jynfwiG ;f a&G;aumufyrJG sm;

apmif-h unfah vhvma&;twGuf vufpJG

(Translated by the Burma Fund)

1
(OSCE) . 'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vl@tcGit
hf a&;qdik &f m&H;k (ODIHR) rS xkwaf 0jzef@csdonf?
Al. Ujazdowskie 19, 00-557 Warsaw, Poland.
www.osce.org/odihr

2
rlydik cf iG fh? OSCE/ODIHR 2003

TpmtkyfEiS fhywfoufaom rlyidk fciG u fh dk xde;f odrf;xm;ygonf? Txkwaf 0jzef@csdry_ g ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG toH;k ðy
Edik +f yD;/ ynma&;qdik &f m&nf&, G cf sufEiS fh pD;yGm;a&;t&aqmif&uG jf cif;r[kwaf om udprP sm;twGuf rdwLW yGm;Edik fygonf? odk@&mwGif
Todk@wqifu h ;l ,ljzef@csrd r_ sm;udk (OSCE/ODIHR)od@k tcsut f vufrsm;. rl&if; ydik &f iS t
f jzpf aus;Zl;wifa=umif; yl;wGJ
azmfjy&ef vdt k yfygonf?

rl&if;'DZidk f;? Damla Suar, Frankfurt Main, Germany

ydv
k efEidk if w
H iG f Polygrafus Andrzej Adamiak rS yHkEydS fonf?

rl&if;pmtkyfyHkESdyjf zef@csdru
_ dk ,lEdkuw
f ufuif;'rf;Edik if H tpdk;&rS axmufyhHun
l Dra_ y;ygonf?

taxGaxG jrifuiG ;f

3
1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;
2? apmif=h unfah vhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwaf qmif&u G jf cif;?
3? Oya'a=umif;qdik &f m ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;?
4? a&G;aumufyt GJ jiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
5? rJqENay;olrsm; rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;udpuP dk tuJjzwfjcif;ESihf a&G;aumufyJG-c&dik f e,fajrowfrw S fr_rsm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;?
6? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrt H kycf sKyfyu
Hk dk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
7? ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESifh Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; rSwfyw kH ifjcif;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
8? a&G;aumufyGJ rJq, G fpnf;&H;k r_udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
9? owif;rD', D mrsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
10? rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGujf cif;udk apmih=f unfjh cif;?
11? pm&if;oGi;f jcif;/ xyfqifhydk@aqmifjcif;ESifh xkwjf yefa=ujimcsuftm; apmif=h unft h uJjzwfjcif;?
12? tpD&ifcHwifoiG ;f jcif;ESifh axmufct H =uHðyjcif;?

rmwdum
ed'gef;
1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;
u? a&G;aumufyGJEiS fh vl@tcGit
fh a&;rsm;qdik &f m Edik if w
H umpHEe_ ;f rsm;
c? a&G;aumufyGJrsm; tuJjzwfjcif;wGif Edik if HwumpHcsdepf EH _e;f rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;
*? a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;udk tuJjzwfjcif;wGi/f jynfwiG ;f pHcsed fpHEe_ ;f rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;
C? ,cifu usi;f ycJah om a&G;aumufyGJEiS hf Edi_ ;f ,SOjf cif;?

2? apmif=h unf
unfah vhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwaf qmif&u
G jf cif;?

4
u? vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk tuJjzwfowfrw S jf cif;?
c? tpDtpOfa&;qGjJ cif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdik &f m udprP sm;
*? tpDtpOfzGJ@pnf;yHkEiS fh vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;/
C? Edik if Hv;Hk qdik &f maqmif&u G af om pDrcH surf sm;?
i? a'otvdu k fEiS fh Xmaetvdkuf pDrcH surf sm;?
p? bufrvdu k fr?_
q? todtrSwðf yr_ &,ljcif;?

3? Oya'a=umif;qdik &f m ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;?

u? Oy'a=umif;qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yHk
c? Oy'a=umif;qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;twGuf tajccHru
l ef@owfcsuf
*? a&G;aumufyt
GJ jiif;yGm;r_Z,m; a&;qGjJ cif;?

4? a&G;aumufyt GJ jiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?

u? tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ajz&Si;f yHu
k dk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
c? a&G;aumufyt GJ jiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif; ?

5? rJqENay;olrsm; rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;udpu P dk tuJjzwfjcif;ESihf a&G;aumufy-JG c&dik f e,fajrowfrw S rf r_ sm;ukd tuJjzwfjcif;?

u? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;ta&;}uD;yHk
c? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;§ rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;ESifyh wfoufI tqifhtwef;ESiw hf dusreS u f efru _ kd tuJjzwfjcif;?
*? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifh vlO;D a&qdik &f mtcsut f vufrsm;udk E_id ;f ,SOv f suf ydik f;jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;?
C? rJay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifhywfoufaom ppfwrf;rsm;?
i? uGejf yLwmjzifh ppfaq;jcif;?
p? trsm;jynfoq l idk &f m owif;jyef=um;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
q? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwyf Hw k if&mXmersm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
Z? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwyf Hkwifjcif;qdik &f m cHo k rm"dtzGJ@rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
ps? a&G;aumufyGJ-c±dik ef ,fajr owfrw S fr_rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?

6? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrt
H yk cf sKyfyu
Hk dk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
u? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrtH kycf sKyfr_ wnfaqmufyHk
c? tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&mudpPrsm;

7? ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESifh Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf w

kH ifjcif;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
u? Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf Hwk ifjcif;?
c? Edik if aH &;,SOòf yiforl sm; rSwyf Hkwifjcif;
*? trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkwidk ;f &if;om;rsm; rSwyf Hw k ifjcif;

8? a&G;aumufyGJ rJq,
G pf nf;&H;k r_udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?

5
u? Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESifh awG@qjkH cif;?
c? rD', D mESiafh wG@qHjk cif;?
*? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;ESifh awG@qjHk cif;?
C? rJq, G fyGJrsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
i? vHðk cHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
p? rJqG,pf nf;±H;k r_toH;k p&dwfrsm;/ tvSLaiGyrm%ESihf tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
q? Edik if aH wmft&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGJo;Hk pm;vkyrf _ukd apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
Z? yÉdyuQ umuG,fwmqD;jcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyJu G mvt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
ps? tjcm;udp&P yfrsm;udk apmih=f unfah vhvmjcif;?

9? owif;rD', D mrsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?

u? rD', D m apmih=f unfah vhvmjcif;. ta&;ygr_
c? rD',
D mapmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;. &nf&, G cf suf
*? rD',D mtwGujf yXmef;axm;aom Oya'a&;&muef@owfcsufudk tuJjzwfjcif;
C? toHvi$ fhr'D D,mESiyfh EHk SdyfrD',
D mudk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;
i? tca=u;aiGay;&aom Edik if aH &;a=ujimjcif;rsm;ESihf rJqEN&iS f ynmay;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
p? rD',D mESifo
h wif;axmufrsm;tay: +cdr;f acsmufjcif;udk apmih=f unfah vhvmjcif;

10? rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGujf cif;udk apmih=f unfjh cif;?

u? rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGufyu Hk dk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
c? pifòyif rJ-Z,m;oGi;f jcif;?

11? pm&if;oGi;f jcif;/ xyfqifyh dk@aqmif

aqmifjcif;ESifh xkwjf yefa=ujimcsutf m; apmif=h unft
h uJjzwfjcif;?
u? &v'fpm&if;oGi;f jcif;tm; apmih=f unft h uJjzwfjcif;. ta&;}uD;r_
*? a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;ae@ zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_rsm;tm; apmih=f unft h uJjzwfjcif;?
c? uGejf yLwmjzifh &v'frsm;ydk@aqmifjcif;udk apmih=f unft h uJjzwfjcif;?

12? tpD&ifcw H ifoiG ;f jcif;ESifh axmufct H =uHðyjcif;?

u? tpD&ifcHpmwifoiG ;f jcif;. ta&;ygr_
c? a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unft h uJjzwfolrsm;rS tpD&ifcpH mwifjcif;
*? xdyw
f udk &f ifqidk rf q
_ dik &f m tpD&ifcpH mrsm;
C? xkwjf yefcsufrsm;
i? aemufq;Hk tpD&ifcHpm
p? tpD&ifcHpm jzef@a0jcif;?

(OSCE) ESifh (ODIHR) ta=umif;

6
0gaqm/ 2003 ckEpS f?

7
aus;Zl
aus;Zl;wifv$m
TvufpGJpmtkyfu/dk Oa&myvHjk cHKa&;ESihf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G af &;tzG@J (OSCE) . a'otwGi;f &Sd jynfwiG f;a&G;aumuf
yGrJ sm;apmifh =unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;. yl;aygif; aqmif&u G rf j_ zifh xkwaf 0Edik cf jhJ cif; jzpfygonf? Tod@k a&;om;&eft=uHtpnfukd
(2001) ckESp/f arvwGif qvdkAufu;D ,m;Edik if &H /dS OD;aqmif aqmif&u G af e=uaomtzG@J rsm;ESihf vkyif ef;qdik &f m awG@qHak qG;aEG;yGJ
wpfckrS ay:xGuv f mcJjh cif;jzpf+yD;/ xdv
k aemufyikd f;wGi/f 0gaqmòr@wGiu f si;f yaom (OSCE/ODIHR) uGefz&ifw h iG f jynfwGi;f
a&G;aumufyGJrsm; apmif=h unfah vhvmaeol tzGJ@tpnf;aygif; (25) cku wufa&mufI xyfrjH znfhpGuf ðypkc=hJ ujcif; jzpfygonf?

'Drdu
k a&pDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f m&H;k (ODIHR) taejzif/h a&G;aumufyJGrsm;ðyjyif ajymif;vJa&;
tjynfjynfqidk &f m 0efaqmifr_vyk if ef;tzGJ@ (Electoral Reform International Services) . tr_aqmif'g&u kd wf m qdik frGef
atmhbeG f; (Simon Osborn) ud/k (ODIHR) . a&G;aumufyq JG ikd &f mXmeESihf TvufpJG pmtkyu
f kd yl;aygi;f a&;om;Edik cf =hJ u
onfth ay: aus;Zl;wif&aSd =umif; azmfjyvdyk gonf? (ODIHR) taejzif/h Tpmtkyt f wGuf a&;om;taxmuftul ðycJ=h u
onfh Mark Stevens, Paul O'Grady, Jessie Pilgrim, Peter Eicher wd@k udk tvm;wl aus;Zl; wif&dSygonf? aemufq;kH
taejzif/h (OSCE) taejzif/h Tpmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;twGuf wavsmufv;kH tultnDay;cJo h nf/h Edik if w
H uma&;&mrsm;qdik f
&m trsK;d om;'Drudk &uf wpftifpwDusL (National Democratic Institute for International Affairs) udk aus;Zl;wif&dS
a=umif; azmfjyvdkygonf? txl;ojzifh (NDI) . yHkEdSyx f w k af 0r_rsm;xJrS ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk aumufEw _ af zmfjycGiahf y;onfh
tay: txl;aus;Zl;wif&ySd gonf? (Holly Ruthrauff) . axmufyu hH lnrD u_ v
kd nf; txl;aus;Zl;wif&&dS ygonf?

ed'gef;
r=umao;rDEpS frsm;wGi/f a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESihf jynfol@qENc, H lyrJG sm;udk apmifh =unfah vhvmonfv h kyfief;rsm; xGef;um;
vmcJ+h yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk 'Drdkua&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;ESihf vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk axmufcHyHhy;kd ay;&ef/ ta&;}uD;onfh vkyif ef;
aqmifwmrsm;tjzpf aqmif&u G vf mcJ=h uygonf? a&G;aumufyJGrsm;onf 'Dru kd a&pDpepftwGuf r&Sdrjzpfta&;yg+yD;/ jynfolvx l k
rsm;u tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: ,H=k unfudk;pm;r_&jdS cif;ESihf a&G;aumufyJGrsm;ESihf oufqikd af omvkyif ef;pOfrsm;onfvnf; rnfokd@
aom'Dru dk a&pD tpdk;&rqdk. tm%mtajccHtw k jf rpftjzpf xlaxmifay;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? Edik if w H um. }uD;=uyfapmifh
=unfrh o_ nf vltrsm;. tm&Hpk l;pdu k frt_ &&Sq d ;kH jzpf+yD;/ ydrk kdvo
l drsm; xif&mS ;aponft h csdew
f iG f/ jynfwiG ;f Y apmif=h unfah vhvm
aeolrsm;. tcef;u¾ onfvnf; ydI k ta&;ygvmcJyh gonf? ,ae@umvwGi/f Oa&myvHðk cHa&;ESihf yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;
(OSCE) a'otwGi;f Y jynfwGi;f Ya&G;aumufyGrJ sm;udk apmif=h unf}h uD; =uyfae=uaomtkypf krsm;/ od@k r[kwf !Gef@aygi;f tzG@J rsm;
(25) ckcef@ &Sad e+yDjzpfygonf?

8
 jynfwiG f;Y a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unf}h uD;=uyfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;onf/ vltcGit hf a&;rsm;udk jr‡iw hf ifay;a&;ESifh umuG,f
ay;a&;twGuf wdu k &f u dk t
f axmuftulðyaeygonf? xdrk #ru/ yGiv fh if;jrifomaom/ vGwv f yfyiG v hf if;onfh a&G;aumufyJG
vkyif ef;pOf rsm;udk wnfqOJ ya'rsm;/ Edik if w H umpHcsdepf EH _e;f rsm;ESihftnD aqmif&u G jf cif;onf/ 'Dru kd a&pDvrl _ todik ;f t0dik ;f wpfck
. r&Sdrjzpfvt dk yfaomtcsufvnf; jzpfygonf? Edik if aH &;t& yg0ifaqmif&u G cf iG o hf nf ta&;}uD;ygonf? ta=umif;rSm
‚if;tcGit fh a&;onf/ tjcm;aomtajccHvl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;jzpfonfh vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG /hf v_y&f mS ;cGi/hf pka0;cGi/hf
pnf;&Hk;toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifhrsm;ESifh cGjJ cm;r&Edik af tmif qufpyfaeaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? jynfwiG ;f &St d kyfprk sm;u
a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmr_ðy=ujcif;jzif/h Oya'csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk umuG,w f m;qD;ay;Edik +f yD;/ a&G;aumufyGv J yk if ef;pOfrsm;
tay:Y &d;k om;oef@&Si;f r_ESifh wnf=unfcidk frmr_tay: vlxk.,H=k unfru _ kd wd;k wufapEdik fygonf? Ttcsuo f nfyif/ wzefjyef
I jynfov l x l k. yl;aygi;f yg0ifr_uv dk nf; tm;ay;&m a&mufapjyefygonf?
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk apmif=h unf}h uD;=uyfjcif;vkyif ef;rsm;onf/ vGecf ahJ om (10) ESpu f mvrSpI odoo d mom zGH@òz;
wd;k wufvmcJyh gonf? ,cktcsdew f iG f todtrSwðf y xm;aomtcsurf Sm/ a&G;aumufyJGwpfc. k ,H=k unfu;kd pm;&r_rmS
a&G;aumufyu GJ si;f yonfah e@&ufwiG o f mru/ a&G;aumufyJGrusif;yrD/ usif;y+yD;umvrsm;wGif jzpfysufr_rsm;ESiq hf ufpyftusKH;0if
aeonfudk azmfjyvm=uygonf? tvm;wlyif/ tjynfjynfqikd &f mrS avhvmolrsm;a&m/ jynfwiG f;rS avhvmolrsm;yg/ ydI k pepf
uszGJ@pnf;r_&aSd om/ ydI k bufpHk axmifpaHk pmif=h unfEh ikd af om a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;csnf;uyfykHrsm; csrSwaf qmif&u G f
=u&ef vdt k yfygonf? TvufpGJpmtkyfwiG f jynfwiG f;&Sad &G;aumufyaJG pmifh =unfah vhvmol tkyfprk sm; toHk;csEdik o f nfh enf;em
rsm;udk ðypkwifjyxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ ydI k jynfhpaHk om/ ydI k pepfusaom a&G;aumufyGaJ pmif=h unfah vhvmcsO;f uyfr_rsm; jzpfap&ef yHyh kd;
ay;Edik v f drrfh nf jzpfygonf?
azmfjyxm;aomenf;vrf;rsm;rSm Ttwdik ;f twdtusaqmif&Gu&f rnf[k rqdv k do
k uJo h d@k / txl;oD;oef@jzpfaom
enf;emrsm;vnf; r[kwfyg? Tenf;rsm;rSm jynfwiG ;f Y a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;twGuf vkyif ef;oHk; u&d,m
wpfck tjzpftoHk;ðyEdik &f efom &nf&, G yf gonf? rdrw d kd@.&nf&, G fcsurf mS twdtusvdu k fem aqmif&u G &f rnfh tao;pdwfenf;
emrsm;csrSwaf y;&ef r[kwb f J/ vGecf aJh omq,fpkESpf twGi;f / Edkiif w H umESihf jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfh avhvma&;
tzGJ@rsm;u zGH@òz;ap&ef jznfq h nf;vmcJ=h u+yD;/ xda&mufpmG aqmif&u G Ef ikd cf ahJ om/ enf;emrsm;udk azmfjyay;&efom jzpfygonf?
TtwGuaf =umifh TvufpGJpmtkyu f dk a&G;aumufyJGrsm;apmif=h unfh avhvma&;wGif yg0ifywfoufaeonfh Edik if HwumtzG@J
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rsm;ESifh ud, k fpm;vS,frsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmae=uolrsm;uvnf; toHk; ðyEdik =f uygonf? a&G;aumufyJGrsm;udk apmif=h unfh
avhvmonfhenf;vrf;rsm; zGH@òz;wd;k wufvmonfEiS t hf r#/ a&G;aumufyJGrsm;udk apmif=h unf}h uD;=uyf&ef csOf;uyfykHrsm;vnf;/
wd;k wufvm=uygonf? ar#mv f ifh&onfrmS / a&G;aumufyJGrsm; apmif=h unfah vhvmr_rsm; tawG@tñuHrsm;jym; ºu,f0vmonf
ESitfh r#/ avhvmod&cSd &Jh aom oifcef;pmrsm;udk Edik if w H umESihf jynfwiG ;f &Sad vhvmolrsm;xHr/S (OSCE) a'owGi;f ESihf a'ojyify
rS v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G af e=uolrsm;xHrS ydkIzvS,af 0iSEikd =f uvdrfrh nf jzpfygonf?
TvufpGJpmtkyfudk (OSCE) a'owGif;&Sd jynfwiG ;f Y a&G;aumufyaJG pmifh =unfah vhvm=uonfh tkypf k (20) ausmf.
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G frj_ zifh ðypkEdik cf jJh cif; jzpfygonf? xd@k tjyif urBm.tjcm;aomae&mrsm;rS jynfwiG ;f Y a&G;aumufyGaJ pmih=f unfh
avhvm=uonft h kypf krsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udv k nf; xif[yfazmfjyxm;ygonf? xdk@tjyif TvufpJGpmtkyo f nf/ (OSCE) .
'Drdu k a&pDtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vl@tcGit fh a&;qdik &f m&H;k (ODIHR) ESi/hf a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;udpPrsm;wGif aqmif
&Gucf =Jh uaom Edik if w H umtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tawG@tñuHrsm;udv k nf;/ xkw, f lo;kH oyfazmfjyxm;ygonf? txl;ojzif/h Edik if H
wuma&;&mudpPrsm; aqmif&u G af om trsKd;om;'Dru kd a&pD tifpwDusL (NDI) ESihf a&G;aumufyJGrsm; ðyjyifajymif;vJa&;
qdik &f m Edik if wH um0efaqmifrt _ zGJ@ (ERIS) wd@k jzpf+yD;/ TvufpJGpmtkyfwiG f (OSCE/ODIHR) ESihf (NDI) wd@k . yHEk dSyx f w k f
a0r_rsm;rS tcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf? xdk@tjyif jynfwiG f;Ya&G; aumufyGaJ vhvmapmif=h unf=h uonfh tkyfpkrsm;twGuf
toH;k 0ifEidk fonfv h rf;!$ef pmtkyw f pfcrk mS (NDI) rS xkwaf 0aom/ “jynfwiG ;f &Sd tzG@J rsm;u a&G;aumufyJGrsm;udk rnfuo hJ @kd

9
apmif=h unf}h uD;=uyf=urnfenf;? u-t vrf;!$e”f ("How Domestic Organizations Monitor Elections: An A-Z
Guide") jzpf+yD;/ TpmtkyfEiS fhy;l wGI
J toHk;ðyEdik fygonf?

10
11
1? a&G;aumufyGJ tuJjzwfjcif;?
u? a&G;aumufyGJEiS fh vl@tcGit
fh a&;rsm;qdik &f m Edik if w
H umpHEe_ ;f rsm;
c? a&G;aumufyGJrsm; tuJjzwfjcif;wGif Edik if HwumpHcsdepf EH _e;f rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;
*? a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;udk tuJjzwfjcif;wGi/f jynfwiG ;f pHcsed fpHEe_ ;f rsm;udk toHk;ðyjcif;
C? ,cifu usi;f ycJah om a&G;aumufyGJEiS hf Edi_ ;f ,SOjf cif;?

a&G;aumufyw GJ pfcu
k dk ‚if;Edik if .
H xm;&Sad om Edik if w
H um uwdu0wfðycsufrsm;ESihf Edik if .
H Oya'a=umif;qdik &f m
pnf;rsOf;Oya'rsm;t& tuJjzwfjcif;?

(1990) ckESp/f “udak ya[*if rSwfwrf;” (Copenhagen Document) wGif yg0ifaom/ jynfwiG ;f a&G;aumufyJGrsm;
qdik &f m (OSCE) .uwdu0wfðycsuu f dk txl;tav;xm;jcif;?

rlvu usi;f ycJah oma&G;aumufyrGJ sm;ESihf Edi_ ;f ,SOI f a&G;aumufyJGtajctaewd;k wufr_ tedrt hf jrifhukd xnfoh iG ;f
pOf;pm;jcif;?

u? a&G;aumufyGJEiS fh vl@tcGit H umpHEe_ ;f rsm;1

fh a&;rsm;qdik &f m Edik if w
yGivfh if;jrifomonf/h vGwfvyfonfh a&G;aumufyJGrsm;wGif aygif;pnf;yg0ifaeonfh tcef;u¾wpfcrk mS / tajccHusonf/h vlwikd f;
&&Sad p&rnfh tcGit fh a&;jzpfaom/ 'Drdkua&pDusonfh vltrsm;yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd cf iG &hf o
dS nfh tpd;k &wpfc&k &Syd ikd cf iG hfEiS /hf Edik if aH &;
qdik &f mtcGit fh a&;rsm;udk av;pm;jcif;wdk@ jzpfygonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk Edik if HwumrSww f rf;trsm;tjym;wGif tav;ay;azmfjy
xm;=u+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@rSm (OSCE) tzGJ@twGif; yg0ifaqmif&u G af e=uonfhEikd if Hrsm;u csrSwu f sifho;kH ae=uaomtcsurf sm;jzpfyg
2
onf? txif&mS ;qH;k tcsurf mS tjynfjynfqidk &f mvl@tcGit hf a&;a=ujimpmwrf; . tydk'f (21) jzpfygonf? Ttcsuw f iG af zmfjy
xm;onfrmS -
tjynfjynfqidk &f m vl@tcGit fh a&;a=ujimpmwrf;/ tyd'k f (21)
1? vlwidk f;onf/ ‚if;wdk@Edik if . H tpd;k &qdik &f mvkyif ef;rsm;wGif wdku&f u kd jf zpfap/ vGwv f yfpmG a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;aom ud, k f
pm;vS,rf sm;rS wqifjh zpfap/ yg0ifaqmif&u G &f ef tcGit hf a&;&So
d nf?
2? vlwidk ;f onf/ ‚if;wdk@Edik if H. trsm;jynfoq l dik &f m0efaqmifrv _ kyfief;rsm;udk nDr#pGm &,lcHpm;ydik cf Gihf &Sad p&rnf?

