Journal of Indian Water Works Association (JIWWA, Vol-4, Issue-47) - Oct-Dec-2015

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Journal of Indian Water Works Association
483
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Oct.-Dec. 2015
484
ISSN 0970-275X
JOURNAL
OF INDIAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

Published Quarterly in Jan-Mar, April-June,
July-Sept & Oct-Dec
Founder President : Late D.R. Bhise
President
Er. Bappa Sarkar
Vol. XXXXVII
No. 4
INDEX
Hon. Secretary General

Er. Parmod Nirbhavane
Hon. Editor (Journal)
Dr. Ulhas Naik
Hon. Editor (Midstream)
Er. G.V. Patade
Members of Review Board
Er. Ulhas Divekar
Dr. Abhaykumar Wayal
Dr. Syeda Unnissa
Dr. R.K. Shrivastava
Dr. D.D. Ozha
Dr. H.K.Rama Raju
Prof. Dr. Parag Sadgir
Prof. Dr. Upendra Kulkarni
Er. Ulhas Paranjape
Er. Ghanshyam Patade
Dr. Prashanth Reddy Hanmaiahgari
([2IFLR0HPEHU
Prof. R.V. Saraf
Price: Rs. 18/For Member Only.
Indian Water Works Association
MCGM Compound, Pipeline Road,
Vakola, Santacruz (East),
Mumbai - 400 055.
Tel: 91-22-26672665,26672666
Fax: 97-22-26686113
Email: iwwa@rediffmail.com
iwwahq@gmail.com
Website: www.iwwa.info
Cover Design :
"Catch Them Young, Make Them
Aware on Water Conservation"
Universal High School Malad
students visit on 5th Nov. 2015
to IWWA HQ for Rain Water
Harvesting System Training.
October-December 2015
From the Editors Desk ..................................................................................487

Removal of Select Heavy Metals from Polluted Water
Gajanan Khadse, Awadhesh Kumar, Pawan Labhasetwar .................................. 491
Comparison of the ability of Crushed Coconut shell and
Anthracite Coal as Capping Media
Manoj H. Mota, Shashiraj S. Chougule, SachinPatil .......................................... 503
Surface Water Quality Changes for EC in
Jayakwadi Reservoir, India
Purushottam Sarda, P. A. Sadgir ........................................................................ 510
Decolorization of Reactive Dye by Electrochemical
Oxidation Using Graphite Electrode
Rekha H. B., Usha N. Murthy ............................................................................ 517
AMRUT Mission Guidelines : Review and Recommendations
for Development of Resilient Water Infrastructure
Suneet Manjavkar .............................................................................................. 525
Midstream ........................................................................................................535
A Comparative Study on Treatment of Simulated and
Actual Dye Wastewater by Coagulation Process
Aakanksha Soni, Priya Mundada, Dr. Urmila Brighu ......................................... 543
Up gradation and Modernization of Water Treatment
Plants (WTPs) at Bhopal City, Madhya Pradesh, India
Santosh Kumar Kharole, Dr. Suresh Singh Kushwah,
Dr. Sudhir Singh Bhadauria ............................................................................... 550
Discussion On Article.......................................................................................557
485
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Oct.-Dec. 2015
486
Dear Members and Readers of Journal,

On behalf of the Editorial Board, it is a great pleasure to present your issue
of Journal for Oct-December 2015.
We have already launched the online facility for submission of papers and
it has been received well. We are pleased to share with you that this IWWA
Journal issue contains most articles received through the online facility.
As promised, we shall have scheduled to launch the IWWA Journal
Archives facility in the forthcoming IWWA annual convention, 2016
Mumbai in the inauguration function.
This issue WISE WORDS are from another laurate and renowned
personality, emirate Professor Soli Arceivala.
The articles in this issue primarily focuses more on treatment technologies
and advances. It also covers review and recommendation on AMRUT
Mission Guidelines. AMRUT mission is central government ambitious
mission for urban infra structure developments.
Another important buzz in urban infra structure development sector in
India is Smart Cities. The Mission will cover 100 cities and its duration
ZLOOEHYH\HDUV)<WR)<7KH0LVVLRQLVH[SHFWHG
WR FRQWLQXH WKHUHDIWHU LQ WKH OLJKW RI DQ HYDOXDWLRQ RI WKH UVW URXQG
Three tier area-based Smart City development have been envisaged.
5HWURWWLQJ VKDOO LQWURGXFH SODQQLQJ LQ DQ H[LVWLQJ EXLOWXS DUHD WR
achieve Smart City, Redevelopment shall effect a replacement of the
existing built-up environment and enable co-creation of a new layout with
enhanced infrastructure using mixed land use and increased density, while
*UHHQHOGGHYHORSPHQWZLOOLQWURGXFHPRVWRIWKH6PDUW6ROXWLRQVLQD
previously vacant area (more than 250 acres) using innovative planning,
SODQ QDQFLQJ DQG SODQ LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ WRROV HJ ODQG SRROLQJ ODQG
reconstitution) with provision for affordable housing, especially for the
poor. We trust this central government mission shall certainly bring a lot
improvements to the water and sanitation sectors in all aspects.
On the outset of severe changes in climate pattern in India, the critical
issue in the center stage is Global warming. This topic is being churned at
various national and international forum over last decade and now posing
a serious threat leading to disrupt in common mans life; environmental,
economic and social. Indian media can contribute to increased awareness
of climate change and related issues.
We appeal our readers to contribute articles on these above topics to make
the awareness propagate from IWWA platform.
Wish you all a Happy and prosperous new year 2016 !!!
(Ulhas S. Naik)
Hon. Editor Journal
487
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Oct.-Dec. 2015
488
489
Oct.-Dec. 2015
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Oct.-Dec. 2015
490
Removal of Select Heavy Metals from Polluted Water

*DMDQDQ.KDGVH$ZDGKHVK.XPDU3DZDQ/DEKDVHWZDU
Abstract
Removal of select heavy metals viz. chromium, copper, manganese and zinc from synthetic wastewater
with economically feasible materials with adsorption was investigated. Adsorption isotherms are
REWDLQHGIRUVHOHFWKHDY\PHWDOIURPEDWFKH[SHULPHQWV([SHULPHQWVZHUHDOVRFDUULHGRXWLQ[HG
beds using sand as adsorbent for the different solutes. Solutions of varying concentrations of selected
heavy metals of chromium and copper (2-20 ppm), manganese (2-10 ppm) and zinc 15-85 ppm were
SUHSDUHGDQGSDVVHGWKURXJKVDQGOWHU/HDFKDWHVDPSOHVZHUHDQDO\]HGIRUFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIWKHVH
HOHPHQWV E\ DPH DWRPLF DEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWURSKRWRPHWHU 7KH UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ RI KHDY\ PHWDOV
increased with increasing pH while it decreased with increasing metals concentration and injection
UDWH7KHUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\ZDVTXLWHKLJKIRUFKURPLXPIROORZHGE\FRSSHU
PDQJDQHVHDQG]LQF7KHSURSRVHGPHWKRGLVHIFLHQWDQGFRVWHIIHFWLYHDQG
can successfully be used for heavy metal removal from water and wastewater.
Keywords
+HDY\PHWDODGVRUSWLRQZDVWHZDWHUWUHDWPHQWHIXHQWVDQGOWUDWLRQ
1.
Introduction
Rapid
industrialization
and
urbanization
have been contaminating the existing water
resources by discharging wastewater containing
organics, colour and heavy metals. Heavy
metals contamination exist in aqueous waste
streams of many industries, such as metal
QLVKLQJ HOHFWURSODWLQJ PHWDOOXUJLFDO ZRUN
mining, chemical manufacturing, pesticides,
fertilizers, dyes, pigments, tanning, and battery
manufacturing (Rao et al. 2001; Kang et al. 2007;
Lesmana et al. 2009). Heavy metals are reported
as priority pollutants, due to their mobility in
natural water ecosystems. Water pollution with
heavy metals is a source of danger to the health
of people living in developing countries. Some of
these metals are potentially toxic or carcinogenic
DWVXIFLHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQVDQGFDQFDXVHVHULRXV
human health hazards if they enter the food chain.
Investigations have been made of the extent
of the heavy metal pollution of surface water,

groundwater, soils, air, and vegetation by mining
and associated industrial activities, thermal power
plants and open-cast coal mines (Khan et al. 2005).
Conventional methods for removing dissolved
heavy metal ions include chemical precipitation,
FKHPLFDO R[LGDWLRQ RU UHGXFWLRQ OWUDWLRQ LRQ
exchange, electrochemical treatment, application
of membrane technology and evaporation
recovery. However, these technology processes
have considerable disadvantages including
incomplete metal removal, requirements for
expensive equipment and monitoring system,
high reagent or energy requirements or generation
of toxic sludge or other waste products that
require disposal (Rorrer, 1998, Aksu et al. 2002;
Benguella and Benaissa, 2002; Bai and Abraham,
2003). In advanced countries, removal of heavy
metals in water and wastewater is normally
achieved by advance technologies such as ion
&6,51DWLRQDO(QYLURQPHQWDO(QJLQHHULQJ5HVHDUFK,QVWLWXWH1DJSXU(PDLOJNBNKDGVH#QHHULUHVLQ
491
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Table 1 Guidelines for drinking water quality

Elements/
Symbol
Chromium
Copper
Manganese
Zinc
IS 10500:1991
Desirable
Permissible
limit (mg/L)
limit (mg/L)
No relaxation
0.05
WHO
(2006)
(mg/L)
0.05
0.1
1.5
0.3
0.05
2
0.4
15
no
H[FKDQJH FKHPLFDO SUHFLSLWDWLRQ XOWUD OWUDWLRQ

or electrochemical deposition do not seem to
be economically feasible for such industries
because of their relatively high costs. This needs
to investigate an alternative low-cost method,
which is effective and economic. The study
ZDV XQGHUWDNHQ WR GHYHORS D FKHDS DQG HIFLHQW
method for removal of selected heavy metals viz.
&U&X0QDQG=QIURPZDWHUXVLQJVDQGOWHU
CPHEEO
Acceptable
Cause for
(mg/L)
rejection (mg/L)
0.05
0.05
0.05
1.5
0.05
0.5
5
15
EPA (mg/L)
0.1
0.05
0.3
5
as water, CO2, nitrates and phosphate and in the

process produce oxygen which in turn facilitates
bio-degradation of organic matter. Although most
RI WKH ELRFKHPLFDO SXULFDWLRQ RFFXUV LQ WKH VR
called Schmutzdecke (the top 10-20 mm of
OWHUEHGELRORJLFDODFWLYLWLHVLQWKHORZHUSDUWRI
WKHOWHUEHGFPPD\EHFRQVLGHUDEOH
2.
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality
Water quality standards are the foundation of the
1.1 Advantages of Sand Filtration Technique
water quality-based pollution control program
6DQGOWHULVDFRPELQDWLRQRISK\VLFDOFKHPLFDO mandated by the Clean Water Act. Water quality
and biological process and work on straining, VWDQGDUGV GHQH WKH JRDOV IRU D ZDWHU ERG\ E\
sedimentation and adsorption phenomena. Design designating its uses, setting criteria to protect
and operation simplicity as well as minimal those uses, and establishing provisions to protect
power and chemical requirements make the sand water bodies from pollutants. Various guidelines
OWUDWLRQ DQ DSSURSULDWH WHFKQLTXH IRU UHPRYLQJ values of selected heavy metals for drinking
suspended organic and inorganic matter. These water according to IS 10500:1991, WHO (2006),
OWHUV DOVR PD\ UHPRYH SDWKRJHQLF RUJDQLVPV CPHEEO, EPA are given in Table 1.
cloudiness, and organic levels - thus reducing
the need for disinfection and, consequently, the 3.
Materials and Methods
SUHVHQFHRIGLVLQIHFWLRQE\SURGXFWVLQWKHQLVKHG 3.1 Sand Filter Unit
water. Other advantages include: Minimal sludge
To carry out the experimental investigation a
handling problems, Close operator supervision
VDQGOWHUXQLWZDVGHVLJQHGDQGIDEULFDWHG6DQG
is not necessary, No power requirement, Use of
OWHUXQLWFig. 1) comprised of an overhead tank
locally available materials and labour.
UHDFWRURI/FDSDFLW\DOWHUDQGDFROOHFWLRQ
1.2. Chemical and Biological Activities in
tank. Locally available sand and gravels of 9.5
Sand Filtration
PP VL]H LV XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ 7KH OWHU KDV DQ
6DQGOWUDWLRQSOD\VDPDMRUUROHLQWKHSXULFDWLRQ average diameter of 41.5 cm, total height of 45
SURFHVVHVZKLFKRFFXURQDQGZLWKLQWKHOWHUEHG FP DQG DUHD RI WKH OWHU FP2 ,W ZDV OOHG
7KHSUHVHQFHRIVXIFLHQWR[\JHQLQZDWHUWREH with gravels up to 5 cm at bottom followed by
treated is essential. Biological oxidation of organic ordinary sand up to 40 cm height, after washing
matter in an aerobic environment contributes to with substantial amount of water and followed by
KLJKSHUIRUPDQFHRIVDQGOWHU$OJDHSOD\DYLWDO 1% acid water and again with water properly to
role. In the presence of sunlight they are able to remove all impurities. Thereafter, it was dried in
build up cell materials from simple minerals such direct sun light.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
492
7KHUHTXLUHGVDQGIRUOWHUVKRXOGKDYHHIIHFWLYH Engineering properties of sand used for the present

size (D10 PP DQG XQLIRUPLW\ FRHIFLHQW investigation is given in Table 3.
(U=D60/D10) less than 3. In stock sand that does
Table 3 Engineering Properties of Sand
QRWPHHWWKHUHTXLUHGVSHFLFDWLRQVRI'10 and D60
S.N. Properties
Values (%)
sizes, there is usable portion (Puse), a portion that
1.
Liquid
limit
NP
LVWRRQH3f), and a portion that is too coarse (Pc).
2.
Plastic limit
NP
Therefore,
3.
Plasticity Index
NP
Puse+ Pf +Pc = 100
4.
6SHFLFJUDYLW\
2.65
5.
Permeability
7.7 X 10-3 cm/sec
7.
OMC
6.0
8.
MDD
1.506
9.
C
0
10. )
320
3.3
Elemental Composition Analysis of Sand
The distribution of elemental composition of the sand was

analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD spectrum of
sand showed the presence of silicon, oxygen and a small
percentage of aluminum and other metals as shown in Fig. 2.
)LJ&URVVVHFWLRQRIWKHVDQGOWHU
3.2
Sieve Analysis
The sieve analysis of stock sand is done as shown

in Table 2.
Fig.2 XRD spectrum of sand
Table 2 Sieve analysis of stock sand

Sieve
No.
8
12
16
20
30
40
50
100
pan
Sieve
Size
(mm)
2.35
1.68
1.18
0.85
0.60
0.425
0.3
0.15
QHU
Mass retained % of mass

retained on
on each sieve,
each sieve, Rn
Wn (g)
65.21
13.81
26.23
5.55
25.23
5.34
72.02
15.25
54.05
11.44
69.54
14.72
92.16
19.52
46.50
9.84
21.15
4.47
472.10
100
493
Cumulative (%)
UHWDLQHG5Q
13.81
19.36
24.71
39.96
51.41
66.14
85.67
95.52
99.99
Cumulative (%)
QHUWKDQ'VL]H
5Q
86.18
81.054
75.28
60.03
48.58
33.85
14.32
4.47
0
Oct.-Dec. 2015
3.4
Heavy Metals Selected and Chemicals

Used for Making Standards
Four heavy metals viz. Chromium (Cr), Copper
(Cu), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) were
selected to study their removal through sand
OWHUXQLWV&KURPLXP,,,FKORULGHKH[DK\GUDWH
[CrCl3.6H2O] with a purity of 96% was selected
as a source of Cr ions, Cupric nitrate [Cu
(NO3)2.3 H2O] with a purity of 95% was selected
as source Cu ions, Zinc nitrate hexahydrate
[Zn (NO3)2.6 H2O] with a purity of 96% was a
selected as a source of Zn ions and Manganese
sulphate [MnSO4.H2O] was selected as a source
of Mn ions because of good solubility in water.
All the chemicals manufactured by Qualigens
ACROS. All solutions were prepared in distilled
water.
3.5 Application Procedure and Estimation
7KHOWHUXQLWZDVFRPSOHWHO\OOHGZLWKZDVKHG
sand and fed from over head tank (reactor) with
synthetic solution of different concentration of all
selected heavy metals prepared in the laboratory.
A tap was attached to overhead tank controlled
WKH LQMHFWLRQ UDWH 6PDOO YROXPHV RI HIXHQWV
were collected in bottles of polyethylene from
all the sampling ports at regular time intervals.
6WXG\LQJKHDY\PHWDOVUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\RIVDQG
OWHULQYROYHVGHWHUPLQDWLRQRIDPRXQWRIPHWDOV
LQWKHLQXHQWDQGHIXHQWVROXWLRQVEHIRUHDQG
after adsorption) using Flame Atomic Absorption
Spectrometer (AAS) (Perkin Elmer, USA,
Model-A analyst 800).
3.6 Operation of Filter
To perform the experiment, 60 L working solution
of different concentrations of Cu, Cr, Zn, Mn were
prepared by dissolving the metals compound as
mentioned above. The synthetic water samples
ZHUH SDVVHG WKURXJK VDQG OWHU EHG 7KUHH
different injection rates 0.012, 0.024, and 0.036
m3/hr adjusted by tap were considered to study
the effects of injection rates on metal removal
HIFLHQF\7RHYDOXDWHWKHHIIHFWRIS+UDQJHVWR
8 adjusted by 40% conc. HCl and NaOH solution
Oct.-Dec. 2015
RQUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\RIPHWDOVDWFRQVWDQWRZ
rate 0.012 m3/hr. Treated samples were collected
at different time intervals.
7KH UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ ) of heavy metals
LV GHQHG DV %) = [(Co - Ct) / Co]*100
where, Co and Ct are the metal concentrations in
the sample before and after treatment respectively.
3.7 Cleaning of Sand Filter Unit
6DQGOWHUVZLOOOWHURXWDSDUWLFOHDVVPDOODV
PLFURQV$VWKHGLUWORDGLQFUHDVHVWKHOWHU
will need to be cleaned or backwashed. It was
REVHUYHG WKDW VDQG OWHU XQLW QHHG WKH FOHDQLQJ
after two or three week, however, it can be used
after 2nd week by scrapping upper 2 to 5 cm sand
layer daily.
3.8
Adsorption Experiments of Selected

Heavy Metals
Batch experiments for selected heavy metals
(Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn) were carried out in 600 mL
beaker at room temperature (27 2). Heavy metals
adsorption as a function of equilibrium time, pH,
amount of adsorbent and initial concentration was
studied. In order to optimize contact time, 30 g
of the adsorbent was stirred with 100 mL of 20
ppm Cr solution at different time intervals (2, 5,
10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min). At the end
of the stirring period the samples were centrifuged
DW USP IRU PLQ DQG OWHUHG WKURXJK
:KDWPDQ1ROWHUSDSHU7KHFRQFHQWUDWLRQV
RI&ULQWKHOWUDWHZHUHGHWHUPLQHGXVLQJ$$6
To study the effect of pH on Cr adsorption, 100
mL of 20 ppm Cr solutions were adjusted to
different pH values (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8) using 40%
conc. NaOH and HCl. Then, 30 g adsorbent was
equilibrated with these solutions for 60 min. and
WKHOWUDWHVZHUHDQDO\VHGIRUWKHHIIHFWRIS+RQ
Cr adsorption. The effect of adsorbent dosage was
also studied by varying the amount of adsorbent
(15, 30, 45 and 60 gm) on an initial concentration
of 20 ppm at pH 7 for a contact time of 60 min. In
another set each 100 mL of Cr solutions at varying
concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 ppm) were
introduced into the beaker containing 30 g of the
494
Similarly, in case of Cu, initial concentration of

Cu 2 0.3 ppm, the removal is 98.5% at all pH
values; whereas at a concentration of 20 2 ppm,
93% of Cu is removed at pH 3 and 94.86% at a
solution pH 8 (Fig. 4). The effect of pH 4-7 on
removal of Cu is in between. In case of Zn, initial
concentration of Zn 20 5 ppm, the removal is
93.92% at pH 3 and 97.21% at pH 8; whereas at
a concentration of 85 4 ppm, 78.05% of Zn is
removed at pH 3 and 84 % at pH 8 (Fig. 5).The
effect of pH 4-7 on removal of Zn is in between.
In case of Mn, initial concentration of Mn 2 0.2
ppm, the removal is 67.27% at pH 3 and 74.3% at
pH 8; whereas at a concentration of 10 2 ppm,
64.58 % of Mn is removed at pH 3 and 70.05%
at solution pH 8 (Fig. 6). The effect of pH 4-7 on
removal of Mn is in between.
495
5
pH
Fig. 3: Effect of pH on removal of influent Cr

conc.
Co= 1.81 (ppm)
Co= 4.84 (ppm)
Co= 9.80 (ppm)
Co= 14.39 (ppm)
Co= 18.60 (ppm)
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
3
pH
5
6
Fig. 4: Effect of pH on removal of influent Cu

conc.
Co= 16.64 (ppm)

Co= 34.66 (ppm)
Co= 52.68 (ppm)
Co= 72.48 (ppm)
Co= 86.40 (ppm)
100
(%) Removal
4.1 Effect of pH on Heavy Metal Removal

Solutions of various concentrations of Cr, Cu,
Mn and Zn were prepared at pH values of 3, 4,
5, 6, 7 and 8. For IR of 0.012 m3/hr, the effect
of pH was compared for each concentration. It
was found that the removal of heavy metals is
slightly higher at pH 8 as compared at pH 3. This
difference increase with increasing concentration
RIPHWDOVLQWKHHIXHQWVROXWLRQHJDW,5
m3/hr, initial concentration of Cr 2 0.3 ppm,
the removal is 99.38 99.71% at all pH values;
whereas at a concentration of 20 2 ppm, 95.91
% of Cr is removed at pH 3 and 98.10 % at pH 8
(Fig. 3). The effect of pH 4-7 on removal of Cr is
in between.
Co= 1.97 (ppm)

Co= 4.86 (ppm)
Co= 9.89 (ppm)
Co= 14.47 (ppm)
Co= 18.55 (ppm)
100
99
98
97
96
95
94
(%) Removal
4.
Results and Discussion
3HUIRUPDQFH RI WKH UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ RI VDQG
OWHU XQLW IRU VHOHFWHG KHDY\ PHWDOV ZDV WHVWHG
ZLWK UHVSHFW WR S+ LQXHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ and
injection rate (IR).
(%) Removal
DGVRUEHQWDQGVWLUUHGIRUPLQDQGWKHOWUDWHV
were analysed for the effect of Cr concentration.
The same experiment was also carried out for Cu,
Mn, and Zn.
95
90
85
80
75
5 pH 6
Fig. 5: Effect of pH on removal of influent Zn conc.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
concentration of Cr. Even at concentration of 20

