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9/7/2015

MOMENTUM -> mass times velocity


-> SI unit of kg m/s

p mv

Newtons 2nd Law in Terms of Momentum

v mv
Fnet ma m
t
t

p
Fnet
IMPULSE (change in momentum)
t

J p f pi Fnet t

IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
THEOREM
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J p f pi Fnet t

r1
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM
THEOREM

m1= 0.5 kg
v1= 4 m/s

F
r2

m2= 0.1 kg
v2 = 20 m/s

Greater momentum, greater force of impact


(greater force required to stop it).
Greater kinetic energy, more work (more energy)
required to stop it.
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Example 1: A ball hits a wall

Example 2: Kicking a soccer ball

Suppose you throw a ball with a mass of 0.40 kg against a brick wall. It hits the wall
moving horizontally to the left at 30 m/s and rebounds horizontally to the right at
20 m/s.

A soccer ball has a mass of 0.40 kg. Initially, it is moving to the left at 20 m/s, but
then it is kicked and given a velocity at 45o upward and to the right, with a magnitude
of 30 m/s. Find the (a) impulse of the net force and (b) the average net force,
assuming a collision time of 0.010s.

(a) Find the impulse of the net force on the ball during its collision with the wall.
(b) If the ball is in contact with the wall for 0.010s, find the average horizontal force
that the wall

TOTAL MOMENTUM -> vector sum of the individual momentum of particles in a system

ptot p A pB

m A v A mB v B

Example 3: Recoil of a rifle


A marksman holds a rifle of mass 3.00kg loosely in his hands, so as to let it recoil freely
when fired. He fires a bullet of mass 5.00g horizontally with a velocity relative to the
ground of 300 m/s. What is the recoil velocity of the rifle? What are the final
momentum and kinetic energy of the bullet? Of the rifle?

PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM

If there are no external forces acting on a system, the


total momentum of the system is conserved.

pinitial p final
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Example 4: Collision along a straight line

Example 5: Collision in a horizontal plane

Two gliders move toward each other on a frictionless linear


air track. After they collide, glider B moves away with a final
velocity of +2.0 m/s. What is the final velocity of glider A?
How do the changes in momentum and in velocity compare for
the two gliders?

Two battling robots slide on a frictionless surface.


Robot A, with mass 20kg, initially moves a 2.0m/s
parallel to the +x-axis. It collides with robot B,
which has mass 12kg and is initially at rest. After
the collision, robot A is moving at 1.0 m/s in a
direction that makes an angle 30o with its initial
direction. What is the final velocity of robot B?

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ELASTIC COLLISIONS -> conservative forces act on the system and the total kinetic
energy of the system is conserved
-> the bodies bounce apart after the collision (Ex. marble and
billiard ball collisions)

pinitial p final

Ki (tot ) K f (tot )

INELASTIC COLLISIONS -> the total kinetic energy of the system is less after the
collision
Completely Inelastic Collision -> the bodies stick together and move as one body after the
collision (Ex. Automobile collisions)

pinitial p final

Ki (tot ) K f (tot )
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Example 6: A completely inelastic collision

Example 7: The ballistic pendulum

Suppose in the previous glider-collision example, the gliders are equipped so that they
stick together instead of bouncing apart after they collide. Their masses and initial
velocities are the same in the previous example. Find the common final velocity of the
gliders and compare the initial and final kinetic energies of the system.

A ballistic pendulum is a system for measuring the


speed of a bullet. The bullet, with mass mB, is fired
into a block of wood with mass mW suspended like a
pendulum, and makes a completely inelastic collision
with it. After the impact of the bullet, the block
swings up to a maximum height y. Given the values of
mB, mW and y, what is the initial speed vi of the bullet?

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Example 8: An automobile collision

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Example 9: Elastic collision, one body initially at rest

A 1000 kg compact car is travelling


north at 15 m/s when it collides with a
2000kg truck travelling east at 10 m/s.
All occupants are wearing seatbelts and
there are no injuries, but the two
vehicles are thoroughly tangled and
move away from the impact point as one
mass. The insurance adjustor has asked
you to find the velocity of the wreckage
just after the impact. What do you tell
her?

B
vAix

v Af

m A mB
v Ai
m A mB

vBf

2m A
v Ai
m A mB

final velocity
of A

final velocity
of B

If mA= mB, then ball A stops after collision and gives


all its momentum and kinetic energy to ball B.

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ELASTIC COLLISIONS and RELATIVE VELOCITY

Prob 1. (a) What is the magnitude of the momentum of a 10,000 kg truck whose speed is 12.0 m/s?
(b) What speed would a 2,000 kg SUV have to attain in order to have (i) the same momentum? (ii) the
same kinetic energy?

In a straight-line elastic collision of two bodies, the relative


velocities before and after collision have the same
magnitude but opposite sign

Bf

Prob 2. A baseball has mass 0.145 kg. (a) If the velocity of a pitched ball has a magnitude of
45.0 m/s and the batted balls velocity is 55.0 m/s in the opposite direction, find the magnitude of
the change in momentum of the ball and of the impulse applied to it by the bat. (b) If the ball
remains in contact with the bat for 2.00 ms, find the magnitude of the average force applied by the
bat.

v Af vBi v Ai

Final relative
velocities

Prob 3. A 68.5 kg astronaut is doing a repair in space on the orbiting space station. She throws a
2.25 kg tool away from her at 3.20 m/s relative to the space station. With what speed and in what
direction will she begin to move?

Initial relative
velocities

Prob 4. On a frictionless, horizontal air table, puck A (with mass 0.250 kg) is moving toward puck B
(with mass 0.,350 kg), which is initially at rest. After the collision, puck A has a velocity of
0.120 m/s to the left and puck B has a velocity of 0.650 m/s to the right. (a) What was the speed of
puck A before the collision? (b) Calculate the change in the total kinetic energy of the system that
occurs during the collision.
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Prob 5. On a very muddy football field, a 110 kg linebacker tackles an 85 kg halfback. Immediately
before the collision, the linebacker is slipping with a velocity of 8.8 m/s north and the halfback is
sliding with a velocity of 7.2 m/s east. What is the velocity (magnitude and direction) at which the
two players move together immediately after the collision?
Prob 6. At the intersection of Texas Avenue and University
Drive, a yellow subcompact car with mass 950 kg travelling
east on University collides with a red pickup truck with mass
1900 kg that is travelling north on Texas and ran a red light.
The two vehicles stick together as a result of the collision and
the wreckage slides at 16.0 m/s in the direction 24o east of
north. Calculate the speed of each vehicle before the collision.
The collision occurs on a heavy rainstorm so you can ignore
friction forces between the vehicles and the wet road.

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-> mass-weighted average position of all particles in a body

-> the point as if all the mass were concentrated

xcm

m x

i i
i

ycm

m y

m
i

cm

m1

(xcm, ycm)

(x1, y1)

m2
(x2, y2)

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Example 10: Balancing a see-saw


Persons A (50kg) and B (80 kg) are both standing on the edges of the 4m-long ledge of a
see-saw. Person C (40kg) tries to balance the situation by standing on the side of person A.
What should be the distance of person C to the center of the see-saw, for the system to
be in equilibrium?
A

ptot mtot vcm

NET FORCE -> mass times the acceleration of the center of mass

TOTAL MOMENTUM -> mass times the velocity of the center of


mass

Fnet mtot acm

When a body or a system of particles is acted on by net a external


force, the center of mass moves just as though all the mass
were concentrated at that point and it were acted on by that net
force.
4m
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