1
(OSCE) a'otwGi;f &Sd 'Dru dk a&pDa&G;aumufyrGJ sm;ESiyfh wfoufI Edik if w
H umpHEe_ ;f owfrw
S cf surf sm;udk ydrk jdk ynfph pHk mG tuJjzwfcsurf sm;udk od&v Sd ydk g
u (Existing Commitment for Democratic Elections in OSCE Participating States: A Progress Report) tpD&ifcpH mudk =unfyh g? TtpD&ifcpH mESifh tjcm;
toH;k 0ifEidk rf nfh rSww
f rf;rsm;udk (OSCE/ODIHR) . tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS (http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/standards.) wGi=f unf&h _
Edik yf gonf?
2
tjynfjynfqidk &f mvl@tcGit fh a&;a=ujimpmwrf; (Universal Decleration of Human Rights) / Edik if o H m;tcGit fh a&;ESifh Edik if aH &;qdik &f m tjynf
jynfqidk &f moabmwlncD suf (International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights) ESifh tjcm;aom ukvor*~.vl@tcGit fh a&;qdik &f mpHEe_ ;f
rsm;udk urBmu h v
k or*~/ vl@tcGit fh a&;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;&H;k . tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS (http://www.unhchr.ch) wGif &&SEd idk yf gonf?

12
3? jynforl sm;. qENonf/ tpd;k & tm%mydik pf kd;r_. tajccHtw k jf rpfjzpfap&rnf? TqENrsm;udk yHkreS t f csed t
f ydik f;tjcm;tvdu k f
usi;f yaom/ ppfrSeaf oma&G;aumufyGJrsm;jzifh azmfjy&rnfjzpf+yD;/ Ta&G;aumufyJGrsm;udk vlwikd f;rcGjJ cm;rJay;cGi&hf I dS / v#K@d 0SufrJ
ay;pepfjzifh jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf tvm;wlnDr#aom vGwv f yfonfhrq J ENay;Edik o
f nfh vkyif ef;pOfrsm;jzifh usi;f yay;&rnf?

tjynfjynfqidk &f mvl@tcGit fh a&;a=ujimpmwrf;onf/ aemufqufwjJG zpfay:vmrnfh vl@tcGit hf a&;qdik &f mpHxm;owfrw S cf suf
rsm;ESifh uwdu0wfrsm;. tajccHtw k jf rpfjzpf+yD;/ TtcGit hf a&;rsm;wGif ukvor*~ Edik if o H m;tcGithf a&;ESihf Edik if aH &;tcGihf
3
ta&;rsm;qdik &f m Edik if w H umoabmwlncD suf / Oa&myaumifp. D vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;ESihf tajccHvw G v f yfciG hfrsm; umuG,f
4
apmihaf &Smufay;a&;qdik &f m Oa&myEdik if rH sm;. oabmwlncD suf ESihf (1990) ckESpw f iG f udak ya[*ifòr@Y usif;yaom Oa&my
5
vHðk cHa&;ESifh yl;aygi;f aqmif&uG af &;twGuf nDvmcH wGif uwdu0wfðycsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifygonf? Oa&myEdik if Hrsm;. uwd
u0wfðycsufrsm;udk aemufyidk ;f wGif udak ya[*ifrw f rf;rsm;[k vlord sm;=uygonf?6 Tta&;ygaomrSww
S w f rf;rsm;u Edik if Hrsm;
wGif Edik if o
H m;rsm;u tpd;k &.vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd cf iG hf tcGithf a&;twGuf/ a&G;aumufyrJG sm;. tcef;
u¾udk tav;ay;azmfjyxm;ygonf?

Oa&myvHðk cHa&;ESifh yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;tzGJ@ (OSCE) .rSwfwrf;rsm;wGif Edkiif rH sm;vdkuef m&rnft h csufrsm;udk tESpcf sKyf
azmfjy&v#if-

oifah vsmaf om umvtydik ;f tjcm;wGif vGwv f yfaoma&G;aumufyrJG sm; usi;f y&ef/

tenf;qHk; Oya'ðyv$waf wmfwpfcw k iG /f ae&mtm;vH;k udk vlxt k rsm;pk.rJjzifh a&G;cs,w f ifajr‡mufciG ðhf y&ef/

vlwidk ;f rJay;Edik af om/ wef;wlnDr#aom tcGit hf a&;&&Sad p&ef tmrcHcsuaf y;&ef/

rJqENay;r_rsm;udk v#Kd@0Sufpepfjzifah qmif&u G I f / ‚if;wdk@udk &dk;om;jzLpifpmG jzifh a&wGu/f tpD&ifcHwifjy&ef/ &v'fukd
jynfot l rsm; od&aSd p&ef a=ujimay;&ef/

Edik if oH m;rsm;. tpd;k &ae&mXmersm;wGif a&G;cs,fcyH dik cf iG u hf kd av;pm;vdkuef m&ef/

Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;wnfaxmifciG fhudk av;pm;vdu k ef m&ef/ xdk@tjyif ‚if;ygwDrsm;udk Oya'a&S@arSmufwiG f wef;wlcpH m;cGihf
&Sad om tcGit fh a&;/ tm%mydik frsm;u wef;wlqufqaH om tcGihfta&;jzifh ,SOòf yifciG &hf adS p&ef/

vGwv f yfI r#wavsmu f efaom0ef;usiw f iG /f Edik if aH &;pnf;&H;k r_rsm; aqmif&u G cf iG &hf adS p&ef/ tm%mydik frsm;. ta&;,l
aqmif&u G rf r_ sm;/ t=urf;zufrr_ sm;/ +cdr;f ajcmufr_rsm;/ ud, k fpm;vS,rf sm;tay:/ Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;tay:/ rJay;ol jynf
olrsm;tay: vufpm;acsc&H rnfudk a=umuf&HG@ae&jcif;rsm; r&Sad pyJ aqmif&u G fEikd af p&ef/

cGjJ cm;qufqrH u _ if;aomtaetxm;jzifh owif;rD', D mrsm;udk uef@owfwm;qD;r_ r&Sad pbJ toH;k ðycGi&hf &ef/

vdt k yfaomrJta&twGuf tEdik f&aom ud, k pf m;vS,frsm;udk tpd;k &Xmersm;wGif tyfEiS ;f &ef/ ponft h csurf sm; yg0if
ygonf?
vlwpfOD;. tcGit fh a&;rsm;udk umuG,af y;a&;twGu/f Oya'a=umif;t& epfemr_rsm;udk jyefvnfupk m;ay;aomvkyfx;kH rsm;udk
tjynfjynfqidk &f m vl@tcGit fh a&;a=ujimpmwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf? (tydk'f 8/ 10 ESihf 11)? Edik if o H m;rsm;tcGit hf a&;ESihf

3
(UN International Convenant on Civil and Political Rights) ICCPR .tyd' k f (25) wGi/f Edik if o
H m;wdik ;f ud/k cGjJ cm;uef@owfr_ r&Sad p&bJ/ rJay;
cGifh tcGit
fh a&;ESifh tcGiv
fh rf;&Sad p&rnfjzpf+yD;/ a&G;cs,cf yH idk cf iG v
fh nf; &Sad p&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf?
4
Council of Europe's European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)
5
CSCE aemufyidk ;f wGif OSCE tjzpf ajymif;zGJ@onf/
6
Oa&myaumifp.
D vl@tcGit
fh a&;qdik &f m oabmwlncD surf sm;ESifh pHxm;owfrw S cf surf sm;udk aumifp. D tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif &&SEd idk yf gonf?
(www.coe.int) Oa&my vHðk cHa&;ESifh
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G af &;qdik &f mtzGJ@. rSww
f rf;rsm;udk tdtk ufppf t
D ;D . tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif &&SEd idk yf gonf?
(www.osce.org)

13
Edik if aH &;qdik &f m tcGit
fh a&;rsm;qdik &f m Edik if w
H umoabmwlncD suf (tydk'f 2/ (3)/ tyd'k f 9 ESihf tyd'k f 140 wdk@wGi)f aomfvnf;
aumif;/ Oa&myaumifp. D vl@tcGit fh a&;rsm;ESihf tajccHvw
G v
f yfciG rhf sm; umuG,f apmihaf &Smufay;a&;qdik &f m Oa&myEdik if rH sm;
. oabmwlncD suf (tydk'f 6/ 7 rS 13 txd) wGiv f nf;aumif;/ udak ya[*ifrw S wf rf;. tydk'f (5) wGiv f nf;aumif; T
tcsurf sm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf?

Edik if t
H rsm;tjym;onf trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh tpd;k &ESihf jynfoltrsm;.vkyif ef;rsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&u G Ef ikd af &;udk ydkrw
kd kd;wuf
I pdw0f ifpm;r_&v Sd ma=umif; azmfjyvm=uygonf? tjynfjynfqkdi&f m vl@tcGit hf a&;a=ujimpmwrf;ESihf tjcm;aomEdik if w H um
pmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;/ (OSCE) . uwdu0wfðycsufrsm;wGif aocsm&Si;f vif;pGmazmfjyxm;onfrmS / vlwikd f;onf Edik if aH &;yg0if
aqmif&u G cf iG fh tygt0if vl@tcGit fh a&;rsm;udk cHpmEdik cf iG &hf +dS yD;/ vdit
f ygt0if tjcm;aomta=umif;jycsufrsm;jzifh cGjJ cm;qufqH
cH&jcif; r&Sad p&[k azmfjyxm;ygonf? Tta=umif;udpEP iS hf ywfoufaom tao;pdwt f csufrsm;ud/k ukvor*~. trsK;d orD;
7
rsm;udk cGjJ cm;qufqcH &H jcif;rS yaysmufapa&;qdik &f m Edik if w H umoabmwlncD suf (CEDAW) ESihf (OSCE) . 1991 ckESp/f
8
vlom;&_axmifq h idk &f m armfpudkrSww f rf;rsm; (tyd'k f 40/ 40-4/ 40-8) wd@k wGif awG@Edik yf gonf?

vlenf;pkwidk ;f &if;om;rsm; umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;a&;ESihf vlenf;pktkypf t k wGi;f yg0ifaom vlom;wdik f;. wef;wlEikd if aH &;
&ydik cf iG fhrsm;rSm/ Edik if w
H umvl@tcGit fh a&;qdik &f m Oya'rsm;wGif yg0ifazmfjyxm;+yD; jzpfygonf? ‚if;tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk ydkrkdw;kd
wuftodtrSwðf yvm=u+yD;/ ydkI aqmif&u G af jz&Si;f ay;vm=uygonf? Todk@aom tcGit hf a&;rsm;udak zmfjyxm;onfh Edik if H
wumOya'rsm;wGi/f ukvor*~. vlrsKd;a&;t&cGjJ cm;zdEdSyjf cif;qdki&f mudpPrsm;udk tqH;k owfa&;Edkiif w H um oabmwlncD suf 9
(tyd'k f-2)/ ukvor*~. wdik f;&if;om; odk@r[kwf vlrsK;d EG,fpw k pfc/k bmoma&;t&/ bmompum;t& vlenf;pkwiG f yg0ifol
10
rsm;. tcGit fh a&;qdik &f m xkwjf yefa=ujimcsuf (tyd'k -f 15)/ ESihf (OSCE) . armfpudrk w S w f rf;rsm;wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?
TpH xm;owfrSwcf sufrsm;udk tao;pdwfyI kd Edik if .
H vlenf;pkrsm;udk tpd;k &ESihf trsm;jynfoq l ikd &f mvkyif ef;rsm;wGif
11
ydrk x
dk ad &mufpmG yg0ifaqmif&u G fEdkiaf &;qdik &f m vGe;f 'ft=uHðycsuw f Gif azmfjyxm;ygonf?

xl;jcm;aomtcsufrmS / udak ya[*ifrw S wf rf;rsm;. tydk'f (8) t&/ (OSCE) a'owGi;f Y Edik if w H umESifh jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;
aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;. tcef;u¾udk usK;d a=umif;jzifh azmfjyxm;ygonf? “Edik if jH cm;rSaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynf
wGi;f rSaomfvnf;aumif;/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm; &Sad ejcif;tm;jzif/h a&G;aumufyG. J ,H=k unfukd;pm;&r_ukd jrifw
h ufaponf”
[k azmfjyxm;ygonf? tyd'k f (10) wGi/f Edik if o H m;rsm;. toif;tzG@J rsm;taejzif/h “jynfwiG ;f Yaomfvnf;aumif;/ ‚if;wdk@Edik if . H
jynfy&St d vm;wltzGJ@rsm;ESiafh omfvnf;aumif;/ Edik if w H umtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESiahf omfvnf;aumif;/ qufpyfciG /hf qufo, G f
owif;&,lciG &fh aSd p&rnf/” “Edik fiw
H iG ;f ESifh Edik if w
H umrS &if;jrpfrsm;&&S&d ef pnf;&H;k jcif;/ vufc&H ,ljcif;/ toH;k csEdik jf cif; &Sad p&
rnf”[k azmfjyxm;onf? xdk@tjyif tydk'f (12) wGi/f yg0ifaqmif&u G =f uaomEdik if Hrsm;taejzif/h “tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzG@J

7
UN Convention for the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
8
1991 Moscow Document on the Human dimension
9
UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
10
UN Decleration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious or Linguistic Minorities
11
vGe;f 'ft=uHðycsurf sm;udk (1999) wGirf =l urf;a&;qGcJ +Jh yD;/ (OSCE) . wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;qdik &f m r[mrif;}uD;&H;k u cef@tyfwm0efay;aom
u|r;f usio
f yl nm&Sirf sm;u ðypkc=Jh ujcif; jzpfygonf? Tt=uHðycsuf a&;om;aqmif&u G cf yJh u
Hk dk atmufazmfjyygpmtkyw
f iG f awG@&SEd idk yf gonf? The Origin
andf Nature of the Lund Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Public Life, Helsinki Monitor, Volume II, No. 4,
2000. 2001ckEp S w
f iG f (ODIHR) u a&G;aumufyv GJ yk if ef;pOfrsm;wGif wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;udk yg0ifaqmif&u
G Ef idk af &;twGuf ulnyD yHh ;dk ay;a&;qdik f
&m vrf;!$ecf surf sm; (Guidelines to Assit National Minority Participation in the Electoral Process) udk xkwaf 0jzef@cscd yJh gonf?
‚if;udk (www.osce.org/odihr/documents/guidelines/gl_nmpa_eng.pdf) tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif &&SEd idk yf gonf?

14
tpnf; (tJef*st D )dk rsm;. ud,k fpm;vS,rf sm;udk wnf&adS pjcif;/ w&m;&H;k rsm;a&S@wGif &Sad pjcif;jzif/h ,H=k unfrw
_ nfaqmufaom
vky&f yfwpfct
k jzpf owfrw S v
f ufc&H rnf”[k azmfjyxm;ygonf?

qvdAk ufEidk if &H Sd jynfwG

wiG ;f a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvma&;tkypf wpf
kwpfcu
k a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmcGihf &&Scd jhJ cif;?

(1998) ckEpS fwiG /f qvdkAufEidk if Hom;rsm;u (jynfo@l rsufv;kH ) (Obcianske Oko) [k trnf&aom a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfh
avhvma&;tkypf w k pfpu
k dk zGJ@pnf;cJ+h yD;/ xdEk pS f pufwifbmvtwGi;f usif;yaom ygvDrefvw $ af wmfa&G;aumufyGrJ sm;udk apmifh
=unfah vhvmcJhygonf? odk@aomfvnf;/ Edik if w H uma&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;ESihf Edi_ ;f ,SOyf gu/ Edik if HwumrStzGJ@rsm;
udk rJ&Hkrsm;twGi;f odk@0ifa&mufcGiafh y;+yD;/ tqift h oD;oD;&Sd a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Si}f uD;=uyfolrsm;ESiv hf nf; awG@qHck iG ahf y;xm;yg
onf? odk@aomfvnf; jynfolrsufv;Hk tzGJ@rS avhvmolrsm;udk a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f TtcGit hf a&;rsm;ay;&ef jiif;qdck hJyg
onf?

jynfol@rsufvHk;tzGJ@u TqHk;jzwfcsuu f dk zGJ@pnf;yHt

k ajccHOya'ESihf nD-rnDppfaq;&ef zGJ@pnf;yHkqikd &f mcH&k ;kH odk@ awmif;qdck +hJ yD;/
Edik if o
H m;rsm;taejzifh a&G;aumufyJGrsm;wGif olw@kd .yg0ifaqmif&u G &f ef tcGit
hf a&;&Syd Hu
k kd wifjycJyh gonf? xl;jcm;ajymifajrmuf
aomqH;k jzwfcsut f jzpf/ zGJ@pnf;yHkqidk &f mcH&k ;Hk u TtzGJ@udtk omay;cJ+h yD;/ qvdAk m;uD;,m;Edik if w
H iG f a&G;aumufyJGrsm;Y jynfol
rsm; avhvmapmih=f unf&h eftcGifhta&;&Syd u Hk dk tav;teufxm;azmfjyay;cJhygonf?

H umpHcsed pf EH e_ ;f rsm;udk toH;k ðyjcif

(c)? a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif Edik if w ðyjcif;?

Edik if w
H umrS todtrSwðf yvufcx H m;aom pHcsed fpHE_e;f rsm;ESi/hf a&G;aumufyJGwpfck rnfr#vkduef mudu k nf Dr&_ odS nf qdok nfrSm/
Edik if w
H umESifh jynfwiG ;f &Sad &G;aumufyGJrsm;udk avhvmapmif=h unfhtuJjzwfolrsm; wdik f;wmEdik af om pH/ aywH owfrSwcf sujf zpf
ygonf? Edik if w H umpHowfrw S cf sufrsm;onf/ ‚if;wd@k .oabmobm0t& ydI k a,bk,soabmqef+yD;/ Edik if t H rsm;u vdu k fem
taumiftxnfazmfEidk af tmif us,jf yef@aomrlrsm;csrSwx f m;jcif; jzpfygonf? jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyJGrsm;udak vhvmapmifh
=unfo h nfh tkyfpkrsm;taejzifh/ Ta,bk,stajccHrlrsm;ESihf wdku=f unft h oH;k ðy&mY tao;pdwfusaomjy\emrsm;ñuHawG@&
Edik fygonf? odk@aomfvnf;/ tajccHOya'ot&/ Edik if HwumpHcsdefpEH _ef;rsm;onf jynfwiG ;f &Sad &G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unhaf vhvma&;
tkypf kwpfct k oH;k ðy&eftwGuf &Si;f vif;jynfhpHkr&_ +dS yD;/ olwkd@udik w f G,af qmif&u G &f rnfh udpPrsm;ESihf tenf;i,ftcuftcJ&dSEikd fyg
onf? odk@aomfvnf;/ tcsKd@aomjzpf&yfrsm;wGi/f jzpfay:aeaom tajctaeonf wdus&iS ;f vif;r_ r&Sb d /J Tod@k aomtajctae
rsm;wGif Edik if wH umpHcsdefpEH _ef;rsm;ESifh owdxm;cGjJ cm;I tuJjzwf&rnf jzpfygonf? Edik if w H umpHEe_ ;f rsm;rSm Edik if w
H ikd f;u
vdu k ef maqmif&u G Ef idk &f eftwGujf zpf+yD;/ aumif;rGeaf om usix hf ;kH rsm;jzpfygonf? Tonfrsm;rSm vdv k m;qEN&adS omudprP sm;jzpf
aomfvnf;/ twdtus rjzpfraevkyaf qmif&rnf[k rqdkvkdyg?

atmufwiG af zmfjyxm;aom pmyd'k o f nf/ jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;tkyfpkrsm; od&v dS akd om/ Edik if w
H um
pHcsdepf EH _e;f tcsKd@ESifh ywfoufI/ tcsKd@aomjy\emrsm;udk tusOf;csKH ;azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ (OSCE) tzGJ@0ifEikd if rH sm;uvnf;
vufcx H m;=uygonf? Ttcsufrsm;rSm tcsed fykHrSef a&G;aumufyJGusi;f yjcif;/ ppfrSeaf om a&G;aumufyJGrsm;/ vGwv f yfaom a&G;
aumufyGJrsm;/ r#wr_&aSd om a&G;aumufyGJrsm;/ vlwikd ;f rJay; a&G;cs,cf yH ikd cf iG hfEiS hf v#Kd@0SufraJ y;pepfjzifh rJay;apjcif;wd@k jzpfygonf?
Edik if w
H dik ;f . tpdk;&rsm;onf/ Todk@uwdu0wfðyxm;aom tcsufrsm;udk aocsmpGmvdu k femusihfo;kH &ef t"dutm;jzif/h wm0ef
&Syd gonf?

15
tcsderf eS uf si;f yaom a&G;aumuf
aumufyrGJ sm; qdo k nfrmS / a&G;aumufyJGrsm;udk tcsdefyHkreS fusi;f yay;jcif;jzpf+yD;/ Oya't&vnf; T
tcsuu f dk jyXmef;xm;ygonf? a&G;aumufyGJwpfckEiS hf wpfc=k um;umvonf/ rqDavsm&f avmufatmif =um&Snaf ejcif; rjzpf
oifyh g? 7-ESpq f o
dk nfrmS Edik if H. t"duOD;aqmifot l wGuf a&G;cs,f&efusif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGrsm;t=um; =um&ef trsm;qH;k
tcsed tf wdik f;twmjzpfoih+f yD;/ 5-ESpw f mumvqdo k nfrmS atmufvw $ af wmf/ ygvDrmefa&G;aumufyJGrsm;twGuf t=umoifq h ;kH
tcsed jf zpfygonf? tpdk;&.tkycf sKyfa&;Xmersm;twGuf t&m&Srd sm;udk a&G;aumuf&mwGi/f &moufyefa&G;aumufxm;jcif;rsKd;
rjzpfapoifyh g?

ppfreS af oma&G;aumufy[ GJ k qdjk cif;rSm/ t"dutm;jzifh rJqEN&iS frsm;. trSefwu,fa&G;cs,frj_ zpfapoif+h yD;/ jynforl sm;. tpd;k &
ajymif;vJciG fh tcGit fh a&;udk xif[yfap&ygrnf? tu,fI tm;xm;Edik af omtwdkut f cHu,kd fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm; r&Sdygu/
Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;. zGJ@pnf;r_rsm;/ odk@r[kwf v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G frr_ sm;/ udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;tay: usK;d a=umif;rqDavsmf
aom uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm; csrSwx f m;ygu/ od@k r[kwf rJqEN&Sirf sm;taejzifh jyefvnfta&G;cs,fcrH nfh vuf&t dS m%mydik fukd
usK;d a=umif;qDavsmfpmG rJay;ðzwfcsEidk &f ef tvm;tvmr&Sdygu/ xdak &G;aumufyJGrsm;. tppftrSejf zpfru _ kd ar;cGef;xkwfp&mjzpf
vmaprnf jzpfonf?

vGwv f yfaoma&G;aumufyrGJ sm; qdo k nfrmS / a&G;aumufyJGrwdkirf u D mv/ a&G;aumufyt JG wGi;f ESihf +yD;qH;k aomumvrsm;wGi/f
vl@tcGit fh a&;rsm;ESifh tajccHvw G v f yfciG frh sm;udk apmifah &Smufvkduef m xde;f odr;f &efyif jzpfygonf? Edik if o H m;tm;vH;k / Edik if aH &;
ygwt D m;vH;k / udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;tm;vHk;onf vGwv f yfpmG azmfjyajymqdck iG /hf vGwv f yfpmG pka0;cGi/hf pk&;kH cGi/hf v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;
aqmif&u G yf idk cf iG fh &&Scd Hpm;Edik &f rnf jzpfonf? a&G;aumufyv JG kyif ef;pOfrsm;onfvnf; +cdrf;ajcmufr/_ t=urf;zufr/_ tkycf sKyfa&;
tm%mt& ta&;,lc&H r_/ odk@r[kwf vufpm;acswHk@jyefc&H rnfh a=umuf&@HG r_rsm;rS uif;vGwcf iG hf&&dS ygrnf? owif;rD'D,mrsm;
onfvnf; a&G;aumufyEGJ iS yfh wfoufI vGwv f yfpmG azmfjycGi&hf &dS rnf jzpf+yD;/ vlxt k ajcðy vlrt _ zG@J tpnf;rsm;onfvnf;/ a&G;
aumufyGJEiS fhywfoufaom v_yf&mS ;aqmif&u G rf _rsm;wGif vGwv f yfpGm aqmif&u G fEikd cf iG hf &S&d ayrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- jynfwiG ;f &Sd
a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ rJay;r_/ rJa&wGurf _rsm;udk vGwfvyfpmG apmih=f unfhEkdicf iG &hf &dS rnf jzpf+yD;/ &v'frsm;
pm&if;azmfjyr_onf jrifomap&rnfjzpf+yD;/ a&G;aumufyq JG ikd &f m aumfr&Sit f qift h m;vH;k wGiv f nf; jyefvnfppfaq;twnfðy
Edik cf iG fh &S&d rnfjzpfonf? rJ&t Hk qifrh oS nf/ =um;tqifh a&G;aumufyJG tm%mydik frsm;ESihf aemufq;kH A[dak &G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sif
txdyg qufo, G fppfaq; twnfðycGifh &&Sad p&rnf jzpfonf?

r#waom a&G;aumufyrGJ sm; taejzif/h ,SOòf yif=uolrsm;. òyifyJGuiG ;f udk wajy;nDjzpfap&ef vdktyf+yD;/ Oya't&aomfvnf;
aumif;/ tm%mydik rf sm;. qufqaH &;t&aomfvnf;aumif; wajy;nD&&Scd Hpm;Edik &f ef jzpfygonf? Oya'ydik ;f qdik &f mtaejzifh/
cGjJ cm;qufqrH r_ &Sad p&yJ/ r#wpGm taumiftxnfazmfoifhygonf? ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;tjzpf 0ifa&mufta&G;cHvo kd rl sm;onf
vnf; ‚if;wdk@.qENtwdik ;f aqmif&u G Ef idk cf iG fh &Sad p&ygrnf? trsm;jynfolyikd f t&if;tjrpfrsm;udv k nf; wpfzufapmif;eif;toHk;cs
cGifh r&Sad p&yg? jynfot l rsm;. owif;rD'D,mXmersm;onfvnf;/ wef;wl&nfwl qufq&H ygrnf? a&G;aumufyGOJ ;D aqmifusif;y
ay;rnfh tm%mydik frsm;onfvnf;/ bufvu dk frr_ &SdbJ aqmif&uG =f u&ygrnf? rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGujf cif;/ rJpm&if;a&;oGif;jcif;udpP
rsm;wGiv f nf; vdrv f nfru _ if;pGm aqmif&u G &f ygrnf? vdt k yfaomrJta&twGu&f &So d nfh udk,pf m;vS,frsm;udv k nf;/ tkycf sKyf
a&;tm%m tyfEiS f;ay;&ygrnf? ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf rJqEN&iS frsm;onf rauseyfz, G u f pd Prsm;/ apm'ur_rsm;&Sv d mygu/ Oya'
a=umif;t& ajz&Si;f Edik cf iG &fh &Sd ef vdt
k yf+yD;/ vGwv f yfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;pepft&vnf; qH;k jzwfcH,yl ikd cf iG hf &S&d ygrnf? Oya'csK;d
azmufrr_ sm;twGuf wm0ef&Sdorl sm;udv k nf;/ ‚if;wdk@.tjypftwdik f; ta&;,lyikd cf iG hf &S&d ef vdt k yfygonf?