SSP UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ UDUHO\ IDOOV XS WR
at pH 3 and 98% at pH 8. As usual, the effect of
RWKHU LQXHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RQ UHPRYDO RI &U LV
somewhere in between (Fig. 7- 12).
100
(%) Removal
99
98
97
96
95
Fig. 6: Effect of pH on removal of influent Mn

conc.
94
1.9
(IIHFWRI,QXHQW&RQFHQWUDWLRQRQ+HDY\
Metal Removal
(IIHFW RI LQXHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RQ UHPRYDO
HIFLHQFLHV IRU YH GLIIHUHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI
each metal at an injection rate (IR) of 0.012 m3/hr
at different pH values 3-8. Five different LQXHQW
concentrations 2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 2 ppm of
Cr was considered to have comparison of sand
adsorption behaviour at different pH. Maximum
removal (99.38 - 99.71%) was observed for an
LQXHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQRISSPDWDOOS+5HPRYDO
HIFLHQF\VKRZVDGHFUHDVLQJWUHQGZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ
Oct.-Dec. 2015
496
4.8
9.9
14.86 18.82
Influent conc. (ppm)
Fig. 7 Effect of influent conc. of Cr on

% at IR 0.012 m3/hr at pH 3
(%) Removal
100
99
98
97
96
95
2
4.9
9.89 14.82 18.8

100
(%) Removal
The results agree with those of Zeng (2002)

which show that the pH does not have a major
effect on the removal of metals from solution.
7KH GLIIHUHQFH LQ UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ GXH WR
pH of solution is attributed to the precipitation
of Metal (M) hydroxide [M(OH)3] at higher
pH. Increasing the pH implies a proportional
increase in the concentration of hydroxide ions
in solution and hence disturbs the equilibrium.
Therefore, the system adjusts to cancel this effect
(Le Chateliers principle) by precipitating more
and more hydroxide out of the solution. This
precipitate, although not permanently adsorbed by
the sand particles, is nevertheless retained/trapped
LQ WKH VDQG OWHU +RZHYHU ZDVKLQJ RI WKH VDQG
ZLOO GHQLWHO\ UHPRYH WKH K\GUR[LGH DQG EULQJ
the metals into direct contact with the external
environment.
99
98
97
96
95
2.03
4.89
9.88 14.59 18.5

(%) Removal
100
99
98
97
96
95
2.03
4.89 9.88 14.59 18.5

Fig. 10 Effect of influent conc. of Cr on the

100
(%) Removal
99
98
97
96
95
1.97
4.9 9.88
14
Initial conc. (ppm)
18.4

the % at IR 0.012 m3/hr at pH 7
100
(%) Removal
99
6LPLODUO\YHGLIIHUHQWLQXHQW concentrations 2,
5, 10, 15 and 20 2 ppm of Cu were considered,
maximum removal (98.58 - 94.8%) was observed
for 2 ppm at all pH. Even at concentration of 20
SSPUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\UDUHO\IDOOVXSWR
at pH 3 and 94.86% at pH 8 (Fig. 13 - 18). In case
of Zn, YHGLIIHUHQWLQXHQW concentrations 15, 35,
55, 75, and 85 6 ppm of Zn were considered;
maximum removal (97.12 %) was observed at
pH 7. Even at concentration of 85 ppm removal
HIFLHQF\ UDUHO\ IDOOV XS WR DW S+ RI
and 84% at pH of 8 (Fig. 19 - 24). In case of Mn,
YHGLIIHUHQWLQXHQW concentrations 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 2 ppm of Mn, were considered, maximum
removal 74.31% of 2 ppm at pH 8. Even at
FRQFHQWUDWLRQRISSPUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\UDUHO\
falls up to 64.58% at pH 3. As usual, the effect of
RWKHU LQXHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RQ UHPRYDO RI &U LV
somewhere in between (Fig. 25 - 30).
This can be explained by the fact that as the
concentration of metal ions increases so does the
metal loading on the adsorbent. For example, a
concentration of 85 ppm will have higher surface
loading as compared to concentration of 15 ppm.
Because it causes an equal increase in number of
metal ions coming in contact with sand increases
during same interval of time while on the other
hand the no of adsorbing sites available for
adsorption are constant for all concentrations.
6R ZKHQ LQXHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ZLOO EH KLJKHU
more number of ions will be competing for same
adsorption sites and will go through without being
adsorbed.
Effect of Injection Rate on Heavy Metal
Removal
7KHHIIHFWRILQXHQW,5P3/hr, 0.024 m3/hr
and 0.036 m3/hr) were studied at constant sand bed
GHSWKVRIP8VXDOO\WKHUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\
GHFUHDVHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ,5RIWKHLQXHQW
solution. It was found that maximum removal was
observed at IR 0.012 m3/hr, as compare to the
other two IRs. e.g. 98% removal of Cr of 20 2
SSPLQXHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQZDVREVHUYHGDW
m3/hr, and 95% at 0.036 m3/hr and at 0.024 m3/
4.3
98
97
96
95
1.97
4.89
9.87 14.21 18.3

497
Oct.-Dec. 2015
498
(%) Removal
1.9
(%) Removal
1.82 4.76 9.87 14.53

Fig. 16 Effect of influent conc. of Cu on

92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
18.
4.85 9.86 14.55 18.75


90
92
94
96
98
100
(%) Removal
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
1.8
9.85 14.39
18.7
1.79 4.9 9.44 14.21 18.5

Influent conc.(ppm)

99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92

(%) Removal
1.8 4.71 9.92 14.4 18.6

1.75 4.92 9.88 14.28 18.4

93
94
95
96
97
98
99

100
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
(%) Removal
(%) Removal
Oct.-Dec. 2015
499
70
75
80
85
90
16.73 34.66 55.26 72.48 86.4

95
100
Fig. 22 Effect of influent conc. of Zn on

70
75
80
85
90
16.88 34.3 56.5 71.68 85.8

Influent concentration (ppm

(%) Removal
95
(%) Removal
34.5
I fl
16.73
(
55.68 72.36
86.1
16.65 34.56 55.6 71.36 85.4

75
80
85
90
95
100

70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(%) Removal
100
(%) Removal
16.49 34.12 55.94 71.8

86
16.37 34.08 55.1 71.92


75
80
85
90
95
100

70
75
80
85
90
95
100
(%) Removal
(%) Removal
Oct.-Dec. 2015
(%) Removal
70
2.1
3.89 5.92 6.88 9.67

Fig. 28 Effect of influent conc. of Mn on

62
64
66
68
(%) Removal
500
72
74
Fig. 25 Effect of influent conc. of Mn

on % at IR 0.012 m3/hr at pH 3
2.08 3.94 5.89 6.91 9.84

(%) Removal
64
65
65
66
66
67
67
68
1.99 3.9 5.92 6.89 9.55

influent conc. (ppm)
2.04 3.94
5.9
6.85

64
66
68
70
72
74
76

(%) Removal
68
67
67
66
66
65
65
64
64
63
1.94
3.9 5.87 6.82 9.72


75
74
73
72
71
70
69
68
67
Fig. 27 Effect of influent conc. of Mn

on % at IR 0.012 m3/hr at pH 5
(%) Removal
Oct.-Dec. 2015
I R= 0.012 m3/hr
I R= 0.024 m3/hr
I R=0.036 m3/hr
100
75
98
(%) Removal
(%) Removal
99
80
97
96
95
Fig. 31 Effect of influent IR on % of

different influent conc. of Cr
I R= 0.012 m3/hr
I R= 0.024 m3/hr
I R= 0.036 m3/hr
(%) Removal
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
1.89
4.90
9.43
14.21 18.50

different influent conc. of Cu
(%) Removal
65
60
55
2.04 3.94 5.90 6.85
1.97 4.90 9.88 14.00 18.40

95
70
50
94
100
I R= 0.012 m3/hr
I R= 0.024 m3/hr
I R= 0.036 m3/hr
I R= 0.012 m3/hr
I R= 0.024 m3/hr
I R= 0.036 m3/hr
90
85
80
75
70
16.55 34.56 55.60 71.36 85.40
Fig. 33 Effect of influent IR on % of different

influent conc. of Zn
9.67

different influent conc. of Mn
hr the removal was in between (Fig.31). Similarly

Cu removal was 94% and 90% at 0.012 m3/hr
and 0.036 m3/hr respectively (Fig. 32). In case
of Zn removal of 83.25 % and 78.26 % at 0.012
m3/hr and 0.036 m3/hr respectively (Fig. 33) was
observed. In case of Mn 67.84% and 59.67%
removal was observed at IR of 0.012 m3/hr and
0.036 m3/hr respectively (Fig. 34).
5.
Summary and Conclusion
Heavy metals viz. Cr, Cu Mn, and Zn in aquatic
environment are a major concern because of
their toxicity and threat to plant and animal life
disturbing the natural ecological balance. Sand
OWUDWLRQSURFHVVLVVLPSOHDQGHFRQRPLFIRUWKH
removal of heavy metals from the water. Therefore
the present investigation was undertaken to study
the removal of selected heavy metals with sand
OWUDWLRQWHFKQLTXH
3HUIRUPDQFH RI WKH UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ RI VDQG
OWHU XQLW IRU VHOHFWHG KHDY\ PHWDOV ZDV WHVWHG
ZLWK UHVSHFW WR S+ LQXHQW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ and
injection rate. It was found that the removal of
heavy metals is slightly greater at a pH of 8 as
compare to a pH of 3. This difference increase with
LQFUHDVLQJFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIPHWDOVLQWKHHIXHQW
solution e.g. at a injection rate 0.012 m3/hr. The
removal of Cr is 99.38% and 98.10%, Cu is 93%
501
Oct.-Dec. 2015
and 98%, Zn is 93.92% and 97.21% and Mn is

67.27% and 74.3% at pH of 3 and 8 respectively,
DWLQXHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI&U&XDQG0Q0.3
ppm, and Zn 203ppm. While removal of Cr
was 99.71%, Cu 93%, Zn 78.05% and Mn 64% at
LQXHQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI&UDQG&XSSP=Q
854 ppm and Mn 102 ppm. When the injection
rate increased, the hydraulic loading rate was also
LQFUHDVHGDQGWKHUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\GHFUHDVHGDV
observed in Cr 99.54% to 95%, Cu 98.5% to 90%,
Zn 96.69% to 92% and Mn 67.63% to 59.46%, at
the hydraulic loading rate of 0.08 m/hr to 0.169 m/
hr respectively.
Based on this study, the following conclusions
were drawn:
2.
APHA, AWWA & WPCF (2005). Standard Method

for the Examination of water and waste water,
21st edition, American Public Health Association,
1HZ<RUN
3.
Bai, R.S., E. Abraham (2003). Studies on chromium

(VI) adsorptiondesorption using immobilized
fungal biomoss, %LRUHVRXU7HFKQRO 87 (2003), pp.
1726.
4.
Benguella, B., H. Benaissa (2002). Effects of

competing cations on cadmium biosorption by
chitin, Colloid Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects
201, pp. 143150.
5.
BIS:10500 (1991). Bureau of Indian Standards

(BIS), Drinking Water Quality Standards.
6.
Kang, S., J. Lee, and K. Kima. 2007. Biosorption

of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) onto the cell surface of
pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochemical Engineering
Journal, 36: 5458.
7KHVROXWLRQS+GRHVQRWKDYHDVLJQLFDQW
LPSDFW RQ WKH UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ &U &X 7.
Mn and Zn. Since a higher pH results in
precipitation of Cr rather than permanent
adsorption, it is recommended to acidify the
LQXHQWVROXWLRQSULRUWRWUHDWPHQW
Khan, R., Israili, SH., Ahmad, H. and Mohan, A.

(2005), Heavy metal pollution assessment in
surface water bodies and its suitability for irrigation
around the Nayevli lignite mines and associated
industrial complex, Tamil Nadu, India, Mine Water
and the Environment, Vol. 24, pp. 155-161.
7KH UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ RI KHDY\ PHWDOV LV 8.

decreased as the injection rate increased.
Although sand is quite effective even at a
rate of 0.036 m3/hr, yet the conventional rate
of 0.012 m3/hr is strongly recommended.
Lesmana, Sisca O., Novie Febriana, Felycia E.

Soetaredgo, Jaka Sunarso, and Suryadi Ismadji.
2009. Studies on potential applications of biomass
for the separation of heavy metals from water and
wastewater. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 44:
19-41.
Sand has showed very high adsorption

capacities of metals. It was observed that the
adsorption of the selected heavy metals is
in the order of Cr > Cu > Zn > Mn, and can
be successfully used for treatment of water
and wastewater. Since this method involves
OHVV FDSLWDO FRVW DQG LV KLJKO\ HIFLHQW
it is practicably feasible for developing
countries. The results of investigation will
be useful for the removal of metals from
LQGXVWULDOHIXHQWV
Rao, M., A.V. Parwate, A.G. Bhole. 2001. Removal

of Cr6+ and Ni2+ from aqueous solution using
EDJDVVHHDQG\DVKWaste Management, 22: 821
830.
References:
1.
Aksu, Z., F. Gnen and Z. Demircan (2002).

Biosorption of chromium (VI) ions by Mowital
B3OH resin immobilized activated sludge in a
packed bed: comparison with granular activated
carbon, Process. Biochem. 38 (2002), pp. 175186.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
9.
10. Rorrer, G.L. 1998. Heavy metal ions removal

from wastewater. Encyclopaedia of Environmental
Analysis and Remediation, 4: 21042128.
11. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva,
Guidelines for drinking Water Quality, (1984).
12. World Health Organization (WHO) (2004).
Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality: Vol.1
Recommendations, 3rd edition. World Health
Organization, Geneva.
13. Zeng, L. (2002). Preliminary Study of Multiple
Heavy Metal Removal Using Waste Iron Oxide
Tailings. Proceedings of the Remediation
Technologies Symposium, October 16-18, Banff,
Alberta.
502
Comparison of the ability of Crushed Coconut shell and

Anthracite Coal as Capping Media
Manoj H. Mota*6KDVKLUDM6&KRXJXOH** 6DFKLQ3DWLO***
Abstract
&DSSLQJRIWKHOWHULVWKHSURFHVVRIUHSODFLQJWKHXSSHUQHUSDUWRIWKHOWHUDERXWFPLQGHSWK
by a media of comparatively coarser in nature but less in density as compared to conventional sand
used as monomedia. It is easier method to improve the performance of conventional rapid sand
OWHUV,WLVQRWRQO\FDSDEOHWRUHGXFHWKHWXUELGLW\EXWDOVRLQFUHDVHVWKHOWHUUXQDVZHOODVUHGXFHV
WKHEDFNZDVKUHTXLUHPHQW
7KH SDSHU IRFXVHV RQ WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI FUXVKHG FRFRQXW VKHOO DQG DQWKUDFLWH FRDO DV D FDSSLQJ
PHGLD 7KH SHUIRUPDQFH ZDV DVVHVVHG E\ LQVWDOOLQJ D SLORW SODQW DW ,FKDONDUDQML PXQLFLSDO ZDWHU
treatment plant.
Keywords -&DSSLQJUDSLGVDQGOWHUWXUELGLW\UHPRYDOEDFNZDVKUHTXLUHPHQWULSHQLQJSHULRG
Introduction
Different unit processes and unit operations
utilized in most of the conventional water
treatment plant (WTP) in India includes aeration,
FRDJXODWLRQ RFFXODWLRQ FODULFDWLRQ OWUDWLRQ
DQG GLVLQIHFWLRQ 7KH OWUDWLRQ XVLQJ UDSLG VDQG
OWHULVWKHSROLVKLQJVWDJHRIWKHZDWHUWUHDWPHQW
process. Most of the turbidity though removed
E\ WKH SURFHVV RI RFFXODWLRQ DQG FODULFDWLRQ
particles able to pass through that are removed by
WKHSURFHVVRIOWUDWLRQ7KXVWKHQDOTXDOLW\RI
water produced by any WTP is the function of the
SHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHOWHUV
Most of the conventional water treatment plants
are overloaded due to increased demand. They
are facing the problems like substandard overall
performance and unsatisfactory water supply
besides unsatisfactory operation and maintenance.

***
0RVW RI WKH UDSLG VDQG OWHU56) EHGV DUH

suffering by the problems like mud ball formation,
XQVDWLVIDFWRU\HIXHQWDQGPRUHEDFNZDVKZDWHU
UHTXLUHPHQW 'XDO PHGLD DQG PXOWLPHGLD OWHUV
can overcome these limitations of rapid sand
OWHUV +RZHYHU WKH XVH RI VXFK WHFKQLTXHV LV
OLPLWHG LQ ,QGLD GXH WR XQDYDLODELOLW\ RI OWHU
materials apart from sand.
&DSSLQJ RI H[LVWLQJ UDSLG VDQG OWHUV LV WKH
promising method of improving the performance
RI UDSLG VDQG OWHUV &DSSLQJ LV D SURFHVV RI
FRYHULQJ WKH OWUDWLRQ PHGLD E\ DSSURSULDWHV
caps such as Anthracite coal, Bituminous coal,
Crushed coconut shells, etc. Capping involves
the replacement of a top portion of the sand with
DSSURSULDWHFDSV6XFKDQLPSURYHGOWHUWKRXJK
inferior to the originally designed dual media
OWHULVEHWWHUWKDQWKHFRQYHQWLRQDO56)IURPWKH
$VVLVWDQWSURIHVVRU&LYLO(QJJ'HSW6KDUDGLQVWLWXWHRIWHFKQRORJ\&ROOHJHRI(QJJ<DGUDY,FKDONDUDQML.ROKDSXU
Email: manojhmota@yahoo.co.in, Mob: 9272195932
$VVLVWDQWSURIHVVRU&LYLO(QJJ'HSW6KDUDGLQVWLWXWHRIWHFKQRORJ\&ROOHJHRI(QJJ<DGUDY,FKDONDUDQML.ROKDSXU
(PDLOVKDVKLUDMBFKRXJXOH#\DKRRFRLQ0RE
Associate professor, Civil Engg. Dept., Ashokrao Mane Group of Institute, Vatharturf, Vadgaon, Kolhapur
Email: patilsachink@gmail.com, Mob: 9767503463
503
Oct.-Dec. 2015
SRLQW RI YLHZ RI WKH UDWH RI OWUDWLRQ DV ZHOO DV prepared by sieving and mixing in appropriate
SURSRUWLRQV7KHQHVIURPVDQGZHUHUHPRYHGE\
WRWDOOWHUUXQ[1]
The study has made by installing a pilot plant at ZDVKLQJRXW7KHFRHIFLHQWRIXQLIRUPLW\RIVDQG
used was 1.5 and the effective size was 0.6mm. [2]
Ichalkaranji municipal WTP. The coconut shell as
well as anthracite coal were used as the capping The effective size of capping media was
media. The results obtained are very encouraging. determined by considering the fact that the settling
The comparison of two materials on the basis of velocity of the sand particle of effective size to
its performance as capping media has been done. be more than that of capping media particles. The
7KHVWXG\VKRZVWKDWWKHKLJKHUUDWHRIOWUDWLRQ XQLIRUPLW\ FRHIFLHQW RI FRFRQXW VKHOO XVHG ZDV
is possible along with smaller ripening period, about 1.0 (i.e. particles of more or less uniform
KLJKHUOWHUUXQDQGOHVVEDFNZDVKUHTXLUHPHQWV in size) and effective size was 1.91 mm. while in
FDVHRIDQWKUDFLWHFRDOWKHXQLIRUPLW\FRHIFLHQW
Materials and methods
of capping media used was again kept around
$SLORWVFDOHPRGHORIOWHUZDVFRQVWUXFWHGXVLQJ 1 and effective size was 1.51 mm. The depth of
two glass columns, each of an inside area of 0.15m capping was kept as 10cm. in both cases.
X 0.15m (as Side of column/effective size of sand Coconut shells of required size and uniformity
>50) [5] along with associated piping and valves was obtained by crushing and sieving it. The
IRUSURSHUFRQWURORQOWUDWLRQUDWH7KHSXPSRI crushed coconut shell was charged by heating
0.5 HP was used for proper back washing of sand before use. [3]
FROXPQV,QQRFDVHWKHUDWHRIOWUDWLRQZDVNHSW
less than 5m/hr. The backwashing rate was kept
as 0.7 m/min [2, 7] .The pilot model was installed
at Ichalkaranji water treatment plant, where the
FODULHG ZDWHU ZDV XVHG IRU WKH SHUIRUPDQFH
evaluation of capped RSF.
Capped sand media with coconut shell as

capping media
Fig 1. Photograph of installed pilot plant

DW,FKDONDUDQML:73
7KHVDQGXWLOL]HGIRUWKHOWHUPHGLDZDVREWDLQHG
from the stock sand available at Ichalkaranji WTP.
The required sand was initially washed and sun
GULHG 7KH VDQG RI UHTXLUHG VSHFLFDWLRQ ZDV
Oct.-Dec. 2015
504
Capped sand media with anthracite coal as

capping media
Fig 2. Photograph of capped sand media
'XULQJWKHVWXG\VDPSOHVRILQXHQWDQGHIXHQW
were collected from for the conventional pilot
VFDOH OWHU 56) DQG FDSSHG SLORW VFDOH OWHU
and the turbidity of these were checked using
Nephelometer. Along with this comparison was
DOVR GRQH IRU WKH OHQJWK RI OWHU UXQ WLPH RI
backwash and ripening period.
Results and discussion
During the study following results were obtained
PHGLD7KHWXUELGLW\UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\ZDVIRXQG
to be slightly lesser than the conventional rapid
VDQGOWUDWLRQDVWKHXSSHUQHUOD\HUZDVUHSODFHG
by the coarser media. But the clear advantage was
JDLQHGDVLWKDVEHHQUHVXOWHGLQWKHKLJKHUOWHU
run. The conventional RSF was clogged within 14
hrs while the capped RSF was able to run for more
than 22 hrs which is evident in graph no1.
7KHVHFRQGUXQZDVWDNHQZLWKLQFUHDVHGOWUDWLRQ
Coconut shell as capping media
UDWHIRUFDSSHG56)LHPKUZKLOHWKHOWUDWLRQ
7XUELGLW\UHPRYDOZDVHVWLPDWHGLQUVWOWHUUXQDW rate for conventional RSF was kept 5m/hr. In that
OWUDWLRQUDWHRIPKUIRUFRFRQXWVKHOODVFDSSLQJ case even the performance of capped RSF was
Graph no1. Comparison of performance of Conventional R.S.F. and Coconut shell capped R.S.F with
FRQYHQWLRQDOUDWHRIOWUDWLRQPKU
Graph no 2. Comparison of performance of Conventional R.S.F. and Coconut shell capped R.S.F. with
LQFUHDVHGUDWHRIOWUDWLRQPKU
Note:,QFDVHRIFRQYHQWLRQDO56)WKHOWHUUXQZDVHQGHGGXHWRKLJKKHDGORVVDQGFKRFNLQJRIPHGLDZKLOHLQFDVHRI
FDSSHG56)WKHOWHUUXQZDVHQGHGGXHWRRFFXUUHQFHRIEUHDNWKURXJK6DPHSKHQRPHQRQZDVREVHUYHGIRUDOOOWHUUXQV
505
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Table No.1. Ripening period** for coconut shell capped RSF

Time in
minutes
0
5
10
Conventional RSF
Turbidity of Turbidity of
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
6.8
7.2
6.8
7.5
6.8
6.4
15
6.8
4.9
Capped RSF
Remark
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
6.8
7.9
--6.8
7.0
6.8
5.0
Ripening period for
capped RSF-10 minute
--Ripening period for
conventional
RSF-15minute
Table No.2. Backwash periods for coconut shell capped RSF

