÞTwksmuRT dl; 1,000 m [4] (0-500

m [4], 0-1,400 m [1], 0-1,300 m [7]) . vamanlT§PaBduHenAlkçx½NÐsMeNIm nigtamrdUv .
kMritTwk ePøógRbcaMqañ KM W 400-4,300 mm [4] (300-2,500 mm [1], 480 eTA 4,030 mm [2]
ya:gehacNas; 500 mm [6]) edaymankMritx<sb; MputBI 600-2,200 mm [4] .
vaFn;ngw PaBraMgs¶tÜ nigGacFn;ry³eBl 6 Ex [1] énrdUvR)aMg b:Eu nþplþ ;plCasøwktic
enAeBlminmanTwkRKb;RKan; [4] . eTaHbI vaduHlUtlas;enA kMritePøógFøak;TabKW 300 mm kñgú mYyqñaM
[1] RbsinminmanTwkeRkamdIRKb;RKan; . sItuNðPaBsMrab;kar lUtlas;KW 7-48°C [4] (12.6-40°C
[6]) edaymankMrix<sb; Mput 18-35°C [4] (25-27ºC [1], 18.7-28.5°C [2]) .

vaminrgeRKaHedaysarsenSIm b:Eu nþGacgab;edaysarkarkkenAEpñkxageRkam . vaduHrWs fµyI a:gelOn
enAeBlvaRtUv)ankat; nigkkenAEpñkxageRkam [6] . vaminrg\T§Bi leday ry³éneBléf¶eT
EtcUlcitþRtUvBnøW CakarlUtlas;enA kñgú møb; . vaFn;nwgePøgI eqH b:Eu nþgayrgeRKaHedaysarxül; [1] .

RbePTenHGacsmRsbeTAnwgRbePT dIeRcInRbePT rYmTaMgdImanCICatiTabeTotpg . vaduHlUtlas;

enAdI manCICati nigmindk;Twk CadIxSac; l,ay\dæ b:uEnþCaTUeTAsmRsbnwgdI mankMritRsal mFüm
nigF¶n; Etmin GacFn;ngw dIéRb . vaFn;ngw dI EdlmanlkçN³rak; . dIKrY Etmindk;Twk Gacdk;TwktamrdUv
b:Eu nþminyUr . duHlUtlas;enAtMbn; EdlmanRbPBTwkeRkamdIxs< ; . cMeBaHkMritGasIut vacUlctiþ
BIkrM itNWt eTAGasItu exSay (pH 5.5-7.5 [9], 5.5-7 [4]) b:Eu nþkrM it pH 4.5 eTA 8 [4] KWsmRsb .
vaRtUv)annaMcUl eTAekaH )a:suIPic Edlman pH x<s;dl;eTA 8.5 [6] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 9]
4
[eQI]: eQIRsal nigTn; RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;sN M g;Fn;Rsal nigsMPar³eFIBV eI QI eRbIenAkñúgpÞH

nig]sSah_kmµ . vaRtUv)aneRbI CakMsYrsÞcÚ RtI Rbdab;ekµgelg nig Em:tsMrab;]sSah_kmµvaynP½NÐ .
eQI nigRkdas RtUv )aneRbICa sMrab;kare)aHBumB< t’man nig cellophane .
eQIk_GaceRbICaGussMrab;karcMGinGahar b:Eu nþeFIV CaFüÚgEdlmanKuNPaBTab .
[Gnupl]:
Gahar : søkw CaRbPBénRbUetGIun vitamins A, B nig C nigsarFatuEr: dUcCa kal;süÚm nigEdk

Edlman tMélesµnI gw és<exµA ( spinach equivalent) . BYkvaCaRbPBya:gl¥RbesIr énGasIut amino
methionine nig cystine EdlmankMritpÁt;pg Á ;tictYc . edImeQI EdlenAtUcRtUv)anbriePaKCabEnø
nigrWs RtUv)aneRbICa kar:uteTotpg . EpøxI© GacbriePaK)an nigRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;famanrs;CatidUc
asparagus . RKab; EdlenA ébtg nigsarFatuBN’B½T§CuvM ijRtUv)ankat;ecj nigcMGinCamðb Ú
)aneRcInEbb . RKab;Edl)an BIépø EdlTMu (EdlmanRbEvg 40-50 cm) GacmanBN’etñat RtUv)ankin
nigdak;kñgú TwkekþA sMrab;eFIVCaeRbg sMrab;daMsør . eRbgmankøni RkGUb RsedogeRbg olive
EdlCaeRbgbénø Edll¥bpM tu . páaRtUv)anbriePaK rW eRbICaEt pgEdr .
cMNIstV: søwkRtUv)aneRbI CacMNImnusS nigminEmnsMrab;stVeT EtEmkrbs;CaGaceRbIsMrab;CacMNI
dl;GUdæ nigeKa [6] .
lIBtI : karcMraj;ykeRbgBI EpøTMu KWmanBN’elOg mins¶Üt rkSaKuNPaB)anl¥ b:Eu nþGacERbCa xa
enAeBl xøH . vaRtUv)aneRbICaeRbgrMGil enAkñgú eKOgsMGag nigTwkGb; nigGacCMnsY eRbg sperm

rbs;RtI)aELn [6] . eRbgmantMélx<s;sMrab;kareFITV wkGb; nigemSA EdlGacrkSakøni
nigsMrab;Gkñ eFInV aLikar vaRtUv)an eRbICaeRbgrMGil . sMNl;BkI arcMraj;ykeRbg RtUv)aneRbICaCI .
RKab; RtUv)anbMEbk nigeRbIR)as;eday shKmn_mUldæan (dUcCa enAs‘Udg; ma:LavI nig\NÐeÚ nsIu )
CasarFatueFIVeGayTwkføa EdlmantMélefak nigkat;bnßy)ak;etrI nigCatiBulenAkñgú Twk [1] .
5
srés : sMbk enAeBlvay pþl;nvU srés EdleRbIsMrab;eFIEV xS nigkenÞl . karsikSaeTA elIplitkmµ
rayon-grade BIRmuM edaydMeNIrkar prehydrolyzed sulphate enA\NÐa bgðajfavaCavtßúFatuedIm
d_sm RsbsMrab;plit alpha cellulose sMrab;eRbIkúgñ cellophane nigvaynP½NÐ [1] .

C½r :enAeBledImeQImanrbYs edImbeBa©jnUvC½r EdleRbIkgñú kare)aHBume< lIRkNat; eRKOgeTs
nigkarQW cab;elIRkeBH nige)øakenam . C½rs¥it manrs;Catisab nigCaRbePTC½r hog [1] .
tanIn nigl½k:ç sMbkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;crM aj;yktanIn nigl½kçBN’exov .
fñaM :RKab;RmMmu anRbsiT§PaB RbqaMgnwg)ak;etrIekItelIEs,k Staphylococcus aureus nig
Pseudomonas aeruginosa . BYkvamanpÞk ú nUv antibiotic nigsarFatuslM ab;pSit terygospermin .
Alkaloid spirachin ( nerve paralysant) manpÞkú enAkñgú rWs . sMbk
eBlxøHGacbNþaleGaymaneRKaHfñak;pgEdr . páa Edles¶ar RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Büa)alpþasay . C½r
Ca diuretic sarFatufñaM nigfñaeM FIeV GayrlUtkUn nigeRbIRbqaMgnwgeraKhWt . eRbg Ben RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;
karrMClY citþ P½yxøac bBaðaRbUsþas nige)aøkenam . rWs nigsMbkRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;fñaMebHdUg
nigbBaðasrésQam nigCMnYykMlaMg ehIynigkarrlakePøIg . sMbkGaceRbICaePsC¢³
nigkarrMlayGahar . søkw manpÞúknUvsarFatu Edkx<s; nigeRbIsMrab;eraKxVHQamenAhVlI IBnI [1].
plitkmµTwkXµú:M enAkñgú rukvç b,kmµ Tak;TgnwgkarduHeLIgvij edaykarkat; duHExñg nigrkSaeGayecjpáa
ral;qñaM . enHGacCYypþl;Twkdm dl;XMµú sMrab;ry³eBlEvg . enAs‘dU g; emSArbs;RKab;
RtUv)anyl;faman RbsiT§PaBCag cMnti okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) eRbICamYyTwkXµMú
BYkvaGaceRbI edaymincaM)ac; es¶ar sMrab;eFIVeGayTwkGMeBAføa [1] .
sMPar³sMGatkñúgpÞH : søwkRtUv)anjIkMeTc edIm,sMGatqñaMg xÞH nig enA Hausa nig Yoruba én
éNC½rero eRbIBYkvasMrab;sGM atCBa¢aMg [1] .

[epSg²]:
karRKb;RKgkarhUreRcaH : RmMsu mRsbsMrab;tbM n; Edlmanxül;xaø gM nigmankarraMgs¶tÜ yUr

EdleFIeV Gay mankarhUreRcaH [1] .
6
begánI KuNPaBdI :søwk EdlmanBN’ébtg RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karRKbdI . sMNl; Edlsl;BIkarTajyk
eRbgBIRKab; RtUv)aneRbICaCIFmµCati [1] .
edImeQIlMGr : RbePTenH RtUv)andaMduHCaeRcInsMrab;eFIVCaedImeQIlMGr [1] .
daMduHCaRBMRbTl; : RtUv)andaMCarbg karBarxül; pþl;møb; nigTMr dl;BBYkvlø× . eRbICarbg nigRBMdIenA
RbeTs eknya: nIesrIya: tg;sSanI nigkEnøgepSg²eTot . karkat;edIm daMKWmanPaBgayRsYl
nigRtUv)an daMCaCYrenAtampÞH nigsYnc,ar [1] .
ksirukçkmµ : edImeQIpþl;mbø ; nigmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;kardaMCaRbB½nc§ enøaH CamYyRbePT dMNaM
RbcaMqañ eM pSg eTot EdlGacRtUv)anbMpøajedaysarBnøWéf¶ . vaCaTMr d_l¥sMrab;eRmc (Piper sp.) .
RKb;RKgkarbMBlu : edImeQIGacCYyeGayTwks¥at nigeFIeV GayTwkføa . TwkEdlmankMritl¥k;xs< ;
GacRtUv )ancMeraH edayeRbIRKab;bukeGaym:t; CamYyés, edIm,IeFIVeGayTwkføaeLIgvij .
edIm,IerobcMRKab; sMrab;kar sMGatTwk RtUvkat;sbM kRKab; nigsøabecj . sac;RKab; EdlmanBN’s
RtUvbukeGayeTAemSA edayeRbI t,al;bku . emSARtUv)anlayCamYyTwk kUr nigeRcaHeGays¥at
muneBldak;clU eTAkñúgTwk Edll¥k; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [11]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: enAkñgú FmµCati RbePTenH duHlb;enAtamRcaMgTenø nigvalesµA EdlCakEnøg

mandImni dk; Twk nigRbPBTwkeRkamdI eBlmYyqñaM . vaCaedImeQI EdlmankarlUtlas;elOn
nigduHExñg eLIgvij ehIy GacéRkEmkedayxøÜnÉgeTotpg b:Eu nþminGacbegánI GasUtenAkñgú dI)aneT [9]
. eTaHya:gNa RbPBxøH bBa¢ak;fa ([1]) vaGacbegánI GasUtenAkñgú dI .
[kardaMduH]: CaTUeTA vaRtUv)andaMduH edayKl; duHeLIgvijedayFmµCati daMedayRKab;pÞal; nigdaM
edaykUn . enA\NÐa rukçCatienHRtUv)anbnþBUCedaykarkat;Emk RbEvg 1–2 m BIExmifuna dl;sIha .

7
edImeQIecj Epø enAry³eBl 6–8 ExbnÞab;BIkardaM b:uEnþkarecjEpøeTogTat;ekItmaneRkay
edImeQImanGayuBIrqñaM . edImeQIecjpþl;Epø)anry³eBleRcInqñaM [2] . eTaH vaminpþl;Epøl¥
enAkMLgú bIqañ dM MbgU k_eday . enAeBl sMrab;ykrWs RKab;RtUv)ansabCaCYr dUckardaMduHbEnø .
[karRKb;RKg]: Rmud M uHlUtlas;ya:gelOn nigkñúgry³eBlBI 1-3 Ex edImeQIGacmakMBs; 2.5 m .
karbnþ éRkEmkenAkMrit 1.5 m/qñaM RtUv)anpþl;Caeyabl; edImTTYl)anEmkRkas; nigcMnnY eRcIn .
edImeQIRtUv )andaM sMrab;yksøkw Epø nigpáa . RmMGu aceRbIsMrab;CaKMrbdI sMGatTwk nigCIFmµCati .
vaduHlUtlas;enAkñgú kEnøg EdlmanRbPBTwkeRkamdIx<s; [6] .
[karRbmUlpl]: Epø rW EpñkepSg²eTotRtUv)anRbmUl GaRs½yeTAelIeKalbMNg nigtMrUvkar
b:Eu nþenA\NÐa EpøGacRtUv)anRbmUlenAEx mina dl;emsa nigmþgeTotenAExkBaØa dl;tula .

RKab;RtUv)anRbmUl enAEx mina dl;emsa nigeRbgRtUv)ancMraj;yk [2] .
[Tinñpl]: enAkñg ú cMkarsuT§ RbePtenHGacpþl;nUvCIvma:s;RbEhl 10 MT Epø kñúgmYyhicta [2] dUc
RbePT legumes epSg²eTotEdr . eTaHya:gNa minTan;manTinñn½yTak;TgnwgBaNiCk¢ mµRbePTenH
enAeLIyeT .
[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;]: RKab;RtUv)anRbmUl BIEpø EdllUtlas;l¥ b:Eu nþvamankarBi)ak eday

sarEpø bnþFøak;CabnþbnÞab; . karrkSaTukRKab;Ca RbePT orthodox kMritdMNuH GacRtUv)an
rkSaenAry³eBleRcInqañM enAkñgú bnÞb;bti Cit EdlmansItuNðPaB 3°C edaymankMrit 5-8% mc [6] . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[karbnþBUC]: RmMRu tUv)anbnþBC

U edaykarkat; nigedayRKab; . RKab;GacRtUv)ansabedaypÞal; rW
daMenAkñgú fg; . minTamTarnUvkareFIRV bRBwtþkmµCamuneT ehIyRKab;GacduHBnøkkñúgry³eBl 1-2 s)aþh_
. rukCç ati EdldaMedayRKab;Gacpþl;pl EdlminGacnwgsµan)an . karb:HBnøk
nigkat;k_TTYl)aneCaKC½ypgEdr edaycab;epþmI pþl;EpøenAkñgú 6 Ex nigbnþplþ ;plry³eBl 13 qñaM .
enAeBlkarbnþBUC edaysrIragÁRtUv)an eFIV viFsI aRsþbgáat; dUcCa single-plant selection, mass
selection nig exploitation RtUv)aneFIeV LIg . karkat;edIm manlkçN³smRsb eRBaHvagay
duHrWseLIgvij . enAeBlvaRtUv)andaMsrM ab;ykrWs RKab;RtUv )ansabCaCYrdUcCakardaMduHbEnø [6].
8
[CMgW nigstVlt¥i ]: CMgWrlYyrWs (Diplodia spp.) nig papaya powdery mildew (Levellula taurica)
RtUv)anGegát . dgávÚ Eupterote mollifera eFIeV GayRCuHsøwk b:Eu nþGacRtUv)an RKb;RKgtamry³kar)aj;
eRbgRtI rW C½rsab‘U nig BHC [1].
[epSg²]:RmMg u ayrgeRKaHedaysarstVCan; nigxül;bk .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
F> karGPirkS :

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]: \NÐa ma:eLsIu GUEmn xVata esADIGara:be; bo Gara:bG; mIu Iert eyEmn .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[karnaMclU ]:
GaháanIsaß n ebnIn ebKINa hVasU km<úCa kaemrU eqt GIru IeRTo eGsüÚBI háaebo háaNa hÁeI no éhTI
\NÐeÚ nsIu GIru :g; eknya: KIrI)aTI lIebrIya: ma:lI ekaHma:sal; ma:rItaeno misu uickU PUma en)a:l; nIC½r
9
nIesrIya: xageCIg ekaHma:rINa )a:KsI aß n hVlI IBnI esenháal; esra:elGUn RsIlgáa s‘Udg; tg;sSanI éf
tUeháa G‘yu ehánda evotNam esnsIu)a .
p> epSg² :
[Bakü]: eQµaH)abmkBI eQµaH Sinhalese ‘morunga’ [4] .

[RkUm:s
U nU ]: 2n = 28 [2]
[lkçN³KIm]I : kñúg 100 g EpømanpÞk ú nUv 86.9 g Twk 2.5 g RbUetGIun 0.1 g xøaj; 8.5 g
brimaNsrub carbohydrate 4.8 g srés 2.0 g epH 30 mg Ca, 110 mg P, 5.3 mg Fe, 184 IU
vit. A, 0.2 mg niacin, and 120 mg ascorbic acid, 310 g Cu, 1.8 g I . søwkmanpÞkú 7.5 g
Twk 6.7 g RbUetGInu 1.7 g xøaj; 14.3 g brimaNsrub carbohydrate, 0.9 g srés 2.3 g epH 440
mg Ca, 70 mg P, 7 mg Fe, 110 g Cu, 5.1 g I, 11,300 IU vit. A, 120 g vit. B, 0.8 mg
nicotinic acid, 220 mg ascorbic acid, nig 7.4 mg tocopherol kñgú 100 g . sarFatu
Estrogenic rYmman anti-tumor compound, -sitosterol, nig pectinesterase . Amino
GasIutkñgú søwk 6.0 g arginine/16 g N, 2.1 histidine, 4.3 lysine, 1.9 tryptophane, 6.4
phenylalanine, 2.0 methionine, 4.9 threonine, 9.3 lucine, 6.3 isoleucine, nig 7.1 valine .
Amino GasIt u rbs;Epø 3.6 g arginine/16 g N, 1.1 g histidine, 1.5 g lysine, 0.8 g
tryptophane, 4.3 g phenylalanine, 1.4 g methionine, 3.9 g threonine, 6.5 g leucine, 4.4 g
isoleucine, nig 5.4 valine . sac;RKab; (70–74% énRKab;) man 4.08 Twk 38.4 g RbUetGIuneqA
34.7% xøaj; 16.4 g N 3.5 g srés nig 3.2 g epH . eRbgRKab;man 9.3% palmitic, 7.4%
stearic 8.6% behenic, nig 65.7% oleic acidskñúgcMenamGasIutxøaj;TaMgGs; . GasIut Myristic
nig lignoceric k_manpÞkú pgEdr . kaksMNl; enAsl;eRkayeBldkykeRbg manpÞkú 58.9%

RbUetGInu eqA 0.4% Cao, 1.1% P2O5 nig 0.8% K2O . Pterygospermin CasmasFatu )ak;etrI
nigpSit Edl)anBI Moringa man LD50 EdlRtUv)ancak;kúgñ kNþrú enAkMrti 350 eTA 400 mg/kg .
sMbkrWsGacpþl;nUv alkaloids cMnnY BIrRbePT : moringine nig moringinine . Moringinine
edImtYnaTICa cardiac stimulant eFIeV GaysMBaFQameLIgx<s; nigmantYnaTICa sympathetic nerve-
endings eFIeV GaysrésQamrt;RsYl [1].
10
Anon. 1986. The useful plants of India. Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR,
New Delhi, India.
[1]
Beentje HJ. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. National Museums of Kenya.
[1]
Bein E. 1996. Useful trees and shrubs in Eritrea. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU),
Nairobi, Kenya.
[1]
Bekele-Tesemma A, Birnie A, Tengnas B. 1993. Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia.
(SIDA).
[1]
Booth FEM, Wickens GE. 1988. Non-timber uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in
Africa. FAO Conservation Guide. No. 19. Rome.
[1]
Dale IR, Greenway PJ. 1961. Kenya trees and shrubs. Buchanan’s Kenya Estates Ltd.
[1]
Dhalla Rosa KR. 1993. Moringa oleifera: A perfect tree for home gardens. Agroforestry
species highlights. The Agroforestry Information Service. Hawaii, USA.
[1]
ECHO. 1996. Special purpose Trees. ECHO, USA.
[1]
11
[1]
[1]
ICRAF. 1992. A selection of useful trees and shrubs for Kenya: Notes on their
identification, propagation and management for use by farming and pastoral
communities. ICRAF.
[1]
Katende AB et al. 1995. Useful trees and shrubs for Uganda. Identification, Propagation
[1]
Kayastha BP. 1985. Silvics of the trees of Nepal. Community Forest Development
Project, Kathmandu.
[1]
Keay RW. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Claredon Press Oxford.
[1]
Lanzara P and Pizetti M. 1978. Simon & Schuster’s guide to trees. Simon & Schuster,
Inc., New York.
[1]
Mahajan S, Sharma YK. 1984. Production of rayon grade pulp from Moringa oleifera.
Indian Forester. 110(3): 303-306.
12
[1]
Maundu P. M. Ngugi G.W. Kabuye C.H.S. (1999) Traditional Food Plants of Kenya
[8]
Mbuya LP et al. 1994. Useful trees and shrubs for Tanzania: Identification, Propagation
[1]
Nautiyal BP, Venkataraman KG. 1987. Moringa (Drumstick) - An ideal tree for social
forestry; growing conditions and uses - part I: Myoforest. 23(1):53-58.
[1]
Peter KV. 1987. Drumstick (Moringa oleifera) - A multipurpose perennial Indian

vegetable tree of considerable medicinal value: Proceeding of a Symposium 5-35 on the
14th International Botanical Congress, Berlin, 24 July - 1 August.
[1]
Verma, S.C., Banerji, R., Misra, G., Nigam, S.K. 1976. Nutritional value of moringa.
Current Sci. 45(21):769–770.
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH
[2] Center for New Crops and Plants Products, Purdue University
13
[4] ECOPORT:
http://www.ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=517656
[Internet source)
[5] Various Authors, 1973: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-nam

(Fascicule 18th), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.

arch.asp (Internet source)
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[9] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and
Development Project. Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.).
Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International. 320pp.
[11] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No.
35, 25th June 1988. Phnom Penh. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
14
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Nephelium lappaceum L.]

[Nephelium lappaceum L.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Nephelium lappaceum L.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ rambutan [1], ramboostan [11]
K> sTisn½y ³ Nephelium glabrum Cambess. (1829) (also used for
Nephelium maingayi),
Nephelium chryseum Blume (1847),
Nephelium sufferrugineum Radlk. (1879) [1],
Euphoria nephelium,
Dimocarpus crinata [3],
Nephelium mutabile Blume var. pallens Hiern in Hook.f.,
Xerospermum topengii Merr. [10],
Nephelium obovatum (Ridely) [11]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ litchi chevelu, ramboutan (France) [1, 5] - usan, rambutan
(Philippines) [1, 11], ngoh, phruan, ngoh paa, phruan ngoh

(Thailand) [1, 11] - ch[oo]m ch[oo]m, v[ar]i thi[eef]u., saaw
maaw, vai thi[ee][uf], vai thieu (Vietnam) [1, 11] - chorogol,
gente, kakapas, rambutan (Indonesia) [11] - buah abong,
rambutan, rangalau (Malaysia) [11] - hooun mo daon shau
tsz (China) [11] - mshokishoki (East-Africa) [11]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ sirman;

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ saaw maaw, ser mon, saavmaav srok [1]
1
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Sapindaceae]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [7]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQIébtg Canic©manTMhMmFüm edaymankMBs; 10-12 m [11] (8-15 m [5], 12-25

m [9], 4-7 m to 15-25 m [10], -25 m [3]) . CaRbePTeQIFM enAkñg ú FmµCati . edImRtg; manGgát;p©itBI
40-60 cm edaymanEmkRkas; nigkenSamsøwkrIkFM [9] (kenSamsøk w ebIk manEmkFM² [11]) .
Emkrn§degðmI Ca eRcIn EmknimYy²maneramBN’Rkhm .
[sMbk]: sMbkeRKIm BN’RbepH exµARbepH rWRkhm .
[søwk]: søwkqøak; (QmKña Etsøkw KUrdMbgU ) zitenACakenSam edaymancMnnY 2 KUr [3] (1-4 KUr [10])ragCaeG
lIb b:Eu nþminmancugsøkw . søwkmYy²manragdUcs‘ut rW eGlIb manTMhM 5-28 cm x 2-10.5 cm [1]
(RbEvg 7-30 cm [10], -25 cm beNþay [3]) zitenACaG½kSedk maneram CYnkalmaneramtic²
enAEKmsøwk nig eramenAxageRkam minman domatia cugsøkw xøI srésrsøkw ragekag eRKIm EdlmancMnYn
6-15 KUr zitenA EpñkxageRkam . søwkmanlkçN³dUcEs,k nigelOgébtgeTAébtgcas; nigBN’elOg
rW ébtgexovenA xageRkam .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá manEmkeRcIn zitenAcegam . páaBN’s elOg rW ébtg TaMgCapáaeQµal nigpáaGePT
nigman TgpáatUcEvg . RsTab;páaman 4-5(-7) beNþayRbEhl 0.7-2.1 mm . Rtbkpáaminman
CYnkalmanBI 4 rW mYy manRbEvgminelIsBI 1.6 mm . tYpaá maneram rWKµaneram . edIm EdlGePT
mantYnaTICapáaeQµal pg nigjIpg EdlCakUneQIRtUv)andaMduHjwkjab; [10] . edImeQIxHø rW
EmkxøHGacmanpáaxusrdUv . karecjpáa GacmanTMnak;TMngCamYybBaðaxVHTwkCaedIm .
[Epø]: Epøsac; EdlmanRKab;cMnYnmYy ragmUl RbEvg 6 cm [3] (7 x 5 cm [11], 3.5-8 cm [10])
edayman TMgn; 20-95 g [11] . BN’RkhmsICu m<Ú RkhmRsal sVaycas; elOgRkhm rWTwkRkUc
2
edaymanbnøaTn;² RbEvg 0.5-2 cm RbePTxøHRCuHkMBUlrbs;va . RsTab;esþgI nigmanlkçN³dUcEs,k
mankMras; 2.5 mm . sac;EpømankMras; 0.4-0.8 cm BN’Bgman; rW kUlab BN’l¥k; manTwkeRcIn
manCatiGasIut edaymanrs; CatixusBIRbePT Edlmanrs;CatiEp¥m . RKab;manlkçN³sMEb:t ragmUl
TMhM 2.5-3.4 x 1-1.5 cm . manEpø 1 rW 2 EdltUc²minlUtlas; zitenACitEpø EdlTMu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQImanBN’Rkhm rwgmFüm eTAxøaMg maMu . vaFn;nwgkarbMpaø jrbs;stVl¥ti

b:Eu nþgayrgeRKaH nwgkarbMpaø jrbs;pSit . RbEvgmFümrbs;srésreQIman 1.07 mm .
vagayeRbHEbk enAkMLgú eBl sMgYt . CaTUeTAeQIsirman;manlkçN³tUceBk
sMrab;ykmkeFICV aeQIh‘ub .
[11]
rvag 17°N nig 17°S enATMnabRtUBki nigRtUv)andaMduHenAGasIu (RsIlgáa eTAdl;jÚvhÁIeno ) nigmYycMnYn

tUc enAtMbn;éRBRtUBki eQImrbs;Gaemrik GaeRhVk nigGURsþalI . edImeQIRtUv)an daMduH
enARsTab;kNþal enAkñgú RbePTéRBxus²Kña dUcCa éRBbzm nigéRBrgkarukran BItMbn;raMgs¶Üt
dl;tMbn;licTwk .
duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;ekþAehIy esIm enAkMritry³kMBs; 0-600 m a.s.l. [1, 9] (0-300 [6], 0-600 dl;
2,000 [10], 0-600 dl; 1,950 [11] m a.s.l. ) . RtUvkarkMritTwkePøógRbEhl 165
éf¶Faø k;ePøógkñúgmYyqñaM . kMritTwkePøógRbcaMqaM 2,500 mm [1] (2,500-3,000 mm [6, 9], 1,800-2,500
mm [10]) nigkMritsrub 1,400-4,000 mm [10] . sItuNðPaBsMrab;karduHlUtlas; 10-42°C
edaymankMritBI 21-35°C . enAsßan PaB Edll¥ enA Oriental Mindora Philippines

kMritsItuNðPaBRbcaMqañ M man 27.3ºC [10] . edImeQI cas;Gacrs;enAkñgú ry³eBlxøeI nAsItuNðPaB
3
4°C b:Eu nþTTYlrgnUvkarRCuHsøkw ya:gxøaMg . kMritsMeNImman kMrit 80% nigrdUvraMgs¶tÜ manry³eBl 3
Ex . minFn;nwgkarraMgs¶Üt xül;st¶Ü nigsenSIm CaBiessenA eBlkMBugeBjv½y .
cUlcitþdImni dk;Twk l,ayxSac;eRCA rW manCICati CaRbePTl,ayxSac; sMbrU sarFatusrIragÁ b:uEnþminduHlUt

las; enAelIdIRKb;RbePTenaHeT CaBiessdICaMTwk . vaduHlUtlas;l¥ enAelIdRI khm lateritic . kMrit
pH BI 4.5-6.5 [1, 11] (4.5-7.5 [10]) kMritx<s;bp M tu BI 5 eTA 6.5 . enAkMrti pH x<s; sarFatuEdk
nigs½gásI minRKb;RKan; (chlorosis EdleFIeV Gaysøkw BN’elOg) .
[eQI]: CaTUeTAeQIrbs;sam:av manlkçN³tUceBk EdlminRtUv)aneRbICaeQIh‘ubeT [11] . eTaHbI

vaRtUv)an daMCaRbePT pþl;eQIk_eday . eQIsmRsbsMrab;sMNg;TUeTA .
[Gnupl]: edImeQIRtUv)andaMduH sMrab;ykEpø . sac;EpøRtUv)anbriePaK TaMgenARss; nigEpøCUr
RtUv)anyk eTAcMGni pgEdr . vaRtUv)andak;kgñú kMbg:u rW eRbICadMNab; b:Eu nþvaGac)at;nUvrs;CatiedImrbs;va

. enAkñgú »sf buraNExµr Epøébtg mansarFatukarBar karQWRkBH nigsarFatu anthelmintic
EdlGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;RbqaMgnwgCMgWeRcInRbePT CaBiessdUcCa antipyretic nig anti-
diarrhoeal . sMbkGacRtUv )aneRbI R)as;sMrab;RbqaMgnwgCMgWGNþat . rWsRtUv)anes¶ar
nwgeRbIBüa)alCMgWRKun . karsikSafµI )aneFIVkarGegáteTA elIskþanuBlrbs;vaRbqaMgnwgvIrus CaBiess

Herpes Simplex Virus. RsTab;Epø manpÞk ú nUvsarFatuBlu saponin eTaHya:gNa enA Java
4
vaRtUv)ansMgYt nigeRbIR)as;Ca»sfpgEdr . Bnøk EdlenAx©I RtUv)aneRbI R)as;edIm,IplitBN’ébtg
sMrab;RClk;sURt EdldMbgU RtUv)anRClk;eGaymanBN’elOgCamYyelµòt . RsTab;EpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
CamYyrukçCatiepSgeTot EdlsMbrU eTAeday tanIn edIm,IRClk;sURt eGayman BN’exµA
bnÞab;BIRClk;BN’Rkhm . søwk RtUv)aneRbIR)as; CamYyPk; edIm,IeFIlV ½kBç N’exµA . sac;RKab;Gac
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karplit xøaj; xøaj;rwgRsedogkarkav EdlGacbriePaK nigeFIsV ab‘U rW eTon .
RKab;rbs;vaGacbriePaK)an (bnÞab;BIlIg) b:Eu nþmanlkçN³lVIg nigCatigguyedk .
[epSg²]: sama:vCaedImeQIlMGr sMrab;sn Y nigtampøvÚ pgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQIRtUv)andaMduHenARsTab;kNþal enAkñgú RbePTéRBxus²Kña dUcCa éRBbzm

nigéRBrgkar rukran BItMbn;raMgs¶Üt dl;tMbn;licTwk b:Eu nþRtUv)andaMduH enAkñgú cMkar CMvu ijpÞH nigkñúgsYn .
[kardaMduH]:dg;seIu ténkardaM 5 x 7 m eTA 10 x 10 m [1] (10 x 12 m [9], 10 x 13 m [11]) .
cenøaHrbs;va GaRs½yeTAelIPaBrwgmaMurbs;kUneQI nigl½kçxNÐénkardaMduH (CMerAdI nigFarasaRsþ) .

[karRKb;RKg]: CYnkalvaRtUv)andaMduHsuT§ rW lay CamYy FUern (Durio zibethinus Murr.) nig langsat-
(Lansium domesticum Correa) rW mgÄút (Garcinia mangostana L.) . RbB½nF § arasaRsþ

mansar³sMxan; Nas;enAeBlkMritePøógFøak;minRKb;RKan; . eTaHbI vamanlkçN³ saMBu aJaMkñúg
karsMGatesµAk_eday . edIm,IsnSMTwk kat;bnßykarsMGatesµA nigbegánI karduHlUtlas;
sarFatusrIragÁRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCaCI . sMrab;karduHlUtlas;rbs;edImeQI kMritCIKW 200 g
nIRtUEsn 25 g pUsrV nig 100 g bUt: asüÚm kñúgmYyedIm . enAqñaTM I 4 kareRbIR)as;CIKrY RtUv)andak; 4
dgesµIr²Kña enAerogral; 3 Ex . sMrab;eFIVeGayeQI ecjEpø KW 200 g N, 25 g P nig 130 g K
5
kñúgmYyedIm . kMritCIxs< b; MputKWenAeBlGayu 12 qñaM nigRtUv)andak;Cabnþ bnÞab; . sMrab;eGayecjEpø
enAbIExdMbgU CIRtUv)andak;kMrit 1PaK 4 eRkayeBlecj Epø nig Bak;kNþal eTotRtUv)andak;
bnÞab;BIkarRbmUlpl nig mYyPaKbYneTot enAs)aþh_TI 9 eRkayeBlRbmUlpl . bEnßmBIelIenH 0.4
kg én dolomite/edIm/qñaM Gtibrima 10 qñaM nigRtUv)andak; enAeBlmankar duHlUtlas; yWt .
enARKb;dMNak;kar fñasM lM ab;esµA glyphosate minRtUv)aneRbIR)as;eT CaBiessenACitedIm vaGaceFIV

eGay søwkmanBN’elOg nigecjsøwktic [11] . karduHlUtlas;rbs;eQIman lkçN³esµIKañ
nigGacxusKña elOn rW yWt eTAtamdMNak;kalrbs;kUneQI . kareFIéV RkEmk nigeFIeV GayeQI
rwgmauRM tUv)anpþl;Gnusasn_ . bnÞab;BIkarRbmUlpl EmkEdlEpørYcRtUv)ankat; edIm,IeGayEmkfµIduH
edayTukeGaymanBnøkrhUtdl; 4 Edl 22% énBnøk nwgecjEpø enArdUvbnÞab; . Emk Edlgab;
nigCk;Twk RtUv)ankat;ecjCaeTogTat; . karéRkBnøk RtUv)aneFIeV LIgCajwkjab;enARbeTséf
nig\NÐeÚ nsIu . kenSamsøwkminebIk bnÞab;BIkarRbmUl plpáa EdlenAsl;RtUv)ankat;ecj
edIm,IeGayBnøkfµdI uH)anelOn . CalT§pl edImeQImantY edImtUc nig Evg EdlGaclUtlas;bnþ .
PaBTn;exSayrbs;Bnøk nigrWsRtUv)anRKb;RKg nigeFIeV GayeQIqab;eBjv½y edaymanEmkTab² .
pÞúyBIviFIsaRsþenH karkat;swkø RtUv)aneFIVeLIgenAtMbn;Cti Kuala Lumpur . Emk
EdlmanEpøRtUv)ankat;ecj bnÞab;BIkarecjEpø nigRbmUlplrYc EdlCYyeGaykenSamsøwkebIk

EdlGac CYyeGayecjpáaeTot . RbB½né§ nkaréRkEmk GacCYyeGayedImeQImanTMhMtUc
nigmanEmksamBaØa nig eFIeV GayedImeQIduHlUtlas;)anl¥ . eRkamlkçxN ½ ÐenH cenøaHedImeQIKW 6 m
x 4 m rW 5 m x 3 m GacRtUv)aneRbI [1] . edImeQIGacenApþl;pl ry³eBlBI 15-20 qñaM
nigCYnkalGacdl; 30 qñaM .
[Tinñpl]: GaRs½yeTAelITItaMg sama:vGacRtUv)anpþl;pl 2 dgkñg ú mYyqñaM . EpøRtUv)anRbmUlenAeBlTMu
. pl Edl)anBIeQImyY edImKW 250-300 kg [9] (170 kg [1]) . CaFmµta edImeQIGacpþl;pl 5-10

kg enAeRkayeBldaM)anBIrqñaM . eTaHya:gNa TinñplGacxus²KñaGaRs½yeTAtamtMbn; : 2-5.6 t/ha/qñaM
(ma:eLsI)u , 6.3 t/ha (éf¶: kMritmFümrbs;tMbn; ), 20 t/ha (éf: kMrtitMbn;l¥bp M tu ) . EmkTaMgmUl

RtUv)an kat; BIedIm edayeRbITMBYk EdlcgP¢ab;nwgkaMbit . GaRs½yeTAtamkUneQI EdlGacRtUv)an
RbmUlpl BIrdg kñúgry³ 2-8 s)þah_ . enA\NÐeÚ nsIu nigma:eLsIu (enAkm<Cú apgEdr )
EpøRtUv)anlk;TaMgTg enAeBl EpømYy²RtUv)anlk;enAéf nighVlI IBnI .
6
ksirukçkmµ]: edImeQIRtUv)andaMsrM ab;CadMNaMmantMélesdækic© rW
[ CaeQIpþl;CFI mµCati
b:Eu nþdMNaMminRtUv)an daMenACitedImeQIF²M eT . RbePT Legumes EdlmankMritlUtlas;TabdUcCa
Canavalia, Crotalaria nig Vigna GacRtUv)andaMduHenAcenøaHsama:v [11] .

RKab;manGayuxIø nigdUcenH RKab;RtUv)anykeTAsab rW daM bnÞab;BIkarRbmUl . kMritdMNuHRtUvkary³eBl

7-10 (-20) éf¶ . kUneQImankarduHlUtlas;elOn RbsinebIEfTaMl¥ .
edImeQICaeRcInduHlUtlas;BIRKab; b:Eu nþ cMeBaHplitkmµ CalkçN³BNiCk¢ mµ kareFIkV Únø
nigbMe)ARtUv)aneFIeV LIg . fñalbNþHú RtUv)anerobcM nig viFsI aRsþ Forkert budding RtUv)aneRbIR)as;
edayykRKab;eTAbNþHú edIm,IbegátI nUvTMrbgáat; . RKab;RtUv )anbNþHú nigkUneQIRtUv)anEfrkSakñgú fñal
enAeRkammøbr; y³eBlBIrEx muneBlykeTAdaMkúgñ fg; . TMr bgáat;RtUv)aneRbIenAeBlvamanGayu 8-12
Ex . Bnøk Edll¥KTW TYl)anBIedIm EdlmanEmkGayuBI mYy eTA BIrqñaM
Edlpþl;nUvkMriteCaKC½yCamFüm 80% . TMrbgáat;duHBnøkenAkñgú ry³eBlmYyqñaM edIm,IeGayman
karduHlUtlas;elOn fñalRtUv)antMerobCaCYr nigedImeQIemRtUv)aneRsacTwk nigdak;CI . BYkvaRtUv)an
kat;enAkMrit 25 cm xagelIBnøk nigsøwkRtUv)ankat;ecjenAry³eBl 2 s)þah_ [6] (10-14 éf¶ [1])
bnÞab; BIPa¢b;Bnøk . karkat;enH nigkarkat;skøw ecjCYyeGayBnøkduHecj enAry³eBl 14-17
éf¶eRkay . karbgáat;edayBnøkmuneBlecjpáa RtUv)aneCosevog BIeRBaHBnøk
Edlykmkbgáat;GacCaBnøkpáa . RKab;BCU cMnnY 100 Gacpþl;nUvTMrbgáat; Edll¥RbEhl 50
bnÞab;BIkarbgáat;edayBnøk manEtkUneQI RbEhl 25 edImeT EdlGacRtUv)anykeTAdaMenArdUvbnÞab;
. kardaMenAsYnCMuvijpÞH eRbIR)as;nvU kUn Edl TTYl)anBIkarbMe)A . BYkvaduHrWs)anl¥

b:Eu nþGacgab;bnÞab;BIkar kat;ecjBIedIm edIm,IykeTAdaM .
stVl¥ti ]:RbePTdgávÚ nigXµtÚ CaeRcIneFIVkarsIubpM aø j Bnøk nigpáa [1] . Botryodiplodia theobromae,

[
Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium nig Colletotrichum spp. eFIeV GaymanCMgWmn u eBlRbmUlpl .
7
karsikSa enATIpSar enA)agkk )aneFIGV tþsBaØaN CMgWRbEhl 30% ekItBI Colletotrichum spp.,
10% ekItBI Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium nig 5% ekItBI Botryodiplodia theobromae .
karrkSaTukEpø EdlRbmUl plrYcenAkñgú kEnøg ggwt edaymansItuNðPaBTab GaceFIVeGayEpøyUrrlYy

. sama:v KWCakEnøgrs;enArbs;BBYkstVl¥itCa 118 RbePT b:Eu nþmanEt 17 b:eu NÑaH
RtUv)aneFIGV tþsBaØaN faCaRbePT EdlbMpaø jEpøsama:v . stVl¥ti TaMgenaHrYmman : Acrocercops
cramerella (cacao pod borer), Phenacaspis spp., Planacoccus citri., Dichocrocis
punctiferalis, Dacus dorsalis, Carpophilus dimidatus nig Carpophilus marginelius .
sama:vRtUv)anbMpaø j eday Acrocercops cramerella EdlminbgðajnUveraKsBaØa edaymankMrit 40%
nigeFIkV arbMpaø jCaTUeTABI 10-15% [11] . Mealy bugs Gacrs;enAelITgEpø BYkva
RtUv)anciBa©wmedayRsemac nigpSit rW TwkXµMú . ruyEpø vaRbhaleTAelIEpø EdlTMuRCul . EpøRtUv)ansIu
edayRbecov stVkrekr nigsVa nigEpøGacRtUv)ankarBarBIBBYkenH TaMgeBléf¶ nigyb; [1] .
[CMgW]: minmankarRKb;RKgCMgWRtUv)anGnuvtþeT elIkElgEtkareRbIR)as;su‘lpYl enARbeTséf
edIm,IRbqaMg nwg powdery mildew (Oidium nephelii) enAkMLgú eBlecjEpø . kargab;Emk
bNþalmkBIkargab;edIm (Thyronectria pseudotrichia) . dMe)AedIm (Dolabra nepheliae)
eFIeV GayxUcRTg;RTayrbs;Emk nigExñg EdlvaGacRtUv)ankat;bnßyeday RbsinkenSam søwkRtUv
)anebIkeGaymanxül;ecjcUl [1] .
[epSg²]: Tak;TgnwgsMeNIm nigkarhalxül; EdlGaceFIeV GayCaysøk w BN’etñat kareFIrV )aMgkarBar rW
sMNaj;karBarKYrRtUv)aneFIeV LIg . TwkeRcIneBk bnÞab;BIkarecjpáa eFIV eGayEpøtic
nigkat;bnßykarlUtlas;Ca sarcotesta (EpøsMEb:t ) eFIeV GayfycuHTinñpl nigKuNPaBEpø .
F> karGPirkS :
EtRtUv)andaMduHCarukCç atihUbEpø enAkñúgcMkar enARkugRBHsIhnu nigextþkMBt .

ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
8
RbPBkMeNIt]:
[
GasIu (\NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu )

[ karnaMclU ]:
GasIu (km<Cú a cin \NÐa Lav hVlI IBnI sigðbUrI RsIlgáa éf evotNam ),
GaeRhVc (kama:rU lIebero eseqlI tg;sSanI esnsIu)a ),
GaemrikLaTIn (kULMeú bo eGkVad½r hugdUrus kUsþarIkar RTIneI dt Kuy)a misu uickU )a:Nam:a eRbsIul ),
GaemrikxageCIg : shrdæGaemrik
tMbn;mhasmuRT : GURsþalI )a:BUjÚKeI no
p> epSg² :
[Bakübec©keTs]: eQµaHCak;lak;rbs;edIm KWmkBIBaküLataMgfa ‘lappaceus’ Edlmann½yfa ‘bur-

like’ nigsMedAeTAelIEpøeQI EdlmanExñg . Baküfa rambutan mkBIBaküma:eL Edlmann½yfa eram
Edlman cMnnY eRcIn BN’Rkhm rW ébtg Tn; nigEvg ehIymanlkçN³Rsedogbnøa enAelIépÞEpø [11] .
[kUneQI]: sama:v RtUv)aneFIB V NiCk¢ mµ enAeRkayeQµaHxus²Kña EdlsMedAeTAelIlkçN³rbs;EpøeQI

kEnøg EdlvaRtUv)andaMduH rW RbePTkUneQI EdldaM . cab;taMgBI eQµaHBaNiCk¢ mµ RtUv)anbegátI
nigpþl;eGayeTA kUneQI eQµaHrbs;RbePTeQIenH minRtUv)anyl;RcLMeToteLIy . enAma:eLsIu
bBaðaenH RtUv)anedaH Rsay edayeRbIR)as;GkS 'R' edIm,Irab;cnM nY karkøÚn Edlcas; nigfµI
enAkareRCIserIsBUC . kareRCIserIs R3 ('Peng Thing Cheng'), R134, R156 ('Muar Gading'),
R160 ('Khaw Tow Bak'), R161 ('Lee Long'), R162 ('Oh Heok') nig R170 ('Deli Cheng')
RtUv)anpþl;Gnusasn_ TUTaMgRbeTs eCosCag TIkEnøgepSgeTot . kUneQI sMxan;²enAéfmandUcCa
9
'Chompoo', 'Rongrien', 'Bang Yi Khan', 'See Tong' nig 'Nam Tan Kruad' . enA Java
kUneQImandUcCa 'Lebakbulus', 'Binjai', 'Sitankue', 'Rapiah' nig 'Simacan'

RtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú fañlya:geRcIn taMgBIqñaM 1930 . enAhVlI IBnI RtUv)annaMcUlBI RbeTs \NÐeÚ nsIu
('Simacan', 'Sinyonya', 'Maharlika') RtUv)andaMduH . kUneQImanlkçN³Biess dUcCa Rkas; BN’
niglkçN³sac;Epø (sarcotesta) EdlminCab;nwgRKab; (kUneQI 'clingstone' nig 'freestone' )

nigRkdasrbs;RKab;rbkecjCamYysac; [1] .
[plitkmµ nigBaNiCk ¢ mµGnþrCati ]: sißtienAqñaM 1987/1988 RtUv)anpþl;edaycMkarsama:v 71,150 ha enA
RbeTséf Edlpþl;Epø 448,500 t EdlmanlkçN³TabCagRkUcxVic nigeRcInRbEhlsVay FUern nigxñúr
. enA]bTIbV ma:eLsIu sama:vKWRbePT eQIpþl;Epø edayRtUv)andaMduHenAelIépÞdI 19,500 ha nigpþl;pl
57,000 t enAqñaM 1987/1988 . enAkñg ú RbeTsTaMgBIr cMnnY plitkmµminmankarERbRbYlxøaMgenaHeT
enAeBl EdlplenA\NÐeÚ nsImu anRtwm 93,300 t enAqñaM 1985/1986 ebIeRbobeFobnwg 199,200 t enAqñaM
1986/1987 . enAhVl I IBnI kardaMduHsama:vRtUv)anelIkTwkcitþ edaynaMclU kUneQIBIRbeTs\NÐeÚ nsIu Ca
BiessenAstvtSTI 20 enH edaycat;fañk;sama:vmanlMdab;TI 10 kñúgcMenameQIhUbEpø EdleBjniym
TaMgGs; . enARbeTséf nigma:eLsIu RCk rWdak;kMbug: mansar³sMxan;Nas; . karnaMecj sama:v BItMbn;
GasIuGaeKñy_ RtUv)anekIneLIgya:geRcIn nigelIsdl;eTA 2,000 t énEpø sMrab;ma:eLsIu
k_dUcRbeTséfenA qñaM 1987 . CagenHeTAeTot éf)annaMecjsama:vkMbg:u RbEhl 3,500 t
enAkñgú qñaMenaHEdr CaBiesseTA sigðbrU I hugkug nigshKmn_GrWu :ub [1] .
[lkçN³Epø]: RbPBBIRbeTséf)aneGaydwgfakñg ú Epñk EdlGacbriePaK)an 100 g man : Twk 82.9 g
RbUetGIun 0.9 g xøaj; 0.1 g, carbohydrates 14.5 g sarFatusrésr 1.1 g, vitamin A 4 IU, vitamin
C 31 mg . tMélfamBlKW 264 kJ/100 g . RKab;man 30-43% xøaj;rwg CaBiesssMbUredayGasIt u
arachidic (34.7%) nigGasIut oleic (42.5%) bnÞab;BIkMedA xøaj;ERbCaBN’elOg nigmankøn i l¥ .

eQIman lkçN³rwg Fn; BN’Rkhm rW etñat niggayeRbHEbk enAeBlkMBugsMgYt [1] .
[karRsUbyksarFatuciBa©wm]: minRsUbyksarFatucBa©wmeRcIneT eygtamkarsikSaenAma:eLsIu
)anbgðaj fa 15 kg N, 2 kg P, 11.7 kg K, 5.9 kg Ca nig 2.7 kg Mg RtUv)aneRbIR)as;kúgñ épÞdI ha
sMrab;pldMNaM 7,300 kg/ha . enARbeTséf cMkarRtUv)anBiesaFn_ edayeRbIR)as;GasIut naphtyl
acetic (NAA) edIm,Ibegán I cMnYnpáaeQµal enAkUneQIRbePT 'Chompoo' nig 'Rongrien'
EdlRtUv)anGnuvtþ CalkçN³ bTdæan . enAkñgú qñaMfµI²enH plEdlTTYl)anBIkareRbIR)as; NAA
10
mankareCOCak;tictYc nigGñkdaMduH eFIkV ar daMduHnUvedImeQIeQµalenAcenøaH cMkaredIm,IEk lMGrnUv
dMeNIrlMGg; [1] .
[karRKb;RKgsMPar³tMnrBUC]: karrkSaTukRKab;CaRbePT recalcitrant Edl mc RKab;
RtUv)ankat;bnßyRtwm 36% kMritdMNuHfycuH 12% BIkarsMgytBI 36% eTA 25% mc nigminman
RKab;NamYyduHeT enAeBl mc RtUv)ankat;bnßyRtwm 13% . eTaHbI kareFIeV tsþRKab;mankarFn;ngw 14-
15% mc, 67% enArs; kMedABI 8-9% mc; 40% GacenArs; enAkñg ú sarFaturavnIRtUEsn enAeBl
GMRb‘yÍ :gu RtUv)aneRbI 10% DMSO bEnßmnUv 3% sarkarU: nigkarkat;bnßykMedA (1-2 ema:g ) [11] .
[kardwkCBa¢n Ú Epø]: kardwkCBa¢nÚ Epø)anl¥ RbsinebIviucx©b;)anl¥ b:uEnþ vaGacenARss;RtwmEtry³eBlBIr eTA
bIéf¶bu:eNÑaH BIeRBaHEpø)at;bg;TMgn; nigsMbkERbCaBN’exµA . karrkSaEpø enAkñgú sMeNIm nigmøbG; acCYy
BnüaeBl pgEdr . karvicu x©b; EpøBIRbeTséf GaceTAdl;GrWu :ubenAkñúgsßanPaBl¥ . karsikSa)anpþl;eya
bl;fa sItuNðPaBRtCak; enA 5-10°C nigkar)aj;fñasM lM ab;pSitGacCYyeGayBBYkva enARss;ry³eRcIn
s)þah_ [1] .
Almeyda, N., Malo, S.E. & Martin, F.W., 1979. Cultivation of neglected tropical fruits with
promise, part 6. The Rambutan. Science and Education Administration, US Department of
Agriculture, New Orleans. 14 pp.
Buisson, D., 1986. Analyse architecturale de quelques espèces d'arbres fruitiers tropicaux.
Fruits 41: 477-498.
International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, 1986. Genetic resources of tropical and
sub-tropical fruits and nuts (excluding Musa). IBPGR, Rome. pp. 123-125.
Fachrurozi, Z., 1984. Periode vegetatif dan reproduktif pada rambutan [Vegetative and
reproductive phases in the rambutan]. Berita Biologi 2(9-10): 226-227.
Lam, P.F. & Kosiyachinda, S., 1987 (Editors): Rambutan, fruit development, postharvest
physiology and marketing in ASEAN. ASEAN-COFAF, Jakarta. 82 pp.
Leenhouts, P.W., 1986. A taxonomic revision of Nephelium (Sapindaceae). Blumea 31: 373-
436.
11
Ng, S.K. & Thamboo, S., 1967. Nutrient removal studies on Malayan fruits: durian and
rambutan. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 56: 164-182.
Nigel JHS, Williams JT, Donald LP, Jennifer PT. 1992. Tropical forests and their crops.
Cornell University Press.
Shaari, A.R., 1983. Aspects of research and production of rambutan in Malaysia. Paper
(mimeo). International Workshop for promoting research on tropical fruits, Jakarta, May/June
1983. 16 pp.
Valmayor, R.V., Mendoza Jr., D.B., Aycardo, H.B. & Palencia, C.O., 1970. Growth and
flowering habits, floral biology and yield of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.). The
Philippine Agriculturists 54: 359-374.
Watson, B.J., 1988. Rambutan, cultivars in North Queensland. Queensland Agricultual

Journal 114: 37-42.
[1, 11]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(CD-ROM).
[2] PROSEA, 2002: Plant Resources of South East Asia 14 - Vegetable oils and fats.
[3] Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees. A Worldwide Encyclopedic Guide.
[4] Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of South East Asia.
12
[6] Rehm, S.; Espig, G., 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics.
[9] FAO, 1988: Fruit-bearing Forest Trees. FAO Forestry Paper.
[10] ECOPORT:
source).
[11] World Agroforestry Center: Agroforestry Database -


13
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz.]

[Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz. (also
P. dasyrrhachis) [5], scientific name:

Peltophorum dasyrhachis var. tonkinensis
(Pierre) Gagnep[14].
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³
K> sTisn½y ³ Caesalpinia dasyrhachis Miq., Peltophorum grande Prain.,
Peltophorum tonkinense (Pierre) Gagnep. [26]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ Trasek (Cambodia); sa kham, sa phang, sa fang (Laos);
peltophorum (Philippines; jemerelang (Malaysia); hoàng linh,

hoàng lim Bac Bo, lim xet, lim vàng, xet vay (Vietnam) [8,14,
26]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Rtesk

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ trâsé:k [4]
lMdab; : Fabales
1
ePT : Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth.[8]
RbePT : Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.)
Kurz [8]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: Rtesk CaRbePTedImeQIFM² EdlmankMBs;BI 25-30 m nigmanGgát;p©itBI 70-90

cm. EmkEdlenAx©ImanBN’RkhmRsalb¤etñat maneramEkv eBlvaFMKµanerameT.[2] Rtesk
CaRbePTeQICMruH søwk mankMBs;BI 10-30 m.[4] cMeBaHedImRteskFM²GacmankMBs;rhUtdl;eTA 30

m nigmanGgát;p©itBI 70-90 cm nigmankenSamsøwkRtdagFM.[5,8] Rtesk CaRbePTeQI
EdlmanTMhMeQImUlFM EdlmankMBs; GacrhUtdl;BI 25-30 m nigmanGgátp; ©itBI 50-60 cm.[14]

[sMbk]: Rtesk mansMbkBN’ébtgRsallayetñat nigsMbkxagkñúgmanBN’etñat b¤RkhmRsal
lay etñat sMbkmanrn§degðImenAelIEmk.[5,8] enAelIsMbkRteskmanvNÐBT§½CMuvijedImCaeRcIn sMbk

enAeBl cas;manBN’etñatRsal. tYedImBIKl; dl;EmkTImYyRtg;ehIyhak;dUcCacnÞl; Tl;Emk.[14]
[søwk]: Rtesk mansøwkCaRbePTsøwksñitrYmKUr ehIykartMerobsøwkqaøs;KñaRbEvg 15-40 cm Edl søwk
manBN’RkhmRsallayetñat ehIyminsøwkmaneramEkv. kUnsøwk mancMnYn 6-16KUr manragBgRkeBI

RTEvg EdlmanbeNþaysøkw RbEvg 15-25 mm nigTTWg 5-8 mm cugsøwkmanragTal nigKl;søwkman
ragesñót ehIybBa¢itbnþic Kµaneram nigmanxñaysÞbsøwkFM.[2]
swkRteskmanRbEvg 18-25 cm CaRbePTsøwksñitrYmKUrcMnUn 4-9 KUr EdltMerobqøas;KñacMnYn 8-16KUr
kUnsøwknImYy²manTMhM 1.0-2.5x 0.5-1.0 cm EdlmanragGsmmaRtRTEvg nigmansñamecaHbnþicenA

xagcugsøwk. swøkRteskx©I Rkas;manBN’Rkhmlayetñat søwkTMumanBN’ébtg cas;relagenAEpñk
xagelI nigenAEpñkxageRkaménsøwkmanBN’etñatRsalehIymaneram ehIycMnucEdlKYreGaycab;
GarmµN_KW e)aøaklMGgdUcxñaysÞbsøwk ± 2 cm.[5] søkw Rtesk CaRbePTsøwksñitrYmKYr manRbEvg 15-
32 cm tMerobqøas;KñacMnn Y 4-9 KUr Edlsøwkx©IRkas;manBN’RkhmRsallayetñat nigmaneram.
kUnsøwkmancMnYn 6-16 KUr EdlCaTUeTAmanragBgRkeBIqøas;KñacMgay 10-25 b¤ 4-10 mm
Kl;søwkragRsYc nigEKmsøwkBT§½CMu vijragTal ehIymanragbBa¢itbnþic EpñkxagelIén søwkman
BN’ébtgcas;relagenAeBlEdlsøwkTMu nigEpñk xageRkaménsøwkmanBN’etatRsal ehIyman
2
eram.[8] s¶øwkRtesk CaRbePTsøwksmassñitrYmKUr EdlmanRTnugTIBI cMnYn 7-16KUr
EdlmYyKUrmankUnsøwkmanragdUcs‘utRTEvgcMnYn 5-12KUrmanbeNþay RbEvg 1 cm nigTTwg 4-9
mm. søwkRteskx©ImanBN’Tg;Edg ehIymanxñaysÞbsøwkEdlCMruHCaerogral; qñaM.[14]
[páa]: Rtesk mankBa©Mp ú áaCacegáamtMerobenAelIGkS½RbEvg 15-30 cm EdlmaneramBN’elOg

eRBOg². Rtesk mansÞbpáabnþbnÞab;KñaRbEvg 7-9 mm ehIymingayRCus. Tgpáa ¬TgtMerobpáa¦
manRbEvgBI 20-40 mm nigmaneramEkvBN’RkhmeRBOg². Rtbkpáa manragBgRkeBIFM
enAxageRkAmaneramBN’Rkhm eRBOg² nigenAxagkñúgrelag. RsTab;páamanragdUcBgman;
ehIymanBN’elOg. e)aøklMGg manRbEvg 4-5 mm manTgeksreQµalRbEvg 10-15 mm GUEv
villose nigGUvulman 4-8.[2]
páaRteskmanRbEvg 1.5-2.5 cm manBN’elOgx©I sMy:ugcuHeRkam EdlcegáampáaenAelIEmkeT

vaenAelI GkS½kenSamsøwkEdlmanRbEvg 15-35 cm vamanTgpáaeTalRbEvg 1.5-4.0 cm
páaRteskmanRtbkpáa cMnYn 5 RtYtelIKña ehIyRkas;maneramBN’etñatenAxageRkA man
eksreQµalcMnYn 10 EdlEvgesµInwgRtbk páa nigmanbMBg;eksrjIEdlmanragsþÜcesþgI cMnYnmYy
EvgdUceksreQµal nigGUEvmaneram.[5]
kBa©Múpáa manragCacegáuam ehIytMerobenAelIGkS½EdlmaneramEkvRbEvg 15-30 cm. sÞbpáa manragCa
bnÞat;RbEvg 7-12 cm nigminRCuH. manTgpáatUcmanRbEvg 20-40 mm . páaRkBMumanragdUcs‘ut.
Rtbkpáa BgRkeBIFMmanTMhM 10-15 nig 5-6 mm manBN’etñatRsal b¤RkhmeRBOg²
EdlEpñkxageRkA maneramEkv nigxagkñgú minmanerameT. RsTab;páa manBN’elOg manragBgRkeBI
manTMhM 15-25 nig 10-12 mm maneramcab;BIKl;rhUtdl;cug. eksreQµalmancMnYn 10
manTgeksreQµalEvgdUcRtbk páaEdlmanRbEvg 10-15 mm nigmane)aøklMGgRbEvg 4-5 mm.
kñúgGUEv manGUvulcMnYn 4-8 bMBg; eksrjIragsþÜcEvg ehIyragmUldUcsÞicma:.[8]

Rtesk mankBa©MúpáaragCacegáam. páaRtesk mansÞbpáaEdlCMrHu Caerogral;qañ M nigmanRtbkpáaBN’
elOg. TgpáamanRbEvg EvgCagRkBMupáacMnYn 2-3dg.
[Epø]: EpøRtesk CaRbePTEpøKYrEdlmancugRsYcsgxag ehIymanRbEvg 10-15 cm nigmanTMhM 2.0-
3.5 cm relag manBN’Rkhmlayetñat ehIymansøabesþIg²BT§½CMuvijEpø nigEpømYymanpÞúkRKab;cMnYn
4-8. [2] EpøRtesk manTMhM 10-15 x 2.0-3.5 cm manBN’etñat EdlcugsgxagRsYcehIyril
3
ehIymansøab tUcBT§½CMuvijEdlmanTMhM 0.4-0.5 cm EdlBüÜrenAxagcugkenSamsøwk
nigminEbkeTenAeBlTMu ehIyman RKab;ragsMEb:tcMnYn 4-8 RKab; EdltMerobepþk²TTwgEpø.[5]
EpøRtesk manBN’RkhmRsal layBN’ etñat manTMhM 10-15 nig 2.0-3.5 cm
EdlEKménEpømansøabesþIgTMhM 4-5 mm BT§½CMuvij. RKab;mancMnYn 4-8 CYnkaleRcIn b¤ticCagenH
ehIytMerobTTwg²Epø manragsMEb:t nigmanTMhM 10-12 nig 5 mm.[8] EpøRtesk manragsMEb:t
beNþayRbEvg 9-13 cm nigTTwgRbEvg 2.3 cm ehIymanBN’etñat. RKab; Rtesk
tMerobenAkñúgEpøenAcMnucmMu 45º. RKab;Rtesk mansMbkrwg.[14] EpøRtesk CaRbePTEpøKYrRTEvg
ragsMEb:tRsYcEdlmanTMhM 10-15 cm x 2-4 cm nigmansøabBT§½CMuvji manRbEvg 4-5 mm
manBN’etñat cas; nigeBlTMumanBN’exµARsal EdlmanRKab;cMnYn 4-8 RKab; nigCaRbePTEpøTMumineRbH
ehIyPaKeRcIn EpøBüÜrsMyg:u cuHenAeRkamkenSamsøwk. RKab;Rtesk manragsMEb:tRTEvg manTMhM 10-
12 mm x 5 mm ehIytMerobTTwg²RKab;. kUnRtesk duHBnøkenAelIdIesIm² man hypocotyl 4-6
cm RbEvg mankUTIeldUnTUleLIg ehIyminmanerameT nigman 3-nerved. P. dasyrhachis Rtesk
(EtgEt sresrRclMCa 'dasyrrhachis') KWTak;Tgnwg P. pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K. Heyne
EdlCa RbPBBN’d¾sMxan;sMrab;RClk;BN’ 'soga' . Rtesk maneQµaHl,IsuHsay

edaysarEtvamankenSamsøwk minesµIKña nigmanragmindUcqRt½ Emkrbs;vaRkas; manxñaysÞb
nigmaneramBN’RkhmRsal. RbePT TaMgBIrenH enAkñúgÉksareBlxøHmanPaBRclM. enAPUmiPaK
xageCIgRbeTsevotNam edImRteskmanEmk EdlmanxñaysÞbsøwk nigsÞbpáagayRCuH
EdleKehAeQµaHfa var. tonkinense (Pierre) K. & S.S. Larsen [26]
Rtesk cab;epþImpáaenAExkumÖ³ dl;Exemsa nigcab;epþImlas;søwk ehIyecjEpøBIExkkáda dl;Extula.
[2,8]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
Rtesk mansac;eQIRsay nigsac;eQIxøwmEckdac;BIKñaya:gc,as;KW³ sac;eQIRsaymanBN’slay

RbepH nigsac;eQIxøwmmanBN’etñatRsal sac;eQIF¶n;EdlmanTMgn; 700kg/m³ sac;rbs;vaeRKIm
ehIymanPaBmaM ehIyvamanPaBFn;negkarbMpøajBIBBYkkeNþór nigstVl¥itbMpøajeQImYy cMnYn.[2]
sac;eQIxøwmrbs;RteskmankarEckdac;BIsac;eQIRsay edayeQIxøwmmanBN’páaQUk ehIysac;
eQIman PaBmaMl¥EdlmanTMgn; 700kg/m³. Rtesk manRkey:AénkarlUtlas;RbcaMqñaMc,as; Edl
CaFmµtamanTMhM 4-8 mm mansés vessels tic b¤eRcInra:yBaseBjsac;eQI manGgát;pi©tmFüm
4
ehIykñúgmYy mm² mansés vessel 2-3sés Edlsés vessel nImYy² man pÞúk
nUvsarFatuBN’etñat b¤BN’s. sac;eQIpSM eLIgBIRsaTab;CaeRcInEdlcak;eRsHKña
ehIybeBa©jCaBnWøEvgqñÚt². Paratracheal parenchymamanrag Casésqµa² manragdUcsøab
nigmanragdUcsøabRbsBVmux. Rtesk CamFümmansés fibre Rkas;RbEhl 1.05 mm
nigmanCBa¢aMgekasikaEdlmankMras;mFüm. sac;eQIrwgmFüm Edlsac;eQIs¶ÜtmanTMgn;Ca mFümKW
740kg/m³. sac;eQIrYjEdlmanemKuNKW 0.47% nigmansm<aFRbEhl 580kg/cm² TMgn;TMnaj
1.030kg/cm² kMlaMgTb;Tl; 12kg/cm² nigmankMlaMgb:HBal; 880kg/cm² (?).[14] sac;eQIxøwmrwg
manBN’elOgx©I layRkhm b:uEnþgayEbk b¤puy nigrgnUvkarvayRbharBIBBYkstVkeNþór

nigmankarrMxanBIBBYkstVl¥itmYycMnYn.[26]
Rtesk manduHenARbeTsevotNam Lav km<úCa éf latsn§wgBIma:eLsIu eTA\NÐÚensIu (ekaHs‘Uma:Rta

nigekaH Java).[4] enARbeTsevotNamRtesk manduHenAkñgú éRBCMruHswøkébtgCanic© b:uEnþvak¾man
duHenA kñúgéRBel,aHEdlmanry³kMBs;TabCag 600-800 m eFobnwgnIvU:smuRT. CaTUeTA Rteskman
duHenAkñúgéRBel,aH éRBeRsag nigRBMRbTl;dIksikmµEdlmanry³kMBs; 800 m. Rtesk
manduHenAkñúgéRB eRsag nigéRBel,aHEdlduHeLIgvij. dUecñH ehIyvamanRbBn§½b¤scak;eRCA
nigmanPaBFn; RTaMnigPaBraMgs¶Üt. Rtesk mansMbkeRKImehIyRkas; EdlmanPaBFn; nwg
ePøIgeqH.[26]
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan

Rtesk duHenAkñúgéRBel,aHtMbn;RtUBci nigéRBébtgCanic© Edlmanry³kMBs; 600-800 m. Rtesk

CaRbePTEdlRtUvkarBnøWenAeBlEdledImrbs;vacas; nigvaRtUvkarmøb;enAeBlEdledImenAtUc.
enARbeTs evotNam RteskdaMsMrab;eFVIkarEkERbdI bnÞab;BIpøas;bþÚrkardaMduH b¤kardaMduHéRBeLIgvij
EdlPaKeRcIneKdaM laylMCamYy Engelhardtia chrysolepis, Ormosia balansae nig Alangium
kurzii. edImRtesk CaRbePTeQIEdlRtUvkarsMenImtic nigFn;nwgPaBraMgs¶Üt. tam M. Schmid
(1974) )anbgðajfaRtesk GacduHenAelIdIEdlmanCatikMe)ar.[2] CIvrUbsaRsþ )ambgðajfa
5
RteskduHenAry³kMBs; 800 m eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT (GacduHenAry³kMBs;dl;eTA 1000m
enAxagt,ÚgRbeTsevotNam)[14] nigkMBs; TwkePøógRbcaMqñaMRbEhl 1500-2500 mm/ m². [14]
BMuTan;manTinnñ ½yeT.
Rtesk duHlUtlas;enAelIdIéRBEdlvivtþn_mkBI fµPk; nigsilaRkanIt [2] CaTUeTA PaKeRcInmanenAelI

ultisols. [26]
[sac;eQI]: sac;eQIRtesk eRbIsMrab;karsagsg;epSg²enAkñúgpÞH nigeFVCI asgðarwm.[2] eQImUl

eRbIsMrab; eFVICabegÁal ]bkrN_eRbIR)as;kñúgpÞH RTugLan reTH TUrreTHePøIg TUk nigeFVICak)a:l;.[8]
sac;eQI rbs; edImRtesk KWmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;eFVICasgðarwm nigsMrab;karsagsg;epSg²
EdlRtUvkarPaBrwgmaM mFüm ]TahrN_³ dUcCaenAkñúgsMNg; KmnaKmn_ nig meFüa)ayeFVIdMeNIr
b¤yanCMniH.[14] Rtesk CaRbePTeQIEdll¥sMrab;eFVICaeQIfamBl.
[Gnupl]: Rtesk RtUv)andaMduHeFVICaeQIlMGr BIeRBaHvapþl;møb;)anl¥ nigmanpáaBN’elOgd¾Rss;s¥at.
sMbkRtesk eRbIsMrab;eFVICa»sf.[4, 8] qugsMbkRtesk briePaKedIm,IBüa)alCMgWk¥k.[26] Rtesk

RtUv )ansakl,gdaM enAkñúgRbBn½§ksirukçkmµ GaelRkbPIg (alley-cropping). enAeBlEdlmin

eFVIkaréRkEmk edImRteskpþl;nUvmøb;RtQwgRtéQ EdlGacTb;sáat;esµAcéRgmineGayduHmYyry³
nigGacdaMeFVICarbg edayvaminmanmøb;xøaMgeBk)aMgdl;rukçCatienAeRkam²eT. BIeRBaHEtGaRtadMNuH
rbs;RteskyWtCag GaRta dMNuHrbs; Leucaena Leucocephala (Lamk) de Wit nig Gliricidia
sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp eFVIeGayvaminRtUvkaréRkEmkjwkjab;eBkeT.
BwgEp¥keTAelIkaréRkEmk RtesknwgduHBnøkfµIeRcInéRkElg nigmanEmkRkas;.[26]
6
[epSg²]: søwkRtesk mankarrlYyyWt EdlCYykat;bnßykarhUreRcaH b¤sMnwkdI. Rtesk
RtUv)andaMsMrab; karrandIén Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel nigtMbn;valesµA enA\NÐÚensIu
nigma:eLsIu edImRtesktUc²RtUv)andaMenAtMbn;valesµAx<s;enA Imperata nig RtUvkar
karEfrkSaticedIm,IeGayvars; b:uEnþvak¾CaRbePTeQIEdlmankarduHlUtlas;yIt. enABak;kNþal
stvtSr_ TI20 RteskRtUv)andaMeFVICa eQIpþl;møb;dl;cMkarkaehV enA Java. enAkNþalRbeTséf
RteskRtUv)anEfTaMeGayEbkKum< edIm,IeFVICaeQIpþl;møb; eQIpþl;Epø nigCaRbePTeQIEdl
daMsMrab;eFVIeGaydIRbesIreLIg.
GaRtaénkarbMEbksarFatuswøkyWt CaktþaEdleFVIeGayRteskGacTb;Tl;nwgesµAcéRg. RKab;rbs;
Rtesk Bi)akkñúgkarbNþúH enAelIdIEdlRkaleTAedaysøwk. eTaHCa søwkrbs;RteskmankarbMElgyWt
Etvaman pÞúknUvsarFatu polyphenolic x<s; b:uénþCYnkalvaRtUvkarRsTab; memakedIm,IeFVIkar
duHlUtlas;enAelIdI. [26]
RteskCaRbePTeQI EdlBMumancMNat;fñak;eT.
Rtesk KWCaRbePTeQIEdlsßitenAeRkamkarRsavRCav nigGegátnUvkardaMduHTMhFM M enAcenøaHqñaM 1984

nig 2003 enARbeTsevotNam. karerobcMbøg;BiesaFn_ KWminmanPaBl¥RbesIrcMeBaHkar
eRCIserIsTIkEnøg (minmandIRKb;RKan;) nig daMlayCamYyeQIduHlUtlas;elOn Acacias

EdlGaceFVIeGayRteskduHeRkam møb;ry³eBl 4qñaMbnÞab;BIdaM. vaRtUv)andaMduHenAkñúgdIéRB
Pøam²bnÞab;BIbBaÄb;karkab; nigdut. Rtesk RtUvkarcenøaHBIedImmYyeTAedImmYycMnnY 3mx3m
RbsinebIvaduHEtÉg b¤TIval eFVIeGayedImqab;ecjEmk enAkMBs;TabeBk.
enAeBlEdldaMenAdIvalrehasßan b¤TITYl karduHlUtlas;rbs;RteskGn;. GaceFVIkarsniñdæan
kareFVIBiesaFn_BImuneBldaM mansarsMxan;Nas;sMrab;kardaMduHéRBeLIgvijTMhMF.M [14]
7
kardaMedImRtesk GaceFVIkardaMduHedayRKab; b¤edaybMe)A.[26] cMeBaHedImRtesk

RKab;KYrEteFVIkarRbmUl BIedImEdlmanGayuya:tic 20qñaM. EpøKWcab;epþImRbmUlenAkñúgExkkáda
dl;ExsIha dak;sMgYtva ehIyvay bMEbksMbkEdlmansésrsaj²ecj. sMbkRKab;
manlkçN³RKIgeRKImdUcEs,k. RKab;RteskcMnYn 1000 RKab; manTMgn;RbEhl 37 g.
RKab;RtUvrkSaTukkñúgRkLEdleFVIBIdI. eTaHbICaRKab;rkSaTukGs;ry³ eBl 2qñaM k¾eday
k¾GaRtadMNuHenAEtGacrkSa)anBI 70-75%. edIm,IbNþúH RtUvykRKab;eTARtaMkñúgTwk ekþA]NÐ.
bnÞab;mk RKab;RtUv)andaMcUleTAkñgú fg;Etmþg (BMumanÉksarbBa©ak;c,as;las;) enAeBlEdlRKab;
cab;epþImduHBnøk. [14,26]
RteskrgnUvkarbMpøajelIsøwkmYycMnYnBIBBYkstVl¥it nigstVl¥itmYycMnYnFMrMxandl;edImEdlcas; lµm.