16
vlwidk ;f rJay;a&G;cs,fyidk cf iG [fh k qdok nfrSm/ toufjynfhraD omEdkiif o H m;tm;vH;k onf cGjJ cm;uef@owfjcif;r&Sb d /J rJay;ydik cf iG &hf adS p
&rnf jzpfygonf? xdk@tjyif xda&mufaom/ bufvkdurf u _ if;aom rJqEN&iS f rSwfyw kH ifjcif;pepf&&dS ef vdt k yf+yD;/ rJay;jcif;twGuf
tcGef aumufccH iG fh r&Sdyg? roefpGr;f olrsm;ESifh jynfwiG ;f ae&ma&$@ajymif;ae=u&aom 'kuo Q nfrsm;tygt0if/ rJqEN&iS t f m;vH;k rJ
&Hrk sm;odk@ oGm;a&mufraJ y;ydik cf iG fhESifh a&G;aumufy. JG tjcm;aomvkyif ef;pOfrsm;odk@ yg0ifaqmif&u G cf Gihf &S&d ygrnf? wdik f;&if;om;vl
enf;pktkypf krsm;wGif yg0ifaom jynfolrsm;udak omfvnf;aumif;/ trsK;d orD;rsm;udak omfvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;tkypf krsm;udak omf
vnf;aumif; uef@owfcsKyfcs,cf Girfh sm; r&So d ifhyg? vlwdik ;f rJay; a&G;cs,yf ikd cf iG q
hf okd nfrmS / qENrjJ ym;wdik ;f onf wlnaD omwefzkd;&Sd
12
&ygrnf? tcsK;d tpm;tvdu k f udk,pf m;ðycGi&fh aSd om pepf wGi/f c&dik f a'owdik ;f . ud, k pf m;vS,t f a&twGuo f nf rJqENe,f.
twdik ;f twmudk vdu k I f / tcsKd;tvdu k f jzpfap&ygrnf? xd@k tjyif rJqEN&iS t f rsm;pk.qENukd ypfy,fonfhE, S jf zpfapavmufaom/
ud, k pf m;vS,t f wGuf rJa&wGuaf omtedrq fh ;Hk pHrsO;f onf/ usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmfavmufatmif jrifhrm;pGmowfrSwx f m;jcif;
13
rðyoifyh g? vlrsm;pkrt J & tEdik fq;Hk jzwfaompepf wGi/f vlOD;a&tvdu k /f odk@r[kwf rJvmay;aomrJqEN&iS rf sm;. ta&twGuf
tvdu k /f owfrwS af om rJqENe,frsm;onfvnf;/ a,bk,stm;jzifh nDr#pGm &So d ifhygonf? (10) &mcdik Ef _e;f xufausmv f GeI f uGJ
vGrJ j_ zpfaeygu/ pdk;&drfylyefp&m ta=umif;&Syd gonf?

v#Kd@0Surf aJ y;pepfjzifh rJay;apjcif; qdo

k nfrmS / rJqEN&iS frsm;u ‚if;wd@k .rJjym;rsm;udk wpfOD;wnf;oD;oef@a&;jcpfEikd cf iG &hf &dS rnf
jzpf+yD;/ vHðk cHaom/ yk*v ~ ud vGwv f yfciG f&h aSd omrJ&t
Hk wGi;f / trSwt
f om;ðyxm;aom rJjym;udk rJyH;k xJo@kd rxnfch if=unfch iG &hf dS
aom/ aemufydik ;f wGif ‚if;rJjym;ESifh rJay;oludk cGjJ cm;azmfxkwEf dik fonfth aetxm; r&Sad om tajctaejzpf&ygrnf? tkyfpv k u
kd f
rJay;apjcif;/ eD;pyfrt _ & rJay;apjcif;/ rJ&jHk yifyY rJay;apjcif;rsm; r&Sad p&yg? Ttcsufrsm;onf v#Kd@0Surf aJ y;pepfjzifh rJay;pepf
udk xdcdkuaf pygonf?

(*) a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGif jynfwiG ;f pHcsed pf EH e_ ;f rsm;udk toH;k ðyjcif

ðyjcif;?
ðy
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk Edik if w
H umpHcsdepf EH _e;f rsm;ESifh nD-rnD tuJjzwfjcif;tygt0if/ jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah eol
rsm;taejzif/h aqmif&u G fEidk af omudpPrmS / ‚if;Edik if t
H wGi;f jyXmef;xm;aom zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfykH tajccHOya'/ jynfwiG f;&Sd jyXmef;
xm;aom Oya'rsm;ESifh nD-rnDuv dk nf; tuJjzwfEikd yf gonf? xdOk ya'rsm;. tm%mydik cf iG u hf kd tuJjzwf&efrmS zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyf
yHk tajccHOya'yg rlrsm;twdik ;f / vdu k ef mr_ &S-d r&Sjd zifh wdik ;f xGmEdik fygonf? tvm;wlyif/ tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f m pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk
vnf;/ oufqidk &f mOya'rsm;ESifh wdu k q f idk I
f udu k fnrD &_ dS-r&Sd ppfaq;Edik fygonf?

twdck sKyfazmfjy&v#i/f Edik if Hwpfck. Oya'rsm;ESihf zGJ@pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'wdk@rSm Edik if w

H umwGif xdkEikd if .
H uwdu0wfðyxm;csuf
rsm;ESifh avsmnf DpmG jzpfoif+h yD;/ jynfwiG f;&Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzif/h a&G;aumufyJGukd Edik if HwumOya'
jyXmef;csufrsm;ESiahf &m/ uwdu0wfðyxm;csufrsm;/ ESifh jynfwiG ;f &SdOya'rsm;ESihfyg wdu f ikd pf pfaq;tuJjzwfoifhygonf?14
k q

(C) ,cifu usi;f ycJah om a&G;aumufyEGJ iS hf Edi_ ;f ,SOjf cif;?

12
Propotional representation
13
Majority voting system
14
(OSCE/ODIHR) tzGJ@taejzif/h a&G;aumufyOGJ ya'rsm;ESifh ywfoufI/ yHrk eS t f m;jzifq
h o
dk vdk t=uHðycsurf sm;ay;ydk@avh&+Sd yD;/ (OSCE) a'o
twGi;f vlom;&_axmifq h idk &f mu¾tm;vH;k ESifh ywfoufI/ jynfwiG ;f a&G;aumufyrGJ sm;qdik &f m yHpk uH ufwavmufrsm;udk tifwmeuf0ufbq f 'dk w
f pfck
ðypkxm;&Syd gonf? (ODIHR) . a&G;aumufyOGJ ya'rsm;ESifh a&G;aumufyt GJ pD&ifcpH mrsm; avhvmoH;k oyfcsurf sm;udk www.osce.org/odihr.
tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS ay:wGif &&SEdf idk yf gonf? a&G;aumufyq GJ idk &f m yHpk u
H ufwavmufrsm;udk www.legislationline.org. tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif
&&SEd idk yf gonf? Oa&myaumifp. D AD;epfaumfr&Siu
f vnf; a&G;aumfyOGJ ya'rsm;ESifh ywfoufI t=uHðycsurf sm;udk ‚if;wdk@.tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS jzpf
aom http://venice.coe.int. wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?

17
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk tuJjzwf&mwGi/f jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfo h rl sm;taejzifh ,cifusi;f ycJah oma&G;aumufyrJG sm;
ESifh Edi_ ;f ,SOI
f / wdk;wufvmr_tajctaeudk Edi_ f;,SOfpOf;pm;Edik fygonf? Tod@k aqmif&uG jf cif;udk Edik if w
H umtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf
jynfwiG f;&Sd a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unf}h uD;=uyfa&;tzG@J rsm;u xkwjf yefxm;aom/ ,ciftpD&ifcHpmrsm;ESihf Edi_ ;f ,SOt f oH;k ðyEdik fyg
onf? (OSCE/ODIHR) tzGJ@. a&G;aumufyaJG pmih=f unfah vhvma&; tpD&ifcpH mrsm;ud/k tzGJ@. tifwmeuf0ufqkd'fpmrsuf
ESm (http:?www.osce.org/odihr.) wGif &&SEd idk yf gonf?

18
19
2/ apmi -fh unfah vhvma&; tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwaf qmif&u
G jf cif;?
;?
u? vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk tuJjzwfowfrw S jf cif;?
c? tpDtpOfa&;qGjJ cif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdik &f m udprP sm;
*? tpDtpOfzGJ@pnf;yHkEiS fh vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;/
C? Edik if Hv;Hk qdik &f maqmif&u G af om pDrcH surf sm;?
i? a'otvdu k fEiS fh Xmaetvdkuf pDrcH surf sm;?
p? bufrvdu k fr?_
q? todtrSwðf yr_ &,ljcif;?

tuJjzwf&efvt dk yfaom/ jyefvnfppfaq;&ef vdt k yfaomudprP sm;udk azmfxw k fowfrw

S jf cif;?

&&SEd idk af om vlEiS fh b¾mt&if;tjrpfrsm;udk azmfxw k of wfrw S jf cif;?

pDrcH sufrsm; pwifraqmif&u G frDuyif/ tpDtpOfa&;qGjJ cif;ESihf tzG@J tpnf;qdik &f mudprP sm;wGif ñuH&Edik af om
jy\emrsm;udk ajz&Si;f jcif;?

a&G;aumufyGJEiS fh Edik if aH &;tajctaetay:rlwnfI/ &&SEd ikd af om vlom;ESihf b¾mt&if;tjrpftay: rlwnfI
aqmif&u G Ef idk af om vkyif ef;tpDtpOfEiS fh zG@J pnf;yHu
k kd ðyvkyjf cif;?

tpDtpOf taumiftxnfazmfEdki&f eftwGuf t&nftaoG;jr‡iw hf ifay;jcif;?

bufrvdu k fr_EiS fh vdu k fem&rnfuh si0fh wfrsm;twdik ;f wdwdususvkduef mapjcif;?

u? vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk tuJjzwfowfrw S jf cif;?

a&G;aumufyo GJ nf wpf&ufwnf;wGijf zpfonfh jzpf&yfr[kwaf oma=umif/h a&G;aumufyaJG e@rwdik rf Duyif/ jynfwiG ;f &Sd apmif=h unfh
avhvmaeolrsm;taejzifh óuwifI/ aqmif&u G &f efrsm;udk tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qGx J m;&ygrnf? oufqikd af omEdik if . H trsKd;om;
Oya'rsm;udk a=unufpmG / oHk;oyfavhvmxm;&efvt kd yf+yD;/ tu,fI a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;vkyif ef;rsm;Y
jynfwiG f;&Sd tzGJ@rsm;tay: uef@owfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;&Sv d mygu/ jyefvnf&ifqikd Ef dik af p&ef jzpfonf? uef@owfcsKyfcs,frsm;[kq&kd mY
Oyrmtm;jzifh-a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvma&; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk tzGJ@tpnf;. zGJ@pnf;yHt k wGi;f xnfhoiG ;f a&;qGx J m;aom
tzGJ@rsm;udk tm%mydik frsm;xH rSwyf w Hk ifap&efvt kd yfjcif;/ jynfwGi;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;tkypf rk sm;udk Edik if jH cm;
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS &efyaHk iGrsm;vufccH iG fh ydwfyifjcif;wd@k jzpfEikd fygonf? Todk@ Oya'rsm;udk oHk;oyf&mY/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfh
avhvmoltjzpf tqift h wef;owfrw S cf &H jcif; odk@r[kw/f Tod@k aomtqift h wef;udk owfrw S cf &H apa&;twGuw f ifjy
awmif;qdo k nfv h yk x
f ;Hk enf;rsm;Y vufawG@vdu k ef m&rnfh tcsufrsm;udv k nf; xnfo h iG ;f wGucf su&f ygrnf? vlxt k ajcðytzG@J
tpnf;rsm;rS a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvma&;twGu/f toif;tyif;rsm;zGJ@pnf;&mY rnfod@k qHk;jzwfcsufay;rnfu/kd Edik if . H
Oya'wpfcck Yk vrf;!$ejf yXmef;xm;Edik fouJo h dk@/ ‚if;twGuf vdu k fem&rnft h csufrsm;udv k nf; jyXmef;xm;Edik yf gonf? Ttcsuf
onf ta&;}uD;aomta=umif;udpw P pfcjk zpf+yD;/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;v_y&f mS ;r_ jzpfEdik af cs&-dS r&Su d vkd nf; qH;k jzwf
ay;Edik yf gonf? odk@twGuaf =umif/h TOya'jyXmef;csufyg vdt k yfcsurf sm;jynfrh aD pa&;twGuf wifóuaqmif&u G &f aomtcsed &f dS

20
Edik +f yD;/ wpfEpS f odk@r[kwf ‚if;xufyadk omtcsdet
f wGu/f vkyif ef;aqmif&u
G &f ef vHak vmufaom&efyakH iG&&Sx
d m;&efvnf; vdt
k yfyg
onf?

a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvma&;twGu/f vkyif ef;tpDtpOfrsm;a&;qG&J mwGif yxrtqift h aejzifh/ jynfwiG ;f Y v_y&f mS ;rnfh
tkypf kwpfct k wGuf rdrdwdk@aqmif&u G Ef idk frnfh oifah vsmaf omtaetxm;/ twdik ;f twmyrm%/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vh
vma&;twGuf aqmif&u G &f rnft h csed fuu dk f v_y&f mS ;r_EiS /hf rdrdw@kd .tqdðk yv$mrsm;tay: rnfo@kd aomtaumif;qHk;&v'fxu G f
atmif aqmif&u G Ef idk rf nfu/dk pOfpm;&ygrnf? TtwGuf vdt k yfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfowfrw S fjcif; (need assessment)
aqmif&u G &f ygrnf? vdt k yfygu Tvdt k yfcsufrsm;udk tuJjzwfxm;csufrsm;udyk if tajcðyI vHak vmufaom&efyakH iG&&SEd ikd af &;
twGuf wifjyaomtqdðk yv$m (proposals) rsm;a&;om;Edik fygonf? Tod@k tuJjzwfowfrSwjf cif;wGif vkyx f kH;vkyef nf;
enf;emydik ;f t&a&m/ tkycf sKyfpDraH &;qdik &f mjy\emrsm;udkyg xnfhoiG ;f pOf;pm;&efvt kd yf+yD;/ ta&;t}uD;qH;k jzpfonfh a&G;aumuf
yGu
J dk vHak vmufaomtm&Hkpu dk fr_ ðyEdik af pa&;ESi/hf rdrd.vkyif ef;rsm;udk axmufyahH y;Edik &f ef vHak vmufaomtkycf sKyfpDrrH /_ b¾m
a&;jynfph aHk eap&ef vdt k yfygonf?

vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk tuJjzwfowfrw S jf cif;vkyif ef;. yxrOD;qH;k &nf&, G cf suw f iG f/ rdrw d kd@v_y&f mS ;r_. twdik ;f twmudk owfrSw&f
ygrnf? t"dutm&Hx k m;rnfh ae&monf/ Oya'a=umif;qdik &f mudk cGjJ crf;oHk;oyfjcif;/ a&G;aumufyJG tkycf sKyfrq _ ikd &f mtzGJ@rsm;.
zGJ@pnf;xm;yH/k xda&mufxufjrufr/_ bufvdu k jf cif;uif;r_/ apm'uwufjcif;ESihf arwWm&yfcHwifjyjcif;qdik &f m vkyx f ;kH tqifhrsm;/
Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm; rSwyf kHwifjcif;/ rJqEN&iS frsm; rSwfyw kH ifjcif;/ owif;rD', D mESihf a&G;aumufyJG
twGuf b¾maiG&mS azGjcif;tygt0if a&G;aumufyJG rJq, G fpnf;&H;k r_qikd &f mudpPrsm;/ vl@tcGit hf a&; av;pm;vdu k femr_/ a&G;
aumufyu GJ si;f yrnfah e@&ufEiS fh a&G;aumufy&GJ v'frsm;udk tpD&ifcHwifjyjcif;udpPrsm; jzpfEikd fygonf? od@k aomfvnf; a&G;aumufyJG
rwdik fru D mvrsm;ESifh a&G;aumufy+GJ yD;qH;k +yD;aemuf umvrsm;onfvnf;/ a&G;aumufyu JG si;f yonfah e@uJo h kd@yif ta&;ygygonf?
odk@twGuaf =umifh TtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;taejzif/h Tvkyif ef;pOfwpfcv k ;kH . tqifw h ikd f;udak pmif=h unfhae&ef qdo k nfrmS rjzpfEikd fyg?
rdrd. OD;pm;ay;aqmif&u G fEidk o
f nfv h yk if ef;udk a&G;cs,I f / ‚if;tay:tajccH+yD; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;a&;qGcJ srw S &f ygrnf? tcsKd@aom
apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;u/ a&G;aumufy. JG u¾wpfckuo kd m tm&Hx k m;aqmif&u G frnf/ od@k r[kwf tcsKd@vkyif ef;rsm;udk
aqmif&u G rf nfudk owfrSwEf dik yf gonf? Oyrmtm;jzif/h tkypf w k pfct k aejzifh ‚if;.apmif=h unfah vhvma&;vkyif ef;twGuf &nf
&G,cf suu f dk “trsKd;orD;rsm;/ vlenf;pkrsm;/ roefrpGrf;olrsm; a&G;aumufyGw J iG f yg0ifEikd rf t _ ajctaeudk avhvm&ef” od@k r[kw/f
owif;rD'D,m/ Oya'a=umif;qdki&f mudp/P odk@r[kwf Tvkyif ef;pOf. wdusaomu¾wpfct k wGuo f m &nf&, G I f uef@owf
aqmif&u G Ef idk fygonf?

vkyif ef;pwifaqmif&u G frnfh tptaejzif/h jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmih=f unfah vhvma&;tkyfpkwpfpo k nf/ ,cifa&G;aumufyJG
rsm;ESifhywfoufI a&;om;azmfjyxm;=uaom/ Edik if w H umESifh jynfwiG ;f &Sd tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ tjcm;vl@tcGifh
ta&;apmih=f unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;. tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk tjynft h pHak vhvmxm;oifyh gonf? xd@k tjyif/ oufqikd &f m Oya'
a=umif;udpPrsm;udv k nf; cGjJ crf;pdwjf zmoHk;oyfr_rsm; ðyoifyh gonf? ‚if;uJo h kd@avhvmr_wiG f a&G;aumufyq JG idk &f m/ Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;
qdik &f m/ owif;rD',D mqdik &f mESifh tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGJ@tpnf; (tJe*f st D )kd rsm;qdik &f m Oya'rsm;ESihf oufqikd af omta=umif;
udpt P wGuf Oya'rsm;udk okawoeðyxm;oifhygonf? ,ciftawG@tñuHrsm;udk jyefvnfokH;oyfjcif;ESihf vuf&EdS ikd if aH &;/ pD;yGm;
a&;/ vlra_ &;tajctaersm;tay: oH;k oyfjcif;wd@k aygi;f pyfum a&G;aumufyJGusi;f yay;rnf0h ef;usiftaetxm;udk oHk;oyf&yg
rnf? a&G;aumufyOGJ ya'ESifh tjcm;oufqidk af omOya'rsm;udk=unf+h yD;/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;
rpwifr/D a&G;aumufy. GJ tcsdeZf ,m;udk cef@rSef;wGucf sufxm;&ygrnf?