Time in
minutes
0
5
10
Conventional RSF
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
2.9
63
2.9
39
2.9
21
15
2.9
3.0
Capped RSF
Remark
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
2.9
68
-2.9
20
2.9
3.1
Backwash time for
--Backwash time for
conventional
RSF-15minute
5LSHQLQJSHULRGLVWKHWLPHWDNHQE\WKHOWHUEHGLPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUEDFNZDVKLQJWRSURGXFHWKH
OWUDWH RI DFFHSWDEOH TXDOLW\ ,W LV WKH WLPH LQ ZKLFK WKH SDUWLFOHV WKDW DUH QRUPDOO\ UHPRYHG E\ WKH
OWUDWLRQDUHHVFDSHGDQGWXUELGLW\VSLNHVDUHREVHUYHG,WLVRQHRIWKHPDMRUUHDVRQVDIIHFWLQJDGYHUVHO\
RQWKHRYHUDOOTXDOLW\RIOWUDWHSURGXFHG7KHUHIRUHLWVKRXOGEHDVOHVVDVSRVVLEOH
remained almost same as that was observed in case
RIUDWHRIOWUDWLRQUDWHZDVPKUWKHSHUIRUPDQFH
DWWKHHQGRIWKHOWHUUXQZDVVRPHZKDWLQIHULRU
(though acceptable) as compared to lesser
OWUDWLRQ UDWH 7KH RFFXUUHQFH RI EUHDNWKURXJK
was observed in which this trial which was quite
H[SHFWHGEHFDXVHRIKLJKOWUDWLRQUDWHZKLFKLV
evident in graph no 2. No escaping of media of
lesser density was observed with normal rate of
backwashing i.e. 600-700mm/min.
WKDQ WKH FRQYHQWLRQDO OWHU DV ZDV REVHUYHG LQ

case of coconut shell used as in capping media.
The reason for the observed behavior is same.
7KH HQG RI WKH OWHU UXQ ZDV WKRXJK EHFDXVH RI
the breakthrough and not because of the high head
ORVVDQGFORJJLQJLQERWKWKHFDVHVLHIRUOWUDWLRQ
rate of 5m/hr as well as 7m/hr. These are evident
in graph no.3 and graph no 4.
Anthracite coal as capping media

In case of anthracite coal used as capping media,
WKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHOWHUZDVVOLJKWO\LQIHULRU
Oct.-Dec. 2015
506
*UDSKQR&RPSDULVRQRISHUIRUPDQFHRI&RQYHQWLRQDO56)DQG
DQWKUDFLWHFRDOFDSSHG56)ZLWKQRUPDOUDWHRIOWUDWLRQPKU
*UDSKQR&RPSDULVRQRISHUIRUPDQFHRI&RQYHQWLRQDO56)DQG
anthracite coal FDSSHG56)ZLWKLQFUHDVHGUDWHRIOWUDWLRQPKU
Table No.3 Ripening periods for RSF using anthracite coal as capping media
Conventional RSF
Time in
minutes
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
Capped RSF
Remark
Turbidity of
LQXHQW
( NTU)
Turbidity of
HIXHQW
( NTU)
6.9
7.4
6.9
7.9
6.9
7.9
6.9
7.0
10
6.9
6.3
6.9
6.1
15
6.9
5.1
6.9
4.9
507
---
Ripening period for both

conventional and capped
RSF-15minute
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Table No.4 Backwash period for anthracite coal as capping media

Time in
minutes
Conventional RSF
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
Capped RSF
LQXHQW
HIXHQW
( NTU)
( NTU)
2.7
59
2.7
61
2.7
35
2.7
29
10
13
2.7
2.7
23
12
2.7
2.7
19
2.7
15
2.7
2.8
--
--
2.
1. Filter run (Hrs)
RSF with coconut

shell capping
RSF with
anthracite capping
Conventional RSF
Particular for
comparison
Sr. no.
Summary of the results obtained:
13.5 (max) 22.5

15
10
13
3. Ripening period
15
10
13
Conclusions:
From the study made to evaluate the effect of
capping of RSF following conclusions were
made..
1.
For Crushed coconut shell used as capping

media..
a)
The capping of RSF using the crushed
coconut shell as capping media can
LQFUHDVHWKHOWHUUXQE\DERXW
b)
Backwash requirement for coconut
shell capped RSF is less as compared
to conventional RSF by 33%.
c)
Ripening period for capped RSF is
less as compared to conventional RSF
by 33%.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
--
Backwash time for

Backwash time for
conventional RSF-15minute
For Anthracite coal used as capping

media..
a)
The capping of RSF using the

anthracite coal as capping media can
LQFUHDVHWKHOWHUUXQE\DERXW
%.
b)
Backwash requirement for anthracite

coal capped RSF is less as compared
to conventional RSF by 15%.
c)
Ripening period for capped RSF was

almost same.
19.5
2. Backwash time
(min)
Remark
3.
Capping of RSF using crushed coconut shell

LVPRUHEHQHFLDOWKDQWKHXVHRIDQWKUDFLWH
coal as capping media.

+LJKHUUDWHRIOWUDWLRQFDQEHREWDLQHGDIWHU
FDSSLQJZLWKRXWPXFKHIIHFWRQWKHOWUDWH
quality. Thus the capping of conventional
RSF can be very effective tool in case of
overloaded conventional plants where
KLJKHU UDWH RI OWUDWLRQ FDQ EH SRVVLEOH
ZLWKRXWPXFKPRGLFDWLRQ
Future scope
The coconut shell used as a capping media was
FKDUJHGEHIRUHXVHG7KLVZLOOGHQLWHO\KHOSWKH
media to extend its life by reducing the decaying
effect. The charged media is also capable to offer
more resistance to the bacterial action. The long
term study about the life of such media is essential.
508
The bacterial effect can also taken care by using

chlorinated water for backwashing once in a week
or so. Again this is a subject which will need a
comprehensive long term study.
2.
Acknowledgement
The authors are very much thankful to the
Mr.Babasaheb Choudhari, Hydraulic Engineer,
Ichalkaranji Municipal Council and Mr. Bajirao
Kamble for allowing their team to work at
Ichalkaranji Municipal Water Treatment Plant and
providing all possible help during study period.
4.
References
1.
3.
5.
6.
Al-Rawi S.M. ,QWURGXFLQJVDQGOWHUFDSSLQJIRU

turbidity removal for potable water
treatment
plants. Environment Research Center (ERC),
Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq, 2009.
7.
Dr. B.C. Punmia et al., Water supply engineering

Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd, 311-360, 1995.
Dr. J.N. Kardile, Simple methods in water
SXULFDWLRQ,
)RXQGDWLRQ IRU 6LPSOLHG
Filters.1987.
Larson J.H. 'HWHUPLQLQJ WKH HFRQRPLFV RI OWHU
capping.Clean Water Enterprises, Inc. Syracuse
8QLYHUVLW\1HZ<RUN
Lang, John S.; Giron, Jonathan J.; Hansen, Amy
T.; Trussell, R. Rhodes; Hodges, Willie E. Jr.
Investigating, Filter Performance as a Function
of the Ratio of Filter Size to Media Size, Journal
of American water works assocoation,Vol.85(10) pg
122-130,1993.
O. Fred Nelson, Capping Sand Filters, Journal of
American Water Works Association Vol.61(10), ,
pp. 539- 540.1969
Qasim, S.R., Motley E.M., and G.Zhu, Water Works
Engineering, PHI private ltd,867-949, 2002
SOFTWARE FOR
DESIGN OF EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT
: ETPSOFT03
DESIGN OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT
: WTPSOFT03
DESIGN OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM
: SEWERESOFT03
DESIGN OF WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
: WDNSOFT03
DESIGN OF ADVANCED WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT : ADTREATSOFT02
"TRAINING PROGRAMS IN DESIGN, OPERATION, MAINTENANCE &

TROUBLESHOOTING"
WE ALSO PROVIDE DESIGN & TURN-KEY SOLUTION
PRACHI SERVICES
WORLDENVIRO
B-36, Dhake Park, N.N. Road 1,

Jogeshwari (East), Mumbai 400060, India.
Tel. : 91+22+ 28395068 Phone (Mobile): 9322285723
Telefax : 022-28395068
Email : prachiservices@rediffmail.com,
prachiservices@worldenviro.com
Website : www.worldenviro.com.
509
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Surface Water Quality Changes for EC in

Jayakwadi Reservoir, India
Purushottam Sarda13$6DGJLU2
Abstract
7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDQDSSURDFKIRUVXUIDFHZDWHUTXDOLW\FKDQJHVLQ(OHFWULFDO&RQGXFWLYLW\(&
of Jayakwadi reservoir. Jayakwadi reservoir serves multiple purposes such as water for drinking,
LUULJDWLRQLQGXVWULDOHWF0RQWKO\REVHUYHGGDWDRIZDWHUTXDOLW\WKDWSRLQWWRZDUGVVLPSOHEURDG
fast and continuous measured parameters from 2001-2012 at Pategaon observation station is
FROOHFWHG9DULRXVFRPELQDWLRQVRIZDWHUTXDOLW\SDUDPHWHUVXVLQJ7HPSHUDWXUHS+7'6'2DQG
%2'DUHFRQVLGHUHGDVLQSXWSDUDPHWHUVIRUQGLQJZDWHUTXDOLW\FKDQJHVLQ(&6WDWLVWLFDODQDO\VLV
and two different ANN strategies, Feedforward Neural Network (FFNN) and Cascade Correlation
)HHGIRUZDUG1HXUDO1HWZRUN&&))KDYHEHHQGHYHORSHGIRUSUHGLFWLRQRI(&5RRW0HDQ6TXDUH
Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Percent of Prediction within a Factor of 1.1(FA1.1),
,QGH[RI$JUHHPHQW,$DQG&RHIFLHQWRI&RUUHODWLRQ5VWDWLVWLFVDUHXVHGIRUWKHFRPSDULVRQ
criteria. Comparison of the results indicate that the FFNN performed slightly well than the CCFF for
(&LQ-D\DNZDGLUHVHUYRLUZLWKRQHLQSXWLH7RWDO'LVVROYHG6ROLGV7'6
Abstract: Cascade Correlation Feedforward; Electrical Conductivity; Feedforward Neural Network;
Statistical Analysis; Water Quality.
1.0 Introduction
The water is an important natural resource for
different purposes such as drinking, irrigation,
K\GURHOHFWULFLW\ VK IRVWHULQJ DQG UHFUHDWLRQ
therefore, it requires at least an acceptable
level of water quality [Alam et al. (2007);
Emamgholizadeh et al. (2014)]. The need of study
of surface water quality is one of the major issues
today due to increase in the load of pollution from
industrial, commercial and residential sectors with
its effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems
[Diamantopoulou et al. (2005); Choudhary et al.
(2011)]. Rankovic et al. (2010) stated that basic
problem in the case of water quality monitoring is
the complexity associated with analyzing the large
number of variables. Palani et al. (2008) predicted
the water quality key factor in the water quality
management of stream and it enables a manager
1

WRFKRRVHDQRSWLRQWKDWVDWLVHVDODUJHQXPEHU
RILGHQWLHGFRQGLWLRQV
Electrical conductivity (EC) is considered to be a
rapid and good measure of dissolved solids which
UHHFWVWKHSROOXWLRQVWDWXVDVZHOODVWURSLFOHYHO
of the aquatic body [Gupta et al. (2007); Heydari et
al. (2013)]. Najah et al.VWXGLHGVLJQLFDQW
changes in EC parameters and concluded that EC
is an indicator of too much salt in the polluted
stream of water.
In this paper, the objective is to check the surface
water quality changes in EC using various
combinations of input parameters; Temperature,
pH, TDS, DO and BOD. Another objective is
to determine the best input parameter among all
for predicting EC. Performances of strategies
are compared by statistical criteria Root Mean
Research Scholar, Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad, India

(PDLOSUVDUGD#JPDLOFRP
$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU*RYHUQPHQW&ROOHJHRI(QJLQHHULQJ$XUDQJDEDG,QGLDVDGJLUS#JPDLOFRP
Oct.-Dec. 2015
510
Fig. 1 Location plan of Jayakwadi Reservoir
Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error

(MAE), Percent of Prediction within a Factor
of 1.1(FA1.1), Index of Agreement (IA)
DQG &RHIFLHQW RI &RUUHODWLRQ 52) for each
combination of parameters.
3.0 Methodology
The monthly water quality data collected from
2001-12 at Pategaon observation station and
statistical variation of dataset has been calculated
by statistical analysis i.e. mean, mode, median and
standard deviation. After knowing the variation of
2.0 Study Area
dataset, the value of dataset has been compared
Jayakwadi reservoir is located on Godavari River with soft-tools such as ANN. The ANN is a data
LQ0DKDUDVKWUDVWDWH,QGLDDVVKRZQLQJXUH,WLV processing system, based on an idea similar to the
a multipurpose project, and mainly used to irrigate processing of the human brain that treats data as
agricultural land in the drought-prone region of a steady network parallel to each other in order to
the state. It also provides water for drinking, hydro solve a problem. With the networks, the structure of
HOHFWULFLW\DTXDWLFOLIHQDYLJDWLRQVKSURGXFWLRQ data is designed to help programming knowledge
and industrial usage. The surrounding area of in which the behavior is as same as natural neural
the dam has a garden and a bird sanctuary. It is DQG LWV FRPSRQHQW $Q DUWLFLDO QHXUDO V\VWHP
bounded by latitude 192755N and longitude consists of three components, including weighting
752427E with catchment area of 21,750 sq. km, (w), bias (b) and transfer function (f). These three
length of 10.20 Km and gross storage capacity of components are unique for each neural system.
2909 Million cubic meters. Reservoir receives The network topography consists of a set of nodes
water from Godavari River and its tributaries in (neurons) connected by links and are usually
the upstream catchment.
organized in number of layers. The basic structure
511
Oct.-Dec. 2015
of an ANN usually consists of three layers viz.,

an input layer, output layer, and hidden layer(s)
between the input and output layers as shown in
JXUH
(/LQHDU WUDQVIHU IXQFWLRQ DV VKRZQ LQ JXUH

Following parameters for the modeling of water
quality by ANN has been workout for various
combinations of models. The combination of
models for predicting monthly EC is as shown in
table 1.
For processing the dataset, MATLAB 2012
soft tool has been used with following different
architectures. For models construction, two
different kinds of networks such as Feedforward
Backpropogation Neural Network (FFNN) and
Cascade Correlation Neural network (CCFF) are
proposed for developing all models. The number
of iterations represents the time needed for
network training. If the training time is shorter, the
QHWZRUNDUFKLWHFWXUHLVPRUHHIFLHQW7KHUHIRUH
only a small number of iterations were represented
as 1000 epochs in this study as shown in table 2.
Fig. 2 Basic Structure of ANN Model
Table 2 Initial parameter setting for

implementing the ANNs models
)LJ$FWLYDWLRQ)XQFWLRQV7DQVLJDQG3XUOLQ
The transfer function can transform the nodes net

input in a linear or non-linear manner. Commonly
used transfer functions in hidden layer are
sigmoid transfer function and hyperbolic tangent
transfer function, these were tansig (Hyperbolic
tangent sigmoid transfer function) and purlin
General Setting
Network
FFNN, CFNN
Max. Epoch
1000
Training Algorithm
Levenberg-Marquardt
(trainlm)
Transfer Function
/RJVLJ7DQVLJ
Performance
R2,RMSE, MAE,
Function
IA,FA1.1
Adaption Learning
LEARNGDM
Function
No. of Neurons
2 to 20
No. of Hidden Layers 2
Table 1 Combinations investigated for predicting monthly EC

Combination of Model
1
2
3
4
5
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Input
(TDS)t
(TDS)t, (Temp.)t
(TDS)t, (Temp.)t, (DO)t
(TDS)t, (Temp.)t, (DO)t,
(BOD)t
(TDS)t, (Temp.)t, (DO)t,
(BOD)t, (pH)t
512
Abbreviation
T
TT
TTD
output
(EC)t
(EC)t
(EC)t
TTDB
(EC)t
TTDBP
(EC)t
Table 3 Statistical metrics used in model performance evaluation

Measures
Normalized Data
R2
Mathematical Expression
&RHIFLHQWRI&RUUHODWLRQ
RSME Root Mean Squared Error

MAE
Mean Absolute Error
IA
Index of Agreement
FA1.1
Percent of Prediction within a Factor of 1.1
(Where X = Normalized data value, x = Data

value, Xmin= Minimum data value in available
dataset, Xmax = Maximum data value in available
dataset, n = No. of Datasets, Cp and Co are the
Predicted and Observed dataset respectively)
The data has been initially normalized and
performance of model is observed with statistics
indicators with formulae as shown in Table.3.
The RMSE can provide a balanced evaluation of
WKH JRRGQHVV RI W RI WKH PRGHO IRU EHLQJ PRUH
sensitive to larger relative errors, the best value
of which is zero (RMSE=0). The MAE has range
EHWZHHQ DQG DQG OLNHZLVH ]HUR VLJQLHV D
SHUIHFW W 52, which ranges from 0 to 1.0, is a

statistical measure of how well the regression line
WVWKHREVHUYHGGDWDDQGDYDOXHRIRQH52=1)
LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHUHJUHVVLRQOLQHSHUIHFWO\WVWKH
observed data. FA should lie in domain 0.9 to 1.1,
if is more or less than the above limits it is not
VLJQLFDQWRUYDOXDEOHIRUSUHGLFWLRQ,$LWVKRXOG
be equivalent to R2 values.
3.0 Results and Discussion:
3.1 Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis gives an idea about water
quality and its tendency. So analysis has done
Table 4 Statistical analysis of water quality parameter

Statistical Parameters
Mean
Median
Mode
SD
Kurtosis
Skewness
Minimum
Maximum
As per BIS/ ICMR/WHO
TDS
Temp
DO
BOD
pH
EC
258.73
26.86
6.21
5.44
8.07
365.41
242.00
27.00
6.20
2.33
8.10
344.00
240.00
27.00
6.40
1.40
8.20
510.00
93.24
2.48
0.98
6.87
0.42
126.80
0.24
0.70
1.60
3.87
-0.42
0.22
0.83
0.04
-0.02
2.09
-0.33
0.66
110.00
20.00
2.90
0.50
7.00
163.00
562.00
35.30
9.30
32.00
8.90
815.00
500
15-35
5
5
6.5-8.5
300
BIS ICMR/ WHO ICMR/ WHO ICMR/ WHO BIS/ ICMR ICMR/ WHO
1RWH([FHSWS+(&DQG7HPSDOOYDOXHVDUHLQPJ/
513
Oct.-Dec. 2015
for study area and results are shown in table 4.

The values of water quality parameter are also
compared with the standards limits given by
various agencies.
)LJ5DGDU&XUYHIRU(&
It is observed that the TDS, BOD and DO have

exceed the limits by standards and standard
deviation 126.80 for EC; it means observation
series have less homogeneous and inconsistent
while curve is platykurtic and positive distribution.
The radar curve represents the status of monthly
EC concentration have been greater range than
WKH VWDQGDUG OLPLWV DV VKRZQ LQ JXUH DQG
comparison of Mean, Mode and Median is shown
LQJXUH
3.2 Neural Network
In order to model EC concentration, available
measured dataset were divided into two partitions
as training and testing for each model. For
validation of partitions various partitions has
been made and results are as shown in table 5 and
JXUHCp and Co are the predicted and observed
concentrations, respectively.
70-30% 0.850 0.835

80-20% 0.841 0.779
50-50% 0.879 0.585
Fig.5 Mean, Median and Mode of Model

Parameters
Equation
Testing R2
Training R2
Partitions
Table 5 Summary of Different Percentage

Ratio of Training and Testing
Cp = 0.866 Co + 49.40
Cp = 0.845 Co + 56.69
Cp = 0.880 Co + 53.26
)LJ6FDWWHUSORWRISUHGLFWHGZLWKREVHUYHG(&7UDLQLQJ7HVWLQJDV
Oct.-Dec. 2015
514
Table 6 Result summary of FFNN and CCFF model for the training and testing dataset of EC with
different input Combinations
Model
M1
M2
Architect
FF_Tan_10
(&B7
(&B77
(&B77'
(&B77'%
(&B77'%3
CF_Pur_6
(&B7
(&B77
(&B77'
(&B77'%
(&B77'%3
Training
2
Testing
RSME
MAE
46.768
44.007
49.325
48.091
44.348
38.300
35.272
39.083
30.765
35.615
0.867
0.903
0.774
0.957
0.895
0.782
0.809
0.817
0.854
0.829
1.048
1.037
0.990
1.031
1.018
48.084
48.667
48.225
56.129
50.973
40.774
41.299
40.602
46.468
41.456
0.853
0.861
0.849
0.851
0.837
0.788
0.782
0.788
0.752
0.779
1.056
1.071
1.070
1.113
1.097
IA
The dataset after normalized and with selected

architecture results has been calculated and
the amount of error for predicting EC has been
workout. Results of performance indicators of
R2, RMSE, MAE, FA1.1 and IA of Architecture
0 PRGHO LH ))11/0B7DQVLJB and (MPRGHOLH&&))/0B3XUOLQBare shown in
WDEOHDQGJXUH
MAE
R2
IA
FA1.1
36.889
42.364
89.691
58.534
43.080
27.057
31.526
67.204
29.103
36.784
0.917
0.626
0.782
0.590
0.824
0.811
0.770
0.696
0.882
0.753
0.983
0.958
0.929
1.022
0.987
50.156
49.063
46.149
50.701
58.479
43.737
42.568
40.458
40.745
50.123
0.838
0.838
0.861
0.854
0.714
0.703
0.719
0.706
0.690
0.779
0.976
0.981
0.976
0.968
1.061
FA1.1 RSME
been seen that EC with one input i.e. TDS gives

better prediction results using FFNN with 7DQVLJ
as performance indictor are less as compared to
other models. Moreover, keeping in mind that
ANNs require less prior knowledge of the system
under study, it is expected that it will be a more
powerful tool in capturing interrelations between
water quality variables.
Comparison of predicted value with observed

YDOXHRI(&IURP$11LVVKRZQLQJXUH,WKDV
Fig.7 Observed and Predicted dataset of EC from FFNN and CCFF
515
Oct.-Dec. 2015
4.0 Conclusions
In this study, the dependency of water quality
parameters on each other has been calculated
using the statistical analysis and ANN. It was
observed that the TDS, BOD and DO have
exceed the limits by BIS standards and Standard
Deviation is 126.80 for EC; means observation
series have less homogeneous and inconsistent
while curve is platykurtic and positive distributed.
The performance of various combinations for
FFNN and CCFF have been studied and compared
on the basis of performance indicators. Result of
FFNN shows lesser amount of errors than CCFF.
Assessments of RMSE, MAE, IA and FA1.1 have
been found to be 36.889, 27.057, 0.811 and 0.983
respectively for FFNN. TDS parameter gives
better prediction of surface water quality changes
in EC with lesser amount of error in this study.
5.0 Acknowledgement
This material is based upon work supported by
2IFHRIWKH6'6&0DQDJHUDQG6XSHULQWHQGLQJ
Engineer, Data Analysis Circle, Water Resources
Department Nasik.
6.0
1.
2.
3.
References
Alam M.J.B., Islam M.R., Muyen Z., Mamun M.
and Islam S., Water quality parameters along
rivers, International Journal Environmental
6FLHQFH7HFKQRORJ\, Vol. 4(1), 2007, pp.159-167
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), IS: 10500:2012,
'ULQNLQJ :DWHU 6SHFLFDWLRQ nd Revision),
Drinking Water Sectional Committee, FAD25, May
2012, India, pp.1-11.
Diamantopoulou M.J., Papamichai D.M. and
Antonopoulos V.Z., The Use of a Neural
Network Technique for the Prediction of Water
Quality Parameters, Operational Research, An
International Journal, ASCE, Vol. 5 (1), 2005, pp.
115-125
Oct.-Dec. 2015
4.
Emamgholizadeh S., Kashi H., Marofpoor I.