[26]
F> karGPirkS :
minmanTinñn½y.

minmanTinñn½y.

Rtesk manduHenAtMbn;\NÐÚcin Malay Peninsula \NÐÚensIu nigmandaMenARbeTsmYycMnYnenA
tMbn;RtUBic.
8
p> epSg² :
eBlEdldaMRteskeFVICarbg KWRtUveFVIkaréRkEmkcMnYn 2-4 dgkñúgmYyqñaM ehIykñúgmYyqñaM

RbmUlpléRk )ancMnYn 8 t/ha enA Lampung (RbeTs\NÐÚensIu) nigmanpÞúknIRdUEsncMnYn 200
kg.[26] (Kay 2007)
van Noordwijk, M. & Rudjiman, 1997. Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miquel) Kurz. In Faridah
Hanum, I. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 11.
Auxiliary Plants. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 207-209.
Nguyen Ba Chat 1987: Techniques of P. dasyrhachis planting. Forest Science

Information. Forest Research Institute Hanoi.
Trieu Van Hung 1994; Biological characteristics of forest enrichment species Canarium
album, P.dasyrhachis, Cinnamomum sp., Michelia sp. Scientific Report. Forestry College,
Hanoi
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

Hanoi, 788 pp.

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.



Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands,
14) FSIV/JICA 2003: Use of Indigenous Tree Species in Reforestation in

Vietnam. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, 188 pp.

? (Internet source)
9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Pinus merkusii Jungh.& Vriese]

[Pinus merkusii Jungh.& Vriese]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Pinus merkusii Jungh.& Vriese
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ black pine [1], merkus pine, tenasserim pine [10], Mindoro
pine, Sumatran pine [5]
K> sTisn½y ³ Pinus sumatrana Junghuhn (1846),
Pinus merkusiana Cooling & Gaussen (1970) [5],

Pinus finlaysoniana Wallich,
Pinus latteri Mason,
Pinus merkiana Gordon [14]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ merkus pine (Trade name) [14] - paek sorng bai, paek
yang, khoua (Laos) [1] - thong nhua, thong hai la

(Vietnam) [3, 5] - damar batu, damar bunga, uyam,
tusam (Indonesia) [5, 14] - tapulau, Mindoro pine
(Philippines) [5, 12] - son-songbai, son-haang-maa, kai-
plueak-dam (Thailand) [5] - pitchpin du Cambodge, pin
a deux feuilles (France) [10] - Merkuskiefer, Thong
(Germany) [10]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Rsl;swkø BIr

c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ sral [6], sral sleuk pi [13]
1
lMdab; : not available
RKYsar : Pinaceae
ePT : Pinus L.
RbePT : Pinus merkusii Jungh.& Vriese
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: Rsl;skøw BIr CaedImeQIFéM btgCanic© CaRbePTeQI conifer EdlduHenAelItMbn;BIrxusKña

Rsl;enAsUma:Rta nigRsl;tMbn;dIeKak . edImeQIGacmankMBs; 20-40 m [10] enAtMbn;dIeKakGas‘an
(30-50 m [1], 30-35 m [3], 30-45 m [14]) nig 55-70 m [10] enAsUm ‘ a:Rta \NÐeÚ nsIu (50-70 m [5]) .
edImRtg; nigragsILu aMg KµanEmkenAkMBs; 15-25 m [5] (12-20 m [10]) nigmanGgát;p©it DBH CamFüm
60-90 cm [10] b:Eu nþmin EdlFMCag 140 cm [10] enAelIdeI Kak nig 50-80 cm [10] enAs‘m U a:Rt (55
cm b:Eu nþeBlxøH Gacdl; 140 cm [5], 60-80 cm [3]) . kenSamsøk w edImtUcman ragCaBIra:mtI eTAs‘tu
EdlmanBnøkFM² duHecjBIEmkcas; nigbegátI Caragq½Rt .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanTMrg;CabnÞH mankMras; 6 cm [10] BN’Rkhmetñat RbepH rW exµA nigetñatcas; enAxag
eRkam edaymankareRbHtambeNþay .
[søwk]: BN’èbtgcas; ragdUcm¢l ú zitenACaKUr EdlmanBIrsøwk nigRbEvg 25 cm [10]
(BUCenAtMbn;dIeKak : 19-25 cm [10] s‘m U a:Rta : 16-19 cm [10], 15-25 cm [3], 16- 25 cm [5])
ragRsLÚn b:Eu nþrwg . enArag ral;qañ M vabegátI CaTMrg;kYcdUc KUTxüg BI 2-7 [10] .
[páa]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[Epø]: EpøCaEpøekan EdlduHEtÉg rW CaKUr enAelIEmk . vamanBN’Rkhmetñat ragsIuLaMg
mankMBUlsMEb:t nigTgEvg RbEvg 5-8 cm [10] enAs‘Uma:Rta nig 7-13 cm [10] enAelIdIeKak (5-11 cm
2
nigRkas; . enAeeBlTMu vaenACab;nwgEmkdEdr nigminRCuHeT . ekannimyY ² manRKab;BI 20-25 [10]
[5])
Edlman BN’Rkhm etñat ragdUcs‘ut nigsMEb:t EdlmanRbEvg 1.5-2 cm [3] mansøabesþIg .

ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 14]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIRsl;swøkBIr maneQITn; nigxusBIeQIRsay nigeQIxwmø EdlmanBN’elOg nigelOgcas; . eQIxwøm

EdlmanRbPBBIsm‘U a:Rta mandg;seIu t 0.565-0.750 g/m³ enAkMritsMeNIm 15% [12]
cMEnkeQImanRbPB BIPUma nig\NÐcÚ in mandg;seIu tTabCag KW 0.48-0.53 g/m³ enAkMrit 15% mc [12]
(0.88- 0.96 g/m³ minsÁal;sMeNIm [3]) . kareFIeV tsþ enA\NÐeÚ nsIu cMeBaHlkçx½NÐeQIRss;
bgðajnUvlkçN³emkanic : kMritqøgkat;rbs;sMelg 53 N/mm³ PaBGacbt;Ebn)an 10,290 N/mm³

sMBaFRsb 26 N/mm³ sMBaFTb; 6-7 N/mm³ kMritbMEbkkat; 39 N/mm karbMEbktam tangential 38
N/mm; RCugrwg janka 2,450 N nigPaBrwg janka enAcug 2,705 N . enAkMritsMeNIm 15%
kMritsMelgqøgkat; 83 N/mm³ PaBbt;Ebn)an 12,445 N/mm³ sMBaFRsb 44 N/mm³ sMBaFTb; 8-9

N/mm³ kMritbMEbkkat; 42 N/mm karbMEbktam tangential 55 N/mm PaBrwg janka énRCug 3,800 N
nigPaBrwg janka enAcug 4,790 N . kareFIeV tsþenAma:eLsIu enAkMritsMeNIm 159%

bgðajnUvlkçN³emkanic : kMritsMelgqøgkat; 32 N/mm³, PaBbt;Ebn)an 4,600 N/mm³,
sMBaFRsb 15 N/mm³, sMBaFTb; 7 N/mm³, kMritbMEbkkat; 35 N/mm, karbMEbktam tangential 36
N/mm nigPaBrwg janka rbs;RCug 2,310 N . enAsMeNIm 15% kMritsMelg qøgkat; 41 N/mm³
PaBGacbt;Ebn)an 4,600 N/mm³ karsgát;Rsb 24 N/mm³,sMBaFTb; 10 N/mm³, kMritbMEbkkat; 38

N/mm karbMEbktam tangential 46 N/mm nigPaBrwg janka rbs;RCug 3,200 N . kMritrYj BIRss;
rhUtdl;st¶Ü 4.9% radial nig 8.3% tangential . karsMgYteQIRsl;manlkçN³ Bi)ak .

karsMgYtedayL GacTTYl)anlT§pll¥ EtmanbBaðaCamYyC½rrbs;va . karsMgYt edaysItuNðPaBx<s;
(enA 115°C) RtUvkarry³eBl 24 ema:gsMrab;kaþ mankMras; 2.5 cm nig 48 sMrab;kþamankMras; 5 cm .
sMrab;eQIRsl; enA\NÐeÚ nsIu GacsMgYtkñúgsItN

u ðPaB 54-82°C nigeqøyI tb nwgkMrtisMeNIm 76% eTA
30% EdlRtUv)anpþl;CaGnusasn_ . eQIRsl; mankarFn;mFüm niggayrgkarbMpaø jrbs;keNþó .
karsak l,gva enAkEnøgkb;exµac enA\NÐeÚ nsIbu gðajfavaGacFn;)andl;eTA 1-4.5 qñaM

edaymankarb:HnwgdIpaÞ l; . eQIxwmø GacRtUv)anbBa©Úl nUvsarFatukarBar CCA
vaRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbePTeQIGaceCobcUl)an . eQIRsl;manpÞkú 55% cellulose, 24% lignin,
3
14% pentosan, 1.1% epH nig 0.2% silica . PaBGac rlay)anKW 6.3% enAkñgú alcohol-benzene,
0.4% enAkñgú TwkRtCak; 3.2% enAkñgú TwkekþA nig 11.1% enAkñgú 1%énsUluysüúg NaOH .
Rsl;swøkBICaRbePTeQI manlkçN³rWg . eQIvaRkas; kEnøgCYbKña rvageQIcas; nigfµIRtUv)ankat;paþ c;
edaysrésrnaMCr½ . tMélfamBl 20,300-23,200 kJ/kg [12] .
RbEhl : 21°N eTA 3°S [4] (23°N eTA 2°S [14]) . Rsl;swkø BIr minGackMNt;faRbePTRsl; enAtMbn;
RtUBki )aneT edaysarCMrkFmµCatirbs;Rsl;PaKeRcInenAGDÆeKalxagt,Úg . CMrkrbs;vamanBI
PaKxag ekItPUma dl;Lav xageCIgèf km<Cú a evotNam nighVlI IBnI dl;sm‘U a:Rt . vak_manduH
enAxageCIgPaKxag lic\NÐa dl;xagt,ÚgTIeb [10] . eTaH vaminduHenAelI]bTIbV ma:eL Rsl;EtgduH
enACitRbePTéRB conifer éRBcMruH conifer (CamYy P. kesiya) éRB dipterocarp s¶Üt éRBCMruHsøwkTMnab
nigdIksikmµcas; EdlTuk ecal dIKaµ nrukCç atiduH edaykarpÞúHPñeM PIgø valesµArgePøgI eqH
nigcMkarekAs‘cU as;² . vamanduH enAtMbn; EdlFøab;manePøgI eqH EdlCakEnøgBYkvaGac
duHlb;elIRbePTdéT .
Rsl;duHBIry³kMBs;BI 30 eTAdl; 1,800 m BIkBM s;nvI :UsmuRT [3] (800-1,200 m a.s.l. [1] and 100-
1,000 m [1], 0-2,000 m [12], 0-1,600 m [4]) . enAkñúgEdnFmµCati tMbn;RtUBk i GnutMbn;RtUBi nigekþA
nigGakas FatumsU gu vaCaRbePTlb; enAkMritTwkePøógmFümRbcaMqañ M 1,500 mm/qñaM [4] enAPUma nigéf

esÞrI Et 4,000 mm/qñaM [4] enA\NÐeÚ nsIu nighVlI IBnI . CaTUeTA kMritePøógRbcaMqañ M 900-3,000 mm/qñaM
[4] (1,000-2,000 mm/qñaM [10], 1,000-3,500 mm/qñaM [12]) smRsbsMrab; kEnøgEdlmanrdUvR)aMg
ry³eBl 0-5 Ex [5] (0-6 Ex [4], 3-6 Ex [10]) RtUv)anFn; . enA\NÐeÚ nsIu rdUvR)aMgGacmanry³eBl 2
Ex [4] edayTTYlnUvkMritePøóg Føak;ticCag 50 mm [14] . sItuNðPaBRbcaMqañ M manBI 19°C eTA 28°C
[4] (21-28°C [12], 18°C enA tMbn;PñM nigsItuNðPaB 27°C enAtMbn;TMnab [10]) .
kMritsItuNðPaBmFümx<sb; Mput enArdUvekþAbMput rvag 24-35ºC [4] enAkEnøgEdlkMritsItuNðPaBmFüm

4
enAExRtCak;bpM tu 5-24ºC [4] . sItuNðPaB dac;xatTab bMput 2ºC [4] . Rsl;skøw BIr
CaRbePTRtUvkarBnøW . vaFn;ngw xül; keNþó nigePøgI . eTaHya:gNa vaRtUv )ancat;Tukfa minFn;ngw
senSIm sItuNðPaBeRkam 0ºC enAkMritry³kMBs;x<s; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 12, 14]
tMbn;eqñrPñRM kvaj (A) PaKxageCIgPñRM kvaj (B) TMnabkNþal (d), PaKxagt,ÚgGaNam (g).
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[tMbn;RbPBRKab;BCU (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:

kMBg;FM (X:569170 Y:1389705) ekaHkug (X:367557 Y:1240480) ekaHkug (X:385020 Y:1244184)
ekaHkug (X:381316 Y:1234130) kMBg;FM (X:524456 Y:1389441) eBaF×sat; (X:318609
Y:1335465) kMBg;FM (X:536722 Y:1467865) kMBg;FM (X:528710 Y:1407854) kMBg;sW< (X:401716
Y:1249676) ekaHkug (X:325498 Y:1304645) kMBg;FM (X:531601 Y:1409923) mNÐlKIrI (X:738132
Y:1366689) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn;

edImeQIduHlUtlas;CaFmµCati enAelItMbn;manfµecat nigkMEGlPñeM PøgI . vaduHlUtlas;l¥ enAelIxSac; fµ

l,aydIRtUBki Rkhm (latosols) dI\dæ dIl,b; nigdIGasuIt ultisols enAelIfµxSac; EdlmankarhUr
TwktictYc . dImni sUvmanCICati nigdIGasIut k_RbePTenHGacFn;)anEdr .
5
[eQI]: eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;karsg;pHÞ s‘umbg¥cÜ s‘umTVa kMral eRKOgsgðarwm eQIKsU RCuj cgáHå
eQIemSARkdas eQImansrésEvg begáalGKIsÁ nI sMNg;TUk rW ka)a:l; karsagsg;yanþCnM Hi RbGb;
sMPar³ eQIeRbIkúgñ pÞH nig]sSah_kmµ eQIfamBl nigFüÚg . eQIxHø GaceRbICaeQIvInapgEdr [10] .
[Gnupl]: RbePTeQIenHGacpþl;plC½r oleo x<s; nigkarecaHC½rsMrab;eFIB V aNiCk¢ mµRtUv)aneFIV enAkñgú kar
daMduHCacMkar . edImeQInimyY ² Gacpþl;pl 3-4 kg énC½rkñúgmYyqñaM [3] EdlmantMél
sMrab;CavtßúFatuedIm sMrab;»sf C½rbitka)a:l; fñalM ab nig]sSah_kmµTwkGb; . RbPBepSgeTot
)anbBa¢ak;faedImeQIcas;Gac pþl;Cr½ 30-60 kg [12] énC½reqA kñúgmYyqñaM nig 20-40 kg [12] énC½rsuT§
nig 7-14 kg [12] én turpentine kñúgmYyqñaM . TinñplC½rRbcaMqañ M man 420-750 kg/ha [4, 10] . Ethyl
alcohol RtUv)ancMraj;ykecjBI Rsl;swk ø BIr KWGacRbqaMgnwgCMgWmharIk cMeBaHkarsakl,genA
hVlI IBnI [12] .
[epSg²]: vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;sþaréRBeQIeLIgvij BIeRBaHvaFn;ngw ePøgI dImni sUvmanCICati
nigRKbelI esµA 'alang-alang' (Imperata cylindrica) . enA\NÐeÚ nsIu Rsl;swkø BIr TTYl)an
eCaKC½ykñúg kardaMCa cenøaHCamYydMLgÚ Irish [12] . vak_RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;EklMGrdI karBarkar
hUreRcaH nigr)aMgxül; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 4, 5, 12 ] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
cMNat;fñak;eQIelx 2
[lkçN³TUeTA]: Rsl;EtgduH enACitRbePTéRB conifer éRBcMruH conifer (CamYy P. kesiya) éRB

dipterocarp s¶Üt éRBCMruHsøwkTMnab nigdIksikmµcas; EdlTukecal dIKaµ nrukC
ç atiduH edaykarpÞúHPñeM PIgø
6
valesµArgePøgI eqH nigcMkarekAs‘cU as;² . vamanduH enAtMbn; EdlFøab;manePøgI eqH
EdlCakEnøgBYkvaGac duHlb;elIRbePT déT . vaCaRbePTRtUvkarBnøWxaø gM Fn;ngw ePøgI GacRKbelIesµA
'alang-alang' (Imperata cylindrica) CaRbePTsMrab;GPirkSdI nigsþaréRBeQIeLIgvij .
[karduHeLIgvij edayFmµCati]: karduHeLIgvij edayFmµCati GacekItmaneLIg enAkEnøgEdlmanBnøéW f¶
RKb;RKan; BIeRBaHRsl;swkø BIr eRcInduHenATIval éRB dipterocarp s¶tÜ b:Eu nþkm_ an enAéRB dipterocarp
esImpgEdr Edlya:gehacNas;manGgát;p©it 14 m . enAkm<Cú a éf nigevotNam kardut
edaymankar RKb;RKgRtUv)aneFIeV LIg edIm,IeFIVeGaykUneQIduHlUtlas;elOn [10] .
[kardaMduH]: sMrab;plitkmµeQIhb ‘u edImeQIRtUv)andaMduHenAkMritcenøaH 3 x 1 m rW 3 x 2 m [4] .
sMrab;plitkmµC½r cenøaHRtUv)anbegánI 4 x 4 m [4] . enAqñaTM I 3-5 (BI 18 Exdl; 2-3 qñaM [4])
edImeQIGacduH putBIdMNak;kalesµA edaymansøwkRkas; BnøkxøI nigkMBs;Tab .
CMnYseGaysMbkd_Rkas; EdlmankMras;Rkas;BI 1-2 dg dUcedImenaH søwkd_Rkas; nigRbB½nr§ Ws
eFIkV arduHlUtlas;ya:gelOn nigsMrb eTAnwgPaBraMgs¶tÜ nigePøgI [10] . Gnusasn_mYypþl;fa
kUneQIRtUvrkSakñgú fñal enAdMNak;kaldMbgU Rbsin Rsl;RtUv)anykeTAdaMenAxageRkA .
[karRKb;RKg]: enAdMNak;kalCaesµA karsMGatesµARtUv)aneFVeI LIg BI 2-3 dgenAqñaMdMbg U [10] nig 1-2
dg kñúgmYyqñaM enAkMLgú qñaMbnÞab; [10] rhUtdl;kenSamsøwkbitCit . kUneQIRsl;swkø BIr enAtUc
RtUvkarsMGat esµAeRcInCag RbePT Pinus caribaea, Pinus oocarpa nig Pinus kesiya .
enAdMNak;kaldMbgU kareFVI eGayrhal RtUv)aneFIV enAqñaTM I 9 rW 10 edaymankarkab;erogral; 5
qñaMbnþbnÞab; [10] . xYbrbs;vaKW 30 qñaM [12] RtUv)aneFIsV rM ab;plitkmµeQIh‘ub edaymandg;seIu t 28-29
m²/ha eRkayry³eBl 30 qñaM [10] . sMrab;plitkmµeQIemSARkdas xYbénkarkab;KW 15 qñaM [12]
RtUv)anGnuvtþ .
[Tinñpl]: karlUtlas;rbs;edImtUc enAkñg ú TIval manlkçN³xus²Kña CaBiessenAtMbn;dIeKak EdlsMbUr

Kumé< RBtUc² . enAdMNak;eRkameTot karlUtlas;manel,ÓnelOn enAkMrit 1.2 m/yr [4] . CaTUeTA
enAtMbn;EdlmanKuNPaBdImFüm kMritkMeNInmaDRbcaMqñaM 22.4 m³/ha enAkñgú ry³eBlxYb 25 qñaM [4]
GacRtUv)anGegát . Tinñn½ykarlUtlas;rbs;Rsl;swkø BIr kñúgcMkarenA\NÐeÚ nsIu qñaM 1954:
kMeNInmaDmFüm : 4-25 m³/ha (10 qñaM), 14-30 m³/ha (20 qñaM), 16-27 m³/ha (30 qñaM) .
kMBs;x<sb; Mput : 10-20 m (10 qña)M , 22-33 m (20 qñaM), 28-41 m (30 qñaM) . Ggát;pit© mFüm : 58.5 cm
(tMbn;l¥ 30 qñaM), 38.9 cm (tMbn;Fmµta, 30 qñaM) . maDeQIQr : 397 m³/ha (tMbn;l¥ 30 qñaM), 248
7
m³/ha ( tMbn;Fmµta 30 qñaM) . Tinñplsrub : 814 m³/ha (tMbn;l¥ 30 qñaM), 471 m³/ha (tMbn;Fmµta 30
qñaM) [10] .
[karRbmUlplC½r]: viFs I aRsþCaeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgkarRbmUlplC½r . C½rmanenAkñgú cenøaHekasika
naMCr½ éneQI (CaBiesseQIRsay) nigplitpl RtUv)anTTYlykedaykEnøglk;sMPar³nava edayRbvtþi
rbs;vakñgú bitnava . edImeQIRsl;enArs;Gacpþl;Cr½ edaykarkat;TTwgRbEhl 1.3 cm nigbeNþat 30
cm RbEvg 30-40 cm BIépÞdI rhUtdl;edImRTUg . GasIusp ‘u rU ic (CaTUeTA 40-60%) RtUv)an
dak;enAkEnøgecaH . dMeNIrkarenH Gacpþl;nUvC½rsMrabbitnava EdlCaRbPBpÁt;pÁg;sxM an;énC½r nig
turpentine . eQIsMrab;eFIV nava k_GacTTYl)anBIkardkykBI edImEdlcas;pgEdr
C½rGacTajyktamrebobenHpgEdr . Turpentine nigC½reQIGacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Ca kraft
(sulphate) sMrab;bitTuyeya . Turpentine RtUv)an ykecjBIkMeTceQI enAeBlcab;epþm I cMhuy
nigsÞak;sáat; edaykBa©k; . viFIsaRsþenHGacpþl; kraft sMrab; nava [12] .
[ksirukçkmµ]: Rsl;swkø BIr GacdaMduHenAcenøaHKñaCamYy dMLÚg Irish RbkbedayeCaKC½yenA\NÐeÚ nsIu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 6, 10, 12, 14]
[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;BCU ]: edImeQIGaceBjv½yenAGayu 20 [10] rWGacqab;CagenH .

enAs‘Uma:Rta RKab;TMu RtUv)anplitrvagExkkáda nigvickäi a [12] b:Eu nþdMNuHRKab; GacenA
rkSakñgú ry³eBlrab;qañ M . enAeBl ekanbþÚrBN’rbs;va BIèbtgeTAetñat BYkvaKYrRtUv)anRbmUl
nighalsMgYt . manRKab;RbEhlCa 35-40 kñgú ekanmYy [14] nig 50,000-60,000 RKab;/kg [14] .
RKab; cMnnY 1,000 ènRsl;skøw BIr s‘Uma:Rtaman TMgn;RbEhl 17 g, nigRbEhl 25-33 g
énRsl;tMbn;dIeKak . RKab;GacRtUv)anrkSaTuk ry³eBl eRcInqñaM edayrkSaenAkEnøgs¶Üt RtCak;

nigbitCit . eTaHbI RKab;Rsl;RtUv)anraykarN_fa manlT§PaB dMNuHxøI Rbsinmin)aneFIVRbRBwtþkmµ
edayRKab;Rss; 42,000 /kg enAkMritnIvT:U wksmuRT [10] nig 28,000RKab;Rss; /kg enAry³kMBs; 900 m
a.s.l. [10] RKab;BCU Edl)anmkBIsU‘ma:Rta GacrkSaTuk)anEt 1-2 qñaM Rbsin rkSaenAkEnøgs¶Üt
nigmkBITVbI GasIuGacxøICagenH [12] . BYkvaminsmRsbsMrab;kardwkCBa¢nÚ eT .
[karbnþBUCedayRKab;]: Rsl;swk ø BIrGacbnþBCU edayRKab; b:uEnþkarduHeLIgvijeday FmµCatimankarlUt
las;l¥Cag . vaduHlUtlas;minl¥eT enAkñgú fñalbNþHú dMNuH rbs;vamanlkçN³yWt bnÞab;BIry³eBl
8
10-12 éf¶ [4] (bnÞab;BI 8-21 éf¶ [12]) nigmankMritdMNuHTab bMput 40-60% [12] .
RKab;minRtUvkarRbRBwtþkmµ CamuneT . eTaH vaGacRtUv)anykeTARtaMTwkRtCak;ry³eBl
mYyyb;muneBldaMk_eday . edIm,IkarBarkar CaMTwkenAkñúgfñal RbB½nb§ gðrÚ TwkRtUvEteFVeI LIgeGay)anl¥
. RKab;GacRtUv)an)ac CaRsTab;esþgI ² enAelI fñal ehIyRKbeTAedayxSac; . bnÞab;BIry³eBl 6-8
s)þah_ [12] edImeQIGacmankMBs; 5-6 cm [12] nigGacRtUv)anykeTAdaMkúgñ rg . pSit mycorrhiza
mansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú karduHlUtlas;eGay)anl¥ . fñalbNþHú RKab; GacRtUv)anlayCamYydI
EdledImRsl;swkø BIrcas;²duH EdlmankMBs; 30-80 cm [10] . edImeQIemTaMgenH
RtUv)andaMry³eBlmYyqñamM un enAcenøaH 1 x 1 m enAkñgú fñal CitkUneQI (edIm Edlyk mkBIdIeKak
TMngCamaneCaKC½y edayeRbIdI EdlmanxSac; matur) [10] . bnÞab;BI 8 Ex [12] kUneQIRsl; søwkBIr
enAkñgú fñalGacmankMBs; 20-25 cm [4] nigsmRsbsMrab;kardaMduHenATIval .
[karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ]: karbnþBUC edaysrIragÁ tamry³kardaMCalika nigkat;k_GacRtUv)aneFIp V gEdr
b:Eu nþckM arsakl,gsMrab;RbePT Edl)anmkBIsU‘ma:RtaKWmankarkMNt; . CalikarWs nig hypocotyl
duHEck enAcMeBaHkUneQImanGayu 2 s)aþh_ nigBYkvamanlkçN³Rkin enAeBldaMenAelI sarFatuEr:
Murashige nig Skoog edaymanGasIut naphthalene acetic (0.25-0.65 ppm) nig benzylamino
purine (1.0-2.0 ppm) [12] .
[cMkarBUCeQI]: RbPBRKab;BC U EdlmanbTdæan ènRbePTRsl;swkø BIr KWenARbeTsèf nigs‘Uma:Rta .

kUneQIEdl)anmkBIsU‘ma:RtaEtminqøgkat;dMNak;kalesµAeTEdleFIeV GayvamanlkçN³smRsb sMrab;
kardaMduH CacMkar. RbPBesenTic rbs;Rsl;swkø BIs‘Uma:RtaRtUv)ankarBar . EdnFmµCatirbs;RbePTenH
enA Malesia KWmankMrittUc nigehtuenHehIy eTIbkarkarBarBBYkeQIQr EdlmanRtUv)anFana .
cMkarsak l,g GnþrCati én P. kesiya nig P. merkusii RtUv)anbegátI enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_
nigPaKxageCIg GURsþalI BYkvaRtUv)anshkarN_CamYy Commonwealth Forestry Institute of

Oxford (UK) . enAéf cMkarsak l,gkUnkat;énRsl;swkø BIr énéf nig)a:BjU KÚ Ieno
bgðajnUvkarrs;ranl¥ nigkarlUtlas;Evg CacMkarenAkñgú tMbn; . cMkarRKab;BUCRsl;swkø BIr
RtUv)anbegátI enA\NÐeÚ nsIu [12] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 4, 10, 12, 14]
9
[stVl¥ti ]: cMkarsakl,gminRtUv)anvayRbharedaystVl¥ti eT . eTaHcMkarsal,genAsUma:Rta

GacRtUv )anbMpaø j edaydgávÚ Milionia basalis EdleFIeV GayRCuHsøwkénedImTaMgmUl .
BBYkbMpøajbnÞab;BIRbePT enHKW Pineus pini .
[CMgW]: GRtagab;xs
< ; nUvRsl;swkø BIrenAsUma:Rta edayBBYkpSit Mycosphaerella pini . enAelIdIeKak
edIm eQImni rgkarvayRbharBIBBYkpSiteT .
[epSg²]: enAeBlkUneQIenAtUc vargkarbMpøaj BIBBYkstVenAkñúgdI dUcCaeFIeV GayRCuHsøwk CaedIm .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTenHRtUv)ancat;fñak; CaRbePTgayrgeRKaH 'VU' [15] (CitQaneTArkkarKMramkEhg 'LR, nt'

[6]) eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) World List of
Threatened Trees eyagtamtMélrbs;eQI EdlmantMrUvkarTIpSarx<s; . enAkm<úCa

RbePTeQIenHRtUv)anrukrkhYs ehtu EdlGacQaneTArkkarputBUC RbsinKµankarkarBarRtUv)an
eFIeV LIg . TICrkrbs;vaRtUv)anbMpøaj edaysarkarkab;éRBeFIkV sikmµ nigkab;edayxusc,ab; .
manedImeQIeRcInCag 100 edIm RtUv)anKMram kMEhg edaysarGaCIvkmµeQIxsu c,ab;enAkm<Cú a
nigkarbMpaø j edayePøgI eqH (dUc Edl)ankMNt;enAkñúg sikaç salafñak;CatieQI RbePTeQICaGaTiP§ aB
erobcMedayrdæ)aléRBeQI nigKMeragRKab;BUCeQIenAkm<úCa qñaM 2000 [16]) . cMnnY edImeQIeBjv½y

RtUv)anfycuH nigBi)akEsVgrk sMrab;eFVICaedImBUC . karecaHC½r RtUv)anham
Xat;edayc,ab;éRBeQIRbeTskm<Cú a qñaM 1988 luHRtamankar GnuBaØatBiessBIRksYgksikmµ
rukaç Rbmaj; nigensaT [8] .
10
tMbn;EdlmanRsl;swkø BIrduHeRcIn CageKenAkm<Cú a KW x<g;rabKIrIrmü (12 ha) . vak_manduHenAtamextþ

dUcCa kMBg;FM ekaHkug eBaF×sat; kMBg;sW< nigmNÐlKIrI .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6, 8, 9,]
[ r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMenIt]:
evotNam PUma PaKxageCIgéf Lav km<Cú a PaKxagt,Úgcin hVlI IBnI (Mindoro nigxaglic Luzon)
nig\NÐeÚ nsIu (s‘Uma:Rta) .
[karnaMclU ]:
GasIu : )a:BUjÚKeI no RsIlgáa .
GaeRhVc : GaeRhVcxagt,Úg tg;sSanI G‘uyehánda nigsamebo .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
p> epSg² :
kEnøgsmRsb]: Rsl;RtUv)andaMduHCaeRcIn BIeRBaHvaduHlUtlas;elOn manlT§PaBrs;enAelIdImni

[
sUvman CICati nigenAry³kMBs;x<s; nigsMbUrBt’manTak;Tgnwgrukvç b,kmµRbePTenH . KuNPaBeQI

minl¥eT . plit kmµéneQIRsl; KYRtUv)aneFIkV arRsavRCav [12].
11
Arisman, H. and G.R. Powell. 1986. Effects of cone colour and seed extraction methods on
yield and quality of seeds of Pinus merkusii in Indonesia. Seed Science and Technology 14,
177-190.
[14]
Cooling, E.N.G. 1968. Pinus merkusii. Fast Growing Timber Trees of the Lowland Tropics
No. 4. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford.
[14]
Cooling, E.N.G. and H. Gaussen 1970. In Indochina Pinus merkusiana sp. nov. et non P.
merkusii Jungh. et De Vriese. Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse T. 1 V. 8 Art. 7.
[5]
Pousujja R., J. Granhof and R.L. Willan. 1986. Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese. Seed
Leaflet No. 7, Danida Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek.
[14]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Lehmann, Lutz et al. 2003: Forests and trees of the Central Highlands of Xieng
Khounang , Lao P.D.R.- A field guide
Institute. Hanoi
(CD-ROM).
12
[8] CTSP, 2004: Cambodian Tree Species Monographs. Cambodian Tree Seed Project,
Phnom Penh. 57pp.
[11] Danida Forest Seed Centre, 2000: Conservation of genetic resources of Pinus merkusii
in Thailand -Technical Note No. 58, October 2000.

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp
(Internet source)
[14] Hidayat, J.; Hansen, C-P., 2002: Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese. Seed Leaflet No.
60, Danida Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek.
[16] FAO:
13
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.]

[Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Madras thorn [2], blackbead [5], blackbead tree, bread and
cheese tree, Manila tamarind, quamachil, sweet inga [8]
K> sTisn½y ³ Acacia obliquifolia Mart. & Gall.,
Inga dulcis (Roxb.) Willd.,

Inga leucantha K. Presl,
Inga pungens Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.,
Mimosa dulcis Roxb.,
Mimosa monilifera Bert.,
Pithecellobium littorale Britton & Rose ex Record [5],
Pithecolobium dulce [9]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ temar (Ethiopia) [8] - tamar hindi (Arabia) [8] - amil, balati,
dekhani babul (Bamgladesh) [8] - kway-tanyeng (Myanmar)

[8] - damortis, kamanchilis, kamatsile (Philippines) [8] -
opiuma (Hawaii) [8] - dakhani babul, imli, jangal jelbi, jangle
jalebi, vilayati babul, vilayati imli (N-India) [8] - kodukapuli,
kodukkaapuli (S-India) [8] - asam koranji, asam belanda,
asem londo (Indonesia) [8] - khaam th’ééd (Laos) [8] - asam
kranji, asam tinja (Malaysia) [8] - guama americano,
guamuchil, quamachil (Spain) [8] - maramata, mkwaju wa
kihindi (E-Africa) [8] - makham-khong, makham-that

(Thailand) [8] - keo tây, me keo (Vietnam) [8]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Gm<li Twk

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ 'âmpül tük. [1]
1
RKYsar : Fabaceae (subfamily: Mimosoideae)
ePT : Pithecellobium
RbePT : Pithecellobium dulce
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: GMBilTwkmanTMrg;edImtUceTAmFüm nigCaRbePTeQIébtgCanic© EdlmankMBs; 15-20

m [5] (5-18 m [8], 18 m [2], 6-10 m [3], 10 m [6]) nigGgát;p©it DBH BI 30-50 cm rW 100 cm [5]
(80-100 cm [2]) . vamanedImduHecjmkeRcIn CYnkal manTMrg;CaKume< QI b:Eu nþmanTMrg;Emkmin
eTogTat; nigmanEmkTn;duHreyag . [5] (manEmkmineTogTat; GacTTwgdl; 30 m [8]) . EmkBIr

eTAbImanragdUcExS EtduHenA xageRkam kenSamsøwk . sMbkrelag BN’RbepHRsal manrun§degðmI
EdlzitenAbBaÄCaCYr enACMvu ijedIm nigenAelIEmk nigedImEdltUc nigkøayeTACarwg
RBmTaMgeRbHenAeBlcas; . BnøkduHmineTogTat;enARtg; fñaMgedaymanbnøazitenACaKU nigRtg;
manRbEvg 4-13 mm [5] b:Eu nþeBlxøHKµanbnøa .
[søwk]: søkw smasøabKU edaymanmYyKU kñúgsøkw mYy nigBIrKUrenAelIsøabsøwkmYy i.e. 4 snøkw
enAelIsøkw TaMgGs; [5] . snøkw mYy²manTMhM 2.5-5.6 cm x 0.9-3.2 cm [5] ( 2-2.5 x 1-2 cm [8])
manragdUceGlIb rW eGlIbRTEvg edaymansréssøkw BI 4-7 KU edaymanBN’ébtgRsalenAxagelI
nigRbepHRsalenAeRkamBktUc²mankMBs; 0.3-0.8 mm nigGgát;pit© 0.4-0.7 mm [5]
enAkMBUlTgsøwk nigkMBlU énEpñkkNþalTgsøwk . "søwklUtlas;fdµI uHenACab;skøw cas;EdlRCuH
eFVeI GayedImeQImanBN’ébtgCanic¨ " [8] . bnøatUc²zitenACaKU enAKl;skøw nig manRbEvgBI 2 eTA
15 mm [8] .
2
páa páazitenACaRkum Caragk,ales<ótUc² manGgát;pit© 7-12 mm edaymanpáacMnYn 20-30 kñúgkBa©úpM aá
[ ]:
mYy kBa©úpM aá tMerobCa)ac;tUc² BI 2-4 . páamanBN’ébtgRsal nigekseQµalBN’s . vamanRtbkpáa

5 nigRsTab;páa 5 EdlzitenACabMBg; nigmanekseQµalcMnYn 22-42 kñg ú páamYy [5] (50 eks [8])
edayrYm CabMBg;eks . edImeQIecjpáa nigEpø enAGayu 4-8 qñaM . karecjpáa nigEpø
GacekItmaneBjmYyqñaeM nA kEnøg EdlmansMeNItl¥ b:Eu nþvaecjpáaeRcInenArdUvR)aMg
edayEpørbs;vacab;TMu bnÞab;BIry³eBl 2-4 ExeRkay . karecjpáa nigEpøekItmanenARbeTsevotNam
nigLav BIExmIna eTAvickäi a . [4].
[Epø]: "Epø (=pods) manlkçN³xusKñaTaMgrUbrag nigBN’ ragCaes<òekag rW mUlBI 1-2 CMu
KYreGaysMKal; karERbBN’rbs;RKab; edayBN’ébtglayRkhm nigw bþrÚ CaBN’kUlabRsal rWRkhm
enAeBlvaTMu nig RkhmetñatbnÞab;BIeRbH . EpøEdlminTan;TMu mansac;eTACas¶Üt
dUcRkdasbnÞab;BIeRbHebIk . EpømanTMhM 10-15 x 1.5 cm [8] eRbHebIkenARCugTaMgsgçag
edaymanRKab;BI 8-12 [5] (5-10 [8]) zitenACab;ngw sac; EpøEdlmanBN’s sIuCm<ÚRsal
nigCYnkalRkhm . RKab;manBN’exµArelag TMhMFlM µm nigTMhM 7-13 x 6-11 x 2-4 mm [5]
(GacmanbeNþay 2 cm [8]) .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
lkçN³eQI]: eQIRsaymanBN’elOg nigeQIxwmø manBN’elOg rWRkhmetñat . eQIGBM li Twkman

[
lkçN³rwgmauM nigFn; b:Eu nþk_manlkçN³Tn; niggaybt;Ebn . sac;eQImanlkçN³rwgmFüm

nigmansrésRtg; . vamandg;seIu tRbEhl 0.59 g/cm³ gayRsYlGar nigxat;eGayrelag .
GMNackMedAmanlkçN³Tab 5,177-5,600 kcal/kg [8] .

ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
RbEhl : 28°N eTA 2°N [5] . GMBilTwkduHlUtlas;CaFmµCatienAkñúgtMbn;RtUBci énBiPBelak .

RbePTrukçCatienAkñúgéRBel,aH éRBRtUBci s¶tÜ nigéRBrukçCatimanbnøa k_dUcCaéRBduHlUtlas;eLIgvij .
3
GMBilTwkduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;BTI abeTAmFümrvag 0 nig 500 m a.s.l. [4] (900-1,800 m [8], 0-

1,550 m [5]) . CaTUeTA vamanduHenAtMbn;TMnab nigGacrs;enAtamx<g;rabpgEdr . valUtlas;)anl¥enA
tMbn;Edl raMgs¶tÜ nigmansMeNImtictYc b:Eu nþFn;)anl¥enAkñúgtMbn;RtUBci ekþAs¶tÜ nigGakasFatu

subtropical edayman kMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 250-1,650 mm [8] (700 - 1,800 mm [5])
kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M 0-48°C [5] nigrdUvR)aMgBI 4-6 Ex [5] . vaGacFnnwgkMedA nigkarraMgs¶tÜ

edaysarEtRbB½nr§ Wsd_l¥ eTaHbIvagayrg eRKaHedaysarEtsenSImk_eday . vaTamTarnUvBnøxw øaMg
b:Eu nþminGacFn;nwgmøb; .
enAkñgú FmµCati GMBilTwkduHlUtlas; CaedImtUcenA tMbn;manfµ rak; nigdI skeletal CaBiessenAelItMbn;PñM

ePøgI cas; EdldIFaøbm; ankareFIkV sikmµBencr raMgs¶tÜ nigkarhUeRcaH . vak_manduHenAtamRcaMgTenø
EdlCadI l,ab; nigxSac; . vacUlcitþduHenAelIdIEdlmindk;Twk nigdIl,ay
b:Eu nþminduHenAtMbn;Edlman\dæeRcInenaHeT Edlman black cotton vertisols . eTaHya:gNa
vaGacsMrbeTAdI dUcCa \dæmanCatiGasIut dI limestone dImni sUvmanCICati dImanCatiéRb nigdIxSac;
EdlmanRbPBTwkPøav . vak_GaclUtlas;enAtMbn; Edldk;Twk pgEdr EtlUtlas;minsUvl¥eT .
GMBilTwkKWmanPaBFn;x<s; TaMglkçN³dI nigGakasFatu . RbePTdI EdlsmRsbsMrab;

RbePTeQIenHman : alluvial soils, arenosols, arid soils, calcareous soils, clay soils, gravelly
soils, limestone soils, saline soils, sandy soils, ultisols, vertisols" [5] .
4
[eQI]: eQIrbs;GMBilTwkminmanKuNPaBl¥eT . CaTUeTA eKeRbIR)as;vasMrab;eFICV abegÁal

nigkarsagsg; . enAEpñkxøHénRbeTs\NÐa vaRtUv)andaMduH nigRbmUlplsMrab;eFVCI aGus edIm,IdutL\dæ
. enAPaKxagt,Úg énRbeTs\NÐa vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVsÁ cMEnkenAcin eKeRbIR)as;srM ab;
eFICV aeQIKsU . karduHbnøa nigPaB mineTogTat;énkarlUtlas; eFIeV GayRbePTeQIenH
manPaBTak;TajtictYcsMrab;kareRbIR)as; . GMBilTwkmankarduHlUtlas;elOn nigduHExñg)anya:gl¥
b:Eu nþvaecjEpSgeRcInenAeBldut nigmanGMNackMedATab T (5,177-5,600 kcal/kg [8])
vapþl;nUveQIfamBl EdlmanKuNPaBTab .
[Gnupl]:
Gahar : Epømansac; Edlmanrs;CatiEp¥m nigCatiGasIut nigmanBN’s b:Eu nþeBlxøHmanBN’Rkhm .

RKab; nigsac;GaceRbIR)as;srM ab;eFICV aePsC¢³ Edlmanrs;CatiEp¥m RsedognwgRkUcqµa nigGaclIj
briePaK rWk_ briePaKTaMgenARss; . RKab;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;dak;kgñú smørkarIenARbeTs\NÐa .
enAmiucsikU Kuy)a nig éf Epørbs;vaRtUv)anRbmUlpl nigdak;lk;enAtampøÚv .
cMNIstV : søwk nigEpøRtUv)anRbmUl edaykarkat;tamrbg nigRtUv)ansIuedayBBYkstVdUcCa esH BEB
GUdæ eKa nigeCom . kaksMNl; Edl)anBIkarTajykeRbgBIRKab;GaceRbIR)as;srM ab;CacMNIstV)an
pgEdr .
karciBa©wmXµúM : páaRtUv)aneRkblMGgedayXµMú nigpþl;nUvTwkXµMú EdlmanKuNPaBl¥pgEdr .
C½r : sMbkEdlmanrbYsbeBa¨jnUvC½rmanGn§il²BN’Rkhmetñat EdlmanlkçN³RsedogC½rrbs;Gara:b;
.
tanIn rW BN’ : sarFatutanIn EdleRbIsMrab;eFIeV GayEs,Tn; GacTajykBIsMbk (RbEhl 25%) RKab;

nig søwk sMbkk_RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;RClk;BN’sMNaj;ensaTRtI eGaymanBN’elOgpgEdr .
lIBtI : RKab;manpÞkú nUveRbgBN’ébtg (20%) EdlbnÞab;BIkarsørehIy GaceRbIR)as;srM ab;CaGahar
rWkúñgkareFIsV ab‘U nigGacGacCMnYsKr (kapok) nigeRbgrbs;RKab;FBaØCatiEdlduHeRkamdIpgEdr .
»sf : enAéhTI rWs nigsMbkEdl)anes¶aRtUv)anpwksMrab;RbqaMgnwgCMgWrak EpøRtUv)anbriePaKpÞal;edIm,I
bBaÄb;karhUrQam kñúgkarNImanCMgW heamoptysis . TwkEdlcMraj;BIRKab;RtUv)anRsUbtamRcmuH CYy
5
RbqaMgnwgkarQWcab;edImRTUg nigRKab;Edl)anbukkMTicRtUv)anelbsMrab;Büa)andMe)AEpñkxagkñúg .
søwkenA eBlbitdUcCaekAeGok Gackat;bnßykarQIcab; niglayCamYyGMbilGacBüa)alkarrMlay
Gahar b:Eu nþvaGaceFIeV GayrlUtkUnpgEdr . sMbkrWsGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;Büa)aleraKmYl .
sMbkRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;CafñaMRKunpgEdr .
[epSg²]: edImeQIRbePTenH RtUv)andaMduHCaeRcInsMrab;CaeQIpþl;mb ø ; . enAeBlvalUtlas;enA
dIxHV CICati nigTIval GMBilTwkGacCYykarBarnUvRbePTdITaMgenH . GMBilTwkGacbegátI nUvBkrWseday
)at;etrI Rhizobium . karecjBkrWsenH ekItmanenARKb;RbePTdITaMgGs; b:Eu nþTinñn½yGMBbI rimaNén
GasUtminTan; RtUv)anraykarN_enAeLIyeT . RbePTeQIenHmankareBjniym kñúgkardaMtam
beNþaypøÚv nigeRbIR)as;Ca RbePTrukCç atisli ,³ (karkat;eGayecjCarUbstVepSg²) . edIm
EdlmansñamqñtÚ enAsøwkKWmanenA edImEdlduHenAhaév: . edaymankat;tMrwmeTogTat; GMBil
TwkeFIeV GaykenSamsøwkRkas; nwgmanbnøaCaeRcIn EdleFIeV GaystVmni GaccUl)an ehIyRbePT
eQIenHk_GacdaMCar)aMgTb;xül; edaybegátI nUvTMrg;CaExS Rkvat;karBareTotpg . enAkñgú kardaMCarbg
vaRtUv)andaMlayCamYyRbePTepSg²eTotdUc Ca Ziziphus mauritiana nig Azadirachta indica .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
:
[lkçN³TUeTA]: GMBilTwkduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBel,aH éRBRtUBci s¶tÜ nigéRBEdlmanrukCç atimanbnøa .

vamanlkçN³Fn; nigCaRbePTEdlpþl;GasUteTAeGaydI ehIymantMélBIeRBaHvaFn;nwgtMbn;raMgs¶tÜ
kMedA nigkarkat; minEtb:ueNÑaHplitplEdl)anBIRbePTeQIenHPaKeRcInmanskþanuBlsMrab;
BaNiCk¢ mµ . dUcenH vaRtUv)andaMCaeRcInenAtampøvÚ RBMRbTl;dI nigenAkñgú TIRkug nigsYnc,ar Cagkar
daMenAkñgú cMkar rW CaTMrg;RbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ . RbEhlCabNþalmkBIRbePTeQIenHduHlUtlas;eLIg
vijelOnbnÞab;BIkarkat; nigmanTMrg;Rkas; manbnøaEdlminGaceGaystVqøgkat;)an eTIbvaRtUv)andaMCa
6
rbgkarBar . vaduHlUtlatCarbgkarBar enAtMbn;ekþAs¶tÜ énEpñkxøHrbs;\NÐa CaBiessPaKxagt,Úg
nigRbeTsd_éTeTotCaeRcIn .
[kardaMduH]: sMrab;kardaMCarbg RKab;GacsabCa 2 CYr enAcenøaH 15 x 30 cm" [8] .
[karRKb;RKg]: RbePTenHduHlUtlas;elOn . edImeQIGacmankMBs;dl; 12-15 m nigbrimaN 0.91-
1.2 m enAGayuRbEhl 40 qñaM [8] . enAlkçN³dI Edll¥ vaGacmankMBs;dl;eTA 10 m
enAkñgú ry³eBl 5-6 qñaM [8] (12 m kñgú ry³eBl 5-6 qñaM [2]) . vaduHExñg)anelOn
nigkUnEdlduHecjBIrWseRcInenAeBlrWs RtUvrbYs . edImeQIGacduHlUtlas;)anKYreGaykt;sKM al;
eTaHbImankaréRkEmk kat; nigsIuBIsMNak; stVdUcCa eCom nigBEB . vaGacRbKYtRbECgCamYyesµA
nigduHlUtlas;)anya:grh½s .
karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ RtUv)aneFIeV LIgtamry³karkat; karpSaMu nigbMe)A . edImeQI

RtUv)anbegátI eLIgtam ry³karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati kardaMedaypÞal; nigkardaMedaykUn .
karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCatiekItmaneLIgedayesrI tamry³karraysayRKab;edayxønÜ Ég CaBiess
enAtamPøW kEnøgEdlRKab;RtUv)anrkeXIjenAeRkamedImeQIEdlcas; . cMnYnRKab;manlkçN³xus²
enAeBlEpødMbgU . Epø EdlTMuRtUv)anRbmUl nig sMgYtenAkñúgBnøéW f¶ rhUtdl;eRbH . EpøEdlmineRbH
RtUv)anvaybMEbkykRKab; RBmTaMgeFIkV areray nig lagsMGat . mincab;)ac;eFIVRbRBwtþi
mµkRKab;CamuneT BIeRBaHkarRtaMTwkGackat;bnßydMNuHRKab; cMEnkkMedA GacsMlab;RKab; .
kardaMedayRKab;paÞ l;TTYl)aneCaKC½yKYreGaykt;sKM al; . kUneQIduH)an l¥enAkñgú fñalbNþúH .
RKab;GacsabenAelIfñal Edl)anelIkCarg rWenAkñúgfg;pøasÞik bnÞab;BIkarRbmUl . fñalRtUv

mandImanCICatil¥ nigmansarFatusrIragÁCaCI nigRtUveRsacTwkeGay)anl¥ . dMNuHRKab;
ekItmaneLIgkñúg ry³eBlBI 7-10 éf¶ nigcb;enAkñgú ry³eBl 2-3 s)þah_ [8] . kUneQI
GacduHecjeRkAfñal dUcenHRtUvdk ykeTAdaMkúgñ fg;)aø sÞci bnÞab;BIry³eBl 6 Ex . kUneQItUc²
RtUvkarkarBarBIPaBraMgs¶tÜ nigxülekþA . BYkvaGacykeTAdaMenAxageRkAenAeBlmanGayumyY qñaM .
GMBilTwkGacRtUv)an daMduHtamry³karkat;Emk pgEdr .
7
[ltVl¥ti ]: dgávÚ Subpandesma anysa bMpøajEpø nigRKab;enAhaév: . stVl¥ti hemipteran (Umbonia

crassicornis) CaRbePTstVmanenA Puerto Rico . dgávÚ Indarbela spp
ecaHsMbkedImenARbeTs\NÐa. Polydesma umbricola CaRbePTstV Edl)anbMpøajya:gF¶n;Fr¶ enA
ekaH Reunion .
[CMgW]: Pñak;garEdleFIeV GaymansñamGuCelIskøw rYmman Cercospora mimosae, Collectotrichum
dematium, C. pithecellobii, Phyllosticta ingae-dulcis nig P. pithecellobii. Heart rot (Phellinus
spp) RtUv)anraykarN_famanenA\NÐa [8] .
[epSg²]: GMBilTwkRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;fagayrgnwgkar)ak;Emk )ak;edIm nigrlMenAeBlmanxül;xaø g M nig

Ca RbePTEdlmankarbMpaø jFn;F¶rCageK enAeBlmanBüúH hurricanes ..
F> karGPirkS :
GMBilTwkduHlUtlas;ya:geRcIn CaBiessenAtMbn;EdlRtU)anrukran nige)aHbg;ecal . vaminRtUv)an

epþatCasMxan;sMrab;karGPirkSeT ..
GMBilTwkRtUv)ansikSaenAkñúgextþ kMBg;FM kNþal nigkMBt .

ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: Gasüg;TIn b‘l U Ievo eRbsIlu kULbMú ‘Í eGkVad½r eRhnhÁN
I a hÁaNa micu siku U )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU
s‘UrINam Gaemrik G‘uyra:hÁay evens‘yu eGLa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
8
[karnaMclU ]: km<Cú a cin Kuy)a eGrIeRTo éhTI \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu camukI a eknya: Lav ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI
eBrUrIkU rIyUenon s‘dU g; tg;sSanI éf evotNam ekaHv½rCIn ¬Gaemrik¦ süg;s)Iu a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
p> epSg² :
[sarFatumanenAkñgú Epø]: EpøRss;manpÞkú sMbk 25% sMbkxageRkA 50% RKab; 25% .

sMbkxageRkAman ( kñúg 100 g): Twk 75.8-77.8 g RbUetG‘nÍu 2.3-3 g xøaj; 0.4-0.5 g kabUnG‘uRÍ tat
18.2-19.6 g sarFatu srés 1.1-1.2 g epH 0.6-0.7 g kal;süÚm 13 mg pUsVr 42 mg Edk 0.5 mg
sUdüÚm 19 mg b:tU asüÚm 20.2 mg vItamIn A 25 IU thiamine 0.24 mg riboflavin 0.1 mg niacin
0.6 mg nigvItamIn C 133 mg . tMélfamBl 330 kJ/100 g [6] .
[KuNvibtþéi nkardaMduH ]: KuNvibtþc

i bM génGMBli TwkKWminGacsMGatesµA)an . vamanbnøa Edlgaypþl;nUv
TIkEnøgsMrab;rukçCatepSg²eTotduH ehIykarkMcat;rukCç atiEdlduHenAeRkamedImGMBli TwkmankarBi)ak
eday Etvamanbnøa . vamankarlkçN³CaesµA enA Caribbean Florida nig Hawaii
EdlRtUv)anduHedayFmµCati enAtMbn;EdlraMgs¶Üt nigRtUv)andak;kñúgcMNat;fñak;esµA .
vak_RtUv)ancat;TukCaesµAenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa Edl BYkvaduHedayxøÜnÉgCarbg nigtampøvÚ .
mankardaMduHRbePTepSg edIm,ICnM sY GMBli Twk b:Eu nþminTTYl)an eCaKC½yeT .
GMBilTwkRtUv)anhammineGaynaMclU RbeTsGURsþalI edaysarEtkarduHlUtlas;rbs; vamin xusBIesµA
nigKMramkMEhgdl;valesµA nigRbePTrukçCatiepSg²eTot . enAeBlbnøarbs;vapþl;nvU RbeyaCn_
sMrab;CarbgkarBar PaBRsYcrbs;bnøa EdlGaceFIeV FIeV GayEs,manlkçN³ehIm nigRkhayEPñk
eFIeV Gay karRbmUlpl nigelIkdak;Emkrbs;vamankarBi)ak cMEnkareRbIR)as;rbs;vamanenAmankMrit
CaBiessenA EpñkxøHénGasIuGaeKñy_ . edayehtuTaMgenHehIyeTI vamanduHeRcInenAtampøvÚ énPaK

xagt,Úg Florida [5] .
[Bakübec©keTs]: ePT (genus) RtUv)ansresrfa Pithecollobium rW Pithecolobium .
eQµaHePTRtUv)anykBIBaküRkic pithekos (sVa) nig lobos (EpøragmUl) )ankøayCa

EpøEdlmanragdUcRtecokmnusS . RbePtenH RtUv)andak;eQµaH nigBiBN’naBIlkçN³rukCç atienAqñaM
1795 BI Coromandel én\NÐa EdlCa TIkEnøgvaRtUv)annaMcl U . eQµaHviTüasaRsþmann½yfa Ep¥m nig
karminCan;KñasMedAeTAelIsac;Epø EdlGac briePaK)an .
9
[Rbvtþi]: enAkMLgú qñaM 1521-1815 GMBilTwkRtUv)annaMcUlRbeTshVlI IBnI edayGñkdMeNIrmiucsiku U
tamry³ navacm,aMgrdæaPi)aleGs,aj EdleFIdV MeNIrrvag Acapulco nig Manila
EdlrYmCamYyRbePTrukçCatiCag 200 RbePTeTotrbs;Gaemrik EdlrYmmanBBYk legumes dUcCa
Gliricidia kn§eM n§t Prosopis nigl¶r (Merrill, 1912) . enAeBlnaMcl U dMbgU (mun 1800) mkGasIu
GMBilTwkmanRbPBkMeNIt BItMbn;RtUBicén Gaemrik vaRtUv)anBiBN’nadMbgU nigdak;eQµaHenAqñaM 1798
eday Roxburgh tamry³P½stþú ag EdlRbmUl BI\NÐa RtUv)anraykarN_fanaMclU BIRbeTshVlI IBnI .
enHedaysar karduHlUtlas;ya:geRcInCaFmµCati nigkardaMduHénGMBilTwkenAkñgú eBlmunRbvtþisaRsþ .
vamanduHlUtlas;ya:geRcIn nigRtUv)ancat; TukfaCa esµAenA Caribbean (e.g. enA Puerto Rico
duHCamYy Prosopis pallida tamCayéRBekagkag ) Hawaii (enAkñgú valesµA) nigtMbn;ekþAs¶tÜ én\NÐa
nigTMnab Gangeatic . enAkEnøgd_éTeTot vaRtUv)andaMCa eQIlMGr nigpþl;møb; .
RKab;rbs;GBM li TwkRtUv)anrYmbBa¢nÚ enAkñgú kBa©b; énRbePTrukCç atitMbn;st¶Ü én GaemrikkNþal
nigRtUv)aneFIkV arsakl,enAkñgú Bak;kNþalTsSvtS 1980s [5] .
AQIS, 1996. Madras Thorn. Pithecellobium dulce. Plant Quarantine Leaflet No. 115.
Canberra, Australia: Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. Department of Primary
Industries and Energy.
[5]
Anonymous, 1989. Asam Kranji dan Asam Londo[Dialium indum and Pithecellobium dulce].
ajalah ASRI No 26.
[6]
Brewbaker JL, 1992. Pithecellobium dulce - sweet and thorny. NFT Highlights, No. 92-01:2
pp.; 5 ref.
[5]
Hendro Sunarjono H, Coronel RE, 1991. Pithecellobium dulce. In: Verheij EWM, Coronel RE
eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts. Wageningen,
Netherlands: Pudoc, 256-257.
[5]
10
Kundu H, Panda NC, Sahu BK, 1983. Leaves of inga dulcis (Manila tamarind; Pithecellobium
dulce) as a fodder for goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 53(6):669-671; 7 ref.
[5]
NFTA. 1992. Pithecellobium dulce: sweet and thorny. NFTA 92-01. Waimanalo.
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9) :Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. 1994. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok,
Thailand: Winrock Interational. 320pp.
[5] CABI, 2003: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition) - CAB INTERNATIONAL. (CD-ROM).
(CD-ROM).
[7] Nielsen, I., 1981: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Vol. 19. Légumineuses-
Mimosoïdées. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanérogamie,
Paris. pp. 108-110.
[8] World Agroforestry Center:

(Internet source)
[9] ECOPORT Species Database: http://ecoport.org/ep (Internet source)
11
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don.]

[Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ podocarp, brown pine [25]
K> sTisn½y ³ Nageia neriifolia (D.Don.) O.K. 1891;
Nagleia discolor (Blume) O.K.,

Podocarpus annamensis N.E. Gray;
P. discolor Blume 1847;
P. leptostachya Blume 1849;
P. neglecta Blume 1849;
P. decipiens N.E. Gray;
P. polyantha (Wasscher) Gaussen,
P. junghuhniana Miq. 1851, [16,24]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ Prince of Woods (India) [12]; ka dong (Laos); antok
(Indonesia-Java); beberas (Indonesia-Sumatera); kayu cina

(Irian Jaya); podo bukit, jati bukit (Malaysia-Peninsular); ki
beling (Sabah, Malaysia-East); mala adelfa (Philippines-
general); thitmin (Burma); phayanai (Thailand-general);
phailamthon (Thai-NE); khunmai (Thai-E) thông tre, thông

trúc dào, banh niên tùng, thông tre nam (Vietnam) [8,16].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RsUl

ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ sro:l [4]
1
lMdab; : Pinales
RKYsar : Podocarpaceae
ePT : Podocarpus L´Her. ex Persson
RbePT : Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don [16]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQImanTMhMmFüm EdlGacmankMBs; dl;eTA 25 m enAelIdI EdlamanCICati .

edImmanlkçN³Rtg; nigragsIuLaMg nigEmkRtg;eLIgeTAelI [2] edImeQImankMBs; 10-15 m
kMrx<s;CagenH [4] CaedImeQIébtgCaenH GacmankMBs;dl; 20 m [5] . edImeQIGac
mankMBs;dl;eTA 35 m Ggát;p©it 100 cm nigedImmUlRtg; [8] . edImmanTMhMFM eTAmFüm Edlman
kMBs; 35 (-45) m x<s; ragmUl KµanEmkenAeBlmankMBs;dl; 22 m manGgát;p©itdl;eTA 100 cm
kMrmanRBwg nigkenSamsøkw ragmUl [16,24] . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[sMbk]: BN’elOgetñat [2] etñatRbepH rbkCadMu² manlkçN³RCYjenAKl; [5] . sMbkmanBN’etñat
cas;eTARsal KWmanlkçN³dUcExS [7] sMbkBN’etñatcas; rbktambeNþay CadMu² .

EmkEbkCasaxa rW duHlUtlas;eLIg [8] .
[søwk]: søwkqøas; mankMBUlRsYc manRbEvgBI 7-15 cm nigTTwg 0.9-1.9 . RTng;kNþalmanlkçN³
c,as;enAelIépÞsgçag CaysøwkmanragekagcuHeRkam . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 0.3-0.5 cm

mansñamenAEpñk xageRkam [2] . søwkmanTMhM 7-15 (-20) x 1-2 cm qøas; ragCaes<ó rW bNþúM
rage)a:gRTEvg RsYcenAcug TaMgsgçag ragdUcEs,k manBN’ébtgRsalenAxageRkam .
2
srésEv:nkNþalmanlkçN³xusBI RCugTaMg BIr b:uEnþsrésEv:gmçag² manlkçN³minsUveXIjc,as;eT .
Tgrbs;vamanRbEvg 0.2-0.5 cm [5] . søwk qøas; ragEvgsþÜt manlkçN³ekagbnþic manTMhM 2.5-
18.0 x 0.5-1.5 cm manlkçN³dUcEs,k srés Ev:nkNþalelceLIgc,as; mancugEvg .
søwkeBjv½jFM kMBUlduHRsYceLIgelI [8] . BnøksøwkmUl RsYc rW Tal mankarrIkFM nigRsYc

søwkcas;manTMhM (7-) 8-18 cm x (1.0-) 1.1-1.8 cm RTng;søwk duHeLIg man TTwg (0.4-) 0.6-0.8
mm [16] . søwkx©I manTMhM 15-24 x 2.4 cm RsYc nigtUcenARtg;Kl; manTgxøI manragRTEvg
manTTwg 1.6 cm nigqab;cas;enAeBlEdlkUneQIzitenAcMBnøWéf¶eBj . søwkedImeQI Edlcas;

RsedognwgTgsøwkxøI EdlmanRbEvgdl;eTA 6 mm . søwkRsYc manTMhM 8-12 x 1.2-1.8 cm .
søwkmanlkçN³RTEvg manTMhM 12-18 x 1.1-1.5 cm rW enAelIedImeQImanragEvgRsLÚn nigTMhM 7-
10 x 1.0-1.1 cm . RTng;søwkduHeLIgenARCugsøk w xagelImankMBs;ya:gehacNas; mankMBs; 0.3
mm nigman TTwg 0.6-0.8 mm b:uEnþGactUcRtwm 0.4 mm enAelIsøwkEdll¥ rW enAtMbn; Borneo
EdlsMbUrsøwkRbePT enH .
[Epø]: ekaneQµal EtmancMnYnbIzit enACaRkum enAeLIgG½kSsøWk EdlmanragmUl enAeBlcas;
manRbEvg 2-5 cm . ekanjIzitenAdac;EtÉg manTgRbEvg 0.5-1.0 cm mansac;

ragsMEb:tenAxageRkam . Tg TaMgBIrrbs;vamanlkçN³qab;RCuH manRbEvg 1.5 cm nigTTwg 1 cm .
EpømanBN’sVaylayébtg enAeBlcas; [2] . ekanmanBN’elOgRsal zitelIG½kSsøwk EdljI
nigeQµalzitenAelIedImepSgKña . ekaneQµalRkas; ragCacegáam ( catkin-like clusters :stroboli)
RbEvg 2-5 cm zitenAdac;EtÉg b:uEnþ CYnkalzitenApþúMKñaBI 2-3(5) . ekanjI zitenAEtÉg
elITgRkas; ragdUcEBg cugrbs;TgRbEvg (receptacle) ± 0.5 cm nigTgRbEvg 0.5-1.0 cm [5] .
EpømanlkçN³mUl nigBN’etñatcas; nigTMuenA kMLúgrdUvvsSa enAExmifuna-kkáda [7] . ekagragmUl
kMBs;BI 0.8-1.6 cm . ekaneQµal zitenAEtÉg rWCaRkum EdlmancMnYnekagBI 2-4 EdlmanRbEvg

2.0-4.5 cm edaymankartMerobCages<ó . ekanjIzit enAeTal enAelIG½kS TgRbEvg 0.4-2.2 cm .
Tgrbs;vaBN’RkhmTwkRkUc enAeBlTMu rageGlIb RbEvg 4-10 x 2-6 mm enAKl;manTgBIrtUc²

EdlmanRbEvg 2-6 mm . RKab;cas;manBN’ébtg eTA sIuCm<Ú RsTab;xageRkAmanlkçN³Casac;
manlkçN³rwg b:uEnþqab;RCuH [8] . RKab;lMGg;rbs;ekan zitenAEtÉg rW BIr rW bI minmanTg
sNþg;manBN’RkhmenAeBlcas; [24,27] . RsUlmanRbePTxus²Kña nigminGacEck
3
dac;BIKñaBIRbePT P. polystachyus . vaduHenAray)a:y nigecjEpøenAEx ems-mina
nigcas;enAExsIha- vicäikar [8].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
RsUlmaneQIRsal eTAmFüm edaymankMritTMnaj 415-790 kg/m³ . eQIxwøm manBN’elOgRbepH

rW etñatRsal eTABN’etñatmas b:uEnþBi)akEckdac;BIeQIx©I . sréseQIRtg; nigmanlkçN³relag
minman rW mansñamtictYc CYnkalmansñam exµAenACitbNþÚl . rgVg;lUtlas;
manlkçN³minsUvxus²KñaeT CYnkar manlkçN³tUc Rkas; duHeLIgCit parenchyma
EdlkMremIleXIjedaysarEPñkTeTNas; [16] . karBiesaFn_ nUveQIRsUlBI RbeTshVICI )anbBaðafa
enAkMrit 12% m.c. lkçN³emkarnicmandUcxageRkam kMritTMgn;GacRT)an 98.5 N/mm²,
kMritGacbt;Ebn)an 10,765 N/mm², sMBaFRsbsac;eQI 56 N/mm², sMBaFEkg 11 N/mm²,
karkat; 13 N/mm², karbMEbk 32 N/mm² Ekg nig karbMEbktambBaÄit (Tangential) 40.5
N/mm² kMritrwgrbs;épÞeQI (Janka side hardness) 5,050 N, nigkMritrwgrbs;cug (Janka end
hardness) 7,920 N .
kMritrYjrbs;eQIRsUl KWTab BIenARss; 12% m.c. muxkat; 2.3% radial nig 4.1% tangential
nigBIRss;eTAs¶Ütmuxkat; 3.3% radial nig 5.7% tangential . eQIgaynwgs¶Üt rW sMgYt
b:uEnþmankareRbH rW EbkelIépÞeQI rW rmYl enAelIeQIeBjv½ymansñamya:geRcIn . CamFüm
vaRtUvkarry³eBl 23 éf¶ edIm,I sMgYtkþa EdlmankMras; 25 mm eQIRsUlenAkMrit sMenIm 15% m.c
. karsMgYtenAkñúgLr KYrEteRbInUv kMritsItuNðPaBBI 54-82ºC edayeqøIytbnwgkMritsMeNIm 76-30% Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
. enAma:eLsIu vaRtUv)anykeTARtaMTwk bnÞab;mkeTIbykeTAsMgYt . kþa EdkmankMras; 25 mm
RtUv)ansMgYteGaymankMritsMeNIm 15% m.c. enAkñúgry³eBl 8 éf¶edayeRbILrsMgYtma:eLsIu [16]
.
eQIrbs;RsUl gayGar b:uEnþkþarbs;vamanlkçN³Tn; GaceRbHEbkenAxagcug. eQIGacGarCapøan
eRCok But nigecaHRbehag EdlvamanlkçN³relag . CaTUeTA eQIGacdM EdkeKal)an b:EnþebI
EdkeKalFMeBk GaceFIVeGayeRbH rW Ebk . karbitC½r lab duHxat; niglabfñaM KWGaceFIVeTA)an . karduH
rW citecjnUvsarFatuenH GaceFIVeTA)anenAeBlvas¶Üt ehIyminTamTarnUvkareFIRV bRBwtþikmµCamuneT .
4
eQIrbs;vaRtUv)ancat;fañk;fa minmankarFn; enAeBleRbIpÞal;dI rW edaypÞal;nwgGakasFatuxageRkA .
vagayrgnwgkarbMpøajrbs;keNþo BBYkstVl¥itecaHrun xñÚt rWkEBa© nigBBYkstVl¥itcuHrn§enAsmuRT
b:uEnþminEmn Lyctus eT. eQIx©IGaceRCob)an b:uEnþeQIxøWm KWmankarFn;nwgkareCob mFüm [16].
RbEhlCa 30 RbePTmanduHlUtlas;enAma:eL Edl 15 manduHenA New Guinea nig 13 enA

Borneo. [16] . RsUlduHlUtlat; eRcInenAen)a:l; \NÐa PUma \NÐÚcin éf ma:eLsIu hVIlIBIn ekaH
Lesser Sunda, Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon nig Fidji
PaKxageCIgXVIneLn /GURsþalI [16,25] . vamanduHlayKña CaBiessenAkñúgéRBBBYkrukCç atisøwkm¢úl

[8,16] . ePT Podocarpus mancMnYnRbEhl 95 RbePT enATUTaMgRtUBk i CaBiesstMbn;x<g;rab
énGnutMbn;RtUBikeCIgPñM Himalaya eTAtMbn;éRBPaKxagt,Úg hemisphere . RsUlmanduHenAéRB
montane edayray)a:y enACaRkumduHÉkRbePT nigCYnkallayCamYy Dacrycarpus imbricatus
nig Altingia noronhae; enA New Britain vaduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;PñM edaymanBBYk Pometia nig
Calophyllum enAkñúgéRB montane enA New Ireland CamYyGMbUr Fagaceae, Eugenia nig
Schizomeria enARsuk Morobe (New Guinea) vaduHlayCamYy Anisoptera nig Flindersia [25]
. enALav extþ Xiengkhuang RsUlduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;éRBeRsagtMbn;PMñ EdlmanduHlayCamYy

evergreen oaks (Quercus spp.) nigenAkñúgéRBlicTwk [7] .

