Chapter 1

Name:

Canada: The Land

HWSS Socials
1.

Interpretation Questions

Name the six colonies of British North America in 1825

Upper Canada, Lower Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, P.E.I.,Newfoundland

2.

What name was given to the land owned by the Hudsons Bay Company?

Ruperts land
3.

What was present-day British Columbia called and who controlled it?

Oregon Territory, controlled by both England and the USA

4.

What was meant by W.L.M. Kings comment Canada has too much geography?

Canada hard to develop, large bodies of water, rivers, etc. mountains, hard to move and to
populate
5.

Why do most Canadians live close to the border?

Trade, the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Seaway,

close to the large populations

6.

Where is Canada situated in relation to the equator and the prime meridian? (Roughly, in degrees of longitude and
latitude)

7.

Describe the Canadian Shield.

Ancient granite, around Hudson Bay, few farms, not much soil, some forests
8.

What is Sudbury, Ontario famous for? Big

9.

What is the area around Toronto called?

Nickel, mineral wealth

Industrial heartland

The Land of Yesterday: pages 14 16

10. What economic activity attracted settlers to: #1

a. Upper Canada: relatively

b. Lower Canada: farming,
c.

inexpensive farmland, fur trade

fur trade

The Maritime Colonies: well

settled, fish, timber, trade with Britain

11. Which two companies controlled the fur trade in the 18 th century?

12. What kind of people worked in the fur trade?

HBC and North West Company #2

Mtis and the French #3

13. Which fur-bearing animal proved to be the most profitable to the fur traders?

Otter or beaver #4

14. How did the fur traders goals conflict with the settlers goals?

Prevented settlement, harmed the fur trade,

couldnt farm #5

Upper Canada: pages 16 22

15. How long did it take for a family to clear an average farm?

20+ years, 1 ha/year #6

16. Why were most families required to mortgage their crops for several years?

To pay expenses, couldnt grow

large crops till land was cleared, took a long time to pay start up expenses #7

17. Explain how the barter economy works.

when 2 or people trade goods, no money passing hands,

equal value goods traded #8

18. How did the settlers make the most use of raw materials on their land? #9

Nothing went to waste, used sold traded, trees were cut for lumber, debris burned to make
ash potash and lye which was turned into fertilizer and soap.
19. Who were the family compact and why were they so powerful? How did they get their name? #10

British ruling elite, had lots of money and controlled the government, most were family
members {all related}
20. Explain how life in Upper Canada had a way of leveling people. #11

All had to work on the farm, had to help each other to survive

21. What was the name of the ruling elite in Upper Canada and what did they believe in? #12

Family Compact, success for the rich and that the upper class/elite should rule
22. What kind of conditions did settlers from Europe expect to find in Upper Canada? #13

Good transportation, good and accessible cheap land, cleared land, easy access to trade and
supplies
23. What reality did they discover when they arrived? #14

The opposite, poor transportation, hard life

24. Explain the role of land speculators in Upper Canada and how much land they owned. Bought

high #15

land cheap, sold

25. How much land was set aside for the Crown and Clergy Reserves?

Why did this create so many problems for the settlers?

2/7, 1/7th each #16

Land was blocked, no trespassing, no roads

through, best land taken

26. Which group did the British government feel could best control the land in Upper Canada?

English aristocrats, Family Compact #17

27. In 1791, who held the power in the government? What power did he have? Why wasnt this system responsible or

representative? How is that system different than the system we have now?

Simcoe, unlimited oligarchy,

he didnt answer to anyone, couldnt remove him from office. Responsible now #18

The Immigrant Experience: Pages 23 - 32

28. Explain why the boats that poor British immigrants traveled to Canada in were called Coffin ships. #19

Many died during trip over from England or else they were ill when they arrived
29. In what year did most immigrants come to Canada from Great Britain?

30. Where did most of the immigrants come from?Great

1847 #20

Britain #21

31. What problem was caused by the rapid immigration into Upper and Lower Canada? What might have been the

outcome of this problem? Disease,

massive amount of people, not enough land or infrastructure

high crime, not enough employment #22

32. Which religious groups sheltered Black Americans along the Underground Railroad? Quakers

and Methodists

#23
33. What was their belief about slavery? It

was a sin against humanity #24

34. In which areas of Canada did most former slaves find acceptance and settle?

Upper Canada and the

Maritimes #25
35. Why were unmarried women pitied in pioneer society?

Had to rely on relatives, friends, very hard life #26

36. How did pioneer life break down social barriers to women?

All worked together, farmed together and did

house work together to survive. #27

37. Describe a womans typical duties and obligations on a farm.

of the family, #28

Colonial government and the Need for Reform, Pages 33-36

Housework, long hours, farming, taking care

1. Define the following terms: #29

a. Representative government: elected

b. Responsible government:

c.