and Zalaghi E., Prediction of water quality
SDUDPHWHUV RI .DURRQ 5LYHU ,UDQ E\ DUWLFLDO
intelligence-based models, Springer, International
-RXUQDO(QYLURQPHQWDO6FLHQFH7HFKQRORJ\, Vol.11,
2014, pp.645656 DOI 10.1007/s13762-0130378-x.
5. Gupta P., Vishwakarma M. and RawtaniP. M.,
Assessment of water quality parameters of Kerwa
Dam for drinking Suitability, International
-RXUQDO RI 7KHRUHWLFDO $SSOLHG 6FLHQFHV, Vol. 1
(2), 2007, pp. 53-55.
6. Heydari M., Olyaie E., Mohebzadeh H. and Kisi
Q., Development of a Neural Network Technique
for Prediction of Water Quality Parameters in the
Delaware River, Pennsylvania, Middle-East
-RXUQDORI6FLHQWLF5HVHDUFK Vol. 13 (10), 2013,
pp. 1367-1376.
7. ICMR, Manual of standards of quality for drinking
water supplies Indian Council of Medical Research,
Spec. Rep. No. 44, 1975, New Delhi.
8. 1DMDK$(O6KDHDQG.DULP2$$SSOLFDWLRQ
RI DUWLFLDO QHXUDO QHWZRUNV IRU ZDWHU TXDOLW\
Prediction, Neural Computational & Applied
Science Springer, Vol. 22 (1), 2013, pp. 180-201
9. 3DODQL 6 /LRQJ 6< DQG 7NDOLFK 3 An ANN
application for water quality forecasting, Elsevier,
Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol.56 (15), 2008, pp.
861597 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.05.021.
10. Choudhary R., Ratwani P. and Vishwakarma M.,
Comparative study of Drinking Water Quality
Parameters of three Manmade Reservoirs i.e.
Kolar, Kaliasote and Kerwa DamCurrent World
Environment, Vol. 6(1), 2011, pp.145-149.
11. WHO, International Standards for Drinking
Water, th Edition World Health Organization,
Geneva, Switzerland, 2004.
12. Rankovic V., Radulovic J., Radojevic J., Ostoji A.
DQG /MLOMDQD &RPL 1HXUDO QHWZRUN PRGHOLQJ RI
dissolved oxygen in the Gruza reservoir, Serbia,
Ecological Modeling ELSEVIER Vol. 221, 2010,
pp. 1239-1244.
516
Decolorization of Reactive Dye by Electrochemical

Oxidation Using Graphite Electrode
5HNKD+% 8VKD10XUWK\**
Abstract
7KHSROOXWLRQFDXVHGE\G\HVWXIIUHVLGXHVDQGGLVFKDUJHGXULQJG\HLQJDQGQLVKLQJSURFHVVHVLQWKH
WH[WLOHLQGXVWU\KDVEHHQDVHULRXVHQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPIRUWKH\HDUV7KHG\HVXQGHUJRYDULRXV
SK\VLFRFKHPLFDO FKDQJHV DQG DOVR XWLOL]HG R[\JHQ IURP WKH VWUHDP 7KH ZDVWHZDWHUV FRQWDLQLQJ
HVSHFLDOO\D]RG\HVDUHWR[LFDQGPXWDJHQLFWRPLFUREHVDQGVKVSHFLHV+HQFHLWLVQHFHVVDU\WR
WUHDWWH[WLOHHIXHQWVEHIRUHWKHLUGLVFKDUJH
(OHFWURFKHPLFDO R[LGDWLRQ LV SURPLVLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ EHFDXVH RI LWV YHUVDWLOLW\ HQHUJ\ HIFLHQF\
DXWRPDWLRQDQGFRVWHIIHFWLYHQHVV7KHDLPRIWKLVZRUNZDVWRWHVWWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIHOHFWURFKHPLFDO
PHWKRGIRUWKHGHJUDGDWLRQRIUHDFWLYHG\HXVLQJJUDSKLWHDQRGH7KHVWXG\UHYHDOVWKDWDWHOHFWURO\VLV
GXUDWLRQRIPLQZLWKDS+DPD[LPXPFRORUUHPRYDORIFDQEHDFKLHYHGDWDQRSHUDWLQJ
FXUUHQW RI $ 'XH WR LWV HIIHFWLYHQHVV DQG HDVH LQ RSHUDWLRQ HOHFWURFKHPLFDO R[LGDWLRQ XVLQJ
graphite anode can be used for the removal of color in textile wastewater treatments.
Keywords: Color; COD; pH; Reactive dye.
1. Introduction
Dyes constitute a small portion of the total
volume of waste discharged in textile processing,
FRORU UHPRYDO IURP HIXHQW LV D PDMRU SUREOHP
for textile industry because of several reasons,
the presence of even a small fraction of dyes in
water is highly visible due to high tinctorial value
of dyes and affects the aesthetic merit of streams
and other water resources (Joshi et.al, 2003).
Most of the dyes used in ancient times were
discovered by accident, they often consist of
natural plants that were common in society. As
dyes were developed and experimented with,
people became more adventurous and would
attempt different mediums as dyes. Hence, the
dyeing industry developed. Some well-known
ancient natural dyes include indigo, madder,
and cochineal. Today, with the invention of
synthetic materials used in textiles, many new
*
**
types of dyes have been developed and put into

regular use. There are two basic ways to color
textiles: dyes and pigments. Pigments are not a
G\HEXWUDWKHUUHVLQVPHFKDQLFDOO\ERXQGWREUHV
The majority of natural dyes are from plant
sources roots, berries, bark, leaves, and wood,
IXQJLDQGOLFKHQV7KHUVWKXPDQPDGHRUJDQLF
dye, mauveine, was discovered serendipitously
by William Henry Perkin in 1856, the result of
a failed attempt at the total synthesis of quinine
(Charity Goetz, 2008).
'\HVDUHFODVVLHGDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUDSSOLFDWLRQ
and chemical structure. They are composed of a
group of atoms responsible for the dye color,
called chromophores, as well as an electron
withdrawing or donating substituents that cause
or intensify the color of the chromophores called
auxochromes (Christie, 2001). The most important
chromophores are azo (-N=N-), carbonyl (- C=O),
Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University,
%DQJDORUH.DUQDWDND,QGLDUHNKDKE#JPDLOFRP0RELOH
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore University,
Bangalore-560056, Karnataka, India.
517
Oct.-Dec. 2015
methane (-CH=), nitro (-NO2) and quinoid groups.

The most important auxochromes are amine
(-NH3), carboxyl (-COOH), sulfonate (-SO3H)
and hydroxyl (-OH). It is worth to mention that
the sulfonate groups confer very high aqueous
solubility to the dyes. The auxochromes can
belong to the classes of reactive, acid, direct,
basic mordant, disperse, pigment, vat, anionic and
ingrain, sulphur, solvent and dispers dye (Andre
et al. 2007). The biggest problem relates to the
dyeing of cotton with reactive and sulphur dyes
EHFDXVHRIWKHORZOHYHORIH[KDXVWLRQDQG[DWLRQ
as shown in table1.
under typical aerobic conditions found in

conventional biologic treatment systems. Among
them the reactive azo dyes family is of special
interest. Although they are usually of non toxic
nature, they may generate under anaerobic
condition breakdown products as aromatic
amines considered to be potentially carcinogenic,
mutagenic and toxic (Julia, 2007).
(IXHQW IURP WKH LQGXVWULHV FRQWDLQLQJ UHDFWLYH

dyes causes serious environment pollution
because, the presence of dyes in water is
highly visible and affects their transparency
and aesthetic even if the concentration of the dyes
is low. Reactive dyes cause respiratory and nasal
1.1 Impacts of reactive dyes
Reactive dyes have been found to be problematic symptoms, asthma rhinitis and dermatitis, allergic
FRPSRXQGV LQ WKHWH[WLOH G\H HIXHQWV7KH\DUH contact dermatitis. Adverse effects have also been
characterized by their readily water solubility detected from aquatic environment. Dyes have a
as well as their high stability and persistence, very low rate of removal ratio for BOD to COD
essentially due to their complex structure and (less than 0.1) (Shyamala et.al, 2014). Most dyes
synthetic origin. Since they are intentionally have complex aromatic structure resistant to light,
designed to resist degradation, they consequently biological activity, ozone and not readily removed
by typical waste treatment processes (Joshi
offer a large.
et.al, 2003). The removal of dyes is therefore a
Table 1: Exhaustion Range of Various Dye Classes challenge to both the textile industry and the
wastewater treatment facilities that must treat it
Dye class
Fibre
Degree Loss to
before its disposal into water bodies.
of
HIXHQW
In recent years, the electrochemical techniques
[DWLRQ
have received greater attention, because all types
%
%
of pollutants could be removed effectively. In
Acid
Polyamide 80-95
5-20
electro oxidation, the main reagent is the electron
Basic
Acrylic
95-100
0.5
FOHDQ UHDJHQW WKDW LQFLQHUDWHV WKH RUJDQLFV
without generating any secondary pollutants
Direct
Cellulose 70-95
5-30
(Bhaskararaju et.al, 2008)
Disperse
Polyester 90-100
0-10
Generally, oxidation of organic matter by
Metal-complex
Wool
90-98
2-10
HOHFWURFKHPLFDO WUHDWPHQW FDQ EH FODVVLHG DV
Reactive
Cellulose 50-90
10-50
direct oxidation at surface of anode and indirect
oxidation distant from the anode surface; processes
Sulphur
Cellulose 60-90
10-40
DUHLQXHQFHGVLJQLFDQWO\E\WKHDQRGHPDWHULDO
Vat
Cellulose 80-95
5-20
Recently, oxides anode have been of interest
6RXUFH-RVKLHWDO because of higher conductivity and oxidizability
Resistence against chemical and photolytic (Chuanping Feng et.al., 2003). The energy
degradation. Moreover, as many of textile supplied to an electrochemical reactor plays an
dyes, reactive dyes are usually non biodegradable important role in any electrochemical process.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
518
The energy supplied to an electrode undergoes the

following steps during the process:
1.
The electro active particle is transferred to

the electrode surface from the bulk solution.
2.
The electro active particle is adsorbed on to

the surface of the electrode.
3.
Electron transfer occurs between the bulk

and the electrode.
4.
The reacted particle is either transported to

the bulk solution (desorption) or deposited
at the electrode surface.
From the above, the transfer of electrons between
the solution and electrode surface plays an
important role in the electrochemical process as
the electrical energy is converted into chemical
energy at the interface of the electrode. A
generalized scheme for direct and indirect electroR[LGDWLRQ SURFHVVHV FDQ EHVHHQ LQ J 0RKDQ
et.al., 2001).
(Szpyrkowicz et.al., 1995). Also graphite anode

is used because when carbon react with oxygen
liberated at anode it forms CO2 gas which is a
exothermic reaction and maintain the temperature
of the process.
Synthetic dye solutions had been used by most
researchers in their investigation of treatment
technologies since synthetic solutions was useful
in obtaining information on how individual dyes
react to different types of treatment. Apart from
this, constant composition of a synthetic solution
HQDEOHVWKHVSHFLFVWXG\RIWUHDWPHQWHIFLHQF\
on a particular treatment technology. Hence the
VWXG\KDVEHHQFDUULHGRXWWRFKHFNWKHHIFLHQF\
of electrochemical oxidation using graphite anode
for the removal of reactive azo dye.
2.
Materials and Methodology
The commercially available reactive dye Remazol
Red RB 133 ( RR RB 133) was obtained from
a textile industry, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
ZLWK D PROHFXODU VWUXFWXUH DV VKRZQ LQ J
the characteristics of of remazol red rb 133 are
summarized in table 2. Distilled water was used to
prepare the desired concentration of dye solutions
and all the reagents. Graphite was purchased from
SLV industries, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
Fig1. Schematic Representation of Direct and Indirect

Electro-Oxidation Process (Mohan et.al, 2001)
From an electrochemical point of view the choice

of electrode material is of fundamental importance.
Graphite electrodes were used as anode and
cathode by many researchers for the application
in organic oxidation (Prakash et.al., 2011).
Hence, there is an interest in electrochemical
PHWKRGV WR GHYHORS DQ HIFLHQW FRVWHIIHFWLYH
and eco-friendly alternative for the degradation
of dyestuffs (Martinez et.al., 2009). In the past,
graphite was frequently used as an anode for the
electrochemical degradation of textile dye as it is
relatively cheaper and gives satisfactory results
)LJ0ROHFXODU6WUXFWXUHRIWKH5HDFWLYH5HG5%
Standard solution of simulated dye wastewater

containing reactive red was prepared by
dissolving 1g of dye in one lit of distilled water.
NaCl was used as an internal electrolyte. The
conductivity and pH of the solution were
measured before and after each experiment. The
pH was adjusted using either 0.1 N NaOH or
0.1 N H2SO4. The experimental set-up (Fig.3)
consisted of a glass beaker of 500 ml capacity, in
which two electrodes having an inter-electrode
519
Oct.-Dec. 2015
gap of 2 cm were placed vertical and parallel to

each other. Commercially available graphite of
dimension 5 cm x 5 cm was used as anode and
cathode. The effective area of electrode was 25
cm2 (0.0025 m2).
Table 2:
Characterization of the Remzaol Red RB 133
Sl no Parameter
Value
Colour index
Chromophore
Molecular formula C27H18ClN7Na4O16S5
10
Reactive anchor
systems
Molar mass
(nonhydrolyzed
dye)
Water solubility at
293 K(g/L)
Percentage of pure
dye
pH value (at 10
g/L water)
COD value (mg/g)
11
BOD value (mg/g) <10
5
9
The pH measurements were made on Elico Ion

Analyser (LI 126). The chemical oxidation
GHPDQG ZDV HVWLPDWHG E\ RSHQ UHX[ PHWKRG
Determination of the color of the wastewater
was carried out by measuring the absorbance at
a wavelength of 510nm (max) using mini scan
spectrophotometer. The percentage of color
removal was calculated as follows;
Where,
absmax = Absorbance of the raw sample at 510nm.
abst = Absorbance of the samples collected
DW UHJXODU WLPH LQWHUYDOV W DW D [HG
wavelength of 510 nm.
REACTIVE RED
RB 133
Azo
*MCT and VSa
The energy consumption for the removal of 1

kg of COD was calculated and expressed in
kilo Watt hour (kWh). The cell voltage during
the electrolysis was taken for calculating the
energy consumption. Dye concentrations were
determined using a working curve by plotting
the absorbance versus known concentrations at
max 7KH DQRGLF HIFLHQF\ RI HOHFWURFKHPLFDO
treatment has been calculated in terms of kg of
COD removed per hour per ampere per square
meter area of electrode (kg COD/h/A/m2).
984.21
70
63%
7
540
*Monochlorotriazine (MCT) and vinylsulfone(VS)

6RXUFH&DQHWDO
The experiments were carried out with the dye

sample having 100mg/L concentration at room
temperature and with constant agitation. The
electrodes were connected to a DC power supply
(Textronix 35D, 0-15V, 0-10A). During the
experiment, samples were collected at regular
intervals and analyzed for various parameters.
After the experiment, the power was switched
off and the electrodes were disconnected.
The electrolytes (solution) resulting from
electrochemical treatment were analyzed for
COD, color, pH according to the standard methods
suggested by APHA, 1998.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
520
)LJ([SHULPHQWDO6HW8S
)LJ$EVRUSWLRQ6SHFWUXPRI5HDFWLYH'\H555%LQ$TXHRXV6ROXWLRQ
3.
Results and Discussions
Fig 4 shows the spectrum graph of absorbance
values at different wavelength. At 510 nm a
peak absorbance of 1.082 was observed. For
IXUWKHUGHFRORUL]DWLRQHIFLHQF\RIHOHFWURGHV
absorbance was measured at that particular
wavelength.
3.1 The effects of electrolyte concentration
The addition of NaCl would lead to the decrease
in power consumption because of the increase
in conductivity. Therefore effect of electrolyte
concentration on electrochemical oxidation of
reactive dye were investigated. Fig 5 shows
the results of variation of NaCl with respect to
removal of color.
reported by Lin and peng, 1996, Kobya et al,

2003, Mollah et.al., 2004. Conductivty of the
solution was also increased linearly from 2.40 to
10.57 mS/cm with electrolyte concetration.
The effect of increase in conductivity of the
G\HVROXWLRQRQWKHFRORUUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\
exhibited similar behaviour as in the case of
increasing electrolyte concentration. Subsequent
experiments were carried out with 0.02 M NaCl
solution in order to minimize the addition of
excess Cl ions in solution as well as to lower the
current density.
Determination of Optimum Electrolysis

Duration
,QLWLDOO\VWXGLHVZHUHFRQGXFWHGWRQGWKHRSWLPXP
electrolysis duration at which maximum colour
removal takes place. During the experiment, the
PD[LPXPFXUUHQWZDV[HGDQGWKHH[SHULPHQWV
were carried till the decolorization of the dye. The
samples were collected at regular time intervals
RI PLQXWHV DQG WKH UHVXOWV DUH VKRZQ LQ J
)URPJLWFDQEHREVHUYHGWKDWFRORUUHPRYDO
Fig 5: Percent Color Removal at Different Moles of
increased between 50 min and 70 min, and
Sodium Chloride.
ODWHU RQ GHFUHDVHG LQ UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ ZDV
Fig 5 indicates that the percent color removal observed. With 70 min of electrolysis duration,
HIFLHQF\ LQFUHDVHG IURP WR color removal of 96.37% was achieved which is
when the electrolyte concentration was increased considered as optimum electrolysis duration. The
from 0.02 M to 0.1 M. Similar effects were decrease in color removal at later stage might be
3.2
521
Oct.-Dec. 2015
due to the exhaustion of hypochlorite and free

chlorine generation in situ in the reactor.
3.3 Effect of applied current.
To study the effect of varying current on color
and COD, experiments were carried out at 0.14,
0.24, 0.34, 0.44 and 0.54 A. Based on previous
experiments 70 min of electrolysis duration was
maintained. Fig 7 and 8 shows the variation of
FRORUDQG&2'UHVSHFWLYHO\$VVKRZQLQJWKH
absorbance decreases with increasing electrolysis
time. As current intensity increases, the pollutant
degradation rate increases initially. However,
once the current intensity reaches a certain
value, referred as limiting current intensity,
the degradation rate does not increase anymore
and is determined by the mass transfer rate
0LOHGHWDO7KHGHFRORUL]DWLRQHIFLHQF\
increases gradually at varying applied current. At
a current of 0.44A, 89.94 % color removal and
61.12 % of COD removal was achieved. Fig
8 shows that at different applied current there
is a decrease in COD also. Table 3 shows energy
FRQVXPSWLRQDQRGHHIFLHQF\NJRIG\HUHPRYHG
SHUNJRIDQRGH7KHVDPHLVVKRZQLQJ$Q
applied current of 0.44 A was selected as optimum
EDVHGRQWKHUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\RIFRORUDQG&2'
Fig 8: Percent COD variation at different current,

graphite anode.
)LJ9DULDWLRQRI&RORU5HPRYDODVD)XQFWLRQRI
Electrolysis Duration
Fig 7: Percent variation of color at different current,

graphite anode.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
voltage
$QRGLFHIFLHQF\
Kg of
dye removed per
kg of anode
0.14
5.20
0.0310
4.85
0.857
2.30
0.24
7.10
0.0339
9.94
0.571
2.286
0.34
8.40
0.0415
14.17
0.474
1.879
0.44 10.00 0.0485
18.66
0.428
1.855
0.54 12.30 0.0533
25.83
0.381
1.707
Anode
consumption
grams
Energy
consumption
kWh/kg of COD
Applied current
Table 3: Energy Consumption and Anodic

(IFLHQF\RI*UDSKLWH$QRGH
)LJ(QHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQHFN:KNJRI&2'DQG

DQRGHHIFLHQF\DHNJRI&2'K$P2) at different
applied currents.
)URP J LW FDQ EH REVHUYHG WKDW DV FXUUHQW

increases energy consumption increases and
UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\GHFUHDVHVDQRGHFRQVXPSWLRQ
increases. Fig 10 and 11 shows the SEM
images of surface of graphite anode before and
after treatment by electrochemical oxidation.
522
Fig 10: SEM image of graphite anode before treatment Fig 11: SEM image of graphite anode after treatment.
several other investigators (Awad et.al, 2005,

Shen et.al, 2001). At pH 5 the degradation rate
Study was also carried out to know the effect was higher compared to other pH ranges. The
RI S+ RQ FRORU UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ J 7KH removal rate of color was 95.47% with duration
pH of the solution was adjusted using 0.1 N of 30 min.
H2SO4 and 0.1 N NaOH. The effect of pH was
investigated between 3 and 9 under optimized 4.
Conclusions
conditions at 0.44 A. The electro-oxidation Electrochemical oxidation is an effective
showed a considerable degradation of the dye
treatment process for color removal from reactive
structure which is in accordance with the COD
dyes. Graphite as an anode can be used for
removal percentages observed for this process. Rate
of color removal was higher than COD removal the removal of color and COD. The optimized
due to the faster azo bond degradation. The conditions for the reactive dye were 0.44 A at pH
fact that decolorization occurs at substantially 5 with reaction time of 30 min as it gives a color
greater rates than COD conversion implies that UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\RI
electrochemical degradation by- products are
more resistant to electrooxidation than the original References
dyes (Milica, 2013). Similar results regarding the 1. Andre B dos santos, Francisco J Cervantes,
Jules B vam ;oer, (2007), Review paper on
relative rates of electrochemical decolorization
current technologies for decolourisation of
and mineralization have also been reported by
3.4
Effect of pH
textile wastewaters: perspectives for anaerobic

biotechnology, Bioresource technology, vol 98, pp
2369-2385.
2.
Fig 12: Variation of color removal at different pH
523
Awad H. S.and Abo Galwa N, 2005,

Electrochemical degradation of Acid Blue and
Basic Brown dyes on Pb/PbO2 electrode in the
presence of different conductive electrolyte and
effect of various operating factors, Chemosphere,
61, pp 1327-1335.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
3.
Bhaskar Raju G , M. Thalamadai Karuppiah,

