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Aluminum acts as a
neurotoxin towards
humans

Howard High School, 2016

#1

#2

#3

#4

Academic Journal
2002
University of Georgia
Library
Victor Johnnie Johnson

Case Study
2011
Journal of Alzheimers
Disease

Case Study
2010
Journal of Neurotoxicity

Lucija Tomljenovic

Stephen C Bondy

N/A
- The neurotoxicity and
half life of aluminum in
the brain is greater than
100 days
- Studies show that once
aluminum enters the
olfactory section of the
brain, it can be transported
by axonal transport to
other regions of the brain,
creating a blood-brain
barrier
- Early studies in rabbits
showing neurofibrillary
aggregations produced by
aluminum exposure
suggested that aluminum
may be the agent
responsible for senile
plaques seen in
Alzheimers patients.

N/A
- The animal models used
for the experiment are
induced with Al
neurodegeneration.
Aluminum toxicity is
available in the
environment in the forms
of acid rain, public water
systems, canned foods,
and vaccines, allowing the
spread of AD by
environmental factors to
spread rapidly

N/A
- Aluminum salts can
increase levels of glial
activation, inflammatory
cytokines and amyloid
precursor protein within
the brain
- Tendency of the aging
brain to express elevated
levels of inflammation and
the further exacerbation of
this state in several
neurodegenerative
diseases due to the
exposure of aluminum
- The rate of Aluminum
absorption for humans in
water is .22%. However,
one in the circulatory
system, 90% of the metal
transfers into the system,
thus elevating inflated
brain tissue

Clinical Study
2009
American Journal of
Epidemiology
Virginie Rondeau, Hlne
Jacqmin-Gadda, Daniel
Commenges, Catherine
Helmer, and Jean-Franois
Dartigues
N/A
-An increase of 10 mg/day
in silica intake was
associated with a reduced
risk of dementia (adjusted
RR = 0.89, p = 0.036)

- Significantly decreases
cognitive and
psychomotor performance
in humans and animals.
- Impairs visuo-motor
coordination, long-term
memory, and increases
sensitivity to flicker in
humans and rats
-Impairs memory and
hippocampal long-term
potentiation (LTP) in rats

and rabbits in vivo

(electrophysiological
model of synaptic
plasticity and learning)
Document Information

Document Information

Cognitive decline is
present in areas with
metallic residue in
waterways

Accumulation of
aluminum has similar
neuropathological
biomarkers as found in
patients who developed
Alzheimers disease
through genetics

- The concentration of
aluminum in the brains of
Alzheimers patients was
found to be higher than in
normal brains
- During an analysis of
patients exposed to
aluminum in nature, the
amount of patients
diagnosed as dementia
increased 15 fold the
amount in an area with
lower concentrations of
Al.
- Epidemiological studies
suggest that chronic
exposure to levels of
aluminum in the drinking
water as low as 0.1 ppm is
a risk for the development
of aging-related
neurological impairments
- Reported that the
increase in aluminum was
concentrated in
neurofibrillary tanglebearing neurons and senile
amyloid plaques.
-Investigations revealed
that aluminum-induced
tangles in experimental
animals differed both
chemically and
structurally from the
tangle characteristic of
dementia

- Aluminum is widespread
in the environment and
level of human
consumption is as high,
leading to elevated levels
of neurotoxicity of
aluminum in the brain
-High Al concentrations in
the brain negatively affect
the entorhinal cortex,
amygdala, and
hippocampus

- correlated the risk of

developing Alzheimers
disease with residing in
areas where aluminum
concentrations in the
municipal drinking water
are 100 g/L or greater.
-A dose-response
correlation between an
increasing concentration
of Al in the drinking water
and a higher risk of
developing Alzheimers
disease (AD) was found.
-Another study, looking at
elderly populations
exposed to Al3+ in
drinking water (100 g/L),
also reported a similar link
between exposure and the
prevalence of AD

-Depresses the levels and

activity of key
neurotransmitters known
to decline in AD in vivo:
acetylcholine, serotonin,
norepinephrine, dopamine
and glutamate
-Reproduces hallmark
cholinergic deficits
observed in AD patients
by impairing the activity
of cholinergic synthetic
and transport enzymes:
impairs

-Alzheimers disease is
characterized by brain
depositions of the toxic
amyloid -peptide (A) to
form amyloid plaques. In
the brain of AD patients,
reactive microglia,
producing
proinflammatory
cytokines and acute phase
proteins, are associated
with A-containing
neuritic plaques
- In age-related

-The researcher conducts

clinical trials in which
patients were observed
over a 15 year period,
where some patients drink
water a high aluminum
concentration while others
drink bottled water
-The data shows that 30%
of the patients developed
dementia after a 15 year
follow up 70% of patients
developed Alzheimers
disease while drinking
aluminum exposed tap
water

- Several studies report

that intake of aluminum
(2, 3) increases expression
of amyloid protein in
rodent tissues, a step that
may be critical to the
development of
Alzheimers disease.
-Ecological studies have
suggested that
concentrations of
aluminum in drinking
water of 0.10.2 mg/l may
increase the risk of

-Aluminum treatment
significantly increased
brain isoprostane levels, a
sensitive marker of in vivo
lipid peroxidation
-The experiment
demonstrates that Al
exposure in food products
the accelerates disease
progression in transgenic
mice, expressing the
amyloid protein A. In
another experiment
conducted by the
researcher, the Al treated
in vitro of microglial cells
resulted in the mutation of
mRNA.

acetylcholinesterase
activity

neurodegenerative
disorders, such as AD and
PD, enhancement of
inflammatory processes is
thought to significantly
contribute to pathogenic
events. The number of
activated astrocytes is
increased in AD and these
are associated with senile
plaques and with cerebral
microvessels

Alzheimers disease with

relative risk or odds ratio
ranging from 1.35 to 2.67

Key:
#1: Aluminum Neurotoxicity Involves Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis: Implications for Neurodegeneration

#2: Aluminum and Alzheimer's Disease: After a Century of Controversy, Is there a Plausible Link?

#3: The Neurotoxicity of Environmental Aluminum is Still an Issue

#4: Aluminum and Silica in Drinking Water and the Risk of Alzheimers Disease or Cognitive Decline: Findings from 15-Year Follow-up of the PAQUID Cohort