RsUlduHlUtlas;FMenA tMbn;éRBPñM enARbeTs\NÐa nigen)a:l; EdlmanGakasFatuGnuRtUBik nigtMbn;PñM

. vaGacduHlUtlas;enAkMritry³kMBs;BI 900 nig 1500 m BInIv:UTwksmuRT
edaymankMrti TwkePøógRbcaMqñaM 1500-3700 mm/ m² nigmanrdUvR)aMgcMnYn 5 Ex . kMritsMeNIm manBI
25ºC eTA 30ºC edayrdUvRtCak; bMputmansItuNP ð aBrvag 8ºC nig 24ºC [12] . CaTUeTA
manduHenAkMBUlPñM CitTenø EdlmankMritry³kMBs; BI 2,100 m [16] . duHenARsTab;eRkam
b:uEnþGaclUtlas;x<s;enAeBleRkay . duHlUtlas;tictYcenAtMbn;éRBeRsag Edlmanry³kMBs; 1000
m-1400 m [5] . GacmanduHenAry³kMBs; 400-1500 m duHlayCamYy Castanopsis spp.,
5
Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Fokienia hodginsii, Lithocarpus spp., nig Pometia sp. [8] .
Fn;nwgmøb; CaTUeTAvaduHeLIgvijedaysarRKab; [2,8].
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
cUlcitþdImanCICati nigsMeNIm RBmTaMgsMbUreTAedaymemak GacduHenAelIdIfµxSac; rW eLets‘ul

nigdIGulRta)asik ehIyvaCaedImeQIFn;nwgmøb; . RbePTeQIenHmanduH enA Sarawak
b:uEnþk_manduHenAtMbn;licTwkpgEdr enAtammat;RcaMg EdlmanfµxSac; enAelIdI andesit rW laterite
EdlCaRbePTdI latosol sMbUrCageKenA Java nigenAelIdIxSac;lay\dæ . enA)a:BUjÚKIeno
vaRtUv)anraykarfa manduHenAelIdI G‘uyRta)asik (Ultra-basic soil) nigEtmanduHlayCamYyBBYk
Quercus spp. .
RsUlKWmanduHya:geRcIn nigCaRbPBsMxan;sMrab;CaeQIh‘ub .
[eQI]:eQIRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CaeKOgsgðarwm nigkargarCageQI .
[Gnupl]: EpøKWGacbriePaK)an nigRtUv)andaMduHenAkñúgsYn CaeQIlMGrpgEdr [2] .
søwk Edles¶arrYc GaceRbIR)as;RbqaMgnwgeraKsnøak;q¥wg nig karQWcab;snøak;q¥wg ehIyTwk

Edl)anmkBIsøwk RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karraldalrbs;dgáÚv Edl)anekItmanenA)a:BUjÚKIeno (Papua New
Guinea (PNG) . [16]
6
eQIcMNat;fñak;TI 2 [4] b:uEnþminRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlenAkñúgtaragcMNat;fñak;eQIpøÚvkarrbs;rdæ)al

éRBeQIeT (2003) [18].
duHeLIgvijedayFmµCati enAelIdIGasIut eTaHbIya:gNaedImRsUl pþl;RKab;CaeTogTat; .
RsUlGacbnþBUC edayRKab; nigmanRKab;RbEhl 4500 RKab;kñúgmYyKILÚRkam .

RKab;GacmankMritdMNuH 90 % enAkñúgry³eBl 20-67 éf¶ . RKab;GacminmanlT§PaBduHeRkay
eBlry³eBl 3 Ex . kUneQIGacRtUv)anykeTAdaMedaypÞal;enATIvalenAeBl mankMBs;BI 30-40 cm
edaydaMenAcenøaH 4 m x 5 m . kareraylMGr rW dMeNIrlMGrRtUv)aneFIVeLIgedayxül;
karray)a:yRKab;edaystVsøab nigRbecov EdlsIuEpø kUneQIGaceFIVkarpøas;TI)ancMgayq¶ay [16] .
edayPaBkMrénRbePTenH enAtMbn;PñMénRbeTsLav eFIVeGayminsUvmankaryl;dwgGMBIkarRbmUlRKab;eT
b:uEnþkarRbmUlRKab;kG_ acRtUv )aneFIVeLIgenArdUvvsSapgEdr . karqáarukçCatitUc² ecjk_Gac RtUv)an
eFIVeLIgpg EdrsMrab;PaBgayRsYl kñúgkarRbmUl.
CaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak;enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam [2]
F> karGPirkS :
7

manRbPBkMeNItBIGasIu en)a:l; \NÐa nigRtUv)annaMcUleTAkan;tMbn;epSgeTot dUcCa ekaH)a:sIuhVic
sUlUm:g; nighVICI[16]
p> epSg² :
Anon, 1987. Brown pine. Timber Species - Queensland Department of Forestry, No. 2:2
pp.
Bolza E, Kloot NH, 1972. The mechanical properties of 56 Fijian timbers. Division of
Forest Products Technological Paper, CSIRO, No. 62:51pp.; 13 ref.
Dagar JC, Dagar HS, 1987. Ethnobotanical and other uses of some gymnosperms found
in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 9(1):201-
204; 11 ref.
Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC, 1995. Plant resources of South-East Asia No.
5 (2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5
(2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers., 655 pp.; [Also published by Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. PROSEA NUGI 835.]; 747 ref.
Troup RS, 1921. The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Vol. III. Oxford, UK; Clarendon Press.
Whitmore TC, 1973. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. Volume 2. Tree flora of
Malaya. A manual for foresters. Volume 2., vii + 444 pp. + 1 map; Malayan Forest
Records No. 26. Many ref.
8
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

Hanoi, 788 pp.


7) Lehmann, L., Grejmans, M. and Shenman, D., 2003: Forest Trees of the
Central Highlands of Xieng Khouang, Lao P.D.R. – A field guide. DANIDA-DED-
NAWACOP, Vientiane-Laos. 246 pp.

Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands,
pp.
24) Gymnosperm Database: http://3w.geocities.com

/RainForest/Canopy/2285/po/po/ 3w.issg.org/databas neriifolius.htm (Internet
source).
9
10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Psidium guajava L]

[Psidium guajava L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Psidium guajava L
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ apple guava, guava, round guava, tropical guava [11], lemon
guava [9]
K> sTisn½y ³ Guajava pyrifera (L.) Kuntze [5],
Guajava pyriformis Gaertn. [5],

Psidium aromaticum L. [5],
Psidium guayava Raddi [5],
Psidium pomiferum L. [5],
Psidium pyriferum L. [5],
Psidium sapidissimum Jacq. [5],
Myrtus guajava var. pyrifera (L.) Kuntze [9],
Myrtus guajava (L.) Kuntze [9],
Psidium cujavillus Burm. f. [9],
Psidium guajava var. cujavillum (Burman) Krug and Urb. [9],
Psidium guajava var. guajava [9],
Psidium guava Griseb. [9],
Psidium igatemyensis Barb. Rodr. [9],
Psidium pumilum var. guadalupense [9],
Psidium pumilum Vahl. [9]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ amarood, jamphal, jamrukh, sapari (India) [9] - araca, goiaba
(Brazil) [9]- banjiro (Japan) [9] - bayabas, bayawas, guyabas

(Philippines) [9] - biyabas, jambu batu (Brunei Darussalam)
[9] - djambu, farang, ma-kuai, ma-man (Thailand) [9] -
goaibeira, goiaba, goiabeiro (Portugal) [9] - Goavier,
Goeajaaba, Guyaaba (Netherlands) [9] - gouyave, goyave,
goyavier (France) [9] - Guavenbaum, Guayave, Guave
(Germany) [9] - guayaba, guayaba silvestre, guayabilla,
guayabo, guayavo, guyava (Spain, Latin America) [9] -
guwafah (Arabia) [9] - jambu batu, jambu berase, jambu biji,
jambu kampuchia (Malaysia) [9] - jambu biji, jambu klutuk
(Indonesia) [9] - koejawal (South Africa) [9] - oi (Vietnam) [9]
- si da (Laos) [9]
1
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RtEbk
ÉksarBieRKaH : [1]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ trâ bék [1], tokal, trapaek sruk [9]
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Myrtaceae
ePT : Psidium
RbePT : Psidium guajava L.
GnuRbePT : Psidium guajava var. cujavillum
1
(Burman) Krug and Urb. / Psidium

guajava var. guajava
[lkçN³TUeTA]:RtEbkCaedImeQIébtgCanic© manTMhMFM rW GactUc CaTUeTAmankMBs;BI 3-10 m [5] (9-

12 m [10]) . edImmanlkçN³minRtg; nigmanGgát;p©it DBH 25 cm [6] . eQImanEmkCit²Kña
nigesÞIEt dl;dI ehIyGacduHkUnecjBIrWs EdlenACitKl;rbs;edIm . EmktUc manragctuekaN

nigsMy:gu cuHmkeRkam . RbB½nr§ Ws rak; niglUtlas;Evg CaTUeTAduHenAeRkamkenSamsøwk
nigminmanlkçN³xusBIrWsEkvb:nu aµ neT .
[sMbk]: RtEbkgayRsYlcMNaM BIeRBaHvamansMbkrelag esþg I BN’ébtg rW Tg;Edg EdlrbkCadM²u .
1 Information regarding subspecies is not available for all tree species.
2
[søwk]: søwkmanlkçN³rwg b:Eu nþdUcEs,k EdlzitenAQmKña Casøkw samBaØ mansrésr
nigduHFøak;mkxag eRkam . BYkvamanBN’elOgébtg rW ébtgRbepH nigmansñamGuCtic² .
søwkmanTMhM 7-15 cm x 3-5 cm [6] (5-15 x 4-6 cm [5]) ragRTEv eTA eGlIb enAelICaysøkw
mansrésRsbKña EdlmanTgsøwk RbEvg 3-10 mm [5] . kMBlU minRsYl nigKl;skøw ragmUl .
mankøni enAeBljI rW bukeGayexÞc nigmin manxñaysøkw eT .
[páa]: kenSamsøwkzitenACaG½kS EdlmanpáaBI 1-3 [5] páa edaymanRbEvg 2 cm [5] .
RtbkEjkBIKña nigmineTogTat; edaymanftBI 2-4 [5] BN’s nigmaneramtictYc . RsTab;pàamanBI

4-5 manBN’srag dUcs‘ut nigRbEvgRbEhl 2 cm [5]. páanimy Y ² manekseQµalRbEhl 250 [6]
manBN’s nigsrés filaments RbEvgRbEhl 12 mm [5] duHecjmk
nigmanbMBg;eksBN’elOgRsal . eksjI maneRcIn manRbEvg 10 cm [5] nig stigma ébtg .
enA\NÐa páaecjenAEx]sPa nigmifuna [5] .
[Epø]: Epø (=berry) rsCatiEp¥m mankøn i enAeBlTMu ragmUl rW dUcEpø pear manRbEvg 5-10 cm [6] (4-
12 cm [5]) manRsTab;páalyecjBI 4 rW 5 enACitTg . BYkvamanBN’ébtg rhUtdl;TMu vakøayCarwg
nigbþrÚ CaBN’elOg CYnkalBN’Rkhm . enACitsMbkesþIg mansac;kMras; 3-12 mm [6] BN’s

elOg sICu m<Ú Rsal rW exµA sMbUrTwk manCatiGasIut rsCatiEp¥m . EpømYymanTMgn;dl;eTA 500 g [5] .
Mesocarp KWCasac;rbs;Epø manlkçN³Rkas; GacriePaK)an nigTn; manRKab; EdlrwgBN’Bgman;
ragdUcRklan rW sMEb:t mancMnYnBI 112 eTA 535 [6] . RKab;manBN’elOg RbEvg 3 mm [6] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIRsaymanBN’etñatRsal eQIxwmø manBN’etñat rWRkhm rwg nigFn;mFüm .

ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
RbEhl : 25°N eTA 24°S [3] . RtEbk manedImkMeNItBItbM n;RtUBki énGaemrik nigRtUv)an
eFIdV uHlUtlas; edayFmµCati enAtMbn;RtUBki nigGnutMbn;RtUBki . vaduHenAtMbn;valesµA savanna rW
tMbn;rgkarrukran nig sMbUredayrukçCatiduHeLIgvij . enAtMbn;xHø vamanduHlUtlas;ya:geRcIn
3
edaymancMnnY 100 edIm enATMhM épÞdIticCagmYyhicta eTaHeBlxøH vamandg;seIu t 1-5 edIm/ha
k_eday. dUcenH RtEbk RtUv)ancat;TukCa esµApgEdr enAtMbn;RtUBki . enAeBlfñaMKmI Imni RtUv)aneRbI
RtEbkeFIkV arduHlUtlas;ya:g eRcInenAtMbn;val esµA . vaduHlUtlas;CacMkar enAkñgú RbB½n§ksirukkç mµ
enARbeTs\NÐa nigRtUv)andaMenA GaeRhVcpgEdr .
CaTUeTA RtEbk duHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 0-1,500 m a.s.l [3] enATIkEnøg EdlEpøGaclUtlas;)an

b:Eu nþGacrs;enAkMritkMBs; 2,000 m pgEdr [5] (0-2,740 m [9]) . enARbeTs\NÐa vaecjpáaenAkMrit
ry³kMBs; 1,000 m enA Jamaica ry³kMBs; 1,200 m, enA Costa Rica ry³kMBs; 1,400 m nigenA
Ecuador dl;eTA 2,300 m" [6] . RbePTeQIenH manlkçN³Fn; niggaysMrb;xÜn ø . vaGacduH enAkñgú
lkçN³GakasFatuesIm nigs¶tÜ b:Eu nþRtUvkarkMBs;TwkePøógRbcaMqañ BM I 1,000-2,000 mm [5, 6, 7]
(1,000-3,000 mm [3]) . vaFn;ng w karraMgs¶tÜ CaRbePTdMNaMhUbEpøRtUBki epSgeTot b:Eu nþRtUv
karkMrit TwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 5,000 mm/qñaM [9] . sMrab;plitkmµCaRTg;RTayFM vaRtUvkarkMritTwkePøóg
EdlFøak;eTog Tat; . RbsinEpøTMu enAkMLgú rdUvePøóg BYkvamanrs;Catiminl¥ nigGaceRbHEbkeTotpg .
vaGacFn;ngw sItuNðPaB xus²Kña sItuNðPaBmFüm BI 23-28ºC [5] . CaTUeTA kMritsItuNðPaB 15-
45ºC [5] KWman lkçN³smRsb (13-26ºC [3]) . enAGnutMbn;RtUBk i edImeQIGacFn;nwgsenSIm
nigBI 3.5-6 Ex én sItuNðPaBmFüm [5]elIBI 16ºC [5] GaRs½yeTAelI edImeQI . edImeQI
EdlenAtUcRtUv)ansMlab; rW bMpøaj enAkñgú GakasFatuRtCak; enA Allahabad \NÐa enA California nig
Florida . edImeQIcas; RtUv)ansMlab;dl;dI EtenAGacduHBnøkfµI EdlGacecjEpøenAeBlmanGayu 2
qñaM [7] .
4
GacdaMduHenAelIdIeRcInRbePT . RtEbkGacduHelIdmI an\dæeRcIn marl dImanxSac; RKYsenACitsÞwg

limestone eTaHya:gNa karlUtlas; nigpl Gacl¥enAelIRbePTdIl,ay\dæ . mindk;Twk
EtvaGacduHenAtMbn; EdlsMbUrRbPBTwkeRkamdI sMbUrsMeNImpgEdr . vaFn;nwg 4.5 eTA 9.4 [6]

rYmTaMgdI manGasIutBIexSayeTAxøagM nigFn;mFümnwgdI EdlmanCatiGMbli .
[ eQI]: eQIGaceRbICaGus nigFüÚg EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ BIeRBaHvamanduHeRcIn bnþBCU edayFmµCati nig

cat;fñak;CaesµApgEdr . vaRtUv)anGar sMrab;eFIdV g]bkrN_epSg² sNg;Fn;Rsal sMPar³eFIBV eI QIsMrab;
eRbIR)as;kúgñ pÞH nig]sSah_kmµ rbg nigTU .
[Gnupl]:
Gahar : EpøTaMgmUlGacbriePaK)an . BYkvamanrs;Catixus²Kña BIrs;CatiGasIut rhUtdl;Ep¥m .

BUCepSg eTot RtUv)anGPivDÆn_sMrab;kardaMduHCalkçN³]sSah_kmµ nigplitdUcCa : EpøkbM :ug sIur:U puree
goiabada (tMNab;Rkas;) dMNab; nig jellies TwkEpøRtEbk nigTwkdm karer:m nig yoghurts .
Guava paste rW guava cheese RtUv)aneFIeV nAxagekIt\NÐa edayeFIk V arsMgYtEpøCamYysár .

vaRtUv)anbriePaKCa bEg¥m pgEdr . enAhVIlIBnI cMnti RtEbkRtUv)ansMgYt nigykRKab;ecj
edIm,IplitnUvplitplRsedogenHEdr . enARbeTsGas‘anxøH dUcCa\NÐÚensIu søwkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;cGM in
Ca GaharpgEdr [5] . vak_RtUv)aneFICV aRsa sMrab;lk;enAPaKxagt,ÚgGaeRhVc .

rukCç atimanpÞkú nUveRbg enAkñgú søwk EdlmanCati methylchavicol, persein nig d-pinene (a
paraffin) .
»sf :RKb;EpñkTaMgGs;rbs;edImtUc GaceRbICa»sf . RtEbkmanskmµPaBRbqaMg)ak;etrI

nwgCMgWeBaHevon dUcCa Staphyloccocus . EpøTsMu Ü¶t eRbITb;Tl;ngw CMgW GasnñeraK enAeBlswkø
nigEpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;Büa)alCMgW raK . eRbgrbs;vamanpÞkú bisabolene nig flavinoides
EdlRbqaMgnwgkarrlakePøgI . søkw rWsMbkEdles¶ar RtUv)aneRbICa lotion sMrab;labelIEs,k
5
labERsg rbYs nig dMe)A . Twk Edl)an mkBIkarRtaMEpø GacBüa)alCMgWTwkenamEp¥m .
søwkRtUv)aneRbICa cataplasm cMGinCaGaharpgEdr . CYnkalRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;srM YlkarrMlayGahar
pþasay nigkarekIneLIgsMBaFQam : es¶arsøwk rW TwkEpø layCamYyGMbil rW sá sMrab;briePaK . dMe)A
karQWcab; QWk,al nigeraKsnøak;qg¥w : es¶arsøwkpwk rW bit . QWbBM g;kr s¥kkr : es¶arsøwk nigx<rú mat; .
Varix dMe)A : es¶arsøwk layCamYyTwkekþA niggUt . Hepatitis, gonorrhoea nig rak : TwkEpø [5] .
søwk nigsMbkGaceRbIsMrab;eFIV l½kç nigtanIn . RtEbk mansarFatuRbqaMgstVl¥itpgEdr .

pàaBN’smankøin nigTwkdm EdlGacTak;TajXµMú nigk_RtUv)anRbmUl TwkBIEpø EdlRtUv)anbMpøajpgEdr
.
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[epSg²]:RtEbkRtUv)andaMCarukçCatilMGr nigpþl;møbp; gEdr . enAkñgú ksirukçkmµvaRtUv)aneRbICa
begÁalsMrab;eGay dMLgÚ (Dioscorea spp.) eFIkV arvaeLIg . edImeQItUcRtUv)ankat;
nigeRbIsMrab;CaTMrg . Tinñpl Edlpþl; enA nIesrIya:KW 33-85% [5] . vaduH)anl¥enAeBldaMenAcenøaH
dMNaMcMNIstV dUcCa eBat sorghum nig cowpeas . vaRtUv)ankMNt;fa Ca bio-indicator nig bio-
accumulator enARbeTs\NÐa . vagayrg eRKaH edaysars‘ulpYlDIGk u sItu edaykarbMpøajnUvkør:UPIl
.
minmancMNat;fñak;eT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: vaduHenAtMbn;valesµA savanna rW tMbn;rgkarrukran nigsMbUredayrukçCatiduHeLIgvij .

enAtMbn;xHø vamanduHlUtlas;ya:geRcIn edaymancMnYn 100 edIm enATMhM épÞdIticCagmYyhicta
eTaHeBl xøH vamandg;seIu t 1-5 edIm/ha k_eday. dUcenH RtEbk RtUv)ancat;TukCa esµApgEdr
enAtMbn;RtUBki . enAeBlfñaMKmI Imni RtUv)aneRbI RtEbkeFIkV arduHlUtlas;ya:geRcInenAtMbn;valesµA .
6
eTaHya:gNa RtEbk smRsbcMeBaHkardaMduH enAkñúgsYnCMuvijpÞH edaysarvaFn; pþl;Tinñplx<s;
pþl;plyUr nigsMbrU sarFatu ciBa©wm .
[kardaMduH]: sMrab;kardaMduHenARbeTséf cenøaH 4 x 4-6 x 6 m [5] RtUv)aneRbIR)as; b:uEnþkn U eQI
EdldaM sMrab;ykEpømkEkécñ cenøaHKYrEt 10 x 8 m [5] .
[karRKb;RKg]:kareRsacRsB enAkMLúgrdUvR)aMg nigkaréRkEmk CYyeFIVeGaypáaduHlUtlas;elOn .
enAeBl dMNaMRtUvdl;xYb CIRtUv)aneRbI enAeBlRbmUlplrYc RbsincaM)ac;TwkRtUv)aneRsacpgEdr

ehIyebI edImeQIenAbnþpþl;pl CInwgRtUv)andaMbEnßmpgEdr . kMritduHlUtlas;l¥
nigedImeQIRtUv)ankat;pgEdr . EmkduHeRcIn nigkaréRkEmkmansar³sMxan; edImTTYlpll¥ .
karkat;srM ab;eFIVGus eFIeV GaymankarbnþBCU tamry³Bnøk nigkUneQIduHBIrWs . eBlevla
Edll¥sMrab;karRbmUlpl KW eBlRBwk BIeRBaHenAeBléf¶ EpømankMedA niggayesøak .
enAkMLgú eBlRbmUlpl RtUvmankarRbugRby½tñ kMueGayxUcEpø enAeBlebHEpø EdlCitTMu
EpøGacrkSaTuk)an 2-3 éf¶ enAkñgú bnÞb; . EpøsrM ab;]sSah_kmµ minTamTarkarEfrkSaxøaMgeBkeT
EtRtUvkarel,ÓnelOn . TinñplCamFüm 30-40 kg/edIm cMeBaHedImmanGayu 5 qñaM
nigGacmankMritx<s; bMptu 50-70 kg enAGayu 7 qñaM [5] .
[ksirukçkmµ]: RtEbkRtUv)andaMduHenAkñg ú RbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ enARbeTs\NÐa nigGaeRhVc . vaRtUv)andaMCa
rukCç atilMGr nigpþl;møbp; gEdr . enAkñgú ksirukçkmµvaRtUv)aneRbICa begÁalsMrab;eGaydMLgÚ
(Dioscorea spp.) eFIk V arvaeLIg . edImeQItUcRtUv)ankat; nigeRbIsMrab;CaTMrg . Tinñpl
Edlpþl;enAnIesrIya:KW 33-85% [5] . vaduH)anl¥enAeBldaMenAcenøaH dMNaMcMNIstV dUcCa eBat
sorghum nig cowpeas . kat; bnßykarlUtlas;rbs;edImeQIKm W ankMritTab .
[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;BCU ]: karrkSaTukRKab;CaRbePT orthodox . RKab; EdlmankMritsMeNIm

6% Gacrs;)an 24 ema:g enAkñg ú nIRtUEsnrav . minmankar)at;bg;dMNuHeT sMrab;ry³eBl 66 Ex
edayrkSaenA kñgú bnÞb;bti Cit enAsItuNðPaB -20ºC enAkMritkMedA 5.5% mc .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
7
[karbnþBUC]: RtEbk EdldaMduHsMrab;karEkécñ GacRtUv)anbnþBCU edayRKab; mankUneQI 70%
Edlman lkçN³dUcedImem)a . kñúgEpømYymanRKab;cnM nY RbEhl 50 EdlGacpþl;nUvkUneQI
EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ ya:gehacNas; 25 . RKab;GacRtUv)ansabenAkñgú fñal fg; rW TIvalEtmþg
enAkMritCMerA 1 cm dMNuHnwg ekItmanenAkMLgú 15-20 éf¶ . BYkvaGacRtUv)andaMenATIval
enAeBlBYkvaman kMBs;RbEhl 25 cm . kUneQIduHlUtlas;elOn nigecjEpøenAGayu 2-3 qñaM
enAelIdI Edll¥ . enAeBl kardaMduHsMedAykEpø EdlRss; karbnþBUCedaykøÚnRtUv)aneFIeV LIg .
enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ karbnþBUCRtUv)an eFIeV LIgtamry³ karbMe)A b:Eu nþsrM ab;karplitkUncMnnY eRcIn
karb:HBnøkk_RtUv)aneFIpV gEdr . PaKeCaKC½yGaRs½y eTAelIkar lUtlas;rbs;eQIedImem nigedImTMr
. Bnøk EdlykmkeRbI KYrEtCaBnøkcas; (sMbkminmanBN’ébtg) nigsøwkRtUv)ankat; 2
s)aþh_muneBl eFIkV arb:HBnøk ehIyedIm,I eGayBnøke):ag . karb:HBnøk RtUv)aneFIV eLIgenAeBlEdl
edImTMr manlkçN³Rkas; lµmnwgTTYlykBnøk )an enAedImcas;BnøkminduHecjmkeT .
edImeQIGacRtUv)anykeTAdaMbnÞab;BI 4-5Ex. karbnþBCU epSgeTot dUcCakarkat;kG_ ac RtUv)aneFIpV g
Edr. rukCç atiKYmankMBs;RbEhl 1 m bnÞab;BIkarkat; . Micro-propagation
RtUv)aneRbIEPñkeQIrbs;edImem edaymankMriteCaKC½yRbEhl 70%enARbeTs\NÐa [5].
[stVl¥ti ]:stVl¥ti eRcIn nigkrNIxHø eFIeV GaymankarbMpaø jya:gF¶n;Fr¶ eTotpg . enA\NÐa

edImeQIRtUv)an vayRbhar edaystVlt¥i cMnnY 80 [7] RbePT EdlrYmman 3 RbePT CadgávÚ sIusMbk
(Indarbella spp.) nigeFIeV GayrbksMbkedIm b:Eu nþRbePTstVl¥ti TaMgenHGacRKb;RKg)an
edayrkSanUvsRtUvFmµCatirbs;va . BBYksIuCBa¢k; (Aphis spp.) sIbu MpøajrukçCatitUc² eFIeV GayRCuHsøwk
. Selenothirps rubrocinctus (red-banded thirp) stVeBjv½y nigdgávÚ eFIeV Gaysøkw FøúHFøay

nigmanBN’etñat . BBYkbMpøajF¶nF; ¶rKW eFIeV Gay edImeQIRCuHsøwkGs;Etmþg .
RtEbkRtUv)anbMpøajya:gF¶n;Fr¶ eday citrus flat mite ( Brevipalpus californicus ) enAeGsIub .
False spider mite (Brevipalpus phoenicis) eFIeV GayépÞeLIgBN’Tg;Edg
enAeBlEpølUtlas;)anBak;kNþal . Green scale (Coccus viridis) ekIteLIgenAelIEmk . Green
shield scale (Pulvinaria psidii) TamTarnUvsarFatuKm I I edIm,IkMcat; enA Florida dUceFIeV TAelI guava
white fly ( Trialeurodes floridensis ) nig weevil (Anthonomus irroratus) EdleFIk V arecaHrun§
8
eTAelI EpøfµI² . EpømanBN’Tg;Edg nigRCuHsøwk edayEtrgnUvkarbMpøajrbs; (red-banded thrips,
Selenothrips rubrocinctus ) . enA\NÐa cockchafer beetles sIb u Mpøajsøwk enAcugrdUvvsSa
nigdgávÚ rbs;RbePTenHjas; enAkñgú dI eFIkV arsIubpM aø jrWs . dgávÚ eFIkV arecaHBnøk nigsMlab;Bnøk .
CYnkal aphids eFIkV arCBa¢k; enAxageRkamsøwk énBnøkfµI . dgávÚ Epø (Argyresthia eugeniella)
ecaHcUleTAkñúgEpø edaymineGayemIl eXIjeLIy nig citron plant bug ( Theognis gonagia)
yellow beetle (Costalimaita ferruginea) nigBBYCBa¢k;Epø (Helopeltis antonii) sIEu pøTMu .
Coconut mealybug (Pseudococcus nipae) eFIeV Gay manbBaðaya:gF¶n;Fr¶ enA Puerto Rico
b:Eu nþvaRtUv)ankMcat;tamry³kareRbIR)as;nvU sRtUv)a:ra:sitrbs;va Pseudaphycus utilis .

dITamTareGayP¢rÜ nigfñasM lM ab;stVl¥itRtUv)aneRbI enAeBleroncMdIenA Puerto Rico . enAmanstVl¥it
tUctacepSgeTot b:Eu nþk_GacbegátI CabBaðaFM)anEdr enAkEnøgNa EdlmankardaM
RtEbkenATIenaHRtUvEtmanruyEpø . RtEbkCaTIsñak;GaRs½yrbs;ruyEpø Mediterranean, Oriental,
Mexican nig Caribbean nig melon fly–Ceratitis capitata, Dacus dorsalis, Anastrepha
ludens, A. suspensa, nig Dacus cucurbitae . Fruit fly maggots dUcCa Anastrepha striata,
Dacus spp. nig Ceratitis spp. KWCabBaðad_cMbg . EpøTMuRtUv)anbMpøaj edaydgávÚ

nigRtUv)aneRbICacMNIeKa nigRCUk . edIm,IeCosevogkarbMpaø jrbs;ruy EpøRtUv)anebHmuneBlTMu
nigRtUvkarRbmUl 3 dgkñgú mYys)aþh_ . enA eRbsIlu EpøEdlmin)anbMpøaj RtUv)anRKbedayRkdas
enAeBlenAtUv . EpøEdlrgkarbMpøaj RtUv)andut rW bMpøajecal . enAqñaMf²µI enH Cooperative
Extension Service enA Dade County kñúgrdæ Florida )anEckcaynUvBBYk»ma:l;
EdleFIkV arbMpaø jnUvs‘ut nigdgàvÚ rbs; ruyEpø Caribbean . enA Bahia eRbsIlu erKsBaØa)anelceLIg
elIedImeQI EdlTak;TgnwgdgávÚ nigkareRbIR)as;fñaMsMlab;dgávÚ kñúgdI enAkMrit 3 ft (0.9 in)
ehIyvaRtUvkarry³eBl 5 Ex edIm,IeGayedImeQIvilmkdUcedImvij [7] .

[CMgW]: enAeRbsIul yellow rust (Puccina psidii) CaCMgWpSitd_F¶n;Fr¶ k_dUcCa CMgWGC u ²elIsøkw
(Phyllosticha guajayae) nig anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) EdlvayRbharEpø
enArdUvvsSa . CMgWrlYyEpø (Glomerella cingulata) eFIeV GayEpøx©IstVi nigEpøTMurlYy . enA Puerto

Rico 50% [7] énRtEbk (PaKeRcIn edIm)anBIéRB) GacRtUv)anbMpøaj edayminGacRKb;RKg)an
CaBiessman dUcCa mummifies blackens immature fruits nig rots mature fruits .
9
pSiteFIeV GayrWsrlYy (Clitocybe tabescens) GacsMlab;edImeQIpgEdr . EpøRtUv)anecaH
edaystVl¥itdUcCa mucor rot (bNþalmkBIpSit Mucor hiemalis) enA Hawaii . enAelI
edImeQIxHø 80% énEpø Edlcas;RtUv)an bMpøaj . Diplodia natalensis eFIkV arbMpaø jRsedogKña
RbEhl 40% eTAelIedImeQI enAPaKxagt,Úg \NÐa . sñamelIswøk nigEpø (bNþalmkBI
Cephaleuros virescens) ekItmaneLIgenAtMbn; esIménPaK xagt,Úg Florida
b:Eu nþGackMcat;)anedayeRbIfñaMsMlab;pSit EdlmanCatiTg;Edg. enA\NÐa nig Sancti Spiritus
énKuy)a pSit Phytophthora parasitica eFIeV Gay EpørlYyenArdUvvsSa . Botryodiplodia sp. nig
Dothiorella sp. eFVeI GayedImxUc nigbMpøajEpø enAkMLúg eBlRbmUlpl . Macrophomina sp.
manTMnak;TMngCamYykarrlYyrbs;Epø enA Venezuela nig Gliocladium roseum eFIeV GayEpørlYy

CaBiessEpø Edllk;enAelITIpSar enARbeTs\NÐa . Wilt mankarTak;Tgnwg pSit Fusarium solani
nig Macrophomina phaseoli eFIeV GayedImeQI EdlmanGayu 1 eTA 5 qñaMgab; enAPaKxagekIt
Bengal . CMgWRseBan bNþalmkBI)a:ra:st i Myxosporium psidii EdleFIeV GayedImRtEbkgab;
enArdUvekþA enAétva:n; . CMgWRseBanbNþalmk Fusarium oxysporum f. psidii EdlcUleTAkñúgedIm
nigrWs tamry³run§ Edl ecaHedaydgávÚ Coelosterna beetles . Pestalotia psidii eFIeV GaydMe)AEpøx©I
enARbeTs\NÐa nig eFIV eGay EdlrkSaTukrlYy .
[epSg²]: kgVHCatis½gásI ekIteLIgenAeBlRtEbkRtUv)andaMenAelIdIRsal . vaRtUv)anEklMGr
eday)aj; nUv s½gàsIsl‘u pat [7] . enAekaHGasI)u asIPu icxøH k_dUcCaRbeTsGaemrikkNþal dUcCa
Costa Rica RtEbkCaesµA Edlmansar³sMxan; enATIkEnøg EdldIminsUvmanCICati .
F> karGPirkS :
10
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]: kULMbú Í‘ miusciu kU eb:rU shrdæGaemrik .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
karnaMclU : GURsþalI bg;køaeds Rb‘yu en km<Cú a kaemrU: cin kUsþarIka kUDIv½r Kuy)a dUmnI eI xn eGkVaD½r GIru IRTI
eGsüÚBI hVCI I háabug háaebo Rkic hÁyÚ a:Na éhTI \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu GIRu saEGl eknya: Lav ma:LavI
ma:eLsIu PUma nIesrIya: )a:KsI aß n )a:Nama: eBrU sama: esenhàal; GaeRhVcxagt,Úg RsIlgàa s‘Udg;
tg;sSanI éf tUhÁÚ Guy‘ ehànda evens‘eu GLa evotNam .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
p> epSg² :
[ Bakübec©keTs]: eQµaHePT )anmkBIBaküRkic Edlfa 'psidion' (=pomegranate) edaysarPaB

RsedogKñarbs;Epø [5] .
[lkçN³KIm]I :RtEbksMbrU CatitanIn phenols, triterpenes, flavonoids, eRbg saponins,
carotenoids, lectins, vitamins, srés nigGasIx u øaj; . EpøRtEbkman vitamin C x<s;CagRkUc

eday 80 mg én vitamin C enAkñgú 100 g énEpø (10-2,000 mg/100 génEpø [5]) nigpÞkú nUvbrimaN
vitamin A pgEdr . EpøRtEbkCaRbPBsMxan;én pectin nigsrés . søk w RtEbksMbrU eday
flavonoids CaBiess quercetin . sarFatu therapeutic cUlrYmkñg ú skmµPaBén flavonoids .
Flavonoids k_epþatCasMxan;eTAelIskmµPaB RbqaMgnwg)ak;etrIpgEdr . Quercetin
rYmcMEnkkñúgkarRbqaMgnwgCMgWrak nigsMrYldl;srésQam pgEdr . bEnßmeTAelIenH flavonoids nig

triterpenes enAkñg ú søwkRtEbk manskmµPaB antispasmodic eTotpg . RtEbkmansarFatu
antioxidant EdlrYmcMEnkkñúg polyphenols EdlRtUv)anbegát I enAkñgú søwk [8] . man pectin
ekIneLIgenAeBlTMu nigfycuHvijenAeBlEpøTRMu Cul [5].
11
Akunda EW, Oduol PA, 1989. Growth rates of some promising agroforestry tree species.
Trees for development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of a regional seminar held by
the International Foundation for Science (IFS), ICRAF House, Nairobi, Kenya, February
20-25, 1989., 66-70; 10 ref.
[3]
Amin MN, Jaiswal VS, 1988. Micropropagation as an aid to rapid cloning of a guava
cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 36(1-2):89-95; 20 ref.
[3]
Bajaj YPS, 1996. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV. Biotechnology in
agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV., xix + 427 pp.; [ref. at ends of chapters].
[3]
Beer J, 1979. Traditional agroforestry practices in the wet tropics; the 'La Suiza' case
study. Activities at Turrialba, 7(3):2-5; [1 pl.].
[3]
Bose TK, Mitra SK, eds, 1996. Fruits: Tropical and Subtropical. Calcutta, India: Naya
Prokash.
[3]
Chauhan DS, Dhyani SK, 1989. Traditional agroforestry practices in north-east

Himalayan region of India. Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and
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[3]
Dadhwal KS, Sharma NK, Saroj PL, 1995. Diagnosis and possible interventions in
designing agroforestry systems in north-western plains of Uttar Pradesh - a case study.
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12
[3]
Duggan KJ, Henderson L, 1981. Progress with a survey of exotic woody plant invaders of
the Transvaal. Proceedings of the fourth National Weeds Conference of South Africa., 7-
20; 1 ref.
[3]
Morton J. (1987) Fruits of warm climates - guava (Psidium guajava).
[6]
Nilsson PO, 1995. Agroforestry in Cabo Delgado Mozambique: a study of farmers'

experience and knowledge of growing trees. Recommendations for extension work in
Cabo Delgado. Working Paper - International Rural Development Centre, Swedish
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[3]
Partridge IJ, 1973. Chemical control of guava. Fiji Agricultural Journal, 35(2):101-102.
[3]
Pathak RK, Ojha CM, 1993. Genetic resources of guava. Advances in horticulture: fruit
crops - Volume 1., 143-147; 22 ref.
[3]
Pleines T, 1993. Agroforestry systems and peasant farming practices for erosion control
in the Antananarivo region. Akon'ny Ala, No. 11:10-14; 11 ref.
[3]
Raturi GB, Hiwale SS, 1993. Horti-silvi-pastoral system for increased productivity of
marginal and degraded lands under rainfed conditions. Advances in Horticulture and
Forestry, 3:179-186; 3 ref.
13
[3]
Roxas CA, Florido HB, Saplan J, Rondina R, Dimaculangan R, 1991. Drought resistant
species. RISE - Research Information Series on Ecosystems 3(2).
[3]
Saroj PL, Arora YK, 1994. Horticulture based agroforestry systems of Doon Valley. Indian
Journal of Soil Conservation, 22(3):60-65; 12 ref.
[3]
Somarriba E, 1995. Guayaba (Psidium guajava) in pastures: establishment of live fences

and rehabilitation of degraded pastures. Agroforestería en las Américas, 2(6):27-29; 6
ref.
[3]
Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), Beer J(Beer JW), 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in
pastures. III. Fuelwood production. Turrialba, 35(4):333-338; 18 ref.
[3]
Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), 1982. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) growing in pastures:
methods of volume measurement and potential for wood production. Guayabo (Psidium
guajava L.) asociado con pastos: métodos de análisis volumétrico y potencial de
producción de lena., iv + 33 pp.; 20 ref.
[3]
Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in pastures. II. Fruit
consumption and seed dispersal. Turrialba, 35(4):329-332; 9 ref.
[3]
Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in pastures. I. Fruit
production and seed dispersal. Turrialba, 35(3):289-295; 31 ref.
14
[3]
Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), 1986. Effects of livestock on seed germination of guava

(Psidium guajava L.). Agroforestry Systems, 4(3):233-238; 21 ref.
[3]
Subramanyam MD, Iyer CPA, 1993. Improvement of guava. Advances in horticulture:

fruit crops - Volume 1., 337-347; 56 ref.
[3]
[3, 6]
Zemede A, Ayele N, 1995. Home-gardens in Ethiopia: characteristics and plant diversity.

Sinet, an Ethiopian Journal of Science, 18(2):235-266; 23 ref.
[3]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Botanic
Search.asp (Internet source)
15
[7] Morton, J. 1987. Guava. p. 356–363. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F.
Morton, Miami, FL. Center for New Crops and Plants Products, Purdue
University
[8] Raintree Nutrition, 1996 .Tropical Plant Database. Database for GUAVA, Inc.,
Carson City, NV 89701.(Psidium guajava).
http://www.rain-tree.com/guava.htm (Internet source)
[9] Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), April 2006. Complied by: Scott
Henderson, Charles Darwin Research Station, Galapagos Islands
http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=211&fr=1&sts=
(Internet source)
[10] Dave's Garden 2000-2006. PlantFiles: Detailed information on Guava,

Tropical Guava Psidium guajava
http://davesgarden.com/pf/go/2088/ (Internet source)
[11] Snow Barlow, 2004. MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE.

The University of Melbourne.
http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Psidium.html (Internet source)
16
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Punica granatum L]

[Punica granatum L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Punica granatum L. [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Pomegranate
K> sTisn½y ³ Punica nana L. [20] P.sempervirens, spp. [9]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ totum (Cambodia); delima (Indonesia, Malaysia); phiilaa
(Laos); salebin, talebin, thale (Burma); granada (Philippines);

thapthim (Thailand-Central); pila (Thailand-Northeast); bako
(Thailand-North); luú, thap luú (Vietnam); grenadier
(French); granada (Spanish) [1,6].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ TTwm

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ totim [4]
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Punicaceae
ePT : Punica
RbePT : Punica granatum L. [4]
1
[lkçN³TUeTA]: TTwm CYnkaledImrbs;vamanbnøa nig CaedImeQItUcb¤CarukçCatiEdlduH kñúg

kEnøgEdlman GakasFatus¶Üt EdlduHenAry³kMBs; 6 m enAeRkamlkçxNÐGnueRKaH.[1] TTwm Ca
RbePTeQImantMél sMrab;pþl; páa Epø EdlmanKuNPaBsMrab;eFVIfñaM.[9] CaTUeTA edImTTWmmanTMhMtUc²
ehIyxøI EdlmanGgát;p©itkMrelIsBI 10 cm ehIyPaKeRcInmanedImEbkExJkeRcIn EdlCYnkal
edImrbs;vamanbnøa. EmkTTWm ragRsavsþÜcesþIg.[1] TTwm CaculRø BwkSEdleFVIkardaMduH mankMBs; 3-4
m.[4] TTwm CaculøRBwkSEdlCMruHsøwkCaRbcaM b¤CaedImeQItUc² EdlmankMBs; 6-10 m. Cajwkjab;
TTwmEtgEtecj EmkBIKl;énedIm EdlcugEmknImyY ²manbnøa nigPaKeRcInmanbnøaduHenAKl;søwk.[6]

[søwk]: TTwm mansøwkQmrageBj EdlmanragCaBgRkeBI b¤RTEvg ehIytUc² manTgsøwkxøI
tYsøwkRkas; søekmandUcEs,k PøW EdlRTnugsøwkCYnkal mantic nigCYnkaleRcIn

EdlmanBN’RkhmRsal.[1] søwk CaRbePTsøwkesÞIrQm CYnkalBak;kNþalQm søwkCacegáam
EdlmanragCaEpøtMEBgRTEvg RbEvg 1-9 cm nigTTwg 0.5-2.5 cm nigmancugsøwkRsYc
nigragTalenAKl;søwk manEKmsøwkrageBjehIyTal.[6]
[páa]:páaTTwm CapáaeTal b¤Capáacegáam EdlkBa©úMpáamanpáacMnYneRcInbMputKW 5 manBN’Rkhmq¥al.
RtbkpáaTTwm ragBgRkeBI mancMnYn 5-7 Rkhm elOg lays. eksreQµalmancMnYneRcInNas;.

GUEvman rn§PøWtUc²cMnYn 3-7 Edlrn§nimYy²manpÞúkGUvulCaeRcIn.[1] páamancMnnY 1-5 pþúMKñaenAcugénEmk
EdlmanRbEvg 4-5 cm nig manRtbkpáaFMBN’Rkhmlays.[6] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[Epø]: EpøTTwm CaRbePTEpøsac;EdlmanRKab;eRcIn manTMhMRbEhlwgEpøe)a:mFM² Rkas;

mansMbkeRKImdUc Es,k nigmanRsTab;páaeRcInpÁúMKña ehIymingayRCuH. RKab;TTwm maneRcInRCug
CYnkalk¾manticRCugEdr Edlkb;enAkñúgsac;EdlmanrsCatiCUrEGm.[1] EpøTTwm manGgát;p©it 6-12
cm EdlmaneRcInBN’ nigmansMbkRKIgeRKImdUcEs,k. EpñkxagkñúgénEpø KWmansnÞHxNÐCaeRcIn
manragdUcCaRkdasesþgI ² nigmanfg;føadUckBa©k;rMuBn§½CMuvijRKab;. [19] enAxagkñúgEpø

eBareBjeTAedaysac; nigRKab;.[6] fg;tUc²føa Epñkxagkñgú Epø CaEpñkEdlGacbriePaK)an.[9]
RKab;TTwmancMnYneRcInEdlRtUv)anRKbdNþb;edayEdlman sNæandUcCacah‘Yy manrsCatiEp¥m
b¤CUrEGm EdlRKab;rbs;xNÐEckCabøúk² gaykt;sMKal;)anfavaCa EpñkEdlGacbriePaK)an.[13]
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
CaFmµta edImTTwmmanGgát;p©ittUc EdlmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;kareRbIR)as;CalkçN³RKYsar eFVICa

dg]bkrN_epSg² nigsMrab;karsagsg;tictYc. PaKeRcIn eKeRbIedImTTwmsMrab;eFVICaeQI
famBl.[1,30]
edImTTwm RbEhlCamanRbPBkMeNItenA Persia (RbeTsGIura:k;) nig enAGahÁanIsßan

b:uEnþvamankarsay PayeTAPUmiPaKxageCIgénRbeTs\NÐa. TTwm CaRbePTrukçCatiEdl RtUv)an
daMduHenAGara:b; nigRbeTsmYy cMnYnén Near East kalBICag 4000qñaMmun. raRtUv)annaMykeTAdaMenA
PaKxagt,ÚgGWr:ub enARbeTsmYy cMnYnénPUmiPaKxagekItemdIEDra:en GaRBicxageCIg nigRbeTscin.
naEBlbc©úb,nñ vamankarsayPayeTA tMbn;EdlmanGakasFatukk;ekþA nigEpñkmYycMnYn
enAtMbn;sb;RtUBic b:uEnþvamanPaBFn;RTaMxøaMg EdlCaRbePT mankarsayPayBItMbn;éRBekþAénGIura:k;
eTARbeTs\NÐa.[1,4,9]
TTwm CaRbEPTeQIEdlduHenAelITVIbEdlmanGakasFatuekþA GacduH)anenArdUvekþA nigrdUvrMehIy

KYrsm. TTwmGacduHlUtlas;enAkñúglkçN³GakasFatuEdlmanGMeNaypl EdlenArdUvR)aMgvanwg
mansøwkBN’ ébtgCanic© dUecñHehIy)anCaenArdUvrMehIyvaCMruHsøkw . TTwmGaceFVIkardaMduH enAry³kMBs;
1800 m eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT.[1] TTwmCaRbePTedImeQItUc²EdlmanPaBmaM Fn;nwgPaBraMgs¶Üt
GacduHenAelIdIéRbEdlCaehtuEdleFVIeGayTTWmmankarduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;mYycMnYnEdlmanTwkéRbqø
gkat; nig manbBaðadI éRb.[13]
miinTan;manTinñn½y.
3
TTwm GacduHlUtlas;enAelIdIesIm EdlminmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;eQIhUbEpød¾éT²eTot.
TTwm minEmnCarukçCatiEdlduHedayFmµCati b¤ÉkÉgeT vaCarukçCatiEdlmankardaMduHCalkçN³RbéBNI

CayUrya:Nas;mkehIy EdlRbvtþivamanerobrab;enAkñgú Éksarrbs; Near East kalBICag
2000qñaMmun. vaCaEpñkmYyEdlBiténkarrs;ranrbs;RbePTenH TTwmGacduHenAeRkamlkçxNÐEdl
GaRkk;bMput nigGacrs; )aneRkamlkçxNÐGakasFatueRcInRbePTxus²Kña ehIyeTaHCaGakasFatu
ya:gNak¾eday k¾vaenAEtGac pþl;Epøpáa EdlmanlkçN³smRsbGaceRbIkar)an.
[sac;eQI]: sac;eQIrbs;edImTTwm minEdlmanTMhF M MeT ehIyCaGciéRnþvamanedImvamankMBs;Tab.
ehtuenH ehIyvaRtUv)aneRbIeFVICaeRKOgeQItUc²ehIymüa:gvijeTotEmkeRbIsMrab;eFVICaeQIfamBl.[1]
[Gnupl]: EpøTTwmRtUv)aneKbriePaKRss; b¤kineFVICaTwkEpøeQIeFVVICaePsC¢³ sMrab;briePaKeGayman
GarmµN¾Rss;Rsay nigPaKeRcIneKykeTAécñeFVICaRKab;Ebkä\éd.[1]
sMbkTTwm eFVICafñaMbBa©úH)anya:gl¥ b:uEnþvamanplb:HBal;xøHdl;EpñkxageRkAKYreGayRBYy)armÖ. sMbk
b¤sTTwmRss;eRbIkñúgkaerobcM anthelmintic eRBaHvamanCatiéRbxøaMgEdlsmRsbcMeBaH skmµPaB
enH. EpøTTwmEdlminTan;TMu ehIynigpáa eFVICafñaMeraKk¥tÜ . EpøTTwmTMu eFVICafñaMbBa©úHlamk nigbBa©úHQam
nigeRbITb;Tl;nwgkarrlakbMBg;k b¤QWbBM g;k rlakEPñk CMgWxYrk,al nigcukRTUg.[30] EpøTTwm
manpÞúknUvCati Tannin 30% [19] EdlCati tannin TaMgenHeRbIsMrab;smøab;Es,k b:uEnþvak¾eRbIeFVICafñaM
raKrUspgEdr.[4] sMbkTTwm eFVICafñaMkMcat;pSit.[4] sMbkTTwmlayCamYyepHs¶Üt eFVICafñaMxat;Qam
nigpáaeFVICafñarM lak.
sMbkEpøTTwm manBN’elOg ERbCaRkhmlayetñat eRbIsMrab;RClk;BN’kMralRBM b¤eRKOg)a:k;epSg².
b¤s eRbIsMrab;RClk;Es,keGaymanBN’exµA.[30]
søwkTTwm sMrab;eFVICacMNIstVBahn³.[30]
4
TTwmCaRbePTeQIEdlBMumancMNat;fñak;eT.
kUnTTwm GaceFVIkarsÞÚg bnÞab;BIbNþúHry³eBl 9 Ex EtcMeBaHkarbNþúHFmµtaRtUvrgcaMdl;ry³eBl 1-

2qñaM eTIbsÞÚg)an. edayEp¥keTAelIdIEdlmanTIFøaenAcenøaHBI 3 eTA 6 m nigRtUveRsacTwkCaRbcaM.
edImEdlx©I Gacpþl;Epø 10-20 eRkayBIdaMry³eBl 4-5qñaM nigpþl;Epø)aneRcInry³eBl 10qñaMeRkayBIdaM

ehIyvaenAEt bnþpþl;EpørhUtdl;vamanGayu 25 eTA 30 qñaM. RtUvrkSacenøaHCaCYr
eGayvarhUtdl;vaduH)an 10qñaM b¤rhUtdl;eBlEdlvapþl;pl)anl¥. kUnTTwm TamTarnUvkaremIlEfTaM
eRBaHvaCaRbePTeQIEdlduHExñg eRcIn ehIyRtUvkat;ExñgxøHecal b:uEnþvak¾minpþl;EpøEdr
ebIsinvamanedImEtmYy. [1]
TTwm GaceFVIkardaMduHedayeRbIRKab; b:uEnþviFIenHvaTamTareGay edImTTwmpþl;EpøEdlmanKuNPaBl¥.

KYrEteFVIkarsakl,gelIkardaMduHedayeFVIkarbgáat; eRBaHvamanPaBgayRsYlCag. RKan;EteFVIkarGegát
nigeRCIserIsedImTTwmEdlmanGayuya:gtic 6Ex b:uEnþk¾minRtUvmanGayucas;Cag 2qñaMEdr.
KYrEtkat;søwk ecjBIEmkEdlbgáat; ehIydak;vaenAkñúgmøb;. TTwm nwgduHb¤sEkvecjBIsac;
eQIxøwménEmkEdlbgáat; ehIykøayeTACakUneQIEtmþg. dak;daMkUnEtmþg KWGaceFVIeGayxUc b¤gab;
dUecñHKYrEtdak;vaeGayenAmYy kénøgsin. EmkEdleBjvy½Gacbgáat;)an RtUvmanTMhM 20-30 cm
manRbBn½§eRcIn 20 x 13 cm nigmankMras; 300 gauge ehIyduHenAelIvaynPaBdIRkhm xSac;

nigbMEbkFatusarFatuCaCIkMb:usþ)anl¥. kUnTTwm mYyedImRtUvkarCIlamkstV GaRtaRbEhl 10 kg.
karbgáat; nwgduHb¤sGacdaM)anbnÞab;BIbgáat; ry³eBl 60 éf¶ edayeFVIkardaMenAkñúgreNþATMhM 60 x 60 x
60 cm nigmanKMlatXøatBIKña 3-5 m BIedIm mYyeTAedImmYy. ehIyRtUveRsacTwkCaRbcaMbnÞab;BIdaM.
KYrEtdak;CIlamkstVCaRbcaM nigRtUvrkSaeGay edImenAmanEtmYYyrhUtdl;vamankMBs; 30-45 cm

b¤mYyKum<GacmanedImFM² 3 b¤ 4 edIm. kUnTTwm RtUvrkSaTukenAkñgú falry³eBl 12-18 Ex.[30]
5
TTwm KWGacnwgmankar)at;bg;nUvkarsayPaBEsn edaysarkardaMduH eRBaHEtb:unµanTsvtSr_mun

kardaMduHedImTTwmKW GñkdaMduHeFVIkareRCIseIs nigdaMduHkUnTTWm tamry³kønÚ edIm,Icg;)anedImEdll¥.
naeBlbc©úb,nñ kareRCIserIskUnTTwm KWeFVIkareRCIserIskUnEdl)anBIkarbgáat;lMGgedayFmµCati
b¤karbgáat;lGM gedaysb,nimµit Edl)anmkBIedImemEdll¥.
F> karGPirkS :

TTwm duHenAtMbn;EdlmanGakasFatuekþA]NÐ² CaBiessGakasFatuenAemDIETra:en nig GakasFatusab;
RtUBic.
p> epSg² :
enAPaKxageCIgénRbeTs\NÐa eKsMgYtRKab;TTwmeFVICaeRKOgeTs EdleKehAfa anardana.

TwkTTWkRss; eKeRbIsMrab;Rblak;sac; edIm,IeGaysac;puyl¥. kñúgsac;TTwm 100 g manpÞúknUvCatisár
10% man 36.6 mg énvItamIun C/100 ml énTwkTTwm manRbUetGIun 2.6% pUsVr½ 0.1% b:UtasüÚm
0.4% kal;süÚmBI 0.03%- 0.1% nigma:ejsüÚm 0.13% .[30]
kñúgmrimaNTTwm 100g: manpÞúkCat;Tkw 78.0%
6
RbUetGIun 1.6%
eRbg - sár nig CatiemSA 14.6%
EsluyLÚs 5.1%
sarFatuxniC 0.7%
nigmankaLÚrI cMnYn 65 cals/100g.
Cervelli C, 1994. Effect of thermic treatments and seed manipulation on emergence of

dwarf pomegranate (Punica granatum L. 'Nana'). Acta Horticulturae, No. 362:189-195; 4
ref.
Chattopadhyay PK, Patra SC, 1993. Effect of various soil covers on yield and quality of
pomegranate. Annals of Agricultural Research, 14(3):317-321; 8 ref.
Dubey JK, Amith Nath, Thakur JR, 1993. Chemical control of pomegranate fruit borer(s),
Virachola isocrates (Fabr.) and Deudorix epijarbas (Moore). Indian Forester,
119(11):928-931; 6 ref.
Nawwar MAM, Hussein SAM, Merfort I, 1994. Leaf phenolics of Punica granatum.
Phytochemistry, 37(4):1175-1177; 10 ref.
Salunkhe DK, Kadam SS, 1995. Handbook of fruit science and technology. Production,
composition, storage, and processing. Handbook of fruit science and technology.
Production, composition, storage, and processing., xii + 611 pp.; [ref. at ends of
chapters. Food Science and Technology Series No. 70].
Singh J, Kashyap R, 1993. Production technology for dryland fruits of Madhya Pradesh.
Advances in Horticulture and Forestry, 3:69-75; 11 ref.
7
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Italy, 177 pp.

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.


pp. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
30) www-ang.kfunigraz.ac.at/˜kratzer/engl/generic_frame.htl?spice_bot.html
(Internet source)
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Sandoricum koetjape (Burm f.) Merr.]

[Sandoricum koetjape (Burm f.) Merr.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Sandoricum koetjape (Burm f.) Merr. [4]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Ketchapi, santol, sentol (4,6,11,17)
K> sTisn½y ³ Sandoricum indicum Cav., [4]; Sandoricum maingayi Hiern.,
Sandoricum nervosum Blume, Sandoricum vidalii Merr.,

Melia koetjape [6,17,19], Trichilia nervosa Vahi [20].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ kelampu (Brunei); kecapi, ketuat, sentul (Indonesia-general);
kecapi, sentol (Malaysia-general); kelampu (Malaysia,

Sabah, Sarawak), malasantol, santol (Philippines-general);
thitto (Burma); kompeng reach (Cambodia); tong (Laos);
katon (Thailand-general); kra thon (Thai-central), sa thon
(Thai-insular); s[aa][us]-dan, s[aa][us]-dau, xoan dau, sâú tia
(Vietnam); mangoustanier sauvage (French).[2,4,6,17]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ kMBIgraC

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4;6]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ bâmpénh riëch, kâm piing riëch[4,6]
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Meliaceae-Swietenioideae
1
ePT : Sandoricum Cav. [17]
RbePT : Sandoricum koetjape(Burm.f.) Merr. [4]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: Sandoricum mancMnYn 5 RbePT Edl 4 RbePT manduHenAkñúglkçxNÐPaKxaglic én

RbeTsma:eLsIu. nigRbePTTI 5 KWkMBIgraC EdlCaTUeTAeKdaMsMrab;ykEpøbriePaK.
kMBIgraC KWCaRbePTeQIFM² EdlCMruHsøwkCaRbcaM mankMBs;cab;BI 20-30 m EmkTImYyduHenAkMBs; 7-10
m nigmanGgát;p©itBI 30-80 cm . kMBIgraC mankenSamsøwkRkas; BN’ébtgRkem:A
nigmanCnÞl;FMenAKl;. [2] edImvamankMBs;BI 20-30 m .[4] kMBIgraC duHenAkñúgéRBBak;kNþaleRsag
nigmankMBs;rhUtdl; 25 m mankenSamsøwkRkas; nigmanragerovBgRkeBIEvg.[5] kMBIgraC
CaRbePTeQIBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk manTMhM mFüm EdlmankMBs; 30 m nigmanGgát;p©it 90 cm
ehIymanCr½xab;dUcCr½TwkedaHeKa.[6] kMBIgraC CaRbePTeQIBak;kNþalCMruHswøk EdlmanTMhMtUc b¤FM
nigmankMBs;rhUtdl; 45(-50) m edImrbs;vaCYnkalRtg; EtPaKeRcInragekag b¤dUcxøúy
ehIymanEmktic mankMBs;rhUtdl; 18(-21) m nigmanGgátp; ©it 75(-100) cm
EdlCaFmµtamanCnÞl;rhUtdl;eTAkMBs; 3 m.[17,20]
[sMbk]: edImkMBIgraC mansMbkBN’etñatlayRbepH rageRKIm sMbkxagkñgú manBN’Rkhm
nigmankMras; 7-8 mm. EmkEdlenAx©ImaneramEkv.[2] sMbkedImkMBIgraCmanBN’páaQUkRsal
layBN’etñat relag b¤eRbHesþIg² ehIysMbkxagkñúgmanBN’páaQUk.[5] épÞsMbkrelag
b¤CYnkaleRbHesþIg² nigelIsMbkman rn§degðIm manBN’RbepHRsal ERbeTACaBN’páaQUkcas;PøW

layBN’etñat sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’etñat Rsal b¤BN’Rkhmlayetñat ERbCaBN’páaQUk
nigmanCr½xab;² RBmTaMgmankenSamsøkw tUc.[17,20]
[søwk]: edImkMBIgraC mansøk
w CaRbePTsøwksmasbI manRbEvgBI 30-40 cm. TgsøwkmanRbEvgBI 20-
25 nigmanTgRbEvgBI 5-10 mm. kUnsøwk mansNæandUcEs,k EKmsøwkrageBj manragdUcs‘tFM
b¤manrag dUclMEBg nigxagcugmansøwkcMnYn 2 enAEpñkxagelIénTgsøwk 1/3

nigmanTMhMsøkw kan;EttUceTA²enAEpñk xagelI. søwkkMBIgraCmanTMhM 15-20 cm x 8-10 cm
2
EdlKl;søwkmanragTal nigcugsøwkmanragmUl EtRsYc. RTnugbnÞab;mancMnYnRbEhlCa 10 KUr
EdlmanRbEvgRbEhl 8-10 mm.[2] swøkrbs;vaenA pþúMbI² ehIysßitenACacegáamenAcugEmk
EdlsøwknImYy²manTMhM 8-18 x 3.5-9.0 cm ragdUcs‘utEtFM nigEKmsøkw Ggáaj;dUceFµj.
søwkkMBIgraCx©I maneramRkas;dUckaMmJIú søwkTMumanBN’ébtgRkem:A nigEpñkxag elIrelag
nigxageRkammaneramenARTnugsøwk. søwkEdlcas; manBN’RkhmPøW nigenAkñúgry³eBld¾xøW
vaERbeTAdUcCa Elaeocarpus. Tgsøwkxag²xøI EdlmanRbEvgBI 2.5-5.0 cm.[5] søwkkMBIgraC
CaRbePTsøwkqøas;bI EdltYsøwkmanRbEvg 18.5 cm. søwkkMBIgraC manragBgRkeBI b¤ragdUcs‘utRTEvg
ragRsYcenAxagcug EdlEpñkxagelImanBN’ébtgPøW nigEpñkxageRkammanBN’ébtgx©I nigmanduHeram
Rkas; søwkEdlenAxagcugmanTMhM 6-26 cm x 3-16 cm søwkEdlenAxag²manTMhM 4-20 x 2-15 cm
ehIysøwkrbs;vaERbCaBN’RkhmlayelOg muneBlEdlsøwkFøak;.[6] søwkrbs;vaerobCabI²
ragEjkecj eRkA ehIymanragmUl.[17,20]
[páa]: kBa©Múpáa tMerobCacegáam EdlmankBa©MúcMnYnBI 2-3 kBa©úM. páarbs;vamanRbEvg 7-9 mm TgpáaxøI
ehIyragkMBk. RtbkpáamanragdUcekaN EdlxageRkAmanduHeram nigmancMnYn 5 ehIyRkas;

tMerobCarag rgVg;. RsTab;páa mancMnYn 5 EdlmanRbEvgEvgCagRtbkpáacMnYn 2-3dg EdlragCabnÞat;
EdlEpñk xageRkAmanduHeram nigEpñkxagcugragpt. eksreQµalmancMnnY 10 ragCabMBg;ekaN
e)øaklMGgKµanTg ragBgRkeBI nigcugRsYc. ragdUcfas Kµaneram nigmankMBs; 2-3 mm. GUEv
Kµaneram rage)a:gbnþic bMBg;eksrjImanragCasIuLaMg nigsÞicma:mancMnYn 5 Ggáaj;².[2] páamanRbEvg
1.0-1.8 cm manBN’ elOg b¤BN’ébtgx©I EdltMerobCacegáamenAcugGkS½søwk manRbEvg 15 cm
páarbs;vaeRcIn manTgeTalehIyxøI ehIymaneram. RtbkpáaxøImancMnYn 5
nigmaneramRkas;enAxageRkA. RsTab;páaesrI mancMnYn 5 EdlRtYtsIuKñaenAEpñkKl; ehIymaneramtic²

eksreQµalmanragCabMBg;sIuLaMg nigmane)øak lMGgcMnYn 10 EdlEKmxageRkAragGgáaj;²dUceFµj.

bMBg;eksrjIeTal manragCabMBg; EvgdUcbMBg;eksr eQµal EdlmancMnYn 5 ragCabMBg;ehIyril
GUEvbiTCit ehIymanrMeyalragfas RbEvg ± 1 mm.[5] páavamancMnYneRcIn mankøinRkGUb
manBN’elOgRsal layébtg EdlmanRbEvgRbEhlt 1 cm ehIy manragdUcEBg
RtbkpáamancMnYn 5 nigRsTab;páamancMnYn 5 nigmanRbEvgRbEhl 1 cm.[6] páarbs;va
tMerobenAelIGkS½ ehIyCaRbePTpáaeTVrePT EdlmYykBa©MúmancMnYn 4-5 RtbkpáaragxøIkMbut
ehIye)a:geRCA RsTab;páaesrI lMGgpáaragCabMBg;sIuLaMg mane)aøklMGgcMnYn 10 ragCabMBg;
3
ehIydUcfas GUEvx<s; manGUEv 2 EdlnImYymanekasikacMnYn 4-5 k,albMBg;eksrjIragfas.
[17,20]
[Epø]: kMBIgraC manEpøRTUb EdlCaEpømansac; nigmanRKab;mYy b¤eRcIn manragmUl maneram

nigmanGgát; p©it 5-6 cm ehIymanEpøeRcInCacegáamdUcEpøTMBaMg)ayCUr nigmanBN’elOgRkem:A.[2]
EpøkMBIgraC manTMhM 5-8 cm manBN’elOgRsGab; ragmUl nigmineRbH enAeBlEpøvax©ImaneramdUckaMmJIú
nigenAeBlTMu RCYj EpøvamansMbkRkas;ehIyF¶n;RKbdNþb;Epø nigmaneramRkas;
EpøenARss;manCr½xab;² nigenAkñúgEpø nImYy²manRKab;BI 2-5 RKab; ehIyrMuBT§½eTAedaysac;PøW².[5]
EpøkMBIgraC s¶Üt ragmUl maneramRkas;BN’ mas layelOg EdlPaKeRCInmanGgát;p©it 5-6 cm
nigmanTMgn;BI 0-100 g. cMeBaHkMBIgraCEdldaMenA RbeTséf manGgát;p©it 7-9 cm nigmanTMgn;
300. sac;EpøkMBIgraCRss; Tn; manBN’s manrsCatiCUr b¤ Ep¥m EdlmanRKab;relagBN’etñatcMnYnBI
2-5 RKab;.[6]
EpøkMBIgraC CaRbePTEpøsac; EdlmanekasikaRKab;BI 1-5 . RKab;kMBIgraCFM nigminmansMbkeRkAeT

manEt sac;ragPøW b¤føaenACMuvijRKab; manrsCatiCUr nigsac;EdlbriePaK)an
manrsCatiq¶aj;Bisar.[20] kUnkMBIg raCduHBnøkenAelIdIesIm ehIykUTIeldUnTUleLIgeBlduHBnøk
hypocotyl duHEvg nigsøk w EdllUtlas;mYy KUrdMbUgQmKña ehIyKUrsøwkbnþbnÞab; CaRbePTsøwkqøas;
nigpÁúMKñabI².[17] kMBIgraC cab;epþImecjpáaenA Exkumö³ nigEpøenAEx]sPa.[2] enARbeTshVIlIPIn
EpøkMBIgraCTMuBI Exmifuna dl;ExsIha [6] b¤dl;Extula nigenARbeTséf vaTMuBIEx]sPa
dl;Exkkáda.[17] dMNuHeLIgvij mankarlUtlas;elOn.
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI
:
edImkMBIgraC mansac;eQIxøwmmanBN’páaQUk layBN’etñat ehIyRss;s¥at nigsac;eQIRsay

manBN’ páaQUklayBN’RbepH ehIymanTMgn;F¶n;lµmKW 550kg/m³.[2] sac;eQIxøwmrbs;kMBIgraC
manTMgn;Rsal b¤TMgn;mFüm EdlmanTMgn;BI 290-590 kg/m³ enAkMritsMeNIm 15%. sac;eQIxøwm
manBN’Rkhmesøk BN’elOglayRkhm b¤BN’elOglayetñat nigmansñamqñÚtBN’páaQUk
ehIysac;eQIRsaymanBN’s esøk b¤BN’páaQUkRsal EdlEckecjdac; b¤minc,as;BIeQIxøwm.
séseQIRtg; b¤ragTwkrlkbnþic Edl vaynPaBsac;eQIl¥lµm b¤eRKImbnþic.[17,20]
CYnkalrUbragxageRkArbs;varagekag mankøinRkGUbtic Ca BiessenAeBlsac;eQIRss;.
4
PaKeRcInsac;eQIrbs;vamanduHRkey:Aminc,as; EtCUnkalEKm²rbs;vaman parenchyma tUc²
vessels manTMhMtUc b¤mFüm EdltMerobCakaMeTal b¤eRcIn cMnYn 2-3. CYnkalvaman Cr½
parenchyma rbs;vaPaKeRcInmanTMhMlµm manragdUcsøabenAcMnucRbsB§ EtCYnkal apotracheal
ragrsay ehIyPaKeRcInenAEKm²ragerovtUc kaMGacemIlnwgEPñkTeT)an nigmanBnøWs¥atlµm

EdlCYnkal eBlEpøTMuBMumanvtþmanvaeT CYnkalsac;eQIxøwmrbs;vamandMe)A eFVIeGaysac;eQIrYj
EdlnaMeGayGvtþman apotracheal.[17]
sac;eQIrbs;varYj EdlEpñkxagelIERbBITabeTAx<s;. sac;eQIrbs;vaFn;ngw bMErbMrYlrdUv)anl¥ nigmin
caM)ac;TamTareGayRbugRbytñ½edIm,IkarBarkuMeGaysac;eQIeRbH eTaHbICaeRbI]bkrN¾sMgYtmkBI
Sarawak k¾mankarBi)akkñúgkarsMgYtEdr enAeBlEdlvarYj. sac;eQIkMBIgraC enAcenøaHmanPaBTn;
eTArwglµm nigmanPaBrwgmaM b¤KYrsm. sac;kMBIgraC manPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarGar EtrageRcjRcaj

EdlPaKeRcIn TamTareGaymankarxat;bnþic ehIykMBIgraCGacdaMduH)an RBmTaMgTTYl)anTinñpll¥.
sac;eQIkMBIgraC KWBMusUvmanPaBrwgmaMeT enAeBlEdldak;eGayRtUvéf¶ b¤xül; b¤dak;b:HpÞal;nwgdI
ehIyvamanPaBFn;bnþic ebIdak;vaenAeRkamdMbUlRKbRtwmRtUv. sac;eQIxøwmrbs;kMBIgraC manPaBFn;
b:uEnþsac;eQIRsay dak;fñaM karBarkarbMpøaj. sac;eQIkMBIgraC gayrgnUvkarbMpøajBICatiéRb
nigmanPaBFn;lµmnUvkarbMpøajBI BBYkstVl¥it. sac;eQIRsayrgnUvkarbMpøajRKb;ya:gBIBBYkstVl¥it
Lyctus. kMlaMgsgát;énsac; eQIRsay KWmantMél 19,780 kJ/kg.[17]
kMBIgraC manRbPBkMeNItenA\NÐÚcin nigPaKxaglicénRbeTsma:eLsIu BaseBjGasIuRtUBic

CaBiessenA RbeTsPUma éf evotNam nigenAeBseBjRKb;tMbn;énRbeTsm:aeLsIu \NÐÚensIu

nighVIlIBIn.[6,17] vamanenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa sirlI gáa Lav km<úCa evotNam éf m:aeLsIu ekaH Java
énRbeTs\NÐÚensIu nighVIlIBIn.[12] kMBIgraC manrayeBseBjenAkñúgéRBTwkePøógbzm (Primary
rain forest) nigCYnkal duHenAkñúgéRBbnÞab; ( secondary rain forests) éRBcMruH nigéRBtMbn;PñM
b¤éRBPñM [12] Edlmanry³kMBs; rhUtdl; 1,200 m. b:uEnþ vak¾manduHenAkñúgéRBel,aHTMnab b¤éRBGMbUr

dipterocarp duHkñúgéRBs¶ÜtelIdIrwg b:uEnþGaRsy½sMenIm nigGakasFatuRbcaMrdUv.[17]
enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam kMBIgraCduHenAkñúgéRBBak; kNþalel,aH nigéRBbnÞab; (secondary forests)
5
EdlPaKeRcInduHlaylMCamYyGMbUr Dipterocarpus sp., Mesua ferrea nig Tarrietia javanica.
[2]
kMBIgraC CaRbePTelIrwg EdlduHlUtlas;BItMbn;TnM ab rhUtdl;ry³kMBs; 1,000 m. [6] vaduHenAtMbn;