S.S. Latha, S. Parvathy, S. Prabhakar, (2008),
Treatment of wastewater from synthetic
textile
industry
by
electrocoagulation
electrooxidation, Chemical Engineering Journal,
vol 144, pp 5158.
4. 4. Can O.T, Bayramoglu M, and Kobya
M, (2003), Decolorization of Reactive Dye
Solutions by Electrocoagulation Using Aluminum
Electrodes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol 42, pp 33913396.
5. Charity Goetz, (2008), Textile Dyes: Techniques
and their Effects on the Environment with a
Recommendation for Dyers Concerning the Green
Effect, Liberty University.
6. Christies R, 2001, Colour chemistry, the
Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, United
Kingdom.
7. Chuanping Feng, Norio Sugiura, Satoru Shimada,
Takaaki Maekawa, (2003), Development of a high
performance electrochemical wastewater treatment
system, J Haz Materials, B103, pp. 65-78.
8. Joshi M, Bansal R and Purwar R, (2004), color
UHPRYDO IURP WH[WLOH HIXHQWV ,QGLDQ Journal of
EUHDQGWH[WLOHUHVHDUFKYROSS
9. Julia Garcia Montano, 2007, Combination of AOP
and biological treatments of commercial reactive
azo dyes removal, Barcelona University.
10. Kobya M, O T Can, M bayramoglu,
(2003),Treatment of textile wastewaters by
electrocoagulation using iron andaluminum
electrodes, J haz mat, B (100), pp 163-178.
11. Lin S H, Peng CF, (1996), Continuous treatment
of textile wastewater by combined coagulation,
electrooxidation and activated sludge, Water
research, 30, pp 587- 592.
12. Martinez-Huitle
C A, Brillas E, 2009,
Decontamination of wastewaters containing
synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods:
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13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
524
a general review, Appl. Catal. B Environ. 87,

pp105145.
Miled W, Haj and Roudesli S, (2010),
Decolorization of high polluted textile
wastewater by indirect electrochemical oxidation
Process, J of textile and apparel technology and
management, vol 6, issue 3, pp 1-6.
Milica Jovic, Dalibor Stankovic, Dragan
0DQRMORYLF ,YDQ $QHONRYLF $QHOLMD 0LOLF
Biljana Dojcinovic, Goran Roglic, (2013), Study
of the Electrochemical Oxidation of Reactive
Textile Dyes Using Platinum Electrode, Int. J.
Electrochem. Sci., vol 8, pp 168 183.
Mohan N, Balasubramanian N, and Subramanian V,
(2001), Electrochemical Treatment of Simulated
7H[WLOH(IXHQW&KHP(QJ7HFKQRO9ROSS
0ROODK 0 < $ VDXUDEK 5 3DWKDN 3UDVKDQWK
K Patil, Madhavi Vayuvegula, Tejas S Agrawal,
Jewel AG Gomes, Mehmet Kesmez, David L
Cocke,( 2004), Treatment of orange II azo-dye by
HOHFWURFRDJXODWLRQ WHFKQLTXH LQ D FRQWLQXRXV RZ
FHOO XVLQJ VDFULFLDO LURQ HOHFWURGHV - +D] 0DW
B109, pp 165-171.
Prakash Kariyajjanavara, Narayana Jogttappaa,
<DQMHUDSSD $UWKRED 1D\DNDb, (2011), Studies
on degradation of reactive textile dyes solution
by electrochemical method Journal of Hazardous
Materials 190, pp 952961.
6KHQ = :DQJ : -LD - <H - ; )HQJ DQG 3HQJ
A, (2001), Degradation of dye solution by an
DFWLYDWHGFDUERQEHUHOHFWURGHHOHFWURO\VLVV\VWHP
J. Hazard. Mater. B, 84, pp107-16.
Shyamala Gowri R, Vijayaraghavan R and
Meenambigai1 P, (2014), Microbial degradation
of reactive dyes- A Review, Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.
App.Sci, Volume 3, Number 3 , pp. 421-436.
Szpyrkowicz L, Naumczyk J, Zilio-Grndi F, (1995),
Electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater
using Ti/Pt and Ti/Pt/Ir electrodes, Water Res. 29,
pp 517524.
AMRUT Mission Guidelines : Review and Recommendations

for Development of Resilient Water Infrastructure
Suneet Manjavkar
Abstract
$UWLFOH UHYLHZV $0587 JXLGHOLQHV IRU GHYHORSPHQW RI 5HVLOLHQW :DWHU ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH IRU IXWXUH
mission cities. Document provide insight of issues, challenges, and opportunities to make mission
successful. It recognizes water projects development withholistic ecosystem. It has put forth the
possible prioritization and resourcing with mix of technologies needed for cities transformation.
Article proposes indispensable elements to upkeep project transitions with recent learnings from
,QGLDQZDWHUVHFWRUDQGDOOLHGSURMHFWH[HFXWLRQSUDFWLFHV7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVDUWLFOHLVWRIDFLOLWDWH
project progressfor building spirited basic services with provision of water services for all and water
for people.
Introduction
In India, pace of urbanization is much higher than
development of basic obligatory infrastructure
needed to support civic centers. Demand for
public services are growing across all the sections
of societies. It imposes great stress on existing
water infrastructure, surrounding environment
and meet expectations of political masters for
service delivery. Ministry of Urban Development
(MoUD) endorses learning from earlier mission in
its spirit for Infrastructure creation and further laid
down the operational guidelines under the three
landmark missions in June 2015 1.
Smart Cities Mission (SCM) : Area based

development for urban transformation
2.
Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban

Transformation (AMRUT): Project based
endeavour to build and strengthen basic
infrastructure services to cities
3.
Housing for All Mission (HAM): Shelter

for every citizen
AMRUT guidelines proposes infrastructure

development for needs of people from small to
large sized towns and cities with sets of reforms.
Reforms address improvement in service delivery,
mobilization of resources and making municipal
functioning more transparent. Guidelines laid
down directives for provision of public services
and intends to map gradual progress by service
level benchmarking. AMRUT empowers Urban
local bodies (ULB) to operate at independent level
under recommendations of central governments
and allows integration with other central and state
schemes to channelize the development of urban
centers in country.
Objective of Article : Article reviews AMRUT
guidelines to build Water infrastructure of
proposed 500 cities as a holistic and closed
loop ecological system for human necessities.
The aim of this document is to provide insight
of issues, challenges, and opportunities to make
mission successful. It attempts to put forward
possible prioritization and resourcing with mix
of technologies needed for cities transformation.
Article proposes indispensable elements to
Urban water professional (MSc-Urban Water Engg & Mgmt,UNESCO-IHE, The Netherlands),
(PDLOVXQHHWYP#JPDLOFRP0RE
525
Oct.-Dec. 2015
upkeep project transitions with recent learnings

from Indian water sector and allied project
execution practices. Consideration of these
recommendations will certainly bridge gap in
pursuit of better outcomes.
About AMRUT Mission : $0587 GHQHV
mission milestones on foundation of vital human
services with more emphasis on cleanliness
and cherishing environment. Mahatma Gandhi
emphatically wrote, We can no more gain Gods
blessing with an unclean body than with an
unclean mind. A clean body cannot reside in an
unclean city<RXQJ,QGLD$0587
FRQVLGHUV &RPPXQLW\ FDQQRW RXULVK XQOHVV
requisite water and wastewater system is in place
for human necessities and healthy environment
to dwell in. Mission has taken up Indias water
mission in right spirit to build SuJalam Baharat
Su (Good state of) Jal (water) for am (every
common man in) Bharat.
AMRUT comprise of 11 sets of reforms, and to
be implemented in four years. Mission focuses
beyond provision of tap to toilet connections to
all households. Making municipal functionaries
more transparent and accountable with necessary
empowerment through reforms. It proposes
formation of Special purpose vehicle (SPV) for
time bound execution. Mission will focus on
following thrust areas :
Water Supply : Assured water supply in quality
and quantity
Sewerage connections : Effective waste water
collection system and disposal for public health
protection
Stormwater drainage
:
(IIHFWLYHUDLQZDWHUKDUYHVWLQJDQGRRGURXWLQJ
sustainable Stormwater management to protect
SXEOLFJRRGVDQGSURSHUWLHVIURPRRGHYHQWV
Environment : Development of green cover with
open spaces- Term it as Amenities; Safeguarding
surrounding environment from rapid urbanization
and pollutions
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Public transportation : Reduce pollution and

promoting non-motorized transport
Reforms management : Creation of institutional
VXSSRUW VWUXFWXUH IRU DZOHVV H[HFXWLRQ DQG UHG
tape elimination
Capacity building : Institutional skill development
1)
To empower government representatives for

projects evaluation, analysis and execution,
2)
Holistic planning for resilient urban system

development
3)
Adaptation of best practices and technologies
4)
To take evidence based informed decisions to

minimize project risks and project over run
With the launch of AMRUT, SCM, and HAM,
MoUD has stated its clear intentions of socioeconomic development with following road
map
Infusion of Institutional reforms : Emphasize
RQ RSHUDWLRQDO HIFLHQF\ WR H[HFXWH SURMHFW LQ
stipulated time frame
Integrated Urban infrastructure approach :
Development Water infrastructure and Social
amenities like Environment as basic fundamental
public services
Adaptation of progressive institutionalism:
Implementation of Special purpose vehicle (SPV)
for time bound execution and focused approach
Connecting
Stakeholders
for
project
development: Engage and empower citizen
participation to generate citizen centric and driven
solutions
5. Institutional Capacity Building: Facilitating
functionaries and machinery to realize the
potential of implementation agencies and
imparting necessary skills through requisite tools/
components and training
ULB has advantage to seek convergence with
other central and state government programs and
schemes with SCM, AMRUT, HAM, Swatch
526
Bharat Mission (SBM), Digital India, and Skill

development programs.
Review & Recommendations: Key mission
directives & associated recommendations are
listed as follows
Infusion of Institutional reforms : Establishing
relationship with critical project success factors
by eliminating avoidable administrative process/
DSSURYDOVIRUDZOHVVSURMHFWH[HFXWLRQ
*XLGHOLQHV UHFRJQL]HV FLW\ VSHFLF GHYHORSPHQW
options. Each city has different socio-economic
drivers and foundations with regional aspects,
culture centers, heritage hubs, Industrial zones
and unique land centric parameters. States will
give project sanctions and approval at regional
level and MoUD will be involved for one time
approval of State Annual Action Plan (SAAP)
RQFH LQ D \HDU 7KLV LQLWLDWLYHV ZLOO VLJQLFDQWO\
reduce center evaluation work and interventions
to speed up executions.
To expedite the project evaluations, Government/
ULB need to accept role of facilitator and offer
opportunities to different stakeholders of projects
to realize their best potential and believe ULB/
implementation agencies can deliver. With this
approach, Government can realize their own
potential and gain allocation of project ownership
to respective concerns. Guidelines need to ensure
transfer of project ownership to ULB in rewarding
manner and in terms of empowerment to deliver
project as of their own local projects rather than
central driven schemes.
ULB considers Center and state have to provide

incremental water allocation to meet growing
demand and Even under stressed condition, ULB
is hesitant to put serious efforts and resources on
water conservation. With suggested integrated
approach, ULB will force to think and link
importance of rejuvenation of water resources/
water bodies (Ponds, lakes & Rivers within cities)
and waste water disposal points to maintain
integrity of water bodies in civic centers.
1.3 Information Mobility : Cohesive development
There is institutional divide between water
conservation departments and water utilization
departments. These departments have distinct
functionalities and works in Silos, think in isolation
and execute strategies based on intra department
inputs and not with inter departmental inputs.
Holistic approach will insist two institutions to
exchange their studies and strategies. Proposed
project implementation agencies such as SPV
or ULB should be facilitated with institutional
mechanism such as RTI within departments at local
level to avail data/information from associated
departments such as State water boards, ULB,
PHED, Command development organizations,
Water resource, Water supply and sanitation,
Irrigation, Ground water and GIS mapping
centers. It will help SPV to act as an extended
arm to deliver projects rather than considering the
competing partners.
Detailed Project Report (DPR)

preparation : Successful foundation
1.2 Public services and socio-political drivers :
To assess the service level gap, guidelines
Critical foundation for transformation
*XLGHOLQHV GHQHV LQWHJUDWHG DSSURDFK EXW LW indicate data to be taken from 2011 census data or
does not articulate holistic components to achieve survey done by the MoUD. With unprecedented
service level benchmarks. It is recommended that development of cities/towns, 2011 Census data
Water sector transformation is only achieved by will not depict ground reality. It will put projects
addressing every elements of complete water cycle on back foot with more than 5 yrs of gap. It is much
during project development and incorporation needed to capture the GIS based land development
possible mix of technologies needed to deliver data. It will certainly offer evidence for long term
services. Big picture approach is necessary for planning and it will help to carry out zone wise
design and arrive at the service level gap.
workable development
1.4
527
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Land availability for projects is serious issue

and transformation of current cities/urban center
into new state will bound to call for additional
land/space for utility placements. But guidelines
is much silent on this and suggest project plan
preparation with bare minimum land. For larger
EHQHWV RI SURMHFWV '35 VKRXOG KLJKOLJKW
requisite land areas for project development at
planning stage and SPV will have to take up this
challenge at project inception stage.
1.5
Project Mapping and Database :

Connecting dots
AMRUT has shortlisted the statewide consultants
to prepare the DPR. DPR is being prepared with
limited timeframe and it will not lead to prepare
the detailed project report with adaptation of local
survey, GIS mapping, best practices and use of
applicable technologies.
Learnings from current water sector projects
depicts that water schemes become dysfunctional
within few years of completions due to limited
HOG LQIRUPDWLRQLQYHVWLJDWLRQV ,W LV OHDUQW WKDW
DPR are used as a step to secure projects funds
and may lack wide-ranging project understanding.
Project execution contractors bid for projects
with limited mapped tender information and seek
project on minimum value criteria. Then contracts
have been asked to carry out survey, which they
are not generally equipped with engineering skills
to further analyze system design with additional
information.
In view of above, Guidelines may insist real time

VFLHQWLF DVVHVVPHQWV DW '35 RU DW OHDVW GXULQJ
detailed engineering stage. It will help to build
projects from concept to construction and will
prove advantageous from orientation to viable
operations.
1.6
Project Engineering, Analysis &

Evaluations : Technologies and evidence
for decision making
Ministry has launched various schemes for
Generation of attributes as well as spatial data
base in Geospatial Information system. These
information to be made available to ULB. Currently
only Central government Institutes are allowed to
provide this information. There are various GIS
mapping solutions available in market. Ministry
may allow private companies to do this job, the
market driven approach will change the situation.
Limiting to central Govt owned mapping facilities/
WHFKQRORJLHVZLOOQRWVXIFHWKHPHJDVFDOHSODQV
on security concerns.
Most of the water projects have to assess current
assets or system components to carry out further
rehabilitation and expansion work. Information
on existing infrastructure is poor. Hence, there
LV QHHG RI KRXU WR PDS FXUUHQW XWLOLWLHV E\ HOG
investigations and available technologies prior to
detailed engineering.
Application of Engineering design tools
(engineering design software) will further add
value to cost effective project development in
following ways :
Institutions and infrastructure owners enforce

FRQWUDFWRUV WR DEVRUE DOO SURMHFW DZV GXH WR
poor fact based detailed engineering. At the same
time, contractors face all noise and hurdles from
interdepartmental sanctions, and land availability
IRU SURMHFW ZRUN 'XH WR DOO WKHVH IDFWRUV SURW
margins of contractors are at jeopardy and he
delays the project execution or only complete the
project on paper. It ultimately forfeits projects
objectives. Its huge loss to nation and avoidable
burden of associated loan amount on future
generation.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
528
S/w based design tools are applicable for

entire life cycle of project/end-to-end range
of functionality. It will facilitate project
HYDOXDWLRQV E\ GDWD GULYHQ DQDO\VLV HOG
ZRUNRZVDQGRQDVSHFWVRI2 0
Engineering tools offers graphical display of
pertinent information, analysis and results.
visualization compared to plain volumes
of paper documents for evidence based
decision making.
Implementation of GIS integrated multiplatform tools leverage multi-disciplinary

engineering skills
generate new momentum in mission. It will put up

the examples within cities to follow.
AMRUT & Swatch Bharat Abhiyan has ability

Develop optimal project design with cost- to create difference in cities open defecation
EHQHWDQDO\VLVXQGHUYDULRXVVFHQDULRDQG challenges, local sanitation, connecting nonsewered area, and development of public sanitation
emergency responses functionalities.
units. These settlements can showcase early wins
Project evaluation agencies may ask for soft

of the cities.
copy of design to expedite evaluation in line
with Indian engineering guidelines/ project Public toilets and standalone toilets are built
as per guidelines but it not connected to proper
VSHFLFDGDSWHGVWDQGDUGV
wastewater collection system for disposal. These
Tools successfully establish the link between

blocks become non-functional and nuisance place
benchmarking and internal performance
in the cities corners and within settlements. ULB
improvement efforts.
may consider sanitation blocks connectivity to
1.7 Incentivize new approach : Innovative
disposal system and offer opportunity for NGO
approach
or CSR funding agencies to adopt such units for
O&M.
1.7.1 Adaptation of technologies
Application of state of technologies in project to ULB need to set up high priority for development
be encouraged over traditional methods. Irony is Women toilets at Public places and enforce
that Water sector players/empaneled consultants strict norms for its functionalities. Government
use state of art technologies for projects but their institutions may start this initiatives by rectifying
work is not much appreciated at government current women toilet condition in Govt owned
SUHPLVHVRIFHV
institutions/authorities.
1.7.2 Project evaluation bodies

ULB/State government authorities appoints third
party such as Academic institutes for project
evaluation. With respect to all institutions, these
academic institutes evaluates these projects under
leading industry professional or Academic leaders
EXW LW PD\ ODFN HOG OHYHO H[HFXWLRQ H[SHULHQFH
task handling expertise and challenges to evaluate
the project in totality. These institutes may not
use the state of art technologies for project
evaluations, which are being used by industry.
Hence, Project evaluation should not limited to
academic institutes only. Academics may join
KDQGVZLWKLQGHSHQGHQWDEOHFRQVXOWDQWVUPVWR
carry out project evaluations jointly
1.8
Smart Utilities and Digital India

movement : Collaborative approach for
operational advantages
ULB may lacks the spirit of running utilities as
a commercial venture. Current 24x7 projects
showed success on pilot projects, where bulk
water supply was assured by State. Hence, there
is cautious note on development of of 24x7 water
supply schemes for every town. It must be noted
WKDWGHYHORSPHQWRISURFLHQWLQWHUPLWWHQWZDWHU
supply schemes also has substantial value to
progress the mission objectives.
1.8.1 Endeavor to build smart utilities: It is
ultimate destination
i)
1.7.3 Critical Sanitation measures

Ecological sanitation program, fecal sludge
PDQDJHPHQWDQGXVHRIHQHUJ\HIFLHQWVHWWOHPHQW ii)
schemes should be incentivized for ULB to
529
Building smart utility is ultimate destination

and every utility has to achieve this by
following generalized steps
Every ULB has to start journey from
mapping the existing network
Oct.-Dec. 2015
iii)
Conduct Water audit of utilities to strike

balance between water supply, conservation
and demand management.
iv) Carry out capacity analysis of current asset.
After capacity check of water system
v)
ULB may go for cost effective rehabilitation/
UHFWLFDWLRQ RU H[SDQVLRQ RI QHWZRUN E\
incorporating water loss management
and water supply management of water
distribution grid.
vi) Various technologies available to derive
HIIHFWLYH
UHKDELOLWDWLRQ
UHFWLFDWLRQ
strategies, identify and plug in water
leakages, and pump scheduling (energy
management).
vii) After achieving this basic milestone, ULB
may march towards creation of smart utility
by infusion of digitalization of network for
operations
viii) Adaptation of technologies/soft tools/
facilities offer edge operation and
maintenance. It empower utility operations
on decision making front to improve
services, energy optimization, identify
system faults and bottlenecks, and prioritize
O&M decisions in water supply, demand
management, waste water collection,
disposal and quality parameters. O&M may
go for predictive analysis tools for preventive
actions and prepare for system emergencies.
This will allow ULB to generate revenue
from operations.
Regards to wastewater collection system,
Grounded efforts are needed by enforcement
DJHQFLHVWREXLOGHIFLHQWFROOHFWLRQQHWZRUNDQG
disposal system. ULB may follow above Smart
utility basic steps. Development of sewerage
system is major concern. ULB may encourage
private sectors to take up this projects.
an obligatory measures to protect public health

rather than considering revenue generation model
to support O&M
1.8.2 Flood mapping to protect citizens property
8/% VKRZV DSDWK\ WRZDUGV RRG PDSSLQJ DQG
storm water conveyance system for growing cities
even after rapid changing land cover conditions
and climate change effects. ULB may endeavor
to treat stormwater conveyance as a concerns
WR SURWHFW LPPRYDEOH SURSHUW\ DQG EXLOG RRG
resilient cities. Flood events are natural disaster and
destroy economic development of cities happened
over years and decades. Flood mapping need to
made compulsory for region or cities likely to
H[SHULHQFHRRGVRUKHDY\UDLQIDOOV$SSOLFDWLRQ
of hydraulic and hydrological modeling tools can
EHKDQG\WRGHWHUPLQHWKHH[WHQWRIRRGHYHQWVLQ
future. Flood mapping will help for development of
RRGPLWLJDWLRQPHDVXUHVZLWKRRGPDQDJHPHQW
structures and soft measures.
1.8.3 Rain water harvesting at Public places
City may consider to build mega Rain water
harvesting structures in reserved plots/areas,
public places, open ground, and parks. It will
offer four major advantages to city i) Effective
Storm water conveyance and using rain water for
cities advantages, ii) Reduction of food situations/
risks, iii) Increase green cover, ground water level
and ground water quality, iv) Creation of water
structures as public amenities/touch points.
&DSLWDOLQYHVWPHQWHIFLHQF\
New Approach
With current water sector scenario of India, ULB
are not in position to recover Capital investment
of projects and are making efforts to recover
operational cost from available revenue collection.
AMRUT expects ULB to put their share of funds
IRU SURMHFW GHYHORSPHQW (YHQ WKRXJK ELJ RZ
RI IXQGV DUH RZLQJ IURP &HQWHU WR 6WDWH DQG
Private sectors may bring their domain expertise further to ULB under AMRUT and associated
to improve performance of waste water treatment schemes. Missions success actively depends on
SODQWVLPSURYHZDVWHZDWHUFROOHFWLRQHIFLHQF\ responsibilities and commitment to put up funds
and operation and maintenance of plants. ULB from ULB side, which will be around 2 to 3 times
have to support sewerage system operations as of funds received from center. Many Municipal
Oct.-Dec. 2015
530
FRUSRUDWLRQV KDYH OLPLWHG QDQFLDO FDSDELOLWLHV

and local budgetary resources to contribute.
Further biggest challenge is to generate assured
revenue for operations of newly created water
infrastructure.
AMRUT directives only assures budgetary
allocation of funds from central Govt for project
and funds will get disbursed on future milestones/
project implementation stages. This mechanism
does not stand on future payment guarantee
over project period (10-15 yrs) from project
implementation agencies (ULB), and states
government. Hence, Investors may hesitate to
invest in such projects.
water conservation efforts and testing ground for

interlinking of rivers.
AMRUT program may reconnect water, people and
environment together by sensitizing relationship
with water bodies and surroundings. ULB may
build water structures and establish maximum
touch points for citizens to get connected with
water within city.
Green cover : 15% in 5 years