21
a&G;aumufyt GJ rsKd;tpm;tay:rlwnfI/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&; enf;emrsm;tay: rsm;pGmtusKd;oufa&muf
ajymif;vJr_ &Sad pEdik fygonf? xdk@tjyif a&G;aumufyJGrwdik fru D mv/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk wm0efay;ae&mcsxm;&mYvnf;
tusK;d oufa&muf ajymif;vJr_ odompGm &Sad pEdik fygonf? orwa&G;aumufyaJG vm/ od@k wnf;r[kwf ygvDrefv$waf wmfa&G;
aumufyaGJ vm/ a'oqdik &f m a&G;aumufyGaJ vm/ jynfo@l qENc, H lyaJG vm ponft h ajctaersm;tay:rlwnfI rwlujJG ym;aom
csO;f uyfr_enf;emrsm; vdt k yfEidk fygonf? a'oqdik &f mtvdu k f a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk pkpnf;pnf;&H;k rnfqdyk g
u/ t=uHðyvdak omtcsufrSm xdkapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifz@JG pnf;yHt k wdki;f wm0efay;ae&mcsxm;&ef
jzpfygonf? odk@rSom ,lepfwpfcck si;f pDudk owfrSwx f m;aomrJqENe,ftvdu k /f tkycf sKyfa&;e,fajra'o tvdu k /f wm0ef,l
apmif=h unfah pEdik rf nf jzpfygonf? a&G;aumufypJG epfonf vlO;D a&tcsK;d tvdu k f ud, k fpm;ðyapjcif;/ od@k r[kwf udk,pf m;vS,f
wpfO;D odk@r[kwf trsm;ud, k fpm;ðycGi&fh aSd om rJqENe,frsm; owfrw S af ompepf/ odk@r[kwf ‚if;pepfEpS cf u k kd aygi;f pyfo;kH jcif;
vnf; &SdEidk fygonf? a&G;aumufyo GJ nf wpf}udrw f nf;,SOòf yifapjcif;/ odk@r[kwf ESpcf gxyfausmòh yif&jcif;vnf; &SEd ikd fygonf? T
tcsurf sm;onf ta&;ygaom rwluv GJ GJr_rsm; jzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- wpfEikd if v H ;kH &SdrJrsm;rS pm&if;t&,laom ygvDrefa&G;
aumufyq GJ dkygu/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzifh ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif; rSwfyw kH ifjcif;qdik &f mudpPrsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvm
r_ ðyEdik frnf r[kwaf y? wpfEdkiif v H ;Hk tvdu k af qmif&u G af om a&G;aumufyo JG nf/ rJqENe,fajrrsm;tvdu k f a&G;aumufwif
ajr‡mufrx _ ufpmv#if ydI k xif&mS ;r_ &Sdygvdrfhrnf? rwlujJG ym;aomtcsurf mS / tu,fI ygvDrefvw $ af wmfa&G;aumufyu JG kd vl
trsm;pk.rJjzifh tEdik t f &_;H qH;k jzwfaom pepfu/dk rJqENe,frsm;udk tajccHIusi;f yygu/ od@k r[kwf a'oqdik &f mtpdk;&rsm;twGuf
a&G;aumufyGJrsm; usi;f yygu/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;twGuf wòyifeufwnf;aomtcsed fwiG /f vdu k vf aH pmif=h unfhp&m oD;
jcm;,SOòf yifa&G;aumufyGrJ sm; &Sad eEdik yf gonf? Ttcsufrsm;udk vdt k yfcsurf sm; tuJjzwfowfrSwjf cif;ðy&mwGif xnfo h iG ;f pOf;
pm;&rnf jzpfygonf? Ttcsufrsm;u a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfhavhvma&; enf;emrsm;udk tqH;k tjzwfay;Edik yf gonf? tcsK@d
aom a&G;aumufyyGJ Hpk Hrsm;wGi/f ae&ma'orsm;tm;vH;k udk xda&mufpmG vdkuv f aH pmif=h unf&h ef qdo k nfrSm rjzpfEikd fyg? xdt k cg
rdrdvt l iftm;ae&mcsxm;r_onf/ tcsKd@pHerlemoabmxm; aumuf,lrnfah e&mrsm;wGio f m wm0efay;Edik fygvdrhfrnf? od@k
r[kwf a'owpfct k wGi;f om wm0efay;jcif;rsKd; jzpfEikd fygonf?

aemufq;Hk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnft

h csurf mS / jynfwiG f;&Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzG@J rsm;onf a&G;aumufyJGEiS hf
ywfoufonfh tjcm;aomv_y&f Sm;r_rsm;Y yg0if ywfouf&ef oihf-roif[ h al om udpPyifjzpfygonf? Oyrmtm;jzif-h vlxt k rsm;
owif;tcsut f vufrsm; od&aSd p&efaqmif&u G af y;jcif;ESihf rJvmay;=u&ef v_H@aqmfr_ (get out the vote campaigns) rsK;d jzpf
ygonf? odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJtwGu/f tm%mydik frsm;twGuf tultnDaxmufyhHr_ wpfcck ðk yjcif;rsKd; jzpfygonf? od@k aomf
Todk@aqmif&u G &f mwGif owd}uD;}uD;xm;I pOf;pm;qH;k jzwfoifyh gonf? ta=umif;rSm rdr. d rl&if; a&G;aumufyaJG pmih=f unfah vh
vma&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESifh Todk@yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G jf cif;a=umif/h tusK;d pD;yGm;t& yÉdyuQr_rsm;/ xdyfwu kd jf zpfjcif; jy\emrsm;ay:
ayguv
f mEdik af oma=umifh jzpfygonf? &Hzef&cH gwiG f Tvkyif ef;pOfukd apmif=h unfah vhvmaer_ESihf Tvkyif ef;pOftwGi;f yg0if
aqmif&u
G af er_wdk@udk cGjJ cm;rsO;f om;aqmif&u G &f ef cufcw J wfygonf?

c? tpDtpOfa&;qGjJ cif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdik &f m udprP sm;15

Todk@ &_jrifrt_ wdik f;twm/ vkyfief;yrm%/ apmif=h unfah &;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;twGuf tcsdeZf ,m;rsm; csrSwaf qmif&u G &f mY/ &&Sd
Edik af om vltm;/ b¾ma&;tiftm;wdk@udk vufawG@uspGm ppfaq;=unfo h ifhygonf? jynfwiG f;Y a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vh
vmolrsm;tzGJ@onf wpfzGJ@csi;f tvdu k v
f nf;jzpfEdik o
f nf? pkaygif;xm;aom vlxt k ajcðy tzG@J tpnf;rsm;. r[mrdwt f zGJ@/

15
(tJe'f t
D idk )f tzGJ@. vrf;!$epf mtkyw
f Gif jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;twGuf tpDtpOfa&;qGjJ cif;ESifh tzGJ@tpnf;qdik &f m
udprP sm;udk ydI
k tao;pdwaf vhvmEdik yf gonf? The NDI Handbook How Domestic Organizations Monitor Elections: An A-Z Guide, 1995.

22
uGe&f ufvnf; jzpfEidk fygonf? rnfodk@aom yHkpHyifjzpfap xda&mufpmG toHk;ðyEdik +f yD;/ (OSCE) a'owGif;ESifh Edik if w
H umwGif
Tenf;ESpcf kv;Hk udk xda&mufpmG toH;k ðycJ=h uygonf?

0efxrf;cef@xm;a&;qdik &f m udprP sm;

tajcwus wnf&+Sd yD;aom vlr_tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcu k jzpfap/ vlxt k ajcðytzG@J tpnf;trsm;ujzpfap a&G;aumufyu JG kd
apmifh =unfah vhvmrnf[k qHk;jzwfv#i/f vltiftm; xyfrHpak qmif;&ef vdt k yfaumif;vdtk yfEikd fygonf? TudpPEiS hfywfouf I
t"dujy\emESifh pOf;pm;&eftcsufrsm;rSm-

rnfonfw h m0efrsm;udk vpmay;rnfenf;?

vpmE_ef;xm;rsm; (Tvpmrsm;onf Edik if w H iG ;f &Sd tjcm;aomvlxt k ajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf udkun f rD &_ adS p&rnf?)

cef@xm;rnfh pmcsKyfoufwrf;umv (‚if;wd@k udk wm0efay;rnfh apmif=h unfah vhvm&rnfhumv rwdik frw D iG /f tenf;
i,fóuwifI 0efxrf;trsm;udk pmcsKyfcsKyfqkdoiho f nf? Oyrm-owif;rD'D,mrsm;udk apmif=h unfrh nfhorl sm;udk/ a&G;
aumufyGJ pnf;&H;k r_ w&m;0ifrpwifru D mvwGi/f wm0efpwifay;oifyh gonf? a&G;aumufy+JG yD;onfEiS hf rsm;r=umrDwiG f
yif olwdk@wm0efudk &yfqidk ;f oifyh gonf?)

a'owpfcw k iG f a&&Snf a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmol xm;&Sdoif-h roifh?

a'orsm;tvdu k f wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk vpmay;tyf&ef vd-k rvdkEiS hf
apwem0efxrf;rsm;udk pnf;&Hk;oif-h roifh pOf;pm;&ef?

a&G;aumufyaGJ e@&ufwiG f wm0efay;rnfh a&wdak pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk tca=u;aiGay;&ef vd-k rvdkEiS hf apwem
0efxrf;tjzpf pnf;&H;k rnfavm? owdðy&eftcsurf mS rnfonfhenf;jzifh tca=u;aiGay;onfrqd/k apwem0efxrf;
tjzpfxrf;aqmif=uonfu h dpu
P dk ao;odrfrj_ zpfapEdik +f yD;/ pdwtf m;xufoefr_enf;aom/ &nf&, G cf suftm;enf;aomol
rsm;udk pkaqmif;wm0efay;rdwwfygonf? tu,fI “^m%fyal Zmfc”tjzpf ay;rnfqkdygu/ TaiGa=u;yrm%onf
rJ&t Hk m%mydik rf sm;udak y;onfh tca=u;aiGxuf rydak poifhyg?

0efxrf;rsm;ESifh apwem0efxrf;rsm;twGuf olwkd@tuket f uscH pdu
k o
f kH;xm;aomtca=u;aiGrsm;udk jyefay;Edik &f ef
twGuf oifah wmfaomE_ef;rsm;owfrw S x
f m;&ef vdt k yfygonf? (Oyrm-oifwef;rsm;wufa&muf&eftwGu/f od@k
r[kwf rJ&rHk sm;odk@ oGm;a&muf&eftwGuf c&D;pm;&dwfrsm;)

TqH;k jzwfcsufrsm;onf/ &efyaHk iGtwGuf tqdðk ycsuu f kd rsm;pGmtusK;d oufa&mufr&_ adS p+yD;/ a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvm
a&; vkyif ef;rsm;twGuf &efyaHk iGaxmufyaHh y;rnf/h tvSL&Sifrsm;. pdwf0ifpm;r_tay:wGiv f nf; =oZmoufa&mufr&_ adS pEdik fyg
onf? odk@twGuaf =umifh txufazmfjyyg jy\emrsm;udkpOf;pm;qH;k jzwfxm;onf/h vlpnf;&H;k wm0efay;r_ rl0g'udck srSwx f m;&ef
t=uHðyvdkygonf? 0efxrf;rsm; odk@r[kwf apwem0efxrf;tjzpfwm0ef,=l uolrsm; taejzif/h tusK;d pD;yGm;t& yÉdyuQjzpfap
rnfh rnfonfv h kyif ef;udkr# raqmif&u
G af p&ef (Oyrmtm;jzif-h a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Siw f iG f wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;/ Edik if aH &;
ygwwD pfcck kwiG f tr_aqmif&mxl;/ acgi;f aqmifwm0ef,jl cif;/ odk@r[kwf udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;tjzpf rSwfyw kH ifxm;jcif;) wdus
pGm owfrw S fxm;&ygrnf? tu,fI vlxt k ajcðytzG@J tpnf;rsm; pkaygi;f I !Gef@aygi;f tjzpfaqmif&uG =f uaomtajctaewGi/f
yg0ifaqmif&u G af e=uaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm;vH;k taejzif/h bufvu kd fru_ if;ap&ef ta&;}uD;+yD;/ Edik if aH &;t& bufvkdurf _
uif;onf[v k nf; vltrsm;u jrifap&ygrnf? TtzG@J rsm;. tzG@J 0ifrsm;onfvnf;/ ‚if;wd@k .tjcm;aomv_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf
tusK;d pD;yGm;t& yÉdyuQrjzpfap&ef vkt d yfygonf?

jynfwiG f;&Sd a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmol tkyfprk sm;taejzif/h wpfEikd if v

H ;kH tvdu
k /f a'otvdkuf apmif=h unfo
h l0efxrf;rsm;
ESifh a&G;aumufyaGJ e@wGif apmif=h unfrh nfoh lrsm;ud/k pnf;&H;k onfh enf;emrsm; csrSwx f m;oif+h yD;/ t"duwm0ef,rl nfo
h lrsm;udk

23
a=umfjimjzif/h vlxkowif;rD', D mrsm;wGif xnfoh iG ;f azmfjyjcif;jzifh pnf;&Hk;aqmif&uG Ef ikd yf gonf? apwem0efxrf;rsm;udk ‚if;wd@k .
tvkyfrsm;twGuf t&nftcsi;f jynfhrrD _ &S-d r&Sd tuJjzwf&mY/ bufvu kd fru
_ if;&Sif;jcif; &S-d r&S/d oufqikd &f mwm0eftwGuf oifh
avsmrf _ &Sd-r&Sd tuJjzwf&ygrnf? xdk@tjyif vlrt_ zGJ@tpnf;. u¾toD;oD;odk@ us,fjyef@pGmqufpyfEikd &f ef/ tcGit hf vrf;jzpfEdik f
r_&-Sd r&Su
d dkvnf; =unf&h ygrnf?

0efxrf;rsm;ESifh apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk pnf;&H;k &mY/ jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfhavhvma&; tkyfpkrsm;taejzif/h
jzpfEidk o f r# usm;-r/ touft&G,/f vlrsKd;pk/ bmompum;ajymqdrk _ pojzifh pHv k ifatmif pnf;&H;k oifhygonf? a'oqdik &f m
tvdu k f apmih=f unfah vhvmolrsm;udk pnf;&H;k jynfhp+kH yD qdyk gu/ olw@kd udk aocsmoifwef;ay;&ygrnf? oifwef;qdik &f m pm&Guf
pmwrf;vrf;!$efrsm;udv k nf;/ tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;odk@ jzef@a0ay;&eftwGuf pOf;pm;Edik yf gonf? (Oyrmtm;jzif/h A[dak &G;
aumufyaGJ umfr&Sio f dk@ ay;ydk@Edik +f yD;/ rdrv
d kyif ef;. yGiv
hf if;jrifomr_ukd xifay:atmif jyoEdik fygonf?) a&G;aumufyaJG vhvm
apmif=h unfo h rl sm;udk ae&mcsxm;&mwGi/f jynfwiG f;&Sd apmif=h unfhavhvmonft h kypf krsm;taejzifh olw@kd aexdik &f ma'otvdu
k f
apwem0efxrf;tjzpf apmih=f unfah vhvmay;rnfhorl sm;. vkyftm;/ t=uH^m%fukd &,lEikd +f yD;/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolukd rJay;
cGi&fh &Sad p&efvnf; aocsmap&ef aqmif&u G af y;&ygrnf?

tzGJ@tpnf;qdik &f m ta=umif;udprP sm;

tzGJ@tpnf;wpfckwnf;taejzifh aqmif&u G jf cif;twGuf tm;aumif;csuw f pf&yfrmS / trsm;ESihf pkaygi;f aqmif&u G jf cif;xuf/ pDrH
cef@cGJr_EiS fh qH;k jzwfcsufrsm; csrSwf&mY ydkrv dk G,u f jl cif; jzpfygonf? tjcm;rwlaomtcsufrmS / trsm;aqmif&u G af om!Ge@f aygi;f
tzGJ@taejzif/h rwlujGJ ym;aom e,fy,frsm;wGi/f udpw P pfcck si;f tay: u|rf;usifr&_ =dS uaom vlrt _ zGJ@tpnf;rsm;pkaygi;f rd=ujcif;
jzpfygonf? (Oyrm-owif;rD', D mrsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;/ od@k r[kwf a'owpfct k wGi;f Y tajccdik af ejcif; jzpfonf?) od@k
twGuaf =umifh avhvmapmif=h unfrh u _ dk ydrk dt
k m;aumif;ap+yD;/ u|rf;usifr_ t&nftaoG;jynfhpGmvnf; aqmif&u G fEikd fygonf?
!$ef@aygif;zGJ@pnf;r_reS for#rSm wwfEidk o f r# us,f0ef;pGm pnf;&Hk;&ef vdt k yfygonf? vltrsm;&dak oav;pm;cH&aom !Ge@f aygi;f
tzGJ@rsm;pkpnf;jcif;jzif/h tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcck si;f aqmif&u G jf cif;xuf ydIk ,H=k unfukd;pm;r_ &&Sad pEdik fygonf? tzG@J i,fwpfcck si;f
apmif=h unfah vhvmr_udk tzGJ@trsm;u aqmif&u G af e=uygu/ owif;rD', D mrsm;. tav;ay;r_cH&apa&;twGuf tcsi;f csif;òyif
qdik af e=u&ygonf? a,bk,stm;jzif/h jynfwiG ;f Y a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&; v_y&f mS ;ae=uaomtkyfpkrsm;onf/
tjcm;aom vlxt k ajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh vkyfief;csi;f xyfI vkyaf qmifaer_udk a&Smif&mS ;&ef vdt k yf+yD;/ txl;oD;oef@ tajc
taersKd;rSom Todk@aqmif&u G foifyh gonf? xdk@tjyif owdðy&eftcsurf mS &efyakH iGaxmufyahH y;rnfh tvSL&Sit f zGJ@tpnf;wpfck
taejzif/h vltrsm;ud;k pm;,H=k unfr_ &S+d yD;om;tzG@J tpnf;wpfcku aqmif&u G +f yD;om;jzpfaeonfah e&mwGi/f a&G;aumufyGu J kd
apmih=f unfhrnft h jcm;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;twGuf &efyakH iGaxmufyahH y;&ef jzpfEikd af jcenf;ygonf? Tod@k aomtajctaersK;d wGi/f v_yf
&Sm;r_opfrsm;. tiftm;udk ydkrdktm;aumif;vmap&ef/ vuf&&dS adS eaom v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk ydkrt kd m;jznfah y;&efom jzpfoifyh gonf?

!Gef@aygi;f tzGJ@twGi;f yg0ifae=uaomtzGJ@0ifrsm;t=um; qufqaH &; wwfEikd o f r# ajyjypfacsmarG@ap&ef vdt k yfygonf? yg0if
ywfoufaeaom vlxt k ajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. tm%mydik u f ,
kd pf m;vS,rf sm;u oabmwlncD suw f pfck a&;qG/J vufrw S f
a&;xd;k Edik =f u&ef t=uHðyvdyk gonf? trsm;pka=uvnfEikd af om qH;k jzwfcsucf srw S yf jkH zpfap&ef/ tzG@J tpnf;qdik &f mjy\emrsm;udk
ajz&Si;f Edik af p&ef/ b¾ma&;qdik &f m tpD&ifcpH mrsm;. yGiv hf if;jrifomr_ukd tm;aumif;ap&ef/ TtzG@J taejzifh bkwt f zG@J / od@k
r[kwf 'g&u dk w
f mrsm;.aumfrw D wD pfcu k dk zGJ@pnf;&mYpOf;pm&efrmS t"duusaom ae&mrsm;twGuq f v kd #if trnftqdðk ywif
oGi;f jcif;/a&G;aumufjcif;ðy&efjzpfygonf?odk@aomfvnf; v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;. epP"0l aqmif&u G &f efupd rP sm;udrk l pDrcH ef@cGrJ a_ qmif&u G of l
rsm;ESifh t,f'w D mtzGJ@ (,lepf) rsm;ESio
fh m vufvx J$ m;oifyh gonf? (atmufazmfjyxm;csurf sm;udk =unfyh g?)

24
b¾ma&;qdik &f mudprP sm;
apmif=h unfah vhvma&;vkyif ef;wpfct k wGuf vHak vmufaom&efykHaiG&&Sx d m;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf? od@k twGuaf =umifh pDpOfxm;
aomzGJ@pnf;yHkonf/ (1) &&Sx d m;aom vHak vmufonf&h efyaHk iG/ (2) tjcm; tydak qmif;&&SdEikd o f nfh &efyakH iGrsm;tay:tajccHI zGJ@
pnf;oifyh gonf? apmif=h unfah vhvmr_ vkyif ef;rsm;udk taumiftxnfazmf&ef/ aemufxyf&efyakH iGrsm; vdt k yfr&_ v
dS mygu/ jynf
wGi;f &Sd apmih=f unfah vhvma&;tkypf kwpfck taejzif/h jynfwiG ;f ESihf Edik if w
H um&Sd tvSL&Sirf sm;xHo@kd csnf;uyf&ef pOf;pm;oifyh g
onf? odk@aomfvnf; tu,fI vdt k yfaomb¾maiGa=u; wpdww f ydik f;/ odk@r[kwf wpfpv kH ;kH ra&muf&v dS mygu aqmif&u G Ef ikd f
&ef/ ta&;ay:tpDtpOfwpfck a&;qGx J m;&S&d ef t=uHðyvdyk gonf? xd@k tjyif tvSLaiGay;vmonfhtzG@J tpnf;rsm;taejzif/h ,ck
uJo
h dk@ a&G;aumufyaGJ pmih=f unfah vhvm&jcif;twGuf tzG@J tpnf;.vGwv f yfrE_ iS hf &nf&,
G cf suu f kd rxdyg;apa&;twGu/f owd
xm;aqmif&u G o f ifhygonf?

jzpfEidk af om tvSL&Sirf sm;rSm tpd;k &rsm;pkzGJ@xm;onft h zGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ (Oyrm Oa&myaumfr&Si/f oH&;kH rsm;/ zGH@òz;a&;ESihf enf;
ynmyl;aygi;f aqmif&u G frq _ idk &f m at*sipf Drsm;/ Edik if w
H um tpd;k &r[kwaf omtzGJ@tpnf; (tJe*f sDt)kd rsm;ESifh azmifa';&Sif;rsm;
jzpfygonf?

&efyaHk iGawmif;cHru _ dk taxmuftulðyap&eftwGu/f tao;pdwaf zmfjyxm;aom tqdðk yv$m (Proposal) wpfck vdt k yfEikd fyg
onf? tcsKd@aom Edik if Hwum&Sd tvSL&Sirf sm;u Todk@awmif;cHwifjyvmolrsm;twGu/f vrf;!$ecf sufrsm; a&;qGx J m;&S+d yD;/ ‚if;
wdk@. pHtwdik ;f twdtus tqdðk ycsuw f ifjy&rnfh yHkpHrsm; &Sdwwfygonf? Todk@ tqdðk yv$ma&;om;&mwGi/f t=uHðyvdak om
tcsurf mS &efyaHk iGaxmufyaHh y;a&;twGuf OD;pm;ay;udpPrsm;/ r[mAsL[mrsm;/ pDpOfxm;aom v_y&f mS ;r_. u¾wpfpw d f wpf
ydik ;f pwifonfEiS /fh rlvuwnf;u óuwif&&Sx d m;aomEdik if w
H um tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. axmufyx hH m;r_rsm;/ xnfo h iG ;f azmfjy&ef
vdt k yfygvdrfhrnf? a,bk,stm;jzifh tqdðk yv$mwGi/f pDrcH suaf cgif;pOf (Project Title)/ t"du ta=umif;tcsurf sm; azmfjy
csu/f (Oyrm-'Dru dk a&pDxGe;f um;a&;/ yÉdyuQrsm; umuG,fwm;qD;a&;/ tJe*f sDtrkd sm; t&nftaoG;jr‡iw hf ifay;a&; pojzif)h
yg&&Sd ef vdt
k yfygonf? xdk@tjyif tao;pdwfbwf*suu f vkd nf; azmfjy&ef vdyk gonf? (,l&akd iGjzif/h tar&duefa':vmjzif/h a'ocH
aiGa=u;jzif)h xdk@tjyif yef;wdik /f &nf&, G cf su/f pDrcH sutf ay: pOf;pm;r_aemufct H a=umif;/ ypfrw S fxm;aom tusK;d cHpm;&zG,&f dS
onfh jynfot l kyfprk sm;/ tjcm;xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;csufrsm; tusO;f (Oyrm- yl;wGI J &efyakH iGaxmufyEhH ikd o
f nfh tajctae/ tcsed f
Z,m; ponf) wdk@udk aocsm&Si;f vif;pGm azmfjyay;&ygrnf? rlt&/ tqdðk yv$mrsm;udk tvSL&Sit f rsm;xH wwfEikd o f r#jzef@a0
ay;ydk@&ygrnf?