EdlesImeBjmYyqñaM nigmanGakasFatulR¥ Kb;rdUvkal enAkñúgéRBTwkePøógbzm nigbnÞab;
EdlGacduHenA ry³kMBs;rhUtdl; 1200 m eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT. kMBIgraC manduHenAkñúgéRBtMbn;TMnab
EdlmansMenIm nigmanGakasFatul¥eBjmYyqñaM.[17] kMBIgraC RtUvkarkMBs;TwkePøógRbcaMqñaMcab;BI
950-5000 mm/m² CalkçN³TUeTA b¤GaRsy½tamtMbn;énr)aydMNuH. enAkñúgedUvekþABIEx 2 eTAEx 5
vaRtUvkarsItuNðPaBenA kñúgkMLúgrdUvekþAenHBI 32-35ºC. nigenArdUvRtCak;BI 18-22ºC.

b:uEnþminTabCag 16ºC eT. kMBIgraC manPaBFnlnwgxül; nigmøb;. [12]
kMBIgraC RtUvkardIEdleRsaHTwkl¥ dI\dæEdlmanCICati b¤dIlay\dæxSac; EdlsMbUreTAeday

sarFatuciBa©wm dIPñM dIfµkMe)ar dIbnÞúHPñMePøIg nigdItMbn;RtUBic [12] ehIymanPaBFn;nwgdIrgw . vamanPaB
Fn;nwgry³eBlEvg énrdUvR)aMg b:uEnþvaenAEtmankarcMerInlUtlas; eTaHbICaenAeRkamr)ay
ePøógFøak;eRcIn.[6] kMBIgraC RtUvkar vayPaBdImFüm minl¥eBk nigCadIEdlmanCatiGasIutNWt

b:uEnþeRsaHTwk. kMBIgraC GacduHenAelIdIEdl manTwktic² nigdIKµanCICati. [12]
[sac;eQI]: sac;eQIrbs;edImkMBIgraC eRbIR)as;sMrab;sg;pÞH eFVIsgðarwm kargarsib,kmµ kargarCageQI

karsagsg;kñúgRsuk eFVIhagsMelokbMBak; eFVIeQIBas eFVIkþarRkal dMbUlTUk sMeBA eFVIRCjsMrab;cugePA
6
eFVIekHevcx©b; eFVIpÞH nig]bkrN¾ksikmµ RBmTaMgEkécñeFIVCavIenor káarbnÞH káarxNÐCabøúk nigbNþÚleFVICa
Rkdas enARbeTs\NÐÚensIu eKeRbIvaCaeQIfamBl eRBaHsac;eQIrbs;vaGaceFVICaFüÚgEdlmanKuNPaB
l¥. [17]
[Gnupl]: EpøkMBIgraC sMrab;briePaKRss; eFVICadMNab; cahYy nigjM.[6,19] ykEpørbs;vaeTAGaMg
ry³eBl 15 naTI bnÞab;mkykvaeTAcMGinenAkñúgTwksar:U eFVICabEg¥mEdlmanrsCatiq¶aj;BIsar.[20]

enAkñúgvs½y»sfburaN es¶arb¤skMBIgraC laynwgsøwkkMBIgraCbuk eFVICafñaMraK.[4,17]
kinsMbkkMBIgraC eGaym:t; eFVCI afñaMkarBareraKERsg nigkarBareraKmharIkkMueGayraldal
b¤sEdlmankøinRkGUbeRbI Tb;sáat;karQWcab; CafñaMehImeBaH QIRkBH eFVIfñaMklM aMg bnÞab;BsI MralkUnrYc.
bMENk Limonoids Edl )anmkBIRKab;kMBIgraC sMrab;sMlab;stVl¥it.[6, 17, 20] yksMbkkMBIgraC
RClk;sMnaj;RtI. [17,20] bukkMeTcsøwk KWCa sudorific eBlEdllabenAelIEs,k nigeRbIeFVICafñMraK
nigRKunekþA. kinsMbkeGaym:t; eFVICafñaMERsg nigmanpÞúknUv triterpenes
EdlRbqaMgnUvkarrIkraldalénCMgWmharIk.
[epSg²]: enA Sarawak ykEpøkMBg I raCeFVICanuyRtI. eQIEdlmankøinRkGUbeKeRbI eFVICaTwkGb;.
RKab; kMBIgraC manpÞúknUv limonoids ( CasmasFatu antifeedant).[20] edImkMBIgraC
mansar³sMxan;Nas; sMrab;karGPirkSdI nigCaeQIpþl;mbø ;sMrab;RCk. vamanlkçN³smRsb
sMrab;karran BIeRBaHvarwg ehIyCa RbePTeQIEdlduHlUtlas;elOn manPaBFn;nwgtMbn;
nigFn;nwgrdUvR)aMg. kMBIgraC manpÞúk arbiscular mycorrhizae EdleFVIeGaydImanPaB RbesIr
eLIg.[20] kMBIgraC k¾RtUvdaMkñgú eKalbMngbegáInesaPN¾PaB tamdgvifI nigkñúgsYnc,ar.
begÁalEdl)anmkBIedImkMBIgraC eRbIsMrab;eFVICarbg.[20]
minTan;manTinñny½. [18]
7
enARbePTPUm:a eKdaMkMBIgraCeFVICacMkareQImUl b:uEnþRtUveFVIkarRKblTKgeGay)anlMGit mindUcCadaM

eFVICa cMkareQIhUbEpøenAelITMhMdItUc²enaHeT CaBiescMkarRKab;BCU .[17] edIm,IeGayTTYl)ancMkar
eQImUl eCaKCy½l¥bMput RtUveFVIkarbNþHenAkñúgfñalCamunsin.[12]
kMBIgraC GaceFVIkarbNþúHedayRKab; EtRKab;rbs;vaBMuGacrkSaTukkñúgry³eBlyUr)aneT. kMBIgraC

k¾GaceFVIkarbgáat;eday eRbIBnøk EpñkEdlBukpuy inarching nig marcotting.[17,20] RKab;kMBIgraC
CIvitrbs;vamaneBlkMNt;. RKab;kMBIgraC EdlCab; b¤minCab;sac; manlT§PaBdMNuHBI 90-95%
kñúgry³eBl 16-31 éf¶. Cajwkjab;edImkMBIgraCEdlduHenAkñúgéRBFmµCati én Peninsular RbeTs
ma:eLsIu manGgát;p©itRtwmRTUg FMCag 40 cm mancMnYn 2 edIm/100 ha (1 km²).[17]
kMBIgraC mansac;eQIRsay EdlgayrgnUvkarbMpøajBIBBYkstVl¥it Lyctus. sac;eQI

gayrgnUvkarrMxan BICatiéRb nigFn;nwgstVl¥it.[20] vaEtgEtrgnUvkarrMxanBIBBYkkeNþór (Eriophyes
sandorici) EdlrMxan dl;RKab;BUCkMBIgraC.[1] manstVl¥itrMxandl;karlUtlas;rbs;kMBIgraC
edayeFVIeGayvaTTYlplEpø)an TMhMtcU ². cMeBaHCMgWpSitEdlmanCacMbgKW Corticium salmonicolor
nig Phytophthora phaseoli CaBBYkkeNþór EdlbMMpøajdl;kUlMBIgraCkñúgfñal. [12] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
F> karGPirkS :
8
kMBIgraC manRbPBkMeNItmkBIRbeTs\NÐa PUma: \NÐÚcin éf RKb;tMbn;énRbeTsma:eLsIu nignaMykeTA
daMenAtMbn;RtUBic RbeTsGURsþalI RBmTaMgenARbeTsmYycMnYnéntMbn;RtUBicesIm.
p> epSg² :
mankardwgtictYcNas;EdlTak;Tgnwgrukçvb,kmµrbs;kMBIgraC
ehIyRKan;Etdwgfavamansac;eQIKuNPaB lµm nigkan;Etl¥ebIeRbIR)as;eQImUl. [17]
Abbate MLE, 1977. Anatomical, physical and working properties of 22 woody species
from Thailand. Contributi Scientifico-Pratici per una Migliore Conoscenza ed Utilizzazione
del Legno, 21(54):75 pp.; 12 ref.
Alonzo DS, Tamolang FN, 1979. Wood properties of Philippine tropical species for wood
carving. International Union of Forestry Research Organizations: Wood quality and
utilization of tropical species. Proceedings, IUFRO conference held at FORPRIDECOM,
College, Laguna, Oct 30-Nov 3, 1978., 62-64.
Baltazar CR, 1962. Wax scale on caimito. Plant Indus. Dig, 25(10-12): 6,12.
Brown WH, 1954. Useful plants of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture and Natural
Resources, Technical Bulletin, No. 10.
Coronel RE, 1986. Promising fruits of the Philippines. Second edition. Los Baños,
Philippines; College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines.
De Padua LS, Lugod GC, Pancho JV, 1977. Handbook on Philippine medicinal plants,
Volume 1. University of the Philippines Technical Bulletin, 11(3).
Galang FG, 1955. Fruit and nut growing in the Philippines. Malabon, Rizal: AIA printing
Press.
Heinsleigh TE, Holaway BK, 1988. Agroforestry species for the Philippines. Metro Manila
Philippines: US Peace Corps, AJA Printers.
9
Kosela S, Yulizar Y, Chairul, Tori M, Asakawa Y, 1995. Secomultiflorane-type triterpenoid
acids from stem bark of Sandoricum koetjape. Phytochemistry, 38(3):691-694; 5 ref.
Laxamana NB, 1982. Charcoal production with by-product recovery. Forpride Digest,
11(1/2):47-52; 8 ref.
Mabberley DJ, 1997. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants. The
plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants., Ed. 2:xvi + 858 pp.
Mandang YI, 1993. Wood anatomy of nine lesser known species of Meliaceae family.
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 11(3):92-100; [English tables and figures.]; 12 ref.
Marañon J, 1935. Nutritive mineral value of Philippine food plants (calcium, phosphorus
and iron contents). Philippine Journal of Science, 58: 317-358.
Merrill ED, 1912. A Flora of Manila. Manila, Philippines: Bur. Printing.
Merrill ED, 1923. An enumeration of Philippine flowering plants. Manila, Philippines:

Bureau of Printing.
Miraflores JC, 1915. Adaptability of certain plants to propagation by cutting and

marcottage. Philippines Agriculture and Forestry Review, 4(7):142-150.
Monsalud MR, Tongacan AL, Lopez FR, Lagrimas MQ, 1966. Edible wildplants in Philippine
forests. Philippine Journal of Science, 95(4): 431-561.
Pimentel RB, 1980. Floral biology, fruit set and pollen fertility studies on Sandoricum
koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. Special Problem, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines: Department of
Horticulture, College of Agriculture, U.P.
Ramos AH, 1972. Santol (Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr., Meliaceae) In: Cultural
directions for Philippine agricutural crops. Volume I. (Fruits). Manila, Philippines; Bureau
of Plant Industry; 209-212.
10
Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources of
Indonesia, 859 pp.
Phengklai C, Niyomdham C, Premrasmi A, Chirathanakorn K, Phuma R, 1989. Peat

swamp forest of Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin (Botany), No. 18:1-42; 8 ref.
Pimentel RB, 1980. Floral biology, fruit set and pollen fertility studies on Sandoricum
koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. Special Problem, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines: Department of
Horticulture, College of Agriculture, U.P. (unpublished).
Powell RG, Mikolajczak KL, Zilkowski BW, Mantus EK, Cherry D, Clardy J, 1991. Limonoid
antifeedants from seed of Sandoricum koetjape.. Journal of Natural Products, 54(1):241-
246; 8 ref.
Pratt DS, del Rosario JJ, 1913. Philippine fruits; their composition and characteristics,
Philippine Journal of Science, A8:59-80.
Purba K, Sumarua E, 1987. Chemical analysis of twenty seven wood species from West
Java. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 4(3):26-29; 12 ref.
Ramirez DA, 1961. Note: Cytology of Philippine plants VI. Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.
f.) Merr. Philippine Agriculturist, 45:275-278.
Rodrigo PA, 1967. The lanzon and its relatives. Philippine Farms and Gardens, 4:18-21,
23, 25.
Stefanov B, Naidenova Ts, 1975. Some tree species from Vietnam having wood valuable
for the Bulgarian woodworking industry. Gorsko Stopanstvo, 31(10; 11):39-43; 48-51.
Troup RS, Joshi HB, 1981. Troup's The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Volume III. Delhi,
India; Controller of Publications.
11
Wester PJ, 1911. Tropical fruits in the Visayas. Philip. Agric. Rev., 4(10): 545-554.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :


University Press, New York; 336 pp
pp.
12
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.]

[Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ sesbania [12], agathi, agati sesbania, August flower,
Australian corkwood tree, flamingo bill, grandiflora, sesban,

swamp pea, tiger tongue, West Indian pea, white dragon tree
[7], scarlet wisteria tree [5].
K> sTisn½y ³ Aeschynomene grandiflora (L.) L. [2],
Agati grandiflora (L.) Desv. [2],

Robinia grandiflora L. [2, 10],
Sesban grandiflorus Poir. [2],
Aeschynomene coccinea L.f. [10],
Agati coccinea (L.f.) Desv. [10],
Agati grandiflora (L.) Desv. Var. coccinea (L.f.) Wight & Arn.
[10],
Coronilla coccinea (L.f.) Willd. [10],
Coronilla grandiflora (L.) Willd. [10],
Dolichos arboreus Forsskal [10],
Emerus grandiflorus (L.) Kuntze [10],
Resupinaria grandiflora (L.) Raf. [10],
Sesban coccinea (L.f.) Poiret [10],
Sesbania coccinea (L.f.) Pers. [10]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ agati, agusta, bagphal, bak, bake (Bangladesh) [2] - pwa
valet, pwa valye (Carribbean) [2] - gauai-gauai, katuday,

katurai, pan (Philippines) [2] - colbri vegetal, fagotier, fleur
papillon, papillon, pois valette, pois vallier, pois valliere
(France) [2] - agasti, agati, anari bak, basma, basna,
chogache, hatiya (India) [2] - toroy, turi, tuwi (Indonesia) [2] -
kh’ê: kha:w (Laos) [2] - kacang turi, petai belalang, sesban,
sesban getih (Malaysia) [2] - agasti (Nepal) [2] - agathi, agati,
peragathi, kathuru, murunga (Sri Lanka) - baculo, cresta de
gallo, gallito, paloma, pico de flamenco, zapaton blanco
(Spain) [2] - kae-ban, khae, ton kae (Thailand) [2] - so dua
(Vietnam) [2]
1
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ GgÁardI
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ ângkiëdèi [2], 'angki:er dey [11]
lMdab; : Leguminosales / Fables
RKYsar : Leguminosae-Papilionoideae
ePT : Sesbania
RbePT : Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [10]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: GgÁardICaedImeQIébtgCaenH EdlmanTMhMtUc eTAmFüm nigduHlUtlas;elOn

ehIyGac mankMBs;dl;eTA 8-15 m [7] (10 m [3], 10-15 m [12], 15 m [2, 9, 6], Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
kMrmankMBs;x<sC; ag 5-6 m [8]) . edImRtg; nigragdUcsIuLaMg manGgát;p©it DBH rhUtdl; 25-30 cm
[7] . kenSamsøk w manlkçN³ebIk nigmaneram . rWsmanlkçN³rak; edaymanBkrWsBN’sCIu m<ÚCaeRcIn
EdlpÞkú nUv )ak;etrI EdlCYybegánI GasUtenAkñgú dI . edImeQIGacduHRbePTrWs floating roots
nigCalikar aerenchyma .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’RbepH rW RbepHRsal CYnkalsIuCm<Ú rW sr Tn; esþIg nigeRbHeRCA² .
sMbkxagkñúg manrs;CalVIg [2] .
2
[søwk]: søwkzitenAcunEmk . BYkvaCaRbePTsøwkqøas; manRbEvg 15-30 cm [2, 3, 7, 8] EdlmanTgsøwk
RbEvg 7-15 mm [9] nigmansøkw cMnYn 12-20 KUr [7] (16–30 [3], 20-40 [8], 20-50 [2, 9]) .
søwknimYy² manragRTEvg mUl nigRbEvg 3-4 cm [7] (2-3 cm [8], 1.2-4.4 cm [2, 9, 6])
nigTTwgRbEvg 1 cm [7] (0.5-1.5 cm [2, 9, 6]). muneBlsøkw RCuH vaERbCaBN’elOgRsal .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M áa (= CaG½kSxø)I manpáaBI 2-5 [7] (2–4 [3]) manTMhMFM nigRbEvg 5-10 cm [2, 7] (7-8-9 cm
[8]) ragekag nigTTwgRbEvg 3 cm [7] muneBlrIk (10.5 x 6 cm [6]). RtbkpáamanRbEvg 2 cm [2]
(1.5-2.2 cm [6]) ragdUckNþg w manftcMnnY 2 nigeFµjcMnnY 5 . RtbkpáamancMnYn 5 BN’s elOn

sIuCm<Ú rWRkhm EdlmanTgenAKl; ragRTEvg nigekag edaymansøabBIrekag nigBIreTotCab;Kañ .
páanImyY ² maneks eQµalcMnYn 10 Edl 9 Cab;Kañ nigmYydac; manlkçN³tUc nigragsþÜc .
ecjpáaenAEx FñÚ nigkumÖ³ [2] nigEpø Exemsa- ]sPa [2] .
[Epø]: EpøKYr manTMhM 20-60 cm x 6-9 mm [2] (30-50 cm x 8 mm [6], 25-55 cm [8]) BüÜlenAelIedIm
sMEb:t manRKab;BI 15 eTA 50 BN’Rkhmetñat [2] (15-40 BN’Rsal [7]) EdlGacbriePaK)an

enAeBl enAx©I . RKab;manragdUcsENþk eGlIb RbEvg 3.5 mm [7] TMgn;EpømYy²KW 1 g [7] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQImanBN’s Tn; nigRsal edaymanTMnajEpndI RbEhl 0.42 [3] nigdg;sueI t 0.512
g/cm³ [3] enAkMritminsÁal; mc% (0.50 g/cm³ [7]) . vamantMélfamBl 17.91 MJ/kg [7] edayman
kMritepHx<s; 6% [7] nigkabUnTab 11.7% [7] . eQIew qHya:gelOn nigmanEpSgeRcIn . dUcenH

vaRtUv)an cat;TukfaCaeQIfamBl EdlmanKuNPaBTab . eTaHbI vaduHlUtlas;elOn
nigGaceRbIR)as;kúgñ ry³eBl mYyqñaMeRkayeBldaM eFIeV GayvamankareBlniymsMrab;CaeQIfamBl .

eQIGacs¶tÜ )anl¥ nig gayxUc enAeBlrkSaTuk edaykøayCakMTiceQI nigminsmRsbsMrab;karduteT .
enAeBldg;seIu tekIn Gayuk_ekIn Edr eQI Edl)anBI edImmanGayu 5 eTA 8 qñaM [7]
smRsbsMrab;karsg;pHÞ rW plitsMPar³ eFIBV eI QI .
3
RbEhl : 20°N eTA 10°S [2] . RbPBkMeNIt Cak;lak;rbs;GgÁardImni RtUv)andwgeT (\NÐa rW \NÐeÚ nsIu
RtUv)anpþl;Caeyabl;faCaRbPBkMenIt) b:Eu nþvaRtUv)ancat;TukfamanRbPBBIRbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ .
vamanduH ya:geRcIn enAtMbn;RtUBik BImsiu ciu kU dl;Gaemrikxagt,Úg nigRtUv)andaMduH enAPaKxagt,Úg
Florida nig Hawaii . vaRtUv)andaMduHya:gehacNas; 140 qñaM enAxagekItGaeRhVc nigxaglicGaeRhVc
[7] . vaRtUv)an daMduHenAtamPøEW Rs enAtampøÚv enAkñúgsYnCMuvijpÞH nigdaMlayCamYydMNaMepSgeTot
kñúgRbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ .
GgÁardICaRbePT EdlduHenAry³kMBs; 800 m a.s.l. [9] (0-1,000 m [7]) .

edImeQIsmrbeTAnwgtMbn;ekþA ehIyesIm rW raMgs¶tÜ mFüm EdlmankMritTwkePøóg 2,000-4,000 mm/qñaM
[2, 7] b:Eu nþGacduH enAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt EdlmankMritTwkePøóg 800 mm/qñaM [6, 7], (480-2,250 mm [3])
dUcCa Timor nig\NÐeÚ nsIu . vacUlcitþtMbn; EdlmanrbbTwkePøógtamrdUv karduHlUtlas;elOn

enArdUvvsSa b:Eu nþngi GacFn;nwgGakasFaturaMgs¶Üt ry³ eBl 9 Ex [7] . ( vaFn;ngw PaBraMgs¶tÜ
eTaHminGacrs;enAtMbn;EdlmanGakasFatuekþAxøaMgk_eday luHRta EtmanRbB½nF§ arasaRsþ
ehIykMritExraMgs¶ÜtBI 0-3 ExKWGacrs;)an [2]) . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaM qñaM 22-30°C [7]
KWsmRsbbMptu (24.3-26.7°C [3]) b:Eu nþmankMritCaTUeTA 18-30ºC [2] (17-32°C [12]) .
sItuNðPaBRtCak; <10°C [6] rW mansenISmKWvaminFn;eT . RbPBxøH bBa¢ak;faGgÁardI Fn;nwgxül; [2]
epSgeTotfa vaminFn;ngw xül;eT [7] . sMrab;kardaMduHeGay)anl¥ vaRtUvkarBnøWxaø gM .

ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12]
4
RbePTenHGacduHlUtlas; enAelIRbePTdICaeRcInrYmandIrak; dIéRb nigdI)as .

vaGacRtUv)anrkeXIjenAelI dIxSac; tic mFüm nigeRcIn dI\dæ b:uEnþmindk;Twk eRCA l,ayxSac; .
enAeBlvaduHenAelIdImni sUvmanCICati kMBkrWsnwgCYyeFIeV GaydImanCICati EdlbgðajfaGgÁardICa
RbePTeQIsMrab;begánI nUvKuNPaBdI . vaFn;nwgdI GasIut Edlman pH 4.5 [7, 2] . CaTUeTA pH BI 5.5
eTA 8.5 [12] (6.6-8.5 [3]) . dUcenH dIGasIut NWt nig)ask_RbePTeQIenHGacduHlUtlas;)an .
vaFn;ngw dIGasIutxøaMg cMeBaHdImanGaluymIjmÚ minTan;RtUv)an dwgenAeLIyeT [7] .
GgÁardIduHlUtlas;l¥enAelIdImni dk;Twk b:Eu nþvak_Fn;nwgkardk;TwkpgEdr CaBiesskar licTwktamrdUv .
enAeBlTwkCMnn; edImeQIbegátI enArWs EdlGENþtelITwk nigkarBaredIm edaymanrWsBk nigCalika
aerenchyma . RbePTdIsmRsbmandUcCa dI alfisols dI)as dIl,b; dI vertisols dI cambisols dI\dæ
dIvalesµA dIRKYs dI limestone dI regosols dIfµxSac; dIxSac; dIRtUBki dI ultisols dIPñMePøgI nigdIéRb .
[eQI]: RbePTeQIenH RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CaeQIfamBl enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ nigeRbICafamBl nig

plitplepSgeTotenARbeTs\NÐeÚ nsIu [3] . eQIGacRtUv)ansMrab;karsg;pHÞ nigsMPar³eFIBV eI QI
k_dUcCa begÁal b:Eu nþmin)anyUreT edaygayrgkarbMpøaBIBBYkstVl¥ti . eQImanlkçN³Rsal
EdlRtUv)an eRbI R)as;CakMsYr sMrab;sMNaj;ensaTRtI . FüÚgrbs;vaRtUv)aneFICV arMesv .
edayEtkarduHlUtlas;elOn vaRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaeQIemSARkdas Edll¥
EdlGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;kare)aHBumm< antMélefak karsresr TsSnavdþI nigRkdase)aHBum< .
srésmanlkçN³xøI b:Eu nþGaclayCamYysrés d_Evgrbs;b¤sSI sMrab;eFIVRkdas

EdlmanlkçN³smRsb nigrwgmaMul¥ .
[Gnupl]:
Gahar : søkw RKab; Epø nigpáa rbs;GgÁardIGacbriePaK)an . páaKWCaEpñkmYy EdlRtUv)aneRbIeRcInCageK

nigpáas RtUv)aneRbIeRcInCapáaRkhm . enAhVlI IBnI páaEdlminTan;rIkRtUv)aneRbICabEnø rW cMGinCas‘bu
5
bnÞab; BIkat;ecjnUveksr nigRtbkpáa . páaenAeqA RtUv)anbriePaKCaGnøk; enARbeTséf .
søwkx©Ik_RtUv)anbriePaK edaykat;tUc² nigcMGin rW econ . Epøx©IRtUv)anbriePaKdUcCasENþkKY [7] .
cMNIstV : søwk nigEpøRtUv)aneRbICacMNIstV . edImpþl;nUvsøkw CacMNIstV kñúgry³eBl 4
ExeRkayeBldaM . søwkmanpÞkú sarFatu RbUetGIuneqA 36% (TMgn;sÜ¶t) nig 9,600 IU vitamin A
enAerogral; 100 g . sMrab; plitkmµcMNIstV edImeQIRtUv)ankat;enAeBlmankMBs; 90-120 cm (1.8
kg) nigdak;eGaystVsuI eday layCamYycMebuIg . rbbenHmankarlUtlas; ekIneLIg
ebIeRbobeFobnwgkarpþl;cMNIepSgeTot . viFsI aRsþ EdlmanRbsiT§PaBbMptu

kñgú karpþl;cMNIstVTMBareGog KWpþl;bEnßmnUv 15-30% énGaharsrub . BIeRBaHkMritRbUetGIunrbs;GgÁardI
minGacRKb;RKan;eT dUcenHvaRtUvlayCamYyBBYk EdlmanRbUetGIunx<sd; Uc CacMebIug rW edImeBat . cMNI
EdlmanKuNPaBTab GacRtUv)anbegánI KuNPaBtamry³karlayCamYyGgÁadI .
cMNIGacpþl;eGayTaMgenARss; rW RKam rW s¶Üt . cMNIst¶Ü GacrkSaTuk nigsnSMeBlevlakñgú rkSaTuk
]TahrN_ enA\NÐeÚ nsIu vapþl; 70% éncMNIeKa nigBEB enAkMLgú rdUvR)aMg . plitkmµcMNIstVKW 4.5-9.1
kg/ha kñúgmYyqñaM . GgÁardImanCatiBl u dl;man; nigminRtUveRbIvaCacMNIdl;man; nigRbePTstV
monogastric . EpøkG _ acRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CacMNIstVpgEdr [7] .
»sf : søkw EdlbukeGayxÞic RtUv)anlabeTAelIkEnøgeRKc nigCaM . Et EdleFIBV sI wøk
RtUv)aneCOfaman Cati antibiotic, anthelmintic, antitumour nigsarFatueFIkV ueM GaymankUn .
sMbkmanCatiBul nig antipyretic bBaðaRkBH colic eraKraK nigGasnñeraK . sMbk Edkes¶arrYc
RtUv)anykeTABüa)alRKun nig TwkenamEp¥m . TWkrbs;páa
RtUv)andak;elIEPñkGacCYyeGayemIleXIjc,as; . søwkmanCatifñaM nigCYy Büa)alCMgWggwteBlyb;
rbs;eKaEfmeTogpg . enARbeTs\NÐa RKab;Epñkrbs;rukCç atiGac Büa)alCMgW xVak;man;
(ggwteBlyb;) . rWsGacBüa)alCMgWRKuncaj; ehIysøwk nigpáaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kars¥MeTotpg .
eKalkarN_fñaM KWmanRbsiT§ PaBeTAedImmansarFatueFIeV Gayqab;esøak dUcenHvaGacRbqaMgnwgkarrlak

ePøgI Bis nigkarBulepSg²eTot karraldalrbs;)ak;etrI nigkarduHsac; . Twk Edl)anBIrWsRtUv)aneRbI
sMrab;s¥M nigsøwkRtUv)anlab edIm,IBüa)al rheumatism karehIm CaM nigQWcab; .
sMrab;karsµúksµajsMbk es¶arYcGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;. C½rrWslayCamYyTwkXµMú
RtUv)anebomsMrab;eGayFøak;esøs nigTMlak;kMhak. sMBaFsrésQam
GacRtUv)ankat;bnßyedayTTYlTan páaEdles¶arrYc [7] .
6
C½r nigtanIn : sMbk nigRKab;GacRtUv)ancMraj;ukC½r . C½rføaBIsMbk RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Gahar nigeRbIsMrab;
TMBar dUcsárekAsU‘ . sMbkGacplittanInpgEdr [7] .
[epSg²]: GgÁardICaRbePT EdlsmRsbsMrab;karbegán I KuNPaBdIeLIgvij nigRbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ .
vaRtUv)an eRbIsMrab;plþ ;møbd; l;fañl nigRbePTdMNaMdUCa kaehV Et kakav nigCar)aMgxül;sMrab;RkUc eck
nigkaehV . vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;Carbgrs; ExSRkvat;ébtg rW CYydl;karlUtlas;rbs; dMNaM vanilla
nigeRmc . dMNaM duHlUtlas;)anl¥enAcenøaH GgÁardI BIeRBaHkenSamsøwkrbs;vaGaceGay
BnøRW BHGaTitücUl)an . RbePTenH manBkrWs EdlGacCYyeGaydImanGasUt eFIeV GaydImanCICati
nigRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;saþ rKuNPaBdIeLIgvij enAtamtMbn;xg< ;rab nigPñM . eTaHbI
karpþl;GasUtGacTb;sáat; edayBBYkdgávÚ kñúgdI nigCatiGasIutenAkñúgdI k_eday . Epø søwk nigpáa
EdlRCuHGacpþl;CICatidl;dI nigCaCIFmµCatid_l¥ . vaRtUv)andaMya:gRkas; nigP¢rÜ lb;eTAvijedIm,I
EkrlMGrdI muneBldaMduHdMNaM . GgÁardI RtUv)andaMduHsMrab;lMGr pgEdr edayvamanpáaFM nigEpøEvg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [11]
[TUeTA]: GgÁardICaRbePTbegánI GasUtdl;dI nigRtUvkarBnøWxøaMg edIm,IduHlUtlas; . vaRtUv)an daMduHenAtam

PøEW Rs enAtampøÚv enAkñgú sYnCMuvijpÞH nigdaMlayCamYydMNaMepSgeTot kñúgRbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ . karduHExñg
mankMritTab eTAmFüm [12] ( GgÁardIGacduHExñg nigminGacrs;)anebImankarkat;jkw jab;eBk [2]) .

[kardaMduH]: kUneQIGacRtUv)andaMduHenATIval enAkñg ú ry³eBlmanGayu 1 Ex edayCIkreNþA
EdlmanTMhM 20-25 cm enAcenøaHdaMduH 1.2 x 1.2 m . RKab;GacRtUv)ansabedaypÞal;
enAedImrdUvePøóg . kEnøgdaMGac RtUv)andut edIm,ITTYl)anepH sMrab;CaCI nigkardaMGaceFIVeLIgCaCYr .
kareFIeV sµA nigeRsacTwkGacCYy eGay eQIduHlUtlas;elOn . RbsinCI nigkar
RsacRsBRtUv)aneFIRV bcaMEx rukçCatiGacmankMBs; 5 m enAGayu 9 Ex . sMrab;plitkmµeQI
GgÁardIGacRtUv)andaMenAkMrit 3,000 edIm/ha enAGURsþalI nig\NÐa . sMrab;plitkmµcMNIstV
7
GgÁadIRtUv)andaMenAkñgú sYnCitpÞH nigdaMlayCamYydMNaMepSgeTot . vak_RtUv)an daMCarbg tamRBMdI
PøEW Rs nigtamRbLayCaedIm .
[karRKb;RKg nigTinñpl]: kUneQI EdlmanGayu 30- nig 60 éf¶ Gacman mycorrhizae enAkñg ú rWs
nigBnøk s¶Üt ebIeRbobeFobnwgrukCç ati EdlKµan mycorrhizae [1] . RbePTenHduHlUtlas;elOn
eFIeV Gayvaman Gayumni Evg nigGacRtUv)anRbmUlplkñúgry³eBl 3 qñaM .
karlUtlas;GaRs½yeTAelIdI kardaMduH nig brimaNTwk EdlpÁt;pÁg; . cMkarGgÁardIGacmankMBs; 3.2 m
enAkñgú ry³eBl 9 Ex enAeBlvaRtUv)an daMenA elIdIl,ay b:Eu nþmankMBs; 1.8 m RbsindaMelIdxI Sac; .
enAelIdImni dk;Twk l,aymanCMerAeRCA cMkarGacdaM enAcenøaH 0.9 x 0.9 m nigGacpþl;pl 4 t/ha
enAkñgú mYyqñaM . enA\NÐeÚ nsIu pleQIGacTTYl)an 20-25 m³/ha kñgú mYyqñaM [7] .
enAeBldaMenAtamPøWERs dUcenA Java Gacpþl;pl 3 m³ kñúgmYyhicta kñúgry³ eBl 2 qñaMénxYb [3] .
karsikSaBICvI ma:s; enAtMbn;xsu ²Kña bgðajfa tMbn;Edll¥KW enAtamdgTenø (65.1 kg/edIm enAGayu 3.5
qña)M eRkam silvopasture vapþl; 20.5 kg/edIm nigtamRbLayTwk 10.2 kg/edIm . karlUtlas;kBM s;
mankMritelOn enAqñaMdMbgU nigfycuH enAmYyeTABIrqñaMbnÞab; b:Eu nþkarlUtlas;Ggát;p©ít
minRtUv)anfycuHeT . GgÁardImni Fn;nwgkarkab;eRcIndgeT karRbmUlpldUcCakarRKb;RKgCaCYr GaceFIV
eGayedImeQImanGayuxIø . RbB½n§ EdlsmRsbKW Tak;Tgnwgkarkat;srM ab;eFIVCacMNIstV KW kat;EtEmk
rbs;edImeQI edaybnSs;TuknUvedIm . enAeBlkarRbmUlplsMrab;cN M IstVmankarBi)ak edaysaredIm
eQIxs< e; Bk enaHedImeQIRtUv)ankab;rMlM sMrab;eRbICaeQIfamBl nigsMNg; .
eRkamRbB½ne§ RsacRsBl¥ vaduHlUtlas;l¥ nigenAeBldaMduHenACitpÞH vaGacTTYlTwkBIsN M l;pHÞ )ay .
enAkMritxYbxøI 3-4 qñaM GgÁardIGacplitbrimaNx<s;én cellulose kñgú mYy edImeRcInCaRbePT
eQIeFIVemSARkdasepSg²eTot . eTaH edImeQImanGayu 3-4 qñaM vaGacpliteQIemSARkdas
edaymincaM)ac;bksMbk nigsmRsbsMrab;kar eFIRV kdasedaysarFatuKmI I . enAGayu 3 qñaM vapþl;pl

41 t/ha kñgú mYyqñaM sMrab;eQIeFIeV mSARkdas [7] .
[ksirukçkmµ]: RbePTenHRtUv)aneRbIkg ñú RbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ . dMNaMduH)anl¥ enAcenøaHGgÁardI enAeBlEdl
kenSamsøwk vaGacGnuBaØat eGayBnøéW f¶qøgkat;)an . eTaHbI RbePTenHbgðajnUvkMritgab;xs< ; 80% enA
eBlkat;k_eday [7].
8
[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;]: RKab;GgÁardImancMnnY 17,000-30,000 RKab;/kg [2] . karrkSaTukRKab;Ca

RbePT orthodox . edaysarKµansMbkRKab; RbsindMNuHRtUv)anrkSa RbePTenHKYrRtUv
)anrkSaenAkñúgEkv bitCit enAkMritsItuNðPaB 4°C rW kMritticCagenH nig mc ticCag 10%.
lT§PaBdMNuHRtUv)anrkSary³eBl 2 qñaMenAkñúgbnÞb; [2] .
[dMNuHrbs;RKab;]: GgÁardIRtUvv)andaMduHtamry³karsabedayRKab;paÞ l; . vaminmankarBi)ak kñúgka
rduHeT nigmincaM)ac;eFIRV bRBwtþkmµRKab;eT . kareFIRV bRBwtþkmµk_GacRtUv)aneFIeV LIgpgEdr tamry³kar

kat;sbM k RKab; karRtaMTwkRtCak; rW TwkrMumUe: n ry³eBl 24 ema:g dMNuHGacmanBI 85-90% .
enAkñgú fñal kUneQIGac RtUv)andaMenAkñgú fg;pøasÞik [7] .
[karbnþBUC edaysrIragÁ]: GgÁardIk_GacbnþBUC edaysrIragÁpgEdr edaykarkat;edIm nigEmk .
enAkñgú kardaM Calikar vitro RtUv)aneFIeV LIg .
[stVl¥ti ]: bBaðasMxan; kñgú kardaMduHGgÁardI KW gayrgeRKaHedaysarstVl¥ti . stVl¥ti

EdlsMxan;mandUcCa BBYkrMusøwk (leaf webbers) sIuskøw (leaf feeders) nigecaHedIm (stem borers)
enARbeTs\NÐa BBYkecaH søwk ( Azygophleps scalaris) eFIkV arbMpaø jya:gF¶n;Fr¶ . dgávÚ én
Bruchophagus mellipes eFIk V arsIu bMpøajRKab; [2] . RbePTstVepSgeTot mandUcCa Agrotis ipsilon
(bMpøajsøwk nigedIm), Aphis cytisorum (bMpøajRKab;), Apion decipiens, Argyroploce rhynchias,
Bactrocera cucurbitae (dgávÚ bMpøajpáa), Bactrocera dorsalis (bMpøajsøwk nigedIm), Caliothrips

indicus (cotton pest/alternate host), Ceroplastodes, Cryptophlebia rhynchias (ecaHedIm),
Spodoptera littoralis nig Stegana laterilis (bMpøajsøwk nigedIm) . gayrgeRKaHedaysarBBYkdgávÚ
dUcCa Heterodera trifolii, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica RtUv)anraykarN_ .

ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[CMgW]: CMgWcMbgKW pSit RbePT Colletotrichum capsici eFIeV Gayesøak Protomycopsis
thirumalacharii, eFIeV Gaysøkw mancMncu GuC² nig Pseudocercospora sesbaniae

eFIeV Gaysøkw GuC²BN’RbepH Edlman ekItenARbeTs\NÐa [2] .
9
F> karGPirkS :

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]:
GURsþalI \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI .

ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[karnaMclU ]:
ebnIn Eb‘KN I a hVasU km<Cú a kaemrUn eqt kUDIv½r Kuy)a DI)aTI dUmeI xn eGrIRTI eGsüÚBI háaéb: háaNa
háDÚ ILÚb hÁeI no éhTI eknya: lIebrIya: ma:lI misciu kU en)a:l; éNC½rero NICr½ eb:rUrIkU esenháal;
esra:eLGUn ekaHsULmÚ g:u GaeRhVcxagt,Úg tg;sanI éf tUeháa shrdæGaemrik .

p> epSg² :
[Bakübec©keTs]: eQµaHRtUv)anykmkBIGara:b; S. sesban . BaküBiessenHmann½yfa páaFM

CaLataMg [7] .
[sarFatuKm
I I]: kñúg 100 g søkw manpÞúk 73.1 g Twk 8.4 g RbUetGIun 1.4 g xøaj; 11.8 g NFE, 2.2 g
srés 3.1 g epH 1,130 mg Ca, 80 mg P, 3.9 mg Fe, 9,000 IU vit. A, 0.21 mg thiamine, 0.09
10
mg riboflavin, 1.2 mg niacin, nig 169 mg ascorbic acid . søkw (ZMB) 100 g man 321 calories,
36.3 g protein, 7.5 g fat, 47.1 g carbohydrate, 9.2 g fiber, 9.2 g ash, 1,684 mg Ca, 258 mg P,
21 mg Na, 2,005 mg K, 25,679 g -carotene equivalent, 1.00 mg thiamine, 1.04 mg
riboflavin, 9.17 mg niacin and 242 mg ascorbic acid . páa (ZMB) 100 g man 345 calories,
14.5 g protein, 3.6 g fat, 77.3 g carbohydrate, 10.9 g fiber, 4.5 g ash, 145 mg Ca, 290 mg P,
5.4 mg Fe, 291 mg Na, 1,400 mg K, 636 g -carotene equivalent, 0.91 mg thiamine, 0.72
mg riboflavin, 14.54 mg niacin, nig 473 mg ascorbic acid . RKab;man (ZMB) 36.5% CP, 7.4%
fat, 51.6% total carbohydrate, and 4.5% ash . eRbgRKab;man 12.3% palmitic, 5.2% stearic,
26.2% oleic, nig 53.4% linoleic acids . sMbkRKab;man 20% énRKab;TaMgmUl EdlmanpÞúk 5.2%
moisture, 1.3% ash, 0.8% fat, 2.7% CF, 0.1% minmankarkat;bnßysár 1.4% sucrose, 2.8%
nitrogen, 6.3% pentosans, nig 65.4% carbohydrates . Tinñpl én 33% galactomannans
RtUv)anraykarN_faRtUv)ancMraj;BI sMbkRKab; . RKab;GacduHlUtlas; ry³eBl 120 ema:g

edaybegánI nUv kMrit vit. C BI 17–166 mg/100 g . Extracellular invertase én Rhizobia
japonicum nigtYnaTIrbs;va enAkñg ú emtabUlIs EdlKµansár kñúgkarlUtlas;nvU BkrWs RtUv)ansikSa .
Enzyme hydrolyzed sucrose RtUv)anedaHElg edaykardk yk 0.1 m -mercaptoethanol
EdledaHElgnUvTMrg;sm<n½ e§ kasikaBI enzyme . plitkmµrbs; invertase mankMritTabenAeBl

glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, nig farrinose RtUv)aneRbI R)as;CaRbPBkabUn
enAkñgú karlUtlas; . enAkñgú karlUtlas;BkrWs sucrose CaRbPBsMxan;énsár . kMrit fructose

mankMritTab ebIeRbobeFobnwg glucose enAkñgú BkrWs fructose RtUv )anbþÚrCa glucose edIm,IcUl
eTAkñúgekasika)ak;etrI . kMrit glucose nwgcMlgnwgKMrUskmµPaB én invertase enAkñgú BkrWs [3] .
[PaBxus²Kña nigkarbgáat;]: kareRCIserIs nigkarbgáat;mankMNt;cMeBaHGgÁardI . Saleem nig Bali
(1992) raykarN_Bl I T§pl énkardaMsakl,genA Jammu énRbeTs\NÐa . karRbmUlsMPar³tMnrBUC

RtUv)aneFIV enAsaklviTüal½y Hawaii (Waimanalo, Hawaii), ILCA (International Livestock

Centre for Africa, Addis Ababa eGsüÚBI \LÚvCaEpñkmYyén International Livestock Research
Institute (ILRI)) nig ATFGRC (Australian Tropical Forages Genetic Resource Centre, CSIRO,
Australia) . cMnYnRkUmUsUn 2n = 24 [2].
11
Ash AJ, Petaia L, 1992. Nutritional value of Sesbania grandiflora leaves for monogastrics
and ruminants. Tropical Agriculture, 69(3):223-228; 21 ref.
[2]
Aziz T, Habte M, Prasad MNV, Rajewar J, Harris PJC, Moore THM, Puddephat IJ, Holden
SR, Lungu S, Volk J, 1989. Section 2. Contributed papers involving one NFT genus.
Sesbania.. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 7:117-134; ref.
[2]
Bhoopander Giri • K. G. Mukerji, October 2003. Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt stress in
Sesbania aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field conditions: evidence for
reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake. p-307. University of Delhi, India.
© Springer-Verlag 2003
[11]
Catchpoole DW, Blair GJ, 1990. Forage tree legumes. I. Productivity and N economy of
Leucaena, Gliricidia, Calliandra and Sesbania and tree/green panic mixtures.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 41(3):521-530; 28 ref.
[2]
Detrez C, Ndiaye S, Dreyfus B, 1994. In vitro regeneration of the tropical multipurpose

leguminous tree Sesbania grandiflora from cotyledon explants. Plant Cell Reports,
14(2/3):87-93; 34 ref.
[2]
Duguma B, Kang BT, Okali DUU, 1988. Effect of pruning intensities of three woody
leguminous species grown in alley cropping with maize and cowpea on an alfisol.
Agroforestry Systems, 6(1):19-35; 19 ref.
[2]
Eranna S, Sreenivasulu P, Nayudu MV, 1995. Incidence of a mosaic disease of Sesbania

grandiflora caused by a sobemovirus in Andhra Pradesh. Indian Phytopathology,
48(1):66-69; 10 ref.
[2]
12
Erb HE, 1979. Natural enemies and distribution of Sesbania punicia (Car) Benth in
Argentina. Proc. 3rd National Weed Conference in South Africa. Cape Town, South
Africa: AA Balkema, 205-210.
[2]
Evans DO, 1983. Search for seed of Sesbania grandiflora.. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research
Reports, 1:43.
[2]
Evans DO, 1984. Preliminary observations evaluating perennial sesbanias for fodder
production. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 2:32-33; 1 ref.
[2]
Evans DO, Macklin B, Anderson DM, Brewbaker JL, Gutteridge RC, Narayan Hegde,
Osman AM, Rao DLN, Steinmueller N, Thomson L, Topark-Ngarm A, Yamoah C,
1990. Perennial sesbania production and use: a manual of practical information for
extension agents and development workers. Perennial sesbania production and use:
a manual of practical information for extension agents and development workers., iii
+ 41 pp.; [Publication supported by IDRC and USAID]; 7 ref.
[2]
Evans DO, Rotar PP, 1987. Productivity of Sesbania species. Tropical Agriculture, UK,
64(3):193-200; 13 ref.
[2]
Evans DO, Rotar PP, 1987. Sesbania in agriculture. Sesbania in agriculture., 192 pp.;
[Tropical Agriculture Series]; 38 pp. of ref.
[2]
Ghai SK, Rao DLN, Lalita Batra, 1985. Comparative study of the potential of sesbanias for
green manuring. Tropical Agriculture, UK, 62(1):52-56; 8 ref.
[2]
Gill AS, 1986. A fuel/fodder production system using Sesbania grandiflora.. Nitrogen Fixing
Tree Research Reports, 4:14-15.
[2]
13
Gutteridge RC, 1994. The perennial Sesbania species. In: Gutteridge RC, Shelton HM, eds.
Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 49-
64.
[2]
Hansen EH, Munns DN, 1985. Screening of Sesbania species for NaCl tolerance. Nitrogen
Fixing Tree Research Reports, 3:60-61.
[2]
Hasan N, Jain RK, 1985. Response of some selected Sesbania species to root-knot
nematode Meloidogyne incognita.. Nematologia Mediterranea, 13(1):15-19; 3 ref.
[2]
Jacob K, 1941. Cytological studies in the genus Sesbania. Bibliographica Genetica, 13:225-
300.
[2]
Joshi HK, Kumar A, 1982. Note on the biology of Pseudocercospora sesbaniae on agasthi
(Sesbania grandiflora Pers.). Legume Research, 5(1):57-59; 9 ref.
[2]
Kalyanaguranathan P, Sulochana N, Murugesh N, 1985. In vitro haemolytic effect of the

flowers of Sesbania grandiflora.. Fitoterapia, 56(3):188-189; 8 ref.
[2]
Khattar S, Ram HYM, 1983. Organogenesis and plantlet formation in-vitro Sesbania
grandiflora. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 21:251-252.
[2]
Kumar A, Joshi HK, 1983. Occurence, incidence and appraisal of grey leaf spots on
Sesbania grandiflora.. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 1:7-8; 3 ref.
[2]
Macklin B, Evans DO, 1990. Perennial Sesbania species in agroforestry systems:

proceedings of a workshop held in Nairobi, Kenya, March 27-31, 1989. Perennial
Sesbania species in agroforestry systems: proceedings of a workshop held in
Nairobi, Kenya, March 27-31, 1989., viii + 240 pp.; [refs at ends of papers. Special
14
Publication No. 90-01 of NFTA, jointly published with the International Council for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya].
[2]
NFTA. 1994. Sesbania grandiflora. NFTA 94-05. Waimanalo.

[11]
Pathak BS, Jain AK, Ajaib Singh, 1987. Characteristics of Leucaena leucocephala and
Sesbania grandiflora woods. Indian Forester, 113(3):228-232; 5 ref.
[2]
Rai P, Pathak PS, Debroy R, 1983. Growth of Sesbania grandiflora in different habitats.
International Journal of Eco-Environmental Science, 9:21-27.
[2]
Sachet MH, 1987. The littoral species of Sesbania (Leguminosae) in the South Pacific
islands and its relatives. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B,
Adansonia, 9(1):3-27; [1 col. pl.]; 17 ref.
[2]
Saleem M, Bali SV, 1992. Comparative study on the growth of three provenances of
Sesbania grandiflora. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 10:204-205.
[2]
Salimuddin, Ramesh B, 1993. Karyological studies in the genus Sesbania. Cytologia,

58(3):241-246; 20 ref.
[2]
Shah NK, Belavadi VV, Pal RN, 1989. Occurrence of the scale insect Ceroplastodes sp.
(Homoptera: Coccidae) on Sesbania.. Journal of the Andaman Science Association,
5(1):86; 5 ref.
[2]
Shanker S, Ram HYM, 1990. Plantlet regeneration from tissue cultures of Sesbania
grandiflora.. Current Science, 59(1):39-43; 16 ref.
[2]
15
Singh, R., Sidhu, P.S., Vadhera, S., Sital, J.S., Bhatia, S. 1980. Extra-cellular invertase of
Rhizobium japonicum and its role in free sugar metabolism in the developing root
nodules of Sesbania grandiflora. Physiologia Plantarum 48(4):504–508.
[3]
Space, J. C. and T. Flynn. 2002a. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive
plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.
[3]
Subramanium TR, Muthukrishnan TS, Rao KRN, 1953. Control of Weevil Alcidodes bubo -
Fabr. A pest of Agathi, Sesbania grandiflora. Madras Agricultural Journal, 40:525-
531.
[2]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Bhoopander Giri; K. G. Mukerji, October 2003. Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt
stress in Sesbania aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field conditions: evidence
for reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake. p-307. University of Delhi, India. ©
Springer-Verlag 2003
[3] Center for New Crops and Plants Products, Purdue University -
[6] FAO: http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Gbase/data/pf000171.htm (Internet source)
16
(Internet source)
[8] Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER) -

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/hevea_brasiliensis.htm (Internet source)
(CD-ROM).
[10] Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers. - http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb/6.00/taxa/13606.shtml

(Internet source)
Project. Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock International. 320pp.
17
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Shorea farinosa C. E. C. Fischer ]

[Shorea farinosa C. E. C. Fischer ]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Shorea farinosa C. E. C. Fischer
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ minTan;maneQµaH .
K> sTisn½y ³ minTan;mansTisn½y.
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ kra bak dam (Thailand) [4]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ C½rnI/ lMe)a
ÉksarBieRKaH : [9]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ choërni, lumbaô [2]

lMdab; : Malvales
1
ePT : Shorea
RbePT : Shorea farinosa C. E. C. Fischer
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 3]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:CaedImeQIFEM dlduHlUtlas;dl;kBM s; 45 m [3] . edImtUcmanragRCug b¤hab; BN’etñat

cas; nigKµaneram .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanlkçN³eRbHmineRCA .
[søwk]: søwkmanTMhM 8-16 x 4.5-5 cm [3] Rkas RtEvgragdUces<ór nigmUl . Kl;sk øw manlkçN³mUl
Kµaneram b:Eu nþelIkElgEtRTng;swkø EdlRKbedayeram . sésRTng;bnÞab;skøw zitenACaKUr cMnnY 15-18
[3] Edlmanragekagbnþic . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2-3.5 cm [3] ragsIL u aMg Kµaneram nigrYcbnþci .
[páa]: páaCakBa©úM nigduHenAcugcegáampáa EdlmanRbEvg 15-19 cm . RtbkpáamanRbEvg 0.5-0.65 cm [3]
manragdUcs‘ut xageRkABIrragmUlzitenAcug nig xagkñúg bI ragRsYc edaytMerobCasnÞH (velvety) eday

maneramdUcpáa . RsTab;páamanRbEvg 1.3 cm [3] (1.2 cm [5]) ragdUcs‘ut b¤RtEvg nigmUlenAxagcug
mansrés 15 [3] maneramrelagenAelIépñkBnøk . páamanekseQµal 22-25 edaymanTgkBa©eúM ks
sMEb:t manragdUcs‘ut enAxageRkam nigsþÜcxøI . kBa©MúeksragRTEvg mUlenAEpñkKl; Cab;Kña nigman
RbEvg 0.3 cm [3] . GUvarIragBgRkeBI tUcragdUcEdkéx nige)a:genAxagKl; RKbedayeram .

sþihÁma:man bIft .
[Epø]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[ lkçN³eQI]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
2
lMe)amanduHenAéRBébtgCanic©éntMbn;TMnab .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[ eQI]:eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karsagsg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[Gnupl]:minTan;manTinñn½y .
[epSg²]:minTan;manTinñn½y .
3
lMe)aRtUv)ancat;CaRbePTeQImancMNat;fñak;elx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[ lkçN³TUeTA]:lMe)aduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBébtgCanic©éntMbn;TMnab .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[ kardaMduH nigRKbRKg ]:esIÞ EtKµankaryl;dgw BIkardaMduH nigRKb;RKgGMBIRbePTeQIenH .
[stVl¥ti ]:minTan;manTinñ½y .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTiny ñ½ . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTeQIenHRtUv)anCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; (CR A1cd, C2a [4]) eyagtam IUCN (International Union

for the Conservation of Nature) World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook') .
lMe)aKWmankar pøas;TI)anya:grh½senAkñgú FmµCati . eTaHCacMnnY edImeQIbc©úb,nñGaceRbobeFob

eTAnwgcMnnY edImeQIkal BIGtItkalk_eday .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4].
4

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]:RbeTskm<úCa RbeTséf RbeTsPUma RbeTsma:eLsIu nigRbeTsevotNam .
[ karnaMclU ]:Cak;EsþgNas;RbePTenHminRtUv)andaMduHenAeRkAtMbn;EdlvaduHlUtlas;CaFmµCatieLIy .
p> epSg² :
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th
June 1988. Phnom Penh.
Thailand - www.dnp.go.th/Botany (Internet source)
5
[5] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest
Trees of Northern Thailand.
6
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Shorea obtusa Wall. [4], Shorea obtusa Wallich ex Blume ]

[Shorea obtusa Wall. [4], Shorea obtusa Wallich ex Blume ]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Shorea obtusa Wall. [4], Shorea obtusa
Wallich ex Blume [9]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ minmanTinñn½y .

K> sTisn½y ³ Shorea leucobotrya Miq. [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ balau (Trade name) [6] - ca`chăc, c[af] ch[aws]c (Vietnam)
[5, 9] - chik (Laos) [6] - teng (Thailand) [6] - thitya (Myanmar)

[6]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ p©wk

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ phchök [3, 8], phchek [8]
lMdab; : Malvales
1
ePT : Shorea
RbePT : Shorea obtusa Wallich ex Blume
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQICrM uHsøkw manTMhMtUc nig mFümEdlGacmankMBs;dl;eTA 25 m [4] (-27 m

[10, 13], -30 m [6, 9], 10-30 m [16]) b:Eu nþGactUcCagenH . edImminsUvmanEmk enAkMBs; 15 m [6]
edaymanGgát;pi©t DBH dl;eTA 60 cm [6] (65 cm [9]) nigvNÐmNÐl 250 cm [4] . Emk
x©IRtUv)anRKbedayeramEdlmanragdUcpáa .
[sMbk]: sMbkxageRkAmanBN’Rkhmetñat enAenAtUc manBN’exµARbepHeTACaetñatenAeBlcas; Rkas;
nig eRKIm nigeRbHEbkeRCA . sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’elOgetñat nigmansésC½rBN’elOg (='dammar')

.
[søwk]: søk
w manragCaeGlIb rWmlU minRsYc nigmUlenAcugTaMgBIr TMhM 8-15 x 3-7.5 cm eTA 12 x 22
cm cMeBaHeQItUc [10] (5-10 x 10-15 cm [4], 7.0-11.5 x 3.5-9.5 cm [9]) . p©wkGacEckdac;BIRbePT
Shorea spp. epSg²eTot BIeRBaHvamancugsøk w TaMgBIrmUl søwkcas;manBN’elOg nigRbEvg 1.8 cm [4]

xøI nigTgsøwkFM . sésTI BIrzitenACaKUr EdlmancMnYnBI 10-14 KUr [4] (15-20 [9]) . søkw x©Iman
lkçN³RCYj edaymaneramragdUcpáaenAxageRkam b:Eu nþmanEtKµaneramenAeBlcas; . vaCMruHsøwkenA
edImrdUvR)aMg edayTuknUvtYedImEdlKµansøwk . enAkñgú tMbn;EdlmansMeNIm søwkfµIGacduHlUtlas;elOn
bnÞab;BIsøkw cas;)anRCuH .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá (=panicle) zitenACaG½kS nigRKbedayeramRkas; . páamanBN’elOg nigesÞrI EtKµanTg .
Rtbkpáa (=sepals) maneram . RsTab;páa (=petals) tUc manragRtg;dUces<ó nigmaneramenAxageRkA
. páamanekseQµalcMnYn 26-29 (=male organs) [9] (20-25 eks [4]) edaymanExñgxøI . eksjI
maneram nigecjpáaenAEx mina-emsa [4] .
2
[ Epø]: EpøTMeu nAEx]sPa-mifuna . Epømaneram nigTTwg mankMBUlxøI søabFMcMnYn 3 TMhM
0.6-0.8 cm [10]
5-6 x 1.2-1.5 cm [10] (6 cm x 1.1 cm [9], 5 cm beNþay [4]) nigsøabxøc

I nM nY 3 RbEvg 1.5-3 cm
[10] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 6, 9, 10, 13, 16]

Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIRsaymanBN’elOgRsal rWetñatRsal tUc niggayBuk eQIxwmø manBN’etñat nigbþrÚ CaBN’ etñat

cas;rWetñatRbepH edaymanExSBN’exµA nigrelag mansészitenACacenøaH² . eQImanlkçN³rwg Fn;
nigTMgn;F¶n; edaymandg;seIu t 1.05 g/cm³ enAsMeNIm 15% [4, 5, 11] (0.83-1.04 g/cm³ at 15% mc
[6, 9], 1-1.073 g/cm³ enAsMeNIm 12% [4]) . CaBiess vaFn;ng w briyakasxageRkA nigFn;ngw Twk .
karsMgYtmanlkçN³yWt nigBi)ak . karGark_manlkçN³Bi)akpgEdr BIeRBaHeQImanC½reRcIn .
vagaynwgeRbHEbkenAEpñkxagcug . eTaHbI eQIEdlmin)aneRbIR)as;fñasM rM ab;karBar GaceRbIR)as;;Rkal
pøÚvrfePøgI ry³eBldl;eTA15 qñaM [4] (10-15 qñaM [16]) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 16]
RbEhl : 23°N eTA 5°N [8] . p©wkCaRbePTEdlsMbUrenAkñgú \NÐcÚ ni éf nig]bTIbV ma:eL .

vaEtduHlUtlas;CaRkum eTaHbIeBlxøHduHEtÉgk_eday . vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBCMruHsøkw dipterocarp
s¶ÜtéRBmUlsugCMruHsøwk nigTIval éRBricril dUcCaéRBcMruH savanna . enAkñgú éRBs¶tÜ dipterocarp
vaduHlUt las;layCamYy D. tuberculatus, D. intricatus, D. obtusifolius, Terminalia tomentosa
nig Shorea siamensis . éRBs¶Üt dipterocarp RtUv)ankMNt;edaymancMnYnRbePTeQITab
mankenSamsøwkebIk nigkMBs;edImeQI 8 eTA 25 m [8] . rukCç atixageRkammanlkçN³exSay gayeqH

nigEtgeqHenArdUvR)aMg . RbePTeQIlubEtsMrbxøÜøneTAtamePøgI eqH . enAkñgú éRBmUsgu CMruHsøkw
vaduHlUtlas;CasgÁmrukçCatiCamYyRbePT Dipterocarpus alatus nig Hopea odorata .
enAkñgú tMbn;éRBricril vaEtduHlUtlas;layCamYy Shorea siamensis rW Pinus keysia .
enAkñgú éRBcMruH savanna vaduHCasgÁm edaymanRbePT Dipterocarpus tuberculatus,
Dipterocarpus obtusifolius nig Pentacme siamensis .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14, 17]
3
p©wkCaRbePT EdlduHenAtMbn;x<g;rab nigTMnab nigGacmanduHenAry³kMBs;rvag 200 nig 1,000 m a.s.l.

[6, 9] (150-1,300 m [3], -1,400 m [10]) . GakasFatuRtUBc i mUsgu edaymankMBs;TwkePøógRbcaMqañ MBI
1,250 eTA 2,000 mm/qñaM [12] edaymanrdUvsSa nigR)aM cMnn Y 6 ExKWsmRsbbMptu . eTaHbI
vaduHlUtlas;enAkMrit kMBs;TwkePøógticCag 1,250 mm [12] . RbePTeQIenHRtUvkarBnøWxaø gM
nigFn;ngw ePøgI eqH EdlekItmanenAkñgú TICrM krbs;va bnÞab;BIvacas; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 4, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14]
vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAelIdI Edlmindk;Twk nigCaRbePTdIxSac; dIfµ dI lateritic EdlrYmman ferric

acrisols, gleyic acrisols, nig ferralic cambisols . mindUcRbePTPaKeRcInén dipterocarps
vaGacrs;enAtMbn; EdldIminsUvmanCICati nigsMbUrfµ . manCatiGasIut rW pH NWtKWsmRsbbMput .

enARbeTskm<Cú a vaman duH enAelIdImanBN’RbepH .
[eQI]: eQIrbs;p©wk nig Shorea siamensis RtUv)aneFIBV aNiCk¢ mµenAeRkameQµaHdUcKña KW (eQI 'balau')
. eQImantMélBNiCk¢ mµxs< s; rM ab;eRbIkúgñ karsagsg; s<an karsagnava s‘ubrbs;TUk eRKOgsgðarwm

kMral bg¥cÜ nigs‘bu TVa . vamantMélx<s;sMrab;eFICV apøvÚ rfePøgI .
[Gnupl]: sMbkmankMritCatitanInx<s; nigC½rBN’elOg . C½rEdl)anmkBIeQIRtUv )aneRbIR)as;
sMrab;bti l¥I nig TUk . enARbeTskm<úCa RbePTC½renH RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCacnøHú sMrab;dutbMPøW .

vak_RtUv)aneRbIsMrabeFIVCafñabM UraN dUcCaeRbIR)as;CasarFatu antibiotic nigeRbIsMrab;Büa)alrbYs
nigdMe)A . vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Büa)aleraKrakmYl . sMbkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Büa)alCMgWRKuncaj; .
4
[ epSg² ]: "CYnkal p©wkKWCakEnøgpÞkú nUvstVl¥itRbePTéc .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4].
RbePTeQIelx 1 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: p©wkduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBCMruHsøwk dipterocarp s¶tÜ éRBmUsgu CMruHsøkw nigTIval

éRBricril dUcCaéRBcMruH savanna . enAkñgú éRBs¶Üt dipterocarp vaduHlUt las;layCamYy D.
tuberculatus, D. intricatus, D. obtusifolius, Terminalia tomentosa nig Shorea siamensis .
éRBs¶Üt dipterocarp RtUv)ankMNt;edaymancMnYnRbePTeQITab mankenSamsøwkebIk nigkMBs;edImeQI

8 eTA 25 m [8] . rukçCatixageRkammanlkçN³exSay gayeqH nigEtgeqHenArdUvR)aMg . RbePT
eQIlubEtsMrbxøÜøneTAtam ePøgI eqH . enAkñgú éRBmUsgu CMruHsøkw vaduHlUtlas; CasgÁmrukçCatiCamYy

RbePT Dipterocarpus alatus nig Hopea odorata. enAkñgú tMbn;éRBricril vaEtduHlUtlas;lay
CamYyShorea siamensisrW Pinus keysia.
[kardaMduH]: kñúgdMNak;kaldaMduH vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kúg ñ karkarBarkUneQIBIkarbMpøajrbs;ePøgI .
[karRKb;RKg]: edayvaRtUvkarBnøwxaø g M minmanRbtibtþki arBiessNaymYyRtUv)aneFIeV LIg edIm,Ikat;yk
ecjnUvBYkRbKYtRbECg nigkat;eGayRsL³eLIy . RbePTeQIenHduHExñg)anl¥ .

ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14]
karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijrbs;RbePTenH smRsbedayduHCabNþMú . eTaHbI karduHeLIgvijeday FmµCati

RtUv)anCMnYsedaykardak;kUneQI Edl)anbNþHú kñúgfñalk_eday . kMritdMNuHrbs;RKab;BCU Edl
)anRbmUlKWman kMritTab nigbnÞab;BIkareRCIserIsnUvRKab; EdlRtUv)anbMpøajedaystVl¥ti nigkat;saø b
5
ecj BYkvaRtUv)ansabenAkñgú fñal Edlmanmøb; . PaKryénkarduHlUtlas;KW 65-75% [4] .
kardaMedayKl; minTTYl)aneCaKC½yeT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[CMgW]: minTan;manTinn
ñ y½ .
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTenH minTan;RtUvcat;fñak; edayeyagtam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of

Nature) World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook') enAeLIyeT . eTaHbICa
sßanPaBrbs; RtUv)anyl;faCaRbePT EdlRtUvkarykcitþTukdak; species 'of least concern' (LR lc)

. vamanduHlUtlas;enAtMbn; EdlmanskþanuBl edaymacMnYneQId_eRcIn .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]

[ r)a:yelIBiPBelak] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[ RbPBkMeNIt]: PUma km<Cú a Lav éf nigevotNamxagt,Úg .

karnaMclU ]:
[
Cak;EsþgNas; RbePTeQIenHminTan;RtUv)annaMykeTAdaMduHenAeRkA EdnFmµCatienAeLIyeT .

ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
6
p> epSg² :

[9]
Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc,
Wageningen. 251 pp.
[9]
Smitinand, T., Santisuk, T. & Phengklai, C., 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of
mainland South-East Asia. Thai Forestry Bulletin 12: 1-110.
[9]
van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950-. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[9]
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1988. Phnom Penh.
7
Institute.
commercial timbers.
Thailand - http://www.dnp.go.th/Botany (Internet source)
(CD-ROM).

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/Sea/Products/AFDbases/WD/asps/DisplayDetail.asp?Sp
ecID=3150 (Internet source)
[12] van Liere, W.; McNeely, J.A., Agriculture in the Lower Mekong Basin: Experience from
the Critical Decade of 1966-1976: http://www.iucn.org/bookstore/html-books/agriculture-
mekong-basin/cover.html (Internet source, 2005)
[15] WWF - Tropical timbers available in FSC-certified wood:

http://assets.panda.org/downloads/tropical_wood_images.pdf (Internet source)
8
[17] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K.
Panzer).
9
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Shorea siamensis Miq.]

[Shorea siamensis Miq.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Shorea siamensis Miq. [3]

K> sTisn½y ³ Pentacme malayana King,
Pentacme siamensis Kurz,

Pentacme siamensis(Miq.) Kurz,
Pentacme siamensis Var. mekongensis Craib,
Pentacme suavis A.DC.,
Pentacme tomentosa Craib [3]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ balau (Trade name) [5] - meranti teamak, temak batu
(Malaysia) [5] - eng-yin (Myanmar) [5] - h'ang, ph'au (Laos)

[5] - rang, rang khao, lak pao (Thailand) [5] - c[af] ch[aw]c
xanh, c[aar]m li[ee]a (Vietnam) [5]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ p©wkraMg/ raMgPñM

ÉksarBieRKaH : [2]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ phchok reàng, reàng phnum [2, 5]
lMdab; : Malvales
1
ePT : Shorea
RbePT : Shorea siamensis Miq.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQICrM uHsøkw manTMhMmFüm niglUtlas;dl;kBM s;BI 18-27 m [3] (20-25 m [5, 8,
9]) . CaedImeQIRtg; manRBwg nigKµanEmkenAkMBs; 12-15 m [3] edaymanGgát;p©it DBH RbEhl 60 cm
[5] nig viCÄmaRt 100 cm . Bnøk EdlenAx©I RKbedayeramBN’RbepH rW s ragdUcpáa .
[sMbk]: sMbkxageRkAmanBN’RbepH rW exµARbepH Rkas; nigrwg eRbHtambeNþay nigeRCAcMeBaHedImeQI
cas; . sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’Rkhmetñat eTAelOgetñat nigmanpÞkú tanIn 9% [3] .

[søwk]: søkw manTMhM 10-22 x 7-16 cm [9] (9-12 cm x 6-13 cm [5]) rags‘tu FM rWmUl edaymancugRsYc .
søwkx©I manBN’Rkhmetñat maneramragdUcpáay søwkcas;manBN’ébtg dUcRkdas nigrelag
kMrmaneramRkas; mansrésBI 9-16 KU [9] (15 KU [3]) . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2-3.5 cm [3] . p©wkraMg
gayRsYlcMNaM enAeBlsøkw cas;ERbCaBN’RkhmPøW muneBlRCuH . søkw RCuHenAcugEx mkra rW
edImExkumÖ³ nigedImeQImni mansøkw rhUt dl; Exemsa [3] EdlCaeBlsøkw fµ²I cab;epþmI lUtlas; .
enAtMbn;mansMeNIm edImminmansøkw kñgú ry³eBl xøI Etb:ueNÑaH .
[páa]: kenSampáa zitenACaG½kS nigmaneram . páamankøn i nigGgát;pit© 1-2 cm [9] BN’elOgPøW
nigmansñam BN’Rkhm . BYkvatMerobCaenAelIEmkCaragRTEvg mankBa©púM aá BI 5-20 [9] enACitcugEmk
RbEvg 15-25 cm [9] duHenAmunsøkw xI© . RtbkpáamanragCaes<ó eTAeGlIb . RtbkragrmYl nigekag
edaymanekseQµal cMnnY 15 [3] EdlPa¢b;nwgftTaMg 2 nigeks 10 enAxageRkA nig 5 kñúg [9] .
bMBg;eks manragEvg minesµIrKña nigsrés filaments xøI . ekseQµal manragmUl ragdUcsrés

nigman stigma cMnYnmYy . páaecjenAEx mina [3] .
[Epø]: EpøTMu BIEx ]sPa dl; mifuna [3] . EpøCaEpøsÜ¶t ragmUl nigTTwg 1.4-1.6 cm edaymankMBlU Evg .
EpøduH lUtlas;Evg nigmanTgRkas; nigsøabFM . EdlmancMnnY 3 enAxageRkA mankMBUlminRsYc
nigRbEvg 5 cm [3] ( 12 x 1.3 cm [8], 5-8 x 1-1.5 cm [9]) . BIrxagkñúg manRbEvg 0.75-1.25 cm [3] (2-5
x 1 cm [9]) nigzitenACarages<ó .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQIRsay nigeQIxwmø manlkçN³xusKña . eQIRsaymanBN’RbepH eTAetñat rW Rkhm

eQIxwømmanBN’elOgetñat nigbþrÚ CaRkhmetñat rW etñatcas; manvaynPaBmFüm . kñúgkareRbobeFob
nwg RbePT dipterocarps epSgeTot eQImanlkçN³rwg nigFn;Cag b:Eu nþkF_ n;CagpgEdr .
karsakl,genA kEnøgkb;exµac )anbgðafavaGacFn;)andl; 270 Ex . TUrfePøgI
EdlminmaneRbIsarFatukarBar GacCab;)an 15 qñaM [3] . dg;seIu teQI 0.7-1.09 g/cm³ enAkMritsMeNIm
15% [5] (0.7-0.98 g/cm³ [3], 1.02 g/cm³ [4]) nig 0.913 g/cm³ enAkMritkMedA 12% mc [3] .
lkçN³sMxan;epSgeTot : PaKrykMritrYj (BIRss;eTAs¶tÜ ): 4.2% (radial), 9.8% (tangential), 14.3%

(volumetric) . kMritqøgkat;rbs;seM lg : 902.0 kg/cm² (Rss;), 1,029.6 kg/cm²(sMgYtedayxül;) .
kMritbt;Ebn)an : 141,5 kg/cm² (Rss;), 164,1 kg/cm² (sMgYtedayxül; ) . kMlaMgbMEbkx<sb; Mput :

480.5 kg/cm² (Rss;), 561.7 kg/cm² (sMgYtedayxül;) [3] . vaGacsMgYtedayyWt²
nigépÞeQIGaceRbHEbk . karGar nigeRbI mankarBi)ak nigvak_Fn;nwgkareFIRV bRBwtþkmµpgEdr

eTaHya:gNa vaBi)akeFIkV arduHxat;bnþci . eQIp©wkraMgmanpÞkú tanIncMnnY 6% [8] .
RbEhl : 23°N eTA 5°N [7] . p©wkraMg EtgduHCaRkum enAtMbn;\NÐcÚ ni éf nig]bTIbV ma:eL . dUcp©wkEdr
vaduHlUtlas;enAkñgú éRBel,aH dipterocarp nigtMbn;éRBricril . enAkñgú éRB dipterocarp s¶Üt

vamanduHlay CamYy D. tuberculatus, D. intricatus, D. obtusifolius nig Shorea obtusa . éRBTaMgenH
RtUv)ancat;faman cMnYnRbePTTab mankenSamsøwkebIk nigedImeQIkMBs;BI 8 eTA 25 m [10] . RbePT
dipterocarp Edllb; GacsmrbeTAnwgePøIgeqH . enAtMbn;éRBricril vaCaRbePTlb;
EdlduHCamYyRbePT Shorea obtusa rW Pinus keysia .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10]
3
p©wkraMgduHlUtlas;BkI rM itnIv:TU wksmuRT dl;krM itry³kMBs; 1,000 m [5, 8] . vacUlcitþGakaFatumsU gu RtUBik

eday mankMritTwkePøóg 1,250 eTA 2,000 mm/qñaM [11] EdlmanrdUvR)aMg nigvsSa dl;ry³eBl 6 Ex [11]
. enAeBlvaeBjv½y vaGacFn;nwgePøgI eqHeTotpg .
mindUcRbePT dipterocarps PaKeRcIn vaGacrs;enAelIdmI insUvmanCICati . vasmrbeTAnwglkçxN ½ Ð

raMgs¶tÜ nigduHelIdIrak; manfµxSac; dI limestone edaymankMritGasIut rW pH NWt .
[eQI]: eQIp©wk nigp©wkraMg RtUv)aneFIBV aNiCk¢ mµTaMgGs;Kña CaeQµaHBaNiCk¢ mµEtmYy (='balau' timber) .
eQIenHmanlkçN³Rss;sa¥ t eRbIsMrab;sN M g;Fn;Rsa nigFn;srM ab;ry³eBlyUr (dUcCa sMNg;s<an
GNþgÚ Er: GNþgÚ eRbg ) CaBiessenAPUma . vaRtUv)aneRbICa srsr TUk n½gÁl CaedIm
nigRtUv)ancat;TukCaeQI EdlmanKuNPaB sMrab;karplitTUrfePøgI .