7R DFFHVV FLW\ OHYHO VLWXDWLRQ UHJLRQ VSHFLF
Geospatial maps are required as a base map with
optional tree census or inventory. Guidelines may
consider to incorporate green belt assessment
and development, mangroves assessment and
1.9.1 Alternative funding mechanism
protection strategies for ecological balance of
$0587 PD\ IDFLOLWDWH HDV\ WR ZRUN QDQFLQJ urban city. Community participation along with
mechanism for development such mega water CSR efforts may facilitate enlightened results in
projects across India and encourage private green cover development in India. SPV have to be
companies to participate in this projects. empowered with special veto powers to demolish
Consideration of alternative funding mechanism illegal encroachments in reserved green plots.
FDQ PHHW ORFDO QDQFLDO GHPDQG E\ LQFOXGLQJ
ODQG EDVHG LQVWUXPHQWV VXFK DV DGGLWLRQDO RRU 3.0 Progressive Institutionalism :
SPV Formation
space index, transferable development rights,
commercial exploitation of lands, levying Formation of SPV will get certain sets of functional
freedom with higher responsibilities to deliver
development charges or impact fee etc.
projects in time and quality. SPV needs to be
Guideline may consider innovative techniques empowered by certain sets of hand holding powers
in land acquisition and assembly such as land for faster project execution and interdepartmental
pooling and town planning schemes, TDR, approvals. Once ULB/SPV is started working on
Accommodation reservations, rational land such mega projects with SPV, ULB/SPV need to
acquisition compensation mechanism, and consider setting up of Project monitoring room for
property development rights/incentives for different projects.
DGGLWLRQDO RRU VSDFH 7KHVH LQVWUXPHQWV KDYH
4.0 Connecting stakeholders :
HQRUPRXVQDQFLDOSRWHQWLDO
Active participation
2.0 Environment : Social Amenities
AMRUT envisage the Water and Waste water
Most of the water bodies are dying day by day. projects from service delivery functions. It is
Every city has water bodies in the forms of lake aimed at customer satisfactions and spurring
or rivers, guidelines have missed on current the economically impetus to local. Local SocioVFLHQWLFPDSSLQJRIZDWHUERGLHVDQGDFFHOHUDWHG political drivers are going to play major role
measures to rejuvenate them. ULB may in achieving project objectives; Participation
encouraged to prevent further degradation and of community showed noteworthy results to
work towards its rehabilitation or rejuvenation. enhance project ownership and improve the
AMRUT may consider the Interlinking of lakes implementation. Each city projects have to
within cities. This action would create phase of be supplemented with local communication
531
Oct.-Dec. 2015
campaign and involvement of associated political,

social and local level leaders.
Women participation will play driving force for
social engineering projects. Stakeholders have to
be encouraged to participate beyond project plan
preparation exercise and arrive at a shared vision
for the settlements.
Guidelines thrust on assurance of reforms and
project execution but there may not be any
urgency at ULB level to drive AMRUT projects.
Empowered stakeholder groups can put pressure
on ULB to execute projects. This approach will
take stakeholders to meaningful involvement as
project partners and collaborators. Hence, active
stakeholders involvement will drive projects as
their right to stay in better environment.
1RUPDOO\ RIFHUVDXWKRULWLHV ZKR JHW WUDLQHG

are assigned with administrative work during
project planning, design and execution time and
his or her developed skills sets are not really been
utilized by project. Guidelines may expand its
horizon to incorporate facilitation of such trained
manpower to be used for operations. Such skilled
persons should be given more duties towards
project management rather than assigning other
GHSDUWPHQWDOQRQSURMHFWZRUNSUROHV
Proposed essential elements will upkeep project
transformation and bridge gap in pursuit of better
outcomes with water services for people and water
services for all.
Summary
Article reveals distinction of AMRUT guidelines
Sometimes, certain section of stakeholder or and put forward complementary measures to
individual oppose project for his or her short vision deliver water infrastructure in reality. These
EHQHWV,WGHOD\VWKHHQWLUHSURMHFWH[HFXWLRQDQG recommendations will address highly complex
defeat project delivery in time. In such case of and multi-faceted project objectives. Mission
FRQLFW RI LQWHUHVWV VXFK FDVHV WR EH SULRULWL]HG managers will confront the said recommendation
by local courts with time bound hearings.
will be useful with rise in societal expectations and
limited resources. With changing Institutional and
5.0 Institutional Capacity Building :
technological arrangement will deliver long-term
foundation stone for project delivery
sustainable outcomes. Trust the AMRUT mission
In general Capacity building term refer to skills is a vibrant instrument for promoting growth
development along with hand holding support to and development. It has all potential to build
departments and individuals skills to deal with sustainable Indian cities as growing economic
project challenges of today and tomorrow. There is centers and an instrument to build nation, we love.
slow adaptation of state of art engineering project
WHFKQRORJLHVE\IXQFWLRQDULHV,QGLYLGXDORIFHUV Resource
authorities have to be encouraged for their aptitude 1. AMRUT Guidelines, GOI-MoUD, June 2015
towards new learnings with inter departmental 2. Annexure 1: Reforms Milestones and Timelines for
rewards/promotions. Guidelines have to set future
AMRUT Cities
career road map for progressive individuals 3. 2IFH 0HPRUDQGXP 3UHSDUDWLRQ RI 6PDUW &LW\
ZLWK DGGLWLRQDO EHQHWV IRU LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI
proposals, GOI-MoUD, July 10, 2015
technologies and tools. This individual progressive 4. Presentations during PM launch, Jun 2015
plan will lead project from front.
(www.moud.gov.in)
Oct.-Dec. 2015
532
533
Oct.-Dec. 2015
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534
Editor: Er. G. V. Patade

Forth coming events
2.
Institute of Directors (India) is organizing

10th International Conference on Corporate
Social Responsibility on 5th-6thFeb.2016
at Hotel Taj Lands End, Mumbai. Refer
website
www.iodonline,com,
www.
goldenpeacockawards.com
3.
World Water leadership Congress & Awards

are sgheduled on 17th-18th Feb.2016 at Taj
Lands End Mumbai. Refer website www.
worldcsrday.com
4.
International trade Fair IFAT 2016 from

May30 to June 3,2016 in Munich, Germany.
Contact details ; European water association,
Theodor-Heuss-Allee 17, 53773 Hennef,
Germany. Tel. +492242872189, lohaus@
ewa-online.eu, www.EWA-online.eu
5.
WasTe & SaniTech India, is organizing an

Exhibition and Conference on Resource
recovery from Waste at pragati Maidan,
New Delhi on 17-19th Aug.2016.
6.
IWA world Water Congress & Exhibition

2016 will be held on 09-13thOctober 2016
at Brisbane, Australia. Refer website www.
iwa.network.org/WWCE2016
7.
Aquatex Oman 2016 schedule from

5-7th December 2016 at Oman International
exhibition Centre, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
National Events
1.
2.
3.
4.
UVCE, Bangalore University will be

organizing International Conference &
Exhibition on Best Practices & Isotope
application for Water, Wastewater & Energy
Management on 7-9th January 2016 at
Jnanabharathi campus, Bangalore. Refer
website www.swwem.com
IWWA Mumbai Centre will be organizing
48th Annual Convention 2016 of IWWA on
21st-23rd Jan.2016 at Navi Mumbai on the
theme Water & Sanitation for All. Refer
website www.48iwwaconventionmumbai.
com
Two days National seminar on Affordable
& Acceptable Sanitation for Rural India
(AASRI-2016) will be organized by School
of Earth sciences, swami Ramanand Teerth
Marathawada University, Nanded and The
Institution of Engineers, Aurangabad on 2930th Jan.2016. Refer website www.srtmun.
ac.in
IWWA Nagpur Centre is organizing
National Conference on Development in
Civil Engineering & Technology for Smart
Cities on 19th-20th Feb.2016 at Nagpur.
Refer website www.dcesc.in
HQ ACTIVITIES
INTERNATIONAL EVENTS
1.
IWWA Banglore Centre with International

Water association is hosting the IWA Water
loss 2016 in Bengaluru from 31st jan. to 3rd
Feb.2016. The event brochure link is http://
ZZZZDWHUORVVFRPSGIZDWHUBORVVB
brocher.pdf
535
HQ observed IWWAs foundation day on

10th Oct.2015 at HQ.Founder Member
Er.G.N.Ganla, Hon. Treasurer Er.Ulhas
Divekar Mr.A.K.Jain and HQ staff paid
homage to Late Shri. D.R.Bhise on the eve
of his 105th birth anniversary.
Oct.-Dec. 2015
were presented under Innovations for Sustainable

Built Environment, the main topics discussed
during workshop are following.
Concept of recycled materials, alternative
PDWHULDOVUHQHZDEOHHQHUJ\DUWLFLDOUHFKDUJHLQ
ground water management use of thermal power
plant waste, mechanical properties of geopolymer
concrete, ecological concepts of building were
brought out to depth. In addition to these the
concept of Structural Health Monitoring and
its application in Civil Engineering has been
brought out related to temperature and humidity,
the following are the recommendation arrived
during the workshop & it can be adopted under
the concept of Knowledge Era.
a) 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ RI \DVK ZLWK JURXQG
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) can be
adopted effectively in the various engineering
VWUXFWXUHVOLNH\DVKLQHPEDQNPHQW VXEEDVH
EXLOGLQJ IRXQGDWLRQ XVLQJ \DVK DQG DV ODQGOO
liner.
b)
Studies have shown that several solid waste
materials and mixtures either alone or along with
lime can be used in replacement of sand and other
aggregates in mortar or concrete in applications
especially in Geotechnical Engineering.
COM meeting was held on 21st Nov.2015 at

Bhuvaneshwar.
NEWS FROM CENTRES

Bangalore Centre
i)
Bangalore Centre organized National
Workshop on "Civil Engineering Challenges for
Knowledge Era" held on 15th September 2015 on
occasion of Engineers day to commemorate 155th
birthday of Bharat Ratna Sir. M. Visvesvaraya
The one day workshop had a gathering around
41 engineers & 300+ UG /PG Civil Engineering
students of SJBIT. In connection with engineers
day one keynote address & 12 technical papers
Oct.-Dec. 2015
c)
The concept of renewable energy & energy
HIFLHQF\ LQ VXVWDLQDEOH GHYHORSPHQW KDV EHHQ
very well brought out and its wide application
in rural areas in the form of solar energy further
in realization of enormous need to electrify the
rural areas. Renewable energy will have least
impact in environment & ecology and widely
suited for decentralised applications and uses.
Further renewable energy has wide scope in with
reference to inaccessible areas and hilly terrains
that way the concept of renewable energy can
be widely addressed and adopted. Based on the
above it is the responsibility of society to conserve
the energy and resources to protect environment.
d) Roof top electricity generation using SV panels
can electrify remote household. To decentralize
the power generation microgrids can be formed
536
using roof-top generation using Photovoltaic

based energy generation and biomass, which is
available in plenty and can be adopted for isolated
YLOODJHVIRUWRWDOHOHFWULFDWLRQ
e)
Flyash can become wealth generator, by
making use of it in producing green building
materials, road, agriculture, etc. Practice of creating
structures using materials that are environment
responsible, the successful methodologies that
reduce Carbon dioxide emission leading to global
ZDUPLQJ 7KH FRQFHSW RI \DVK **%6 FDQ
be widely applied in engineering structures or
structural concrete.
Indore Centre
f)
The concept of Structural health monitoring
has taken wide dimension in present day
renovation of existing bridges. Installing sensing
devices helps in analysing various parameters
helping prolonging service life of structure
PHDVXULQJ WKH UHFWLFDWLRQ RI DQ\ GHIHFWV WKDW
arise during its service life. Frugal engineering
through health monitoring systems, which is
affordable, accessible, adoptable and appropriate
technologies for Civil engineering structures.
g)
The concept of rain water harvesting and
effective utilization of storm water increasing the
storage capacity by desiltation ( Silt can be used
as a good manure), waste water treatment, recycle,
reuse, recovery, encouraging afforestation and
change in raw material usage/production to get
good yield. Thus protecting the environment,
tackling the issue of climate change/global
warming.
Indore Centre celebrated Student Day on

15th Oct. 2015 at Indore.
Lucknow Centre
IWWA Lucknow Center in Association with
the Institution of Engineers (India) and the
Department of Civil Engineering, Motilal Nehru
National Institute of Technology, Allahabad has
organized International Conference on GeoEngineering and Climate Change Technologies
for Sustainable Environmental Management
(GCCT-2015) from 09th to 11th October, 2015
in which more than 120 research papers and 12
key note speeches from India and abroad were
presented.
The inaugural function of the Conference was
addressed by Mr. Rajan Shukla I.A.S., Divisional
Commissioner, Allahabad as Chief Guest. The
conference created a platform for expressing and
537
Oct.-Dec. 2015
sharing thoughts on innovative technological

trends under the following topics:
informatics approaches. The consortium of

researchers/professionals/academicians in the
conference helped to generate a pool of ideas
and provided a platform for exchange of ideas
among the participants for gaining insight into
issues related to climate change and sustainable
development.
1.
Geo-techniques & Geo-environment
2.
Sustainable Development
3.
Climate Change
4.
Waste Management
5.
Water Management
6.
Disaster Management
7.
Transport Management
8.
Smart Cities
At the end of the day, outcome of the conference

states that the environment should be put in
the category of national security. Defense of our
resources is just as important as defense from
other invaders of abroad
9.
Energy Management
Lecture Meeting
A lecture meeting on "Use of AC pipes for

sewerage systems" was organised at hotel
11. Urban & Rural Development
Clarks Awadh Lucknow on 31st Oct 2015. The
12. GIS & Remote Sensing
lecture, based on case study prepared by Dr. S.K.
Participation in the Conference was from Gupta of IIT BHU Varanasi, was presented by
Climate Change Technologists; Geotechnical Er. Rajeev Lal. The programme was started with the
and Environmental Practitioners; Management welcome address delivered by Er. P.K. Sinha Chief
Groups; Urban Planners & Designers; Research Engineer U.P. Jal Nigam and Chairman IWWA
professionals
and
scholars/students
with Lucknow Center in which he highlighted the
around 250 participants. 190 submissions were role of IWWA for protection of water bodies
incorporated in the International Conference and environment. After the presentation panel
Proceedings. The publishing partner was discussion took place in which experienced and
senior engineers of U.P. Jal Nigam participated.
Discovery Publishing Group Ltd., India.
The International Conference GCCT-2015 was Addressing the audience as Chief Guest,
an opportunity to highlight the importance and Er. P.K. Assudani Managing Director U.P. Jal
role of civil engineering in development and Nigam. emphasised the need of experiments
harnessing technology as well as providing DQG LQQRYDWLRQV LQ WKH HOG RI ZDVWH ZDWHU
HQJLQHHUHG VROXWLRQV IRU UHWURWWLQJ RU management for speedy and successful
redevelopment.
The
conference
shared implementation of various programmes like
experiences and disseminated research results and "Namami Gange." The function was also attended
assessed how India was coping with impacts of by Er. S.Afaq Ahmad OSD to Minister Urban
climate change and thereby seizing opportunity Development Govt of U.P. At the end vote of
from such studies for better preparing the country thanks was offered by Er. B.K. Dubey Hon
secretary IWWA Lucknow Centre.
from related disasters.
10.
Green Construction
The conference expressed ways of strengthening

Indias ability to manage water resources,
waste, energy, transportation, climate change
for urban and rural development with the help
of Geo-Environmental, Environmental and Geo
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Madurai Centre
IWWA Madurai Centre hold a technical talk on
Water & Environment Planning for Smart Cities
on 22nd Nov.2015. The speaker was
538
'U 60RKDQ 3URI ,,70DGUDV2IFLDOV IURP

PWD, TWAD board, faculty and students
of Thiyagaraja College of Engineering were
participated in the talk.
Mumbai Centre
Mumbai Centres Rain Water Harvesting cell
conducted following activities.
a)
A visit of students from Universal High
School Malad was arranged on 5th Nov.2015
to IWWA HQ for seeing Rain water harvesting
system. About 80 students have visited IWWA
HQ on 5th Nov.2015 with their teacher.Er.Ulhas
Paranjpe ,Er.Ulhas Divekar and Er.G.V.Patade
from IWWA Mumbai Centre attended them.
Er.Ulhas Divekar wellcomed all visiters. Er.Ulhas
Paranjpe brifed the student about rain water
harvesting. Er.G.V.Patade took all the sudents in
four batches(20each)at site and explained about
rain water harvesting system functioning at IWWA
HQ building.
b) Er. Ulhas Paranjpe Hon. Jt. Secretary
of Mumbai Centre and team from Jalvadhini
Trust, Mumbai have arranged Training Program
on Water conservation at Saraswati College of
Engineering, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai.on 9th-10th
Oct. 2015. Two tank of 7,00 Liters capacity each
were constructed in the collage premises. These
tank will be used by college for curing of Cubes.
Saraswati Vidyalay
Saraswati Vidyalay
c)
Er. Ulhas Paranjpe Hon. Jt. Secretary and
his team gave training to Mason at Pokharbhosi,
Taluka Loha, Dist Nanded for constructing . two
Ferro cement Water Storage Tank having capacity
of 1,400 and 20,000 ltrs. Tanks are completed in
Nov 2015.
d) Er. Ulhas Paranjpe Hon. Jt. Secretary and
his team from Jalvadhini Trust, Mumbai gave
training to Mason and farmers at Mogaraj, Taluka
Karjat Dist Raigad for constructing . two Ferro
cement Water Storage Tank having capacity of
6000 ltrs. Tanks are completed in Dec. 2015.Tank
cost born by Jalvardhini Trust.
e)
Training Program on Water conservation was
organized at College of Engineering Ambejogai,
Dist Beed in Marathawada on 23rd Nov. 2015.
About 100 student were present for practical.
Masons were trained to construct Ferrocement
Water Storage Tank. Two tank of 7,00 Liters
capacity each were constructed in the collage
premises. These tank will be used by college for
curing of Cubes.
f)
Er. Ulhas Paranjpe Hon. Jt. Secretary of
Mumbai Centre and team from Jalvadhini Trust,
Mumbai have arranged Training Program on
Water conservation at Rajendra Mane Polytechnic
at Ambav (Devrukh) Tal. Sangameshwar
539
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Rajendra Mane Polytechnic, at Ambav, Devrukh, Tal. Sangameshwar, Dist. Ratnagiri

ZLWK HIFLHQW HQJLQHHUV KDYLQJ QHHG EDVHG
ideas to deliver the same. Honble Minister,
H & UD, appreciated the effort made by
IWWA Odisha Centre and highlighted the
provision to be made in the sector under
AMRIT and SMART City Programme. The
conference was well attended by @200
participants. Twelve papers were presented
in the conference. The conference proved to
be a successful event.
Dist. Ratnagiri.on 22nd Dec 2015. Final year

Civil Engg. 65 Students, Staff and 4 delegates
from Nisarga Mitra Mandal, Chiplun were also
participated. Masons were trained to construct
Ferrocement Water Storage Tank. Two tank of
7,00 Liters capacity each were constructed in
the collage premises. These tank will be used by
college for curing of Cubes.
Nagpur Centre
On 24th Dec.2015 Managing Committee meeting
of IWWA Nagpur Centre was held and approved
the resignation of Chairman Mr. N.M. Bangare.
Dr.Rajesh Gupta elected as Chairman of Nagpur
Centre.
USUAL FEATURES
IWWAs Membership strength as on 31st
December 2015
Life Fellows
Life Members
Life Organisation Members
Student Members
Associate Members
Total
Odisha Centre
Odish centre hosted COM meeting of

IWWA on 21st Nov. 2015 at Bhuvaneshwar.
A National conference on Recent Trends

in Water Supply and Sanitation was
organized by IWWA Odisha Centre on 22nd
Nov.2015 at Bhuvaneshwar. Shri Puspendra
Sing Deo, Honble Minister H & UD, Govt.
of Odisha was the chief Guest. Shri Mathi
Vathanan, Commissioner cum Secretary,
H & UD was the Guest of Honour. During
the Inaugural session, Commissioner
cum Secretary, H & UD, explained about
the urgent need for the effort to make
people available with safe drinking water.
Advanced technologies are required along
Oct.-Dec. 2015
909
7908
484
312
3
9616
New Life Organisation Members
540
LOM 941 M/s.Sasha Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd.,

Mumbai, Maharashtra.
LOM 942 M/s.A.P. Saste Construction Company,
Buldana, Maharashtra
LOM 943 M/s. ABC Technololabs India Private
Limited, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
LOM 944 M/s. Shri Gopichand Pariyaldas
Panjwani, Akola, Maharashtra
LOM 945 M/s.Harbauer India Private Limited,
Kolkata, West Bengal.
6XSSO\ IRU (IXHQW 7UHDWPHQW 3ODQW 6HZDJH

Treatment Plant, Water Treatment Plant, and R.O.
Plant, Conducting Ambient Air Quality Survey,
Stack Monitoring, Water Waste, Sewage and
Sludge analysis.
Contact : Dr.S. Raja Mohan, Managing Director.
LOM 946 M/s.Delagua Health India Pvt. Ltd.,

LOM 947 M/s.Mahavir Pumps Mfg. Pvt. Ltd.,
New Life Fellows

LF-1210 Mr.D. Hanumantha Chary, Hyderabad,
Telangana.
LF-1211 Mr.Tyagi Sanjeev Kumar, Bhiwani,
Haryana.
LF-1212 Mr.Bhadauria Rajendra Singh, Gwalior,
M.P.
LF-1213 Mr.Bellapu Rajasekhar, Hyderabad,
Telangana.
3UROHVRIVRPHRIWKH/LIH2UJDQLVDWLRQ0HPEHUV
LOM 797
SVPMs College of Engingeering, Malegaon (Bk)
At.Post : Malegaon (Bk), Taluka : Baramati, Dist:
Pune 413115
Tel : 02112-255113 Fax : 02112-254424
(PDLOMDPEKDOHBDSSDVDKHE#UHGLIIPDLOFRP
Website : www.engg.svpm.edu.in
Activities : Teaching, Projects and Consultancy
Contact : Mr.Jambhale Appasaheb Santu, Principal.
LOM 799
M/s. Glynwed Pipe Systems (I) Pvt.Ltd.
A - 208, Kailash Complex, Park Site,
Vikhroli - Hiranandani Link Road,
Vikhroli (West), Mumbai 400079.Maharashtra
Tel : 022-67258888 Fax : 022-67253800
Email.sesha.sai@glynwedindia.com
$FWLYLWLHV 0DQXIDFWXULQJ VHOOLQJ RI WWLQJV
calibration of electro fusion machines.
Contact : Mr. S. Sesha Sai, Manager Sales &
Marketing.
LOM 800
M/s. Jayaswal Neco Industries Ltd.

F-8, MIDC Industrial Area, Hingna Road,
Nagpur 4440016. Maharashtra.
Tel : 07104-235002 Fax : 237583
Email : b.praveen@necoindia.com,
Webite : www.necoindia.com
LOM 798
Activities : Manufacturing of centrifugally
M/s.Enviro Care India Private Limited
cast(spun) iron pipes as per IS-1536/01. Ductile
#43, 2nd Street, Harvey Nagar,
iron manhole covers, frames and gratings, as per
Madurai 625016, Tamil Nadu
EN -124. Manufacturing and supplying cast iron
Tel : 04522611127 Fax : 04522611127
Email : eci@envirocareindia.com Website : www. SLSHV WWLQJV PDQKROH FRYHUV HQJJ &DVWLQJV
automobile casting, valves, ingot moulds etc.
envirocarindia.com
Activities : Planning, design and commissioning Contact Mr. Bhamley Praveen Vithalrao, D.G.M.
RI (IXHQW 7UHDWPHQW 3ODQWV(73 6HZDJH (Mktg.)
Treatment Plants(STP), Ultra Filtration, Nano LOM 801
Filtration, RO Plants and Water Treatment Plant.
M/s. Extraco Composites India Pvt. Ltd.
Conducting Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) /Environmental Management Plant(EMP) No.995-P, Diamond Plaza, 12th Main Road,
to obtain consent from TNPCB and environmental 2nd Avenue, Anna nagar, Chennai 600 040
clearance from Ministry of Environment and Tamil Nadu.
Forests (MoEF) New Delhi and SEAC, Chennai Tel : 044-26162735 Fax : 42693754
DV SHU WKH (,$ QRWLFDWLRQ 2SHUDWLRQ DQG Email : projects@extracocomposites.com
0DLQWHQDQFHRI(IXHQW7UHDWPHQW3ODQW6HZDJH Activities : Manufacturer & supply of GRP Pipes
Treatment Plant, Water Treatment Plant, R.O. WWLQJVWDQNVDQGRWKHUVSHFLDOLW\SURGXFWV
Plant and Environmental Laboratory, Chemical Contact : Mr. M. Sreeram Sanjay, M.D.
541
Oct.-Dec. 2015
:LVH:RUGV
Prof S. J. Arceivala a most known versatile personality, a Harvard

University, USA, Alumni; introduced a post-graduate course in
Environmental Engineering in 1959 in VJTI, Bombay University. He
LQWURGXFHG IRU WKH UVW WLPH LQ ,QGLD ZDWHU UHFODPDWLRQ DQG UHXVH
of wastewater after treatment. He became Director of the National
Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, from
ZKHUHKHZDVLQYLWHGWRMRLQWKH81:+2DV5HJLRQDO$GYLVHUUVWZLWK
the European Region for 10 years and then as Chief of Environmental
Health, South East Asia Region, a total of 16 years.
He has authored three books on environmental engineering and
2 books on Global Warming and Climate Change. In 1993-94, he was
the President of the Indian Water Works Association and in 1996 he
became the Founder President of the Indian Environmental Association.
,Q3URI$UFHLYDODEHFDPHWKHUVW,QGLDQHYHUWREHKRQRXUHGDV
Distinguished Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers.
Wise Words from Mr. SORAB JAL ARCEIVALA
Concerns on Rain Water Harvesting Initiatives...