0efxrf;rsm;. vpmESifh apwem0efxrf;rsm;. toH;k pm;&dwrf sm;udpt P jyif/ c&D;oGm;vma&;ukefuspm;&dwrf sm;omru/ bwf
*suxf JwiG f xnfo h iG ;f azmfjy&ef vdtk yfrnfu
h dpPrsm;rSm/ &H;k cef;iSm;&rf;ctwGuf ukeu f spm;&dw/f &Hk;ypPn;f rsm;/ 0efaqmifrr_ sm;/
qufo, G af &;pepfrsm;/ yHkESdyx f kwaf 0pm;&dwfrsm;/ oifwef;pmapmifrsm;twGuf xkwaf 0r_pm;&dwrf sm;/ ay:aygufvmEdik af om
wnf;cdak exdik af &;pm;&dwfrsm;/ vltrsm;od&&Sd atmif aqmif&u G af &; (publicity) pm;&dwrf sm;/ apmif=h unfah vhvmoltjzpf
owfrw S af zmfjy&ef ypPn;f rsm; (Oyrm-bufwq H dyfrsm;ESihf wD-&Syrf sm;) ponfwkd@vnf; xnfo h Gi;f azmfjy&ef vdtk yfygvdrhfrnf?
vdt
k yfcsurf sm;tm;vHk;twGuf bwf*suw f iG x
f nfo h iG ;f azmfjy&efvt kd yf+yD;/ ta&;ay:udpPrsm;twGuv f nf; yrm%tenf;i,f
udk xnfo h iG f;azmfjy&ygrnf? wifjyaom bwf*suf.taetxm;tay:=unfI h / pepfwus&iS ;f vif;pGmazmfjyxm;yHkEiS hf
jynfwiG f;&Sd apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@taejzifh vGeu f JpmG &nfreS f;csuf rxm;&Sdy/kH &&Sv d mrnfh &efyakH iGtay: aumif;rGepf mG
toH;k csEidk rf nfh t&nftcsif;&Syd H/k wwfEidk for# ac|wmpGm wifjyxm;yHu k kd tvSL&Siuf txif}uD;av;pm;r_c&H Edik fygonf?

25
ay;tyfvmrnfh b¾maiGudk rnfonfah e&mrsm;wGif OD;pm;ay;oH;k pGrJ nfukd tvSL&Sifrsm;u odv=kd uygvdrfrh nf? od@k twGuf
a=umifh pepfusaomb¾ma&;xde;f csKyfr_EiS fh oifah vsmaf om b¾ma&;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;wifjyr_rsm;rSm txl;ta&;}uD;vSyg
onf? tu,fI vlxt k ajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;yl;aygif;I !Ge@f aygi;f tzG@J zG@J pnf;aqmif&u G yf gu/ oD;jcm; b%fpm&if;wpfckziG v hf Spf
aqmif&u G &f ef vdt
k yfygvdrfhrnf? odk@aomfvnf; Tod@k aqmif&Gu&f ef vrf;!$ecf suu f dk tzG@J rsm;. oabmwlncD suf/ vlxk
tajcðy tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. zGJ@pnf;yHkpnf;rsO;f / oufqikd &f m Edkiif H.Oya'rsm;ESifh pDrcH ef@cGaJ &;qdik &f m pnf;rsOf;rsm;t& aqmif&u G f
&ef vdt
k yfygonf?

*? tpDtpOfzGJ@pnf;yHEk iS fh vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;/

tu,fI jynfwiG ;f &Sd a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@wpfcu k / ‚if;wd@k taejzifh rnfod@k vufawG@ususapmif=h unfh }uD;
=uyfEidk rf nfudk qH;k jzwfygu/ xda&mufaom tzG@J tpnf; zG@J pnf;yHðk y&ef udpu
P kd pOf;pm;&ygrnf? tawG@tñuHrsm;t&/ apmif=h unfh
avhvmrnft h zGJ@tpnf;. zGJ@pnf;yHkonf/ tydik ;f u¾ (3) ck yg0ifoifhygonf? (1) vkyif ef;tpDtpOfrsm;udk pDrcH ef@cGaJ &;ESihf
vltrsm;odk@ xkwjf yefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESifh tpD&ifcHpmrsm;xkwjf yefay;rnfh tzGJ@,lepf/ (2) yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf _EiS hf oH;k oyfrv
_ kyf
ief;rsm; vkyaf qmifrnft h zGJ@,lepf/ (3) b¾ma&;/ axmufyahH &;/ oifwef;udprP sm;tygt0if tkycf sKyfa&;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G f
rnfh tzGJ@,lepfwdk@jzpfygonf?

yHjk znf&h ef?

C? Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f maqmif&u
G af om pDrcH surf sm;?

1? pDrcH ef@cGaJ &;ESifh t,f'w D mqdik &m

f&m tzGJ@,lepf
TtzGJ@onf/ avhvmapmif=h unfah &;qdik &f m vkyif ef; tpDtpOfrsm;tm;vH;k ud/k yl;aygi;f ndE‡ di_ ;f r_ &Sad p&eftwGu/f aqmif&u G &f
rnfh wm0ef&Sdygonf? xdw k m0efrsm;wGif Edik if w
H um rdom;pkrsm;/ tvSL&Sirf sm;ESihf qufo, G fy;l aygi;f aqmif&u G af &;&ef/ Edik if H
twGi;f t"duusaom yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;ESihf qufo, G &f ef/ avhvmapmif=h unfah &;qdik &f m rl0g'rsm;ESihf enf;emrsm;csrSwf
&efEiS fh/ vltrsm;odk@ xkwjf yefrnfah =ujimcsurf sm;/ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;twGuf oabmwlnDra_ y;&eftwGuf wm0efrsm;tygt0if
jzpfygonf? tu,fI vlxt k ajcjyK t&yfzufvlrt _ zG@J tpnf;rsm;ESihf !Gef@aygif;tzGJ@udk zG@J pnf;ygu/ tzG@J toD;oD;rS ud, k pf m;
vS,v f t$J yf ay;ydk@vmolrsm;ud/k TtzGJ@. tzGJ@0ifrsm;tjzpf owfrw S fEikd fygonf? tjcm;enf;vrf;wckrmS / rnfonft h zGJ@tpnf;
rSvmonfjzpfap/ ta&;r}uD;vSb/J oifah vsmaf om u|rf;usirf t _ &nftcsi;f ESifh jynfhpo kH lukd Tvkyif ef;tpDtpOfrsm;udk pDrcH ef@cGJ
ap&eftwGuf wm0efay;&efjzpf+yD;/ t&yfzufvrl t _ zGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ud, k fpm;vS,rf sm;yg0ifaom aqG;aEG;0dik ;f zd&k rfuo kd D;oef@zG@J
I/ vltrsm;odk@ xkwjf yefaom a=ujimcsurf sm;/ tpD&ifcpH mrsm;twGuf oabmwlncD su&f ,lap&ef jzpfygonf? ‚if;rSm
'g&u dk wf mrsm;. bkwaf umfrDwDtjzpf zGJ@pnf;Edik fygonf? pDrcH ef@cGJa&;ESihf t,f'w D mqdik &f m tzG@J ,lepfo@kd 0efxrf;rsm;udk cef@xm;
Edik +f yD;/ vltrsm;ESifh qufq&H rnfhvyk if ef;rsm;tm;vH;k twGu/f jyef=um;qufo, G af &;t&m&St d jzpf/ xm;&SEd ikd yf gonf?

2? yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G rf E_ iS fh oH;k oyfrv _ yk f ief;rsm; vkyaf qmifrnft
h zG@J ,lepf
TtzGJ@onf a&G;aumufyq GJ idk &f m ta=umif;udpPrsm;/ jy\emrsm;ESihf ywfoufI A[dt
k qifw h iG f avhvmapmif=h unfrh nfh tzGJ@
,lepf jzpfygonf? Edik if t H wGi;f t"duusaom yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;ESihf qufqI H / a'orsm;/ c&dik rf sm;rS wufvmaom
owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk yl;aygi;f qufpyfr/_ oH;k oyfyikd f;jcm;r_ vkyfrnfjzpfonf? &&SEd ikd for#aom vltm;/ aiGtm;&if;jrpf

26
tajctae/ owfrw S x
f m;aom t"duusonfh ta=umif;udprP sm;tay: rlwnfI/ TtzGJ@,lepf.vkyif ef;rsm;onf/ atmuf
azmfjyyg vkyif ef;{&d,mrsm;udk aqmif&u
G =f urnf jzpfonf?

Oya'ydik ;f qdik &f m?

m ? Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;? w&m;&Hk;rsm;/ w&m;a&;qdik &f m 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf
qufo, G rf _ xm;&Sjd cif;ESifh ‚if;wdk@. vkyif ef;rsm;udk apmif=h unf}h uD;=uyfaejcif;? tjiif;yGm;r_qdik &f m udprP sm;tay: qHk;jzwfcsuf
rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmaejcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf?

a&G;aumufyGJ tkycf sKyfa&;? &; ? Edik if aH wmf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sirf S 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf qufo,
G fI/ a&G;aumufyEJG iS hf ywfouf
I vkyif ef;pDrcH ef@cGJrr_ sm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;/ a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Si. f qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;/ tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f m vkyif ef;
qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;udk Edi_ ;f ,SOaf vhvmjcif;/ rJqEN&iS frsm;pm&if; rnfr#wdusr_ &S-d r&Su d kd avhvmjcif; ponfhvyk if ef;rsm; yg0ifyg
onf?

owif;rD', D m?
m ? owif;rD'D,mXmersm;/ owif;axmufor*~rsm;§tpnf;t&H;k rsm;ESihf qufo, G x
f m;&Sjd cif;/ a&G;aumufyJG
umvtwGi;f owif;rD', D mrsm;. aqmif&u G fyu kH kd apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf?
v_y&f mS ;r_ urfyed ;f (Campaign) rsm;? rsm; ? Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;. pnf;&H;k rJq, G af &;tzGJ@rsm;ESihf
qufo, G xf m;+yD;/ vGwvf yfpmG pk&;Hk cGi/fh pka0;cGihf/ azmfjycGihf &Sd-r&Sdukd apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;/ owif;tcsurf sm; &,ljcif;vkyif ef;
rsm;tjyif/ a&G;aumufyGJ rJq, G fpnf;&Hk;v_y&f mS ;r_ 0ef;usi. f r#wr_/ wef;wljzpfr_w@kd udv
k nf; apmifh=unfah vhvm&ef vkyif ef;rsm;
tygt0if jzpfonf?

Edik if w
H iG ;f &Sd vlenf;pkrsm;?; ? Edik if t
H wGif;&Sd trsKd;om;a&; vlenf;pk udk,pf m;vS,frsm;/ TudprP sm;ESihf oufqdik af omtpdk;&
Xme/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ t&yfzufvrl t _ zGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh qufoG,x f m;&Sjd cif;/ apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;/ Edik if t
H wGi;f a&G;aumuf
yGv
J kyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif trsK;d om;a&; vlenf;pkrsm; yg0ifaqmif&u G fr_ taetxm;udk avhvmjcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf?

vdiu f jGJ ym;r_? ? wef;wltcGitfh vrf;&&Sad &;twGuf aqmif&u G af y;ae=uaom tpd;k &Xmersm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tpdk;&
r[kwaf om tzGJ@rsm;ESifh qufoG,I f / a&G;aumufyv JG kyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;rsm; yg0ifaqmif&u
G rf _ tcsuftvufrsm;&,l
jcif;/ apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;tygt0if/ trsK;d orD;rsm; ta&;ESihf ywfoufaomta=umif;udprP sm;udk azmfjyjcif;rsm;udk avhvm
apmif=h unf&h ef jzpfonf?

a'oqd
a'oqidk &f m apmif=h unfah vhvmaeolrsm;. yl;aygi;f aqmif&u
G rf ?_ ? vrf;!$ecf sufrsm;/ !$e=f um;csufrsm; ay;jcif;tyg
t0if/ a'oqdik &f mrsm;rS ay;ydk@vmaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vufcjH cif;/ ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif; vkyif ef;rsm; tygt0ifjzpfygonf?

TtzGJ@,lepfwiG f oufqidk &f mu|rf;usirf t _ &nftcsif;&Sad om 0efxrf;rsm;jzifh pkzJG@oif+h yD;/ Oyrmtm;jzifh- Oya'a=umif;qdik &f m
u|rf;usifr&_ aSd om 0efxrf;rsKd; yg0ifoifhygonf? xdk@tjyif pm&if;tif;ESihf ywfoufI 0efxrf;rsK;d yg0ifoif+h yD;/ udef;*%ef;tcsuf
tvufrsm;udk pm&if;ðypkavhvm&ef/ Edi_ ;f ,SOaf vhvm&ef/ pm&if;oGi;f &ef/ ude;f *%ef;qdik &f m cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm&eftwGuf aqmif&u G f
apoifyh gonf?

3? tkycf sKyfa&;ESifh avhusio

fh ifwef;ay;a&;tzGJ@ ,lepf

27
T,lepfonf/ tkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f mudpt P 00udk wm0ef,loif+h yD;/ aiG0if-xGufbwf*sufpm&if;ESihf pm&if;rsm;ðypkjcif;/ vlopfrsm;
pnf;&Hk;pkaqmif;jcif;/ apwem0efxrf;rsm;qdik &f m tcsut f vufrsm; pkaqmif;xm;&Sjd cif;udpPrsm; tygt0ifjzpfygonf? apmifh
=unfah vhvma&; yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf _EiS fh oHk;oyfrv
_ yk if ef;rsm; vkyaf qmifrnft
h zG@J ,lepf (Observation Co-ordination and
Analysis Unit) ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&u G I f / oifwef;qdik &f m pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; ðypkxw k af 0jcif;tygt0if/ yl;aygi;f nd‡Ei_d ;f a&;
qdik &f m oifwef;rsm;ay;jcif;/ oifwef;ay;rnfh q&mrsm;udk pnf;&H;k jcif;/ tqifq h ifwh ikd ;f wGi&f adS eaom 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf apwemh
0efxrf;rsm;twGuf oifwef;rsm;pDpOfjcif;/ oifwef;rsm;udk tuJjzwfjcif;udprP sm;twGuf wm0ef&ydS gonf?

pDrcH ef@cGaJ &;ESifh t,f'w D mqdik &f m tzGJ@,lepfEiS fh apmif=h unfah vhvma&; yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G frE_ iS hf oHk;oyfrv _ kyif ef;rsm; vkyaf qmif
rnft h zGJ@,lepf/ tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk oifwef;rsm;ay;&mY/ tqifjh rifhpmG pDraH qmif&u G I
f ay;oifhygonf? tu,fI a'oqdik &f m
twGi;f wGif t&nftcsif;&So d rl sm;/ tqifoif&h Edik yf gu toH;k csoifyh gonf? od@k r[kwyf gu Edik if t H wGi;f &Sd apmif=h unfah vhvma&;
tzGJ@rsm;onf/ Edik if w H umrS u|rf;usio f lrsm;. tultnDudk &,loifyh gonf? Tod@k &,l&mwGif/ tjcm;Edik if rH S a&G;aumufyJG
apmif=h unfah vhvma&; tawG@tñuH&aSd om/ jynfwiG f;apmif=h unfah vhvma&; tzGJ@rsm;xHrjS zpfap/ odk@r[kwf Edik if w H umtzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;xHrS jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf TudpPrsm;udk u|rf;usiaf om tpd;k &r[kwo f nfh (tJef*st D )kd tzG@J rsm;xHrS jzpfap &,lEikd fyg
onf? tu,fI avhusio fh ifwef;ay;r_rsm;+yD;ygu/ pDrcH ef@cGaJ &;ESihf t,f'w
D mqdik &f m tzGJ@,lepfEiS hf apmif=h unfah vhvma&;
yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G frE_ iS fh oH;k oyfr_vyk if ef;rsm; vkyaf qmifrnft h zG@J ,lepfrsm;rS tzGJ@0ifrsm;ud/k 0efxrf;rsm;ESihf a'oqdik &f mtqif/h
atmufajctqif0h efxrf;rsm;udk oifwef;rsm; xyfraH y;&eftwGuf toH;k csEikd yf gonf?

i? a'otvdu k Ef iS fh Xmaetvdu
k f pDrcH surf sm;?
t&if;tjrpfrsm;u tajctaeay;cGiðfh yonft h wdik ;f / jynfwiG ;f &Sd apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf/ a'oqdik &f mtqifhrsm;
wGiv f nf; apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;csxm;Edik +f yD;/ a&G;aumufyJGrwdik rf D tóuumv/ rJay;pOf/ rJa&wGupf Of/ rJpm&if;a&;oGi;f pOf
umvrsm;Y apmif=h unfah vhvmapEdik fygonf? a'oqdik &f mtqifrh sm;wGif wnf&adS pmif=h unfhEikd jf cif;tm;jzifh/ txl;ojzifh
c&dik rf sm;/ jrLeDpDy,fòr@e,ftqifrh sm;wGif ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;pm&if;ay;oGif;rSwyf Hw k if=u&aom/ ygvDrefv$waf wmf a&G;
aumufyGJrsm;ESifh a'oqdik &f mtpd;k &a&G;aumufyJGrsm;twGuf txl;ta&;}uD;vSygonf? xd@k tjyif a'oqdik &f mtqifw h G if
tiftm;aumif;aumif;jzifh aqmif&u G Ef idk jf cif;tm;jzif/h rJqEN&iS pf m&if;Z,m;rsm;. wdusr/_ a&G;aumufyJGrq J ,
G fpnf;&H;k r_rsm;ESihf
0ifa&mufpGuzf ufjcif; &S-d r&Sw d dk@ud/k taumif;qH;k od&dSEikd =f uygonf?

a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm; (Regional Monitors) onf/ olw@kd tajcpdu k &f ma'otwGi;f &Sd oufqikd af eaom
ta&;ygorl sm;tm;vH;k ESifh qufo, G rf _udk xde;f odrf;xm;oifo h nf? olwd@k .wm0efrsm;wGi/f vGwv f yfpmG pnf;&Hk;cGi/hf pka0;cGi/hf
vGwv f yfpmG azmfjyajymqdck iG fh tajctaeudk apmif=h unft h uJjzwfjcif;/ a&G;aumufyv JG kyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif a'oqdik &f mtpd;k &rsm;.
tcef;u¾/ a&G;aumufyGJ tkyfcsKyfru _ ¾ESifh tjcm;aomtkycf sKyfa&;qdik &f mXmersm;/ w&m;a&;0efxrf;rsm;/ tpd;k & tr_vu kd f
t&m&Srd sm;/ vHðk cHa&;Xmersm;. pGr;f aqmifrr_ sm;udk avhvmtuJjzwfjcif;/ a'oqdik &f m owif;Xmersm;. yg0ifywfoufaer_EiS hf
bufrvdu k fr_rsm;udk avhvmtuJjzwfjcif;/ vdiu f jJG ym;r_EiS hf wdki;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. ta=umif;udprP sm;udk avhvmtuJ
jzwfjcif;rsm; yg0ifygonf? xdkorl sm;udk rJqEN&iS fpm&if; ppfwrf;aumufr_rsm;twGuv f nf;/ toH;k ðyavh&=dS u+yD;/ vdt k yfygu
rJqEN&iS frsm; rSwfyw Hk if&mXmersm;Y/ vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk apmif=h unfah p&ef apcdik f;Edik yf gonf? oifah vsmaf om oifwef;rsm;ay;+yD;
aemufwiG /f a&G;aumufyq GJ dik &f m tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk =um;emaomcH&k ;kH rsm;Yvnf;/ apmif=h unft h uJjzwfapEdik &f ef/ apcdik ;f Edik fyg
onf? a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfhavhvmolrsm;udk &ufowWywftcsK@d rS/ vtcsKd@wdik f vdt k yfrt_ ajctaet&ESihf cGiðhf yEdik af om
&if;jrpftajctaet& wm0efay;Edik fygonf? olwkd@.apmif=h unfhavhvm tuJjzwfrw _ m0efrsm;tjyif/ a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unfh

28
avhvmolrsm;ud/k vlopfrsm;pkaqmif;jcif;/ oifwef;ay;jcif;/ }uD;=uyfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;ESihf apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk ae&mcs
jcif;vkyif ef;rsm;twGuv
f nf; wm0efay;Edik fygonf?

avhvmolrsm; (Observers) ud/k rJ&Hkrsm;ESifh rJa&wGu&f mae&mrsm;wGif rJay;&mYvnf;aumif;/ rJa&wGu&f m/ rJpm&if;a&;oGif;

&mY wm0efay;Edik fygonf? xdkorl sm;udk tòyifraJ &wGufrv _ kyif ef; (Parallel vote tabulation) Y yg0ifaqmif&u G &f efvnf;
wm0efay;Edik fygonf? odk@r[kwf rJ&rHk sm;rS&v'frsm;udk ud,
k fpm;ðyxm;onfherlemrsm;jzif/h tjrefraJ &wGuf cef@rSef;r_ (Quick
count) twGuv f nf; wm0efay;Edik fygonf? Tvkyif ef;rsm;udk vkyaf qmifapEdik &f ef/ usKd;yrf;apoifhygonf? 16

p? bufrvdu k rf ?_
jynfwiG f;Y a&G;aumufyGaJ pmif=h unfah vhvm=uaom tkypf krsm;onf/ rdrad qmif&u G o
f r#aom vkyif ef;rsm;Y/ bufvu kd fru
_ if;
&Si;f ap&ef/ aocsmaqmif&u G &f ef ta&;}uD;vSygonf? tkyfpw k ckv;kH taejzifh jzpfap/ woD;yk*v ~ avhvmolrsm;taejzifh jzpfap/
owdðy&efrmS / vltrsm;. xifjrifc&H r_onfvnf;/ vufawG@tajctaeuJo h kd@yif ta&;}uD;a=umif; oabmaygux f m;&ygrnf?
tcsed w f idk f;Y bufvdkurf u
_ if;&Sif;pGm aqmif&u G af ea=umif;/ vltrsm;u jrifap=u&ygrnf? tu,fI jynfwiG f; a&G;l aumufyJG
apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@wck. bufvdkurf u _ if;&Si;f jcif;tay:/ tajctae tqifw h pHw
k ckY oHo,&Scd &H ygu/ Ttcsuf
a=umifh ‚if;.awG@&Scd surf sm;ESifh tpD&ifcpH mrsm;tay: xdcu kd fysuf,iG ;f apEdik fygonf?

(OSCE) a'otwGi;f wGi/f (OSCE/ODIHR) XmeatmufY&Sad om Edik if Hwumapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ usihf0wfrsm;
udk av;pm;vdu k fem=u&ygonf? jynfwiG ;f Y a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;rSm/ Tusihf0wfrsm;twdik ;f vdkuef maqmif
&Gu&f eftwGu/f wm0efr&S=d uyg? odk@aomfvnf;/ Tusihf0wfrsm;udk tajccHI/ ‚if;wdk@.ud, k fyikd f usi0hf wfrsm;udk ðypkEikd =f uyg
onf? tcsKd@aomEdik if Hrsm;wGi/f a&G;aumufyGJusi;f yaom tm%mydik frsm;u/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;twGuf usihf0wfrsm;udk
a&;qGjJ yXmef;&ef vdt k yf=uonfvnf; &Sdygonf? od@k aomfvnf;/ Tusihf0wfpnf;urf;rsm;onf/ olw@kd . tajccHtcGit hf a&;jzpf
aom apmif=h unfah vhvmcGiu fh dk rxdyg;apoifhb/J xdt
k csufrsm;a=umifo h m a&G;aumufyJG vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk ydkrw
kd kd;wufap&ef
tm;jznfo h ifyh gonf?

(ODIHR) Edik if w
H um a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;twGuf usi0hf wfrsm;

 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ olw@kd .wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGi;f / bufvkdurf _ r&Sad p&ef wif;wif;usyfusyf

vdu
k ef m aqmif&u G &f rnf? xdk@tjyif Edik if .
H tm%mydik frsm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESihf
ywfoufI tav;uJazmfjy jcif;/ rdrdpw d óf uufukd azmfjyjcif; rnfonft h csdefr# tvsO;f r&Sad p&? odk@r[kwf
a&G;aumufyv GJ kyif ef;pOfEiS fh ywfoufI tjiif;yGm; zG,f vdycf Jwif;vif;jzpfaeaom rnfonfjh y\emtay: rqd/k
&nf!e$ ;f azmfjyjcif; r&Sad p&?

16
rJ&rHk sm;rS&v'frsm;udk ud, k pf m;ðyxm;onfeh rlemrsm;jzif/h tjrefrJa&wGuf cef@reS ;f r_ (Quick count) onf/ rJ&v'fwu d sru _ dk qH;k jzwfEidk &f ef twGuf
txl;toH;k 0ifvyS gonf? txl;ojzifh rJ&&Srd t _ csK;d tvdu k f a&G;cs,cf &H aom Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m a&G;aumufyGJrsm; (National propotional contest) wGif
jzpfygonf? pifòyifrJa&wGurf _ (PVT) xuf wdusre_ nf;aomfvnf;/ tjrefrJa&wGuf cef@reS ;f r_enf;onf/ zGJ@pnf;aqmif&u G &f ef vG,u f +l yD;/ (PVT) xuf
pmv#i/f &v'fudk tjrefoad pEdik yf gonf? odk@aomfvnf; vdt k yfaomtcsurf mS / erlem&,lxm;rIrsm;onf/ aocsmud, k pf m;ðyr_ &Sad p&ef jzpfygonf? odk@
twGuaf =umif/h Edik if v
H ;Hk qdik &f m vlra_ &;ESifh vlO;D a&qdik &f mudprP sm;twGuf tawG@tñuH&aSd om pm&if;tif;ynm&Siu f yg0ifaqmif&u G If / t=uH^m%f
rsm; ay;oifyh gonf?