[Gnupl]: sMbk nigeQImanpÞk ú nUvBI 9% eTA 6% tannin EdleFIeV GayvakøayCaeQImni sUv
mantMélesdækic©.
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
4
RtUv)ancat;fñak;CaeQIRbePTelx 1 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: vaduHlUtlas;enAkñgú éRBel,aH dipterocarp nigtMbn;éRBricril . enAkñgú éRB dipterocarp

s¶Üt vamanduHlay CamYy D. tuberculatus, D. intricatus, D. obtusifolius nig Shorea obtusa .
éRBTaMgenH RtUv )ancat;famancMnYnRbePTTab mankenSamsøwkebIk nigedImeQIkMBs;BI 8 eTA 25 m [10]
. RbePT dipterocarp Edllb;GacsmrbeTAnwgePøgI eqH . enAtMbn;éRBricril vaCaRbePTlb;
EdlduHCamYyRbePT Shorea obtusa rW Pinus keysia .
[kardaMduH]: enAkMLgú eBldaMduH karkarBarePøgI mansar³sMxan;Nas; edaykat;ecjnUvesµA
nigRbePTrukçCati RsTab;eRkamepSgeTot .
[karRKb;RKg]: kUn EdlduHecjBIrWs GacRtUv)anplitmþgmáal . RbePTenH duHExñg)anl¥ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10]
karbnþBUC edayFmµCati edayminmankarCYyBImnusSeLIy . karduHeLIgvij KWmni sUvmaneT

edayPaBraMg s¶Ütmanry³eBlyUr rW kMritePøógFøak;Tab bnÞab;BeI dImeQICrM uHRKab; rbs;va .
RKab;)at;bg;dMNuHya:gelOn nigminduHlUtlas;eT RbsinRCuHenAelIdI Edls¶Üt nigenAhalBnøWéf¶xaø gM .
dUcenH GaRtadMNuHeyageTAtam kMritePøóg . eRkamlkçxN ½ ÐFmµCati kUneQIRtUvkarry³eBlyUr

edIm,IduHlUtlas; nigmanPaBrwgmauM [3] . enAtMbn; EdlEtmanePøgI eqH RbePTenH
duHlUtlas;CaedImtUc² rhUtdl;rWsrbs;varwgmaMu kñúgbeBa©jnUvBnøk EdleFIkV arduHya:gelOn
nigmansMbk EdlGacFn;ngw ePøgI )an . enAtMbn; EdlkarduHeLIgvijTTYlbraC½y RKab;enARss;
RtUv)andaM enAkñgú reNþA .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
5
[CMgW]:minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTenH minRtUv)ancat;fñak; eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature)
World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook') enAeLIyeT . eTaHbI sßanPaB rbs;
vaRtUv)ankMNt;fa CaRbePT RtUv)anykcitþTukdak; species 'of least concern' (LR lc) . vamanduHeRcIn
enAPaKxageCIg nig xageCIgeQogxagekIt én\NÐcÚ ni b:Eu nþvaduH CadMutUc²enAPaKxagt,Úg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMenIt]: PUma km<C

ú a Lav éf ma:eLsIu nigevotNam .
[karnaMcl
U ]: RbePTenH minTan;RtUv)annaMecjeRkA CMrkFmµCatirbs;vaenAeLIyeT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
p> epSg² :
6
[8]
Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc, Wageningen. 251
pp.
[8]
[8]
[8]
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1988. Phnom Penh.
Institute.
7
[5] Soerianegera et al, 1994 . Prosea : Plant Resosurces of South-east asia : (1) Timber
trees : Major commercial timbers
Thailand - www.dnp.go.th/Botany (Internet source)
[7] Sontara, Sou (PNSA), 2006: Own observations.
(CD-ROM).
[11] van Liere, W.; McNeely, J.A., Agriculture in the Lower Mekong Basin: Experience from
the Critical Decade of 1966-1976: http://www.iucn.org/bookstore/html-books/agriculture-
mekong-basin/cover.html (Internet source, 2005)
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Shorea thorelii Pierre]

[Shorea thorelii Pierre]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Shorea thorelii Pierre
K> sTisn½y ³ Shorea argentea, Parashorea laotica [3]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ teng ta ni (general), dang, si, takhian teng, chan,
chan khao, chan tok (Thailand) [3]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ x©Úv/ p©wk]tþm

ÉksarBieRKaH : [9]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ khchow, phchok owdam, khtiaou [5]
lMdab; : Malvales
1
ePT : Shorea
RbePT : Shorea thorelii Pierre
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: p©wk]tþm CaRbePTedImeQICrM uHsøkw EdlmanTMhMFM edaymankMBs; 30-40 m [2] .

BnøkRtUv)anRKbdNþbe; dayeramd_Rkas .
[sMbk]:minTan;manTinñn½y .
[søWk]: søwkmanragCaeGlIbRtEvg edaymanq¥g w søwkCaeRcInenAEpñkxaelI . sésTIBIrzitenA CaKUrEdl

man 10-15 KUr [3, 4] . Tgsøkw manTMhM 1-1.5 cm [3] søwkmragCaes<órdUcExñgenARtg;Kl;Tgsøwk
EdlRKb edayeramBN’tetñatxøI² .
[páa]:BnøkpáamanragdUcs‘tu nigGackøayCarages<ór edayRsTab;páaragdUcs‘ut nigmanBN’seTA Ca
elOg . [ekseQµal]: páanimYy²manekseQµal 30-40 [3] (30-48 [4]) eks edayman reram
Cab;ngw kBa©Mú lMGg. EpñkP¢ab; manragsþcÜ ekageLIgeli nigmaneramrwgcMnnY 2-5 [3] eksjIman
ragCaekan nigmaneram . vacab;epþmI páaBIEx mkra dl;mina . [3]
[Epø]:rdUvEpøKW mkradl;mifuna [3] . Epø ¬rWg¦ manragdUcs‘t u edaymanGgát;pit© 1-1.5 [3] . kBa©MEú pø
maneram nigmaneramtic ehIypÞkú nUvftbIEvg RbEvg 4-7 cm [3] nig BIr xøI RbEvg 3-3.5 cm [3].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
p©wk]tþmCaRbePT\NÐcÚ ni Edlpøas;TIBI xagt,ÚgRbeTsPUma nigkat;tam\NÐcÚ ni CaBiessRbeTsLav

nig elIkElgxageCIgRbeTsevotNam . enARbeTséf vamanedaykMrenAPaK|san b:Eu nþsbM Ur enA
2
Epñkxag eRkamén]bTIbV enH nigRbePTenHmanenAkñgú éRBBak;kNþaleRsag b¤éRBeRsag. vamanduH enA
kñúgéRBeRsag s¶tÜ nig éRBrgkarukran .
edImeQIRbePTenH GacRbTHeXIjenAExSry³TTwg 50 nig 300 m a.s.l [2] . enARbeTséf

p©wk]tþmduHlUtlas;enAx<sC; ag 600 m a.s.l [3] .
enARbeTskm<Cú a RbePTenHRtUv)ankt;Rtafa duHlUtlas;enAdIRkhmEdlmanlkçN³GasIut Edlzit

enA tMbn;)asal; ( basaltic ranges) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
eQI]:eQIRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kargarFn;Rsal nigtUctac .
[
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[Gnupl]:C½rénedImRtUv)anRbmUlsMrab;bt
i karBarTUk . sMbkGacRtUv)anlay CamYyGaharsMrab;
sMlab; emeraK mnusS nigstV ¬RCUk¦ .

ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[
3
CaRbePeQIcMNat;fñak;elx 2 .
lkçN³TUeTA]:enARbeTséf RbePTenHmanduHenAéRBBak;kNþaleRsag rW éRBeRsag . vak_manduHlUt

[
las;enAkñgú éRBeRsagesIm nigéRBricrilpgEdr .

kardaMduH]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[
karRKb;RKg]: minTan;manTinñny½ .
[
F> karGPirkS :
p©wki ]tþmRtUv)ancat;CaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; (CR A1cd [3]) nigKMramkMEhg (EN A1c, C2a [3])
eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) World List of
Threatened Trees. vaeFIk V arpøas;TIya:gTYlMTUlay CamYynwgcMnnY d_tictYcrbs;va . karRbmUlfµ²I enH
manlkçN³eRcInCag kalBIGtItkal .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
4

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
ú a RbeTséf RbeTsLav PaKxagt,ÚgRbeTsPUma nigevotNam .
karnaMclU ]: RbePTenHminTan;RtUv)annaMykecjBItMbn;EdlvaduHlUtlas;edayFmµCatienAeLIyeT .
[
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
p> epSg² :
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] CABI: Forestry Compendium 1998-2000. (CD-ROM).

[2] Dy Phon, P., 2000: Dictionary of Plants used in Cambodia.

http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Shore
a.htm#7.19%20Shorea%20thorelii

5
[5] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English
by K. Panzer).
[6] Leang Horn, 2006: Own observations.
6
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq]

[Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq. [5]
K> sTisn½y ³ Sindora cochinchinensis Baill. [2],
Sindora cochinchinensis H.Baill. [4],
Sindora wallichii var. siamensis (Teijsm. ex Miq.) Barker [6],
Sindora wallichii var. siamensis (Teijsm.) Bak. [3],
Sindora cochinchinensis Baillon (1867) [3, 5]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ sepetir mempelas (Malaysia) [5] - têtê 'hoho (Laos) [5] -
makha-tae, makha-nam, makha-yum (Thailand) [5] - g[uj]

m[aaj]t, g[ox] m[aaj]t (Vietnam) [5]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ kekaH

ÉksarBieRKaH : [2]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ krâkâh' [2, 5]
1
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae
ePT : Sindora Miq.
RbePT : Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq.
[ lkçN³TUeTA]:CaedImeQImanTMhM tUc b¤ mFüm CYnkal FM nigCaRbePTeQIébtgCanic© CaTUeTA

Gacman kMBs;dl; 6-10 m [4] (15 m [5])nigCYnkalGacBI 30-35 m [4, 6] .
edImb:unefñalmanragRtg;RsLÚn eBlxøHFM ragdUcbMBg; nigKµanEmkenAkMBs;RbEhl 12 m [5] (15-25
m [3], 15-20 m [4, 6]) man Ggát;p©it DBH elIsBI 40 cm [5] (80-100 cm [4]) .
kenSamsøwkmanragmUl dUcCaq½Rt niglatRtdag CamYyEmkd_Rkas; . EmkmanlkçN³rwgmaM hab;ENn

rMuedayeram BN’elOgenAeBl duHlUtlas;BnøkEmk dMbUg eRkaymkKµaneram nigmanrun§enAelIsMbk
eQI .
[sMbk]:sMbkEdlx©ImanBN’etñatcas; nigmansñamGuC²BN’RbepH mansñameRbHtambeNþay
nigTTwg CYnkalrebHCapÞaMg² ragRtIekaN b¤kaer . sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’suICm<Ú manséseRcIn
EdlmankMras; RbEhl 1 cm [5] .
[søwk]: søabsøwkmanRbEvg 15-25 cm [3] nigCasøwksmassøabKU cMnYn 6-8 søwk .
søwkmanragdUcs‘ut nigmaneramenAelIépÞTaMgsgçag ¬épÞxagelImaneramtUc²rwg nigxageRkamman

eramtUcTn;¦. cugsøwkman lkçN³RsYc Kl;søwkFMragCaesñót . cMeBaHsés KWRtg; eTAEKmsøwk
séssøwkTaMg BIrtUc b:uEnþ gayEbg Eck enARtg;Kl;énsésEdlmanlkçN³Rkas; nigjwk .
TgsøwkKWmanRbEvgxøINas; .
[páa]:kBa©MúpáamanRbEvg 15-25 cm [4] (10-20 cm [3]) manEmkénkBa©MútUc ragCaG½kS Rtg;
eTalb¤CaKU manBN’etñat nigmaneramenARtg;Exñg b¤EmktUc nigxagelIG½kSrbs;søwk . páamanRbEvg

0.5-0.7 cm [3] (0.7-1 cm [6]) . Rtbkpáa 4 xageRkAmanBN’ébtg CamYynwgeram
2
BN’etñatmas TMrg;CaeGlIb TMhM 7-10 x 4-6 mm [6] TMhMminesµIKña manbnøaCaeRcInduHecjmkeRkA
CitkMBUl nigEtbgðajnUveramCaeRcIn enAxagkñúgRKbedayeramrelagBN’etñat . RsTab;páa xagkñúgman
BN’ébtglayelOg b¤sIuCm<Ú ragCa eGlIbsþÜc TMhM 7-10 x 2-4 mm [6] enAeBls¶ÜtmanBN’sVay
FM edaymancMnukkNþalRkas; . RsTab;páajwkRkas;enAxageRkA enAxagkñúgmanBN’etñat nigKµaneram
. søwkRTnab;páamanTMrg;Cak,alpáa ragdUcs‘ut b¤ebHdUg RbEvg 3-7 mm [6] nigmaneramRkas; .
RTnab;páamanragdUcs‘ut TMhMRbEhl 5 x 2 mm [6] nigmaneramelIépÞTaMgsgçag . TgpáamanRbEvg
2-4 cm [6] nigrMueTAeday eramBN’etñatcas; ya:gRkas; . páanimYy²manekseQµalcMnYn 10 Edl 9
GacbgákMeNIt)an nig 1 kBa©úMlMGg EdlminGac bgá kMeNIt)an . eks EdlGacbgákMeNIt

)anduHP¢ab;eTAnwgKl; edayBIrkñúgcMeNam eksTaMgenaH man RbEvg EvgCageksepSg²eTot KW 1.8-
2.3 cm [3] (15-20 mm [6]) . eksjI minmanTg maneram Rkas; . GUvarImanGUvulcMnYn 3-8
(RKab;minTan;TMu) EdlmanragdUcExSekag Kµaneram nigRbEvg 8-10 mm [6] . sÞihÁma:duHenAxagcug
nigmanragdUcBk .
[Epø]: Epø (EpøKY) manRbEvg 3-5 mm [4] Rtg; nigmanbnøas¥itenAelIépÞsgçag . EpøsMEb:t ragCas‘ut
mineTogTat; b¤ragCaeGlIbsþÜc TMhM 4-10 x 3-8 cm [6] (Ggát;p©it 6 cm [4], 4.5-8 cm [3]),
RbEvg 5-7 mm [6] ragekagdUccMBuHbkSI . EpøRCuHenAeBlTMu manRKab; mYy (RKab;FMBN’exµABI 1-3
[3]). RKab;zitenAEpñkxagelIsMbkya:gFM ragmUl b¤eGlIb sMEb:t TMhM 15-25 x 14-17 mm [6]
(10-12 x 10-11 mm [4]) . sMbkEdls¶Üt ragdUcexñIy nigRbEvg 10-15 mm long [6] (15-20
mm [3]) .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQIRsay manBN’etñatRbepH b¤etñatRsal cMEnkeQIxøwmmanBN’etñat b¤exµAqñÚt² Tn;

nigrwgmFüm TMgn;F¶n;lµm edaymandg;sIuet 0.88 g/cm³ enAkMritsMenIm 12% [5] (0.72-0.83
g/cm³ minsÁal; mc [4]) . vaynPaBKwl¥mFüm nigvamankFn;nwgkarbMpøajrbs;keNþó nigstVl¥it .
3
RbePTeQIenHduHlUtlas;enARbeTséf \NÐÚcin xagt,Úgcin nigxageCIg]bTIVbma:eLsIu .

vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRB dipterocarp suT§ b¤cMruH EdlvaCaRbePTeQImYylb;enAtMbn;éRB dipterocarp
s¶Üt nigmanduHenAkñúgéRBel,aH b¤Bak;kNþaleRsag TaMgéRBbzm nigéRBricril . enARbeTséf
manCaRbePT EdlsMbUr enAkñúgéRBBak;kNþalebIkcMh (semi-open forests)
CaBiessenAPaKxagt,Úg EdlkMBugmankarfycuHenAPaKxageCIgeQogém: . CaTUeTAvaduHlayCamYy
Schima crenata, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Canarium subulatum nig Cratoxylum
polyanthum . RbePTenHRtUv)andaMduHenAkñúgsYnrukçCati (Botanical garden) enARkughan;NUy
nigsYnstVéshÁn [4].
RbePTeQIenHduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;TMnab tameCIgPñM Edlmanry³kMBs; 500 m a.s.l. [5] nigTamTanUv

BnøWxøaMg .
eRCA xSac; dImanN’etñat nigl,aydIRbepH KWsmRsbsMrab;RbePTeQIenH . vak_duHlUtlas;enA

elIdImin sUvmanCICati nig fµpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
4
[eQI]:eQIKWmantMrUvkarx<s;sMrab;karsagsg;CaTUeTA eRKOgsgðarwm kþaRkal kMral Fñwm srsr ka)a:l;

nigvtßúsil,³ edaykan;EtmanlkçN³Rss;s¥at enAeBleRbIR)as;ry³eBlyUr . plitplbnÞab;bnSM
EdlecjBIeQIKW sMrab;karplitFüÚg nigeQIfamBl EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ .
[Gnupl]: Sindora siamensis pþl;nUvC½r EdleRbIR)as;sMrab;bitTUk . EpøGacbriePaK)an nigCYnkal
TMBarCamYysøa b¤CMnYssøa)an . RKab;GacRtUv)anlIg sMrab;eFIVCaEt nigCabEg¥bpgEdr . enARbeTséf

sMbkeQI RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;CaCBa¢aMg nigRClk;BN’sMNaj; sMrab;ensaTRtIeTotpg .
[epSg²]: edImeQIRtUv)andaMsMrab;plþ ;møb; b¤eQIlMGr edaysarEtvamanTMrgRss;s¥at .
eQIRbePTelx 1 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]

[lkçN³TUeTA]: vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRB dipterocarp suT§ b¤cMruH EdlvaCaRbePTeQImYylb;enA

tMbn;éRB dipterocarp s¶Üt nigmanduHenAkñúgéRBel,aH b¤Bak;kNþaleRsag TaMgéRBbzm nigéRBricril
. vaduHlay CamYy Schima crenata, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Canarium subulatum nig
Cratoxylum polyanthum [4] . RbePTeQIenHTamTanUvBnøWxøaMg CamYynwgGRtalUtlas;mFüm
mankMBs; 8 m [4] nigGgát;p©it 10 cm enAGayu 12 qñaM [4] .

[kardaMduH]: minTanmanTinñn½y .
[karRKb;RKg]: minTanmanTinñn½y .
5
F> karGPirkS :

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]:
km<úCa cin éf xageCIgma:eLsIu Lav (Vientiane, Savanna Khet, Saravane and Champassak
provinces) evotNam (Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dac Lac, Lam Dong, Dong Nai, Song Be and Tay
Ninh) .
[karnaMcUl]:
6
p> epSg² :
[ BUC]: "BUCcMnYn GacRtUv)anEckdac;BIKña : var. siamensis and var. maritima (Pierre)

2
K.Larsen & S.S. Larsen eRkammkKWminsUvman b¤mantictYc nigbnøaeRcInelIEpø . " [5].
[kareFIVGtþsBaØaN]:vamanlkçN³Rsedog Afzelia xylocarpa b:uEnþvamansøwkesþIgCag

nigcugsøwkRsYcCag manpáaFM EdlmanRsTab;BN’ébtg b¤Rkhm nigEpøFMKµanbnøa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd
edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-
1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
[5]
de Wit, H.C.D., 1949. Revision of the genus Sindora Miquel (Legum.). Bulletin of the
Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 18: 5-82.
[5]
Desch, H.E., 1954. Manual of Malayan timbers. Malayan Forest Records No 15. 2
volumes. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. 762 pp.
[5]

[5]
Research Institute of Wood Industry, 1988. Identification, properties and Uses of some
Southeast Asian woods. Chinese Academy of Forestry, Wan Shou Shan, Beijing &
International Tropical Timber Organization, Yokohama. 201 pp.
7
[5]
Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (Editors), 1970-. Flora of Thailand. The Forest Herbarium,
Royal Forest Department, Bangkok.
[5]
Whitmore, T.C. & Ng, F.S.P. (Editors), 1972-1989. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for
foresters. 4 Volumes. 2nd ed. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Longman Malaysia SDN
Berhad, Kuala Lumpur.
[5]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[6] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of
Laos and Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically
important species. BLUMEA.
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels]

[Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels [8]
(WorldAgroforestry Centre indicates that the

species name should correctly carry 2 i´s at
the end, all other sources use cumini).
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ black olum tree [12]; Java olum, jambolan [6,9], malabar
plum, [9], Java olum, java plum [6,19] black plum,Indian

blackberry, jambolan plum, Portuguese plum [26].
K> sTisn½y ³ Eugenia cumini (L.) Druce., E. jambolana Lam., Myrtus
cumini L. [8], Jambolifera sinensis Spreng., Syzigium cumini

Skeels (only 1 i at the end); Syzygium jambolanum [26];
Calyptranthes caryophyllifolia (Lam.) Willd., C. oneillii
Lundell, Eugenia caryophyllifoliaSyzygium caryophyllifolium
(Lamb.) DC
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ Pring bai (Cambodia); jamblang, duvet (Indonesia); va, sa,
sa leng, (Laos); jambulana jambulan (Malaysia); thabyay-

hypyoo (Burma); duhat, lomboi (Philippines); wa, hakhipae
(Thailand); vôi rùng (Vietnam [6,8]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RBIg)ay RBIgedaHRkbI

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ pri:ng ba:y, pri:ng dahs krabei [4]
1
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Myrtaceae
ePT : Syzygium Gaertn.[8]
RbePT : Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels [4]
ePT Syzygium KWCaePTd¾FMEdlmancMnYn 1000 RbePT EdlmanenAkñúgRbeTs GaRBic nig tMbn;GasIu

RtUBic. enA\NÐÚcin manRbEhl 70 RbePT enARbeTséf man 80RbePT enA Penisular
RbeTsma:eLsIuman 190RbePT enA Java man 50 RbePT enA Borneo (Kalimantan)man165RbePT
enAhVIlIBIn man180 RbePT nigman 140RbePTenA New Guinea. RbePTmYycMnYn
Epørbs;vaeKykeTAbriePaK ehIymanrsCatiq¶aj; CaBiess S. aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston, S.
cumini (L.) Skeels, S. malaccense (L.) Merr.& Perry nig S. samarangense (Blume) Merr.
& Perry.
[lkçN³TUeTA]:RBIg)ay CaRbePTeQIEdlmansøwkBN’ébtgRKb;rdUv ehIyRCuHsøwkCaRbcaMnUvrdUvR)aMg
nigCaeQIEdlmankMBs; 25-35 m EmkEdlenAtUc manragRCug² .[5,8] CamFümedImmankMBs; 10-

20-30m manGgát;p©it 40-90 cm manEmkTab² nigmankenSamsøk w EbkEmksaxaTMhM 12 m. [6]
[sMbk]: edImRBIg)ay mansMbkesþIg BN’RbepH ehIyrbkeRCA nigsMbkxagkñúgmanBN’
RkhmRsal. TgsøwkmanRbEvg 0.6-2.8 cm .[5,8] sMbk rageRKImehIyBN’RbepHcas;enAEpñkKl;
nigEpñkxagcug manBN’RbepHRsalehIyrelag.[6]
[søwk]: søwkRBIg)ay manragCaeGlIb b¤ ragdUcs‘utRTEvg man 6-13, (9-14) by 3-7, (3.5-6.0) cm
ragdUcs‘ut ehIyRTEvg EdlcugsøwkmanragTal Kl;søwkmanerovRsYc ehIymansñamGuC² [5]

manRTnugxag²cMnYn 7-13 KUr manRTnugEKmsøwk. TgsøwkmanragRsYc ehIymanRbEvg 1.0-1.8 cm
.[5] Kl;søwkmanragdUcekaN EKmsøwkragesþgI ehIyRsYc manRTnugsøwkragerovsþÜcehIyxøI
nigRTnugtUc²cMnYn 19-30KUr.[8] søwk CaRbePTsøwkQm EKmsøwkmanrageBj TMrg;søwkCarageGlIb
b¤dUcs‘utRTEvg EdlmanbeNþayRbEvg 5-25 cm long nigTTwgRbEvg 2-10 cm
2
P¢ab;CamYynwgTgsøwkRbEvg 1.0-3.5 cm EdlmanKl;søwkragerovRsYc nig cugsøwkragTal
EdlEKmxag²esþIg ehIyrelag enAeBlx©ImanBN’ páaQUkx©I bnÞab;mkERbeTACaBN’ébtgcas;
ehIysøwkrbs;vamankiøneRbg enAeBlEdljIeGayexÞc.[6]
[páa]: páamanBN’ ehIyrelag CaRbePTpáacegáam tMerobenAcugGkS½énsøwkRbEvg 3-6 cm
EdlCaFmµtaenAKl;manEmk 2-3. cegáampáamanrag 3RCug páaEdlenAxagkñúgBMumanTg

EtpáaEpñkxag² manTgragsþÜc. RkBMumanRbEvg 4-7 mm. TMrRtbkpáamanRbEvg 6.0-8.5 mm
manragdUcCILÚv tP¢ab;eTA Tgpáa manRtbkpáaFM²cMnYn 4 BT§½CMuvij EdlRtbknImYy²manRbEvg 2.5-4.5
mm. RsTab;páamancMnnY 4 esrI ehIyRkas;. eksreQµalmanRbEvg 7-13 mm
nigbMBg;eksrjImanRbEvg 8.5-15.0 mm.[5] páa manTgRbEvg 5-12 cm páatUc² mankiønRkGUb
nigmanRsTab;páamanBN’RbepH s b¤BN’páaQUk EdlCaTUeTAEtgEtduHenAelIEmkEdlmansøwktic.[6]
kBa©úMpáa2-3 tMerobtKñaenAelIGkS½ manRbEvg 4-10 cm ehIyxøICagsøwk TgpáamanRbEvg 3-10 mm.
sÞbpáamanragRtIekaN manRbEvg 7 eTA 10 mm nigkUnsÞbpáaragRtIekaN manRbEvg 4 eTA 6 mm.
páamanBN’s b¤elOgx©I. TMrRtbkpáamanRbEvg 2.4-5.1 mm nigmanragdUcCILÚv. RtbkpáamancMnYn
4 ragCargVg; b¤mUl EdltP¢ab;KñaedaysarTMrmYy manRbEvg 1.4-2.8 mm
ehIyRtbknImYy²manRkeBjmUlcMnYn 5-19 . eksreQµalmanRbEvg 4-6 mm
e)øaklMGgmanragBgRkeBI RbEvg 0.4-0.5 mm. GUEv man 2-locular EdlmanGUvul 10-18 kñúgmYy
locular nigbMBgeksrjIRbEvg 1.8-6.5 mm.[8]
[Epø]: EpøCaRbePTEpøsac; Eb‘rIRTEvg ragekag BN’RBIgTMuRkemA manRbEvg 1-2 cm (0.5)-1.2-3.5 cm
eBlenAtUcmanBN‘ébtgx©I bnÞab;mkERbBN’eTA sukULaRkem:A.[5] EpømanragekagRTEvg manRbEvg

1-5 cm CaEpøsac;manBN’RBIgTMu manRKab;BN’ébtglayetñat GacmanRbEvg 3.5 cm.[6]
EpømanragCaelIb ehIyragekag manRbEvg 8-15 mm manBN’páaQUk ehIyERbCaBN’RkhmRkem:A

b¤k¾exµAenAeBlTMu manRKab;mYyragBgRkeBI. cab;epþImpáanUvExmina dl; emsa nigEpøenAEx mifuna dl;
kkáda ¬CYnkaldl;Ex sIha¦.[8,26] Epøcab;epþImTMu nigFøak;enAMak;kNþalExsIha
eTAdl;Bak;kNþalExkBaØa. lMGgpáa RtUv)ansayPayedaysarXµMú ruy nig xül;. stVsøab
stVkMRbuk nig mnusS EdlPñak;gareFVIeGayRKab;mankarsayPay.[26]
3
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
l,ay Syzygiums maneQµaHGaCIvkmµehAfa Kelat ehIymanTMgn;nUvcenøaHmFüm nig F¶n;.

TMgn;ERbRbYlcab;BI 450-520 kg/m³(TMgn;mFüm) eTA 925-1100 kg/m³(TMgn;F¶n;F¶n);
énGaRtasMenIm 15% vaGaRs½ynwgRbePTl,ayxus²Kña.
plEpøEdlTTYl)an BMu)annaMecjdUcCasac;eQIeT. sac;eQIxøwm rbs;edImRBIg)ay
manBN’RkhmRsal EbkRbepH b¤BN’RkhmRsalEbketñat. sac;eQIrbs;vaBitCamanPaBrwg
nigmanvisalPaBzitezr.I[1] sac;manN’páaQUk rwg nigpþl;nvU RKab;FBaØaCatidl¾ ¥.[8,1]
RBIg)ay manRbPBkMeNItenAtMbn;sab;RtUBic enA Himalayas RbeTs\NÐa sirIlgáa ma:eLsIu

nigGURsþalI CakEnøgEdlmankardaMduHTMhMFM. RBIg)ay RtUvsayPay BI\NÐa nig tMbn;GasIuRtUBic
eTAPUmiPaKxagt,Úg énGaRBic edaysarsMrab;briePaK nig manEpøBN’ sVayEbkRkhmRkem:AKYr
eGayTak;Taj.[26] vamanr)a:ydMNuHya:gTUlMTUlayenAtMbn; Indo-Malayan Lav evotNam
xageCIgRbeTséf[8]. enAtMbn;GasIu )a:KIsßan \NÐa eN)a:l; sirIlgáa b‘Uma: éf s‘Uma:RtaRbeTsma:eLsIu
PIlIBIn GUesGanI GURsþalI Polynesia RbeTs)araMg Madagaskar RbeTsGaemric eknya: karIebon
Florida xagt,ÚgRbeTseRbsIul.[12]
naeBlbc©úb,nñ manduHenAtMbn;RtUBci nig sab;RtUBic.[6] RBIg)ay duHenAkñúgéRB dipterocarp.[1]

vaduHsayPayenAkñúgéRBCaeRcInRbePT dUcCaéRBel,aH nig Bak;kNþalel,aH éRBeRsag éRBCMruHsøwk
nigmanduHmYyenAtMbn;valesµA.[8] krNIBiess duHenAéRBeRsagelIPñMPaKxageCIgRbeTséf.[5] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
RBIg)ay CaRbePTeQIEdlduHenACaRkumenAtMbn;RtUBic nig tMbn;ekþAsab;RtUBic CaBiesstamdgTenø

tMbn;dIesIm nigtMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;Tab.[1] vaduHenAtammat;Tenø nigTMnabtMbn;RtUBic
enAry³kMBs; x<s; 600 m. vanwgminpþl;EpøeTebIvaduHenAry³kMBs;x<sC; agenH
b:uEnþvaduHenAry³kMBs;Gac rhUt 1800 m b:uEnþplþ ;plEtsac;eQImYymuxb:ueNÑaH.
RBIg)ayduHlUtlas;l¥enAtMbn;Edl manCatiTwk 1000 mm/m² b¤eRcInCagenH enArdUvR)aMg
4
b:uEnþnwgkarlicTwkry³eBlyUr.[6]. vaGacduHlUtlas;enA ry³kMBs;cab;BI 0-1100 m [8]
b:uEnþRbEhlGacrhUtdl; 1800 m [12] manCatiTwkBI 500 eTA 4000 mm/m² enArdUvR)aMg
nigmansItuNðPaBmFüm 25-27 ºC. vaduHenAelIdIGasIutEdlmanvaynPaBmFüm b¤dIEdlmanCati
GMbilxniC gayRss;Twk b¤dk;TwkCabeNþaHGasnñEdlTwkGachUrGs;nUvry³eBlkMNt; NamYy.[12]
minTan;manTinñn½y
RBIg)ay duHenAelIdIeRcInRbePTdUcCa dIfµ)ayeRkom dIl,b;Pk; nig dIfµkMe)ar.

vaGacduHenAelIdIEdlsMbUrfµ b:uEnþplþ ;nUvTwkePøøógRKb;RKan;. vak¾GacduHenAelIdIEdlmanCatiGMbil.[1]
RBIg)ay GacduHelIdI\dæs¶tÜ RkhmelOg[7] CaFmµtavaduHenAelIdIEdlsMbUrCICati nig CatiTwk.[26]
[sac;eQI]: sac;eQIrbs;RBIg)ay manlkçN³smRsbsMrab; kargarsMNg;Edlsg;BIeQI

dUcCaeFVIrbg TUreTHePøIg efñIrdak;TMnji cMlak;eQI ]bkN_cM)aMg nigsMPar³eRbIR)as;mYycMnYn.[12]
RBIg)ay GaceRbIsMrab;sagsg;s<an nigTUk. vak¾GaceRbIsMrab;eFVIhÁIta nig ]bkrN_ePøgepSg²eTot.
RBIg)ay manTMgn;BiessEt 0.77 vaeqH)anl¥ nigCaeQIsMrab;eFVGI us nig FüÚg ehIypþl;)anRbEhl 4
800 kcal/kg.[1,7,8,26] RBIg)ay CaRbePTeQIEdlFn;nwgTwk gayrgnUvkarbMpøajBIBBYkkeNþór
ehIyvaCasac;eQIEdlBi)akGar b:uEnþvanwggayRsYlebIeRbIma:sIun vaeRbIsMrab;karsagsg;epSg²dUcCa³

TUk GaKar LaMgeQI ]bkrN_ksikmµ dgrbs;]bkrN_eRbIR)as;epSg² kg;reTH begðóresH sñÚkRCUk ERK
sgðarwm RKab;RBYj nig eFVICaRckedIrkñúgGNþÚgEr:.[26]
[Gnupl]: EpRBIg)ay manCatiCUrtic² ehIyrwg EdlEpøTMu eKbriePaKRss; eFVICaTwkEpøeQI Twkcah‘Yy
b¤Rsa.[6, 19]EpøvaeKcUlcitþjaMu b:uEnþkMrnwgmanlk;enAtamTIpSarkñúgRsukNas;.[7] naeBlbc©úb,nñ

ry³kMBs;TabCag 300 m l¥bMputsMrab;kardaMduH. enA Florida KWCakardaMduHKMrUFmM Yy
5
nigkardaMduHsakl,g nUvtMbn; Mediterranean CaBiessnUv Algeria. [1] Epørbs;vamanrsCatiq¶aj;
b:uEnþEpøEdltUcmanrsCatiBMuq¶aj;eT. RKab;rbs;varagRTEvg rwg nig manCatict;tic².[1]
sMbkrbs;RBIg)ay manpÞúknUvCati tannin nigGacRbmUlyksMbkEdlmanBN’etñat
ykmksMgYtedIm,I RClk;sMNaj;bg;RtI.
søwkGaceFVICacMNIstV. cMENkÉ TwkdmpáasMrab;ciBa©wmXµMú. sMbk eRbIsMrab;RClk;BN’ b:uEnþvak¾Gac
layCamYy nigRKab;sMrab;eFVICa»sf.[6] TwkEdlcMraj;ecjBIswkø eRbICafñaMsMrab;Büa)aleraKraKmYl
nigsMrab;sMGatrbYs enAkñúgRsukvak¾CafñaMsMrab;eraKTwkenamEp¥m.[8] edImRBIg)ay k¾GacduHlay
lMsMrab;eFVICamøb;kñúgcMkarkaehV.[6] RBIg)ay CaRbePTeQIsøwkeRcIn Edlpþl;møb;)anl¥ EdlGac
daMeFVICamøb;dl;edImkaehV sMrab;eFVICamøb;valesµAciBa©wmman; nigvalesµAEdlCacMnIstVepSg²eTot.
vaGaceFVICar)aMgxül;)anya:gl¥ enAeBlEdldaMvaCaCYrCit²Kña. daMRBIg)ayTTYl )aneCaK
Cy½l¥enAtMbn;EdlBMuCaMb¤licTwk. sMrab;kardaMlGM r RBIg)ayCarukçCatilMGr EdlmanRbCaRbiy
PaBbMputenARbeTs\NÐa. enAeBlEdldaMvaCab;²Kña vanwgkøayeTACarbgEdlx<s; nigRkas;bMput.
RBIg)ay CaRbePTrukçCatiEdlmanRbeyaCn_Nas; enAeBlEdlvadaMlayCamYy eck kaehV nig
karkav.[26]
sMbkrbs;RBIg)ayRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;RClk;BN’ nig ]bkrN_sMrab;sMlab;Es,k. sMbk b¤s kUnEmk
søwk nig Epø eRbIsMrab;eFVIC»sfburaN. páaRkBMu k¾dUcCaEkøbpáarbs; S. aromaticum (L.) Merr. &
Perry RtUv )anRbmUleFVICaeRKOgRkGUb nig eRKOgeTs.[16]
BMumancMNat;fñak;
RBIg)ay eKBMuEdleFVICacMkareT.[1] RbsinCa daMedImRBIg)ayeFVICaeQIlMGr KYrdaM

elIkEnøgEdlmanRbEvg 12 eTA 14 m nig 6 m sMrab;eFVICar)aMgxül;.
RBIg)ayCaRbePTeQIEdlduHlUtlas;elOn ehIyEtry³eBl 2qñaMkUneQIGacduHlUtlas;kBM s;)an 4
m. kalBIburaN edImrbs;vaeRbICafñasM Mlab;stVl¥it.[26] ehIyenArdæ Florida
RBIg)ayRtUv)aneKcat;TukCafñaMsMlab;stV l¥it[9,25]. RBIg)ay
6
mankarduHlUtlas;elOnKYreGaykt;sMKal; nigEmkmYycMnYnFM duHya:gelOn edayERb
køayBIEmktUc²eTACaKl;FM². manduHExñgenAtamtYedIm Edlry³eBl 4 qñaMduH)anRbEvg 4.6 m
nigedImmYyGacduHExñgeRcInCag 30 EdlBak;kNþallub. edImmankarduHlUtlas;elOnbnÞab;BieFVIkar
éRkEmk nigdkecalnUvkUneQIEdlCH\T§iBlGaRkk;dl;el,ÓnénkarduHlUtlas;rbs;va. RBIg)ay
RtUvkarBnøW CaBiessenAdMNak;kalEdlvaenAtUc eBlEdlkUneQImankarRbmUlpþúMeRcInenAkñúgéRB
vaGacduHlUtlas;)aneRkamBnøWlµm. vagayTTYlrgnUvkarbMpøaj. cUreRbIfñaMKImIkMcat;stVl¥it
edIm,IkarBardgáÚvemGMe)A.
rebobrkSaRKab;TukmandUcteTAKW³ RKab;GacduHBnøk)anl¥enAeBlEdlvaenARss;
b:uEnþGaRtadMNuHnwg)at; bg;enAeBlEdlrkSaRKab;TukedaycMhrenAkñúgbnÞb;ry³eBl 2 s)aþh¾.
CamFümRKab;mancMnYn 1200-1 800 RKab;/kg. enAeBlEdlRKab;enARss;vanwgduHBnøk)anl¥
b:uEnþGaRtadMNuHgaynwg)at;bg;ya:gqab; rhs½. kardaMduH CaFmµtaeFVIeLIgedayeRbIR)as;RKab;
b¤edaybgáat;Bnøk. sMrab;kardaMduHeFVCI acMkarEpøeQI vaTamTaTIFaø RbEvg 12 m eTA 14 m.[1]
cMeBaHkarlUtlas;edayFmµCati rbs;RBIg)ay TamTaeGayman kar karBarkaT®nÞanrbs;ePøIgeqHéRB.
kUnRBIg)ay duHlUtlas;)anl¥enAkEnøgEdlRslH dUecñHehIyebIenA BIelImanr)aMgRtUveFVIkarruHerIecj.
RBIg)ay eFVIkardaMduHedaysabedaypÞal; kUneQI ekasika karbMe)AedayExñg sÞúMedIm bgáat;Bnøk
nigedayedatb¤sEdl)anmkBIkarbgáat;. edayBMucaM)ac;eFVIRbRBwtþikmµRKab;enAkñúgfñalsabeT.
bnÞab;BIRbmUlRKab;)anPøam CaFmµtaRtUvsabenArdUvvsSa kñúgCMerA 2-2.5 cm
Bnøknwgcab;epþImduHenAry³eBl 2-4 s)aþh_ nigmanGaRtadMNuHBI 20-90%.

kUneQIcab;epþImduHenAry³eBlya:gyUr 6-9 s)aþh_ kñúgfñalsab TMhM 30 x 30 cm.
sMrab;karduHlUtlas;rbs;kUnRBIg)ay CacM)ac;RtUvkarsMenImCagmøb; nigduHlUtlas;l¥enAeRkamBnøW
dUcenHvaTamTadIEdlrkSasMeNIm ehIykUneQInwgsøab; eBlEdkva duHenAkñúgmøb;nigenAelIdIs¶Üt.
kUnRBIg)ay gaynwgrlYysøab;eBlEdlvaduHenAelIdI EdlmanesµAduHeRcIn. kUnEdlsab
mankarduHlUtlas;elOnCagkUneQI. kUneQIEdlmanGayu 1-3 qñaMGacykeTdaMenAcMkar
b¤TIval)anedayBMucaM)ac;ykcitþTukdak;kúgñ karEfTaMx<s.; [26]
7
RBIg)ayminEmnCaRbePTEdlgayrgeRKaHfñak;enaHeT pÞúymkvij enARbeTsCamYycMnYnvakøay

eTACaeQIEdl\tRbeyaCn_ BIeRBaHEtkarlUtlas;rbs;va manduHExñgya:gqab;rhs½
(emIlkMNt;sMKal;enABIeRkam V. Miscellaneous).[9] RBIg)ay TTYlrgnUv
karrukranBICMgWmYycMnYndUcCa³ sñamGuC²es,atBN’s²enAelIsøwk nigmanecjCr½enAelICalikasøwk.
manpSitBN’exµAenAelIsøwk dgáÚvsIusøwk stVl¥itsIusbM k nigmanécrMxandl;edIm.[26]
enARbeTs\NÐa RtUv)aneKkt;sMKal;faedImRBIg)ay mankarbMpøajrbs;stV nigpSitmYycMnYn.
cMnYnstVl¥itTaMgGs;enaHmandUcCa³ Apotomorhinus cribratus; Batocera rufomaculata,
Curculio c-albumnig Meridarchis reprobata. cMeBaHBBYkpSitmandUcCa³ Botryotinia fuckeliana,
Fomes caryophylli, Trametes corrugata BBYk)a:ra:sIutmandUcCa³ Loranthus sp., Parotis
marginata, Helicotylenchus indicus nig Sitophilus rugicollis.
BMumanBt’mancMeBaHTMhMénkarbMpøaj nig karkarBarrbs;BBYkTaMgenHeT.[12] xageRkamenH

KWCakarGegáténkarbMpøajrbs;BBYkstVl¥itmYycMnYn enARbeTsma:eLsIumandUcCa³ Agyroploce
mormopa CadgáÚvemGMe)AEdlrMxanRtYy rbs; S. polyanthum;Coccus viridus
ciBa©wmCIvitenAelIkUneQI Acarina mites nig Alcides patruelis CakUnjas; Edlrs;enAelIkUnEmk
nigBBYkstVl¥itsøabrwg EdlecaHrn§enAEpñkEdlBukpuyénkUnEbk. BBYkkeNþór
KWCastVl¥itEdlbMpøajya:gF¶n;F¶elIkUneQItUc² nigstVl¥itepSg²eTotEdlrYmTaMg RsemacePøIg nig
Saissetia eugeniae.[16]
F> karGPirkS
8
RBIg)aymanRbPBkMeNItenAtMbn;sab;RtUBic Himalayas RbeTs\NÐa sirIlgáa tMbn; Malesian
nigRbeTsGURsþalI;. EtnaeBlbc©úb,nñmandaMenAeRkABItMbn;RtUBci nig sab;RtUBic.[6]
p> epSg² :
RBIg)ayRtUv)aneRCotERCk nigrgnUvkarrMxanBIRbePTmYycMnYn enA Florida Gaemric nigEpñkmYycMnYnén

RbeTsepSg²eTot.[9] RBIg)ayRtUv)aneKeXIjduHenAkEnøgxus²KñaCaeRcInkEnøg CakEnøgEdlvaGac
ecj pþl;plCaEpø k¾dUcCadaMeFVICaeQIlGM rsMrab;TajykpleQIeRbIR)as;. vaGacduHlUtlas;enAlay
lMCamYy RbePTepSg²eTotenAkñúgéRBRkas;. TMlab;enH)aneFVIeGayduHratt,atenA Hawai
CakEnøgEdlkarBar sMrab;tMbn;éRBTMnabRbPBkMeNIt nigkan;EtrIkdalkan;EtxøaMgenAelIekaH Cook
nigenA Polynesia RbeTs)araMg. RbePTeQIenHBMu)aneFVIkar)a:n;RbmaNsMrab;kar RKb;RKgCIvsa®sþeT
b:uEnþvaRbWgERbglUtlas;CamYyfñaMsMlab;stVl¥it edImI,vatTI Hawai. [25]
Chaturvedi AN, 1984: Assessment of Biomass Production. Indian Forester 110(8):726-

735.
Chandhuri AKN, Pal S, Gomes A, Bhattacharya S, 1990: Anti-inflammatory and related

actions of Syzygium cumini Skeels seed extract. Phytotherapy Research 4(1):5-10; 24
ref.
Clark WC, Tharman RR, eds, 1993: Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for
sustainibility. Tokio, Japan, UN University Press x+297 pp.
Gupta RK, 1993: Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation. xv+562
pp; 18 ref.
Jackson JK, 1987: Manual of afforestation in Nepal. Nepal-UK Forestry Research Project.
Khanna RK, 1991: Chemical examination of the essential oil from the leaves of Syzygium
cumini Skeels. Indian Perfumer 35(2):112-115; 5 ref.
Little EL. 1983: Common fuelwood crops. Communi-Tech Association, Morgantown, West
Virginia.
9
Luna RK, 1996: Plantation Trees. Plantation Trees xii + 975 pp.(ref at ends of sections).
Mohammad M, Wickham LD, 1996: Compositional changes in jamoon (Eugenia cumini)

fruits during storage. Tropical Fruits Newsletter No 18:3-4; 13 ref.
Sagwal,SS, 1994: Trees on marginal lands: Afforestation techniques and systems. xvii+
269 pp; 11 pp. of ref.
Siddiqui MA, Alam MM, Saxena SK, 1988: Seasonal fluctuations of plant-parasytic
nematodes associated with certain fruit trees. International Nematology Network
Newsletter 5(2):22-23; 1 ref.
Little EL. 1983 Common fuelwood crops. Communi-Tech Association, Morgantown, West
Virginia.
Sultan Singh, Singhrot RS, 1984: Studies on the propagation of jaman Syzygium cumini
Skeels).I. Effect of sowing depth on seed germination and seedling growth. Haryana
Journal of Horticultural Science 13(3/4):123-126; 2 ref.
Sumana DAS, Banerjee, AK, 1995: Studies on Syzygium cumini seed oil. J. of the Oil
Technologists´ Association of India 27(4):243-244;7 ref.
Jackson JK, 1987. Manual of afforestation in Nepal. Nepal - UK Forestry Research

Project.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Italy, 177 pp.


10
7) Lehmann, L.,Grejmans, M. and Shenman,D., 2003: Forest Trees of the

Central Highlands of Xieng Khouang,Lao P.D.R. – A field guide. DANIDA-DED-
NAWACOP, Vientiane-Laos. 246 pp.

species.BLUMEA J. Plant Tax. and Plant Geogr. 49(2004) p. 201-349 pp., Univ.
Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands.


pp.
11
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston]

[Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston [6]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ rose apple, malabar plum [6]
K> sTisn½y ³ Eugenia jambos L. [6],
Caryophyllus jambos Stokes,

Jambosa jambos Millsp.,
Jambosa vulgaris DC [20].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ pomme rose, jambosier (French), poma rosa, jamun
(Spanish); cham´pu (Cambodia); jambu air mawar, jambu

mawar, jambu craton (Indonesia); chièng, kièng, (Laos);
jambu kelampok, jambu mawar (Malaysia); thabiyu-thabiye
(Burma); chomphu-nam dokmai, manomhom, yamu-panawa
(Thailand); ly, bô dào,roi, gioi (Vietnam [2,6,8].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Cm<Ús

ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ chumpu:sâ [4]
lMdab; : Myrtales
1
RKYsar : Myrtaceae
ePT : Syzygium Gaertner [8]
RbePT : Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston [8]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4; 11 ]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQItUc ébtgCagnic© mankMBs;BI 5-10 m kenSamsøwkFM nigRkas; . edImmUl

manlkçN³rmYl enAKl; manGgát;p©itBI 10 - 20 cm [1] . edImeQItUc mankMBs;BI 6-15 m
nigGgát;p©it 20-40 cm [2] . CaedImeQIébtgCanic© kMBs;dl;eTA 10 m nigGgát;p©it 50 cm in
manEmkTab edaymankenSamsøwkRkas; edImragsIuLaMg Bhuekan enAeBltUc nigrmYlenAKl; [6] .
edImeQIGacman kMBs;dl;eTA 15 m . EmkmanlkçN³sþcÜ rW duHeRcInRCug [2,8] .
[sMbk]: BN’etñat mansñameRbHCaeRcIn nigrelag enAcenøaHsñameRbH [1] . manBN’ébtgcas; [2]
. sMbkBN’etñat relag mineRbH[6] . sMbkBN’eRbH rW etñatRsal [8] .

[søwk]: søwkQmKña RTEvg BN’ébtgcas; PøWrelag mansñamGuC²føa CaeRcIn RKbedaysñamelIsøk w
EdleFVIeGayvamanBN’cas; [1] . søwksamBaØ QmKña bnÞHsøwkrwg RsedogEs,k ragRTEvg RsYc
manRbEvg 10-20 cm nigTTWg 2.5-5.0 cm . srésEvg zitenACaKUr EdlmancMnYnBI 16-18 KUr
zitenA tKñaCitCaysøwk . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 1 cm mansñamføa² mankøinenAeBlkMBuglUtlas; [2,13]
. søwkman RbEvgBI 12-20 cm RsYcenAKl; mansésEvnmmçag ² cMnYn 11-14
nigsrésEv:nCaysøwk 1-2 søwktUc manlkçN³sMEb:t [5] . søwkQmKña manragRTEvg manbeNþay
9-26 cm nigTTwg 1.5-6.0 cm esþIg RsedogEs,k manlkçN³dUcesñókenAKl; RsYccug
manBN’ébtgcas; PWørelagenAEpñkxagelI nig manRKab;tUc²enAxageRkam cMnYnBI 5-6

kMrmanTgsøwkRbEvg 13 mm [6,13] . søwkmanragmUltUc TMhM 8-20 x 1.5-5.0 cm RsYc ragmUl
srésEv:nbnÞab;mancMnnY (secondary veins) 11-18 KUr nigman srésEv:ncenøaHCaysøwk BI 1 rW 2
[8] .
[páa]: páamanBN’elOgRsal rW sIC u MBU mankøinRkGUb manRsTab; nigRtbkFM²cMnYn 4 .

køinrbs;vaRsedog páakUlab . páatMerobenAelIG½kSragsMEb:tcMnYn 4-5 [1] . páamanBN’ébtgRsal
2
zitenACakBa©Mú rW cegáam enAelIG½kS . páamanGgát;p©it BI 4-5 cm . BnøkmanragmUl manRtbkpáacMnYn
4 . manRsTab;páa cMnYn zitenACaesrI ragekageTAxagkñúg nigRCuHCabnþbnÞab; . ekseQµaleRcIn esrI
duHenABIelI . e)øakeks manragmUlRTEvg . eksjIzitenAeRkamRtbk edaymanRbehagenAkMBUl

Tgeksekag nigmanlkçN³ EvgCagTgekseQµal [2] . páamanBN’s eTAelOgRsal
manRtbkdUcEBg manRbEvg 12-14 mm RsTab;páaRbEvg 15-17 mm eksenAxageRkAmanRbEvg
33-37 mm TgeksjIdl;eTA 43 mm [5] . kenSampáa manRbEvg 5-10 cm k,alsMEb:t
duHecjBIkMBUl rW enARCugmçagrbs;søwk manpáaBI 4-5 (-10) -BN’s rW ébtgRsal manTTwg 5-10 cm

manpáacMnYn bYnEpñk (4-merous) edaymanekseQµal RbEhl 400 EdlmanRbEvg RbEhl 4 cm
[6] . Tgrbs;vamanRbEvg 7-14 mm . páamanBN’s rW elOgRsal edaymanTgtUc RbEvg 3-13
mm . manragdUcEBg RbEvg 12-14 mm TMrg;dUcCILav . Pseudostipe RbEvg 4-6 mm .
RtbkpáacMnYn 4 Bak;kNþalmUl RbEvg 5-8 mm . RsTab;páacMnYn 4 ragmUl RbEvg 15-17 mm

Kl;Rkas; manekasikaRbEhl 200 zitenAelIRsTab; . ekseQµalxageRkA manRbEvgRbEhl 16-
37 mm e)øakeksrageGlIb RbEvg 1.0-1.2 mm . GUvarI manftcMnYnBIr nig GUvul cMnYn 28
kñúgmYyft TgeksjImanRbEvg 27-43 mm [8] .

[Epø]: mankøinRkGUb BN’elOg CYnkal manBN’RkhmeBOg² ragmUl rW RTEvg manGgát;p©it 3-5 cm
. mansac;tic²enACMuvij edaymanRKab; 1-2 . EpøecjeRcInenAkMLúgrdUvekþA b:uEnþkarecjpáa

nigEpøGacecj eBjmYyqñaMpgEdr [1] . EpømanlkçN³CaEpøsac; mUlbnþic rW RTEvg manTTwg 3-4 cm
edaymanRsTab; páaCab;mkCamYy nigmanRKab; 1-2 [2] . EpømanRbEvgBI 5-6 cm BN’sIuCm<ÚRsal
sMbUrTwk [5] . EpømUl eTA RTEvg manGgát;p©itBI 2.5-5.0 cm B½T§eTAedayRtbk 4 mUl
BN’elOgRsal CYnkalsIuCm<Ú mankøin edaymansac;BN’elOgragsIuCMBU enACMuvij nigRKab; 1-2(-4)
BN’etñat manGgát;p©it 1.0-1.5 cm [6] . EpøRkas; ragmUl manGgát;p©itBI 3-6 cm

BN’sIuCMBURsalenAeBlTMu . manRKab;BI 1 - 2 [8] . páa nig EpøecjeBjmYyqñaM [1] .
ecjpáaBIExemsa-mina nigEpøBIExkkáda-sIha [2,8] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIxøwmmanBN’etñatcas; nigrwg . vaminFn;nwgkareRbIR)as;enAhalvaleT niggayRtUv)an

bMpøajeday keNþó . vaGacpþl;eQIsMrab;karsagsg enAeBlEdlmanGgát;p©itFM .
vapþl;pll¥sMrab;CaGus rWFüÚg [1].
3
duHlUtlas;enATUTaMgtMbn;ma:eLs‘an rhUtdl;\NÐcÚ in nigRtUv)andaMduHenAPaKxaglicekaH\NÐaGs;

ry³eBl 300 qñaMmkehIy . manduHenATUTaMgRtUBki nigduHlUtlas;CaFmµCatipgEdr . mandUcCa cin
km<úCa Lav evotNam [8] b:uEnþk_manduH enAGaemrik xagt,Úg nigGaRhVcpgEdr .
CaedImeQImanRbPBenAtMbn;RtUBik b:uEnþRtUv)andaMduHenAGnutMbn;RtUBik Edlmanry³kMBs;dl;eTA 1200

m EdlmanGakasFatuesIm [6] . Cm<ÚsCaRbePT EdlduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs;Tab .
vaduHlUtlas;l¥ enAtMbn;GakasFatuRtUBikesIm rW tMbn;enACitRcaMgTenø [1] .

vaCaRbePTeQIcUlcitþlmøb; nigGacFn;nwgPaBraMgs¶Üt nigsItN u ðPaBTab [1].
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
duHlUtlas;enAelIdImanCatiGasIutexSay niglicTwktictYc [6] . GacduHsMeNIm

nigdIeRCAenAEk,mat;Tenø RtUvkarBnøW enAeBleBjv½y kMritry³kMBs;dl;eTA 300 m[8] . Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[eQI]: eQiRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;plitsMPar³eRbIR)as;xagkñúgpÞH nigsMNg; vakMrGacmanGgát;p©it Edlsm

Rsb sMrab;kareRbIR)as; . vaRtUv)anbMpøaj edaykeNþó b:uEnþGaceRbIsMrab;CaGusdut nigFüÚg [1,8] .
edImeQIeFIVkarduHExñgya:gelOn bnÞab;BkI arkat;edIm nigRbmUlpleQItUc²sMrab;CaeQIfamBl [20] .
[Gnupl]: EpømanrsCatiEp¥mq¶aj; [2] . vaminsUrmanrs;Catixøag M eT nigRtUv)anykeTAeFIVCadMNab;
edIm,I eGayTuk)anyUr [1,6) . vaRtUv)ankMNt;faCaPñak;garpþl;nvU lMGr edaysarEtkMrit pectin x<s;
4
nigpþl;nUv TwkdmeTAeGayXµMú nigRtUv)andaMduHCaeQIlGM rEfmeTotpg [1] . EpøRtUv)ankincMraj;ykTwk
EdlmanKuN PaBx<s; nigeRbg EdlRtUv)anlk;eTAeGay]sSah_kmµplitTwkGb; [6] .
sMbkRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;sMlab; Es,k nigplitl½kç [6].
EmktUc² KWGacbt;Ebn)an dUcenHBYkvaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVCal¥IsMrab;dak;sár nigmantMél enARbeTs
eBrU sMrab;vijeFIVCak®nþk; FM² [20] .
Cm<Ús RtUv)andaMduHCaeQIlMGr nigeQIsMrab;ciBa¢wm XµúM enARbeTsevotNam
vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;Car)aMg xül; nigTb;karhUreRcaHenAtammat;smuRT [2,8] .
karBüa)alGacRtUv)aneFIVeLIgtamry³karcMraj;ykfñaMBIRKab; . b:uEnþGacmankarBul pgEdr .
minmankar RsavRCavGMBIkMritGasIut hydrocyanic enAkñúgrWs søwk nigedImrbs;vaeT . sarFatu
alkaloid RtUv)anrk eXIjenAelIsMbk nigrWs EdlRtUv)ancat;TukfamanCatiBul [20] .
[epSg²]: enA\NÐa EpøRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaeKOgelIkkMlaMg sMrab;Cn M YyxYrk,al nigeføIm . Twkrbs;Epø

RtUv)aneRbIsrM ab;bBa©úHTwkenam . cMEnkpáaRtUv)aneCOfaGackat;bnßyRKunekþA . RKab;GaceRbIRbcaMg
karraK eraKrakmYl nigpþaysay . enA Nicaragua vaRtUv)anGHGagfamanRbeyaCn_sMrab;
CMgWTwkenamEp¥meTot pg . søwkRtUv)anes¶ar eRbIlabenAeBlQWEPñk nigbBa©úHTwkeanm
nigBüa)aleraKsnøak; . Twkrbs;søwk RtUv)anbriePaKsMrab;Büa)alRKun . emSArbs;søwk
GaclabeTAelIxøÜnGñkekItGutsVaytUc² sMrab;eFIVeGayRtCak; . sMbkmanpÞúktanIn 7-12.4% .
vak_GaceRbICafñaMeFIVeGayk¥Üt nigbBa©úH . vaRtUv)aneCOfa Gackat;bnßyeraKhWt eraKrlakTgsYt
nigkars¥k . RbCaCnKuy)a eCOfa rWsrbs;vaGac Büa)alCMgWqáÜtRCUk rW sán; .
CaTUeTA RtUv)andaMCaeQIhUbEpø enAtamPUmi nigcMkar [8] karbnþBUCedayRKab; rW pSaMu .

kMritdMNuHrbs;RKab; KWx<s; nigRKab;duHlUtlas;ya:gelOneRkayeBlRbmUl .
GacduHnUvGMRb‘yÍ :ugya:geRcIn . kUneQIduHlUtlas;enAkñúgmøb; b:uEnþGacRtUvkarBnøWenAeBlFM .
5
enAdMNak;kallUtlas;dbM Ug kUneQIRtUvkar kareRsacTwk nigmøb;RKb;RKan;
ehIyRtUv)anykeTAdaMenAcenøaH 5 m x 6 m ebImindUcenHeT karduHlUtlas; nwgmankMrityWt [1].
RbePTenHGacRtUv)anbnþBUCtamry³ kUn rW karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁrukçCati tamry³karpSaMu (1) . Cm<Ús

PaKeRcIn duHlUtlas;BIRKab; EdldaMenAkñúgfg; (pþl;BnøkkUnBI 1 eTA 3 edIm) b:uEnþkUneQImanlkçN³
nigGtþcritmindUcKñaeT . enA\NÐa karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ RtUv)aneFIVeLIg edayeFVIkarEklMGreGayman
lkçN³sþg;da nigeRCIsnUvedImEdlmankMBs;Tab . enAkñúgkarBiesaFn_eday karb:HBnøk
TaMgkarb:HCabnÞH nigragGkS "T" RtUv)aneFIVeLIg . enAPaKxaglic Bengal karbMe)A
KWmankarniymNas; nigRtUv)aneFIVenAEx kkáda nigRtUv)anykeTAdaMenAEx tula nigvicäikar .
Cm<ÚsmankarbMpøajBIBBYkstVl¥itmYycMnYn . vargnUvkareFIVeGaymansñamGuC²elIsøwkeday
Cercospora sp., Gloeosporium sp., nig Phyllosticta eugeniae; algal leaf spot (Cephaleuros
virescens); black leaf spot (Asterinella puiggarii); nig anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata)
. BBYkeFIVeGay rlYyrWs Fusarium sp., nigpSiteFIVeGayrlYyrWs (Armillariella tabescens)

eFVIkarvayRbhar edImeQI [12].
F> karGPirkS
6
manduHesÞIrEtenARKb;RbeTséntMbn;RtUBik nigGnutMbn;RtUBki enAelIdImanCatiGasIut nigtMbn;esIm
nigmandIeRCA enACitmat;Tenø Edlmanry³kMBs; 300 m.
p> epSg² :
mankarTak;TgnwgRbePT Syzygium aromaticum EdlBnøkpáa Edls¶ÜteFIVCafñaMsW<k [9] .

ehIyRbePT EdlplitKWmandUcCa ekaH Reunion, Zansibar nig Madagascar [9].
Guzman et al. (1996)
Verheij EWM,& Colonel, RE, Eds. 1991: Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No.2 Edible
fruits and nuts.Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Crane E, Walker P 1984; Pollination directory for world crops. International Bee Research
Association. London, Great Britain
Francis JK,1990; Syszygium jambos (L.) Alston. SO-ITF-SM 26, Rio Piedras. Institute of
Tropical Forestry.
Troups, RS 1975: Silviculture of Indian trees. ed.2,1,Government of India.

Streets RJ, 1962: Exotic trees of the Britisch Commonwealth. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Italy, 177 pp.

Hanoi, 788 pp.
7


Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands.


pp.
8
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Tamarindus indica L]

[Tamarindus indica L]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Tamarindus indica L. [2]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ tamarind, tarmarind [2], Indian date, madeira mahogany,
tamarind tree [7], Indian tamarind [8]
K> sTisn½y ³ Tamarindus occidentalis Gaertn.,
ÉksarBieRKaH [4],
Tamarindus officanalis Hook.
Tamarindus umbrosa Salisb. ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ tamarind (Trade name) [7] - tamarinde (S-Africa) [7] - humer,
roka (Ethiopia) [7] - aradeib, ardeib (Arabia) [7] - amli, anbli,

nuli, tentul, tintiri, tintul (Bangladesh) [7] - magyee, majee-
pen (Myanmar) [7] - tamarenn (Caribbean) [7] - kalamagi,
salomagi, sampalok (Philippines) [7] - tamarinde, tamarinier
(France) [7] - amli, anbli, imli, tamrulhindi (India) [7] - asam,
asam jawa, tambaring (Indonesia) [7] - khaam, mak kham
(Laos) [7] - mukoge (Uganda) [7] - asam jawa (Malaysia) [7] -
imli (Nepal) [7] - hamar, rakhai (Somalia) [7] - tamarin,
tamarindo (Spain) [7] - mkwaju, msisi (E-Africa) [7] - amilam,
puli, puliyamaram (Sri Lanka) [7] - bakham, makham,
somkham (Thailand) [7] - me, trai me (Vietnam) [7]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ GMBil

ÉksarBieRKaH : [1]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ arm pel [1], 'âm'pül, ampil, khoua me [8]
1
RKYsar : Leguminosae / Caesalpinoideae [3]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [-]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQIFM ébtgCanic© EdlmankMBs; 20-25 m [2] (-30 m [8]) edaymantYedImTMhM 1-2
m [6] (2-3 m [2]) nigGgát;pi©t DBH 50-70 cm [2] (-100 cm [7], -200 cm [8]). vaduHlUtlas;yWt
b:Eu nþ GayuEvg edaymanGayuCamFümBI 80-200 qñaM . kenSamsøwkRkas; nigragmUl .

[sMbk]: sMbkeRKIm eRbH nigmanBN’etñatRbepH .
[søwk]: edImeQImy Y cMnnY esÞrI Etminmansøkw b:uEnþBkY vaenAEtmanduHsøwktic² . søwkqøas; smas edayman
cMnnY BI 10-18 KUr QmKña . søwkmanragRTEvg TMhM 12-32 x 3-11 mm [6] (13 x 5 cm [8]) Tgsøwk nig
G½kSsøwkmaneram Caysøkw nigsrésrsøkw Bi)aknwgemIleXIj . cugsøkw mUl rW ragkaer nigmansñamtic²
. TgsøwkmanragmUl sIeu mRTi edaymaneramBN’elOg . EKmsøwkTaMgmUl manerammFüm .
[páa]: kenSampáalat nigzitenACakBa©úM RbEvg 13 cm [8] . páaRbEvg 3 cm [8] nigmankøn i RkGUb .
Rtbkpáa mancMnYn 4 minesµIrKña manRbEvg 1.5 cm [8] . Rtbkpáa mancMnYn 5 Edl 3 xagelIduH)anl¥
BN’Bgman; elOgRsal rW sICu m<Ú edaymansrésBN’Rkhmetañt . ekseQµalmancMnnY 3 nigeksjI
1 Edlman GUvul dl;eTA 18 . páaelceLIg enAelIBnøkfµI Edlpþl;nUvkarpøas;brþÚ dl;swøk b:Eu nþ
edImeQIxHø ecjpáaenA eBleRkay enAcugEx kumÖ³ enAeBlEdlBnøk manlkçN³cas; .

páaplitnUvTwkdm nigRtUv)aneFIdV MeNIr lMGgedaystVl¥it . kareFIdV MeNIrlMGgedayxøÜnÉg
pþl;nvU EpøEdlmanRKab;pgEdr .
[Epø]: EpøTMeu nAExmifuna-kBaØa . enARbeTséf rdUvecjEpøenAExFñÚ-kumÖ³ enAhVIlIBn I BIEx]sPa-FñÚ
edayEpø eRcInenAkMLgú Ex sIha-tula . EpømanragsILu aMg Rtg; rW ekag mineRbHEbk mancugragmUl
TMhM 14 cm x 4 cm [8] (10-18 x 4 cm [6]) manRKab;RbEhl 10 nigmancMnYnmineTogTat; .
EpøxageRkArwg BN’eRbH rWetñat edaymansrésya:gmaMuenAxagkñgú .
kNþalEpømanRsTab;Rkas;BN’etñatcas; . xagkñúg Epøman RsTab;esþgI dUcEs,k .
2
RKab;manrUbragmineTogTat; sMEb:tdUceBRC RbEvg 18 mm [8] (16 mm [6]) BN’etñat nigrwg
nigrMuedaysac;Epø Edls¥it nigGacbriePaK)an .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIxwømmanlkçNrWg BN’etñatcas; TMgn;F¶n; Fn; nigmaMu EdlmanTMnaj 0.8-0.9 g/cm³ niggayduHxat;

. eQIRsay manBN’elOgRsal nigFn;karbMpaø jrbs;stVlt¥i .
RbEhl : 30°N eTA 8°S [5] . GMBilmanRbPBBI savannas éntMbn;RtUBki rbs;GaeRhVc b:Eu nþvaduHlUt
las;CaFmµCatienAtMbn;RtUBki énGasIu . bc©úb,nñ vaRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú RbeTsCaeRcIn
enAtMbn;RtUBki TaMgenA kñúgcMkar enARbeTs\NÐa nigmansar³sMxan;esdækci e© nAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ .
vacUlcitþ duHlUtlas;enAtMbn; raMgs¶tÜ mFüm nigtMbn;valesµA nigGacduHenAtammat;swgÞ nigTenø .
vaminduHlUtlas;enAkñúgénrgTwkePøóg eT .
vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAkMritry³kMBs; 0-1,500 m a.s.l. [5] (0-400 m [4]) enAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt

eTAtMbn;RtUBki esIm edaymankMritTwkePøóg 350-1,500 mm/qñaM [7] (350-2,700 mm/qñaM[5]) .
vasmRsbnwg GakasFatu mUsug edaymankMritTwkePøógeRcInCag 4,000 mm [8] kñúgmYyqñaM enAkEnøg

EdlvaRtUv)andaMduHCacMkar . vaGacFn;ngw karraMgs¶Üt Edlmanry³eBl 0-3 Ex .
sItuNðPaBFmµtamanBI 9-37°C [2] edaymankMrit sItuNðPaB CamFüm 20-33ºC [5] (-47ºC [7]) .
sItuNðPaBmFümx<sb; MputenAExekþAbMput : 30-36ºC [5] . sItuNðPaBmFümTabbMput enAExRtCak;bpM tu
: 13-25ºC [5] . edImeQItUcgayrgeRKaHedaysarTwksenSIm b:Eu nþedImeQI EdleBjv½yGac
lUtlas;enA kñgú sItuNðPaB -3°C [7] (0°C [5]) edayminmanrbYsFn;F¶r nigGacFn;Cag sVay
avocado nigRkUc . vaFn;ngw xül; nigkarraMgs¶tÜ edaysarRbB½nr§ Ws nigminGacFn; nwgkardk;TwkeT .
3
vak_Fn;nwgG½B§ nigCatiéRbenAxül; . enAkñgú tMbn;RtUBki eQI kMritePøóg
( > 4,000 mm/yr)
edImeQImni ecjpáa nigenAlkçx½NÐ enAeBlkarvivtþrbs;Epø .

GMBilGaduHenAelIdI Edlmindk;Twk dIGasItu nig)as b:uEnþFn;ngw l½kxç ½NÐCvI saRsþaeRcInRbePT . eTaHbI

va mincUlcitþduHenAelI dI\dæ rW GasIutxøaMg nigdk;Twkk_eday . edImeQIEtduHenACitdMbUkkeNþó .
RbePTdI Edl smRsbmandUcCa : dIGasIut dI alfisols dI)as dIl,b; dI cambisols dI\dæ dI ferralsols
dIvalesµA dIRKYs dI lateritic dIfµ)ayRkam dI regosols dImanCatiéRb dIxSac; dIGnutMbn;RtUBik dIRtUBik dI
ultisols dI vertisols nigdIPeñM Pøg
I .
[eQI]: eQIxwmø manlkçN³Fn; nigGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CMnYseQIém:sak;)aneTotpg . vasm

RsbsMrab;eQI Gar nigsMNg;Fn;Rsal sMPar³ksikmµ RCun kg; t,al;bku RsUv cMerjykeRbg
eQIfamBl nigFüÚg Ca Biess sMrab;rMlaymas rW eFVrI Mesv . enARbeTs\NÐa FüÚgKWCaRbPBfamBl
sMrab;plit]sµ½n sMrab; rfynþ enAkMLúgsRgáamelakelIkTI BIr [5] .