Dual control on water quality
Owing to shortage of municipal water supplies, some
municipalities have started recommending the people
to do rainwater harvesting on their own in urban areas
to supplement their meager supplies. This introduces
dual control on the quality of water consumed by the
public. A part of the water supply is under the control
of the municipality and another is under different
members of the public some of whom may not take
control so seriously. Thus, in case of a public health
problem in a part of the city, responsibility for water
TXDOLW\LVQRWSRVVLEOHWR[ZLWKRXWGRXEW7KLVLVDQ
undesirable situation to allow.
Rainwater partly mixes with polluted groundwater
The local bodies sometimes seem to know of this

pollution potential because they inform the public
to use only the clean stored rainwater for potable
purposes, while the other ground water may be used
for non-potable purposes. But, here is where the mixup often occurs. The illiterate public (e.g., gardeners,
servants, etc) may not distinguish between potable
and non-potable supplies and plumbers also may on
occasion unwittingly cross-connect the two types of
VXSSOLHV 'RHV WKLV QRW FRQVWLWXWH D GHQLWH KHDOWK
hazard?
All this and Dengue too?
Thirdly, rainwater harvesting indisputably opens
up several new sites for mosquito breeding besides
malaria spread by the well-known anopheles mosquito.
Secondly, all the harvested rainwater is generally

considered too expensive to store in masonry or plastic We now have the Dengue fever in India spread by
tanks large enough to meet the requirement for the the Aedes aegypti mosquito which prefers to live in
whole following dry season until the next monsoon clean water. It therefore, tends to thrive in harvested
arrives. Hence, often only the drinking water needs @ rainwater sites. The Dengue problem was not present
2-10 L /person/per day are stored in proper tanks while some years when rainwater harvesting was not done.
WKH UHPDLQLQJ TXDQWLW\ LV DOORZHG WR RYHURZ LQWR Could rainwater harvesting be one the potential causes
the soil (assuming soil strata is suitable for holding
for the rapid spread of Dengue in Indian cities like
water) from where it is pumped up for use as and when
Delhi and Mumbai? If so, it is a serious matter and one
required. Now, it is a well-known fact that in almost
wonders if rainwater harvesting should be promoted
all cities of the world sewer lines leak. Thus, the upper
at all?
3 or 4 meters depth of soil strata in most cities are
likely to be polluted by sewage and industrial wastes. The above three concerns make me wonder if
This is precisely the strata in which the clean harvested public health is being adequately considered when
rainwater is held in the soil for later use. Is this not recommending rainwater harvesting to meet short
Oct.-Dec.
542supplies. Journal of Indian Water Works Association
dangerous2015
for health?
A Comparative Study on Treatment of Simulated and

Actual Dye Wastewater by Coagulation Process
Aakanksha Sonia 3UL\D0XQGDGDb'U8UPLOD%ULJKXc
Abstract
7H[WLOHLQGXVWULHVDUHNQRZQWRGLVFKDUJHHIXHQWVFRQWDLQLQJKLJKO\WR[LFFRPSRXQGVDQGKDYHKLJK
&2'&KHPLFDOWUHDWPHQWRIG\HZDVWHZDWHUZLWKDFRDJXODWLQJRFFXODWLQJDJHQWLVRQHRIWKHUREXVW
ways to remove colour and COD. In this study, the coagulant dose was optimized for simulated as well
as actual wastewater. For this, jar test was carried out using four different coagulants: Aluminium
Sulphate, Ferric Chloride, Magnesium Chloride and Poly Aluminium Chloride. PAC was observed
to give good colour and COD removal as compared to other three coagulants, in both the types of
wastewater mentioned.
Keywords: 7H[WLOHZDVWHZDWHU'\HV&RORXUUHPRYDO&RDJXODQWV
1.
INTRODUCTION
The operations used in textile industry includes

bleaching, mercerizing, dyeing and printing
in which chemicals like sodium hypochlorite,
H2O2, organics, NaOH, acids, surfactants, sodium
hydroxide, dyestuffs urea, reducing agents,
oxidizing agents, detergents and wetting agents
are used which results in high BOD, COD, pH,
TDS, toxicity, strong colour etc. (Mathur et
al., 2012, Verma et al., 2012). Textile waste
can contaminate water with grease, oils and
waxes. They may also contain heavy metals
such as copper, zinc, chromium and mercury
(EPA 1974).
There are many methods used for treating textile
waste including physical, chemical and biological
methods. Chemical methods like coagulation/
RFFXODWLRQ IHQWRQV UHDJHQW R]RQDWLRQ
chlorination, photochemical, photocatalysis,
electrochemical destruction etc are used. Physical
PHWKRGV LQFOXGH VHGLPHQWDWLRQ OWUDWLRQ
adsorption etc. Various bacteria, viruses etc are
used to biologically treat the waste.
a,b,c
Coagulation is one of the robust ways to treat

the textile waste. Colour removal by coagulation
involves two principal coagulants i.e. Al(III) and
Fe(III) coagulants which are readily hydrolysable
cations available as sulphate or chloride salts in
both liquid and solid form but large quantity of
sludge is a major drawback (Gupta et al., 2009,
Gao Bao et al., 2007). There are four mechanism
involved in coagulation theory. They are- ionic
layer compression, adsorption and charge
neutralization, sweep coagulation and interparticle
bridging. Either of the methods or combination of
them accomplishes the coagulation phenomenon
(Peavy H.S, 1985). There is a need to develop a
cheap process to treat the textile waste for effective
colour removal.
Prehydrolysed coagulants like Polyaluminium
ferric chloride (PAFCl), Polyaluminium chloride
(PAC), Polyferric chloride (PFCl) and Polyferrous
sulphate (PFS) look to give better colour
removal even at low temperature and may also
IDEULFDWH ORZHU YROXPH RI VOXGJH 6WURQJ RFV
are formed using PAC as coagulant as compared
WR DOXP DQG WKHUH LV PRUH UDSLG RFFXODWLRQ DW
Dept. of Civil Engg., Malaviya National Instittue of Technology, Jaipur 302017, India
543
Oct.-Dec. 2015
equivalent dosage. The process is enhanced by pH

optimization, coagulant dose, mixing time, speed
and temperature of waste solution. (A.K. Verma et
al., 2012).
According to the study by Boon Hai Tan et al.,
2000, in the context of coagulation of reactive
dye, its removal rate depends considerably upon
the value of pH of the dye solution. The effective
working range of pH for the MgCl2 treatment
is between 10.5 and 11.0. Flocs formed by the
MgCl2 treatment gave shorter settling time
than the alum and PAC treatment. In a another
VWXG\ E\ *DR % < HW DO WKH FRORXU
UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ RI 0J&O2/Ca(OH)2 and its
mechanism was compared with that of Al2(SO4)3,
polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and FeSO4/
Ca(OH)2 for reactive and disperse dye and
UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW WKH FRORXU UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\
of MgCl2 is related to the type of dye and
depends on the pH of the waste and the dosage
of the coagulants used. In an another research
ZRUN E\ *DR % < HW DO WKH\ PHQWLRQHG
about use of composite coagulant, PFCPDMDAAC, which was prepared by polyferric
chloride (PFC) premixed with Poly Dimethyl
Diallyl Ammonium Chloride (PDMDAAC). It
proved to be more effective than PFC, PDMDAAC
and PFC.
Since coagulation is very much suited for direct
dye and there is very less research on coagulation
of direct dye waste, it gave the idea to do my work
on coagulation of direct dye waste.
2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four different coagulants namely: Aluminium
Sulphate (Al2(SO4)3.16H2O), Ferric Chloride
(FeCl3 anhydrous), Magnesium Chloride
(MgCl2.6H2 SXULHG FU\VWDOV 3RO\$OXPLQLXP
Chloride (PAC) were used for carrying out the
coagulation experiments.
Preparation of dye wastewater: Two types of
samples were used- simulated dye wastewater
and actual dye wastewater. Simulated dye waste
Oct.-Dec. 2015
solution was prepared by mixing 0.5g Direct

Blue dye in 1L tap water. The Direct Blue
dye was bought from local market of Chaura
Rasta, Jaipur. Actual dye wastewater (Direct Blue)
ZDV FROOHFWHG IURP WKH HIXHQW GLVFKDUJH SRLQW
of a textile dyeing mill located at Khatri Nagar,
Jaipur.
Experimental procedure: Flocculation was
carried out in six 1L beakers, each, containing
POG\HZDVWHZDWHUSODFHGRQDRFFXODWRU$
number of experiments were formed to optimize
the dose of each coagulant. For this, coagulant
was mixed rapidly at 150-200rpm for 1 minute
and slowly at 10-25rpm for 20 minutes in dye
wastewater. After mixing, a settling period of
minimum 30 minutes was provided. Supernatant
was then collected and tested for colour and COD
removal using spectrophotometer (Model UV1800 Shimadzu UV-Vis Spectrophotometer) and
&2'GLJHVWRU0RGHO&KLQR6FLHQWLF,QVWUXPHQWV
mfg.). To observe Color removal, A standard
curve using different dye concentration (0.5
g/L, 0.125 g/L, 03125 g/L, 7.8125*10-3g/L, and
1.953125*10-3 g/L) was made at wavelength
472.5 nm.
COD of the supernatant was
measured as per (APHA, Standard Methods for
the Examination of Water and Wastewater
1999) ( ' &ORVHG 5HX[ &RORULPHWULF
Method)
3.
3.1
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

COMPARISON BETWEEN
SIMULATED WASTE AND ACTUAL
WASTE AT OPTIMUM DOSE
1.
Aluminium sulphate
Graph 1 shows comparison of colour removal
HIFLHQF\ XVLQJ $O2(SO4)3.16H2O. It showed
that the curve followed same trend in both the
solutions. Graph 2 shows comparison of COD
UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ XVLQJ $O2(SO4)3.16H2O. It
shows there was a slight difference in the pattern
at 4th point.
544
Table 1:
Comparison of different parameters between simulated waste and actual waste at optimum dose
Optimum Dose
Simulated
(.5g/L)
Colour removal
(IFLHQF\
COD Removal
(IFLHQF\
Turbidity (NTU)
pH
Actual Simulated Actual Simulated Actual Simulated

Actual Simulated
(11.5g/L)
(67.2NTU) (71.9NTU) (8.08)
Actual
(9.73)
Al2(SO4)3.16H2O
0.32g/L
16g/L
80.8
98.183
86.470
28.366
55.5
FeCl3
0.24g/L
8g/L
93.2
89.017
81.502
69.346
1.4
85
1.4
2.15
PAC
0.8mL/L
32mL/L
97.4
99.67
79.156
29.516
0.8
55.3
7.28
8.4g/L
112g/L
49
75.035
44.954
44.627
0.6
72.1
7.7
8.24
MgCl2
Graph 1:&RPSDULVRQRIFRORXUUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ$O2(SO4)3.16H2O
Graph 2:&RPSDULVRQRI&2'UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ$O2(SO4)3
2.
Ferric chloride

HIFLHQF\ XVLQJ )H&O3. It showed that the curve
followed almost same trend in both the solutions.
Graph 4 shows comparison of COD removal

HIFLHQF\ XVLQJ )H&O3. It showed that the
curves followed almost same trend for both the
solutions.
545
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Graph 3:&RPSDULVRQRIFRORXUUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ)H&O3
Graph 4:&RPSDULVRQRI&2'UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ)H&O3
3.
Poly Aluminium Chloride
HIFLHQF\ XVLQJ 3$&. It showed that the curve
followed almost same trend in both the solutions.
Graph 6 shows comparison of COD removal

HIFLHQF\XVLQJ)H&O3. It showed that the curves
did not follow same trend in both the solutions.
Graph 5:&RPSDULVRQRIFRORXUUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ3$&
Oct.-Dec. 2015
546
Graph 6:&RPSDULVRQRI&2'UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ3$&
4.
Magnesium chloride
HIFLHQF\ XVLQJ 0J&O2. It showed that the curve
ZDV PRUH XFWXDWHG IRU DFWXDO ZDVWH Graph 8
VKRZV FRPSDULVRQ RI &2' UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\

using MgCl2. It showed that there was variation in
the curve for simulated waste.
*UDSK&RPSDULVRQRIFRORXUUHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ0J&O2
*UDSK&RPSDULVRQRI&2'UHPRYDOHIFLHQF\XVLQJ0J&O2
547
Oct.-Dec. 2015
PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS (PSA) RESULTS

Al2(SO4)3.16H2O
MgCl2
PAC
FeCl3
Simulated
-0.32g/L
actual16g/L
Simulated8.4g/L
actual112g/l
Simulated.8ml/L
d(.1)
.181m
2.516
3.393m
3.108
3.920m
12.404
2.432m
7.146
d(.5)
.380 m
8.02
33.198m
19.213
10.051m
27.476
7.655m
17.622
d(.9)
57.439m
19.811
103.491m
39.36
43.488m
55.711
37.119m
58.154
Comparing both simulated dye waste and actual dye

waste, the best coagulant among Poly Aluminium
Chloride, Aluminium Sulphate, Ferric Chloride and
Magnesium Chloride in terms of colour removal
was Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC). COD was
not considerably removed by coagulation.
4.
CONCLUSION
Effect of different chemical dosing on colour
UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ Using simulated waste dye
solution as well as actual waste, best colour
removal was observed using PAC (97.4% and
99.67% respectively). For actual waste, the
optimum dose of PAC was 32mL/L of waste PAC is
a poly-electrolyte and pre- hydrolysing metallic salt
and hence, showed better results than hydrolysing
metallic salts (MgCl2, FeCl3 and Al2(SO4)3.16H2O).
It followed adsorption and charge neutralization
mechanism since turbidity at optimum dose was
55.3NTU using actual waste.
Effect of different chemical dosing on pH: In all the
cases, pH was decreased. It was slightly decreased
in case of PAC and MgCl2. It was moderately
decreased in case of Al2(SO4)3.16H2O. It was
considerably decreased in case of FeCl3 since it is
acidic.
Effect of different chemical dosing on turbidity:
Turbidity was considerably decreased in case
of simulated waste. Turbidity was decreased in
case of actual waste also. But turbidity of FeCl3
supernatant was increased reason being that
RFFXODWHG SDUWLFOHV ZHUH OLJKWHU DQG WKH\ GLG QRW
settle down.
Effect of different chemical dosing on COD
UHPRYDO HIFLHQF\ Using simulated waste dye
Oct.-Dec. 2015
actual- Simulated- actual32mL/L

.24g/L
8g/L
solution, best COD removal was observed using

Al2(SO4)3.16H2O (86.47%) and using actual waste
dye solution, best COD removal was observed
using FeCl3 (69.346%).The supernatant of the
process used did not meet the BIS standard of
COD i.e. 250mg/L for discharge in inland surface
water as per IS 2490-1974. Hence, the coagulation
process removed suspended and colloidal particles
from textile waste and did not remove chemical
impurities.
Effect of different chemical dosing on Particle Size:
0D[LPXP RF VL]H ZDV REVHUYHG XVLQJ 0J&O2 in
simulated solution (103.491m) and minimum
RF VL]H ZDV REVHUYHG XVLQJ $O2(SO4)3.16H2O in
VLPXODWHG VROXWLRQ P 0RVW RI WKH RFV
ZHUHJUHDWHUWKDQPKHQFHRFVZHUHRIWKHVL]H
of suspended particles.
From all the testing process, it can be concluded

that coagulation process used reduced the
suspended and colloidal particles (colour) from
the waste. It did not remove dissolved colour. It
also did not change the chemical composition of
the dye solution. There was variation in turbidity
but pH was more or less decreased in all cases.
5.
1.
2.
548
REFERENCES
&OHVFHUO / 6 * $ &ORVHG 5HX[
Colorometric Method. In G. A. Clescerl L. S.,
Standard Methods for the examination of water and
wastewater (pp. 394-397). American Public Health
Association, American Water Works Association,
Water Environment Federation.
EPA (1974), Wastewater-treatment systems:
Upgrading textile operations to reduce pollution,
United States environmental protection agency,
3.
4.
5.
Washington DC, USA, In: (3$7HFKQRORJ\7UDQVIHU

(3$, pp 1-12.
*DR%<<4&RORUUHPRYDOIURPG\H
containing wastewater by magnesium chloride.
Journal of Environmental Management , 82, 167172. (1)
*DR % < : < &RORU UHPRYDO IURP
simulated dye water and actual textile wastewater
using a composite coagulant prepared by polyferric
chloride and poly dimethyl diallyl ammonium
FKORULGH 6HSDUDWLRQ DQG 3XULFDWLRQ 7HFKQRORJ\
157-163. (2)
Gupta V.K., S. (2009). Application of low-cost
adsorbents for dye removal A review. Journal of
Environmental Management , 23132342.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Mathur N., B. P. (2012). Use of Salmonella /

microsome reversion bioassay for monitoring
industrial wastewater treatment plants in
Rajasthan, India. Journal of Environmental Biology,
531-537.
Peavy H.S, R. D. (1985). Coagulation. In R. D.
Peavy H.S, Environmental Engineering (pp. 131139). Singapore: McGraw- Hill, Inc.
Tan B. H., T. T. (2000). Removal of dyes and
industrial dye wastes by magnesium chloride. Water
Resources , 597-601.
Verma A.K., D. R. (2012). A review on chemical
FRDJXODWLRQRFFXODWLRQ WHFKQRORJLHV IRU UHPRYDO
of colour. Journal of Environmental Management ,
154-168.
44
549
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Up gradation and Modernization of Water Treatment

Plants (WTPs) at Bhopal City, Madhya Pradesh, India
Santosh Kumar Kharole1'U6XUHVK6LQJK.XVKZDK2'U6XGKLU6LQJK%KDGDXULD
Abstract
7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDERXWXSJUDGDWLRQDQGPRGHUQL]DWLRQRIWZRZDWHUWUHDWPHQWSODQWVDW%KRSDO
DFDSLWDOFLW\RI0DGK\D3UDGHVKSURYLQFHRI,QGLD7KHDXWKRUYLVLWHGWKH:73VLWHVWRVWXG\WKH
ongoing water treatment processes and operations involved in through which surface water is being
SXULHG7KHSDSHUFRQVLVWVRIVWXG\DQGGHVFULSWLRQRIPDWHULDOVHTXLSPHQWDQGSURFHGXUHVXVHG
at plant for water treatment. Author also put his best to elaborate the actual plant conditions, and
problems faced in or out by processes and operations involved at plant and the tactics used to deal with
WKHPLQWKHSODQWV7KHVWXG\RIWZRPDLQORFDOZDWHUWUHDWPHQWSODQWVRI%KRSDOXQGHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQV
DUH1DUD\DQJLUL:DWHUWUHDWPHQW3ODQW0*'DQG.RODU:DWHU7UHDWPHQW3ODQW0*'7KH
main objectives of up gradation and optimization are to perform study of the treatment plants and to
UHODWHWKHDFWXDOJURXQGFRQGLWLRQVZLWKWKHWKHRUHWLFDOFRQGLWLRQV7RSURYLGHVXLWDEOHVXJJHVWLRQV
DQGPHWKRGWRLPSURYHWKHHIFLHQF\RISODQWDVZHOODVWRUHGXFHWKHRSHUDWLRQDOFRVWRIWKHSODQWV
7KHSXUSRVHRIWKLVSDSHULVDOVRWRHPSKDVL]HRQWKHUHF\FOLQJRIZDWHULQWKHSODQWE\SURYLGLQJ
suitable solutions.
Keywords: :DWHU 7UHDWPHQW 3ODQWV 2SHUDWLRQ DQG 3URFHVV 8SJUDGDWLRQ DQG 0RGHUQL]DWLRQ
Operation and Maintenance,Bhopal
1.
INTRODUCTION
Water is a precious commodity. Most of the earth
water is sea water. About 2.5% of the water is
IUHVKZDWHUWKDWGRHVQRWFRQWDLQVLJQLFDQWOHYHOV
of dissolved minerals or salt and two third of that
is frozen in ice caps and glaciers. In total only
0.01% of the total water of the planet is accessible
for consumption. Clean drinking water is a basic
human need. Unfortunately, more than one in six
people still lack reliable access to this precious
resource in developing world.
India accounts for 2.45% of land area and 4% of
water resources of the world but represents 16% of
the world population. With the present population
1
2
3
growth rate (1.9% per year), the population is

expected to across the 1.5 billion mark by 2050.
The planning commission, Government of India
has estimated the water demand increase from 710
BCM (Billion Cubic Meters) in 2010 to almost
1180 BCM in 2050 with domestic and industrial
water consumption expected to increase almost
2.5 times. The trend of urbanization in India is
exerting stress on civic authorities to provide
basic requirement such as safe drinking water,
sanitation and infrastructure. The rapid growth of
population has exerted the portable water demand,
which requires exploration of raw water sources,
developing treatment and distribution systems.
Assistant Professor, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal,
Email: skkharole@rgtu.net
Associate Professor, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal,
Email: skushwah@rgtu.net
Professor, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal,
Email:ssbhadauria@gmail.com
Oct.-Dec. 2015
550
The raw water quality available in India varies