Oligarchy: few

by people, created laws on their behalf

executive council is responsible to Leg. assembly

govt officials, tend to be rich and influential men

2. What kind of governments are representative?

Democratic #30

3. Explain what is meant by rep by pop {page 78}. Representation

based on number of people, equal

number of members for a set number of voters #31

4. Why did the British appointed governor rule for the oligarchy?

5. Name two aspects of the Constitutional Act of 1791.

Aristocrat, friends with those in power #32

1. divided Upper and Lower Canada, 2. gave the

colony an elected law making assembly #33

6. Why were there problems with the system of government after 1791?

Power held by govt and appointed

council not with people, they could veto any law #34
7. Who could vote at this time? Male

landowners #35

8. What did the Legislative Assembly want the government to do?

Spend $ on projects to help ordinary

people #36
9. What did the Executive and Legislative councils want the government to do?

Help the business class, better

roads and infrastructure, ignore the problems of the land speculators #37
10. Why were the members of the Assembly always frustrated?

Didnt agree with the govt #38

11. Why did settlers in Upper Canada have such difficulty establishing farms?

2/7 was land reserve, poor govt

policies #39
12. Why was Robert Gourlay arrested and sent out of the country {deported}?

13. Who took his place as the leading reformer? William

Spoke out against the govt, #40

Lyon Mackenzie #41

14. How did this argumentative Scotsmans view about government become so well known?

Published articles against the govt, member of the Legislative Assembly #42

15. What kind of government did he advocate for as the leader of the reform movement in 1828? democratic
16. Elections in the 1830s had no secret ballots. Describe the typical election process.

#43

Rally, threatened voters

with violence, bribed with money or alcohol #44

17. Today, what guarantees Canadians that they can protest against the government?

Charter of rights, freedom to

vote #45
18. Read Page 36 and answer questions 1, 2 and 4.
1
2
4
Stirrings in Lower Canada, Pages 37 43
1.

Name the three things that influenced French-Canadiens politically: #46

i. Language
ii. cultural roots
iii. ideology
2.

Who made up the oligarchy in Lower Canada? Merchants,

ex-army officers, elite Chateau Clique #47

3.

What name was given to this oligarchy?

4.

Who did they maintain ties with and why?

5.

Why did Lower Canada not experience the problems associated with land that plagued Upper Canada?

Chateau Clique #48

church and wealthy French Canadian landowners #49

Settled for a longer period of time #50

6.

What was the population of Lower Canada in 1820 and what percentage were Anglophones?

~420 000, 20% were Anglophones {~80000} #51

7.

What two events led French people to believe that their way of life was under attack?

Wanted to make English the official language, wanted to join Upper and Lower Canada ,
French would then be the minority #52
8.

Why did the Canadiens suspect that Britain was trying to solve the French problem with their immigration policies?
Explain their suspicions clearly. Wanted

to change the seigneural system, into a Britain freehold

system, the French would then be the minority #53

9.

Explain why the reformers in Lower Canada were frustrated with the Chateau Clique? Change

the old

seigneural system, reduce power of chateau clique, felt discriminated politically and
economically, didnt want to give up power #54
10. Explain why the French farmers were frustrated with the British government.

Raise land taxes, leave business revenue untouched #55

11. Who was the leader of the radical reformers in Lower Canada and what three issues did he focus on?

Louis

Joseph Papineau, a. discrimination against the French, b. unequal taxation, c. lack of power
over govt #56
12. What two things did the reform leaders want most?

A. assembly wanted control of the govt budget, B.

wanted a more American style republic #57

13. How did Governor Craig deal with the French problem in Lower Canada?

Arrested those that criticized the

govt, brought in soldiers to intimidate the French population. #58

14. Why did the French not support the proposal to unite Upper and Lower Canada in 1822?

Demanded a complete

change in the way the colony was governed, French would be the minority #59
15. Explain why Papineau and the Patriotes openly rebelled against the government in 1837?

Shared the same views on govt and economy, similar ideology #60
16. Explain the Seigneurial system.

A form of feudalism, one person owns the land and portions of it,

new owner must work a certain number of days for the Seigneur, give crops and wood to
him, the seigneur was responsible for building roads, church, mill and boundaries only
French used this #61
17. Who had the most power in Lower Canada?

Chateau Clique English bankers and ex-military #62

18. Discuss the accomplishments of Louis Joseph Papineau #63

Petition against the union; part of the

committee that wrote the 92 resolutions; leader of the Patriotes

19. What 3 issues became the focus of reformers in Lower Canada? #64

discrimination against the French, unequal taxation, lack of power within the government
20. How were the ruling classes favoured economically?

Political leaders, government officials,#65

21. How did Britain exacerbate the French/English problem in 1810? In 1822?

Proposal to unite Upper and

Lower Canada, French would be a minority and force English upon the united colonies as
well as the British would be the ruling majority #66
22. Why did MacKenzie and Papineau think armed attacks on the government was the only solution to their problems.

The government would not be reformed from within, they saw no other way to gain a voice
in the government and to remove the Chateau Clique from power #67
23. What was the outcome of the attacks? Why?

die easily defeated #68

Rebels lost, poorly organised and didnt want to fight to

24. What happened to the majority of the rebels?

Leaders were publicly hanged, the others - some

flogged, others sentenced to death while others were transported to Bermuda for 7 years
slave labour {many died in transport or from work} #69
25. Explain what happened in relation to Lord Durham and Lord Syndenhams actions {how did the French and English feel

about their actions/rules}?

#70