[Gunpl]: EpøTm Mu anrsCatiEp¥m nigRtUv)anbriePaKTaMgRss; EdlEpømanCatiCUr ehIyGaceFIVTwk dMNab;
esr:U sárRKab; nigRbePTePsC¢³epSg²eTot . edaylayCamYysár nigTwk Epørbs;vaGaceFIVCaePsC¢³
nig eRbI R)as;CMnYsTwkRkUcqµa . Epø EdlmanBN’ébtg nigpáa GacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;RCYsRtI
nigsac; . RKab; GMBilk_GacbriePaK)anpgEdr bnÞab;BRI tUv)anRtaMkúgñ Twk niges¶aredayyksMbkecj
4
. emSA Edl)anmk BIEpø RtUv)anykmkeFICV anM nignMbg½u . RKab; EdleljrYcmanrsCati
RsedognwgsENþkébtg (peanuts) . eRbgrbs;RKab; smRsbsMrab;KrU KMnrU nig varnish . Epø
EdlTMuRCulRtUv)an eRbIR)as;sMrab; sMGatsMNr nigTg;Edg edayEtmanCatiGasIut .
man»sfmYycMnnY RtUv)anplitBIGMBil : sMbkrYj nig CMnYykMlaMg nigepHrbs;vaGac
eFICV afñaMCnM yY dl;karrMlayGahar RbcaMgnwgkarrak . GaccMraj;Ca eRbg eRbIsMrab; sMralkarQWcab;
dMe)A edayes¶ar nigeRbICaeRbH . vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;RKb;RKgCMgWhWt nig amenorrhea
nigCafñaMRKun tamry³kares¶ar . kargUtTwk CamYysøwkEdl)anes¶arrYc GacCYyRbqaMgnwg emeraK
nigCMgWelIEs,k . søwkx©IRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sM¥sMrab;CMgWgab; rWsk<W srés nigbiteTAelIrbYs rW labeTA
elIkEnøgEdlrlakePøgI edIm,Ikat;bnßykarehIm nigQWcab; . kares¶arsøwkGMBilEp¥msMrab;briePaK Gac
RbqaMgCMgWkk¥ nigRKun . karcMeraHykTwk Edl)anBIswøkGMBil nigpáa RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;
Büa)alCMgWEPñk Rkhm . sac;rbs;vaGacRtUv)aneRbICaGasIut EdleFIeV GayRtCak; fñabM Ba©úH
nigBüa)alCMgWxHV vItamIn C . emSA Edl)anBIRKab;GaceRbIR)as;Büa)aleraKmYl nigeraKraK
nigeRbICafñasM lM ab;dgávÚ .
[epSg²]: kenSamsøk w d_FM pþl;nvU møby; a:gl¥ EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaedImeQIsMrab;karsMrak nigBiPakSa
enAkñgú PUmei Totpg . edaysarkarFn;ngw xül; vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Car)aMgkarBarxül; .
vaRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaedImeQI EdlminGacenAduHCamYyedImeQIepSgeTot edayEtkenSamsøwkd_
Rkas;rbs;va nig \T§Bi lén allelopathic . dUcenH vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Car)aMgePøgI
edaykarBarmineGayesµAduHenAxageRkamedIm . GMBilRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Carbgrs;pgEdr .
TICrM kBN’ébtgCanic© nig páad_Rss;sa¥ t eFVeI GayvamanlkçN³ smRsbsMrab;CaedImeQIlMGr
enAkñgú sYn nigtampøvÚ rW mat;Tenø .

ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[kareRbIR)as;kúg ñ sasna]: enAsm½yburaN enARbeTs\NÐa nig Far East smaCikénpáa nigstVRtUv)an
kMNt;tamry³lkçN³rbs; eTv Hindu nigRtUv)aneFIsV káar³bUCa . GMBilRtUv)ankMnt;Cavtßús½ksþi iT§i
nigyk eTAbUCaeTotpg . CMenO nigkarGnuvtþTaMgenHRtUv)anbnþmkdl;sBVéf¶ enAkñgú sgÁm
CaBiessCnCati Edl enAtamCnbT Edlrs;enAkñgú éRB . karbUCaeTAeGayFmµCati
nigkardwgKuNrbs;RbCaCn CYykñgú kar GPirkSRbB½n§eGkULÚsIu enARbeTs\NÐa . RbCaCnTaMgenH
5
)ankarBaréRBeQI dUcCaGMBil nigRbePTedIm eQIskáar³bUCaepSg²eTot eGayzitenACa
lkçN³dUcedIm [7].
minmancMnat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[kardaMduH]: GMBilCaTUeTATamTarkarEfTaMtictYc . vaRtUvEfrkSaenAkñúgkMritTab dUcdaMNaMepSgeTot

eday pþl;nvU Twk CI nigkarkarBar . RbePTEpøRtUv)anEklMGr enAelIedImeQIEtmYy .
eTaHcMkarRtUv)anbegátI eLIgenAkñgú RbeTséf EdlCakEnøgkardaMdMNaMGtipl RtUv)anGnuvtþ .
enAeBlcMkar suT§RtUv)anbegátI cenøaHKYrEt 13 x 13 m [8] (8-10 m [6]) . cMgayGackat;bnßy
nUvkarbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ rbs;rukCç ati enAeBlEdlBYkvaminmanTMhMFMdUcedImeQIpþl;BUC . edImeQI
EdltUcgayRsYlkñgú karRbmUlpl . karRKb;RKgTMhM rYmmancenøaHCit²Kña (RbEhl 500 edIm/ha
[8]) nigkaréRkEmk edIm,IeGayqab;ecjEpø . RbPBTwkeRkamdIrak;
GacCYykarBarrWsmineGaycak;cHu eTAeRCA nigeFIeV GayedImeQImanTMhMtUc . karlUtlas;rbs;kUneQI
CaTUeTAmanlkçN³yWt edaylUtlas;kBM s; 60 cm [5, 8] kñgú mYyqñaM . enAdMNak;kaleBlv½y
vamanGayu 4-5 qñaM [5, 8] rW EvgCagenH . enAkMritry³ kMBs;x<s; BnøkduHlUtlas; eenAkñgú niTaXrdUv
páaenArdUvekþA nigEpøTeMu nArdUvRtCak; ry³eBlBIkarecjpáadl; karRbmUlplmanry³ eBl Evg
(RbEhl 8 Ex rhUtdl;TG Mu s; ) . manBt’mantictYcGMBI karlUtlas;rbs;vaenAtMbn;RtUBki .
karduHBnøkeLIgtic rW eRcInGaRs½yeTAelIrdUvePøóg (vickäi a -emsa) rhUtdl;rdUvR)aMg b:Eu nþenAEx kkáda-

sIha minmanskmµPaBGIeV T .
[karRKb;RKg]: edImeQItUc RtUv)anéRkEmk enAkMritcenøaHEmk 3-5 Emk
edIm,IeGaymancenøaHRKb;RKan;kgñú karduHlUtlas;. bnÞab;BIenH karéRkEmkGacRtUv)anTamTar
kñúgkarkat;nUv eQIEdlgab; rW xUcecjBIedIm . edImeQIGacduHExñg bnÞab;BIkarkat; . enARbeTshVlI IBnI
Epørbs;vaCaRbePTCUr nigRtUv)anRbmUlplCaBIr dMNak;kal ³ BN’ébtgsMrab;CaeRKOg
6
nigTMsu rM ab;Ekécñ . EpøGMBilEp¥mRtUv)anRbmUlpl CaBIrdMNak; kal enAeBlTMBu ak;kNþal rW
dMNak;kal 'malasebo' nigdMNak;kalTMu . enAdMNak;kalTMuBak;kNþal sMbkgayRsYlbk
sac;EpømanBN’elOgébtg . enAdMNak;kalTMu sac;EpørYj BIeRBaHkar)at;bg;seM NIm
nigbþrÚ eTACaBN’Rkhmetñat nigmanlkçN³s¥it . Rbsin EpøTaMgmUlRtUv)an lk;
enATIpSarEpøRtUv)anRbmUl edaykarkat; edIm,IeCosevogkarxUcEpø . eTaHEpøGac
RCuHedayFmµCatik_eday .
[Tinñpl]: edImeQIGacenAEtpþl;pl rhUtdl;cas; CaTUeTAKW 150 kg/edIm [6] rW elI 2 t/ha/qñaM [6] .
Gac dl; 170 kg/edIm/qñaM [8] énsac;Epø EdlRtUv)anraykarN_enAkñgú RbeTs\NÐa nigRsIlgáa .

TniñplCa mFüm 80-90 kg [8] TTYl)an 8-9 t/ha/qñaM énEpø sMrab; 100 edIm/ha . enAhVlI IBnI
TinñplEpø Edll¥KW 200-300 kg kñúgmYyedIm .
[karTukdak;bnÞab;BIkarRbmUpl]: EpøenAx©IRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;kareFVd
I aMsø nigcas; rWTRMu tUv)aneRbI
R)as;Rss; nigRtUv)anlk; edayKitCaTMgn; (føwgKIL)Ú lk;enAkñgú TIpSarpgEdr . Epø EdlTMuRtUv)anEkécñ
edaycit nig yksrésecj RtUv)anykeTAlk;enATIpSarpgEdr . Epø Edlmanrs;CatiEp¥m
mantMéléføCagEpø Edl manrs;CatiCUr [8].

GMBilGacRtUv)anbnþBCU edayRKab; EdlCaviFsI aRsþeRbIjkw jab;bpM tu k_dUcCa karbMe)A (=marcotting)

karkat; (sMrab;EklMGrBUC) nigpSaMeu dayBnøk . edImeQIem Edll¥RtUv)anbgáat;edayGePT . karkat;
nigb:H KWCaviFsI aRsþ EdlelOn nigGaceCOCak;)an ehIyRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaRTg;RTayFM enAkñgú RbeTs
hVlI IBnI EdlsmRsbsMrab;ExekþA nigRtCak; BIExvicäika eTA mkra . manRKab;RbEhl 350-1,000
RKab;/kg [7] EdlGacenAmandMNuHry³eBleRcInEx . kMritdMNuHGacRtUv)anrkSary³eBleRcInqñaM
enAkEnøg Edlbit Cit EdlmansItuNðPaB 10ºC CamYynwgkMritsMeNIm 7-15% [7] .
kareFIRV bRBwtþkmµCamun GacRtUv)aneFIV edaykarRtMaTwkRtCak;sMrab;ry³eBl 12 ema:g [6] .
viFsI aRsþepSgeTot KW RtaMTwkekþA bnÞab;mkRtaMTwk RtCak; rW ykkaMbiteTAcitsMbkRKab; (scarification)
7
[2] . RbePTdMNuHCaRbePT epigeous nigmankMrit RbEhl 90% enAkñgú ry³eBl 40-50 éf¶ [6] (2
s)aþh_bnÞab;BIkarsab [2]) . dMNuH)anl¥ enAeBlEdlva RtUv)anRKb edayl,ayxSac;kMras;RbEhl
1.5 cm . kUneQIGacmankMBs; 80 cm muneBlykeTAdaMenA TIval enAedImrdUvePøóg .
eTaHbIya:gNa BYkvaFMRKb;RKan;kúgñ ry³eBlmYyqñaM . edImeQI EdlRtUv)anb:H Bnøk

nigpSaMRu tUv)anykeTAdaM enArdUvePøóg (]sPa dl;mifuna enARbeTshVlI IBnI ) enAkMritcenøaH 8-10 m [6]
. enAviTüasßanbgáat;rukçCati (The Institute of Plant Breeding) enA Los Baños énRbeTshVlI IBnI
)aneFIVkarRbmUlnUvsMPar³dMnrBUCCaeRcIn (germplasm collection) (46 tMbn; ) [8] .
[stVl¥ti ]: RbePTstV EdlbMpaø jGMBilmandUcCa (Aonidiella orientalis, Aspidiotus destructor nig

Saisetia oleae), mealy-bugs (Nipaecoccus viridis and Planococcus lilacinus) nig shothole
borer (Pachymerus gonagra) . RbePTstVlt ¥i mYyPaKtUceTotmanenAkñgú RbeTs\NÐa mandUcCa

lac insects nig bagworms . dgávÚ xµtÚ EdleFIkV arbMpaø jEmkenAkñgú RbeTseRbsIul
EteFIkV arbMpaø jEpøenA Florida nig Hawaii . keNþóeFIkV arbMpøajenAkñúgRbeTscin . Epø
EdlRtUv)anrkSaTukRtUv)anbMpøaj eday stVl¥ti enARbeTs\NÐa . dgávÚ én groundnut bruchid beetle
eFIkV arbMpaø jya:gFn;F¶r eTAelIEpø nigRKab; enARbeTs\NÐa . enArdUvxøH RbePTecaHEpø eFIkV arbMpaø j Epø
EdleFIeV Gay)at;bg;tMélesdækic© . [6]
[CMgW]: GuC²elIsk øw powdery mildews sooty mould CMgWedIm rlYyrWs nigedIm dMe)AedIm
)a:ra:sti elIsMbk nig)ak;etrIenAelIskøw EdleFIeV GaymancMnucGuC² enAelIskøw ekItmanenAkñgú

RbeTs\NÐa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[epSg²]: edImeQIduHlUtlas;yt W edaysarRtUv)anCan;edaystVpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
8
F> karGPirkS :

[RbPBkMenIt]:
EbKINahVIsU GaeRhVkkNþal eqk eGrIeTo eGsüÚBI háaebo hÁeI no eknya: ma:daháasáa ma:lI mUsüg;buic
nIesrIya: éNC½rero esenháal; s‘dU g; tg;sSanI G‘uyehánda sImu )aev
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[karnaMclU ]:
GaháanIsaß n bg;køaeds eRbsIul Rb‘yu en km<úCa cin kULbúM ‘Í kUedv½r dUmIneI kn eGsIub háaNa háaetma:La
éhTI hugdUrUs \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu GIur:g; camIka Lav lIebero ma:eLsIu ma:rItaeno misu iuckU PUma en)a:l;
nIháara:hÁ½r )a:KsI aß n )a:Nama: )a:BjU KÚ Ieno hVlI IBnI eBrU rIkU RsIlgáa éf tUeháa shrdæGaemrik evotNam
samebo .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
p> epSg² :
plitkmµ nigBaNiCk¢ mµGnþrCati ]: eTaHbI plitkmµKrY EtmankMriteRcIn minmansßitiBIplitkmµGMBileT .

[
dMNaMenHenA\NÐa EdlCaGñkplitd_FCM ageK Gacplit)an 250,000 t enAqñaM 1964

nig\NÐak_)annaMecj rab;Ban;etankñgú mYyqñapM gEdr CaBiess RKab; emSARKab; nigsac;EpømYycMnYn .
sßitinaMecjenARbeTséf enAedImTsSvtSqñaM 1980 BI 11,000 eTA 21,000 t énEpøsÜ¶t . enA\NÐa éf
9
GaemrikkNþal (misu uickU : 4,400 ha) nigeRbsIlu vaRtUv)andaMduHCacMkar enAkEnøgepSgeTotdUcCa
tampøvÚ nigenACMvu ijpÞH .
[sarFatumankñg ú Epø]: Epø EdlTMuman 40-50% énsac; EdlbriePaK)an kñgú 100 g: Twk ³ 17.8-35.8 g
RbUetGIun ³ 2-3 g xøaj; ³ 0.6 g karbUnGIRu dat³ 41.1-61.4 g sarFatusrés³ 2.9 g epH ³ 2.6-3.9 g
kal;süÚm ³ 34-94 mg pUsrV ³ 34-78 mg Edk ³ 0.2-0.9 mg, thiamine 0.33 mg, riboflavin 0.1 mg,
niacin 1.0 mg nig vitamin C 44 mg . RKab;Rss; manTwk 13% RbUetGIun 20% xøaj; 5.5%
karbUnGIuRdat 59% nigepH 2.4% . kMritGasIut EdlekItmanedaysar GasIut tartaric EdlmanenAelI

EpøTMu min)an)at; bg;eT b:Eu nþRtUv)aneFIeV GayekIteLIgedaysarkarekIn rW fycuHrbs;kMritsár . dUcenH
GMBilRtUv)ankMNt;fa manCatiGasIuteRcIn nigCaBiessEpøEdlEp¥m .
[FnFanesenTic]: PaKcMruHd_eRcInrbs;RbePTGMBil manenAkñg ú savannas rbs;GaeRhVc . kUneQIEdl
)aneRCIserIs mankarFn;ngw karraMgs¶Üt xül; dImni sUvmanCICati dIdk;Twk kMrit pH Tab nigx<s;
nigtMbn;val esµA . enAviTüasßanbgáat;rukçCati (The Institute of Plant Breeding) enA Los Baños
énRbeTshVlI IBnI )aneFIVkarRbmUlnUvsMPar³dMnrBUCCaeRcIn (germplasm collection) (46 tMbn; ) [8]
.
[Bakübec©keTs]: edaysarsac; EdlmanBN’etñatcas; RsedognwgEpøelµIsÜt ¶ (dried dates) nig
Gara:b; ehAvafa ‘tamar-u’l-Hind’ Edlmann½yfa ‘date of India’ nigenHRtUv)andak;eday Linnaeus
enAeBlEdl Kat;)andak;eQµaH edImeQI enAstvtSTI 18. Tamarindus KWCaePT EtmYyKt;
EdlmanPaBCak;lak; [6].
Gunasena H.P.M. Hughes A. (2000) Fruits for the Future 1. Tamarind, Tamarindus indica.
[7]
Hughes A. (1999) Fruits for the future: tamarind. Fact sheet No. 1.
[7]
Morton J. (1987) Fruits of Warm Climates: Tamarind.
10
[7]
Parrotta JA. 1990. Tamarindus indica L., Tamarind. SO-ITF-SM-30. USDA Forestry Service,
Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.
Relwani L. L. (1993) Tamarind: A multipurpose tree for diverse environments.

[7]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Sok, Sokunthet (RUA), 2006: Own obseravations

[7] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep
(CD-ROM).
11
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Tectona grandis Linn.f.]

[Tectona grandis Linn.f.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Tectona grandis Linn.f
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ teak [1, 6], Indian oak, Bangkok teak, teakwood, teak tree [1]
K> sTisn½y ³ Jatus grandis (L. f.) Kuntze, Theka grandis (L. f.)
Lam. [1], Tectona theka Lour. [1, 9]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ teak (Trade name) [1] - teck (France, Italy) [2, 6] - teca
(Spain, Portugal) [1] - Teak(holz)baum, Tiek (Germany) [7] -

jati, deleg, kulidawa (Indonesia) [1] - sagwan, sagun, saigun,
thekku, saka, sak, tech (India) [1, 6] - sak (Laos) [1] - kyun
(Myanmar) [1] - djati, dalanang (Philippines) [1] - sak, mai-
sak (Thailand) [1] - c[aa]y t[ees]ch, gi[as]t[ij] (Vietnam) [1] -
segun (Bangladesh)- jati (Malaysia) [7] - saguan, teak
(Nepal) [7] - msaji, mtiki (E-Africa) [7] - tek, tekku,
tekkumaram (Sri Lanka) [7].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ émsak;¬éRB¦

ÉksarBieRKaH : [2 ; 6]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ mai sak (prei), may sac [11]
lMdab; : Lamiales
1
RKYsar : Lamiaceae
ePT : Tectona
RbePT : Tectona grandis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçNTUeTA]: ém:sak;CaedImeQImanTMhMmFüm nigFM CaRbePTeQICrM uHsøkw nigBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk

Edl GacmankMBs;dl;eTA 16-30 m [5, 6, 7, 9] (16-40 m [2] GacrhUtdl; 50 m
enAeRkamlkçxN ½ Ðsm Rsbl¥ enAtMbn;éRBEdlvaduHdal nigkMBs; 25-35 m b:Eu nþkrM mankMBs; 34 m
Nas;. edImRtg;RsLÚnl¥ ragCasIuLaMg nigmansñameRbH EdlmanRbEvgdl;eTA 15 m
tambeNþayedIm nigenA xageRkamEmkTImyY nigmanRBwgenAKl;eTotpg . vaGacmanGgát;p©it DBH
60-80 cm [5] (100 cm rW FMCagenH [4, 7], 150 cm [9]) . kenSamsøk w ebIk
edaymanEmktUc²CaeRcIn nig ragCactuekan EdlRKb edayeramBN’ eRcH . vamanrWsEkvEvg
nigRkas; . edImeQIlUtlas; edaymanrWsreyagCaeRcIn EdlGacmanRbEvg 15 m [7] .
[sMbk]: sMbkTn; BN’elOg rW etñat eRbHtambeNþay CadMt u Uc² . sMbkxagkñúgmankMras; 8 mm [5]
edaymansrésBN’Rkhm manlkçN³s¥it .
[søwk]: søwkeTal qøas; nigBN’ébtg . søwkcas; manragdUcs‘ut nigTMhMFM manbeNþat 20-60 cm
nigTTwg 20-40 cm [5] (16-60 x 12-40 cm [9] RbEhl 30 x 20 cm [7] RbEhl 75 cm rW 30

inches [5]) eRKIm b:Eu nþKµaneramenAxagelI nigmaneramTn;BN’elOgenAxageRkam CaBiess søwkx©I .
kMBlU søwkRCYc nig søwkmansrésEv:ncMnYn 30-60 KU [5] EdlzitenARsbKña . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2.5-5

cm [5] (1-5 cm [9]) edaymaneramragpáay nigsøabtUc . enAkñg ú rdUvmanGakasFatuc,as;las;

edImém:sak;CMruHsøkw nig duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;mni manGakasFatuc,as;las; . søwkmanTMhMFM
søwkRCuHenAkñgú Bak;kNþalrdUvR)aMg ry³eBlBI 3-4 Ex EdleFIeV GayEmkminmansøwkesaH [7] .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M áa manpáaCaeRcIn manRbEvg 50 cm [9] (40 x 35 cm [1]) nigenAcugEmkbMput enAeRkA
kenSamsøwk [7] . páaCapáaBIrePT RbEvgRbEhl 8 mm [7] TMhMtUc edaymanRtbkpáa 5-6 [9]
BN’s nigduHecjenAelITg RbEvgxøI manftcMnnY 5 [9] Edlmaneram nigBN’Rkhm . RTnab;søkw
RsYc rages<ó rW eGlIb KµaTg TMhM 15 x 4 mm [9, 10] . páanimyY ²manekseQµalcMnYn 5-6 [5, 9]
2
duHCab;nwg Kl; Rtbkpáa [9] . eksjI ragekan maneramRkas; . ecjpá enAExmkra-mina [5] (mifuna
dl; sIha rW kBaØa [1] ]sPa dl;kkáda [9]) . kBa©púM áa manBnøkpáarab;Ban; nig páa 1-3 rIkCaerogral;éf¶
. Anthesis duHlUt las;enAkñgú kBa©púM aá kñúgry³eBl 1-2 páa . páamanbeBa©jlMGg;muneBlsÞci ma:ebIk
niglMGg;GacRCuHkñgú ry³ eBl BIreTAbIema:geRkayeBlpáarIk . eBleFIdV MeNIrlMGg; manenA
Bak;kNþaleBlRBwk nigéf¶ bnÞab;BImk lT§PaBlMGg;Faø k;CalMdab; . dMeNIrlMGg;GacRtUv)aneFIeV LIg
edayBBYkstVl¥it dUcCaXµMú (Ceratina spp) nigruyesH . BYkvaeFIdV MeNIr BIpaá mYyeTAmYy .
PaKeRcInGacrs;enAelI søwk nigedIm ry³eBlyUr . dMeNIrlMGg;edayFmµCati manRtwmEt 1.3% (0.4-
5.1%) énpáa EdlduHlUtlas;eTACaEpø [1] .
[Epø]: ecjEpøenAEx emsa - sIha [5] (vick äi a-mkra [1, 9]) eBlEpøcab;epþmI Føak;CabnþbnÞab; . EpøCa
RbePT Epøsac; BN’ébtgeBlx©I nigBN’elOg eTA etñatcas;enAeBlTMu ragmUl maneramRkas; Gacman
Ggát;pit© 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) [10] (2 cm [5]) mansMbkEpørIkFM [10] . Epønmi Yy²mancMnnY 4
ft b:Eu nþmanEtRKab;cMnnY BI 1-3 b:eu NÑaH EdllUtlas; [10] EdlmanpÞúknUvCaeRbg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]: eQIRsayrbs;ém:sak; manBN’elOg rW s cMEnkeQIxwøm

manBN’ébtgdUceRbgGUlIvenA eBlkat;TaMgenARss; nigERbCaBN’etñat elOgetñat rW elOgexµA
enAeBlsMgYt. eQImankøni RkGUb rwg nig Fn; edaymankMritdg;seIu t 0.48-0.61-0.75-0.85 g/cm³
enAkMritsMeNIm 12% [1] . vamanlkçN³ rwgmaMu b:Eu nþmansrésreQIRtg; nigrelag .
sarFatupSMrYmman kal;süÚmpUsVat sIulIkat (EdleFIeV Gayril muxrNaenAeBlkat; ) nigGam:jU mÚ
nigma:ejsüÚmpUsVat [6] . eQIxwmø mankMhab; eRbgx<s; EdlGackar BarkarvayRbharrbs;keNþó

enAry³eBlEvg RbsinmineRbH rW Ebk . vaminFn;ngw pSiteT. eQIRsay gayrgkarbMpaø j BIkeNþó
nigminsUvFn; . eQImanlkçN³Biess dUcCa Fn;ngw GakasFatu BnøW manPaB Rss;s¥at
GaceRbIR)as;)an nigGacsMgYtedayminmankareRbHEbk . vagayRsYlGar nigeRbIR)as; nig
GacmanépÞrelag tamry³karduHxat; . vaGacRtUv)aneRCokCacMnitesþIg sMrab;eFIVeQIemSARkdas nig
bnÞH vIna . vaGacRtUv)ansMgYt edayL b:Eu nþRtUvRbugRby½tñ kMueGaymankar)at;bg;BN’eQI
edayGuksIutkmµ [1] .
3
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10]
RbEhl : CaFmµCati vaGacduH enArvag 9°N nig 25° 30'N [1] (10°N nig 25°N [10]) .
cMkardaMduHry³ eBlEvg GacBRgIkdl; 28°N eTA 18°S [12] . ém:sak;CaRbePTmanRbPBkMeNIt
enAtMbn;GasIuxagt,Úg nigGaeKñy_ dUcCa éf PUma nig\NÐa . vak_manenAkñgú evotNam Lav km<Cú a
\NÐeÚ nsIu nigRsIlgáa eTaHmin duH edayFmµCatienAma:eLsIku e_ day . sBVéf¶
vaduHlUtlas;TUTaMgtMbn;RtUBki nigRtUv)andaMduHCaeRcIn enA tMbn;GasIuxagt,Úg CagRbePTeQIepSgeTot
. enAevotNam RbePTenH RtUv)andaMcab;taMgBIstvtSTI 20 nigkøayeTACaRbePT
EdlmanRbCaRbiyPaB enAextþCaeRcIn [5] . CaTUeTA vamanduHenAkñgú éRBel,aHesI, éRBel,aHs¶tÜ
nigéRBcMruH . enAkm<Cú a RbePTenHRtUv)andaMduH CaéRBRkas; CaBiessenAextþPaKxagt,Úg .
vak_CaRbePTlb;myY EdlenAkñgú éRBel,aHcMruH EdlduHlay CamYy Xylia spp., Afzelia xylocarpa,
Terminalia spp. nig Lagerstroemia spp . kMraléRB EtRKb edayb¤sSI .
ém:sak;CaTUeTAduHray)a:y b:Eu nþvak_GacduHCaRbePTsuT§ rW ÉkRbePTpgEdr enAeRkamlkçxN ½ Ð smRsb
[7] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12]
ém:sak; duHlUtlas;rvag nIv:UTwksmuRT enAcava: PaKxagekIt niglicGaeRhVc nigRTInIedt

Edlmanry³kMBs; 1,200 m enAPaKkNþal\NÐa [12] . vaduHlUtlas;CaFmµCati
enAGakasFatumsU gu edaymankMritTwk ePøógmFüm 1,300-2,500 mm/qñaM [5] (1,500 nig 2,000

mm/qñaM [1], 1,200-2,500 mm/qñaM [7]) nigmanrdUvR)aMg nigvsSa EdlrdUvR)aMgGacmanry³eBlBI
3 eTA 6 Ex [1] . eTaHbI vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAeRkaytMbn;xus²Kña edaymankMritTwkePøóg 510
mm/qñaM [1] (600 mm [7]) nigx<sb ; Mput 5,080 mm/qñaM [1] (4,000 mm [7]) . éRBel,aHs¶tÜ
maném:sak; (dUcCa enA\NÐa enAkMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 800 mm) GacmanduHenACit
BBYkrukCç atimanbnøapgEdr cMEnkéRBel,aHesIm (kMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 1,500 mm)
manduHém:sak;enACitéRBeRsag . kMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 760 mm enA\NÐa edaymanrdUvR)aMg 5-7 Ex
4
nigkMritTwkePøóg 2,500 mm (5,000 mm) nig 3-4 ExenA Java . tMbn;sMxan;éném:sak;KW enAPUma
EdlTTYlTwkePøógrvag 1,270 mm nig 3,050 mm [1] . kMritsItuNðPaBRbcaMqañ M CamFümrvag
21 C nig 28 C [10] edaymansItuNðPaBdac;xat 2 C [4] (0 C [1]) nigdac;xatx<sb
0 0 0 0
; Mput 45 C [4]
0
(48 C [1]) b:Eu nþkrM itx<sb

0
; Mputrvag 16°C nig 40°C [12] . ém:sak; k_manduHenAtMbn;
EdlmansenSImtictYcpg Edr [1] . eTaHbI RbPBxøH ([5]) bBa¢ak;fa vaminsUvFn;ngw PaBRtCak;
edaysar kUneQImni Fn;nwgsenSIm . ém:sak;CaRbePT RtUvkarBnøW eTaHbIenAtUck_eday
nigFn;ngw ePøgI eqH . CaBiess kUneQItUc² GacduH eLIgvijya:gelOneRkayePøgI eqH .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12]
CaTUeTA ém:sak;duHlUtlas; enAelIdImanCMerAeRCA mindk;Twk manrun§xül;l¥ manCICati CaRbePTdI l,b;

manGuksIEu snx<s; man pH NWt (6.5-8 [7]) nigmankMritkal;süÚm nigpUsrV x<s; . KuNPaB
énkarlUt las;GaRs½yeTAelI CMerAdI karminCaMTwk kMritsMeNIm nigCICatidI [7] . vaGacmanduH
enAelIdI fµxSac; limestone, granites, schists nigRbePTdIepSgeTot minsUvlUtlas;enAtMbn;
EdldIrwgxøaMg . cMkar ém:sak;CaeRcInRtUv)anbegátI enAelIRbePTdIxsu ²Kña . ém:sak;
manRbPBBIPaKxageCIgeQogxaglic éf Gacrs;)anelIRbePTdImankal;süÚmsuT§
enAPaKxageCIgeQogxagekItéf vaGacFn;ngw RbePTdI Edlman dI\dæeRcIn enA\NÐa vaduHelIdI
lateritic EdlminsUvmanCICati [4] . Weaver's 1993 )anbgðajfa RbePTenHnwgFn;nt w dI
mankardk;TwkpgEdr . karsikSafµ²I )anbgðajfakarlUtlas;rbs;cMkar enARClgPñM Kilombero
éntg;sSanI bBa¢ak;favaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAelIRbePTdI\dæ lateritic edaymankardk;Twk
ry³eBlEvg . karduHlUtlas;mankMrityWt enAry³kMBs; x<s; nigecatxøaMg [1] . dI
EdlsmRsbsMrab; RbePTenH rYmman dIGasIut dI alfisols dIl,b; dI colluvial dI ferralsols dIRKYs dI
lateritic dIRkhm dIRtUBk
i dI ultisols nig vertisols .
5
[eQI]:ém:sak;CaeQIeRbIR)as;eRcInya:g nigeQIrbs;vamantMélBaNiCk¢ mµeTotpgenAkñgú BiPBelak .

vamansar³sMxan;sMrab;eFICV aeRKOgsgðarwm enARbeTs\NÐa EdlRbePTeQIenHmanKuNPaBCa
lkçN³sþg;da ebIebobeFobnwgeQIepSgeTot . eQIRtUv)aneRbI CaeQIfamBl eQImlU begáal
RbGb;sMbRu t srsrpÞH eQIGar Fñmw sMNg;Fn;Fn¶ ; nigRsal kargarCageQI kMral CBa¢aMg eRKagvisVkmµ
s<an kargaykñgú Twk TUrfePøgI RbGb; Fug eks sMPar³eQIeRbIR)as;kúgñ ]sSah_kmµ nigpÞH
dgsMrab;sMPar³epSg² Rbdab;ekµgelg ]bkrN_t®nþI ]bkrN_kLI a cMlak;eQI eRKOgsgðarwm vIna TUk
tYyanþCMniH eQIemSARkdas nigkarTajyk eRbg . kMeTceQI GacRtUv)aneRbIeFIVCaFUb enA Java
b:Eu nþkeM TceQIGaceFIVeGayrmas; rW rlakEs,kpgEdr [7] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12]
[Gnupl]: EpñkCaeRcIn rbs;ém:sak;RtUv)aneRbIR)as; . sMbk søwk páa Epø nigkMeTceQI suT§Etmanpl
RbeyaCn_ [1] . søwkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;x©b; rW rMusac; nigRtI nigeFIdV MblU pÞHpgEdr . BYkvaRtUv)an

ykeTAeFIVCa kþa EdlmankMritrwgmFümtamry³dMeNIrkar thermoplaticization nigkarEkécñ [1] .
BYkva manCatiBN’ elOg rW Rkhm EdleRbIsMrab;RClk;sURt nigRkNat; .
sMbkrWsRtUv)aneRbICaBN’sMrab;RClk;kenÞl eGaymanBN’elOgetñat. sMbkk_CaRbPBya:gl¥
énGasIut oxalic [1] . vak_RtUv)aneRbICa»sfburaN enAGasIudUcCa : páaRtUv)aneRbIBüa)al
PaBmYlem:A bronchitis nigbBaðaTwkenam . páa nigRKab; RtUv)an cat;Tukfa diuretic .
eRbg)anBIBnøkcas; RtUv)aneRbIRbqaMgnwg PaBkxVk; rbs;kUnekµg [1] . søwkRtUv
)aneRbIsMrab;CafñaMbBa©úH nigmanlT§PaBRbqaMgnwg mycobacterium tuberculosis, rlakbMBg;kr

TgsYt rW sYt nigQWbBM g;kr . sMbkmanCati eFIeV Gays<kW nigmanRbeyaCsMrab;eraKrlakTgsYt .
eRbg Edl cMraj;ecjBIrWs RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Büa)alRtGk ERsg nigrlak [6] . eRbg Edl)anBIRKab;
GaceFIVeGay sk;qab;duHeLIgvij . sarFaturav Edl)anBIeQIxwmø Gaclay
edIm,IbnßykarQWcab;rbs;eKa [1] . eQI EdldutrYcGacdak;RtaMTwkGaePon sMrab;Büa)alkarehIm rW
e)a:gRtbkEPñk . eQI RtUv)anbukCaemSA nig RtaMkúgñ TwkekþA sMrab;Büa)alQWk,al QWeFµj
karbnßykarrlak BgelIEs,k nig CMnYydl;karrMlay Gahar. sac;RKab;manCatixøaj;RbEhl 40%
6
(RbEhl 2% enAkñgú RKab;) . Tectoquinone manenA kñúgeQIGacCYyRbqaMgkarbMpaø jrbs;keNþó .
kMeTceQIGaceRbIsMrab;eFICV aFüÚgpgEdr .
[epSg²]:edImeQIRtUv)aneRbICaeQIlMGr tamdgpøvÚ nigsYnc,ar edaysarvamansøk w FM nigpáaCakBa©úM .
vaCasmasFatusxM an;sMrab;dMNaMqøas; rW 'Taungya System' énksirukçkmµ . kareRbIR)as;epSgeTot
dUcCa kardaMduHéRBeQIeLIgvij eQIpþl;mbø ; nigCMrk nigkarGPirkSdI nigTwk .
eQIelxmYy.
[lkçN³TUeTA]: ém:sak;KCW aRbePTRtUvkarBnøW nigmanGayuEvg EdlmanduHenAkñgú éRBel,aHesIm

éRBel,aH s¶tÜ nigéRBcMruH . enAkm<Cú a RbePTenHRtUv)andaMduH CaéRBRkas;
CaBiessenAextþPaKxagt,Úg . vak_Ca RbePTlb;myY EdlenAkñgú éRBel,aHcMruH EdlduHlay CamYy
Xylia spp., Afzelia xylocarpa, Terminalia spp. nig Lagerstroemia spp . kMraléRB EtRKb
edayb¤sSI . ém:sak;CaTUeTAduHray)a:y b:Eu nþvak_GacduHCaRbePTsuT§ rW ÉkRbePTpgEdr

enAeRkamlkçxN ½ Ð smRsb [7] . bec©keTsrukvç b,kmµ RtUv)anbegátI eLIg nigcgRkgCaÉksar
CaeRcInEfmeTotpg .
[karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati TamTarnUvBnøx W øaMg nigRbePTeQIenH
miFn;nwg møbe; T . vaduHlUtlas;ya:geRcIn bnÞab;BmI anePøgI eqH edayduHCadM²u . edImeQItUc
gayrgkarRbKYtRbECg EdleFIeV GaymankarduHlUtlas;ytW . ém:sak;GacFn;
niglb;enAdMNak;kalduH lUtlas;eLIgvij Ca BiessenAkñúgEdnFmµCatirbs;va [7] . enAkMLúgePIgø eqH
vaeFIeV GaydMNuHrbs;RbePTeQIenH ekIneLIg
7
edayminmankarRbKYtRbECgCamYyrukçCatiepSgeToteLIy [4] . kUném:sak;
gayrgeRKaHedaysarPaB raMgs¶tÜ . vaduHlUtlas;enA x<s;rab Deccan énPaKxagt,Úg\NÐa
EdlmanPaBraMgs¶tÜ nigTMhMrbs;edIm eQIKW manTMhMtUc [1] . kenSamsøwkrbs;va RtUvkaresrIPaB
énBnøWsMrab;karduHlUtlas; . ém:sak; duHBnøk nigExñgelOn . vaminmankUn EdlduHecjBIrWseT .
vagayrgeRKaHedaysarsenSIm b:uEnþGacgab; ehIy duHBnøkeLIgvij EdlmankMBs; x<s;CagkMritsenSIm
EdlvaGacrs;)an . ém:sak;duHExñgl¥ niglUtlas; elOn enAdMNak;kaldMbgU [1] .
[kardaMduH]: ém:sak;RtUv)andaMduH CacMkarsuT§ . Ékvb,kmµ éndMNaMenH
Gacpþl;nUv\T§Bi lGviCm¢ anpgEdr eTAelIépÞdI dUcCakarhUreRcaHenAeRkamsøwk elItMbn; Edlecat .
karsikSaRtUv)aneFIeV LIg enAcMkarsuT§ enATMnabPaKxaglicevens‘yu eGLa
Edlbgðajfakarkab;Gackat;bnßynUvkarcug Edl)anrkSaTuk (cation reserves) CaBiesskal;süÚm
EdleFIeV GaydImanCatiGasIut . ém:sak;RtUv)andaMduHlayCamYy RbePT rukCç ati Edlpþl;CICatidl;dI .
GMbrU Leguminosae KWmanlkçN³smRsb dUcCa kn§eM n§t rW Gakasüa. kardaMsakl,grvag Shorea
robusta nig Morus alba RtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAcava: [4] . cenøaH dMbgU KWman
lkçN³xus²KñaGaRs½yTIEnøg . cenøaHCakaer: 1.8 m x 1.8 m [1] RtUv)anGnuvtþn_ enAtMbn;raMg s¶Üt
cMeBaHtMbn; Edll¥mankMritePøógx<sC; ag 1,500 mm cenøaHBI 2.5 m x 2.5 m rW 2.7 m x 2.7 m Gac
pþl;nvU kMritlUtlas;elOn nigkenSamsøwkl¥ [1] . enAkm<Cú a cenøaHCaRbéBNI KW 3 m x 3 m [15]
cMEnkenA Kerala én\NÐa 2 m x 2 m [1] RtUv)aneRbIR)as; . RbsinvaRtUv)andaMenAcenøaH
CamYykn§eM n§t cenøaH 3 x 3 m eTA 5 x 5 m [4] RtUv)aneRbI. enAeBlém:sak; RtUv)andaM edayrgeRKaH
edaysaresµA karsMGatesµARtUv)aneFIeV LIg CaBiessenAqñaTM IBIr nigbI dMbgU énkardaMduH [1] .

[karRKb;RKgéRBFmµCati]:enAkñg ú éRBFmµCati ém:sak; RtUv)anRKb;RKgtamRbB½ne§ RCIserIs
Edlkarkab;rMlM nigduHeLIgvijRtUv)anrkSaeGaymanr)a:yenATUTaMgtMbn; nigedImeQIPaKeRcInminman
GayuesµKI ña . RbB½n§ eRCIserIsRtUv)anGnuvtþ enAPUma . enAPUma RbB½ne§ RCIserIs KWykedImeQI
EdlmanGgát;pi©t 73 cm enAkñgú éRBesIm nig 64 cm enAkñgú éRBs¶Üt [1] .
8
[karRKb;RKgcMkar]: enAkñgú cMkar edImeQIRtUv)anRKb;RKgtamry³karkab;eGayrhal EdledImeQI
TaMg Gs; RtUv)ankab; nigdaMduHeLIgvijsarCafµI . edImeQIRtUvkarBnøW nigrgeRKaHedaysarkarRbKYt
RbECg kenSamsøwk vaduHlUtlas;l¥enAeBlGayuesµ²I Kña nigRtUv)ankab;eGayrhalpgEdr CaBiess
enAdMNak; kaldMbgU . White raykarN_fa karkab;rMelaH enARbeTséf KW)ankat;bnßy
nUvkMritemkarnicrbs;edIm nigPaBxusKñaénkarkab;rMelaH GacmanBIGayu : 5 dg 5-20 qñaM 10 dg 20-
40 qñaM 15 dg 40-60 qñaM nigenAGayu 20 qñaM ( 4 dg enA 5-, 10-, 18- nig 28-qñaMbnÞab;BIkardaM [7])
. CaTUeTAmankarkab;rMelaHBI 5 eTA 6 enAkñúgcMkarénRbeTs\NÐa nigGayuénkarkab;Gac

xus²KñatamtMbn; . ]TahrN_ 6, 10, 18, 30 nigGayu 44 qñaM enA Andamans; 5, 10, 17 nig 25 qñaM
enA Andhra Pradesh; 8, 15, 25 nig 40 qñaM enA Orissa; 4-7, 8-13, 15-20, 25-28, 36 nig 44-
45 qñaM enA Kerala . karkab;rMelaHdMbg U RtUv)aneFIV edaykab;edImeQI 50% . edImeQI
EdlmanenAsl; RtUv)aneFIrV ukvç b,kmµbnþ . enAkarIebon nigGaemrikNþal karkab;rMelaHelIkTIBIr
RtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAeBledImeQImankMBs; 8 m nig 16 m . eTaH bec©kviTüacMkarém:sak;
enAmankMritenAeLIyk_eda plitPaBrbs; RtUv)anrg\T§Bi leday karBnüa nUvkardaMduH nigkarEfTaM .
müa:gvijeTot karduHlUtlas;rbs;ém:sak; TamTarnUvkarRKb;RKg nigRtYtBinti üx<s; .
eyageTAtamlkçN³tMbn; nigkarRKb;RKg xYbrbs;vaGacmanry³eBl 30 eTA 150 qñaM .
xYbGacticCagenH enAeBl ém:sak;RtUv)anRKb;RKg edayRbB½nd§ uHedayExñg CaBiessenAtMbn;
EdlraMgs¶Üt . GayuxbY enAcMkarRbeTs\NÐa manrvagBI 50 nig 80 qñaM (sMrab;plitkmµ
eQImanKuNPaBx<s; Gacdl; 50-70 qñaM enAkñgú éRBFmµCatiGacmandl; 100 qñaM [4]) . Centeno
pþl;eyabl;faxYbKYrman 25 eTA 40 qñaM GaRs½y eTAnwglkçN³esdækic© nigrukvç b,kmµ . cMkarPaKeRcIn
enAGaemrik manxYbxøI CaTUeTAmanBI 20 eTA 30 qñaM edIm,Iplþ ;nvU kMeNInmanRbcaMqañ M CamFüm 10 m³
eTA 20 m³ kñúgmYyhicta . eTaHya:gNa Rkumh‘nu daMduHém:sak;xøH enA\NÐaeFIkV arkMNt;xYb

rbs;vaRtwmEt 20 qñaM edayeFIkV arRKb;RKgmankMritx<s; [1] .
[karlUtlas; nigTinñpl]: karlUtlas;dMbg U mankMritelOn . enAGayu 5 qñaM kMBs;CamFüm 13 m (5
m bnÞab;BI 5 qñaM nig 3 m bnÞab;BI 2 qñaM [4]) nigGgát;pit
© 10 cm DBH bnÞab;BIry³eBl 10 qñaM kMBs;
16.5 m nigGgát;p©it 15 cm bnÞab;BI 20 qñaM kMBs; 21.5 m nig Ggát;p©it 23.5 cm . bnÞab;BI 15 rW 20
qñaM karlUtlas;manlkçN³yWt . enAeBleQImanGayu 80 qñaM kMritkMBs;x<sb; Mput 45 m
9
edaymanGgát;pi©t FMbpM tu 75 cm . TinñplCamFümrbs;cMkar enAcava: KW 60-100 m³/ha
EdlrYmTaMgkarkab;rMelaHpg [7]. kMeNInmaDx<s;bpM tu bnÞab;BIry³eBl 15-20 qñaM bnÞab;BIGayu 50
qñaM kMeNInGacmanedaysarkar begátI nUveQIxwmø [4] . kMritkMeNInmaDCamFüm enAkñgú cMkar
enAeRkAtMbn;RtUBki énGaemrik manBI 2.6 m³ kñúgmYyhictaenA bg;køaeds nig 16.0 m³
kñúgmYyhicta enAGayva:rIxtU . enAviTüasßanRsavRCav éRBeQI ( Forest Research Institute ) enA
Dehra Dun RbeTs\NÐa pþl;nvU Bt’manlMGt i GMBIkarlUt las; nigTinñpl rbs;ém:sak;
enARbeTs\NÐamanPaBxus²Kña eTAtamKuNPaBrbs; tMbn; . enHrYmman
karvas;EvgkMritmFümrbs;edImeQI nig kMeNInRbcaMqañ M eRkamKuNPaBtMbn;xsu ²Kña . taragmaDsMrab;
BaNiCk¢ mµrbs;ém:sak; RtUv)aneRbIenArdæ Kerala rbs;\NÐa EdlRtUv)anpþl;eGayeday Nair [1] .
[ksirukçkmµ]: ém:sak;CaRbePT EdlmanRbPBecjBI RbB½n§ Taungya
EdlvaRtUv)andaMCacenøaHCamYyRsUv . kardaMCacenøaH CamYyBBYk legumes dUcCasENþk

RtUv)anGnuvtþn_ nigpþl;krM iténkarlUtlas;elOndl; ém:sak; nigplsENþksMrab;CacMNIGahar . edIm
rWs nigsøwkrbs;sENþkRtUvpþl;CaCIeTAeGaydI . edImém:sak; RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CaTMr dl;edImeRmc
(Piper nigrum) pgEdr .

[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;BCU ]: plitkmµRKab;ém:sak;cab;epþmI enAeBlvamanGayuR)aMqañ M CYnkalenA

eBl manGayuBIqañ M b:Eu nþenAtMbn;EdlminsUvamanCICati vaGacTamTarnUvry³eBlyUr . eTaHbI mankar
eGaydMbnU aµ nfa RKab;BCU RtUvEtRbmUlBIedImeQI EdlmanGayu 20 qñaM [4] . manPaB

xusKñaéncMnYnRKab;ém:sak;kúgñ mYyKILÚRkam b:Eu nþCaTUeTAvamancMnnY BI 1,000 eTA 3,000 (1,500-
2,500 RKab;/kg [1], 800-2,000 RKab;/kg [7]) . EpøEdll¥ nigmanRbeyaCn_PaKeRcIn
(EpøEdlKµansMbk) GacmanGgát;p©itdl;eTA 9-18 mm . karRbmUlplGacRtUv)aneFIeV LIg
bnÞab;EpøRCuHb:uEnþvamansarsMxan;Nas;kñúgkarRbmUlRKab;BUCBIdI Edl)andIeRkamedImEdl)ansMGat
edIm,IkMcat;stVl¥ti nigkat;bnßykarRbmUlRKab;BCU EdlmanKuNPaBTab rW minduH . Epø
EdlmanKuNPaBl¥bMput KWenATIkEnøgEdlRKab;RtUv)anrkSaTuk)anya:gl¥ . karRbmUlRKab;BUCBIéRB
10
RtUv)aneFIeV LIgsMrab;karbegátI cMkarfµI . RbsinebI rkSaTukkñúg)av eRkamGakasFatuRtCak;
(sMrab;kardWkCBa¢n Ú nigrkSaTuk vaCakarl¥kgñú karyksMbkecj edayRc)ac; nigerayRKab;)
RKab;GacrkSadMNuH)andl;eTAmYyqñaM . RKab;GacrkSaTukenAkñgú )av nigFugbitCit EdlGac
rkSa)anry³eBldl;eTA 2 qñaM [1] . edIm,I kat;bnßy PaBsMBgI sMeBagkñúgkarrkSa
RKab;GacRtUv)anRtduHyksMbkecj . viFsI aRsþmYyeTot KW dak;RKab; nigRKYsTenø dak;lay
edayma:suInlaysIumg: ; . RKab; GacGENþkeLIgmkenAeBl enaHEdr . edIm EdleRbIsMrab;karbnþBUC
GacRtUv)anrkSarab;qañ M . lT§PaBdMNuH GacRtUv)anrkSa ry³eBlya:gehacNas; 7 qñaM
enAkñgú bnÞb;bti Cit enAsItuNðPaB 0-4ºC enAsMeNIm 12% edayminmankar)at;bg;dMNuHeLIy .
RKab;GacRtUv)arkSary³eBl 10 enAkñgú bnÞúbb; itCit sItuNðPaB 2ºC [7] .
[dMNuH]: eTaHbIRKab;ém:sak;RtUv)aneFIRV bRBWtþkmµ edIm,IeFIVeGaymankarduH minsUvmansar³sMxan;
cMeBaHtMbn; xøHk_eday cMnnY énkarsabRKab;Camun )anbgðajnUvkarEklMGrnUvkMritdMNuH .

karGnuvtþCaTUeTA KW kareRbIRKab; Edl)anrkSaTuk ry³eBlmYyqñaM bnÞab;mkvaRtUv)andak;RtaM
enAkñgú TwkhUr ry³eBl 24-48 ema:g [7] nigsMgYtedaykMedAéf¶ . dMNuHRKab;CaRbePT egigeal
EdlGacduHBnøkeRkayry³eBlRbEhl 10-20 éf¶ b:uEnþvaGacRtUvkarry³eBl 3 ExpgEdr [4] (2-3
Ex [1]) . RbsinvaRtUvkareRbIRKab; Edl)anmkBIqñaMdUcKñaenaH BYkvaRtUva)anepSIm nigsMgYtry³eBl
24 ema:g ragral;éf¶ kñg ú ry³ 14 éf¶ [4, 7] . eTaHEpø GacenAsMgM minduHry³eBlBI 30 eTA 40 qñaM [7]
EdlRtUv)anTTYlsÁal;fadMNuHRtUv)ane)aHbg;ecalcMeBaHRKab;TaMgenaH . enAéf viFsI aRsþ
EdleRbIsMrab;kar daMduHedayRKab; KW eGayRsemac eFIkV arsIusMbkRKab;ry³eBl 1-2 s)þah_ .
bnÞab;mk dak;RKab;RtaMTwk nigsMgYt BYkva enaHdMNuHrbs;RKab;ngw ekIneLIg [7] . viFsI aRsþmYyeTot KW
dutEpø eGayeqHsMbkxageRkA edayeRbIesµARKbBIelI [1]. kMritdMNuHmanlkçN³Tab KWticCag 50%
[1] b:Eu nþCYnkalGacdl; 80% [1] (tamc,ab; vaminGacduHelIsBIkrM it 20-60% [4])
[karbnþBUC edayRKab;]: cMkarém:sak; RtUv)anbegát I tamry³kardaMedayRKab;paÞ l; daMedayKl;

nigdaMkúgñ fg; . RKab;EdlRtUvkarcMeBaHkardaMenAkm<Cú akñúgmYyhicta: 1,000 RKab;/kg . cenøaHdaM : 3 x
3 m kUneQIsuT§kg ñú mYyhicta: 1,112 . GaRtagab; : 1,335 (20% enAkEnøgdaM), 1,484 (10%
enAeBldwkCBa¢nÚ ), 1,855 (20% enAkñgú fañl) . kMritdMNuH : 40% PaBsuT§ : 90% cMnYnRKab;srub:
5.16 kg [15] .
11
[ karsabedaypÞal;]: karsabedaypÞal; CaviFsI aRsþcas;CageK EtmanGRtagab;x<s;
nigduHlUtlas;ytW . kUneQIRtUv)andaMkúgñ fg; rhUtdl;manrWsl¥ nigrwgmaMu [1] . karsab edaypÞal;
RtUv)ancab;epþmI enAedIm rdUvvsSa nigRtUv)anGnuvtþn_enA Java [7] .
[kardaMedayKl;]: kardaMedayKl;mankareBjniym CageK vapþl;nUvRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn . Kl;Gacplit
sMrab;enAeBlRtUvkardwkCBa¢nÚ tamry³pøÚvq¶ay edIm,IrkSanUvdMNuH . BYkvagayRsYl nigdaMduH)anelOn

RBmTaMgduHlUtlas;elOn [1] . sMrab;karbNþúHenAkñgú fñal RKab;mYy² GacRtUv)ansabenACMerA 1 cm
CaCYr (15 x 5 cm) . edIm EdlenAtUcRtUvkaBnøxW øaMg nigkareRsacTwk ( eTaHém:sak;
CaRbePTRtUvkarBnøW vak_RtUvkar møbx; øHEdr eBlenACakUneQI [7]) . eRkayry³eBl 8-10 Ex
enAeBlkUneQImanépÞmuxkat; 1 nig 2 cm edImRtUv)ankat; enARbEvgRbEhl 5 cm BIelIdI
nigrkSakMritrWsRbEvg 20 cm (15-20 cm [1]) [4] . sMrab;karplitKl; fñalbNþHú Kl; RtUv)anCIk
sabRKab; edayRKbCamYydI nigcMebIgu edIm,IkarBarkMu eGaymankarhUrdI muneBleRsacTwk .
fñalGacRtUv)anRKb;RKgtamry³kareRsacTwk . kardaMedayKl; enAkñgú reNþA
bgðajnUvkarduHlUtlas;kBM s;l¥ . kardaMsakl,g RtUv)aneFIeV LIg kUneQIkgñú fñalRtUv)aneRbI
sMrab;kardaMduHenH [1] . enAcugdMNak;kalTIBrI Kl;GacmankMBs; 3 m
dUcenHvaGacduHx<s;CagBBYkesµA EdlmincaM)ac;TamTarnUvkarEfTaMeRcIn . ém:sak;duHExñgecjBI Kl;
nigmankUneQIduHecjCaeRcIneTotpg . karduHecjrWsBIKl; GacRtUvkarry³eBl 8 eTA 15 éf¶ [7]
nigkMritrs;rbs;rWsman 90-100% [7] . karduHlUtlas;manlkçN³xus²KñaGaRs½y indole butyric
acid, indole acetic acid, naphthayl acetic acid coumarin nig boric acid EdlCMrujkarduHrWs .
rWsGacTTYlnUvRbePTG½mnU eRcInRbePT[1].
[karkat;]: TaMgkarkat; nigb:HBnøk bgðajnUvlT§pll¥Cag karkat;Emk [7] . karb:HBnøk eTAKl;edIm
EdlenAkñgú fg; GacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kardaMduHCacMkarBUC . kMriténkardaMduH niglUtlas;KW 80% [1]

eRkamlkçxN ½ Ðl¥ . rukCç ati Edlb:HBnøkrYc GacRtUv)aneFIeV GayrwgmaMu
enAkñgú fñalmuneBlykeTAdaMenAxag eRkA .
[kardaMCalika]: kardaMekasika KWl¥bp M tu sMrab;ém:sak; [1, 7] . vaGacplitnUvkUneQI 500
edImBIBnøkEtmedImBIBnøkEtmYy rW 3,000 edImBIkUneQImyY edImkñgú mYyqñaM . kardaMCalika
TTYl)anrukCç ati EdlmankarlUtlas;l¥ CagkardaMBIRKab; [7] . eTaHbI kardaMduH enATIvalGaRs½yeTA
elIesNUTIb nigkarEfTaMenAkñgú fñal [1] .
12
[stVl¥ti ]: RbEhl 180 RbePT énstVl¥ti RtUv)anraykarN_fa mankarTak;TgnwgedImém:sak; . PaK

eRcInCaRbePT eFIkV arbMpaø jtictYc . BYkvaeFIVkarbMpøaj kUneQIenAkñúgfñal dUcCa white grubs
nigBBYk ecaHkUneQI (sapling borer) enAkñgú cMkar BBYkecaHedIm (trunk borer) enAkñgú cMkarcas; nig
BIrRbePT eTot EdleFIeV GayRCuHsøwk . enAkñgú fñal white grubs (Holotrichia spp.) sIbu ¤skUneQI
eFIeV Gayesøak niggab; . White grubs GacRtUv)anRKb;RKg
edayeFIkV ar)aj;fñasM lM ab;stVl¥itenAkñúgfñal . BYkecaHkUn eQI (Sahyadrassus malabaricus)
KWCabBaðaenAkñgú cMkareTIbekItfµI EdlmanesµAduHRkas; . vaRtUv)an RKb;RKgeday karRtYtBinitüstVl¥it
nig)aj;fñasM lM ab;stVl¥it . dgávÚ sIuskøW Hyblaea puera (Hyblaea puera, Pyrausta machoeralis
nigRbePTepSgeTot [4]) nig skeletonizer Eutectona machaeralis
RtUv)ankMNt;faCaBBYkbMpøajF¶n;Fr¶ . enAkñúgcMkarfµ²I enA Kerala \NÐa BBYkeFIeV Gayém:sak;RCuHsøkw
eFIkV arbMpaø jkUném:sak; enAedImrdUv EdlBYkvaduHlUtlas; EdleFIeV Gaygab; RbEhl 44% énkMeNIn
maDsrub . BBYk Skeletonizer eFIeV GayedImeQIRCuHsøwk enAcugrdUv . eTaHkar RKb;RKgedayCIvsaRsþ
edayeRbI)a:ra:sti nigkarGnuvtþrukçvb,kmµ RtUv)anpþl;CaGnusasn_enAeBlGtItk_eday vaminRtUv)an
Gnuvtþn_naeBlbc©úb,nñ eT . CasMxan; KWepþateTA elIRbePTvIrus EdlekItedayFmµCati dUcCa nuclear
polyhedrosis virus (NPV) EdlGacTb;Tl;ng w BBYkeFVeI Gayém:sak;RCuHsøwk . XµMeú caHrun§ ( Xyleutes
ceramica) CaRbePTstV EdlmankarbMpaø jFn;F¶r enAkñg ú RbeTsPUma nigéf . vaecaHedImeQI
eGayman run§ nigeFIeV GayxUcKuNPaBeQI . Cossus cadambae
eFIeV GaymanbBaðadUcKñaenArdæPaKxagt,Úg\NÐa b:Eu nþkm_ ankMritkMNt;cMeBaHtMbn;

EdledImeQIRtUv)ankat;CaeRcIndg . enA Kerala \NÐa ém:sak;RtUv)an vay RbharedayBBYkecaHedIm
(Cossus cadambae) . lT§plénkarbMpøaj edaypSit Phialophora richardsiae
KWeFIVeGayedImRCuHsøwk niggab; [1].
[CMgW]: eTaHbICg M W minRtUv)ankt;sKM al; faCabBaðasMxan;k_ Pñak;garcMlgmYycMnYnRtUv)anykcitþTukdak;
. enAkñgú fñal )ak;etrIeFIeV GayRseBan (Pseudomonas spp.) GuC²elIskøw ( Phomopsis)
13
nigsøwkmanBN’ eRcH (Olivea) GaceFIeV GaymanbBaðaF¶n;Fr¶ . Pseudomonas solanacearum
bNþaleGay srés rlYy enARbeTs\NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu m:aeLsIu nigPUma nig Phomopsis tectonae
ekItman enAhVlI IBnI . kardk;Twk nigkarrgrbYsrbs;rWs GacrgkarbMpøajBI)ak;etrI . GuC²elIsøkW
(Phomopsis tectonae) rYmCamYy Colletotrichum gloeosporioides eFIeV GaykUneQIRCuHsøwk
niggab; . eRcHelIskøw (Olivea tectonae) bNþaleGaysøkw TMmu un nigRCuH CaBiessenAcMkarRbeTs

\NÐa )a:KsI ßan RsIlgáa PUma \NÐeÚ nsIu nigéf . enAkñgú fñal
CMgWeRcHGacRtUv)anRKb;RKgeday)aj;nvU fñaMslM ab;pSit sulfur-based . enAkñgú ry³ eBl 1 eTA 3 qñaM
CMgW Corticium salmonicolor (pink disease) GaceFIVeGayBnøkgab; enARbeTs\NÐa nig\NÐeÚ nsIu .
RbePTpSitCaeRcIn RtUv)anraykarN_faeFIVeGayrWsrlUy nigedImBukpuy enARbeTs\NÐa tg;sSanI
dahUmIu nIesrIya: nig)a:BjU KÚ Ieno b:Eu nþvaCaCMgWtamtMbn; nigminsUvF¶n;Fr¶ [1] .
[epSg²]: )a:ra:st i rukçCati : The mistletoe, Dendrophthoe falcata (Loranthaceae) CabBaðacMbg
enA kñúgcMkar enARKb;RbeTs Edlmaném:sak;lUtlas; mandUcCa \NÐa bg;køaeds \NÐeÚ nsIu
nigRTInIedt . vakat;bnßykMeNInmaDRbcaMqñaMcMnYn 40% nigeFIeV GaymanGRtagab;dl;eTA 9%
enAkñgú cMkar enA Kerala \NÐa . karkat;EmkGaceFIVeGaymankarb:HBal;dl;karecjpáa [1] .
Physiological disorders: enAkMritePøógx<s; enA\NÐa EdlkMritTwkx<s; ém:sak;GacekItmanCMgW
'water blister' EdlCa physiological disorder edaybeBa©jC½r BN’etñat BIEpñkxageRkamrbs;edIm
. C½rRtUv)anRbmUleday sñameRbHtambeNþayedIm EdlebIkCacMnuc² enAEpñkxageRkam .

C½rGachUrtamry³ekasikar xylem ray . eTaHbI bBaðaenHminRtUv)ansayPay
vaGacmanPaBF¶n;F¶rpgEdr sMrab;tbM n; EdlekItman . kar)at;bg; nUveQI EdlmanKuNPaB
CalT§plén karbdiesFminTTYlyksMrab;eFICV a vInamanKuNPaBx<s; kþa nig Rbdab;epSg²eTot .
stV : cMkarém:sak;mni RtUv)anGnuBaØateGayeFIVkarciBa©wmstV sMrab;suIesµAenaHeT . eTaHbI

karcUlrbs;stVGacmankarb:HBal;dl;kUneQItUc² vak_GacrgrbYsedaysarstV dUcCa kNþlú RCUk
kþan; nigeKa . stV EdlbMpaø jxøaMgKWdMrI EdlGacbMpøajcMkarém:sak; ya:gF¶n;Fr¶ [1].
14
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTenH RtUv)ancat;fñak;Ca 'not evaluated' (NE [14]) eyagtam IUCN (International Union
for the Conservation of Nature) World List of Threatened Trees .
ÉksarBieRKaH [14]

[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]:
\NÐa (Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,

Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh) \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav (Sayabouri) PUma RsIlgáa
PaKxageCIgéf .
[karnaMcl
U ]:
GasIu: bg;køaeds b‘Utan km<Cú a cin (Guangdong, Hainan, Hubei, Taiwan, Yunnan),
\NÐa (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu,
Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal) \NÐeÚ nsIu (Java, Sumatra) Cb:nu kUer: Lav ma:eLsIu
(Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) PUma en)a:l; GUman; )a:Ks I aß n hVlI IBnI RsIlgáa éf TYKI
evotNam .
mhasmuRT : GURsþalI hVICI ekaH)a:suIPic )a:BUjÚKeI no ekaHsULmÚ g:u .
GaeRhVc: eb‘nIn kugehàa kUDIv½r haàb‘gu hÁeI no eknya: lIebero ma:dahàas;sàa ma:LavI mUsSg;bcíu‘ NamIbÍ‘
nIesrIya: esenhàal; esra:eLGUn sUma:lI GaeRhVcxagt,Úg s‘Udg; tg;sSanI tugehàa G‘yu ehànda samebo
sIum)aev .
15
karIebon: Kuy)a hugdUrus camIku a eBrU PaKxaglic\NÐa RTInIedt nigtU)akU ekaHvICnI .
Gaemrikxagt,Úg: GasSg;TIn qIlI kULMbú ‘Í ebrU sYrIenm G‘uyra:hàay evens‘yu eGLa .
GaemrikkNþal : ebLay kUsaþ rIka eGsavad½r hugdUrus nIháara:Kr½ )a:Nama: .
GaemrikxageCIg : Gaemrik (Florida, Georgia) misciu kU .
p> epSg² :
[Bakü]: eQµaHePT )anmkBIBakü 'tekka' eQµaH Malabar sMrab; T. grandis . eQµaHRbePT

'grandis', BaküLataMg mann½yfa 'FM' rW 'FMeFVg'" [1] .
[BUC nigkarbgáat;]: kmµviFITTYl)aneCaKC½ysMrab;kardaMduH minEmnGaRs½yRtwmEtKuNPaBrbs;
tMbn;enaH eT b:Eu nþvak_GaRs½yelIKuNPaBesenTic rbs;knU EdldaMpgEdr . eTaHbI karlUtlas;

nigTinñpl GacRtUv )anEklMGrtamry³kareRCIserIstMbn; KuNPaBrbs;edIm (dUcCa PaBRtg;RsLÚn
nigEmkCaedIm) éncMkar RtUvRKb;RKgedayRbugRby½tñ edayEklMGresenTicrbs;va .
lT§pléncMkarsakl,gGnþrCati RtUv)an epþatCasMxan; eTAelIRbPBRKab;BCU KuNPaBedIm
nigkarqab;ecjpáa RBmTaMgkarduHlUtlas;rbs;va enAelI tMbn; . eTaHkareRCIserIsRtwmRtUv rW
RbPBRKab;BCU karlUtlas; nigKuNPaBedImenAkñgú cMkar GacRtUv)an EklMGrBI 23% nig17% .
kareRbIRKab; Edl)anEklMGr dUcCaRKab;Edl)anBItMbn;plitkmµRKab;BCU
mansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú karEklMGr karlUtlas; KuNPaBedIm niglkçN³epSgeToténcMkar .
vaRtUv)an )an;saµ nfa edayeRbIRKab;BCU Edl)anEklMGr dMNuH nigmaDGacekIneLIg BI 5-25%
GaRs½yeTAelI RbePTRKab; nigtMbn; EdlRtUv)andaMduH . PaKxus²Kña enAkñgú ém:sak;RtUv)ansikSa
edaykmµkrCaeRcIn . Laurie (1936) manKMrUEmkcMnnY 4 xus²Kña enAkñgú ém:sak;

nigRtUv)ancat;TukfaCatMnrBUC . sMeyaK Éksar eday White (1991) bgðajfa enAeBlecjpáadMbgU
RtUv)anRKb;RKgedayesenTic . karqab;ecj páa bNþalmkkarduHEmkeRcIn nigrgeRKaH
edaysarktþaepSg² . eyagtamkarsikSafµI Weaver (1993) raykarN_fa cMkarxøHKW
mankarsMgMnUvdMNuH EdlTamTareGaymankarEklMGr . enA\NÐa mankarBüayam EklMGr
nUvkUneQIsMrab;kardaMduH edaylkçN³esenTic enAqñaM 1961 edaykareRCIserIs edImeQIl¥Ca eRcIn
eyag eTAtamkmµviFIrbs;rdæaPi)al\NÐa . ehtuenHedImeQI 1,000 RtUv)aneRCIserIs enAkñgú RbeTs
16
\NÐa nigRKab; EdlkønÚ RtUv)andaMduHenAelIépÞdI 1,000 hicta . kareRCIserIsém:sak;
EdlmanepNUTIbl¥ BI\NÐa sMrab;kareFIkV Únø RKab; RtUv)ankMNt;nUvlkçN³cMnnY 20 EdlrYmman kMBs;
viCÄmaRt RbEvgedIm TMrg;edIm (RBwg PaBrmYl nigPaBRsLÚn ), epicormic rbs;Emk stVl¥ti nigCMgW
nigplitkmµRKab; CaedIm. brisßan Gacman\T§Bi ldl;KuNPaBrbs;ém:sak;pgEdr . karsikSaCacMbg
eTAelIém:sak;cnM nY 24 kEnøg enA\NÐa bgðajfa PaBxusKña én BN’eQI vaynPaB rUbsaRsþswøk pàa
niglkçN³CIvsaRsþrbs;RKab; EdlmankarTak;TgnwttMbn; . enAéf mNÐlEklMGrém:sak; ( Teak
Improvement Centre (TIC)) enA Ngao nig Lapang eFIk V arTak;TgnwgkmµviFEI klMGr
RbePTenHcab;taMgBIqañ M 1965 . cMkarsakl,g kar eRCIserIs nigkarbgáat;eQIBUC
karbegátI tMbn;plitRKab;BCU cMkarRKab;BUC nigbgáat; RBmTaMg kEnøgeFVeI tsþ køÚn RtUv)anGnuvtþn_
enATIenaH [1] .
[kareRbIR)as;Twk]: Kallarackal nig Somen kñg ú karsikSakareRbIR)as;Twk edayém:sak;enA Kerala
rkeXIjfaedImmanGayu 12 qañM enAdMNak;kalecjsøwk vaeRbITwk 83 lIRtkñúgmYyéf¶ .
kareRbIR)as;Twk enAkMLgú rdUvR)aMg mankarx¢Hx¢ay edaysarEtPaBCMruHsøkw rbs;va [1] .
[RbvtþiénkardaMduH]:r)a:yFmµCatirbs;va KW enAGasIeu Kñy_ BIGnuTVb I \NÐa dl;PUma nigéf rhUtdl;Lav .
cMeBaHkarduHCaFmµCatienA\NÐeÚ nsIu KWedaysarkardaMduHedayBYkGñke)aHTIlMenA Hindu
RbEhlenAstvtS TI 7 b:Eu nþkardaMduHKWmni c,as;las; . ém:sak;RtUv)aneCOfa RtUv)annaMcUl Java

RbEhl 400-600 qñaMmk ehIy BIRbeTs\NÐa . enAedImstvtSenH ém:sak; naMcUlGaeRhVcxagekIt
niglic RBmTaMgtMbn;karIebon Edlém:sak; 'Trinidad' )ankøayCaRbePT EdlmaneQµaHl,I .
]TahrN_ vaRtUv)an naMcUlkUDIv½ enAqñaM 1929 . vaRtUv)andaMduH sMrab;ykeQIh‘ub rW CaedImeQIlMGr
nigenAkñgú sYnrukçCati (botanical gardens) . cMkarém:sak;enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ RtUv)anbegátI enAkñgú
nigeRkA EdnFmµCatirbs;va . ém:sak;mansar³ sMxan;sMrab;CaeQInaMecj enAkñgú RbeTséf

rhUtdl;kareFIGV aCIvkmµelIéRBFmµCatiRtUv)anham enAqñaM 1989 . edImeQIFmµCati
enARbeTséfmanRbEhl 2.5 lanhicta nigcMkarmanRbEhl 170,000 hicta .
enARbeTsGasIuepSg eTot vaRtUv)andaMCaRTg;RTaytUc . CaRbePT EdlRtUv)annaMcUl vaRtUv
)andaMenAbg;køaeds bUe‘ nGU km<Cú a ma:eLsIu )a:KsI aß n hVlI IBnI RsIlgàa nigevotNam [7] . enAkm<Cú a
mancMkarém:sak;cnM Yn 2,136 ha RtUv)an begáIt enArvagqñaM 1915 nig 1972[3].
17
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21
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22
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Luna RK, 1996. Plantation trees. Plantation trees., xii + 975 pp.; [refs at ends of
sections].
[12]
Mascarenhas AF, Kendarkar SV, Gupta PK, Khuspi SS, Agarwal DC, 1987. Teak. In:
Bonga JM, Durzan I, eds. Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry Vol. 3. Dordrecht: Martinus
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[12]
Mathew G, Rugmini P, 1996. Impact of the borer Alctrogystia cadambae (Lepidoptera:

Cossidae) in forest plantations of teak in Kerala, India. In: Nair KSS, Sharma JK, Varma
23
RV, eds. Impact of Diseases and Insect Pests in Tropical Forests. Peechi, India: KFRI,
304-310.
[12]
Mathur KBL, 1973. Teak bibliography.Titles, with s of important ones, of world literature
dealing with Tectona grandis Linn. F. Teak bibliography.Titles, with s of important ones,
of world literature dealing with Tectona grandis Linn. F., 320 pp.; 1506 ref.
[12]
Moldenke HN, 1975. Notes on new and noteworthy plants. Phytologia, 31(1):25-29.
[12]
Moldenke HN, Moldenke AL, 1983. Verbenaceae. Vol. 4. In: Dassanayake MD, Fosberg
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[12]
Murray CH, 1961. Teak and fire in Trinidad. Caribbean Forester, 22:3-4.
Nair NR, 1971. Commercial volume tables for the forest trees of Kerala.
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[12]
Nair KSS, 1987. Life history, ecology and pest status of the sapling borer, Sahyadrassus
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[12]
Nair KSS, 1988. The teak defoliator in Kerala, India. Chapter 14. In: Berryman AA, ed.
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[12]
24
Nair KSS, Sudheendrakumar VV, Varma RV, Chacko KC, Jayaraman K, 1996. Effect of
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[12]
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[12]
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[12]
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[12]
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[12]
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[12]
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25
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[12]
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[12]
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[12]
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[12]
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[12]
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of forest tree species grown in Kerala. KFRI Research Report, Kerala Forest Research
Institute, No. 36:268 + vii pp.; Many ref.
26
[12]
Sudheendrakumar VV, Mohamad Ali MI, Varma RV, 1988. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of
the teak defoliator Hyblaea puera. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 51(3):307-308.
[12]
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species by rooting cuttings. KFRI Research Report 59.
[12]
Teaknet Newsletter, 1997. Controlled hand pollination of teak., Teaknet Newsletter, 7:4-
6.
[12]
Tewari DN, 1992. A monograph on teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.). A monograph on teak
(Tectona grandis Linn. f.)., iii + 479 pp.; 4000 ref.
[12]
Troup RS, 1921. The Silviculture of Indian trees. Vol. II. Oxford, UK: Oxford University
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[12]
Varma RV, 1991. White grub damage and its control in teak nurseries. Proc.
International Teak Symposium, Trivandrum (Cyclostyled).
[12]
Venkatesh CS, Koshy MP, Chacko KC, Indira EP, 1986. Genetic improvement of teak
(Tectona grandis L.f.) in Kerala. KFRI Research Report, Kerala Forest Research Institute,
No. 13:iii + 21 pp.; [3 foldout tab.]; 18 ref.
[12]
27
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to Tea. Shahdara, Delhi, India: Periodical Experts, 362-363.
[12]
Weaver PL, 1993. Tectona grandis L.f. (Teak). Bulletin. USDA, International Institute of
Tropical Forestry.
[12]
White KJ, 1991. Teak: some aspects of research and development. RAPA Publication, No.
17:iv + 70 pp.; 14 pp. of ref.
[12]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac648e/ac648e04.htm]. (Internet source)


[httpwww.worldagroforestry.orgseaProductsAFDbasesAFaspBotanicSearch.asp].
(Internet source)
28
[8] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English
by K. Panzer).
[9] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of
Laos and Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically
important species. BLUMEA.
[10] Thames & Hudson, 2004, Tropical and Subtropical Trees.
[13] Leang, Horn, 2006: Own observations.
[14] WWF - Tropical timbers available in FSC-certified wood:

http://assets.panda.org/downloads/tropical_wood_images.pdf (Internet
source)
[15] FA/CTSP, 2005: Guidelines for site selection and tree planting in Cambodia.
90pp. Phnom Penh
29
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula]

[Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula[16]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Chebulic myrobalan, black myrobalan [16], beda nuts [12]
K> sTisn½y ³ Terminalia parviflora Thwaites, T. zeylanica van Heurck &
Muell. Arg., T. tomentella Kurz [16], T.reticulata Roth, T.

aruta Buch.-Ham. ex G.Don, [12]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ sa mao chet (Cambodia); : sa mao tchet (Cambodia);
chebulic myrabolan (Philippines; somz moox kh'ook (Laos);

manja puteri (unripe fruits) (Malaysia); samo thai (Thailand-
central); chieu lieu xanh (Vietnam); myrobolan noir (French)
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Rsm:

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ srâmâ [4]
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Combretaceae
ePT : Terminalia L. [16]
RbePT:Terminalia chebula Retz. var.chebula [16]
1
Terminalia chebula ¬Rsm: ¦ KWEckecjCa 2 epSgKña ³ var. chebula is KWCaedImeQIFM nig var.
nana Gagnep. EdlRKan;EtCaculøRBwktUc² [16].
[CaTUeTA]: Rsm:CaedImeQIEdlRCuHsøk w CaRbcaM manTMhMCamFümEdlmankMBs;rhUtdl;eTA 10-20m

Ggát;p©it 40-80 sm nig kenSamsøwkmanragCaRsTab;. Emk nig søwkmanlkçN³dUc Terminalia
catappa [2]. edImmanTMhMCamFümEdlmankMBs;rhUtdl;eTA 30 m nigtYedImCaFmµtamanTMhMxøI.
EmkEdlTabCageKmankMBs; 10m nigmanGgát;p©it 130 sm .[12,16].