VLJQLFDQWO\ UHVXOWLQJ LQ PRGLFDWLRQV WR WKH
conventional water treatment scheme consisting
RI DHUDWLRQ FKHPLFDO FRDJXODWLRQ RFFXODWLRQ
VHGLPHQWDWLRQ OWUDWLRQ DQG GLVLQIHFWLRQ 7KH
backwash water and sludge generation from water
treatment plants are of environment concern in
terms of disposal. Therefore, optimization of
FKHPLFDOGRVLQJDQGOWHUUXQVFDUULHVLPSRUWDQFH
to reduce the rejects from the water treatment
plants. Also there is a need to study the water
treatment plants for their operational status and
to explore the best feasible mechanism to ensure
proper drinking water production with least
possible rejects and its management. With this
backdrop, the Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB), Delhi, India studied water treatment
plants located across the country, for prevailing
raw water quality, water treatment technologies,
operational practices, chemical consumption and
rejects management.
S.N.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
2.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
The present total water supply from all the 10
water treatment plants in the city is about 299
MLD. All the plants have conventional water
WUHDWPHQWV\VWHPZLWKUDSLGVDQGOWHUV
Upper Lake: The Upper Lake is raw water source
for the nine water treatment plants of different
capacities. The lake is spread over 6.25 sq.km
area. Discharge of wastewater into the lake and
GLUHFW LQ RZ RI VXUIDFH UXQRII DUH SUHYHQWHG WR
protect the water quality of the lake. Uptake of
water from the lake is about 146 MLD for these 9
treatment plants located at different places in the
city.
Kolar Dam: Raw water supply from Kolar dam
to Kolar WTP is 162 MLD. The dam on Kolar
River was constructed near Birpur village, which
is about 32 km from Bhopal city. The capacity of
the dam is 265 MCM. The present water supply
to city from this treatment plant is 153 MLD. The
Water Demand
Total water demand as per city agency (PHED)
Per capita water demand as per PHED
Total water demand as per CPHEEO @ 175 LPCD
Water sourced from surface sources
Water sourced from ground sources
Total water supplied
Per capita supply
Leakage loss
Actual supply (after deducting leakage losses)
Per capita supply (after deducting leakage losses)
Population served by water supply system
Demand-supply gap (after leakage losses)
Demand (2011), as projected in 2005-06
Augmentation needed to meet 2011 water demand
Required increase in supply
Number of WTPs
Total treatment capacity
Actual treatment
Quantity
281 MLD
176 LPCD
280 MLD
88%
12%
266 MLD
166 LPCD
35%
173 MLD
108 MLD
67%
108 LPCD
344 MLD
78 MLD
29%
10
308 MLD
260 MLD
Source: $QRQ&LW\:DWHU([FUHWD6XUYH\&HQWUHIRU6FLHQFHDQG(QYLURQPHQW1HZ'HOKL
551
Oct.-Dec. 2015
S.N.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Water Treatment Plants

(Year of Construction)
Kolar (1989)
BHEL
Laxmi Narayangiri (Birla Mandir)(1964)
Shyamla Phase-I (1934)
Raw Water
Source
Kolar Dam
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Shyamla Phase-II (1975)

Phulphukta (1945)
Idgah (1944)
Bairagarh (1968)
MES
Badal Mahal
Railway
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Upper Lake
Total
raw water source and capacity of treatment plants

are as follows:
2.1
Comparative Study of Kolar and

Narayangiri WTPs
There are 10 water treatment plants of varied
design capacity supplying the drinking water to
the city of Bhopal. Out of these, two representative
plants Kolar and Laxmi Narayangiri Hills are
selected for up-gradation and optimisation.
LIFTING: In this process water is being lifted from
source (intake point) and being pumped to plant.
WTPs
Location
Surface
Source
Intake
Mains
Point Diameter (mm)
NarayangiriBhopal
Kolar-Bhopal
Upper
Lake
Kolar
Dam
Kamla
Park
Kolar
Dam
534
2400
Capacity (MLD)
Design
Present
162.0
153.0
54.0
54.0
23.0
23.0
20.0
9.0
20.0
13.5
13.5
4.5
4.5
2.0
2.0
308.0
9.0
13.5
13.5
4.5
4.5
2.0
2.0
299.0
AERATION: Aeration is important process to

remove iron and manganese by oxidation but
since both sources are surface sources it is not
necessary.
WTPs Location H2S
Fe
Mn
Aeration
NarayangiriBhopal
N/A N/A N/A
N/A
Kolar-Bhopal
N/A N/A N/A
N/A
(N/A: Not Available)

MIXING: Raw water is mixed with lime and
alum to make a proper mix to form optimum
RFNV/LPHLVSURYLGHGWRLQFUHDVHS+LQUDQJH
6.7 to 8.3 so that alum is provided in most active
form. In Bhopal pH lies in range of 7 to 8 so lime
is not required. Alum concentration is obtained
using jar test.
RAW WATER QUALITY at WTPs:

WTPs
Source
NarayangiriBhopal
Upper 7.6 8.4 3.9-35.4

Lake
92 - 144
Kolar-Bhopal
Kolar 7.6 8.4

River
124 - 155
Oct.-Dec. 2015
pH
Cl-
SO4- -
NO3-
MPN
68 - 106
16-30
2400
121 - 149
8 - 10 4.5-9.9 0.15-1.25 920-2400
Turbidity Alkalinity Hardness

(asCaCO3) (asCaCO3)
8.1-81
552
Water
Treatment
Plants (WTPs)
Water
Treated
(MLD)
NarayangiriBhopal
Kolar-Bhopal
22.7
Alum Class C
Chlorine
Alum
Consumption Consumption Dose
(MT/Year)
(mg/l)
(MT/Year)
109.5
22.5
13.2
162.8
878.6
120
14.8
Chlorine
Lime
Dose(mg/l) Consumption
Pre Post
1.0
2.0
2.0
28.3
ALUM DOSES IN MONSOON AND NON-MONSOON SEASON:

Water Treatment
Plants (WTPs)
Water
Treated
(MLD)
Narayangiri-Bhopal
22.7
Kolar-Bhopal
162.8
Alum Class C
Consumption
(MT/Year)
109.5
878.6
Av. Alum
(mg/l)
13.2
14.8
Alum in
Monsoon
(mg/l)
25 - 40
18 - 22
Alum in Nonmonsoon (mg/l)

10 18
10 - 15
SEDIMENTATION: It refers to the process by which suspended impurities settle down at the bottom
due to effect of the gravity. Large particles settle down faster.
WTPs
Type of Tank No. of Tanks
Narayangiri
Kolar
Rectangular
Circular
2
3
Detention
Automatic
Period (hrs.) Sludge Removal
3-4
Not working
2.5 - 3
Working
Alkali
Consumption
Screen
Fishing
FILTRATION: Filtration is mainly done to remove the organic impurities and bacteria after the
VHGLPHQWDWLRQSURFHVV0RVWO\UDSLGVDQGOWHUVDUHXVHGIRUWKLVSXUSRVH
WTPs
Narayangiri
Kolar
Filter Type
Rapid Type
Rapid Type
Material for Backwashing

Air + Water
Air + Water
Indicator
Working
Not-working
Filter beds
4
16
laboratory to asses characteristics of surface raw

The different scopes of up gradation for a slow water. The raw water quality at sources may
VDQGOWHU66)RUUDSLGVDQGOWHU56)EDVHG be considered suitable in respect of ability of
water treatment plants needs to be explored to treatment plants to produce good quality treated
water. The water quality of Bhopal is quite good
ensure supply of safe drinking water. Up gradation
as it does not contain appreciable amount of Fe
of a water treatment plant might be necessary due
and Mn. Few years back there was a problem of
to many reasons (1) Expiry of the design period
high Mn content in water which was due to a part
(2) Increase of coverage area resulting in increase of catchment area, but now it is resolved. There is
in demand (3) Population increase (4) Changes no requirement of any aeration unit operation in
in raw water qualities (5) Changes in scopes or the water treatment plants.
natures of treatment etc.
3.2 Coagulation and Flocculation
3.1 Raw Water Quality
Alum is being added as coagulant in both water
The samples of raw water were obtained from treatment plants. As pH of water lies in the range of
both water treatment plants and tested in the 6.5 to 8.5 during whole the year so consumption of
3.
Results and Discussion
553
Oct.-Dec. 2015
lime is less. Batching process is well maintained,

however, during monsoon when turbidity is
increased alum is feed by guessing manner which
VKRXOGEHDYRLGHG&ODVV&DOXPLVEHLQJXVHG
LQSODQWVZKLFKFDQEHUHSODFHGE\FODVV$DOXP
ZKLFK PD\ UHVXOWV LQ LQFUHDVH LQ HIFLHQF\ DQG
reduction in operating cost as proved before.
Recently some water treatment plants at Nasik
and Pune an Indian cities of Maharashtra province
have started using Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC)
instead of Alum, which is in liquid form. Water
treatment plants personnel appeared to prefer
PAC as no solution is to be prepared as in case of
alum. It can also be proven to a good substitute.
In both water treatment plants raw water is very
FOHDQKDYLQJWXUELGLW\LVOHVVWKDQ(IFLHQF\
of sedimentation for both plants is good.
due to algae content, where as it is not require at

Kolar WTP.
3.5
Operation and Maintenance of WTPs
Operation and maintenance of water treatment

plants (WTPs) are quite unsatisfactory. Repair of
equipment is not done timely due to lack of funds
and interest of authorities. Water treatment plant
operators should be provided regular training.
Proper database of operation & maintenance of
water treatment plant should be prepared and
HIFLHQW0DQDJHPHQW,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPV0,6
should be developed to cater to all the activities of
water treatment plants.
,QJHQHUDOWKHPRVWGLIFXOWFKHPLFDOIRUHIIHFWLYH
handling is lime, which is corrosive, dusty and
spreads easily throughout the building if not
FDUHIXOO\ KDQGOHG DQG FRQQHG /LPH KDQGOLQJ
and preparation should be separated and isolated
3.3 Filter Backwash
7KHOWHUDGRSWHGLQERWKSODQWVDUH5DSLG6DQG as much as possible to avoid contamination of
Filters (RSF). The back wash frequency is in other operations. Isolation can be helped by using
EHWZHHQKRXUV4XDQWLW\RIOWHUEDFNZDVK a separated closed area or by canvas contain
is normally about 5%. It can easily be recycled walls, or by any method appropriate for local
conditions which will keep lime dust away
to the inlet of water treatment plant, as about 20
from other activities. Lime transport by closed
times dilution would be available at the inlet.
compressed air systems is rarely used in smaller
This can be adopted easily and it is been illustrated
treatment plants, and is custom-designed for each
in previous sections for Narayangiri Water
installation.
Treatment Plant, as water condition of Bhopal is
Record keeping should be well maintained, also
quite good.
pH meter should be installed at each stage of
Filter backwash water should be recycled to treatment. Water should be metered at every stage
conserve water. This emphasizes the need for to maintain an optimum dose of chemicals and to
treatment before introduction to inlet which is reduce wastage of chemicals.
VXJJHVWHG LQ SUHYLRXV VHFWLRQV 5HXVH RI OWHUHG
backwash water, shall be explored by other water 3.5 Security of Water Treatment Plants
treatment plants. At Kolar, backwashing is done The security of plant and operators should be the
by guessing manner because of faulty apparatus UVWSULRULW\RIDQ\RUJDQL]DWLRQ3ODQWVKRXOGEH
well secure
against the non-friendly activities
which should be repaired as soon as possible.
as it may affect life of lot of peoples. Security
3.4 Chlorinators
of Narayangiri is not satisfactory, it should be
Chlorinators of both plants are in perfect conditions. improved as the plant is located in the midBoth plants use vacuum type chlorinators. At city. Safety of operators should be provided
Narayangiri WTP pre-chlorination is also provided against the chlorine exposure and other kinds
Oct.-Dec. 2015
554
of accidents. Each operator should be trained to

swim in case of any mishap. Proper steps
should be taken to prevent plants in case of any
Bio-hazard. These all are explained in details in
previous sections.
4.
Automation helps avoid excessive dependence

on man power and minimize the possibility of
human errors. Today, environmental engineers are
striving to utilize advanced automation systems to
integrate processes for a rapidly expanding range
of applications and human activities.
CONCLUSION
Up-gradation and technological modernization

is aimed at increasing the technical capabilities
DQG RSHUDWLRQDO HIFLHQF\ RI WUHDWPHQW SODQWV
Up-gradation is an induction and assimilation
of new technology to augment the capacity
and quality of the existing plant which in
turn results in a quantum or measurable
improvement in the performance of the plant.
In water treatment plants, up-gradation and
revamping have become all the more important
LQ WKH IDFH RI FKDQJLQJ LQXHQW FKDUDFWHULVWLFV
increased capacity requirements, to maintain
the quality of output water and other such
technical factors. Modernization of the plants
may be dictated by the changing environments
such as labour problems, lack of adequate time,
operational expertise, need to reduce human errors
and reduction of maintenance cost.
There are a number of generic type options
which one could consider. (1) Alternatives to
the chlorination. Think of UV disinfection (2).
Carbon adsorption to take of THM and other toxic
organics (3) Recycling of the wastewater from the
OWHUKRXVH0DQDJHPHQWRIVOXGJHJHQHUDWHG
by the plant (5) Plant automation and (6) Use of
VFDs to save energy etc.
One of the most important aspects of modernization
may be understood as automation of the plant.
Automation is the use of control systems such as
Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), Data
Control Systems (DCS), Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition (SCADA), Remote
Telemetry Units (RTU) in conjunction with
other applications of information technology to
control operations of machineries and processes.
5.
REFERENCES
1.
Acevedo, J., and Pistikopoulos, E. N. (1998).

Stochastic optimization based algorithms for
process synthesis under uncertainty. Computers &
Chemical Engineering, 224/5, 647671.
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simulators. II: The optimization algorithm.
Computers &. Chemical Engineering, 93, 257267.
3. Dominic L. Boccelli; Mitchell J. Small; and
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and Uncertainty. Journal of Environmental
Engineering, ASCE/ 303-312.
4. Boccelli, D. L., Small, M. J., and Diwekar, U. M.
(2004). Treatment plant design for particulate
UHPRYDO (IIHFWV RI RZ UDWH DQG SDUWLFOH
characteristics. Journal of American Water Works
Association, 9611, 7790.
5. Chaudhuri, P. D., and Diwekar, U. M. (1996).
Process synthesis under uncertainty: A penalty
function approach. (American Institute of Chemical
Engineers Journal), AIChE J., 423, 742752.
6. Clark, R. M. (1982). Cost estimating for
conventional water treatment. J. Environmental
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7. Dharmappa, H.B., Verink, J., Fujiwara, O., &
Vigneswaran, S. (1993). Optimal design of a
RFFXODWRU:DW5HV
8. Dharmappa, H.B., Vigneswaran, S., Verink, J. &
Fujiwara, O. (1994a). Water-treatment-system
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Vigneswaran, S. (1994b). Water-treatment-system
design for turbidity removal II: optimization,
Journal of environmental engineering, 120(4), 921942.
10. Diwekar, U. M., and Kalagnanam, J. R. (1997).
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under uncertainty. AIChE J., 432, 440447.
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11. Letterman, R. D. (1980). Economic analysis of

JUDQXODUEHG OWUDWLRQ J. Envir. Engrg. Div., 106
(EE2), 279291.
12. /L ;< DQG /RJDQ % ( 6HWWOLQJ DQG
coagulating behaviour of fractal aggregates. Water
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13. Mhaisalkar, V. A., Bassin, J. K., Paramasivan, R.,
and Khanna, P. (1993). Dynamic programming
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Environ. Eng., 119(6), 11581175.
14. Pistikopoulos, E. N. (1995). Uncertainty in process
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18. Amirtharajah, A., and OMelia, C. R. (1990).
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DQG RFFXODWLRQ :DWHU TXDOLW\ DQG WUHDWPHQW,
American Water Work Association, Pontius,
F.W. (Edi) 4th (GLWLRQ 0F*UDZ+LOO 1HZ <RUN
269365.
Land & Sea: - Productive Resources

by Dr. Durgadutta Ozha
We has opportunity to read through the rated book. This book is written in Hindi with few words
taken from Sanskrit as well. Content of book provides deep and elaborate information on Earth
& its environmental structure along with disintegration & conservation techniques. To propagate
KLVWKRXJKWWRYDULRXVFRPPXQLWLHVLQPRVWHIFLHQWZD\DXWKRUKDVLQFRUSRUDWHGDQGXWLOLVHG
English language as well wherever necessary.
Author has used the location photos and have used very easy language to communicate his
thought with most ease and interesting way.
There has been concentrated occurrence of elaborative critical thoughts on Earths uniqueness
and its variant character. There has been a balanced integration of ancient quotation with modern
WKRXJKWV$XWKRUKDVYHU\VNLOIXOO\SUHVHQWHGVFLHQWLFDQGHQJLQHHULQJNQRZOHGJHUHODWHGWR
our traditional observatory to modern pre-forecast techniques and occurrence of celestial events
under one roof in easy and understandable language. This efforts of author is highly appreciable
and acclaim able.
This book will surely prove to be an eye-opener & highly informative to our future generation,
students, scientists, social workers & elected representatives. This book is surely worth collectable
in all libraries.
By Er. Komal Prasad, Indore
Oct.-Dec. 2015
556
DISCUSSION ON ARTICLE
Water hammer and Pathogen Intrusion Studies on Water Distribution Systems
- S. Lingireddy & Ulhas Naik
VHYHUDO UHDO HOG LVVXHV DQG VXUJH SURWHFWLYH
Please accept my congratulations for publishing devices as we encountered such project earlier
good article on "water hammer... ", along with which took a lot of time and effort for the provision
of surge protective devices. Unfortunately,
Professor Srinivas Lingireddy.
were unable to publish that particular piece of
<RXUHGLWRULDOLQWKHLVVXHFLWHGLQVXEMHFWLVYHU\ interesting topic. The earlier project contains
interesting. After perusing through my attention 7 reaches and surge protective measures were
ZDVPDLQO\FHQWUHGRQWKHODVWSDUDJUDSK>DGYLFH suggested/designed. Four alternative surge
appeal] is of paramount importance. I was also schemes were examined for economical, reliable
impressed by the COVER PAGE and the details and maintenance-free operation of the [surge
furnished there in. Such engineering marvels - in protective] schemes. We surmise that the entire
the form of technical papers - shall be encouraged project might have been completed by now along
by IWWA Editors by inviting the relevant and with surge protective devices.
associated engineers to publish at least two papers:
My intent is not to advice the editors what they
a.
on engineering marvels of the 5 stage have to do but its a sincere request/suggestion. I
pumping scheme- design aspects and eagerly look forward to seeing such interesting
problems & solutions; and
articles and excellent editorials.
b.
on water hammer analysis and protective
With best regards
devices.
This kind of papers will be very important for young Dr P. V. RAO
engineers and future designers. Such technical Chief Engineer {Retd}
information is essential in the modern designs. Tata Consulting Engineers, Bangalore 560 001
, SHUVRQDOO\ NQRZ WKH GLIFXOWLHV LQ GHFLGLQJ IWWA LM001586 ; Mobile # 099453 35872
Dear Dr Ulhas Naik,
Assessment of Creek Water Quality around Mumbai

- Amol Khillare
The studies are laudable especially when easing
of approvals for investments is being blessed by
center and states competing to maximise scores of
new investments by further looking for scope to
HDVHEXUGHQRQLQGXVWULHV EXLOGHUV<RXDVRQH
of the participants in Antartica expedition have a
global perspective. I was just going through your
paper on this subject in JIWWA vol XXXXVII
No.3, July-Sept.2015 p453 -458.
It is amazing & comforting that Vasasi & Thane
creeks meet IS7967-1976 norms for D.O even
during low tides.
Only Gorai & Vasai creeks have higher TDS
during high tide than during low tide. Nevertheless
at all creeks there is not a major difference in TDS
between high tide & low tide. Does that mean
Mahim, Malad have higher impact on TDS due
to soil erosion, urban runoff where as Gorai &

Vasai have higher impact on TDS due to seawater
ingress?
7KH %2' YDOXHV DUH LQGLFDWHG WR UVW SODFH RI
decimal plus or minus numbers to 3 places of
decimals. AWWA method would be accurate to
not even one place of decimal. Therefore it is
appropriate mention in Table3, BOD Values as
37 to 42;39to 42;25to28;48to51 and 32 to 35 and
likewise in Table 4.
Vasai has highest D.O and also highest BOD
Highest D.O indicative of lowest pollution
whereas highest BOD is indicative of highest
pollution. Is it possible there is some interference
in BOD determination? I am aware of COD
Mr. M.C.Badarinarayana
557
Oct.-Dec. 2015
Oct.-Dec. 2015
558
Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers

for India, under Regn. no. 18768/1969
A very smooth inner surface with a rich cement

content giving the pipe an excellent and Permanent
hydraulic flow coefficient
A cylinder made of thin steel sheet which guarantees
absolute water tightness of the pipeline and contributes
to load resistance
Helically wrapped pretensioned bar reinforcement

providing stiffness and resistance to external loads
and internal pressure
Outer cement rich mortar coating provides the steel with
permanent protection against corrosion and also contributes
to load resistance
A permanent water tight

seal is formed upon
installation with welded
joints
Included in the schedule of rates by various

water Supply & Sewerage Boards.
Included in the CPHEEO manual as pipe material.
As per Bureau of Indian Standrads IS 15155-2002
Over 1080 KMs of Pipeline, with diameter ranging

from 250 to 1800 mm and pressure upto 26kg/cm2
already in use in Andhra Pradesh,Telangana State,
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh
More than 994 KMs of Pipeline under execution in
various States for Prestigious water Supply Projects.
Printed and published by Dr. Ulhas S. Naik on behalf of Indian Water Works Association and Printed at India Printing
Works, India Printing House, 42, G. D. Ambekar Marg, Wadala, Mumbai - 400 031 and published at Indian Water Works
Association, MCGM Compound, Pipeline Road, Vakola, Santacruz (East), Mumbai 400 055. Editor - Dr. Ulhas S. Naik

Journal of Indian Water Works Association (JIWWA, Vol-4, Issue-47) - Oct-Dec-2015

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Satisfied with the Performance

of Your Water Infrastructure?

Plan intelligently, improve operations, and make

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

OF INDIAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION

Founder President : Late D.R. Bhise

Hon. Secretary General

From the Editors Desk ..................................................................................487

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Dear Members and Readers of Journal,

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

We have helped D. I. Pipe

champhered spigot end

Ductile Iron Pipe is built tough to last for 100 years

The best pipe deserves the best Gasket.

dp Durable Polymer Products Pvt. Ltd.

Our Regional Office

148, Shivaji Nagar, Post Box No. 421,

Kolkata Office : 2C, 2nd Floor, Block 6, "Koyla Vihar", Vedbhumi,

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Removal of Select Heavy Metals from Polluted Water

of the heavy metal pollution of surface water,

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Table 1 Guidelines for drinking water quality

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as water, CO2, nitrates and phosphate and in the

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

7KHUHTXLUHGVDQGIRUOWHUVKRXOGKDYHHIIHFWLYH Engineering properties of sand used for the present

Elemental Composition Analysis of Sand

The distribution of elemental composition of the sand was

The sieve analysis of stock sand is done as shown

Fig.2 XRD spectrum of sand

Table 2 Sieve analysis of stock sand

Mass retained % of mass

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Heavy Metals Selected and Chemicals

Adsorption Experiments of Selected

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Similarly, in case of Cu, initial concentration of

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

Fig. 3: Effect of pH on removal of influent Cr

Fig. 4: Effect of pH on removal of influent Cu

Co= 16.64 (ppm)

4.1 Effect of pH on Heavy Metal Removal

Co= 1.97 (ppm)

Fig. 5: Effect of pH on removal of influent Zn conc.

concentration of Cr. Even at concentration of 20

Fig. 6: Effect of pH on removal of influent Mn

Influent conc. (ppm)

Fig. 7 Effect of influent conc. of Cr on

Fig. 8 Effect of influent conc. of Cr on

The results agree with those of Zeng (2002)

9.88 14.59 18.5

Influent conc. (ppm)

Fig. 9 Effect of influent conc. of Cr on

Journal of Indian Water Works Association

4.89 9.88 14.59 18.5

Fig. 10 Effect of influent conc. of Cr on the

Fig. 11 Effect of influent conc. of Cr on

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