29
  apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ owif;rD'D,mrsm;ESihf ywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ od@k r[kwf tjcm;aompdw0f if
pm;zG,f yk*~Kd vfrsm;ESifh ywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/ olwkd@.avhvmawG@&Scd sufrsm;ud/k yk*Kd~ vfa&;tjrif&jzpfap/ tcsdef
rwdik frD wifóuIjzpfap/ xifjrifcsufay;jcif;rsm; rðyvky&f ef xdef;odr;f apmifhpnf;&rnf? olw@kd taejzifh apmif=h unfah vh
vmoltjzpf aqmif&u G vf _y&f mS ;aomvkyif ef;rsm;. oabmobm0ESihf ywfoufI a,bk,sowif;tcsut f vuf
rsm;udk rSwcf sufcsjcif;udk uef@owfxed f;csKyf&rnf?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ olw@kd . ed*;kH csKyfq;kH jzwfcsurf sm;udk aumif;pGmrSww f rf;wifxm;aom/ tcsut f vuf
jynfhpaHk om/ twnfðyoufaojyEdik af om taxmuftxm;rsm;tay:wGio f m/ tajccHðyvky&f rnf? oGm;a&muf=unfh
&_coJh r#aom rJ&Hkrsm;wGi/f pm&if;tif;t& yHkpHpm&Gufrsm;jznfo h iG ;f jcif;udk txl;vdvk m;pGm aqmif&Guo f ifo
h nf?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ a&G;aumufy+JG yD;umv jyefvnfppk nf;ajz&Sif;r_ aqG;aEG;yGw J iG f yg0if&efvt
kd yfonf?
vdtk yfygu zufpfydk@puf/ w,fvDzek f;rsm;rSwqifh yg0ifaqmif&u G fEkdio f nf?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ tdr&f iS Ef dik if H tpdk;&u/ od@k r[kwf a&G;aumufyJG aumfr&Siu f xkwaf y;xm;aom/
owfrw S af zmfjyxm;onfh oufaocHu'fjym;rsm;udk ,laqmifomG ;&rnf? pdwf0ifpm;aom tm%mydik frsm;u awmif;cH
vmygu/ olwdk@ud, k o
f wl dk@ azmfxw k af jymqd&k rnf?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ ygww D ckcEk iS fh yl;wGaJ zmfjyaom trSwt f om;/ ta&mif/ acgi;f pD;rsm;udk 0wfqifazmfjy
jcif; rðy&?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ olw@kd .wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfumvtwGi;f / wm0ef0wW&m; raESmifh,u S frad p&ef
ðyrlaqmif&u G &f rnf? a&G;aumufyv JG kyif ef;pOf/ a&G;aumufyu JG sif;yonfah e@ vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;/ od@k r[kwf rJ
a&wGujf cif;udk 0ifa&mufpu G fzufjcif; r&Sad p&?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ rrSeu f efrr_ sm;udk a'oqdik &f m a&G;aumufyt JG m%mydik frsm;odk@ today;/ od&adS pvdkyg
u/ aqmif&u G Ef idk o
f nf? odk@aomf !$e=f um;csufrsm;ay;jcif; rnfonft h cgr# rðyvky&f ? od@k r[kwf a&G;aumufyt JG &m&Sd
rsm;ESifh qef@usifI !$e=f um;csufrsm; ay;jcif; rðy&?
 apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ Edik if . H wnfqJ Oya'rsm;ESihf pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk apmifx h def;=u&rnf?

tjcm;apmif=h unfah vhvma&;qdki&f m pnf;urf;rsm;wGi/f atmufygtcsufrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf?

 Edik if aH &;ygwt D rsm; tygt0if/ jzpfEikd o f r# tus,t f jyef@aom oufqikd &f mawG@qHak qG;aEG;&rnfo h lrsm;ESifh
awG@qHo k ifo
h nf? apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ TaqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk tkycf sKyfaeaomEdik if aH &;ygwcD snf;ESihf jzpfap/
twdu k tf cHygwDrsm;csnf;ESifh jzpfap/ aqmif&uG &f ef rnfonft h cgr# uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jcif; r&Sdap&? tvm;wlyif/
ygwDpHk a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifwnf&dS aeygu/ apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf/ Edik if aH &;a&mifpOfwef;toD;oD;rS
tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh awG@qH&k rnf?
 rJq, G f pnf;&Hk;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;wGif rnfonft h cgr# yl;aygif;yg0ifjcif; r&Sad p&? odk@aomf apmif=h unfah vhvm&eftwGuf
wufa&mufjcif;udk vufcHEidk fonf?
 tusK;d pD;yGm;t& yÉdyuQ&aSd pEdik fonf/h rnfonfv h kyif ef;aqmif&Gurf _rsKd;wGifrS yg0ifywfoufjcif; r&Sad p&? TudpPrsm;
wGif txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;oabmwlncD sufrsm;ðyjcif;jzpfonf? od@k aomf TudpPrwdik frw D nf;u óuwif&adS ecJah om/
qufvufaqmif&u G af eqJjzpfaom/ u|rf;usirf _ oufarG;0rf;ausmif;qdik &f m vkyif ef;rsm;onfvnf;/ ‚if;.vkyaf qmif
&rnfh tcef;u¾udk tjrif&y_ af xG;ap&ef jzpfygu/ tygt0if jzpfonf?

30
  rdrd yk*K~d vfa&;t& apmif=h unfah vhvmonfjh zpf&yfEiS /hf tjcm;aom apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;u wifjytpD&ifc=H uonfh
jzpf&yfrsm;ESifh &Si;f vif;uGjJ ym;pGm azmfjyoifo
h nf?
 tpD&ifcw H ifjyr_onf r#w&efvdktyf+yD;/ Tvkyif ef;pOftwGi;f tðyoabmaqmifonfh jzpfay:wd;k wufr_rsm;ESihf &v'f
aumif;rsm;udv k nf; azmfjyoifhonf? tvm;wl rrSeu f efrr_ sm;ESihf pnf;rsO;f csKd;azmufrr_ sm;udkvnf; azmfjy&rnf?
 xdcu dk v
f , G af om ta&;}uD;owif;rsm; vufc&H &Sv d mygu/ v#Kd@0Suf apmifx h ed ;f &rnf? txl;ojzifh +cdrf;ajcmufonf/
odk@r[kwf t=urf;zufrr_ sm; ywfoufaeonf[k pGyfpaJG zmfjy=uonfh owif;rsm; jzpfonf?
 a&G;aumufyt GJ &m&Srd sm;u wrifwum&nf&, G If Tvkyif ef;pOf wckv;kH tay: ,H=k unfr_enf;ap&efaqmif&u G jf cif;
r[kwaf omfvnf;/ tawG@tñuHenf;r_/ Oya'ESihf ru|r;f 0ifra_ =umif/h trSm;rsm;ðyvkyfz, G &f o
dS nfuv
kd nf; todtrSwf
ðyxm;&ygrnf?

q? todtrSwðf yr_ &,ljcif;?

jynfwiG f;Y a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;ESihf/ Edik if Hwumavhvmolrsm;onf/ a,bk,stm;jzifh a&G;aumufyt JG kycf sKyf
a&;tm%mydik rf sm;xHrS todtrSwðf yr_ &,l&ef/ av#mufxm;&ef vdt k yfygonf? a&G;aumufyJGavhvmrnfhol trsm;tjym;
twGu/f todtrSwðf yr_rsm; xkwaf y;&efqo dk nfrmS / }uD;av;aomvkyif ef; jzpfygonf? Oya't&jyXmef;xm;aom vdt k yfcsuf
rsm;ESifh avsmn
f Donf/h odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyt GJ yk cf sKyfa&; !$e=f um;csufrsm;ESihf avsmn f o
D nf/h jynfwiG f;avhvma&;tzG@J rsm;udk
om/ todtrSwðf yay;onfu rsm;ygonf? tkycf sKyfa&;ESihf avhusio hf ifwef;ay;a&; tzG@J ,lepfrsm;u/ vdt k yfaomtaxmuf
txm;tjynft h pHu
k dk/ tm%mydkirf sm;odk@/ tcsdefrD wifjyEdik &f ef aocsmaqmif&u G &f ygrnf? od@k rSom todtrSwðf yr_/ oufao
u'fjym;rsm; csucf si;f xkwaf y;&,l Edik =f urnf jzpfonf? tm%mydik frsm;ESihf aumif;rGeaf om vkyif ef;qufqaH &;xde;f odrf;xm;
jcif;onfvnf;/ Todk@ todtrSwðf y/ cGiðfh ycsuf &&Sad &;twGuf/ vG,u f al csmarG@apygonf?

31
3? Oya'a-
Oya'a-umif;qdik &f mudyk idk ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;
u? Oy'a=umif;qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yHk
c? Oy'a=umif;qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;twGuf tajccHru
l ef@owfcsuf
*? a&G;aumufyt
GJ jiif;yGm;r_Z,m; a&;qGjJ cif;?

a±G;aumufyGJEiS fh pyfqidk af om Oy'rSeo f r#udk &SmazGaz:xkwjf cif;ESihf aumif;pGmtu|rf;w0if&jdS cif;?

Oya'a=umif;qdik &f m ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;tm;jzif/h TOya'rsm;u 'Dru kd a&pDa±G;aumufyGrJ sm;twGuf
tusK;d ðyyHt k wdik ;f twmudk tuJjzwfjcif;?

a±G;aumufyt GJ wGif;rSm jzpfvmp&m&Sad omjy\emrsm;udk axmufjy&efEiS hf a±G;aumufyt JG +yD;rSm ðyjyifajymif;
vJa&; t=uHðycsufrsm;ay;&ef twGu/f Oya'rsm;.csdK@,Gif;csufrsm;ud&k mS azGaz:xkwjf cif;?

Oya't&jyefvnfupk m;r_rsm;vkyEf dik jf cif;&Sd-r&SdEiS hf ‚if;wd@k onf Oy'qdik &f mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk trsKd;tpm;
cGjJ cm;jcif;? ta=umif;&if;avhvmjcif;wd@k twGuf taxmuftulay;Edik jf cif;&Sd-r&Sd odEikd af tmif a±G;aumufyJG
tjiif;yGm;r_ pm&if;Z,m;udk a&;qGjJ cif;?

(u) Oy'a=umif;qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;.ta&;}uD;yHk

a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmr_.ta&;}uD;aom &_axmifw h pfcrk mS Oy't&pnf;urf;owfrw S fro_ nf 'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyJG
rsm;ud/k rnfonft h wdik ;f twmtxd taxmuftulay;a=umif; ydki;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;yif jzpfonf? tajccHOya'ESihf a&G;aumuf
yGJ Oya'tm;vH;k yg0ifoifah om Tydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfrr_ sKd;udk apmif=h unfrh _nE‡d id_ ;f a&;tzG@J ESihf ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@wdk@rS Oy'a&;&m
u|rf;usio f rl sm;u apmpD;Edik for#apmapmpD;pD;umvuwnf;yif vkyx f m;oifhygonf? ±d;k ±d;k &Si;f &Sif;udpPrsm;udk tajccHOya'jzifh
ajz&Si;f I &ygonf? odk@aomf A[dak &G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf S xkwfjyefrnfh tkycf sKyfrq _ ikd &f mvkyx f kH;vkyfenf; tqifqh ifhyg0ifaom
pnf;rsOf;/ pnf;urf;rsm;jzifh ajz&Si;f v#ivf nf; &ygonf? od@k jzpf&m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;udyk g ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfoifyh gonf?

32
Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfr_rsm;udk ydik ;f jcm;pdyjf zmr_onf vl@tcGit hf a&;tygt0if Edik w f umtpOftvm/ tqift h wef;ESihf
udu
k n
f aD tmif/ odk@r[kwf Oya'rsm; ydrk dk uspfvpfodyo f nf; (wenf;) ydkrx kd ad &mufatmif/ t=uHðycsufrsm;a&;om;&mY ay:
xGuvf mEdik fygonf? t=uHðycsufrsm;a&;om;&mY a&m&mwdusatmif *±kðyoifo h nf/ tb,fah =umift h =uHðy&a=umif;ESihf
ywfoufIvnf; a&a&vnfvnf&iS ;f jyoifo h nf? a&G;aumufyJGrwdik frDrmS jzpfap/ a&G;aumufyJGt+yD;rSm jzpfap/ a&G;aumufyJG
Oya'ajymifvaJ &;ESifh ydkradk umif;rGefvma&;twGuf wifjyonfo h abmjzifh t=uHðycsufrsm;udak &;om;Edik yf gonf?

(c) Oy'a=umif;qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;twGuf pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf

(OSCE/ODIHR) u ðypkay;xm;aom jynfhpo kH nfvh rf;!$efcsurf sm;onf a&G;aumufyGOJ ya' qdik &f mydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;
twGuf pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuftjzpf taxmuftulay;ygonf?17 a&G;aumufyJGEiS hfywfoufaomta=umif;t&mrsm;udk
jyefvnfpDppf&mY wnDwnmwnf;jzpfap&ef/ tm;xm;avmufp&mjzpfap&ef/ a±S@aemufn! D $waf p&efEiS hf rSeu f efwu
d sap&ef
18
&nf±, f suf vrf;!$ecf sufrsm;udk ðypkxm;jcif;jzpfonf? atmufrmS tusOf;csKyfuakd z:jyxm;ygonf? tydik f;toD;oD;Y
G v
vrf;!$ecf suw
f ckpD ESifh xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;p&m ar;cGe;f wpfppkH D yg0ifygonf?

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuf wnfaqmufykH

Oya'a&;&ma'pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuaf &;qG&J mY trsm;jynfoltvG,w f ul em;vnfEikd &f rnf/ jrifomxifom&S&d rnf/ 'Dru kd

a&pDa&G;aumufyjGJ zpfajrmufa&;twGuf vdt k yfaom t*Fg&yftm;vH;k ESihf pyfqidk &f rnf? xdk@jyif rJray;rD uwnf;uyif óuwifI
t+yD;tjywf csrSw+f yD; jzpfae&rnf?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;owfrSwcf suf. &nf±, G cf suo f nf &Si;f vif;jywfom;jcif;/ jrifomxifomjcif;/ESihf trsm;jynfol
em;vnfEidk jf cif; &Syd govm;?

vl@tcGit fh a&;udk zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfyt
Hk ajccHOya'ygjyXmef;csurf sm;jzifh umuG,af pmif=h uyfay;xm;ygovm;?

(a&G;aumufyEGJ iS )fh ywfoufqufpyfaeaom Oy'tm;vHk;(zGJ@pnf;tkycf sKyfyt kH ajccHOya'/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyJGEiS hf
tjcm;a&G;aumufyGJrsm;qdik &f mOya'/ Edik o f m;/ Edik if aH &;ygw/D owif;rD', D mESihf trsm;jynfoq l ikd &f mjyef=um;a&;Oya'/
a&G;aumufyOGJ ya' csKd;azgufr_EiS fh pyfqikd af om &mZ0wfOya'jyXmef;csurf sm;/&mZ0wfru _ sihfx;kH Oya'rsm;/ ESifh
A[dak &G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Si. f !$e=f um;csufrsm;tñuH;0ifygonf?) udk pDppf=unf+h yD;yg+yDvm;?

a&G;aumufypGJ epf
owfrw S x f m;aom a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf rnfonft h zGJ@tpnf;rsm;udk a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufoenf;/ESpu f mvtydik ;f tjcm;
tvdu k af &G;aumufyuGJ si;f y}udr/f a&G;aumufyu GJ si;f ya&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zG@J pnf;jcif;udp&P yfrsm;wGif 'Dru kd a&pDa&G;aumuf yGtJ
wGuv f t dk yfaom tedrq fh ;Hk pHcsdefrsm;&Sad tmiftmrcH&rnf?

a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf 'Dru dk a&pDa&G;aumufyt JG wGuf tedrfq
h ;kH pHcsed frsm;&Sad tmif tmrcHygovm;?

tenf;qHk;/ Oya'ðyv$waf wmfw&yf. trwfae&mtm;vH;k twGuf 'Drkdua&pDa&G;aumufyt JG & a&G;aumufygovm;?

17
Guidelines for Reviewing a Legal Framework for Elections, OSCE/ODIHR, Warsaw, 2001, produced in colloboration with the
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA).
18
Oya'qdik &f m tajccHrrl sm;udk ydik ;f jcm;ppfaq;aomtcg/ pDppf ppfaq;olu/ aemufq;Hk tpD&ifcpH mudk (OSCE/ODIHR) tzGJ@. a&G;aumufyGJ
avhvmapmif=h unfah &; ud,
k pf m;vS,f tzGJ@rsm; (Election observation missions) . tpD&ifcpH mrsm;ESifh wdik yf ift=u&H ,lEidk yf gonf? TtpD&ifcpH m
rsm;ud/k OSCE/ODIHR . tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS http://www.osce.org/odihr wGif &,lEidk yf gonf?

33

'Drdu
k a&pDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;udk oifah wmfaomumvtydik ;f tjcm;tvdu k u
f si;f yygovm;?

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo f nf a&G;aumufyu JG si;f ya&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;zG@J pnf;ay;yHkEiS hf pDppfyw
kH @kd tay:rSm
tm%mwnfygovm;?

rJqENEiS tfh nDtm%mtyfEiS ;f a&;twGucf srSwaf om a&G;aumufyJGz@JG pnf;yHkEiS hf/ wOD;csi;f ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;
twGuv f yk yf idk cf iG t
fh yfEiS f;aom vkyx
f kH;vkyef nf;tqifq
h ifwh @kd udk &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGmaz:jyxm;ygovm;?

a&G;aumufyGJpepfonf vlenf;pkrsm;udk cGjJ cm;r_r&Sdb/J w&m;r#wpGm qufqHygovm;?

a&G;cs,w
f ifajr‡ajr‡mufcGciG fh
Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo f nf vlrsm;pku, kd pf m;ðy touft±G,&f dSoEl dik if o
H m;tm;vH;k udk vlwikd ;f rJay;cGihfEiS hf
wef;wlraJ y;cGifh &&Sad p&rnf?

vlrsm;pku, dk fpm;ðy touft±G,&f o Sd l Edik if o
H m;tm;vH;k onf vlwikd ;f rJay;cGifEh iS fh wef;wlraJ y;cGihf &&Syd govm;?

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo f nf Oya'a±S@arSmufwiG f vlwikd ;f wef;wljzpfonf [laomtajccHay:rSm
cGjJ cm;qufqrH r_ &Sdb/J rJay;cGi&fh &Sad tmif tmrcHygovm;?

rJay;cGit fh ay:rSm uef@owfr_rsm; od@k r[kwf csKyfcs,fr_rsm;&Sdygovm;? tu,fI&So d nfqykd gu/ c|i;f csuo f abm
aqmifaom ywf0ef;usit f ajctaersm;a=umifjh zpfa=umif;/ &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm &Sif;jyxm;ygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirsfrsm; /a&G;aumufyt GJ m%mydik t f zG@J rsm;

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo f nf a&G;aumufyq JG ikd &f m oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom/ xd@k jyif ormorwfusaompDrt H yk cf sKyfr_
t& a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm; /a&G;aumufyt JG m%mydik t f zGJ@rsm; zG@J pnf;jcif;/v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u
G jf cif;ðyap&rnf?

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo f nf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifrsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpGm ESihf ormorwfuspGm
zGJ@pnf;apygovm;?

Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo f nf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifrsm;udk oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpGmESifh ormorwfuspGm
v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G af pygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifrsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;ESihf v_y&f mS ;aqmif&Gurf _rsm;udk
yGiv fh if;jrifom apygovm;? wdk@jyif ‚if;wdk@.vkyaf qmifcsufrsm;udk avhvmolrsm; apmif=h unfEh ikd fatmif óuwif
pDraH y;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&SiftoD;oD;rsm;. vkyfyikd cf iG rhf sm;ESihf wm0efrsm;udk
jzpfap/ tpd;k &tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ wm0efvuf&t dS m%mydik frsm;ESihf aumfr&Sifrsm;.qufqaH &;ta=umif;udjk zpfap
&Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm t"dy`g,f zGiq fh jdk yygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifw&yf. qH;k jzwfcsufwckudk y,fveS &f ef
vHak vmufaom tcGift h vrf;ay;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&SiftzG@J 0ifrsm; rw&m;ojzifh xkwfy,frcH&atmif
umuG,af pmifh a&Smufay;ygovm;?

rJay;olrsm;rSwyf w
Hk ifjcif;/rJay;olrsm;pm&if;

34
Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsurf sm;onf rJay;olrsm;pm&if;udk jrifomxifomatmifEiS hf rSefuefwu d spmG xm;&Sad p&rnf?
rJay;cGi&fh aSd omEdik if o H m;rsm;. rSwyf w Hk ifciG u
fh dk umuG,af pmifah &Smufap&rnf? xd@k jyif vlrsm;udk Oya'ESihfrnDbJ od@k r[kwf rrSef
ruef/ rSwfyw Hk ifay;jcif;/xkwfy,fjcif;rjzpfatmif óuwifumuG,af y;ap&rnf?

rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;jzpfpOfonf rSeu f efwu d s+yD;/jrifomxifom&Sad om rJay;olrsm;pm&if;udók uwifprD x H m;ygovm;?

rJay;olrsm;rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;twGuf jynfph &kH efvt kd yfaomtcsufrsm;udk &Si;f vif;jywfom;+yD;/wdusaompum;jzifh
az:jyxm;ygovm;?

rJqEN&iS fwOD;taejzifh rSwyf Hkwif&eftwGuf rnfonfhpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;vdt k yfonfukd Oya'u &Si;f vifjywfom;pGm
az:jyay;xm;ygovm;?

rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;ESifyh wfoufaom qH;k jzwfcsuw f cktay: apm'uwufEikd af &;twGuf vkyfx;kH vkyfenf;tqifq h ifu h kd
&Si;f vif;jywfom;aompum;jzifh az:jyxm;ygovm;?

rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;ESifh ywfoufaom qH;k jzwfcsuw f cktay: apm'uwufEikd af &;twGuf aemufqkH;tcsed o f wfrw S cf suu f dk
&Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;ygovm;?

rJqEN&iS fwOD;. yk*~Kd vfa&;tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh owif;tcsut f vufrsm; rw&m;ojzifhxw k af z:jcif;rcH&atmif
umuG,af pmifah &Smuf ay;xm;ygovm;?

Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESifh ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufonff Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESihf udk,pf m;vS,af vmif; rSefor# Oya'a±S@arSmufwiG f vlwikd f;wef;
wl jzpfonf[al omtajccHay:rSm wef;wlnrD # ,SOòf yifta&G;cHEikd fap&rnf?

Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rSeo f r#udk Oya'a±S@arSmufwiG f wef;wlnDr#atmif tmrcHcsuaf y;xm;yg
ovm;?

Edik if aH &;ygwt D aeESijfh zpfap/oD;jcm;vGwv f yfaom(woD;yk*v ~ )udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;taeESijhf zpfap/ ud, k fpm;vS,f
avmif;rsm;udk ta&G;cHciG &fh atmiftmrcHcsuaf y;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm;vHk;twGuf nDnmaom
òyifuiG ;f wckay;xm;ygovm;?

a&G;aumufyGJEiS fhywfoufI ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;rSm jynfpH&k efvt kd yfaomtcsut f vufrsm;udk pyfqikd fr&_ adS om/
oifah vsmaf om/ wdusaom pHxm;csufrsm;ay:rSmtajccHI owfrw S xf m;+yD;/ Oya'rSm &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm az:jy
xm;ygovm;?

ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdik &f m vkyfx;kH vkyfenf;rsm;udk Oya'wGif cdik frsmwdusaompum;jzifh
usK;d a=umif;qDavsmfpmG ESifh &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rSwyf w kH ifjcif;ESiyhf wfoufaom qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk
w&m;Oya'tjrifjzifh jyefvnfppD pfapygovm;?

Oya'onf rJq, G v
f _y&f mS ;r_umvtwGi;f Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;. vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;
tay:rSmpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;jzifx h de;f uGyaf y;ygovm;? xd@k jyif tpdk;&pGuzf ufru _ if;+yD;/ wufºu/ yGihfvif;aom
rJq, G vf _y&f mS ;r_twGuf óuwifpDraH y;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufc&H oly*k ~Kd vf. Edik if aH &;ygwu D l;ajymif;r_a=umifh
oufwrf;raphb/J xdyk k*~dKvf. tcGit fh m%mtqH;k owfomG ;jcif;rjzpf&atmif umuG,af pmifah &Smuf ay;ygovm;?

35
owif;rD', D mudk xdawG@cGiEfh iS fh wef;wlciG fh
Oya'a&;&m pnf;urf;uef@owfcsuo f nf Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf udk,pf m;vS,frsm;tm;vH;k owif;rD', D mxdawG@cGi&fh adS p&rnfjzpf
onft h jyif/tpd;k &ydik f odk@r[kwf tpd;k &csKyfudkiaf om owif; rD'D,mwGif wef;wlnrD #pmG ESichf jJG cm;r_r&Sd qufqcH aH p&rnf? rJqG,f
v_y&f mS ;r_umvtwGi;f Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh ud, k fpm;vS,rf sm;tm;vH;k rdrw d kd@tjrifrsm;ESihf xifjrifcsurf sm; vGwv f yfpmG xkwf
az:cGit fh ay: usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmaf omuef@owfcsurf sm; rxm;&Sad p&?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm; tm;vH;k udk owif;rD', D mESifh
xdawG@ cGi&fh aSd p+yD;/ tpdk;&ydik f odk@r[kwf tpd;k &csKyfuikd af om owif;rD', D mwGif wef;wlnDr#ciG &hf adS pygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf wef;wlnDr#qufqHr&_ &Sda&;twGuw f &m;r#waom/ ±dk;&Si;f aom/
trSefwu,ftoHk;csI&aom yHkpw H pf&yfcsrSwfxm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq, G fvy_ &f mS ;r_umvtwGi;f Edik if o
H m;rsm;/ ud,k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESihf
‚if;wdk@. axmufct H m;ay;olrsm;taejzifh rdrdw@kd .tjrifrsm;ESihf xifjrifcsufrsm;udk vGwfvyfpmG az:jyEdik af tmif
tmrcHygovm;?

rJq,
G v
f y_ &Sf&mS ;r_
;r_b¾maiG
b¾maiGEiS fh toH;k pm;&dwrf sm;
b¾m
Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq, G fvy_ &f mS ;r_b¾maiGEiS hf toH;k pm;&dwfrsm;udp&P yfwGif Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESihf ud, k f
pm;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm;vH;k udk Oya'a±S@arSmufrmS wef;wlnrD #jzpfap&rnf;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq, G v
f y_ &f mS ;r_b¾maiGEiS hf toH;k pm;&dwrf sm;udp&P yfwGif Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;
ESiu fh dk,f pm;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm;vH;k udk Oya'a±S@arSmufrmS wef;wlnrD #jzpfapygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq, G fvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;twGuf jynfol@b¾maiGo;kH pGcJ iG hf od@k r[kwf tpd;k &ydik f
t&if;tjrpfrsm;oH;k pGcJ iG t fh wGuf óuwifpDrx H m;ygu/ ToHk;pGcJ iG u hf kd Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf ud,
k fpm;vS,rf sm; tm;vH;k
onf Oya'a±S@arSmufwiG f wef;wlnrD #jzpfonf[al om tajccHay:rSmpDrx H m;ygovm;?

ud, k yf dik f rJq,
G fvy_ &f mS ;r_&HyaHk iGrsm;tay:xm;&Sad om uef@owfcsufrsm;onf usKd;a=umif;qDavsmjf cif;/ &Si;f vif;
jywfom;jcif;&So d nft h jyif trSefwu,fusihfo;kH I&Edik fygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq, G fvy_ &f mS ;a&;tvSLaiGrsm;/ toH;k pm;&dwrf sm; ta=umif;tpD&ifcjH cif;
ESifh ywfoufI umvtydik ;f tjcm;owfrw S af y;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJq, G fvy_ &f mS ;a&;tvSLaiGrsm;/ toH;k pm;&dwrf sm;ta=umif; tpD&ifcpH m
rsm;udk trsm;jynfol =unf±h SKEdkifatmif óuwifprD x H m;ygovm;?

apmif
apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;
Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf jynfwiG ;f /jynfyapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;/ owif;rD', D m/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf ud,k f
pm;vS,af vmif;rsm;. ud, k fpm;vS,rf sm;tzdk@a&G;aumufyv GJ kyif ef;jzpfpOftm;vH;k udk odomjrifomatmif óuwifprD H xm;&
rnf?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf jynfwiG ;f ESihf Edik if w H umapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;tm; a&G;aumufyjJG zpfpOf
. bufaygi;f pHu
k dk apmif=h unfah vhvmcGiðhf yxm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf owif;rD', D m/ Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESihf udk,f pm;vS,af vmif;rsm;. ud, k fpm;
vS,rf sm;tm; a&G;aumufyjGJ zpfpOf.bufaygi;f pHu k kd apmif=h unfah vhvmcGiðhf yxm;ygovm;?

36

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf apmif=h unfah vhvmolwOD;tjzpfrSwyf kHwifa&;twGuf vdktyfaom
tcsut f vufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI &Si;f vif;jywfom;aom/ wduscdik rf maom pHxm;csurf sm;csrSwfay;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf Edik if aH wmfjyXmef;Oya'u apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;twGuf todtrSwðf y
xm;aomtcsufrsm;ESifh rnfonft h csed frmS todtrSwðf yxm;onf wdk@ESiyhf wfoufI&Sif;&Si;f vif;vif; odxm;yg
ovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;. tcGift h a&;ESihfywfoufIaomfvnf;aumif;/
rnfonft h csed f/ rnfonfth ajctaersm;atmufrmS apmif=h unfhavhvmoltjzpfrS &yfqikd ;f Edik jf cif;ESihf ywfoufI
aomfvnf;aumif;/ &Si;f &Sif;vif;vif; odxm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;.tcGit hf a&;ESifh tpDpOfwusa&G;aumufyJG
pDrt
H kycf sKyfrw
_ dk@=um;wGif xde;f nSday;ygovm;?

apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;tzdk@rsm;pGmtcuftcJawG@ap+yD;/ &mr#waomapmif=h unfah vhvmr_tzdk@t[ef@twm;jzpfap
aom Oya'qdik &f m/ vdu k femp&mtcsut f vufrsm;&Sdygovm;?

rJqENay;jcifEiS yfh wfoufaom vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;tqifq h ifh

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqENuv kd #K@d 0Surf &_ adS p&rnfjzpf+yD;/ rJqENtm;vHk;udk wef;wlnrD #pGm/ w&m;r#wpGmESihf
yGiv
fh if;jrifompGm a&wGujf cif;/Z,moGi;f jcif;&Sad p&rnf?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqENrsm;udk v#Kd@0SufraJ y;pepfjzifh ay;apygovm;?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJay;olrsm; udkrjJ ym;xkwrf ay;rDrmS vlrrSm;atmif vHak vmufpmG ppfaq;apyg
ovm;?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufrmS rrSerf uefraJ y;jcif;ESihf t=udr=f udrt f vDvDraJ y;jcif;wd@k rjzpf&avatmif
vHak vmufaom umuG,af pmif=h uyfay;r_rsm; yg0ifygovm;?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufrmS rJray;rD/ rJay;aepOfEiS hf rJay;+yD;aemufydik ;f Y rJjym;rsm;/ rJ±kHo;kH ypPnf;rsm;
tm;vH;k . vHðk cHa&;twGuf vHak vmufaomjyXmef;csufrsm;yg0ifygovm;?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf xl;jcm;csu&f adS om rJay;olrsm; od@k r[kwf txl;trsK;d tpm; tjzpf
owfrw S fxm;aom rJay;olrsm;twGuf xl;jcm;aomrJay;enf;rsm; ay;xm;ygovm;? xdk@jyif Ttjcm;
aomrJay;enfrsm;.vkyx f Hk;vkyef nf;tqifq h ifo
h nf rJvðkH cHrv_ nf;&S/d v#Kd@0Sufrv
_ nf;&Sad p&efvt kd yfaomtcsurf sm;ESihf
tnDjzpfygovm;?

Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf vlwOD;wnf;u a&G;aumufyw JG ckwnf;rSm xl;jcm;aomrJay;enf;udak &m
yHrk eS fraJ y;enf;udkyg toH;k ðyonfhtjzpfrsKd;r&S&d avatmif óuwifumuG,x f m;ygovm;?

rJa&wGijf cif;ESifh Z,m;oGi;f jcif;ðy&mY yGiv

fh if;jrifomr_&S&jcif
djS cif;
Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqENtm;vHk;udk wef;wlnrD #pGm/ w&m;r#wpGmESihf yGihfvif;jrifompGm a&wGujf cif;/
Z,m; oGi;f jcif;&Sad p&rnf?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJa&wGujf cif;ESifh Z,m;oGi;f jcif;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmEdkiaf tmif
apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;tm; oifah vsmaf om enf;vrf;rsm;ay;xm;ygovm;?

37

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf vufjzifh rJa&wGujf cif;ESihf Z,m;oGi;f jcif; rðybJ/ pufjzifha&wGuaf om
ae&mrsm;wGif puf/uGejf yLwmtrmxnf/tajymhxnfEiS hf tjcm;ypPn;f rsm;tm;vHk;jzif o h D;jcm;vGwfvyfpmG
aqmuf&u G Ef idk af tmif óuwifprD Hxm;ygovm;?

Oya'onf apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzifrh aJ y;XmetoD;oD;. &v'frsm;udak ygif;um/ aemufq;kH tajz
&&Sad pEdik af om yHpk t H & pm&if;Z,m;pm&Gut f m;vHk;udk &&Sad pEdik fygovm;?

Oya'onf &v'faz:jyaom pm&if;Z,m;rsm;Y xl;jcm;aomrJay;enf;rsm; (ae&ma±$@ajymif;rJay;jcif;ESihf pmyd@k pepfjzifh
rJay;jcif;uJo h dk@aomrJay;enf;rsm;) .&v'frsm;ESihfywfoufaom tao;pdyt f csut f vufrsm;yg0ifapygovm;?

Oya'onf rJ±t Hk qifrh S A[dak &G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sit f qift h xd/ &v'ftao;pdyrf sm;udk csucf si;f trsm;jynfolo@kd
a=unmjcif;ESifh yHkEySd fowif;rD', D mwGiyf kHEdSyx
f wk af 0jcif;ðyapygovm;?

Oya'onf a&G;aumufy&GJ vm'frsm;. aemufqkH;twnfðya=unmjcif;/ ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;udk today;jcif;
jzpfpOfrsm;ESifh ta&G;aumufcu H dk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;.&mxl;oufwrf;rsm;udk &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm jyXmef;
owfrw S af y;xm;ygovm;?

rJjyefvnfa&wGujf cif;twGuf vdktyfaomtcsut f m;vH;k ;ESihf vkyfx;kH vkyef nf;tqifq h ifw
h d@k udk &Si;f vif;jywfom;
pGmaz:jyxm;ygovm;?

a&G;aumufyt GJ opfusif;ya&;twGuv f t kd yfaomtcsut f m;vH;k ;ESihf vkyxf ;kH vkyfenf;tqifq h ifu
h kd &Si;f vif;
jywfom;pGm az:jyxm;ygovm;?

rJqEN&iS tcG
ftcGit fh a&;bufr&S yfwnfay;jcif;
Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqEN&iS t f cGit hf a&;bufrS &yfwnfay;&eftwGuf xda&mufaom vkyx f kH;vkyef nf;rsm;
ESifh ukpm;enf;rsm; jyXmef;xm;&rnf?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rJqEN&iS t f cGithf a&;bufrS &yfwnfay;&eftwGuf xda&mufaomvkyx f ;kH
vkyfenf;rsm; ESifh ukpm;enf;rsm; jyXmef;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'csKd;azgufrr_ sm;twGuf owfrw S fxm;aomjypf'%frsm;onf usKd;a=umif;qDavsm+f yD;/oifah vsmyf govm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf a&G;aumufyOJG ya'csK;d azgufr_EiS hfywfoufI rnfolw@kd uw&m;pGq J kdEikd fonf
qdak omtcsurf sm;ESifh w&m;pGq J jdk cif;jzpfpOfw@kd udk &Sif;vif;jywfom;pGmaz:jyxm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifq;Hk jzwfcsuu f kd (jyefvnfppfciG hfESihf t+yD;owfp&D if
csucf sciG &fh aSd om w&m;±H;k odk@) t,lcw H ifciG t
hf wGuf óuwifpDraH y;xm;ygovm;?

Oya'a&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf rauseyfcsuw f cktwGuf w&m;pGq J jkd cif;/ pOf;pm;jcif;/ESifh qH;k jzwfjcif;wdk@
twGuf tcsdeu f ef@owfcsufrsm;jyXmef;ay;xm;ygovm;?

(*) a&G;aumufyt GJ jiif;yGm;r_Z,m; a&;qGjJ cif;

rJqEN&iS frsm;qdik &f mOya'udk ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyf&mY/ a&G;aumufyt JG jiif;yGm;r_rsm;twGuaf jz&Sif;csufrsm;udk txl;tm±Hpk du
k o f ifh yg
onf? TuJo h dk@aom ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfrr_ sm;vkyfygu Oya'a&;&mjyefvnfupk m;r_rsm; vkyI f &-r& qH;k jzwfEikd frnft
h jyif/ Oya'
a&;&mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk rSww f rf;ðypkjcif;ESitfh a=umif;&if;avhvmjcif;jzpfpOftwGut f axmuftuljzpfapygvdrfhrnf? TuJh
odk@aom ydik f;jcm;oH;k oyfrw _ cka=umifh a&G;aumufyt JG jiif;yGm;r_rsm;pD&ifqkH;jzwf&eftm%mtyfEiS f;cHxm;aom tm%mydik frsm;.
tcef;u¾/w&m;r#wr_EiS fh u|rf;usiv f rd mR r_wdk@udk tuJjzwfEikd fygvdrhfrnf?

38
a&G;aumufyt GJ jiif;yGm;r_rsm;ESifhywfoufaom Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufonf atmufygwd@k udk &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm
t"dy`g,zf iG q
fh jdk y&rnf?

rauseyfrt _ wGuf wdik fwef;p&mjzpfapaom vkyaf qmifcsufrsm;(Oyrm- wpHw k OD;udk r±d;k rom;rrSefruefrSwyf kHwif
ay;jcif;) ESifh vkyaf qmif&efysufuu G rf (_ Oyrm – wpkw H OD;udk rSwfyw
kH ifay;&efysufuu G jf cif;)?

wdik w f ef;cH&avmufz, G &f m &Sad omyk*K~d vf(rsm;) odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;(rsm;) ESihf wdik w f ef;cH&onf[k today;cH&rnfh
olrsm;

wdik w f ef;r_rsm;udk pD&ifqH;k jzwf&eft&nftcsi;f &Sad om tzG@J tpnf;?

rauseyfru _ dk t&nftcsi;f ESijfh ynfph aHk omtzG@J tpnf;od@k wdik w f ef;&rnfhenf;[ef (Oyrm – pmjzif)h ?

rauseyfru _ dk wdik fwef;jcif;ESifh pD&ifq;Hk jzwfjcif;wdk@twGuf tcsed u f ef@owfcsufrsm;?

y,fvSeq f ;Hk jzwfjcif;cH&aom wdik fwef;r_ukd t,lcw H ifykHenf;[efESihf cHt
k zG@J rsm;?

wdik w f ef;oltwGuf csrSwaf y;aom rnfonfo h ufomcGihfurkd qdk az:aqmifay;a&;twGuf vdt k yfaom
vkyx f Hk;vkyef nf;rsm;?

Oya'csLd ;azgufrt _ wGuf jypf'%frsm;?

Tydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfcsufudk t+yD;owf+yD;onfEiS w

fh ðyifeuf/a&G;aumufyt
JG csed fZ,m;ESiq
hf ufpyfvsuf ae@pGt
J pOftwdik ;f Z,m;
oGi;f a&;rSwf xm;&rnf? TjzpfpOfonf Oya'rsm;wGiyf g&adS om [muGurf sm;/xyfaer_rsm;ESihf tcsi;f csi;f yÉdyuQ jzpfaeaom jy
Xmef;csufrsm;udk az:xkwaf pEdik fonfth jyif/ Oyaa&;&mpnf;urf;ue@fowfcsufw&yf ydrk kdw;kd wufaumif;rGeaf p&ef t=uHðywif
jycsufrsm;a&;&mY vnf; toHk;0ifEidk fygonf?

erlemZ,m;wckraS umufEw Sk cf sufudk atmufrmS az:jyxm;ygonf? Tjzpf&yfY tu,fI wdik fwef;olwOD;u rJqEN&iS pf m&if;rSm
rrSefruefrwdrusjzpfaer_wckudk jyifqifay;yg&efwifjy+yD;v#i/f w&m;r usihfx;kH Oya' (Civil Procedure Code) tcef; (30)
t& TrrSefruefrwdrusjzpfaer_udk apm'uwufonfqdyk gthH? oufaojyonfw h ikd f TrrSerf uefrwdrusjzpfaer_udk jyifqif
ay;&efwm0efr&Sad =umif;ud/k ol (odk@r[kw)f olrtaejzifah wG@&S&d ayvdrhfrnf? tu,fI wdik w f ef;oltaejzifh orw
a&G;aumufyGJ Oya' tcef; (20) t& TrrSefruefrwdrusjzpfaer_udk apm'uwufonfqkdygu/ jyifqifay;aprnfh ukpm;r_
wcku&dk &SEd idk fygvrd fhrnf? odk@&mwGif orwa&G;aumufyOJG ya'ygjyXmef;csuft& y%mr rJqEN&iS frsm;pm&if; xkwjf yeft+yD;/ (3)
&uf twGi;f rSm wdik fwef;&efvdktyfygonf? w&m;rusihfx;Hk Oya't&rl wdik ;f wef;&ef tcsdefyakd y;xm;ygonf? odk@jzpf&m Z,m;
a&;qGxJ m;jcif;tm;jzifh wdik fwef;a&;twGuf rwlnaD omtcsdejf yXmef;csufrsm;udk awG@&SEd dik yf gonf? w&m;rusix fh ;kH Oya'/ tcef;
(30) wGif jyefvnfjyif qifay;&eftwGuf tm%mwnfapaomjyXmef;csuf ryg&o dS jzifh ‚if;. [muGuu f vkd nf; jrifawG@Edik fyg
onf?

39
a&G;aumufyt
GJ jiif;yGm;r_Z,m; erlemyH
mypHk H
a&G;aumufyGJ wdik w
f ef;Edik &f ef wdik w f ef;vdok l wdik w
f ef;cGifh wdik w
f ef;aom wdik w
f ef;r_t wdik w
f ef;r_udk t,lc0H ifjcif; tm%mouf
qdik &f m Oya'jyXmef; tm;wdik w f ef; &Sol
dol enf;[efEiS fh wGuf tcsdef pOf;pm;&ef a&mufap&ef
usL;vGerf r_ sm; csufrsm;
rsm; cGiðfh y+yD;/ wm0ef wdik w
f ef;&m uef@owfcsuf tcsdeu f ef@owf ESihf
&Sol
dox l t
H oday; ae&m csuf jypf'%fowf
apaom
apaom rSw&f ef
jyXmef;csuf jyXmef;csuf

rJqEN&iS pf m&if; orwa&G; rJay;Xmea&G; rJqEN&iS f odk@ rJay;Xmea&G; y%mr rJqEN a&G;aumufyrGJ c±dik w
f &m;±H;k trSm;jyifay;
rrSerf uefjzpfr_ aumufyOGJ y aumufyaGJ umf r[kwf aumufyaGJ umf &Sirf sm;pm&if; wdik rf q
D v
dk #if 3- &efEiS /hf trSm;
a'/ yk'rf (20) r&Sif (PSEC) tjcm;ywf r&Si/f pmjzif/h xkwjf yef+yD;/3- &uftwGi;f / jyifEikd af =umif;
ESifh wdik =f um; ouf&m &uftwGi;f a&G;aumufyaGJ e@ &Si;f vif;pGmxk
rSt
k wGuw f m yk*K~d vfrsm; qdv
k #if csucf si;f acsEikd jf cif;r&Sd
0ef&o Sd x l H ygu(PSEC)
today; jcif; tzG@J 0ifukd
'%faiGwyf&ef
rJqEN&iS pf m&if; w&m;rusifh rJay;Xmea&G; rJqEN&iS f odk@ ±H;k wifw&m; a&G;aumufyGJ wdik w
f ef;aom txufw r&Sd
rrSerf uefjzpfr_ xH;k Oya'/yk'rf aumufyGJ r[kwf pG&J efyrHk eS pf nf; rwdik rf D 5- ae@rSpI 3-&uf &m;±H;k
(30) aumfr&Sif tjcm;ywf rsO;f rsm;&Sd &ufxuf
(txl;ojzifh (PSEC) ouf&m aom c±dik f aemufrus
a&G;aumufyGJ yk*K~d vfrsm; w&m;±H;k ap&
twGuf usihf
oH;k onf?)

40
4?a&G
4?a&G;aumufyt
GJ jiif;yGm;r+rsm;udk apmif-h unfah vhvmjcif;
u? tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ajz&Si;f yHu
k dk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
c? a&G;aumufyt GJ jiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif; ?

wdik w
f ef;r_ trsKd;tpm;rsm;ESifh tqifrh sm;udv k nf;aumif;/ wdik w
f ef;r_EiS hf t,lcrH r_ sm;.
jzpfay:yHt
k qifq h ift
h vduk f ajz&Si;f ay;oltzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnf;aumif; az:xkwjf cif;?

wdik w
f ef;r_EiS fh t,lcHr_rsm;.jzpfay:yHt k qifq
h ifuh v
kd du
k I
f tjiif;yGm;udak vhvmjcif;?

wdik w
f ef;r_EiS fh t,lcHr_pepfu yg0ifywfoufolrsm;tzd@k oifah vsmfaom Oya'qdik &f mjyefvnfupk m;r_rsm;
rnfonft h wm yrm%txd&&Sda=umif;udk tuJjzwfjcif;?

a&G;aumufyu GJ mvtwGi;f Y ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;/ ygwrD sm;/Edik if o H m;rsm;/ a&G;aumufyt JG m%mydik rf sm; yg0ifywfoufae
aom tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ay:ayguw f wfygonf? tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ajz&Si;f &ef Oya'qdik &f mvkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;udk tm;xm;jcif;onf
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh w&mOya'vkyif ef;. c&D;a&mufrt _ ay:,H=k unfr}_ uD;xGm;vma=umif;taxmuftxm;jzpfEikd fygonf?
xdk@twlyif pD&ifq;Hk jzwfr_r&Sjd cif; odk@r[kwf pD&ifq;kH jzwfra_ ESmifah ES;jcif;onf w&m;ojzifw h ikd fwef;csufrsm;twGuf jyefvnfuk
pm;ay;aom pepf. ajymhnHhru _ dk az:jy&ma&mufygonf? 19

(u) tjiif;yGm;r_
;rr_ sm;ajz&S
sm;ajz&Si;f yHu
k dk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif
mjcif;

apmif=h unfah vhvma&;ESifh ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfa&;tzG@J (Observation and Analysis Unit) . Oya'a&;&mu|rf;usio f lrsm;t
aejzifh tjiif;yGmr_toD;oD;udk pm&if;ðypkxm;&efEiS hf a&qH;k a&zsm;vdu k If avhvm&efóu;yrf;oifo h nf?tjiif;yGm;r_tenf;tusOf;
r#avmufomjzpfymG ;rnf[ak r#mfvifx h m;ygu tjiif;yGm;r_toD;oD;udk vufa&;jzift h aotcsmpm&if;oGi;f jcif;tm;jzifh Tvkyf
ief;udk aqmif&u G fEidk fygonf?tu,fI tjiif;yGm;r_ tawmfrsm;rsm;jzpfymG ;rnf[k ar#mv f ifx
h m;ygu/ tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;. tao;
pdyf tcsut f vufrsm;udk uGejf yLwm tcsut f vuf b%fY rSww f rf;wifxm;Edik fygonf?rnfonfeh nf;jzifjh zpfap/ pm&if;ðypk
jcif;pepfonf twlwjl zpfoifhonf? +yD;cJah omtcef;rSmaqG;aEG;wifjycJah om a&G;aumufyt JG jiif;yGm;r_Z,m;onf w&m;
Oya'a&; vkyif ef;. rnfonft h pdyt f ydik f;rsm;udak pmif=h unfah vhvmoifah =umif;az:xkw&f mY taxmuftulay;ygvrd hfrnf?

taumif;qH;k rSm wdik fwef;csufrdwLW rsm;udk pkaqmif;&efjzpfonf?(apmif=h unfah vhvma&;)XmecsKyf&dS toif;taeESiahf &m/ e,f
ajra'otvdu k f apmif=h unfavhvmolrsm;taeESihfyg rdwLW &&SEd ikd favh&adS om ae&mrsm;rSm-wdik w
f ef;ol/ trSm;usL;vGefonf[k
pGyfpcGJ &H aomyk*K~d vf/ odk@wnf;r[kwf tr_ziG fhwidk =f um;&mXmejzpfaom w&m;±H;k odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sif wd@k jzpfonf?