[sMbk]: sMbkeRkAesþgI ehIymanBN’RbepHRsal nig mansñameRbHqñÚttUc²ragepþk
mansNæanbYnRCugRTEvgERbRbYlmineTogTat; 3 x 4 b¤ 3 x 7 sm. sMbkxagkñúgmankMras; 1.5-
1.8 sm ehIybeBa©jCr½BN’RkhmeRBOg². EmkenAtUcKµaneram. [2] sMbkmanBN’exµARsal [4].
sMbkCaFmµtamanBN’etñatcas; ehIyeRbHFøak;CadMu². [16]
[søwk]: CasøwksamBaØ EdlzitenAQmKña b¤esÞIrQm ehIymanragdUcs‘ut manTMhM 10-20 b¤ 5-10
sm cugsgxag manrag cuneate nigmanEKmswøkBT§½CMuvij. søwkmanlkçNHrwg b:uEnþmanragdUcEs,k

ehIyeRKIm nigenAelIsøwkx©mI aneramtUc². mansrésEvnenAxag² 7-9 KUr nigRkeBjtUc² cMnYn 2
enAxagcug. [2]
ragdUcs‘utRTEvg b¤ragRTEvgCaeGlIb 7-15 sm x 4-10 sm søwkmanragesÞIrebHdUg
EdlmansrésTI 2 cMnYn 6-7 KUr nig TgmanRbEvg 1-3 sm. [16]. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[páa ]: kBa©úMpáaragbBaÄr EdlpáaCaeRcIntMerobtP¢ab;KñaenAelIGk½SenAEk,rcugEmk manRbEvg 5-10
sm. CaRbePTpáa 2ePT (bisexual) manBN’ébtgx©IragRtIekaN nigmanRbEvg 1-3 mm.

Rtbkpáaman 5 ragkNþwg . BMumankenSampáaeT. eksreQµal man 10manRbEvg 4 mm nigsrés
filaments manRbEvg 3 mm. enAxagkñúgeksreQµal 5Tg manRbelaHragmUl nigmaneram.
eksrjItUcCageksreQµal nigminmanerameT. GUvulman 2 ehIymanRbEvg 1>5mm. [2]

páaCacegáam tMeribenAelIGk½S RbEvg 3-7 sm ehIyRtbkpáaxageRkAKµanerameT. [16].
2
[Epø]: EpømanragRTEvgFøak;cuHdUcs‘utRbEvg 3-4 sm nigmanGgát;p©it 1>7-2 sm nig
CaRbePTEpøRsatmancMnYn 5 manBN’ébtgcas; nig manRKab;rwgmYy. EpøFøak;mkmankøindUcRKab;
Citrus grandis. [2]. EpømanragdUceGlIb relagmanTMhM 2>5-5 x 1>5-2>5 sm CYnkalmanrag 5
RCug.[16] Rsm: cab;epþImpáa BIEx ]sPa rhUtdl; mifuna nig cab;epImEpø BIEx sIha dl;Ex kBaØa. [2].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
edImRsm: sac;eQImanKuNPaBl¥ b:uEnþmanTMgn;Rsal 870 kg/m³ [2]. sac;eQImanBN’RbepHRsal

eTAetñat nigmandg;sIuet 880 kg/kg/m³ énkMritsMenIm 12% . vamanPaBFn;eTAnwgmøb; nigTwk
b:uEnþvaBMumanPaBFn; nwgkardak;pÞal;nigBnøWéf¶enaHeT. Rsm: Casac;eQIBi)akGar GaRs½yelIrdUvénkar
eFVIkar.[12,16,26] sac;eQIRsay manlkçN³xusKñaya:gc,as;BIsac;eQIxøwm edaysac;eQIRsay
man BN’ cenøaHBN’elOgRsalEbkRbepH nig BN’RbepH cMEnkÉsac;eQIxøwmmanBN’cenøaH
BN’etñatcas; nig RkhmRsal ehIymanTMhMtUc rwg ehIyF¶n; EdlCaBiessmanTMgn; 810-1050
kg/m³ (880 kg/m³ énkMritsMenIm 12% ).
Rsm: CaRbePTeQIEdlmanRbPBkMeNItenA sirIlgáa \NÐa eN)a:l; )a:KIsßan bU‘m:a bg;køaeds éf

\NÐÚcin PIlIBIn nigPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTscin b:uEnþnaMeTA ePnIs‘Ula m:aelsIu. CaFmµta vaduH
enAkñúgéRBém:sak; éRBel,aH éRBeRsag enAelIdI\dæRss;Twk b¤k¾dIxSac; Edlmanry³kMBs;rhUtdl;
1000 m . [12] enARbeTséf nig b‘Uma: eKeXIjmanduHlaylMKñaCamYynwgém:sak;. Rsm: duHes¥ksáH
enAkñúgéRBel,aH ehIylatsn§wgTl;eTAnwgéRBeRsags¶Üt. vaCaRbePTedImeQIEdlRtUvkarBnøW

EdlduHlaylMnwgRbePT Terminalia sp., Lagerstroemia sp. ehIynwg Pterocarpus pedatus
enAéRBeRsag b¤Bak;kNþal eRsag nig enAEk,RBMRbTl;éRBGMbUr Dipterocarp. [2].
3
Rsm: duHenAcenøaHéRBel,aHnigéRBeRsags¶Üt enAry³kMBs; 1000 m. vaRtUvkarTwkCamFüm sßitenA

cenøaH 500-3300 mm/m² edIm,IeFVkI arpÁt;pÁg;enAcenøaHedUvR)aMg 3-4 Ex. vaduHenAry³kMBs; cab;BI
300-1500 m. Rsm: CaTUeTARsTab;kenSamsøwkzitenATab enAkñúgéRBeRsag Bak;kNþalel,aH
CYnkaléRBel,aH éRBFmµCati nigéRBdaM. RbePTmYycMnYnRtUvkarTItaMgEdlmansMenIm dUcCa
éRBl,ab;valPk; b¤ éRBlicTwk b:uEnþk¾eXIjmanduHenAelITYlTUc² enAkñúgéRBém:sak; éRBs¶Ütl,ay
dipterocarp RbePTxøHduHtamtMbn; eqñr. Terminalia PaKeRcIneKEtgCYb RbTHenA tMbn;
Edlmanry³kMBs;Tab b:uEnþRbePTmYycMnYnduHenAry³ kMBs;rhUtdl; 2000 m. GakasFatu

ERbRbYlBIesImCaRbcaM eTACardUvkal. kMedARbcaMqñaMCamFüm RbEhl 25ºC-35ºC [12,16]
ehIyGb,rima >-1ºC. Rsm: Fn;nwgGakasFaturaMgs¶ÜtyYr nigePøIgeqH b:uEnþFn;ry³ eBl
xøIcMeBaHsenSImenAry³kMBs;kan;Etx<s;. [12]
minTan;manTinñn½y
Rsm: duHenAelIvaynPaBdIEdlFn;nwgBnøWxøaMg ehIyeRcInduHenAelIdN

I WtCag dIGasIut BiessdIEdlmin
manRbRBwtþkmµ. Cajwkjab;eXIjduHenAelIdI\dæRss;Twk dIxSac; Edlmanry³kMBs;rhUtdl;eTA 1000
m. [16]
[eQI]: sac;eQIrbs;Rsm: CakEnøgmYyEdlnaMCatilVIg (tannin)eTAkan;Epø. enAqñaM 1980 karRbmUl

plEpøRsm:)anmkBIedImeQIEdlduHenAkñúgéRB. Rsm: RbEhlCaRbePTeQIEdlpÞúkGaRtaénCatilVIg
(tannin) eRcInCageKenAkñúgEpø EdlCamFümRbEhlCa 30°.[26] sac;eQIeRbIsrM ab;karsagsg;
dUcCasgðarwm ssr Fñwm ePøAreTH[2] TUr reTHesH RbGb; nig karsagsg;epSg²eTot.[4]
4
müa:gvijeTot eRbIsMrab;eFVICasMPar³kñgú ]sSahkmµ pÞH dgsMPar³eRbIR)as;epSg² nigTaj
ykeRbgpgEdr.[12,16].
[Gnupl]: minRKan;EtCaeQIhUbEpøeT vamansar³sMxan;eRcInCagenHeTAeTotKW sMbUreTAedayCati
Tannin EdlenARbeTs\NÐaeRcIneRbIsMrab;smøab;Es,k. enAkñúgEpøs¶ÜtmanpÞúkCati Tannin CamFüm
30-32% [19],b:uEnþkarpÞúkenHERbRbYlGaRs½ynwgTIkEnøgRbPBkMeNIt. cMeBaHEpøminl¥manpÞúkCati
Tannin ya:gtic 20% ehIycMeBaHEpøEdll¥maneRcInCag 40% [26]. CaFmµtavaenA laylM
KñaCamYy nwg syntans ehIynwgCati Tannin énbEnøepSg²eTot dUcCa black wattle (Acacia
mearnsii De Wild.), avaram (Cassia auriculata L.) ehIynwg Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.
Robinson. Chebulic myrobalan eRbIsMrab;plitkmµsmøab;Es,k enAdMNak;kar cugeRkay
bnÞab;BIsmøab;RkUm:UsUm eFVeI GayEs,kRsal nig ERbBN’elOn. karRClk;BN’Cab;)anl¥)anmkBI

³BN’elOg EpøRsm:layCamYyGaluymIjÚm BN’exµA nig TwkexµA)anmk BIEpøRsm:lay
CamYyCatiEdk.[16]RbeTs\NÐanaMpþac;muxnUvCati Tannin edayBwgEp¥kelIplitplFmµCati. Cati
Tannin 10,000t én 100,000 t énplitplRbcaMqñaM RtUv)annaMecjenAkñúgqñaM 1981.
nakMLúgeBlenaHEdr mankaresñIrsMumYycMnYn eGaymankarCMnYsCati Tannin FmµCati

edayplitplsarFaturavmYycMnYn. b:uEnþCati Tannin FmµCatienAEteRbIR)as;enAkñúg brimaN
mYyKYreGaykt;sMKal; (40,000 t ral;qñaM).[19] karcUlcitþCati tannin FmµCatiRtUv)anbgðaj
edaysarplitkmµsmøab;Es,kmanPaBxus²EbøkKña TaMgrUbPaB nigTMgn;.[19] CagenHeTAeTot
bec©kviTüaTMenIb nigBt’manKImIsaRsþelIdMenIkarénkarsmøab;Es,kGacrkeXIjenAelI data sheet
rbs;Rsm: enA mCÄmNÐlksi]sSahkmµBiPBelak (World Agroforestry Centre). [26]
sMbksMrab;plitsàrekAs‘U nigCati tannin eRbIsMrab;RClk;sMNaj;bg;RtI.[4]
EpøsMrab;briePaK nig sMrab;eFVICa»sf.enARbeTsevotNam EpøRsm:eKehAfa "Kha tue"

ehIyeRbIsMrab;Büa)alCMgWGasnñ CMgWraKmYl nig CMgWFøak;QamenA\NÐa b‘Uma: nigRbeTséf
.[2]mankareRbIEpøRsm:CaeRcInsMrab;eFVICafñaMBüa)al ]TahrN_ dUcCa fñaMbBa©úHlamk fñaMQWeBaH
fñaMelIkkMlaMg nigfñaMd¾éT²eTot. eKEtgEteRbIlayCamYy emblic myrobalan (Phyllanthus
emblica L.) nig beleric myrobalan (Terminalia bellirica (Gaertner) Roxb.). manskmµPaB
)ak;etrI nig pSittUc²bgðajeLIg eRbIEpøRsm:eTAdutbMpøajCatiCr½ eFVIeGayCasHes,Iy nig

CYyeGayeraKhWtmanPaBFUres,Iy. [26].
5
Rsm: KWCasmasPaKmYyEdlmanlkçN³smrmüKYreGayKt;sMKal;sMrab;kareRbIR)as;dIksi]sSahkmµ
nig kardaMeLIgvij.[12]
minmancMNat;fñak;
CabTBiesaFn_mYyKUreGaykt;sMKal;ya:gBiessénrukçvb,kmµenAelIekaH Solomon KWcMnYnrbs;

Terminalia species, CaBiess T. brassii. T. calamansanai nig T. catappa .
sMrab;begáItcMkareQIpSaMu kardaMduHCaRsTab; nig karbMe)A b¤bNþúH RtUv)anGnuvtþn_.

xageRkamenH KWCakarGnuvtþkarbgáat;BUCTaMgGs;rbs; ePT Terminalia
b:uEnþBMumanCaBt’manlMGitTaMgGs; enaHeT³
Terminalia GaceFVIkarbNþúHeday karsabRKab;edaypÞal; edaykarpSaMu bMe)A nig
karduHedayFmµCati. RKab;Rsm:gayRsYlrk nig rgnUvkarvayRbharedaystVl¥it
nigRbePTstVepSg²eTot eTaHbICaenAelI edIm muneBlFøak;k¾eday. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday
RKab;EdleFVIkarRbmUlenAelIdI k¾dUcCaRKab;Edl RbmUlenAelIedImEdr CYnkalBMu)ancas; b¤k¾TMul¥.
cMnYnRKab;kñúg 1 kg manbrimaNxus²Kña GaRs½ynwgRbePTeQIxus²Kña dUcCa T. catappa about 500,
for T. myriocarpa 8800-9900, sMrab; T. brassi rhUtdl;eTA 70,000.
CaTUeTAlT§PaBdMNuHfycuHya:gqab;rh½s bnÞab;BIeFVIkarRbmUl. RKab; T. catappa

GacrkSalT§PaBdMNuH)anyUr ehIyEpørbs;vaRtUv)anhUrnaMeTAqayedaysarTwksmuRT.
PaBxusKñaénbMErbMrYlenH mankarpøas;bþÚrKYreGayKat;sMKal;enAcenøaH 5-50% sMrab; T. alata, 25-
70% sMrab; T. catappa nigrhUtdl;eTA 50% sMrab; T.chebula . RKab;rbs;RbePTeQImYycMnYn
eqøIytbcMeBaHkareFVIRbRBwtþikmµsakl,g edayRtaMTwkry³eBl 24-48 ema:g b¤rMunwgRkma:TTwk

eRBaHRKab; T. catappa BMusmRsbcMeBaHkareFVIRbRBwtþikmµepSg²enaHeT.[16] karRKbRKab; b¤Epø
enAkñúgfñalsab KWsMxan;Nas;kñúgkareFVIeGayPaKrydMNuHmankarekInrLIg. CaTUeTA
6
kñúgkMLúgeBlbNþúHRtUvkarr)aMg karBarBnøW b:uEnþr)aMgkarBarBnøWKYrEtedaHecj
bnÞab;BIeFVIkarbNþúHry³eBl 1-2 Ex. Rsm: RtUvkarlkçxNÐ sMenImlµmkñúgkMLúgeBlbNþHú . CaTUeTA
RKab;cab;epþImduHBnøk bnÞab;BIsabry³eBl 2s)aþh_ nig RKab;EdlbNþúHeRkayeKry³eBl 2-5
s)aþh_bnÞab;BIsab. RKab; T. phellocarpa cab;epþImduH bnÞab;BIsabry³eBl 3.5 Ex nig
RKab;EdlbNþúHeRkayeKry³eBl 7 Ex bnÞab;BIsab.[16]
EpøRsm:EdlFøak;mk dMbgU RtUv)aneFVIkarRbmUl nig sMgYtya:gqab;rhs½tamkarEdlGaceFVIeTA)an.
bnÞab;mkeFVIkarCMruHsac;rwg. karbNþúHTTYllT§pll¥bMput KW edayeFVIkiNÐkmµRKab; b:uEnþvFi ImYyeTot
KWkat;EKmxag² énRKab; eFVIya:gNakMueGayb:Hb¤eFVIeGayxUcxatdl;GMRb‘Íy:ug bnÞab;mkykeTARtaMTwk
ry³eBl 36 ema:g k¾GaRtadMNuHTTYl)alliT§pll¥Edr. minKYreFVIkardaMEtmþgedayminsabenaHeT
BIeRBaHvaRbfuyRbfanx<s;nwgkarbMpøaj nigeFVIeGayGaRtadMNuHTab. enARbeTs\NÐa
CaTUeTARKab;Rsm: RtUv)aneKsabenAkñúgRbGb; b¤fñalsab enAkñúgsßanIybNþúHkUneQImuneBlePøógFøak;
b¤enAeBlePøógFøak; elIkTImYy b¤elIkTIBIr edayeFVIkarRKb nigeRsacTwkCaRbcaM.
enAdMNak;kaldMbUgenAkñúgfñal Rsm:RtUvkarBnøW ehIybnÞab;mkeTIbykeTAsÞÚg.
GaRtadMNuHénRKab;Rsm: KWGacrhUtdl;eTA 50%. Rsm:k¾GacbNþúHedaykarbMe)A)anEdr
bMuEnþTTYl)aneCaKC½yTabCag karbNþúHenAkñúgfñalehIyykeTAdaM enAcMkar. cMeBaHkardaMdHu eLIgvij
sMrab;begáInKMrbéRBenAkñúgéRB KWRKan;Etkab;sMGat nigeFVIkarsab RKab;Etmþg.[26]
dMNuHRtUv)ankt;sMKal; edaykUneQIcab;epþImduHEvgeTA² b¤sesþgI ²cab;epþImduH hypocotyl kan;EtxøI
nigRkas;eTA² kUTIeldUnrelagFMcMnnY 3 nigya:gticmansréscMnYn 2 elceLIg.
lT§PaBdMNuHénRKab;GacrkSaTuk)anry³eBl 1 qñaM. kUnRsm:mankarduHlUtlas;yWt
edayrdUvdMbUglUt )anry³kMBs; 10-20 sm ehIyGaRtadMNuH enAdMNak;kalbnÞab;eTotk¾yWtEdr.
páacab;epþImecj RsbKñanwgeBlEdlsøwkfµIcab;epþImlas; bnÞab;BIRCuHsøwkry³eBl 2-3Ex. 8

ExeRkaymkEpøcab;epþImTMu ehIyk¾cab;cab;epþImFøak;bnÞab;BITMu.[26]
edImRsm: BMumanCMgWb¤ stVl¥itbMpøajF¶n;F¶enaHeT RKan;EtmankarbMpøajsøwktictYcekIteLIg.

eTaHCaya:g Nak¾eday EpøRsm:EdlFøak;cuHmkmankarbMpøajedayBBYkstVkekr nig stVl¥it.
cMEnkedImRtUv)anbMpøajeday BBYkecaHb¤xYg. [26]
7
karbMpøajrbs;stVl¥itEdl)anerobrab; sMrab;EtcMkarenAelIekaH Solomon Etb:ueNÑaH minsMrab;
\NÐÚcin b¤ ePnIs‘ULaRbeTsma:eLsIueT.
F> karGPirkS :

\NÐa sirIlgàa eN)a:l; xagt,ÚgRbeTscin b‘Uma éf \NÐÚcin nig ePnIs‘ULa RbeTsm:aeLsIu.[16]
p> epSg² :
Rsm:CarukçCatiEdlpÞúknUvCati tannin dUecñHvaCaFnFanmYyEdlmankarcab;GarmµN_enA GasIuxagt,Úg

eqogxaglic. BIeRBaH vaCaEpøeQIEdlRbmUlpledIm,IcMraj;ykCati tannin nig karRbmUlplmineFVI
eGayb:HBal;dl;edIm dUcRbePTeQIEdlRbmUlykplsMbkenaHeT. Rsm: mindUc T. bellirica eT
vamanRbPBenATVIbGasIu dUecñHehIy vaRbEhlCaminsmRsbnwg GakasFatuenAGasIxu agt,Úgeqog

xaglicenaHeT. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday va)anduHlUtlas;nUvkñúgsYnPUtKamsaRsþenA Bogor (Java)
ehIyvak¾)anpþl;nUvCati tannin )anl¥CagRbePTepSg²eTot edaysarEtmankarbMErbMrYlEsn dUecñH
vaTamTanUvkarykcitþTukdak;x<s;.[26]
8
Fenton, R., Roper, R.E. & Watt, G.R., 1977: Lowland tropical hardwoods. An annotated
bibliography of selected species with plantation potential. External Aid Div., Wellington,
N.Z. Min. Foreign Affs. 2) Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.) Tree Flora of Malaya, 2nd. edition. Vol.1:
Malayan Forest Records no. 26. For.Res. Inst. Malaysia. Longman Malaysia SDN Berhad,
Kuala Lumpur.
Barthakur NN, Arnold NP, 1991. Nutritive value of the chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia
chebula Retz.) and its potential as a food source. Food Chemistry, 40(2):213-219; 23
ref.
Bhardwaj SD, Chakraborty AK, Joshi NK, 1993. Vegetative propagation of Terminalia
bellirica Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. by stem cuttings. Indian Forester,
119(5):360-366; 22 ref.
Chakraborty AK, Pandey ON, Bhardwaj SD, 1992. Propagation of Terminalia bellirica and
Terminalia chebula by stem cutting. Journal of Research, Birsa Agricultural University,
4(1):99-101; 4 ref.
Kamal Sharma, Sanjeev Thakur, Badiyala SD, Sharma NK, 1995. First report on the
propagation of Terminalia chebula Retz. through patch budding. Indian Forester,
121(8):760-761; 2 ref.
Misra KK, Jaiswal HR, 1994. Effects of indole butyric acid on rooting of air layers of arjun
and chebulic myrobalan. Indian Forester, 120(2):183-186; 6 ref.
Nurul Islam, Abdus Samad Khan, 1991. Piece dyeing of cotton fabrics with Myrobalan
[Terminalia chebula] fruits. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research,

26(1-4):175-187; 2 ref.
odrigo TMASK, 1990. Revitalization of degraded forest land in the dry zone by planting
medicinal species. Sri Lanka Forester, 19(3/4):43-45.
Sanjeev Thakur, Handa AK, Singh NB, Thakur S, 1996. Seed germination studies in
Terminalia chebula. Van Vigyan, 34:134_135.
9
Boer, E., et al. 1995. Terminalia L. In Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong,
W.C. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 5(2): Timber tree: Minor
commercial timber. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 475-478, 483.
Fundter, J.M., et al. 1992. Terminalia chebula Retz. In Lemmens, R.H.M.J. & Wulijarni-
Soetjipto, N. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3: Dye and tannin-
producing plants. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp 122-125.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

Hanoi, 788 pp.

Phnom Penh, 915 pp.

Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand. CMU Herbarium, Biology Dept.
pp.

?
10
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Toona sureni (Blume) Merr]

[Toona sureni (Blume) Merr]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. [16]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ red cedar [12]
K> sTisn½y ³ Toona febrifuga Roem.; Cedrela febrifuga Blume; Toona
febrifuga (Blume) M.J. Roemer; Cedrela sureni (Blume)

Burkill [16,26]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ suren (Indonesia-general); serijan, surian amba (Sumatera);
surian wangi (Malaysia-Peninsular); danupra (Philippines-

general); ye tama (Burma); surian (Thailand); Xoan moc; lat
khet, truong van, ma nham; (Vietnam); cèdre de Cochinchine
(French) [2,4,16].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ qaMqa b¤ xøwmcnÞ

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ chham chha: khlüm chan [4]
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Meliaceae subfamily Swietenioideae
ePT : Toona (Endl.) M. J. Roemer [16]
RbePT : Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. [12]
1
cMnucsMKal;dMbUg³ ePT Toona mancMnYn 4 b¤ 5 RbePT nigmankarEckcayBIRbeTs )a:KIsßan nigcin

eTARbeTsGURsþalI nigmanduHlUtlas;BaseBjRbeTsm:aeLsIu EdlmancMnYn 3 b¤ 4 RbePT.[16] T.
calantas manesÞIrEtBaseBjRbeTshVl I IPIn.[16]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: qaMqa CaRbePTedImeQIFM² mankMBs;BI 25-30 m . qaMqa manedImRtg;RsLÚnl¥
ragCa sIuLaMg ehIykUmEmkEdlenAtUc²RKbdNþb;edayeramBN’etñatRsal layelOg

bnÞab;mkKµaneram.[2] qaMqa manedImkMBs;BI 20-40 m.[4] qaMqa CaRbePTedImeQIFM²
mankMBs;rhtdl; 35 m nigGacman Ggát;p©itFMCa 100 cm. edImrbs;vamanragCasILu aMg Rtg;
ehIyKl;vamanRBWg. EmktUc²manBN’ ébtgcas;.[14] qaMqa manTMhMmFüm b¤FMbnþic
EdlGacrhUtdl; 40(-60) m Edlcab;BIKl;dl;Emk TImYymankMBs; 25 m
nigGacmanGgát;p©itrhtdl; 100 cm ebIduHenAtMbn;PñMvamanGgát;p©itGacrhUtdl; eTA 300 cm
RbsinebImanRBwgKW kMBs; 2 m.[16]
[sMbk]: qaMqa mansMbkBN’etñat ragrbkesþIg².[2] sMbkrbs;vaRkas;
manBN’etñatRsallayRbepH eRbHbeNþay² nigrbk.[14] épÞsMbkqaMqa CaFmµtaeRbH nigrbk
BN’sRkem:A BN’RbepHRkem:Alay BN’etñat b¤BN’etñatRsal nigmankøinRkGUbenAeBlkat;.[16]
[søwk]: qaMqa mansøwkCaRbePTsøwksñitKUr EtCYnkalCaRbePTsøkw sñitess manRbEvg 25-60 cm.
søwktMerobQm b¤esÞIrQm EdlmancMnYnBI 14-16 KUr (Cajwkjab;mancMnnY 8 KUr). tYsøwkesþIg
manRbEvg 9-17 cm nigTTwg 2.5-7.0 cm ragRsYc EdlcugsøwkRsYcbnþic Kl;søwkragbBaäit

EKmsøwkrageBj ehIyépÞ søwkTaMgsgxagrelag nigmaneramEtenAelIRTnugsøwk nigGkS½tMerobsøwk.
RTnugsøwkbnÞab;mancMnYn 10-15 KUr nigEpñkxageRkamBkx<s;. TgsøwkmanRbEvg 0.5-1.5 cm.[2]
søwkqaMqa CaRbePTsøwksiñtKUrqøas; nig kMrCaRbePTsøwksñitessNas;. søwkvamancMnYn 7-14 KUr
EtCaFmµtamancMnYn 8 KUr EdltMerobesÞIrGgÁúy manRbEvg 8-17 cm nigTTwgRbEvg 2.5-7.0 cm
ragBgRkeBI EdlcugsøwkragRsYcbnþic Kl;søwkragbBaäit nigEKmsøwkrageBj b¤reqgrqUg.
Fagsøwkrelag Kl;énRTnugsøwk maneramCakBa©úM RTnugbnÞab;mancMnYn 12-15 KUr
2
EdlelcecjCaRCegaenAépÞsøwkxageRkam.[14] søwkqaMqa manEKmsøwkrageBj EdlCaFmµtaman
duHeramenAelIRTnugsøwk EpñkxagelI tamEKmRsTab;páa GUEv nigelIgfasGUEv.[16]
[páa]: qaMqa manpáatUc² EdltMerobCacegáamenAcug² nigmanRbEvgdUcsøwkEdr b¤k¾xøICagsøwkbnþic
ehIyRKb; dNþb;eday setae. páaqaMqa manBN’s manRbEvg 5 mm nigmanTgsøwkxøI. Rtbkpáa

mancMnYn 5 ehIyxøI EdlxagKl;Cab;Kña ragTal nigEpñkxageRkAmaneram. RsTab;páaesþIg manBN’s
ragBgRkeBI nigxagcug ragTal manRbEvg 4-5 mm nigEKm²maneram. eksreQµalmancMnYn 5
EdlEvgesµIrRsTab;páa b¤k¾xøI Cagbnþic nige)aøklMGgragBgRkeBI. sÞikma:manragfas Disc
manRbEvgesµIrnwgGUEv bMBg;eksrjIKµaneram GUvul mancMnYn 8-10 kñgú mYyft².[2] qaMqa
mankBa©úMpáaCacegáam EdlsßitenAkMBUl. páaqaMqa CaRbePTpáa eTVrePT EdlmanRsTab;páaBN’s
nigmaneramenAEKm². eksreQµalesrI mancMnYn 5 EdlesÞIrEtEvgesµIr RsTab;páa. Disc
(Rbdab;sMrab;dak;lMGg) manrage)a:g BkmUl sÞikma:manragdUcEBg nigmanbMBg;cMnYn 5.
GUEvmaneram manftcMnYn 5 EdlftnImYy²manpÞúkGUvulcMnYnBI 8-10 GUvul.[14]

[Epø]: qaMqa manEpøCaRbePTEpøs¶Üt manRKb;mYy b¤eRcIn manragBgRkeBIEvg EdlxNÐedaybnÞHsþIg²
BN’ R)ak;lays nigmanRbEvg 2.5-3.5 cm. RKab;qaMqa mansøab 2 enAcugsgxag

manRbEvgRbEhlCa 1.0-1.5 cm.[2] EpøvaCaRbePTEpøs¶Üt ragBgRkeBI manRbEvg 3.0-3.5
manGgþt;p©it 1 cm EdlsMbkén EpømansñamGuC²sCaeRcIn. RKab;rbs;va manragsMEb:t
BN’etñatrelag nigcugsgxagmansøab EdlminesµIrRCug. edImqaMqa manRbBn§½b¤sEkv.[14]
sNæanEpømanragpt nigsñamsgxag sMbkEpøeRKIm nigmanrn§degðImenAelIsMbk EdlGacemIleXIj
ehIyRKab;rbs;vamansøabenAcugsgxag.[16] qaMqa cab;epþImecjpáaBIExmina dlExemsa nigEpøBIExFñÚ
dl;Exmkra (qañaMeRkay).[2]
qaMqa cab;epþmI ecjpáaBIExmkra dl;ExFñÚ nigGacRbmUlplEpøTMuBEI xemsa dl;Ex]sPa ehIyenAeBl

EpøvaTMu manBN’exµA.[14]enA Java qaMqa páaenAEx]sPa nigecjEpøBIExkkáda dl;Extula. [16]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
xageRkam CaTinñny½KitCamFümEdlTak;TgnwglkçN³sac;eQI edayeFVIkardaMduHqaMqa

layCamYYRbePT epSg²eTot ]TahrN¾dUcCa³ T. ciliata, T. sinensis nig T. sureni. Toona spp
EdleFVIkarnaMecjeRkam kardak;eQµaHfa CaeQIqaMqa eRBaHTMgn;sac;eQIxwømrbs;vaRsaldUcKña.[16]
3
sac;eQIxøwm nigsac;eQIRsayrbs; edImqaMqaEckdac;BIKña edaysac;eQIRsaymanBN’elOgsøaMg nig
sac;eQIxøwmmanBN’etñatcas; layBN’páaQUk ehIymankøinRkGUb. vamanRkey:ARbcaMqñaMelcRcega
nigEckecjBIKñaya:gc,as; EdlmanTTwgTMhM 5-7 mm. sés Vessels eTal b¤eRcIn xIø
ehIymanragCa rgVg; b¤knøHrgVg; nigCaFmµtavamanBN’etñat. mankaMtUc b¤mFüm
ehIymanpÞúknUvCatieRbgEdlman køni RkGUb. Paraparenchyma mancMnYntic ehIyenApþúMKña
enAcugénEKm. Parenchyma k¾manBRgayenA kñúgbNþúMsés. sac;eQIqaMqa manPaBrwg
nigFn;CamFüm nigeQIs¶tÜ manTMgn; 540 kg/m³. qaMqa man emKuNrYj 0.53. mansésRCabTwk
23% TMgn;sgát;beNþay 507 kg/cm² nigkMlaMgeRbH 12 kg/cm². manemKuNkMritekag 0.52.
[14]
sac;eQIqaMqa mankøinRkGUb manBN’Rkhmcas;layetñat mankaM²

Tn;EdlmanPaBRsYlkñugkarEkécñ. [2] sac;eQIqaMqa manTMgn;Rsal ehIymansac;eQITn;.
sac;eQIxøwm manBN’RkhmRsal b¤BN’RkhmRsal layBN’etñat manBN’Rkem:A
b¤RkhmRkem:Alayetñat ehIymankarEckdac;BIKña ya:gc,as;BsI ac;eQIRsay
EdlmanBN’RbepHlayBN’s páaQUk b¤BN’RkhmRsal. sac;eQIqaMqa manTMgn; 270-530(-
670)kg/m³ enAkMritsMenIm 15%. séseQIRtg; Etcak;eRsHKña nigCYnkalmanrag Twkrlk
nigmanvaynPaBsac;eQIeRKIm nigminesµIrKña. PaKeRcIn sac;eQIqaMqamankøinRkGUb dUckøinedIm

esda.[16]
enAkMritsMenIm 15% mankMlaMgkat;pþac; 42-85 N/mm² kMritrYj 7,115-10,700 N/mm²
kMlaMgsgát; Rsb 21.5-45.0 N/mm² kMlaMgsgát;Ekg 2-7 N/mm² kMlaMgkat; 3-9 N/mm²
kMlaMgeRbHTTwg 32-43 N/mm² nigkMlaMgeRbHbeNþay 36-52 N/mm² PaBrgrbs;EKm Janka
1,215-3,960 N nigPaB rwgrbs;cug Janka 2,585-4,605 N. PaBrYjrbs;va mankMritlµm b¤x<s;lµm³
BIeQIRss;eTA eQIEdl manpÞúksMenIm 12% rYjkaM 1.1-4.0% nigEKm 2.6-7.0%

cMeBaHBIeQIRss;eTA Edls¶ÜtRCul rYjkaM 2.1- 5.0% nigEKm 3.6-8.2% . enARbeTsma:eLsIu
sac;eQIqaMqa qab;s¶Üt Etmanragekagbnþic. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday enAkEngepSgeTot
EdlCaeragcRkeFVIkarsMgYteQImUl )anniyayfa sac;eQI qaMqa qab;ekag qab;Gs;CatiTwk
cMeBaHkþaEdlesþIg. enAeBldak;vasMgYtenAkñúgL RtUvtMerobvaeGayenA Cit²Kña. kþarkMras; 25 mm (1
inch) ebIsMgYtedayxül; eRbIeBl 1-3.5 Ex. karsMgYtenAkñúg enARbeTs m:aeLsIu
4
KWTamTareGaykþarmankMras; 25mm edIm,IeFVIkarsMgYtenAkñúgLBIkMritsMenIm 50% eTA 10%
kñúgry³eBlBI 3-6 éf¶ edayBMueFVIeGaymankarxUcxatGVITaMgGs;.
sac;eQIqaMqa gayRsYlkñúgkarGar kat;TTwg nigQUs nigkarQUsépÞelIeGayrelag. vaTamTar
eGaymankarxat;edIm,IeGaysac;eQIvas¥at. ]bkrN¾mYycMnnY bnÞab;BIEkécñrcY eFVIeGaysac;eQIeLIg
esJjsJaj dUecñHehIyTamTareGayeRbIR)as;]bkrn¾Edlmutl¥. karsVan karGar nigkarxat; RtUvEteFVI
eGaysac;eQIrelag b:uEnþkarecaH PaKeRcInminTTYl)anlT§pll¥eT. karbit nigkarvayP¢ab;
PaKeRcIn TTYl)anpll¥ b:uEnþkardMEdkeKalRtUveGayRtg;lmµ . sMbkeQImUlEdlmansésl¥
GacécñeFVICavIenor cMNat;fañ k;l¥)an. sMbkeQI GaceFVICavIenorEdlmankMras; 1.5 mm enAmMu 90º
edayBMucaM)ac;eFVI karsakl,g. vIenorEdlécñBqI aMqa biTCamYynwg urea-formaldehyde
begáIt)anCakáarbnÞH Edlman sþg;daRbeTsGaløWm:g;.[16] enARbeTsm:aeLsIu
sac;eQIqaMqaBMumanPaBmaMzitefreT. b:uEnþenAtMbn;epSg² eTot)anbgðajfa sac;eQIxwmqaMqa
manPaBmaMlµm b:uEnþrgnUvkarbMpøajBIBBYkkeNþórbMpøajeQIs¶Üt nig BBYkstVecaH. sac;eQIxwøm
minmanPaBFn;lµmeT TamTareRbIfñaMkarBar b¤BMumankareBjcitþeRbIR)as;eT b:Eu nþcMeBaHsac;eQIRsay
gayRCabTwk. FUlIGaceFVIeGay mebranes énsac;eQIqaMqaBukpuy rlYy
b¤eFVIeGayrlakekasikaeQI b¤RsTab;xagelIrbs;eQI.
sac;eQIqaMqa manpÞúkEsluyLÚs 61% lIknIn (lignin)27%, Petosan 11.5 % epH 0.8% nig
silica 0.5%. ehIymanPaBGacrlaycMnYn 2.3% enAkñúgGakul 3.0% enAkñúgTwkRtCak; 6.5%
enAkñúgTwkekþA nig 10.2% enAkñúgsUlysüúg NaOH 1%. tMélfamBlmanRbEhl 21,870 kJ/kg.

[16]
qaMqa manenAeN)a:l; \NÐa Bhutan PUma: bg;køaeds \NÐÚcin PUmPi aKxagt,ÚgRbeTscin éf \NÐÚensIu
hVIlIBIn GURsþalI [14] nigBaseBjRbeTsma:eLsIu eTAPaKxaglicén New Guinea .[2,16] qaMqa
CaRbePTeQIEdlmanduHeRcInbMput enAéRBtMbn;eqñr énGasIuxagt,ÚgeqogxagekIt.[4] qaMqa duHlaylM
CamYyeQICaeRcInRbePTenAkñúgéRBeRsag nigéRBBak;kNþalel,aH.[14] qaMqak¾manduHenAkñúgéRBbzm
(primary forests) b:uEnþPaKeRcInvaduHenAkñúgéRBbnÞab; (secondary forest)
5
nigCajwkjab;duHtammat;Bam nigRClgPñM tMbn;TICMralEdlmanry³kMBs; .
1700(-2100) m [16]
r)aydMNuHqaMqa manrayBI 40ºN eTA 10ºS. [12]
RbePT Toona duHlUtlas;l¥enAtMbn;RtUBic k¾dUCatMbn;GakasFatuEk,rsab;RtUBic Edlamanry³kMBs;

3000 m eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT nigenAGasIu xagt,ÚgeqogxagekIt vaduHenAry³kMBs; 2000 m
eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT [14] b¤duHenAry³kMBs;BI 0-2300m.[12] qaMqa manduHrayBaseBjéRBbzm

(primary forests) b:uEnþCaFmµtavamanduHeRcInenAkñúgéRBbnÞab; (secondary forests).[16] enAkñúg
RbeTsevotNam qaMqamanduHBaseBjtMbn;PñM b¤tMbn;PñfM µ mankMBs;TabCag 700 m

eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT. qaMqa CaRbePTeQIEdlRtUvkarBnøW nigduHlUtlas;elOn .[2]
vaRtUvkarGakasFatuekþA ehIyesIm mankMBs;TwkePøógCamFümRbcaMqñaMenAcenøaH (850)-1120-4000
mm/m² nigmanr)aymineTogTat;enA rdUvR)aMg[12] ehIyrdUvR)aMgmanry³eBlya:gtic 3-4Ex
[14]b¤ 2-6 Ex .[12] qaMqa RtUvkarsItuNðPaB x<s; nigTabbMput enAcenøaHBI 6ºC eTA 18ºC nigBI
28ºC eTA 45ºC.[14]
qaMqa RtUvkardIEdlmanCICatix<s; esIm nigb¤sGaccak;eRCA.[2] vaduHlUtlas;l¥enAelIdI

EdlmanRsTab; elIRkas; esIm nigeRsaHTwk)anl¥. vaduHenAelIdIGasIut nigdINWt [12]
dIGasIutEdlvaduHlUtlas;l¥ dUcCadI alkaline .[14] qaMqa RtUvkardIeRCA sMbrCICati esIm
dIl,ay\dæmanCICatiEdleRsaHTwkl¥ ehIyRbePTenHduHlUtlas;enAelIdI majority. qaMqa
RtUvkardIEdlmanCICati nigsMenIm[16] RtUvkar vaynPaBdIl¥ nigmFüm eRsaHTwk nigdIGasIutenANWt.
[12]
6
[sac;eQI]: sac;eQIqaMqa GaceRbIkñúgkargarCageQI eFVICakþarbnÞH nigeFVICaeQIqaø k;.[2] sac;eQIqaMqa

sMrab;kargarCageQI nigkargarsagsg;.[4] vaeRbIsMrab; eFVICarbg TVar vtßúpÞúkrbs;epSg² kMRmal
LaMg RbGb; ]sSahkmµeQI dg]bkrN¾epSg² ]bkrN¾epSg² eQIqøak;; exµAéd vIenor TUk
eFVIFug)aseQI nigkþar bnÞH.[12] sac;eQIqaMqa manPaBsmRsbsMrab;eFVICasgðarwm kþar
nig]bkrN¾sagsg;EdlrgnUvkMlaMg xøaMg.[14] ykeQIqaMqamUl sagsg;pÞH nig]bkrN¾epSg²
sgðarwm kargareQI kargarsib,kmµ ]bkrN¾ tubEtg kþarBIdan ]bkrN¾evcx©b; TUkgr TUkEcv TUk cgVa
Ecv BüaNUr ]bkrN¾ePøg bnÞHvIenor kþarbnÞH nigcMlak;.[16] qaMqa
mantMélsMrab;kardaMéRBeLIgvij.[2]
[Gnupl]: qaMqa cMeBaHvisy½»sfburaN vamankareRbIR)as;xus²Kña ]TahrN¾dUcCa³
qugpáaqaMqabriePaK RbqaMgnwgkarQIkRnþak; esa¶rsMbk nigb¤s briePaK vaCYybnßykMedARKun nig
bBaÄb;eraKmYl.[4] b¤s nigRKab;qaMqa GaceRbIeFVCI afñaM nigsMbkmanpÞúknUvCati tannin eRcIn.[14]
EpñkepSg²énedImqaMqa CaBiess sMbk eRbIeFVICa»sfburaN CafñaMBüa)alCMgWsVit fñaMkMlaMg nigfñaMraK.
søwkqaMqa CafnaMRbqaMgnwg skmµPaBBYkbeBaØIR)aN. qaMqa GacdaMeFVICarukçCatilMGr eQIlMGr
nigsMrab;kardaMduHeLIgvij.[16]
séssMbkqaMqa GaceFVICa)av ehIyenARbeTs\NÐa ykpáaqaMqa eFVICafñaMRClk;sMBt;BN’ Rkhm
b¤elOg. [16]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
qaMqa CaRbePTeQIEdlBMuTan;mancMNat;fñak;.[18]
RbePT enHmantMélsMrab;kardaMéRBeLIgvij vamanRbeyaCn¾Nas; eRBaHvaCaRbePTeQIEdlmankarduH

lUtlas;elOn gayRsYlkñúgkarduHeLIgvij nigCaeQIEdlmantMélx<s;.[2] cMkareQIBiesaFn¾
RtUv)aneFVI eLIgCamYy T. ciliata enAGaRBic GaemricLaTIn GURsþalI Hawaii nigxaglic Java.
7
kUneQIqaMqatUc² RtUvkarmøb; eBlvaFMbnþic vaRtUvkarBnøxW øaMg nigbnÞab;mkeTotvaFn;nwgmøb;
nigkat;bnßynUvkarbMpøaj eday Hypsipyla.[16] kUnqaMqa RtUvkarEfTaMx<s;
eRBaHvagayrgnUvkarrMxanBIBBYkstVéRB nigePøIg. Gayul¥bMput sMrab;karkab;qøas; KW 40 qañM
bnÞab;mkmancMnYnbEnßmCalMdab;. GaRtaéncMnYnbEnßmCamFümRbcaMqñaMBI 7-18 m³/ha. Hypsipyla
robusta CastVl¥itEdlrMxaneTAelIBnøkEmkéncMkarqaMqa. vtþmanrbs;CatiBul enAelI T. ciliata
KWelcecjmkBIkarbgáat;rbs; Hypsipyla edIm,ITb;Tl;nwg Meliaceae.[16] naeBl bc©úb,nñ

BMumancMkareQIdaMqaMqa NamYyTTYl)aneCaKCy½eT. manEtkardaMduHBiesaFn¾tictYcsMrab;eFVIeRKÓg
lMGr nigdaMlMGrtamdgvifIb:ueNÑaH b:uEnþlT§plBMuTan;TTYl)anl¥RbesIr. GaRtaénkarrs;Tab
BIeRBaHvargnUv karbMpøaj nigrMxanBnøk. vaGacdaMlayCamYy
cMkareQIcMruHraraMgnUvkarbMpøajya:gF¶n;F¶relIBnøk.[14]
xageRkamenHKWCa Bt’manEdlbgðajBIPaBlb;rbs;RbePTepSg²rbs; ePT Toona elIqaMqa³

xageRkamKWCakarrab;cMnYnRKab; kñúgmYyKILÚRkam Edl)aneFVIenAGasIuxagt,ÚgeqogxagekIt³ T.
calantas mancMnYn 83,000- 420,000RKab; T. ciliata mancMnYn 280,000-425,000 RKab; T.sinensis
mancMnYn 403,000-721,000 RKab; nigqaMqa (T. sureni) mancMnYn 64,000- 468,000 RKab;.
KYrEteFVIkarRbmUlEpø enAeBlEdlvaeRbH. bnÞab;BIbksMbk ehIydak;haléf¶ 2-3éf¶
nigGacykRKab;ecj)an ehIyeFVIkarGMu sMGatecj. RKab;Rss;rbs; T. ciliata GacduHBnøk)anBI 60-
90% b:uEnþcMeBaHqaMqamanEt 45% b:ueNÑaH . RKab;qaMqa GaceFVIkarsabEtmþg Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
edayBMucaM)ac;eFVIRbRBwtþkmµRKab;enAkñugfñalsabeT edayRKan;Etsabva edaypÞal;enAeRkamBn¶Wéf¶
nigePøóg ehIyeraydIxSac;esþIg²RKbBIelI. kñúgry³eBl 2-4 s)aþh¾bnÞab; vaduH
BnøkeTACakUneQIEdlmankMBs;BI 5-10 cm nigGacykeTAsÞÚg)an. kardaMkUnedaypÞal; minEmnCaviFI
saRsþ samBaØenaHeT BIeRBaHRKab;Edll¥RbEhlCagaynwgebIug)at;. cMeBaHkardaMkUn
RtUvmankMBs;ya:gtic 1 m cMeBaHkarsÞúMKWxøI (duBnøk 7cm nigb¤s 25 cm) kUnEdlmanb¤seya:g
b¤kYnEdlmancab;dIenAb¤seRcIn GacykeTAdaM)an. cMeBaHkUnsÞúMEdlmanGgát;p©it 1.5-2.5 cm
daMl¥CagkUnEdlmanGgát;p©it 0.5- 1.25 cm. sMrab;kardaMCYs enAkñúgéRBbzm (primary forest)
b¤éRBbnÞab; (secondary forest) EdlGn; eKdaMedImsÞMúEdlmanGayuBI 1.5-2 qñaM . RbBn§½b¤snwgduH)an
8
60% ebIdaMedImqaMqabgáat; EdlmanGayuBI 2-4 qñaM enAelIdIGasIut indolebutyric (IBA)
EdlCadIl¥mFüm. karbgáat;Emk énedIm T.calantas Edlcas; RtUvdaMvaenAkñúgfñal
enAkñúgsßanIybNþúHkUneQICamunsin edIm,IeGayvaduHBnøk. TaMgqaMqa (T. sinensis) nig T. ciliata
GacduHExñgb¤s nigduHExñgBIKl;eLIgvij)anya:gl¥. CaFmµtaRtUvdaMXøatKñacMgay 2 m x 2 m cMeBaH
T. ciliata nig 1.5 m x 1.5 m cMeBaH (T. sureni).
RKb;RKYsar Meliaceae TaMgGs; TTYlrgnUvkarbMpøajRKb;ya:gBIBBYk Hypsila robusta. vaCadgáÚv

Edl ciBa©wmCIvit enAelIRkBMu b¤RtYy nigbMpøajelIBnøk. ebIdaMedImqaMqaenAkñgú møb;
GacCYykat;bnßynUvPaB GnþrayenH b:EnþminGacbBaÄb;vaEtmþg)aneT.[16]
F> karGPirkS :
RbePT T. calantas enARbeTshVIlIPIn esÞIrEtputBUC edassarEtkareFVIGaCIrkmµhYskMrit

b:uEnþcMeBaHqaMqa (Toona sureni) minmanBt’manlMGitNa bBa¢ak;eGay)anc,as;eT.[16]
minTan;manTinñny½.

RbePTTaMgGs;enH manRbPBkMeNItenAeN)a:l; \NÐa b‘Utan PUma: \NÐÚcin PaKxagt,ÚgRbeTscin éf
BaseBjRbeTsm:aeLsIu CaBiessPaKxaglicén New Guinea
ehIynaMykeTAdaMduHkan;EteRcIneLIg² enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYnéntMbn;RtUBci nig sab;RtUBic

eFVICarukçCatilMGr nigdaMtamdgvifI. [12,16]
9
p> epSg² :
qaMqa CaRbePTeQIEdlpþl;nUveQImUl EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ ehIyGaceRbIkñúgeKalbMNgeRcInya:g.

eRkABIenH vaCaRbePTeQIEdlmankarduHlUtlas;elOn niggayRsYlkñúgkardaMduH. dUecñH RbePTqaMqa
mantMélsMrab;;kardaMBiesaFn¾. ehIyvak¾l¥ sMrab;daMeFVICacMkareQIcMruH
edImkat;bnßynUvkarbMpøajBIBBYk stVl¥it EdlcUlbMpøajeQIRbePTenH. kardaMedImqaMqa
mankarrIkraldalya:gTUlMTUlay kññúgeKalbMng eRbIR)as;eRcIny:ag.[16]
Bahadur, K.N. 1988: Monograph on the genus Toona (Meliaceae). Bishen Sing Mahendra
Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. 251 pp.
Edmonds, J.M. 1993: The potential value of Toona species (Meliaceae) as multiple
purpose and plantation trees in Southeast Asia. Comm. For. Review 72(3): 181-186.
Chen FH, 1987: Flora of Guangdong. Guangdong, China: Guangdong Science and
Technology Press.
Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC, 1995. Plant resources of South-East Asia No.
5 (2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5
(2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers., 655 pp.; [Also published by Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. PROSEA NUGI 835.]; 747 ref.
Liu P, Yang JJ, Lu FJ, 1993: Wood of Southeastern Asia. Beijing, China: China Forestry
Publishing House, pp. 179-180.
Luna RK, 1996: Plantation trees. Plantation trees., xii + 975 pp.; [refs at ends of
sections].
Merrifield LE, Howcroft NHS, 1975: Propagation of Cedar, Toona sureni (Bl.) Merr., from
cuttings treated with growth substances. Turrialba, 25(1):54-57; 7 ref.
Mohd Shukari M, 1985: Malaysian timbers - surian. Trade Leaflet, Malaysian Forest
Service, No. 93:5pp.; 3 ref.
10
Storrs A, Storrs J, 1984: Discovering trees in Nepal and the Himalayas. Discovering trees
in Nepal and the Himalayas., xxiv + 366pp.; 15 ref.
Tang Y, 1973: Tropical and Subtropical Timber in Yunnan. Yunnan, China: People's
Publishing House.
Webb DB, Wood PJ, Smith JP, Henman GS, 1984: A guide to species selection for
tropical and sub-tropical plantations. Tropical Forestry Papers, Commonwealth Forestry
Institute, University of Oxford, No. 15 (rev.):ii + 256 pp.; 175 ref.
Xiao GG, 1991: Forest insects of China. Forest insects of China., Ed. 2:vi + 1362 pp.;
many ref.
Ye GY, 1980. Promising trees in limestone area: Toona sureni and Cinnamomum
camphora. Subtropical Forest Science and Technology, 3:49-59.
Ye X, 1983. Afforestation of Broad-leaved Trees. Guangxi, China: People's Publishing

House, 32-34.
Zheng WJ, 1978. Silvicultural techniques for major forest trees in China. Volume 1.
Beijing, China; China Agriculture Press.
Zhou GS, 1994: Introduction and Silviculture of fast-growing Toona sureni and T. ciliata
var. pubescens. J. of Fujian Forestry College, 14(3):271-276.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :



11
12) CABI Forestry Compendium 2003
14) FSIV/JICA 2003: Use of Indigenous Tree Species in Reforestation in

Vietnam. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, 188 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor B, and Mutua A, 2002:

?
(Internet source)

source)
12
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub]

[Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub.[4]; var. kerrii
(Craib. & Hutch.) I.C. Nielsen[8]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ irul [12]
K> sTisn½y ³ Xylia dolabriformis Benth. [4], Acacia xylocarpa (Roxb.)Willd.;
Inga xylocarpa (Roxb.)DC.; Mimosa xylocarpa Roxb. [8].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ pyincado (Burma); sô kra:ch, sô krâ m krâhâ :m, sô krâ m sâ
r (Cambodia); deng (Laos) daeng (Thailand-general); câm xe

(Vietnam [8,17].
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ sURkM

ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ Sô:krâm [4]
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Mimosoideae
ePT : Xylia Benth. [17]
RbePT : Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. [17]
1
EdltameKsÁal;c,as;sURkM manBIRbePTepSgKñaKW var.xylocarpa mkBIRbeTs\NÐa nigb‘Uma:

EdlkUnswøk nig e)øaklMGgrbs;vaesÞrI EtKµaneram nigmYyRbePTeTotKW var. kerrii (Craib. &
Hutch.) I.C. Nielsen (synonym: X. kerrii (Craib & Hutch.) mkBIb‘Uma: \NÐÚcin nigRbeTséf
Edlsøwkrbs;vamaneram nig e)øaklMGgrbs;varagdUcRkeBj.[17]

[lkçN³TUeTA]: sURkMCaRbePTedImeQIFM² EdlCMruHsøwkRbcaMqñaM mankMBs;BI 30-40 m
nigmanGgátp; ©itBI 40-60 cm . CYnkaledImrbs;vaRtg; ehIymanRBwgtUc²enAnwgKl;. sURkM
mankenSamsøkw Rkas;. [2] edImsURkMmankMBs;BI 20-25 m.[4] sURkM CaRbePTeQIFM²
EdleFVIkarCMruHsøwkCaRbcaM nigmankMBs;rhUt dl;TA 30 m. edImrbs;vaRtg;RsLÚnl¥ EmkragRsav
BMusUvmanEmkEbkxasaeRcIn nigminmanbnøaxñay sÞb.[5,8] sURkMCaRbePTeQICMruHsøwkCaRbcaM
EdlmankMBs;mFüm 25 (-40) m edImRtg;RsLÚnl¥ ehIymanragCasIuLaMg CYnkalmanragdUcxøúy
nigmanEmktic ehIymankMBs; 12 (-25) m nigmanGgát; p©it 75(-120) nigmanRBwgtUc²
nigCYnkalBMumaneT. [17]
[sMbk]: edImsURkM mansMbkBN’elOglayRbepH nigERbeTACaBN’RkhmRsallayRbepH
ragrdibrdub nigrbkmineTogTat;. sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’Rkhm. Emkrbs;va
mansñamGuC²BN’etñatRsal.[2] sMbkrbs;va manCatieRbgBN’etñat b¤Rkhmlayetñat esþIg
ragrbkesþIg²CMuvij sMbkrbs;vamanrn§degðIm tUc² nigsMbkxagkñgú manBN’páaQUk.
kUnEmkmaneramEkvRkas; b¤CYnkalKñaeram. xñaysÞbmanTMrg;CaCUr ehIymanRbEvg 3-4 mm

TgsøwkmanRbEvg 3-8 cm ragsIuLaMg nigRsYc maneramEkv b¤duHeram
nigsMbkxagkñúgmanBN’paá QUk.[5,8] épÞsMbkesþIg nigmanrn§degðImtUc²enAelIsMbk manBN’RbepH
Rsal ERbCaBN’RkhmRsal b¤BN’elOglayetñat sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’páaQUkx©I
ehIymankenSamsøwk Rkas;. [17]
[søwk]: sURkM mansøwkCaRbePTsøwksmas sñitKUr manRbEvgBI 2.5-5.0 cm nigsñitsøwkmYyKYr
manRbEvg 7.5-10.0 cm EdlmanRkeBjenAKl;. enAelIsñitsøwk mankUnsøwkcMnnY 2-6 KUr

2
nigmanRkeBjtUc²enAKl; énkUnsøwknImYy². søwkrbs;va manragCabnÞHesþIgehIyman ragRTEvg
dUcs‘ut ehIysøwkEdlenAxageRkam manTMhMtUcCagsøwkEdlenAelIbnÞab;² ehIysøwkBIrEdlenAcugeK
bg¥s; manTMhMFMCageK KWmanTMhMBI 7.5-15.0 cm x 3.5 cm. ehIyRTnug TIBIresÞIrRsb.[2] swøkrbs;
vaCaRbePTsøkw sñitKUr EdlmanKUrcMnnY Et mYyeTenAelITgxag² EdlmYyxag² mansøwkQmcMnYnBI 3-
7 KUr nigmanRbEvgBI 10-30 cm ehIysøwk EdlenAcugeKmanTMhMFMCageKKW 4.0-15.0 x 2.5-6.0 cm
nigsøwknImYy² manragdUcs‘utsþcÜ b¤manragBg RkeBIRTEvg EdlcugsøwkragRsYcbnþic. søwkrbs;vaman

TgsøwkRbEvgBI 0.2-0.3 cm TgsøwkcMkNþalman RbEvg 3-8 cm Edlral;tMNr
søwkTaMgGs;manRkeBjmYlmYy. søwkEdlenAx©I manBN’páaQUkya:gRbNit EdlEtgEtlas;ecj
enAExmina dl;Exemsa bnÞab;BIecjpáa.[5] søwksURkM CaRbePTsøwksñitKUr maneram nigman
RkeBjmYyenAtMNrénTgsñit vamanGgát;p©itBI 1-3 mm manRbEvg 7-30 cm ragRkjÚvbnþic
manduHeram nigmanRkeBjenABIeRkamcMnucRbsBVénTgsøwk. kñgú mYysñit mankUnswøkcMnnY 3-7 KUr
manragdUcs‘utEterov b¤manragBgRkeBIRTEvg EdlsøwkmYyKUrenAxagcugmanTMhFM MCageK manTMhM 3.8-
15.0 x 2.4-6.7 cm enAeBlEdlswøkTMu épÞsøwkxagelIrelagKµaneram nigépÞsøwkxageRkammaneram
nigmanTgsøkw RbEvgBI 2-3 mm. BnøksøwkfµI Rkas;ngi maneramBN’elOgRsal.[5,8]

søwkrbs;vatMerob enAelIsñitmYyKYrdUcbnøa nigmanRkeBjenAcMnucRbsBVénTgsøwk nig sñitsøwk
ehIysøwknImYy²tMerobQm KñµacMnYnBI 3-6 KUr enAelIsñitsøwknImYy² nigmanxñaysÞbsøwk.[17]
[páa]: sURkM manpáatUc² BN’elOgRsal enAkBa©úMTgpáa TMhMBI 12-20 mm. RsTab;páa rYmman 2/3
énEpñkxageRkam. eksreQµalmancMnYn 10 (enAkñúgpáaeQµal 12) ehIye)øaklMGgmanragdUcRkeBj

enAeBlx©I. GUEv manduHeram.[2] páasURkM manBN’elOgRsal CapáaeTalehIyxøI
duHenAelITMrRkas;Edl mank,alragmUlTMhM 1.5-2.0 cm b¤duHCacegáamenAelIGkS½éncugsøwk
BuMenAelIEmkeT. k,alTgmanTMhM 3.5-5.0 cm ebIpáaeTalBMumanTgeT. RsTab;páa mancMnYn. 5

manTMhM 3.5-4.5 mm EdlenAEpñKl; esÞIrEtCab;Kña maneramenAxageRkA
nigmaneksreQµalesrIcMnYnBI 10-12 nigEvgCagRtbkpáacMnYnBI 5-12 mm
ehIymaneksreQµalcMnYn 5 manRbEvgEvgCageK nige)øaklMGgBMumanRkeBjeT. [5] TgkBa©úMpáa

manRbEvgBI 2.5-9.0 cm Cab;eTAnwgk,alénpáaEdlKµanTgcMnYn 90. sÞbpáa rbs;sURkM
manragdUcsøabRBa. Rtbkpáa manragdUcCILÚv manRbEvgBI 2.9-4.0 mm manduHeramdUcELn
ragGgáaj; dUceFµj RbEvgBI 0.8- 1.0 mm ehIymanragBgRkeBIRTEvg ehIycugRsYc. RsTab;páa
3
ragBgRkeBIRTEvg ehIymanRbEvgBI 3.5-4.5 mm TgeksreQµalmanragsMEb:t nige)øak
lMGgBMumanRkeBjeT. GUEv manRbEvgBI 2-3 mm.[8] páasURkM sßitenAelITMrEdlmanragdUcPUeKal
ehIypáarbs;vaCaRbePTpáa eQµal b¤páaeTVrePT EdlmanRtbkpáacMnYn 5 manragdUcCILÚv manduHeram
EdltMerobCarag valvate nigRtbkpáa esrI nigmanduHeram eksreQµalmancMnYn 10 ehIyesrI
GUEvmanragx<s; KµanTg manduHeram maneksikacMnYn 2 nigbMBg;eksrjIcMnYn 1. [17]
[Epø]: sURkM manEpøCaRbePTEpøkYr manCatieQI ENn ragmUlBgRkeBI manRbEvg 20 mm nigTTwgTMhM
12 mm.[2] Epørbs;va manTMrg;dUcEpøkaMbitEdleRbIkñg ú pÞH)ay manTMhM 10-17 x 3.5-6.0 cm Rkas;

nigman CatieQI ehIyragekagbnþic manragRsYcenAKl;Epø EdldMbUgmanBN’etñatrelag
bnÞab;mkERbCaBN’exµA layetñat nigeRbHCaBIrEpñkekageTAeRkay enAeBlEdlvaenAelIedImyUr.
RKab;rbs;va mancMnYn 6-10 RKab;kñúgmYyEpø ehIymanragBgRkeBIsME;b:t manTMhM 11-20 x by 7-12
mm nigmanBN’etñatcas;.[5, 8] Eprbs;vamanragdUcdMbgb‘UmWr:g; EtsMEb:t ehIyCaEpøkYr
sMbUreTAedayCatieQI sMbkEpñkxagcugnwg eRbHCaBI ehIymanpÞúkRKab;cMnYnBI 7-10RKab;. RKab;rbs;va

manragRTEvg ehIysMEb:t mansMbkrwg nigmanBN’etñat. kUneQIenHduHeLIgenA eBlEdlRKab;
Føak;enAelIdIesIm kUTIeldUnnegTUleLIg hypocotyl rIkeLIgEvg ehIyswkmYyKUrdMbUg
cab;epþImduHecjQmKña EdlmankUnsøwkcMnYn 1(-2) KUr EdlCYnkalmansnøwkcMnYn 3
EdlduHenAbnþbnÞab;Kña.[17] sURkM cab;epþImecjpáaBIExmina dl;Exmifuna nig cab;epþImecjEpøBIExvicäika
dl;ExFñÚ. sURkM CaRbePTeQIEdlduHlUtlas;yWt b:uEnþCaRbePTEdlmanCIvit Evg.[2] sURkM
ecjpáaBIExmIna dl;Exmifnu a nigecjEpøBIExvicäika dl;ExFñÚ.[17]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI
:
sURkM mansac;eQIxøwm nig sac;eQIRsayEckdac;BIKña Edlsac;eQIRsaymanBN’elOgRsal

layBN’s ehIyRkas; cMeBaHsac;eQIxøwmmanBN’RkhmRkemA ehIymansñamqñÚttic² nigmansMrs;
s¥atNas;. sURkM mansac;eQIrwgmaMl¥ EdlmanPaBFn;nwgkarbMpøajBIBBYkkeNþór nigstVl¥itepSg²
eTot RBmTaMgmanPaB Fn;RTaMnwgGakasFatupgEdr.[2] sURkM manPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarEkécñ
enAeBlEdlsac;eQIRss; b:uEnþ BI)akkñúgkarEkéceBlEdlsac;eQIs¶Üt ehIymanPaBBi)ak
bMputcMeBaHkarEkécñedayéd.[2] sac;eQIsURkM rwgmaM ehIymanPaBFn;nwgkarbMpøajBIBBYkkeNþór
stVl¥itepSg²eTot nigGakasFatuxageRkA xusBItMrUv kar.[8] sURkM pþl;pleQIxøwm
4
F¶n;EdlmanTMgn;BI 880-1170(-1330) kg/m³ enAkMritsMenIm 15%. sac;eQIxwmø
manBN’Rkhmcas; layBN’etñat ERbeTACaBN’etñatcas; manTTwg 2.5 cm ehIyEjkecj
ya:gc,as;BsI ac;eQIRsay EdlmanBN’Rsal séseQIcak;eRsHKña b¤ragCaTwkrlk vamanvaynPaB
sac;eQIl¥lµm eTaHbICasac;eQIrbs;vamanCatiCr½bnþic EdlCakrNIeFVIeGayman cMnuc²knÞÜlelc
eLIg. sac;eQIsURkM manduHnUvRkey:Ac,as;² nigminc,as; vamanRkey:Ac,as;enAeBlEdl)a:ra:sIuma:
tUc²ehIy rMuBT§½CMuvij enAeBlEdlsés vessels manTMhMBItUclµm eTATMhMFMlµm enAeTal
b¤enApþMúKñaeRcInCakaM cMnYnBI 2-4 EdleBlxøHtMerobCaragbBa¢ti Cajwkjab;man
bgáb;nUvCatiCr½BN’TwkRkUc layetñat )a:ra:sIuma:mancMnYn BIeRcInéRklµm eTAeRcInéRk paratracheal
vasicentric manragdUcsøab ehIyRbsBVKñaCamYynwg )a:r:asIuma: tUc²enAtamEKm Edlhak;dUcCaEKm
ehIybeBa©jkaMBnøWya:gRss;s¥at lb;bM)at;nUvsñamRCYjGgáaj;² ehIyhak;bIdUcCakan;EkvenAnwgéd.

[17]kMriténkarrYjTab b:uEnþsac;eQITamTarnUvkarRbugRbytñ½ EfTaM RtYtBinitü edIm,IkMueGayvaeRbH Ebk
CaBiessenAkñúgLsMgYt vaTamTareGayeRbIkMedAexSay nigsMgYtedaysnSwm². sac;eQIsURkM

manPaBrwg xøaMg nigmaMl¥Nas;. vaBI)akkñúgkarEkécñ enATIrabNas; edayvagaynwg
eFVIeGay]bkrN¾Ekécñqab;ril b:uEnþ RbsinebIeFVIrYc vanwgTTYl)anpll¥éRkElg. eTaHCaya:gNa
k¾eday karrkSaraTukeGayenARss; vaman PaBgayRsYlkñúgkarGar. sUURkM mansac;eQIrwgmaMbMput
edayenARbeTséf EkécñeFVICaERKekg GaceRbI R)as;)anya:gtic 12qñaM nigRbeTs\NÐa eRbIR)as;
)anry³eBlBI 20-24qñaM. sac;eQIxøwmrbs;sURkM manPaBFn;xøaMg RbqaMgeTAnwgRbRBwtþkmµepSg²
cMeBaHsac;eQIRsayvij gayrgnUvRbRBwtþkmµepSg². sac; eQIrbs;edImsURkM manPaBFn;)anl¥
nigBBYkstVmYycMnYndUcCa GeNIþkmas kEBa© -l- cMEnkÉsac;eQI Rsay rgnUvkarvayRbharBI
Lyctus b:uEnþsac;eQImanPaBFn;eTAnwgkeNþór nig kEBa©Edk. [17]
Xylia manRbEhlCa 12 RbePT EdlPaKeRcInmanenAtMbn;RtUBic énTVIbGaRhVic nwgenA Madagascar.

manEtmYyRbePTb:ueNÑaH EdlmanduHlUtlas;enAGasIuxagt,ÚgeqogxagekIt KWmgÇút X. xylocarpa
(Roxb.) Taubert, (sTisn½y X. dolabriformis Benth.). eKBMueXIjman sURkMduHenAkñúgéRB
énRbeTs ma:eLsIueT b:uEnþmanduHenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa b‘Uma: \NÐÚcin nigRbeTséf. vak¾RtUv)andaMduH

enAkñúgtMbn;Edl manr)aydMNuHFmµCati nigkMrmanduHenAeRkABItMbn;enHNas; ehIysURkMkMr
5
manduHenARbeTssaMghÁaBYr nig tMbn;ePnIs‘ULa énRbeTsma:eLsIuNas;.[17] sURkM duHenAkñúgtMbn;
PUmisa®sþ kñúgEdnkMNt;KWBI 25ºN eTA 12ºN. mgÇút manduHenAkñúgéRBeRsags¶Üt nigduHenAkñúglay
lMCamYyéRBel,aH b:uEnþkarduHlUtlas;enAkñúg éRBel,aHs¶ÜtGMbUr dipterocarp éRBEdlmanry³
kMBs;x<s; nigéRBb¤sSIesIm karduHlUtlas;rbs;vamin l¥eT. kalBImun vaCasmasFatucMbg
EtnaeBlbc©úb,nñvaCasmasPaBsamBaØ BIeRBaHvaRtUv)aneRCIserIs kñúgkarkab; edaysarsac;
eQIrbs;vamanBN’etñatcas;.[2,4,5,8]
edImsURkM duHenAry³kMBs;cenøaHBI 500 m nig 850 m (0-600 m [12]) eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT [2,8,17]

vakMrmanduHenATIval nigkñgú RbePTéRBs¶ÜtNas; CaFmµtavaduHlaylMCamYy Dipterocarpus alatus,
Lagerstroemia calyculata, Tetrameles nudiflora, Anogeissus acuminata nig Schima
superba. sURkM CaRbePteQIEdlRtUvkarBnøW ehIyvaduHlUtlas;enAelIdIxSac; nigdIeRCA².

b¤srbs;vacak;eRCAeTA kñúgdI nigmankarvvtþn¾ya:grwgmaM. vamankarduHlUtlas;eLIgvijl¥
eTaHbICavaenAkñutMbn;manePøgI eqHk¾ eday.[5] vaRtUvkarkMBs;Tkw ePøógRbcaMqñaM ERbRbYlBI 1000 eTA
5000 mm/m² edIm,IduHlUtlas; TaMg enArdUvekþA rdUvrMehIy nig rdUvePøóg.
vaRtUvkarsItuNðPaBRbcaMqñaM enAcenaøHrdUvR)aMg kMLúgeBl 3-5 Ex kñúgkMritBI 30-42ºC . sURkM
RtUvkarlkçxNÐdI EdleRsaHTwkl¥ nigépÞxagelImanragrdibrdub. sURkMBMumanduHlUtlas;enA tMbn;Edl
manTICMralénPñMTab²eT eRBaHvaCakEnøgEdldIBMuGaccak;b¤s)aneRCA nigesIm. vamanduHenAelIfµ
nigdICaeRcInRbePTdUcCadI schist dIfµRsTab;² dIl,b; dIeRCABN’exµA .l. [12]
:
edImsURkM duHlUtlas;l¥enAelIdIxSac; nigdIfµ.[5] sURkM manduHenAtMbn;PUmisa®sþxus²Kña dUcCaduHenAelI

silaRkanIt dI gneiss dIfµPñM dI schist dIfµ)asal; dIfµ ¬fµsMrab;cak;RkalpøÚv¦ dIsilaexov dIfµPk; nig
dIfµkMe)ar. vacUlcitþduHenAelIdIcenøaHBI dI gneiss nigdIfµ)ayeRkom eTaHbICaeBlxøHvacUlcitþduHenAelIdI
6
fµ)ayeRkomk¾eday b:uEnBMumanduHCaRTg;RTayFMeT. CYnkal eXIjvamandHsuT§EtÉg enAelIdI gneiss.
vaBMumanCak;lak;enaHeT KWvaGaRsy½eTAnwglkçxNÐdI kEnøgTwkrak; b¤k¾dIfµ ehIyvaduHl¥KYrsm
enAelIdIs¶Üt. vamanduHCaRTgRTayFMbMputenAtammat;Twk.[12] vaynPaBdIKYrEtmanCatiGasIuttic
b¤mFüm b¤esÞIrEt NWt nigeRsaHTwk. sURkM Fn;RTaMeTAnwgdIEdlmandk;Twkrak;² nigdIéRb.
RbePTdIEdlmanlkçN³ smRsbcMeBaHedImsURkM KWCadIEdlmanCatiGasIut dI alfisols dIl,b; dI
colluvials dI ferralsols dIsilaRkanIt dIRkYsGacm¾kNþúr dIfµ)ayeRkom dIfµkMe)ar dIfµPk; dI ultisols dI
vertisols dIPñM nigdItMbn;RtUBic nigmanPaBFn;cMeBaHkarduHCaRkum. [12]
[sac;eQI]: edImsURkM mansac;eQIrwg F¶n; (TMgn;sMgYtedayxül;RbEhlCa 850 kg/m³) nigman

sac;eQIrwgmaM sURkM CaeQImUlcMbgbMputsMrab;karsagsg;F¶n²; . eQImUl manvaynPaB
sac;eQIl¥mFüm nigmanséseQIcak;eRsH sac;eQImanPaBrwgmaMl¥ Edlsac;eQIxøwmman BN’Rkhm
Rkem:AlayBN’etñat. enAeBlEdlsMgYt sac;eQIrbs;vaTamTareGaymankarykcitþTukdak;x<s;
eCosvagkMueGayEbk b¤eRbH dUecñHTamTareGaymankarsMgYtyWt². sac;eQIxøwm rbs;edImsURkMman
PaBFn;RTaMnwgkarrMxanBI BBYk keNþór KWmanPaBrwgEdlGacTb;Tl;nwgRbtþikmµepSg².[12] eQImUl
PaKeRcIneRbIeFVICaTUreTHePøgI nig karsagsg;F¶n;²dUcCa s<an ssr eQImUleRbIR)as;kñúgGNþÚgEr:
nigsMrab;kargarkMBg;Ep. vak¾RtUv)aneRbI R)as; sMrab;eFVICakg;reTHePøIg nigeFVICak)a:l;. edImsURkM
CaTUeTAeRbIsrM ab;eKalbMngsagsg; nigsMrab;kar eRbIR)as;kMbuickMb:ukdUcCa eFVIExl r)aMgepSg² pøÚvedIr
cg¥ÚrrMGil ¬sMrab;rMGilrbs;BITIx<s;mkTab¦ RkalCabøúk² .l. eQImUlrbs;sURkM PaKeRcIn
eRbIsMrab;eFVICa]bkrN¾ksikmµ dUcCa eFVIreTH begðóresH TUkEcv dgrbs;]bkrN¾eRbIR)as;epSg²

nigsMrab;cMraj;eRbg. vak¾eRbIeFVICaeQI sMrab;dkw CBa¢ÚnepSg² eFIVCarhat;GNþgÚ nigssrsMrab;
sMNg;epSg². [12] edImsURkM CaRbePTeQIfamBld¾l¥ ehIyFüÚgrbs; vamantMélx<s;sMrab;
dutrMlayEdk. edayBWgEp¥keTAelIsar³RbeyaCn¾rbs;va sac;eQIrbs;vacab;epþIm mankareRbIR)as;
layCamYysac;eQIxøwm. [12]
eKeRbIsMrab;eFVICa sgðarwm k)a:l; TUk sagsg;s<an TUreTHePøIg nigeFVICassrFM². [2,4, 8] sac;eQI
Edlrwg ehIymanPaBrwgmaM eRbIsMrab;karsagsg;F¶n;² ]TahrN¾³ sMrab;eFVICa begÁal kþarkMral s<an
7
begÁalkñúgsmuRT TUreTHePøIg sg;TUk esarsMrab;cak;kñúgTwk RkalCabøúk² r)aMgkarBar b¤Exl cg¥ÚrrMGil
eFVICasgðarwm nig RkLwgeFVICa]bkrN¾eRbIR)as;kñgpÞH.[17]
[Gnupl]: sMbk nigEpørbs;sURkM eRbIsMrab;eFVICa»sfkñúgRsuk. enA\NÐÚcin eKes¶arvaeFVICafñaMTb;Tl;nwg
haemoptysis.[4,17] sMbk nig sac;eQIsURkM manpÞúknUvCati tanning nigRKb;manpÞúknUvCatieRbg.
enAPUmiPaKxagt,ÚgRbeTs\NÐa eKykEpøkYrEdlsMbUreTAedayCatieQI rbs;sURkMeTAdut

edIm,IcMGinGahar. Ca»sf Büa)alCMgWepSg²dUcCa CMgWraK eraKRbemH nigCafñaMsMlab;dgáÚv.
søwkrbs;sURkM ykeFVICaCIFmµCati BN’ébtg. [12]
sURkM CaRbePTeQIEdlBMuTan;mancMNat;fñak;. [18]
kMreXIjman sURkMdaMduHCacMkarEdlmanRTg;RTayFM ehIykardaMduHRbRBwtþeTA)aneday eFVIkarsÞÚg

edaypÞal; daMedIm b¤eaysÞMúedIm. kUneQIEdlduHb¤seyag eRcInenAkñúgfñal eBldaMenATIval
vaBMumankarrs;ran)an l¥eT eRBaHfavanwggayrbYseBlb:HTgÁicb¤sEdlmankarduHlUtlas;elOn.
eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday kardaM edImEdlmanGayucab;BI 8 eTA 10 Ex KWmanPaBl¥Cag
niggayTTYleCaKCy½kñúgkardaMduH b:uEnþcMnay fvikaeRcIn. karBiesaFn¾enA b‘Uma: )anENnaMfa karsÞúMedIm
KWCaviFIsaRsþEdlgaynwgTTYleCaKCy½ cMeBaH kardaMCalkçN³cMkar. kenSamsøwk
cab;epþImebIkbnþicmþg² enAkñúgfñal ehIykUneQImankarvivtþn¾FMeLIg CalMdab; sMrab;kar

Gnuvtþn¾EbbenH. RbsinebIkenSammankarrIkFMya:gqab;rhs½ enaHbBaðaesµAcéRg nwg ekItmaneLIg.
eBlEdleQImsURkMmanGayu 26 qñaM vaplítkaksMNl;sMramCagtic 10 t/ha kñúg ry³eBlmYyqñaM.
enARbeTsb:g;køaeds kardaMduHvilCMury³eBlBI 10-15 qñaM sURkMplitplit)anCaeQI begÁald¾rwgmaM.
sURkM CaRbePTeQIEdlmanPaBFn;eTAnwgePøIg.[17] GaRtaénkarduHlUtlas;rbs;eQItUc
KWmankMBs;x<s;lµm EdlenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa edImsURkM mankMBs;CamFüm 5.7 m nigmanGgát;p©it 8 cm
bnÞab;BIdaMduH)anry³eBl 5qñaM cMENkÉenARbeTsb:g;køaeds sURkMmankMBs;CamFüm 16 m nigman
8
Ggát;p©it 19 cm bnÞab;BIdaMry³eBl 10 qñaM. mCÄmNÐlRsavRCavéRBeQI RbeTsma:eLsIu (FRIM) enA
Arboretum )anbgðajfaeBlEdledImsURkMduH)anGayu 23 qñaM vanwglUtkMBs;)an 26 m
nigmanGgátp; ©it RtwmRTUgTMhM 30 cm.[12] sURkM EdlduHenAkñúgéRBFmµCatiénRbeTs\NÐa enAeRkam

karkab;tamRbBn§½ énkareRCIs CaFmµtaRbBn§½Exñgrbs;vagaynwgduHeLIgvij ehIymanlkçN³
Casþg;da. kEnøgEdlGnuvtþn¾ karkab;tamRbBn§½eRCIserIs GaceFVIGaCirkmµ)aneBlvamankMBs;BI 1.35
m eTA 1.5 m nigGacbnþrhUtdl; vamanGayuRbEhlCa 95 qñaM. enAkñúgtMbn;
sMxan;²mYycMnYnénCMrksURkM (]TahrN¾ dUcCaenAtMbn; Karnataka nigEpñkmYycMnYnén Maharashtra
enARbeTs\NÐa) duHlaylMCamYyéRBel,aH EdlPaKeRcIn eKykExñgFmµta b¤ExñgEdlmansþg;da
sMrab;eFVICaeQIfamBl nigeFVIFüÚg. edImsURkM qab;duHExñgeLIgvij EdlkñúgmYyedImduHBnøkExñgfµIcMnYnBI
1-20 Exñg. kñúgedImmYy RtUveFVIkat;BnøkExñgecjmYy eTABIr edIm,IeGaykarduHlUt las;rbs;
vamanPaBRbesIeLIg. sURkM manTMhMsmRsbsMrab;eFVICaeQIfamBl eBl Edlvaman

Ggát;p©itRtwmRTUgTMhM 20 cm nigGacpþl;plrhUtdl;vamanGayuRbEhlBI 40 eTA 45 qñaM. enA .
Stem diameter increment data is also tabulated for natural forests in Karnataka
Tinñn½yrbs;Ggát;p©itedImsURkMRtUv)ankt;RtaCabBa¢ITuk sMrab;éRBFmµCati. enARbeTs\NÐa Tinnñ ½ykMBs;
nig Ggát;p©it RtUv)ankt;RtaTukeday Sosef nigGñkd¾éTeTotCaeRcIn [17] EdlmankMBs;RtwmRTUg 5.7
m nig Ggát;p©it 8 cm enAeBlEdlvamanGayu 5 qñaM. enARbeTsb:g;køaeds
eBlEdledImeQImanGayu 10qñaM mankMBs;mFüm 16 m nigmanGgát;p©it 19 cm.[17]
CaTUeTA sURkMEdlduHenAkñúgéRBEdlmanTICMrallx<s; enAeRkamlkçxNÐCacMkar vamankarduHlUtlas;
elOn. ]TahrN¾³ enAkñúg Ankola sUURkMEdlduHenAkñúgéRBFmµCatimanry³kMBs;x<s; valUtlas;
)ankMBs; 15.2 cm bnÞab;BIdaMry³eBl 10qñaM cMEnkenAkñúg Malayattur (Kerala) eKdaMsURkMCacMkar
EdlduH lUtlas;Ggát;p©it)an 55 cm nigkMBs; 44.5 cm pgEdr. cMENkenA Orissa sURkM
lUtlas;Exñg EdlmanGgát;p©it 44.5 cm nigmankMBs;Gtibrma 10.7 m enAeBlEdlvamanGayu 25

qñaM.[12]
GaceFVIkarRbmUlRKab;sURkM)an enAkñúgcenøaHExmina nigExemsa. RtUveFVIkarRbmUlEpøsURkMTuM

muneBlEdlva eRbH. ehIyRtUvdak;vaenAkñúgfg;RkNat; bnÞab;mksMgYtvaedaykMedAéf¶.
9
RKab;rbs;vaRCuH eBlEdlEpø rbs;vaTMueRbH. RtUveFVIkarrkSaRKab;TukenAkEnøgEdls¶Üt
edIm,IkMueGayva)at;bg;lT§PaBdMNuH bnÞab;BIRbmUl ry³eBlRbEhlCa 3 Ex. tamr)aykarN¾
bgðajfa vaGacrkSaTuk)anl¥ry³eBl 1 qñaM. sURkM mancMnYnRbEhl 3200-4000 seeds/kg.[12]
ykRKab;sURkMecjBIEpø EdlGacrkSaTukry³eBl 1 qñaM RbsinebIrkSaTukenAkEnøgs¶Üt. RKab;sURkM
manlT§PaBdMNuHx<s; eBlEdlsabvaTukenAkñúgmøb; nigeRsac TwkeGay)anRKb;RKan;. RtUvRtaMRKab;
enAkñúgTwkRtCak; ry³eBlBI 4-11 éf¶ edIm,IbegáInlT§PaBdMNuHBI 70% eTA 90% .[12]
RtUveFVIkardaMknU sURkMedaypÞal; edIm,IeGayedImvaduHlUtlas;l¥ nigminRseBanenA eBlsÞúg
BIeRBaHvagaymankarb:HTgÁicCamYykarvivtþn¾énRbBn§½b¤s edaylUt)ankMBs; 30 cm enAkñúg ry³eBlBI
1-2 Ex. karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCatirbs;sURkM mancMnYneRcIn edaykenSamsøwkvalatRtdagFM ragmUl
nigRtUveFVIkardutsMGatkMeTckMTI. kUnsURkM manPaBGnueRKaHcMeBaHedIm EdlduHenATIval nigduH

lUtlas;l¥enAelIdIEdleRsaHTwk nigenAkñúgmøb;. kUnsURkMEdlenAtUc RtUvEteFVkI arEfTaMkMueGayePIøgeqH
nigGaceFVIkardaMduHedayRKab; nigsÞúM. edImEdlsÞúMl¥KWmanGayucab;BI 8-10 Ex b:uEnþvacMnayfvikareRcIn.
enA Tamil Nadu eFVIkareRbobeFobrvagkarsÞÚgedaypÞal; nig karsÞúM b:uEnþGaRtadMNuHrbs;kUneQIén
viFIsaRsþdaMduHTaMgBIr manPaKryrs;x<s;dUcKña bnÞab;BIdaM)anmYyrdUv karsÞÚgedaypÞal; (
TTYl)anGaRta dMNuH 77% nigkMBs; 16.3 cm) KWCaviFIsaRsþl¥CagkardaMsþúk (GaRtadMNuH 45%

nigmankMBs; 10.5 cm) b¤l¥CagkardaMedaysÞúM (GaRtadMNuH 52% nigkMBs; 9.5 cm).[12]
kardaMduHedaypÞal; RtUvdaMXøatBIKñaTMhM 2 m x 3 m edIm,IgayRsYlkñúgkarEfTaM.
RbsinebIdaMsURkMenAkñúgfU kñúgry³eBl 15Ex kUnrbs;vanwglUt )ankMBs; 15 cm
EdlGaceRbIedIm,IeFVIkarBiesaFn¾)an. tamry³kardaMduH CalkçN³cMkar ry³eBl 2 qñaM bgðajfa
sURkMEt 25% b:ueNÑaHEdlGacrs;enAry³kMBs;x<s;)an. enARbeTs\NÐa kUneQIEdldaMeday pÞal;
RtUvdaMenAcenøaHXøatBIKñaTMhM 2 m x 3 m ebIdaMCacMkar TamTareGayeFVIkarEfTaM nigdkesµAry³eBlBI

2-3 qñaM. enARbeTsLav nigevotNam kardaMkUnsURkMedaypÞal;KWBMuTTYl)aneCaKCy½eT.
edImsURkMqab;duH ExñgeBlEdlvakMbutcug ehIyvaGacduHExñgb¤s)aneTot. cMeBaHedImEdleqH
gaynwgmankarduHlUtlas;. [17] enAkNþal RbeTs\NÐa tamkarBiesaFn¾ bgðajfaedImEdlkþil
gaynwgduHExñg enAkñúgkMLúgExemsa nigExmifuna EdlTTYl)allT§pll¥RbesIr
nigduHExñgBIKl;RbEhlCa 95% nigedImkþilduHExñgRbEhlCa 85%. [12]
10
manstVl¥itCag 50 RbePT EdleFVIbMpøajeTAelIedImsURkM rYmmandUcCa eFVIeGayRCuHsøwk suIsbM k sIub¤s

nigrMxandl;RKab;. BYkvaBMumankarKMramkMEhgdl;kUnenAkñúgfñal b¤cMkareT. eya:gtamkarRsav
RCavmYyenA Kerala énRbeTs\NÐa manstVl¥itcMnYn 10 RbePT stVl¥itTaMgenaH mankar
bMpøajtitYceT elIkelIgEt Caryedon serrata (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
EdlbMpøjRKab;rkSaTukRbEhlCa 35% kñúgry³eBl 3 s)aþh¾. [12]
sURkM BMuTTYlrg\T§IBlBICMgWNamYyF¶nF; ¶renaHeT. EteTaHCaya:gNak¾eday kñúgkMLúgrdUvxül;mUsüúg
sURkMnwgmanCMgWsøwk tamkarsegþtenAkññúgéRBFmµCati KWbgáreday Glomerella cingulata nigmanCMgWenA
elIkUneQI tamkarGegátenAkñúgfñal KWbgáreday Rhizoctonia solani. CMgWenAelIsøwkenHcab;epþImeLIg
edaymanelcecjnUvcMnucBN’etñat²enAelIsøwk Edl 2-3 éf¶eRkay vanwgrIkFMeTA²
nigERbeTACaBN’etñat cas; nigEKm²manBN’elOgRsal. bnÞab;mk cMnucTaMgenaHnwgrlaycUlKña
RKbdNþb;kñúgRTg;RTayFM edayeFVIeGaysøwkEdlmanCMgWesþIgeTA² ehIyRCuH. enAkñúgkrNICMgWenA
elIkUneQI dMbUgKWsøwkERbeTACaBN’ elOgx©I mYys)þah¾eRkaymkRtYyrbs;rukçCatirYjsVitRseBan.
CMgWenH GaceFVIkarBüa)al)antamry³kar dak; Carbendazim (0.2% a.i.) b¤ Carboxin (0.2%
a.i). [12]
BBYkpSitenAelIb¤s ( dUcCa Fomes fastuosus nig Polystichus spp.) RtUv)anrkeXIjfa

vabMpaø jeQI 80% enA Goa vaCaBBYkpSitEdlcUleTAkñúg nigeFVIeGaymansñamesøakenAelIedIm.
pSitEdlbgárCMgWmandUcCa³ Fomes fastuosus nig Trametes serpens CaBBYkEdlbgárCMgWenAelIb¤s
rbs;sURkM enAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa Glomerella cingulata bgárCMgWenAelIsøwk nig Thanatephorus
cucumeris bgárCMgWenAelIkUnrukçCatiEdlsßitenAkñúgfñal enARbeTs\NÐa. [12]
manBt’mantitYcNas; EdlTalTgnwgbMErbMrYlEsnrbs;edImsURkM b¤PaBxusKñaénedImkMeNIt lk<N³

CIvsaRsþénkarbgáat;BUC b¤k¾RTg;RTayénkarbgáat;rbs;edImsURkM. enARbeTskm<úCa RbePTenH
manTMrg;BIr Ebb KWeFVIkarkt;sMKal;eTAelIPaBxusKñaénBN’rbs;sac;eQI EdlmYy mansac;
eQIBN’Rkhm lay BN’etñat nigmYyeTotmanBN’RkhmRsal layBN’etñat. [17]
11
F> karGPirkS :
enAkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYnenAkñúgtMbn;FmµCati r)aydMNuHrbs;sURkM KWmanlkçN³Fmµta EtmankareRbIR)as;

eQImUleRcIn EtenAEtGacpÁt;pÁg;)an. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday kareFVIGaCIvkmµeQImUlhYskMNt; )aneFVI
eGaytMbn;myY cMnYn rgnUvkarKMramkMEhg. [17]

sURkM manRbPBkMeNItmkBIRbeTs\NÐa b‘Uma: bg;kaø eds \NÐÚcin éf ePnIsL‘U a énRbeTsma:eLsIu
[2,5, 8,17] nignaMykeTAdaMenAkEnøgepSg²eTot.[17] sURkM enAkñúgFmµCati mankar
ekIneLIgnUvkarbMpøaj EdleFVIeGayesnaTictMbn;mYycMnYnmankarhUreRcaH nigrgnUvkarKMramkMEhg.
[17]
p> epSg² :
sac;eQIrbs;sURkM KWmanKuNPaBl¥Nas;. edImrbs;vamanskþanuBlx<s; EdlRtUv)andaMduHCacMkar

ehIy edImrbs;vaduHlUtlas;elOnKYrsm. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday bec©keTsénkardaMduH
nigkarRKb;RKg manrebobrbbc,as;las; enAkñúgkMLúgqñaMdMbgU edayeFVIkarvinieyaKeRcIn. sURkM

Føab;)aneFVIkardaMduHenAkñúg RbBn§½ksikmµcrM uHtugy:a nigdaMlayCamYyémsak; (Tectona grandis L.f.)
EdleFVIeGayKuNPaBdI manPaBRbesIreLIg. [17]
12
Chudnoff, M. 1984: Tropical Timbers of the World. Agricultural Handbook 607. USDA
Forest Service, Washington D.C. 464 pp.
Meyenfeldt, von, C.F.W.M. et al. 1978:Restoratiojn of devastated inland forests in South

Vietnam. Vol.III: List of tree species. Agricultural University Wageningen, The
Netherlands, 219 pp.
Keating, W.G. and Bolza, E. 1982: Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Vol.1.
Southeast Asia, Northern Australia and the Pacific. Inkata Press Proprietary Ltd.
Melbourne, Sidney, London. 362 pp.
Bennet SSR, Bahadur KN, 1978. Botanical identity of pyinkado and irul. Indian Forester,
104(9):621-624.
Bhat KM, Bhat KV, Dhamodaran TK, 1985. Wood and bark properties of branches of
selected tree species growing in Kerala. KFRI Research Report, Kerala Forest Research
Institute, No. 29:iii + 34 pp.; 34 ref.
Hegde R, Hegde HG, Chandrashekharaiah AM, 1993. Identification of efficient fuelwood.

Indian Forester, 119(11):944-945; 1 ref.
Klivetong M, 1996. Growth response of leguminous tree seedlings to Rhizobium

inoculation and EM solution. Technical Publication - ASEAN Forest Tree Seed Centre
Project. No. 34. Muak-Lek, Saraburi, Thailand: ASEAN-Canada Forest Tree Seed Centre.
Kumar A, Ghosh K, Sinha NK, Dutta SK, 1986. Bark anatomy of Xylia xylocarpa Roxb.
with histo-pharmacognostic evaluation. Journal of Plant Anatomy and Morphology,
3(1):49-54; 14 ref.
Saraf GP, Pai NM, Meshramkar PM, Deb UK, Jaspal NS, 1980. Utilization of a mixture of
Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia tomentosa and Terminalia paniculata for pulping. IPPTA,
Indian Pulp and Paper Technical Association, 17(2):1-10; 4 ref.
Sharma RP, Jain RC, Shet SN, 1979. Regional [Goa] volume tables for Xylia xylocarpa
(Roxb.) Taub. Indian Forest Records, Management & Mensuration, 3(4):7 pp.; [2 tab.].
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :

13

12) CABI Forestry Compendium, editon 2003; (on CD ROM).
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor B, and Mutua A, 2002:

http://www.ildis.org/LegumeWeb?sciname=. (Internet source)

?
(Internet source)

source)
14
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.]

[Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Indian jujube, desert apple, Indian plum, Indian cherry,
Chinese date, jujuba [1], jujube fruit [4]
K> sTisn½y ³ Rhamnus jujuba L.,
Ziziphus jujuba (L.) Gaertn. nom. illeg.,
Zizyphus mauritiana [1],
Zizyphus jujuba Mill & Lamk,
Zizyphus laccifera,
Zizyphus anoplia ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ jujubier indien, jujubier (France) [2, 4] - Indischer
Jujubenstrauch (Germany) [1] - widara, dara, bidara

(Indonesia) [1] - babari, ber, boguri, boroi, khati, berii, etachi,
jelachi, elangi, yelchi, cherumali, ilamda, bhor, borkuli, boro-
koli, beri, badari, dadara, elandai, regureni, ganga reni,
elantha, reegu, kool, kola, ajapriya, karkandhu, kuvala,
madhuvaphala, elladu, karak-andhova, yellande (India) [1, 4]
- than (Laos) [1] - yellande (Sri Lanka) [1] - zee-pen, eng-si

(Myanmar) [1] - bidara, jujub, epal siam (Malaysia) [1] -
manzanity (Philippines) [1] - jujube, ker (Pakistan) [1] -
phutsaa, ma tan, ma thong (Thailand) [1] - tao, tao nhuc,
c[aa]y t[as]o ta (Vietnam) [1]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ BuRTa

ÉksarBieRKaH : [1 ; 4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ putrie [2], putrea [1]
1
lMdab; : Rhamnales
RKYsar : Rhamnaceae
ePT : Ziziphus
RbePT : Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]: BuRTaCaedImeQImanTMhMtUc eTAmFüm manedImeTal sMbUreTAedaybnøa

nigCaRbePTedIm eQIébtgCanic© b:Eu nþCrM uHsøkw enArdUvR)aMg . vaGacmankMBs;dl;eTA 12 m [1, 4] (5-
10 m [2], -13 m rW 43 feet [7], -15 m [6]) EdlmanedImTab nigminsUvmanEmkenAkMBs; 3 m
[1] nigGgát;p©it DBH RbEhl 30 cm [1] b:Eu nþvamanTMhMxus²Kña nigrUbragk_xus²KñapgEdr .
edImeQIcas;GacmankMBs;dl;eTA 24 m nigGgát;p©it 1.8 m [1] . kenSamsøwkmUl nigEbkEmksaxa

edaymanragsþÜc nigFøak;cHu eRkam edaylUtlas;CaKU CamYynwgbnøaBN’etñat . EmkeTeTAmk
edaymaneramTn;enAeBlenAtUc nigbnøaTn; manRbEvg 5-7 mm [6] rW zitCaKUxsu ²Kña EmkTIBIrxøI
nigekag CYnkalminmanbnøaeT . BuRTamanRbB½n§ rWseRCA niglatsn§gw .
[sMbk]:sMbkxageRkABN’exµAcas; nigmankareRbHtambeNþay sMbkxagkñúgBN’Rkhmcas; nigman
srésxagkñgú . vamanpÞkú nUvCatitanIn nig "a crystallizable principle, Zizyphic acid" [4] .
[søwk]: søwkmanlkçN³qøas; samBaØa BN’ébtg nigébtgcas; edaymaneramenAxageRkam
EdlmaneFµj eTotpg edaymanRTg;RTayxus²Kña BIragmUl eTAeGlIb EdlmUlenAxagcug . TMhM

manRbEvg 2 eTA 6 cm [1, 7] (2-9 cm X 1.5-5 cm [4]) .
vamanlkçN³xus²KñaeTAtamKuNPaBrbs;tMbn; nigTItaMgrbs; edImeQI . søkw nimyY ² mansréscMnYn
3 nig bnøacMnn
Y 2 mYyEvgRtg; nigmYyeTottUcekag nigBN’etñat . enA\NÐa kMritlUtlas;RbcaMqañ M
2
rbs;BRu TaQb;enAkMLgú Exvickäi a . søwkcas;RCuHenA Exmina eTAemsa nig søwkfµIlUtlas;CabnþbnÞab; .
dUcenH edImeQImni mansøkw enAkñgú ry³eBlxøI elIkElgenAtMbn; raMgs¶Üt [1] .
[páa]: kBa©Mp
ú áazitenACaG½kS sMEb:t ragdUck,al EdlenAkNþalebIk manRbEvg 1-2 cm [6] . kBa©úpM aá
nimYy² man 7-20 énpáaGePT [6] TMhM 2-3 mm [6] TgpáaRbEvg 3-8 mm [6] . RtbkmancMnYn 5
man eramenAxageRkA nigKµaneramenAxagkñúg . RsTab;páa ragpt nigqøHú Kña .
páamankøinkñúgkarTak;TajstVl¥ti sMrab;dMeNIrlMGg . manekscMnYn 5 enAkñgú páa
nigGUva:rImancMnnY BIrft edaymanragdUcEmkcMnnY BIr nigft cMnYn 10 [6] rW cg¥rÚ . enA\NÐa
páaecjenAExkkáda dl;tula [1] .
[Epø]: ecjEpøbnÞab;BIkarecjpáa enAEtmanBN’ébtg ry³eBlbYn ExmunERbCaBN’ elOg
enAeBlTMku úgñ Ex kumÖ³-mIna . enAkñgú éRB BIGayubqI ñaMeLIg BuRTaGacpþl;Epøya:geRcIn enAerogral;qñaM [1]
. EpøragCaes<ó man BN’ébtg eTAelOg TwkRkUc nigRkhmenAeBlTMu . TMhMEpømanGgát;p©itxus²Kña
1.2-2 cm [1] enAkñg ú éRB nig 4 cm [3] enAkñgú cMkar (RbEvg 3.7 cm [1] RbEvg 2.5 cm [2], 6 x
4 cm [6]) . sMbkman lkçN³relag rWeRKIm nigesþIg . EpømanpÞúknUvCatiCU-Ep¥m EdlGacbriePaK)an
nigRKab;EdlmanlkçN³rWg EdlmanlkçN³RCYjmineTogTat; nigmanftcMnnY BIr nigRKab;cnM nY BIrpgEdr

. RKab;mansMbkRkdas nig mansMbkrwgrageGlIbBImyY eTABIr kñgú mYyRKab; [6] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[lkçN³eQI]:eQIBuRTaEtgmanmuxkat;tUc . eQImanBN’RkhmRsal nigRkhmetñatenAeBl

eBlv½y . eQIxwmø minGacEckdac;ecjBIeQIRsay EdlmanBN’Rkhm Fn; rwg PørW elag
nigmandg;sueI t 0.65-0.705 g/cm³ [1] . rgVg;lUtlas;Bi)akkñgú karemIl nigmanrun§tUc²eRcIn .
Calikar (rays) eQIrelag nigzitenACit²Kña . vamanlkçN³épÞrelagl¥ nig gayduHxat; [1] .

eQIBuRTamantMélfamBlkMedA 4,878 kcal/kg [1] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
3
RbEhl: 35°N eTA 18°N [1] . BuRTaRbEhlmanRbPBkMeNItBImCÄwmbUBa’ rW GnuTVIb\NÐa [5]

(GasIuxagt,Úg nigkNþal nigcin [1]) b:Eu nþ\LÚv vaRtUv)andaMduHCaRTg;R; TaytUc enAkñg ú tMbn;RtUBci
nigGnu tMbn;RtUBki CYykarvak_manduHlUtlas;CaFmµCatipgEdr . eTaHbImankardaMduHenA kñúg
tMbn;RtUBki k_eday k_va RtUv)ancat;Tukfamansar³sMxan;esdækci © enAkñgú RbeTscin nig \NÐa . eTIb
EtRtUv)annaMcUleTAGasIu GaeKñy_ vamanduHenAtamdIdMbkU éRBesIm éRBel,aH éRBs¶Üt nigvalxSac; .
BuRTacUlcitþduHlUtlas;enAelItMbn;TMnab nigRClgPñM b:Eu nþry³kMBs;énr)a:y rbs;vamancab;BIkMrit

nIvUT: wk smuRT dl; 1,000 m [6] (enAkñgú tMbn;raMgs¶Üt nigraMgs¶tÜ mFüm enA\NÐa nig)a:KsI aß n
Edlmanry³kMBs; 1,500-1,800 m a.s.l. [1]) . RbePTenHduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAkñúgtMbn;ekþA
GakasFaturaMgs¶Üt edayman kMritePøógeTogTat; enAeBlduHlUtlas; . kMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M
enAkñgú FmµCatimanBI 125 eTA 2,225 mm [1] (125-2,000 mm [6], 125-2,300 mm [3]).
karsikSaenAkñgú RbeTs\NÐa EdlBYkvaRtUv)andaMduH ya:gl¥ enAkMritTwkePøóg 300-450 mm kñúgmYyqñaM
(300-500 mm [1])" [6] . r)a:yrbs;va nigtMbn;RtUv )andaMduH RtUv)ankMNt;edaylkçN³sMeNImx<s;
[3] . CaTUeTAkMritrdUvR)aMgBI 3-8 Ex [1] vaGacFn;)an . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümGacmanBI 25 eTA
29°C [1] . BuRTaFn;ng w kMritsItuNðPaBxus²Kña EdlmankMrit sItuNðPaBeRkammøbB; I 31-37°C [1]

sItuNðPaBeRkAmøb; 37-48°C [6] (eTaHbI 55°C [3]) nigkMrit sItuNðPaBTabbMputmanBI 10-23ºC [1]
sMrab;Ex EdlRtCak;bMput (7-13°C [6]) . kMritsItuNðPaBdac;xat EdlGacFn;)anKW -5ºC [1] (-

6°C [3]) EdleFIeV GayedImeQIGacFn;nwgsenSIm )antictYc . kUneQIgaybMpøajedaysarePøg I .
4
edImeQIRbePTenHGaclUtlas;enAelIdIeRcInRbePT b:Eu nþlUtlas;l¥elIdIl,ayxSac;eRCA nigl,b;

enAelI RbePTfµ limestone edaymankMritNWt rW )as; Edlman pH RbEhl 7.5 [1] .
dI\dæRtUveCosevog . karBiesaFn_ enA Kashmir )anbgðajfa BuRTaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAelIdI
EdlmankMritsUlüÚm (sodicity) Tab KW pH tUcCag 9 sUlüÚmEdlGacpøas;bÚrþ )anmanticCa 35%
kMritGKIÁsnIticCag 4 dS/m nigminman \dæ kankar EdlrWsRtUvkarcak;cUlCMerAdl;eTA 20-140 cm
. vasmrbxøÜn)anl¥ enAeBlePøóg enAelI RbePTdIexµA edaysarvamanrWsrwgmaM nigeRCA [1] . CaTUeTA
vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAelIdI mindk;Twk l,ay xSac; l,b; nigmanRKYs . RbePTdI EdlsmRsbKW
dI)as dIl,b; dIRKYs dImanCatiéRb dIxSac; dIPk; dIst¶Ü nig vertisols . vaGacFn;mFümnwgkarlicTwk
nigminFn;ngw kMrit)as GMbil nigGasIutx<s; .
[lkçN³TUeTA]:BuRTaCaRbePTeQIeRbIR)as;eRcInya:g rW BhuRbeyaCn_ Edlpþl;nUvplitplCaeRcIn .

ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[eQI]:eQiRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaeQIml U sMng;tamCnbT sMNg;Fn;Rsal nigF¶n; Fñmw RbGb;
bnÞHkarBarsµa sMPar³eQI EdleRbIR)as;kúgñ pÞH nig]sSah_kmµ begáaltg; sMPar³ksikmµ dUcCaBUefA
nigdgcb cMlak; kg;reTH eragpliteRbg eragbukRsUv køwbelgkUneháa Es,keCIg eKOgsgðarwm TUk vIna
eQIemSARkdas kþakMeTceQI nigplitpleFIBV eI QIepSgeTot . BuRTapþl;nUvFüÚg nigeQIfamBl
EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ eday GMNackMedA 4,878 kcal/kg [1] .

[Gnupl]: BUCEdlTTYl)anBIsakvb,kmµ RtUv)andaMduH edaypþl;nUvplbrimaNeRcInKW 600 kg/edIm
kñúg mYyqñaM [1] . EpøRtUv)anbriePaKRss; rWeRbIsMrab;eFIeV PsC¢³ sMgYt RCuk rW dMNab; .

EpøsbM UreTAedayvItamIn C nigsár . enAGasIuGaeKñy_ EpøEdlminTan;TMuRtUv)anbriePaKCamYyGMbil .
EpøkG_ aces¶ar sMrab;eFIVCaesr:U pgEdr . søwk EdlenAx©IRtUv)ancMGineFICV abEnøenARbeTs\NÐeÚ nsIu [6] .
vaRtUv)ancat;TukCaGaharsMxan; enAkMLgú eBlGt;køan [3] . søkw BuRTamanpÞúk RbetGInu 13-17%
5
nigsrés 15% nigeFICV acMNIstV)an ya:gl¥ . enArdUvrMehIy Bnøk
nigEpørbs;edImmansarsMxan;sMrab;CaRbPBénGahar . søwkRtUv)an eRbIR)as;
sMrab;eGaydgávÚ plitsURtsIu . vak_CaedImeQI Edlpþl;CMrkdl;BBYkstVl¥itpgEdr . C½rrbs;va RtUv)an
eRbIR)as;srM ab;fñaMKrU KMnrU nig eFIV varnish . rWs nigsMbkedImman 7% nigsøkw 2% sarFatutanIn
sarFatu TaMgenHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;sMlab;Es,k . sMbkrbs;va nigEpøGacykeTAeFICV al½kçpgEdr .
EpñkCaeRcIn RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;eFVCI afñaMbrU aN dUcCa rWs sMbk søwk RKab; nigEpø . rWsrbs;BRu Ta
RtUv)aneRbIsMrab; Büa)al CMgWRKun rbYs nigdMe)A enAeBlsMbksMrab;Büa)al CMgWraK edaykares¶ar rW
bukCaemSA . emSAsMbkEpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;Büa)aldMe)AtampÞH . TwkEdl)anBIsbM krWs RtUv)an
eRbIR)as;srM ab; Büa)alCMgWgab;srés rWsac;dMu edaykarlabBIeRkA . sMbkRtUv)aneRbIbti elIkEnøg
Edlx©adMrI rW xÞyÜ Tic . enARbeTsma:eLsIu sMbkRtUv)anbuk ehIylabkMeu GayQWBYk [6] .
EpømanCatiGasIut nigGacCafñaMeFIV eGayrYj rWstVi . enAeBlTMu nigsMgYt Epø GaceRbICafñabM Ba©úH
nigfñaeM FIeV GayFøak;khM ak . søwk nigEmkRtUv )aneRbICaekAeGokbitbUs nigmun . emSA Edl)anBIRKab;
eRbICafñasM nøb; fñasM nþM nigmansarFatu hypotensive [4] .
[epSg²]: enA\NÐa nig)a:Ks I aß n BuRTamansar³sMxan;srM ab;ksirukkç mµ CaBiess agroforestry nig
silvipasture enAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt . edImeQIduHlUtlas;l¥enAtamTIval nigRBMdI .
vaRtUv)andaMduHedIm,IkarBar karhUeRcaH nigrkSaesßrPaBdI nigRcaMTenø k_dUcCa
eFIeV GaydImanCICatieLIgvij r)aMgxül;enAtameqñrsmuRT . edImeQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaedImeQIlMGr
enAkñgú sYn Carbgrs;CuvM ijpÞH nigEmkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karBar karrMxanBIeKa edaysarvamanbnøa .
TwkdmRtUv)ancUlcitþedayXµMú . stVsøab nigRbeCov RtUv)anTak;Taj edaysarEpø .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
6
[lkçN³TUeTA]: BuRTa KWCarukçCati EdlRtUvkarmøb; EdlmanduHenAtamdMbkU éRBesIm éRBel,aH éRBs¶Üt

nig valxSac; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: vaduHlUtlas;edayFmµCatiBRI Kab; EdlRtUv)anBRgay edaystVsaø b
stVéRB stVRsuk nigmnusS . vamancMnYneRcInenAkñgú FmµCati CaBiessenATIval EdlEpørbs;vaRtUv)an

BRgay edaysarPaBrwgmaMrbs;kUneQI nig tMrUvkarnUvBnøWxs< ; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[kardaMduH]:kUneQIRtUv)anykeTAdaMduHenAkMLg ú eBlrdUvePøóg enAkMritcenøaH 3 x 3 m eTA 5 x 5 m .
kardaMedayKl; KWmaneCaKC½yCagkardaMedaykUneQI . Kl;manrWsRbEhl 25 cm nigBnøk 5-7.5
cm . enAeBl EdlkUneQIRtUv)andaMenATIval dIenACMvu ijrWsRtUv)anrkSa . karkMcat; nig karBaresµA
KYrRtUv)aneFVI eLIgkñúgry³eBlBIrqñaM bnÞab;kardaM . cenøaHénkardaMKW 3 x 3 m RtUv)aneRbIR)as;

Car)aMgkarBarxül; nig sMrab;plitcMNIstV [1] . kUneQI EdlrWgmaM duHlUtlas;ya:gelOn
nigmanEmkEvg [6] .
[karRKb;RKg]: GñkdaMduHenA\NÐa nig)a:KsI ßaneRbIR)as;CIlamkstV kñúgkMrit 10-15 kg/edIm [1] enAEx
mifuna nigkkáda enAeBlkarlUtlas;RtUv)anekItmaneLIgvij nigCIGasUtRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;
TTYl)anEpøl¥ . kar)aj; sarFatuEdk s½gásI m:g;kaeNs nigbr enAeBledImBuRTamanGayu 12 qñaM
GacbegánI nUvcMnnY páakñúg mYyTg PaKryrbs;Epø nigkarrkSamineGayRCuHEpø nigkMenInTinñpl .
s½gásIs‘lu pat 0.4% Edks‘lu pat 0.4% nigGasIutbric 0.2% pþl;nUvlT§pll¥
nigGacRtUv)an)aj;enAExsIha nigkBaØa [1] . tMrUvkarTwk mankMriteRcIn enAdMNak;kalecjEpø .

dUcenH karlUtlas;rbs;Epø minrgkarxUcxatBIkarxVHTwk nigeTaHbI rWsedImeQImanCMerAeRCAk_eday
ehIykardaMCacMkarTamTareGaymanRbB½nF§ arasaRsþ enAeBlEdlePøóg Føak;minRKb;RKan; .
edImeQIsMrab;plþ ;Epø RtUv)anéRkEmk edIm,IeGayqab;ecjpáa nigEpø . vaRtUv)aneFIV eLIg enArdUvR)aMg
enAeBlrukçCatipa¥ kkarlUtlas; nigCMruHsøkw rbs;va . edImeQIRtUv)ankat; kat;Emk nig kat;søkw
sMrab;eFIVCacMNIstV . karéRkEmkmankMritmFüm KW mYyPaKbIénkenSamEmk Gackat;bnßynUv
TinñplEpø . karéRkEmkRtUvrYmpSMCamYycenøaHénkardaMduH 7.2 x 7.2 m rW 9.6 x 9.6 m Edlbgðaj
7
nUvPaB smRsbcMeBaHBuRTa [1] . edImEdlenAtUcRtUv)ancgP¢ab;CamYybegáal nigRtUv)anéRkEmk BI
4 rW 5 dg edIm,ITTYl)ancenøaHduHlUtlas;l¥ kardaMdMNaMcenøaHenaHk_RtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAkñg ú 2 rW 3
qñaMdMbgU . edImEdl køÚnecjEpøenAqñaMTIBrI nig pþl;pll¥enAqñaMTIbnY .
edImeQIecjpáaenAelIBnøkEdlduHfµI nigRtUvkat;rMelaH edIm,IFanafaBnøk nwgman
kMlaMgRKb;RKan;kgñú karduHlUtlas; pþl;Epø nigKuNPaBl¥ . [6] enAEpñkxøHén RbeTs\NÐa
karduHedayExñg EdlmankMritbTdæanRbB½nr§ ukvç b,kmµ (coppice-with-standarts silvicultural
system) RtUv)anGnuvtþ enAkñg ú xYbrgVli CMu 30 qñaM [1] . edaykarduHExñg BnøkEtmYyRtUv)an Tuk
bnÞab;BIry³eBlmYyqñaM . BIeRBaH karlUtlas;kenSamsøwkFM cenøaHcugeRkaysMrab;edImeQI EdldaMenA
kñúgcMkarKWBI 10 x 10 eTA 12 x 12 m (80-115 edIm/ha) [3] .
[karlUtlas;]: BuRTaduHlUtlas;elOnmFüm EtmankUneQIduHlUtlas;yt W EdlGacmankMBs; 5-10
cm nig 15-35 cm enAqñaMTImyY rW TIBIrdMbUg . karduHlUtlas;GacRtUv)anEklMGr
edaykarcak;bBa©ÚlnUv mycorrhizas cUleTAkñgú dI . eRkamlkçxN ½ ÐFarasaRsþ d_l¥enARbeTs\NÐa
nig)a:KsI aß n )anbgðajfava mankarduHlUtlas;elOn . kMritkMenInGgát;p©itRbcaMqañ MRbEhl 2.5-4 cm
nigkMenInkMBs;Ca mFümenA 0.6-1.7 m RtUv)anraykraN_eday Troup . Luna GHGagfa
kMritlUtlas;kBM s;man ekIneLIgenAeBl edImeQIkan;Etcas; ]TahrN_ enAGayu R)aMqñaM
kMritGgát;p©itekIn 3.2 cm kñúgmYyqñaM nigkMBs; 0.6 cm kñúg mYyqñaM EdlenAGayu 30 qñaM kMritGgát;pit© KW
1.1 cm nigkMBs; 0.2 m kñg ú mYyqñaM [1].
[karlUtlas;rbs;Epø]: EpøecjGaRs½ynwgkardMenIrlMGrkat;edaystVl¥ti dUcCa XµMú
EdlRtUv)anTak;Taj edayTwkdm nigkøin . karbgáat;ExVg ekItmaneLIg eFIeV GayeQIpþl;nUvEpøl¥ .
Epøvivtþ kñúgry³eBl 4 Ex eTA 6 Ex . KuNPaBEpøl¥bMput enAeRkamkMeda BnøRW BHGaTitü

niglkçxN ½ ÐsMeNIm b:Eu nþebImanePøóg edIm,I CYydl;karlUtlas; nigkarecjpáa
sMNl;skøw GacCYyeGaydImanCICati eFIeV GayEpøqab;cas; . Rbsin GakasFatuGaRkk; rWraMgs¶Üt
edImeQIGacbBaÄb;karlUtlas;myY ry³ .
[TinñplEpø]:minmankarkt;RtaGMBT I inpñ lenAkñgú tMbn;GasuIGaeKñye_ T . CaTUeTA EpøCamFüm
manlkçN³xus KñaBI 30 eTA 50 kg kñúgmYyedIm . eTaHCa mankarEklMGrBUC enAeBldaMduH
8
edaymankardak;CI nigeRsac Twk TinñplEdlTTYl)anKW 80-200 kg énEpøenAkñgú edImeQImyY (100-
200 kg/edIm [6]) [1].
[karebHRbmUlEpø]:EpøRtUv)anRbmUl enAeBlTMu nigcat;fñak;eTAtamTMhM . [1] EpøminTMRu suHKñaenaHeT
dUcenH karRbmUlRtUv)aneFIV 4 dg rW eRcInCagenH . Epø EdlminTan;TmMu anlkçN³hag

nig)at;bg;nvU BN’ nigman lkçN³RsYy . enARbeTséf Epømanlk;enATIpSarkñgú Ex sIha nigkumÖ³ [6]
enARbeTshVlI IBnI KWBEI xvickäi ar dl;kmu Ö³ [6] .
[karrkSaTukeRkayeBlebHRbmUlpl]: EpøKWmn i gayxUc vaGacrkSaTuk)anmYys)þah_eRkayeBlebH .
karrkSaTukenATIkEnøgRtCak;GacBnüaeBlsMrab;karpÁt;pÁg;ry³eBlmYyExeTot rWyrU CagenH [6].
[lkçN³TUeTA]: karbnþBUCrbs;BuRTaRtUv)aneFVeI LIgtamry³ kardaMedayRKab;paÞ l; kardaMedaykUn

karduH eLIgvij kUnduHBIrWs karkat; karbMe)A karb:HBnøk nigkarRcwbedIm .
[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;BC U ]: manRKab;cMnYnRbEhl 3,300 RKab;/kg [1] . RKab;GacrkSadMNuH
dl; eTAry³eBl BIrqñaM eTaHbImankarfynUvGayuke_ day . enARbeTs\NÐa nig)a:KsI aß n
EpøTMRu tUv)anRbmUlBI edImeQI enAkñgú ExkumÖ³-mIna nig Rc)ac;ykRKab;ecjedaykarduHnwgéd .
enAkñgú RbeTsd_ EdrenH RKab; RbehagRtUv)anykecjtamry³kardak;eGayGENþt
enAkñgú sUluysüúgGMbli 18 % . RKab;EdlGENþt RtUv)anykecj nigRKab;Edl

enAsl;RtUv)anykeTA sMgYtenA kñúgBnøRW BHGaTitüry³eBlmYys)þah_ .
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú kareFIkV arRtaMTwkCamun edIm,ICYydl;dN M uH . karkat;yksMbkRKab;
Edlrwgecj RtUv)aneFIV edaymineGaymanrbYsdl;RKab; rW eRbIR)as;GasIuts‘ulpYric ry³eBl 45 naTI
. RKab;EdlEbk sMbkRtUv)andak;RtaMkñúgTwkRtCak; ry³eBlmYyeTA BIréf¶mnu eBlykeTAsab .
enArkSaTukenAkñgú )avenA kñgú bnÞb;st¶Ü BYkvamankMritdMNuHl¥CagRbePTRKab; EdleTIbebHRbmUlfµI ² .
9
[karbnþBUCedayRKab;]: enA\NÐa nig)a:KIsaß n kardaMedayRKab;pÞal;RtUv)aneFIeV LIg
edaymineFVRI bRBwtþkmµ RKab; enABak;kNþalExmifuna rW eFIRV bRBwtþkmµRKab;enAExkkáda . enAkñgú fñal
karsabRKab;RtUv)aneFIeV LIg enAExkumÖ³-mIna . sMrab;karsabedaypÞal;
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú kardak;RKab;eGayRtUvBnøWRBHGaTitü Cagkardak;RKab;enAkñgú møb;
EdlgayeGaygab;nUvdMNuHRKab; . kareFIRV bRBwtþkmµCamun nigkarbMEbksMbk RKab;
eFIdV MNuHGacekItmaneLIgenAkñgú ry³eBl 17 éf¶ [1] (7 éf¶sMrab;karyksMbkecj [6]) nigRKab;
Edlmin)aneFIVRbRBwtþkmµRtUvkarry³eBl 3-6 s)þah_ [1] (4 s)þah_ [6]) kñúgkarduH . smtßPaBdMNuH
nigPaKrymankMritx<s; b:Eu nþmankMritxus²Kña BI 31-95% (40-80% enA\NÐa [1]) nig 27-82% .
RKab; BuRTamankMritdMNuHx<s;bMput enAeBleFIRV bRBwtþkmµCamYy 200 ppm én GA3"[1] . eyagtam
RbPBepSg eTot dMNuHGacyWt nigBi)ak nigRKab;PaKeRcInminGacduH .
enAeBldak;sabenAkñgú fg;enAkñúgfñal kUneQI GacykeTAdaMduH)anbnÞab;BIry³eBl 2-3 Ex [3] .
[karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ]: eTaHbIedImeQIPaKeRcInduHecjBIRKab; karbnþBUCeday
srIragÁkm_ ankarekIneLIg pgEdr enAeBlEdlmantMrUvkarnUvRbePTBUC Edll¥ .
edImeQIGacRtUv)anbnþBCU tamry³rWsrbs;va kar kat; rWpSaMu karb:HedayBnøkCaedIm . RbePTkUneQI
EdlduHecjBIrWs rWRKab;BRI bePTBuRTaéRB RtUv)an eRbI R)as;CaedImbgáat; .
karb:HedayBnøkRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenArdUvlUtlas; rW muneBlrdUvmUsgu karb:HCaGkS et (T) rWCakg
RtUv)anpþl;Gnusasn_sMrab;viFsI aRsþenH . cMnnY énbec©keTsb:H dUcCa karCa karb:H nigkar
b:HCaTMrg;GNþatxøúy RtUv)aneRbIR)as; edayTTYl)anlT§pll¥CaeKnUvkarb:HCaragGNþatxøúy . ka
rpSaMu k_RtUv)aneFIpV gEdr b:uEnþkarbMe)AmankareBjniymenAkñgú RbeTséf . enARbeTs\NÐa kUneQIEdl
)anpSaMu RbEhl 125 BYC RtUv)andaMduHsMrab;ykEpø . enA\NÐa nig)a:KsI aß n

savb,kmµénBUCCaeRcInRtUv)aneFIeV LIg eTAkUneQI EdlmanGayuBI 6-12 Ex .
BYkvaRtUv)anGnuBaØateGaydaMduHenAkñgú fñalry³eBl 6-12 Exmun eBlykeTAdaMenATI
val.karpSauCM YnkalRtUv)aneFVeI LIgyedaypÞal;eTAelIkUneQIEdl)andaMrYcenATIval.
10
[CMgW]:RbePTstVeRcInRbePTeFVkI arbMpaø j . BYkvasIru ukçrs ¬C½r¦ nigBBYkdgávÚ eFVeI GayedImRCuHsøwk .

RbePTEdleFIkV arecaHbMpaø jEpø xøagM CageKKW Meridarchis scyrodes nig Carpomyia vesuviana .
BuRTa GacRtUv)anbMpøajedaystVl¥itcMnYn 13 RbePT [1] EdlrYmman BBYkecaHEpø sIuskøw stVkEBa©
kNÚbþ nigBBYkxñtÚ CaedIm .
[CMgW]: Powdery mildew manlkçN³Fn;F¶r EdleFIeV GayEpø nigsøwkRCuH b:uEnþvaGackMcat;)an . CMgW
Lesser eFIeV Gaysøk w BN’etñat nigmansñamGuC² . RbePTpSit EdleFVkI arbMpaø jeTAelIedIm

maneQµaHfa Caldosporium zizyphi nig Oidium spp .
[epSg²]: BuRTaRtUv)anvayRbhar edayBBYk)a:ra:sit dUcCa Cuscuta reflexa EdlTamTareGaykMcat;
ecj BIedImya:gqab;bMput Rbsinmanvtþmanva enAelIedIm . [1] kUneQI EdlduH

eLIgvijedayFmµCatiGac gayrgeRKaH edayePøgI eqH karkab; nigkarCan;BsI tVpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTenHminRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaRbePTRtUv)anKMramkMEhgeT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
manduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRB nigRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú tMbn;CaeRcInénRbeTskm<Cú a enAtamdgpøÚv [4] .
11
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: RbEhlCamanRbPBBImCÄwmbUBa’ GnuTbIV \NÐa rW cinxagt,Úg . (
manRbPBBItMbn;raMgs¶Üt nigBak;kNþalraMgs¶Üt énGaeRhVc Gara:b; \NÐa nigGasIuGaeKñy_ [3]) .

[karnaMcl U ]:
GWru :ub: Rkic GIutalI eGs,aj .
GasIu: Gaháal;nsI aß n km<Cú a cin \NÐa (Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Indian Punjab, Rajasthan,
Uttar Pradesh) GIru :g; GIru ak; GIRu saEGl CUdg; kasSasßan KuyEvt RKIsgþ ; GUEmn )aKIsaß n xVata Gara:b;
taCIKIsaß n éf TYlKI TYemnIsaß n Gara:be; Gemorat; GWuebKIsaß n eyEmn .
GaeRhVc:CIbTU I eGsIub GIru IeRTo eGsüÚBI lIebrIya: ma:rItaeno ma:rITus mUruk: U sUma:lI s‘Udg; tg;sSanI
(esnsIu)a) TuyensIu sahara:xaglic .
kara:ebon: )ahama:s; )a)adUs .

GaemrikkNþal : eRbsIul
GaemrikxageCIg: shrdæGaemrik .
mhasmuRT : GURsþalI .
p> epSg² :
[RbePTBUC]: manRbePTBuRTaeRcInxus²Kña . RbePTéRBmandUcCa GnuRbePT EdlmanEpøtUc

Kµanrs;Cati nigmanbnøaeRcIn . RbePTxøHeTotRtUv)anpSaMu edIm,ITTYl)anEpøeRcIn . RbePTmanbnøa
nigKµanbnøaRtUv)an rkeXIj enAkñgú RbePTenH . RbePTxøHmansarFatuKImeI nAkñgú søwk
EdlRtUv)anGegátenAkñgú tMbn;epSg²Kña . RKab;vaRtUv)anykeTAsakl,genAPUmci nM nY 5 extþ Yunnan
RbeTscin nig Narkum PUma edIm,Isakl,g lkçN³rUbsaRsþ (TMrg;RKab; BN’ TMgn; ) niglkçN³dMnuH
12
(PaKry³dMNuH nigdMNuHrbs;RKab;) nigKMrUénkar lUtlas;rbs;kUneQI nigedImtUc .
vaRtUv)anrkeXIjfamanTMnak;TMng CamYylkçN³PUmsi aRsþ nig GakasFatu . Bt’manenHmanRbeyan_
kñúgkareRCIserIsRbePTeQI Edll¥ . karsikSaelIBUC kUnkat; nig esenTicRtUv)aneFIeV LIg
eTAlkçN³lUtlas; 12 ya:genAkñgú esenTIbcMnYn 30 énRbePT Edlman kMritlUt las;x<s; .
emKuNman lkçN³xus²Kña EdlmanEpø (16.9%) mancMnYnsøkw kñgú mYyEmk (14.2%) Tinñpl
(12.9%), kMritPaKry EpøFøak;cHu BnøkEmkEvg nigedImx<s; . kUnkat;manEpøTcMu nM Yn
(99%)enAeBlCamYy Kña . esenTic EdlrMBwgTuk mankMritx<s; (143%)
nigFøak;cHu enAeBleFIkV aréRkEmk rhUtdl;karecjpáa (3.5%)[1] .
[smasFatukg ñú Epø]: karviPaKenA\NÐa nigéf)anbgðajfa EpñkEdlbriePaK)an 100g : Twk 86(71.5)
g, RbUetGIun 0.8 (0.7) g, xøaj; 0.1(1.7) g kabUnGIRu dat 12.8(23.7) g, kal;süÚm 30(30) mg,
pUsrV 30(30) mg, vItamIn A 70(50)IU, vItamIn C50-150(23) mg . tMélfamBl 230 (470)kJ
kñúg 100 g [6] . RbPBepSgeTot)anbgðajfa ([3]) : Twk : 64,0-85.0%. RbUetGIun: 0.8-2.2%.
lIBtI : 0.1-0.3%. sár nigemSA: 20.0-32.0%. sarFatuEr: : 0.4-0.7%.tMélkal;LrÚ I: 55-135
cal/100 g [3] .
[smasFatukg ñú søwk]: brimaNCatiéRbmanenAkñgú søwk dUcCa coclaurine, isoboldine, norisoboldine,

asimilobine, yuziphine nig yuzirine [4] .
[sarFatuEdlmankñúgEpø]: RKab;sÜ¶tman saponins rYmman jujubosides A nig B eRbg nigvolatile
[4] .
[FnFanesenTic nigkarbgáat;]:minmanPaBxus²Kñaxøag M rvagkUneQIenaHeT . kUneQIRtUv)aneRCIserIs

nig køÚn ehIykarbgáat;manlkçN³saMBu aJaM . karRbmUlkUnrukCç atiRtUv)anvaytMélenAxageCIg\NÐa

enAsßanIy_ RsavRCav enA Hyryana Agricultural University, Hissar nig the Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana, b:Eu nþsP M ar³tMnBUCminRtUv)aneFIkV arsakl,enAGasIuGaeKñye_ T [6] .
[PaBsmRsb]: BuRTa\NÐamanduHenAtMbn;raMgs¶ÜténtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ EpømanlkçN³l¥ BIeRBaHBYkvarWg
nigRsYy . dMNaMenHeqøIytmnwgkareRCIserIs nigEfrkSa edayGñkdaMduH . karsikSarbs; Hitherto

RtUv)an kMNt;enA\NÐa Edll½kçxNÐeGkULÚsmIu anlkçN³xusKña . karyl;dwgBIkarlUtlas; ecjpáa
13
nigEpøenAtMbn; GasIuGaeKñym_ ansar³sMxan; kñúgkarvaytMélnUvtMbn;EdlmanskþanuBlsMrab;kar
daMduHdMNaMenH [6] .
[karrkSaTukEpø]:EpøGacRtUv)ankarBarenAkñg
ú TUTwkkk enAkrit 0 C . BYkvaminGacrkSaTuk)anyUrCag
0
6 s)þah_eT [3] .
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[10]
Bisla SS, Daulta BS, 1986. Studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance for
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[10]
Bisla SS, Daulta BS, 1988. Variability and heritability of some growth characters in ber
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[10]
von Carlowitz PG, 1991. Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs - Sources of Seeds and
Inoculants. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF.
[10]
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Pakistan: Pakistan Forest Institute.
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14
Devi KR, Atluri JB, Reddi CS, 1989. Pollination ecology of Zizyphus mauritiana
(Rhamnaceae). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Plant Sciences,
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Hocking D, 1993. Trees for drylands. Trees for drylands., xiii + 370 pp.; [Originally
[10]
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[10]
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[10]
15
Kundu SS, Pareek OP, Gupta AK, 1995. Effect of time and severity of pruning on
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[10]
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[10]
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[10]
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[10] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
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16
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17
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P> ÉksarBieRKaH
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[1] CABI: Forestry Compendium (1998-2000 edition). (CD-ROM).
[3] FAO, 1988: Fruit-bearing Forest Trees. FAO Forestry Paper.

18
[5] PROSEA, 1998: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (3) Timber trees:
Lesser- known timbers.
[6] PROSEA, Plant Resources of South-East Asia 2- Edible fruits and nuts.
[7] Thames & Hudson, 2004, Tropical and Subtropical Trees.

19
Production Team
Digital Species
NATURAL TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS

Production Team
Digital Species
Project Development Coordinator:
Jens Richter (DED)

Msc. Forestry Science
Editorial Coordinator/Datasheet
Editor/Picture Research:
Mathias Petri (DED)

Msc. Tropical International Forestry
Production Team | Digital Species
1
Concept Designer and
System Developer:
Samoeun Sothyro
Msc. Development Study

Royal University of Phnom Penh.
Bsc. Forestry
Royal University of Agriculture
Ad. Database Development

University of Technology and Management
Datasheet Editor:
Dr. Kersten F. Panzer
Senior Expert Service

SES Production Team | Digital Species
2
Patronage of
Digital Species Project:
Mr. Von Monin
Dean of Forestry Faculty

Datasheet Editor:
Sou Sontara
Prekleap National School of Agriculture
-Forestry Department
Msc. Forestry
3
Datasheet Editor:
Sok Sokunthet (PNSA)
Bsc. Forestry
Prekleap National School of Agriculture
Datasheet Editor/Glossary Editor:
Leang Horn
Bsc. Forestry
Bsc. English Language

Royal University of Phnom Penh
4
Datasheet Editor:
Antje Bertram
MSc. Tropical International Forestry
Datasheet Translator and Picture

Collection:
Hout Naborey
Bsc. Forestry
5
Datasheet Translator and Glossary
Collector:
Yeang Donal
Bsc. Forestry
Bsc. English Language

Datasheet Verifier:
Samoeun Sothyrith
General Medicine
Université de Science de la Santé
Research on Medicinal Plant
6
Photo Collector:
Ha Som Suorsdey
Bsc. Forestry
Datasheet Verifier and Transfer:
Samoeun Sothyroth
Bsc. Environmental Management

Picture Contributors:
Mr. Phorn Pheara (Bsc. Forestry)

Mr. Kim Sobon (Bsc. Forestry)
Mr. Von Monin (Msc. Forestry)
Mr. Andras Matoni (Msc. Agronomy)
Ms. Anja Olligschlager (Msc. Agronomy)
Ms. Anne Weingart (PhD. Development Economics)
7
DED –German Development Service . RUA –Royal University of Agriculture. NaTSystems – Natural Technology Systems. CBNRM LI –
Community Based Natural Resource Management Learning Institute. PNSA – PrekLeap National School of Agriculture.

ប្រភេទឌីជីថល ​​ (Digital Species in Khmer)

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k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. [1]

K> sTisn½y ³ Acacia auriculaeformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.,

Racosperma auriculiforme (A. Cunn. ex Benth.) Pedley [1]

X> eQµaHepSg² ³ northern black wattle (Trade name) [1] - akashmoni,

Australian babul, kasia, sonajhuri (India) [1] - ngarai, unar

g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ Gakasüasøkw tUc

[lkçN³TUeTA]: Gakasüasøkw tUv CaedImeQICrM uHsøkw rW ébtgCanic© CaedImeQIRbePT leguminous

kenSamsøwkFM nigBN’ébtgcas; mansøkw Rkas; . EmktUc² manragekag Kµaneram nigBN’ébtg .

relagenAeBledImeQI enAtUc nigeRKIm ehIyeRbHtambeNþayenAeBlcas; .

enABak;kNþalKl;skøw eday mansrésr TIBIr nigmanlkçN³xusKñaBIKl;swkø . søwkPaKeRcIn

edayeramRkas; . páaRtUv)andMeNIr lMGgedaystVl¥it . karecjpáa nigEpøekItmaneLIgmineTogTat;

manCatieQItic RKbedayBN’s manCatiRkmYn Kµaneram mansrésrenAEKm . EpøGacRtg; rW ekag

[lkçN³eQI]: eQImanTMhMFM nigRtg; . eQIRsaymanBN’s eTAelOg nigeQIxwmø manBN’etñat rW exµA

RbEhl : 5°S eTA 17°S [1] . RbePTenH manRbPBkMeNIt enAGURsþalI

nigtMbn;RtUv)anbMBuledayGuy‘ ra:jÚm (pH 3.0 [9]) EdlvaRtUv)anrkeXIjfaCaRbePTeQI EtmYyKt;

d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :

Gakasüasøkw tUc duHlUtlas;cab;BIkMritnIvT:U wksmuRT eTAdl;kMBs; 400 m [2, 9] b:Eu nþ vak_manduHenAkMrit

ry³kMBs; ticCag 80 m [2] (0-500 (-1,000) m [9]) . RbePTenH duHenACaFmµCati enAtMbn;ekþAesIm

z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :

D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :

enAGURsþalI GakasüasøwktUcmanduHenAtMbn;TMnab nigtMbn;TMnabeqñr tamRbB½n§FarasaRsþ

EdlRtUv)andaMduHCaeRcInenAelIRbePTdI GasIuts‘ulpat (pH 3)

éndIsNþrTenøemKgÁénRbeTsevotNam . vaGacFn;nwg dImanCatiéRbpgEdr . enAkñgú karBiesaFn_

Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :

[eQI]: RbePTenH RtUv)andaMduHsMrab;CaeQIfamBl nigplitkmµFüÚg edaydaMduHenAkMritdg;seIu tx<s;

sMrab;eFIVRkdas manKuNPaBx<s; edayeRbInUvsarFatuKImI sulphite . cMkarCaRTg;RTayFM RtUv)anbegátI

EdlmanenA rdUvR)aMg GaceFIeV GayedImeQI pþl;møb; nigCaedImeQIlMGr enAkñgú TIRkug EdlvaGacecj

nigkarBarxül; . páarbs;va Ca RbPBkñgú karplitTwkXµMú .

[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaTUeTA vaduHlUtlas; enAtMbn;Cti RbPBTwk (Tenø nigbwg ) tMbn;éRBCMruHsøkw s¶tÜ

CaFmµtavaduHlUtlas; enA CamYyBBYk Acacia mangium, A. aulacocarpa nig Melaleuca cajuputi .

KWmankMritrs; x<s; CaBiessenAkEnøgEdlmankarRbKYtRbECgx<s; dUcCaenAkñgú cMkarCaedIm . CaTUeTA

CYnkalGacTTYl)aneCaKC½y b:Eu nþkarerobcMdIeGay)ansmRsbk_RtUv)anTamTarpgEdr . enAkñgú cMkar

sMrab;karplitbegÁal nigeQIfamBl . enA\NÐa kardaMduHRtUv )aneFIVenA rdUvmUsug edayerobcMreNþA

nigCMrujkarduHlUtlas; . kardaMduHenAtMbn;valesµA Imperata BYkvaGacrs; b:Eu nþrgeRKaH

CYnkalRtUv)andaMlayCamYy eRbgxül; nigRbePTeQIepSg²eTot edIm,ICyY begánI KuNPaBdI .

[karbnþBUC]: Gakasüasøkw tUc RbePTGePT nigRtUv)andMeNIrlMGgeday stVl¥ti dUcCa Coleoptera,

[karRbmUl nigrkSaTukRKab;BC U ]: RbePTenH GacplitRKab;brimaNeRcIn enAdMNak;kaldMbgU .

ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 8, 9, 10]

T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :

[stVl¥ti ]: manBBYkstVl¥itCaeRcIn EdleFVkI arbMpaø jedImGakasüasøkw tUc b:uEnþvamin)anb:HBal;dl;kar

disease (Corticium salmonicolor) enAkEnøgEdlmanePøógFøak;eRcIn nig phyllode rust (Atelocauda

vaminrgeRKaHeday sarCMgW rlYybNþÚ (heart rot) EdlekItmanelIeRbgxül;enaHeT . CMgWpSitrlYyrWs

Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) RtUv)ankt;Rta faCa)a:ra:st i énGaküasøwktUc enAPaKxaglicebnháal; [1]

xül;xaø gM . edImeQI EdlnUvtUcgayrg nwgkarRbECgrbs;esµA nigePøgI eqH (eBlmanGayuRbEhl 20

ém:sak; Tectona grandis duHlUtlas;enAtMbn; EdlmanRbePTpSit Ganoderma l. Gac

kar)a:n;sµancMnnY rbs;va EdlRtUv)anKMramKMEhg enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a (

)ankMNt;enAkñúgsikçasalafñak;Cati eTAelIRbePTeQICaGaTiP§ aB erobcMedayrdæ)aléRBeQI

n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl)

b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :

[Bakü]: eQµaHGakasüa )anmkBIBaküRkic ‘akis’ Edlmann½yfaRsYc rW karsMrYc nigBaküLataMg

[kUnkat;]: A. auriculiformis Cab;Tak;Tgnwg A. polystachya A. Cunn. ex Benth., A. cincinnata F. Muell.

Benth. nig A. mangium Willd. enAkñg ú FmµCati nigkardaMduH . kUnkat;CamYy A. mangium

PaBxusKañ RtUv)an)aneFIVkarBiesaFn_ enAry³eBl 12 Ex sMrab;tbM n;Bei saFn_ 28 kEnøgenAma:eLsIu .

ExeRkayvabgðajnUvplitPaKx<s; cMeBaHedIm Edl)anmkBI)a:BUjÚKeI no (kMritkMeNInRbcaMqñaM 35.6 m³/ha)

duHecjmkticRtUv)an bgðajedaycMkarsakl,g Wenlock River q¶ayBIxnVI eLn .

RbeTsCaeRcIneFIVkarEklMGr nUvesenTic EdleFIeV GayRbePTenH pþl;KN u PaBRKab;BCU l¥

Yantasath K, Anusontpornperm S, Utistham T, Soontornrangson W, Watanatham S, 1993. Acacias

[1] CABI: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition). (CD-ROM).

[4] Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia.

[7] Petri, M. (DED), 2006: Own observations.

ប្រភេទឌីជីថល (Digital Species in Khmer)

ប្រភេទឌីជីថល (Digital Species in Khmer)