19
a&G;aumufyGJtjiif;yGm;r_EiS fh ywfoufI owif;tcsut f vufrsm; xyfro H &d v
Sd ydk gu/ (Resolving Election Disputes in the OSCE Area: Towards a
Standard Election Disputes Monitoring System, OSCE/ ODIHR, Warsaw, 2001.) udk =unfy h g? TrSww f rf;udk OSCE/ ODIHR .
tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS http://www.osce.org/odihr wGif &&SEd idk yf gonf?

41
wdik wf ef;r_ta=umif; owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk tjiif;yGm;r_apmif=h unfah vhvma&;yHpk w
H iG f tpDtpOfwusrSww
f rf;wifoifh
+yD;/ atmufygtcsufrsm;yg0ifapoifo
h nf?

wdik wf ef;oltrnf?

wdik wf ef;csuxf w J iG f trSm;usL;vGeof nf[k pGyfpcJG &H aom yk*Kd~ vf od@k r[kwf tzG@J tpnf;?

wdik wf ef;csuuf =dk um;emppfaq;rnfh tm%mydik t f zG@J .trnf?

oufqidk &f m =um;emppfaq;a&;tm%mydik t f zG@J od@k tr_ziG w
hf ikd =f um;aomae@pGJ?

tjiif;yGm;r_jzpfymG ;aomae&m?

tjiif;yGm;r_jzpfymG ;&m tkycf sKyfa&;c±dik f odk@r[kwf rJqENc±dik f?

pGyfpcGJ sut
f usOf;csKyf?

(apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm; odk@r[kwf apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tkyfp. k ) xifjrifo;kH oyfcsurf sm;?

pHpk rf;avhvmr_ pwifaomae@pG?J

pHpk rf;avhvmaomtzGJ@ odk@r[kwf pHkprf;avhvmol.trnf?

pD&ifq;Hk jzwfa&;tm%mydik t f zGJ@u wdik wf ef;r_ukd =um;emrnfah e@pG?J

apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzifh wdik w f ef;r_ta=umif;ESifyh wfoufI owif;tcsut f vufrsm;Edkio

f r#rsm;rsm;&atmif óu;
yrf;&rnf? odk@aomf oufqidk &f mtm%mydik frsm;. tcef;u¾udk xdcu kd af tmifrvkyfrad p&ay? ormorwfusap&ef tvdk@iSm/
buftm;vH;k rS vlyk*~dKvfrsm;udak wG@Edik af tmif tpGrf;ukeóf u;pm;&rnf? apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf wdik ;f wef;olrsm;ESiahf wG@
qH&k mY qENpGJpw
d frxm;rdatmif owdðy&rnf?

apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzifh jzpfymG ;aeaomjy\emudk =um;0ifajz&Sif;ay;Irjzpfay? wdk@jyifp&D ifq;kH jzwfay;cGiv hf nf;r&Sd
acs? apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzif/h wdik fwef;olrsm;udak wG@qHk&mY a&G;aumufyGt J m%mydik rf sm;xHo@kd w&m;0iftr_wikd =f um;
xm;jcif;&Sd-r±/S/d odk@r[kwf w&m;±H;k odk@ t,lcw
H ifxm;jcif;&Sd-r&Sad r;=unf&h rnfjzpf+yD;/oufqikd &f mpm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk awmif;
,l&rnf?tu,fI Tenf;vrf;rsm;twdik ;f vkyx f m;jcif;r&Syd gu/jzpfEikd fz,
G &f mwdik w
f ef;r_rsm;ESihf t,lcrH _rsm;vkyaf tmifwikd w
f ef;
olrsm;udk wdu k w f eG f;&rnf?

tr_toD;oD;udk trnfemray;vsuf eHygwfpOfwckpw D yfay;&rnf?wdik fwef;r_jzpfpOfwiG f wd;k wufjzpfay:r_tvdu k f owif;tcsuf

tvufopfrsm;udk rSww f rf;wifxm;&rnf? Oyrm- y%mrpHkprf;avhvmr_rsm;vufpowf+yD;aemuf/ pD&ifq;kH jzwfa&;tm%mydik f
tzGJ@ odk@r[kwf tr_pq GJ adk &;tm%mydik t
f zGJ@u w&m;0if=um;emppfaq;r_rsm;pwifrnf[k qHk;jzwfvu kd af omtcgY wd;k wufjzpf
ay:r_tqifo h pfwck+yD;qH;k oGm;+yDjzpfonf?wdik w
f ef;r_EiS hfywfoufaom =um;emppfaq;r_jzpfpOfujkd yefavhvmEdik &f eftwGuf wyf
xm;aomtr_eHygwu f dk =unf&h rnf?

pHpk rf;avhvmolrsm;onf w&m;±H;k odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f wdik w f ef;r_wckukd txl;ojzifh xif&mS ;ausm=f um;aom
tr_rsm;udk =um;emppfaq;aomtcgY w&m;±H;k od@k r[kwf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Si±f ;kH od@k wufa&mufEikd af tmifóu;pm;&rnf? w
&m;±H;k odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sio f dk@wufa&mufvsuf wdik w f ef;r_wckta=umif;udak pmif=h unfah vhvmaom rnfonfh
apmif=h unfah vmolrqdk =um;aetusq;Hk pdw"f gwjf zifh avhvm&rnfjzpf+yD;/ atmufygtajccHvrf;!$ecf surf sm;udk vdu k ef m&rnf?

tcsed fraD &muf&&Sd efEiS fh =um;emppfaq;r_ukd wenf;enf;jzift
h aESmuft,Surf ay;rdap&ef?

42

=um;emppfaq;aeaomtr_ta=umif;ESiyhf wfoufI owif;y;ydk@jcif;/ xifjrifcsuaf y;jcif;ðy&mY owdxm;&ef?
(ta=umif;rSm ‚if;wdk@onf pD&ifq;Hk jzwf&efpOf;pm;&mY xnfo h iG f;pOf;pm;p&mtjzpfygomG ;wwfaoma=umifjh zpfonf?)

tr_xYJ oufaoxGuq f djk cif;rðyrdatmif a&SmifusO&f ef?

w&m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf a±G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif a±S@arSmufwiG f tr_wck=um;emppfaq;yHt k a=umif; apmif=h unfah vhvm&mY atmuf
ygtcsut f vufrsm;udk rSww f rf;wifoifo
h nf?

wdik w f ef;olonf w&m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sio f @dk rdrd.wdik fwef;csuu f dk axmufcHwifjyonft h aejzifh
pm&Gufpmwrf;taxmuftxm;jzifjh zpfap/ E_wx f uG q f ckd sujf zifjh zpfap oufaotaxmuftxm;wifjyEdik jf cif;&Sd-r&Sd?

pdwf0ifpm;oltjcm;yk*K~d vfrsm;u oufaotaxmuftxm;wifjyEdik jf cif;&Sd-r&S?d

=um;emppfaq;jcif;udk trsm;jynfoal ±S@arSmufwiG f vkyaf qmifjcif;&S-d r&S?d (owif;rD', D mESihf omreftrsm; jynfow l d@k
tygt0if pdw0f ifpm;oltjcm;yk*~dKvfrsm;a±S@arSmufwiG f vkyaf qmifjcif;&S-d r&S?d ) od@k wnf;r[kwf =um;emppfaq;r_
tpdwt f ydik ;f wpHw
k &mudk apmif=h unfah vhvmIr&aom wcg;ydwpf pfaq;r_jzifh vkyaf qmifjcif;&Sd-r&S?d

=um;emppfaq;ol tm%mydik t f zGJ@onf vlwikd f; (wdik =f um;olrsm;/oufaorsm;/ESihf pdwf0ifpm;Ivma&muf=um;emol
rsm;tygt0if)tay:w&m;r#wpGmqufqjH cif;&Syd Hak y:-ray:?

ðcH=unfv h u dk fygu =um;em;ppfaq;olrsm;onf ormorwf&ydS akH y:-ray:?

=um;emppfaq;oltm%mydik t f zGJ@.qH;k jzwfcsufonf ,ciftvm;wltr_rsK;d rsm;wGif qH;k jzwfco hJ nfrsm;ESihf a±S@aemuf
nDjcif;&S-d r&S?d

=um;emppfaq;r_ta=umif;apmifh=unfah vhvmol.aumufcsut f m;vH;k udk axmufct H wnfðyay;aom
tjcm;avhvmawG@&Scd surf sm;? (txl;ojzifh =um;emppfaq;oltm%mydik t f zG@J .xifjrifo;kH oyfcsufrsm;)

txufygtcsut f vufrsm;tjyif/=um;em;ppfaq;aecsed Yf apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onfatmufygtcsut f vufrsm;udk

vnf;rSww
f rf;wifxm;&rnf?

wdik wf ef;olrsm;ESifh pdwf0ifpm;oly*k ~Kd vfrsm;udk a±S@aea±S@&yfrsm;u ud, k pf m;ðyaqmif&u
G af y;jcif;&Sd-r&S?d

wdik wf ef;ola=umifjh zpfay:vmaom Oya'a&;&m jy\emrsm;?

wdik wf ef;olrsm;ESifh pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;u rdrdw@kd bufurkd rd w d @kd axmufcwH ifjy&mY av#mufvw J ifjyaom
w&m;Oya'qdik &f m jyXmef;csufrsm;?

usix fh ;Hk Oya'pnf;rsO;f rsm;udk w&m;±H;k u vdu k ef myH&k aom twdik f;twmyrm%?

qH;k jzwfcsucf sucf s&ef ,laomtcsed t f wdik f;twm?

txuf±Hk;odk@t,lcw H ifjcif;ESifhywfoufI ESpfbuftr_onfrsm;udk w&m;±Hk;u ay;aomodaumif;p&mrsm;?

apmif=h unfah vhvmr_nESd _id ;f a&;ESifh ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@ (Observation and Analysis Unit) . Oya'a&;&m u|rf;usif
olrsm;taejzifh tr_rsm;udk pm&if;ðypk+yD;/ w&m;Oya'pepfatmufrmS ‚if;wdk@pcef;oGm;yHu k kd apmif=h unfah vhvmoifhonf?tjiif;
yGm;r_apmif=h unfah vhvma&;yHkpHrsm;wGijf znfo h iG f;&eftwGuf e,fajra'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm; pkaqmif;cJah omt
csut f vufrsm;tjyif pm&if;ðypka&;pepfwiG f atmufygtcsufrsm;vnf;yg0ifoifo h nf?

wdik w f ef;oludik pf aGJ om Oya'tajccH? (wdik ;f oludik pf GaJ om Oya'. oufqikd &f myk'frudk ud;k um;az:jy&rnf?)

tqift h wef;? ( wbufbufu rnfonft h xuf±kH;odk@ t,lcHwifxm;jcif;&Sd-r&Sd? od@k wnf;r[kwf xyfrIH pOf;pm;
ay;&eftwGuf aemufxyftpd;k &tzGJ@tpnf; wckod@k wifxm;jcif;&S-d r&Sd?)

43

w&m;±Hk; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif ponfw@kd ucsrSwaf om t+yD;owfq;kH jzwfcsuf? (qH;k jzwfcsu. f Oya'
tajccHudk ud;k um;az:jy&rnf?)

tm%mwnfapjcif; (qH;k jzwfcsufudk taumiftxnfaz:ay;jcif;&S-d r&S?d rnfonft h csderf Sm rnfo@kd taumiftxnf
az:onf? rnfonft h wdik ;f twmtxd taumiftxnfaz:ay;onf?)

jynfwiG f;apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;u owfrSwaf om wdik w
f ef;r_trsK;d tpm; odk@r[kwf tqift h wef;?
(aemufvmrnft h cef;wGif =unfhyg?)

(c) a&G;aumufyt GJ jiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;

apmif=h unfah vhvmr_nESd _id ;f a&;ESifh ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@ (Observation and Analysis Unit) . Oya'a&;&m u|rf;usif
olrsm;taejzifh wdkiw f ef;r_toD;oD;udk trsKd;tpm;cGjJ cm;owfrw S fxm;&rnf?owfrw S fxm;aomtrsKd;tpm;rsm;onf oufqikd f
&m Oy'wGijf yXmef; xm;aom a&G;aumufyq GJ dik &f musL;vGefr_ trsKd;tpmrsm;;ESihf qufE, G rf &_ &dS rnf?trsK;d tpm;cGjJ cm;r_EiS fh ywf
oufaom erlem yHpk Hrsm;udk atmufrmS ay;xm;ygonf?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;zGJ@pnf;jcif;

ygwDrsm; /ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm; rSwfyw kH ifjcif;

rJqENay;olrsm;rSwyf Hw k ifjcif;

w&m;r0ifrq J , G vf _y&f mS ;jcif; (ygwDrsm;)

w&m;r0if rJq, G fvy_ &f mS ;jcif; (tpd;k &.tzG@J tpnf;rsm;)

a&G;aumufyt GJ a=umif;rsm;udk owif;rD'D,mrsm;uowif;az:jyjcif;

owif;rD'D,mrsm;.owif;az:jyyHrk sm; /owif;axmufrsm;udk aESmif, h u S wf kducf u
kd jf cif;

rJq, G v
f _y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk taESmifht,Suaf y;jcif; (ygwDrsm;)

rJq, G v
f _y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk taESmifht,Suaf y;jcif; (tpdk;&.tzG@J tpnf;rsm;)

a&G;aumufyaGJ e@wGif rJqENay;cGifhudk usL;vGecf sK;d azgujf cif;

v#Kd@0SufraJ y;pepf. vHðk cHa&;udk usL;vGecf sK;d azgujf cif;

rJa&wGuaf epOfumvtwGi;f usL;vGecf sKd;azgufrr_ sm;

rJrsm;aygi;f aeOf/Z,m;oGif;aepOfumvtwGi;f usL;vGecf sKd;azgufr_rsm;

pkpak ygi;f &v'fonf a=ujimxm;onft h wdik ;f rSefuefwud sjcif;

Ttcsut f vufrsm;yg0ifaom tcsut f vufb%fwckxm;&Sjd cif;tm;jzifh trsK;d tpm;;cGjJ cm;owfrw S xf m;aom tjiif;yGm;r_
rsm;ESifh ajz&Si;f yHrk sm;udk a&wGuaf z:jyEdik yf gvrd rhf nf? Ttcsut f vufrsm;wifjyyHk pHerlemwckukd atmufrmS xnfo h iG ;f az:jyxm;
yg onf?TpHerlemonf wdik w f ef;r_trsK;d tpm;toD;oD;twGux f m;&So
d ifah om Z,m;rsm;ESihf trsK;d tpm;wckrmS yg&adS om wdik f
wef;r_wckcsi;f twGurf w S w
f rf;wifyuHk dk tpOfvu kd af z:jyxm;ygonf?Z,m;tm;vH;k rSmygaom wdik w f ef;r_tm;vH;k udk ppfaq;
=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh (a&G;aumufyEGJ iS yfh wfoufaom rnfonfv h yk af qmifcsuu f wdik w
f ef;r_trsm;qH;k jzpfay:apoenf;/)/ (azguf
zsuu f sL;vGerf r_ sm;onf rnfonfah e&mrSmtrsm;qH;k jzpfymG ;oenf;/) ESihf (pepfu wdik w f ef;r_rsm;udk auseyfavmufzf , G &f m ajz
&Si;f ay; Edik jf cif;&S-d r&S)d qdok nfwdk@udk jrifawG@Edik af yvdrrhf nf? pepfu yg0ifywfoufaeolrsm;twGuf avsmu f efaom Oya'qdik f
&m jyefvnfupk m;r_ vkyaf y;Edik jf cif;&S-d r&Sd tuJjzwf&mY Ttcsut f vufrsm;onftvGet f axmuftuljzpfygvrd rhf nf? Tt
csut f vufrsm;a=umifh a&G;aumufypGJ rD t H yk cf sKyfa&;tzG@J twGi;f qH;k jzwfcsucf s&mY ñuHawG@&wwfaomjy\emrsm;udk jrifawG@
Edik yf gvrd rfh nf?

44
wdik w
f ef;r_rsm;Z,m;
Z,m; (1) a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm; (EC) zG@J pnf;jcif; ESiyhf wfoufaom wdik w f ef;r_rsm;
Z,m; (2) ygwrD sm;ESiu fh ,dk pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm; rSwyf w kH ifjcif; (REGPC) ESiyhf wfoufaom wdik w f ef;r_rsm;
Z,m; (3) rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyw Hk ifjcif; (REGV) ESihfywfoufaom wdik w f ef;r_rsm;
Z,m; (4) ygwDrsm;ESifh udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;u w&m;r0ifrJq, G v f y_ &f mS ;jcif; (ICPC) ESiyhf wfoufaom wdik w f ef;r_rsm;
Z,m; (5) tpd;k &.tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u w&m;r0if rJq, G v f y_ &f mS ;jcif; (ICSI) ESiyhf wfoufaom wdik w f ef;r_rsm;
Z,m; (6) rJq, G v
f _y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk ygwDrsm;ESifh ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;u taESmift h ,Suaf y;jcif; (OCPC)
ESifhywfoufaom wdik w f ef;r_rsm;?
Z,m; (7) rJqG,v f _y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk tpd;k &tm%mydik rf sm;u taESmift h ,Suaf y;jcif; (OCSA) ESihfywfoufaom wdik w f ef;r_rsm;
Z,m; (8) a&G;aumufyaGJ e@wGif rJqENay;cGifhukd usL;vGecf sK;d azgufjcif; (VED) ESihfywfoufaom wdik w f ef;r_rsm;
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Z,m; (10) a&G;aumufyaGJ e@ rJrsm;a&wGuaf epOf usL;vGefcsK;d azgufjcif; (CED) ESifyh wfoufaom wdik w f ef;r_rsm;
Z,m; (11) rJrsm;aygi;f aeOf/Z,m;oGi;f aepOfumvtwGif; usL;vGecf sKd;azgufrr_ sm; (ATV) ESihfywfoufaom wdik w f ef;r_rsm;

45
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trSwfpOf ae@pGJ qH;k jzwfol wdik =f um;ol e,fajr wdik =f um;csut
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onf?

46
5? rJqENay;olrsm; rSwyf wHk ifjcif;udpu
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JGc&dik =f e,fajr
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u? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;ta&;}uD;yHk
c? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;§ rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;ESifyh wfoufI tqifhtwef;ESiw hf dusreS u f efru _ kd tuJjzwfjcif;?
*? rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifh vlO;D a&qdik &f mtcsut f vufrsm;udk E_id ;f ,SOv f suf ydik f;jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;?
C? rJay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifhywfoufaom ppfwrf;rsm;?
i? uGejf yLwmjzifh ppfaq;jcif;?
p? trsm;jynfoq l idk &f m owif;jyef=um;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
q? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwyf Hw k if&mXmersm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
Z? rJqENay;olrsm;rSwyf Hkwifjcif;qdik &f m cHo k rm"dtzGJ@rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
ps? a&G;aumufyGJ-c±dik ef ,fajr owfrw S fr_rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?

rJqENay;olrsm;rSwyf Hwk ifjcif;vkyfief;.tqift h wef;udk tuJjzwfjcif;?

vdtk yfygu rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;.wdusrSeu f efru
_ kd ppfwrf;aumuf,&l &Scd sufrsm;jzift h "duxm;toH;k ðyI
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a&G;aumufyv GJ kyaf qmifcsut f ay: rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;.csdK@,Gi;f csufrsm;u oufa&mufr&_ dSyu kH kd tuJjzwfjcif;?

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h if;jrifompGmowfrw S jf cif;r&Sd tuJjzwfjcif;?

(u) rJqENay;olrsm;rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;ta&;}uD;yHk

rJay;olrsm;rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;onf jynfol@vdt k ifqENtay:tajccHaom tpdk;&w&yfay:ayguaf &;wGif jynfol@tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf
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47
tvkyw f iG f tpdk;& odk@r[kwf wOD;csi;f yk*K~d vfrsm;taeESihf yHkreS frSwyf w
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f wf=uonf? TuJh
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xm;tcsut f vufwdk@udk trsm;jynfolEiS fh a&G;aumufyt JG m%mydkirf sm;xHwifjyay;Edik fygonf?

tcsKd@aomwdik ;f jynfrsm; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyJGrsm;twGurf l rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if; rvdt k yfacs?om"utaeESiahf z:jy&ygv#i/f

tcsKd@wdik ;f jynfrsm;Y trsm;jynfow l dk@onf cdik v
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aomenf;udv k nf;toH;k ðyEdik yf gonf?

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d srSeuf efru _ kd tuJjzwfjcif;
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tuJjzwf&eftwGuf jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf atmufygtc&mudp&P yfrsm;udk xnfhoiG ;f pOf;pm;oifhonf?

rJqENay;cGit fh wGufpx H m;csufrsm;onftrsKd;om;tajccHOya'.jyXmef;csufrsm;/Edik if w H umtqifhtwef;owfrSwf
csurf sm;ESifh udu k n
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tvHt k avmuf&-r&?

rJqENay;cGi&fh Sdorl sm; owfrw S af &;vkyfx;kH vkyfenf;tqifq h ifo
h nf avsmu f efr&_ -dS r&S?d ‚if;udk rSerf eS fuefuefvkyaf qmif
jcif; &Sd-r&Sd?

rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif rJqENay;cGi&hf o dS lrsm;.trnfrsm;om yg0ifonfqakd omtcsuo f nf [kw-f r[kwf?
yg0ifaomtrnfrsm;onf avmavmvwfvwfjzpfjcif;ESihf rSeu f efwu d sjcif;&Sd-&S?d

48

trsm;jynfo/l Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh vlxt k ajccHtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif trSm; odk@r[kwf
xdecf sefrr_ sm; ±SmazG=unf&h ef tcGit fh vrf;tvHt k avmuf &Sd-r&S?d

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y,fzsujf cif;/ odk@r[kwf trSm;jyifjcif;wd@k ESihfywfoufI tqdkwif&efEiS hf uef@uGu&f eftcGit hf vrf;tvHt k avmuf&-dS
r&S?d

tqdw k ifjcif;ESifh uef@uGujf cif;wdk@udk rSefrSeu
f efuefpOf;pm;jcif;/rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif oifah vsmfaom
ajymif;vJr_rsm; vkyaf y;jcif;&S-d &Sd?

Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh vlxt k ajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; rJqENay;olrsm;ESihf ywfoufaomy%mrpm&if;/
jyifqifcsufpm&if;ESifh t+yD;owfpm&if;rsm;udk ay;-ray;?

rJay;XmewckwiG f oH;k aom rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;onf t+yD;owfpm&if;[kw-f r[kw?f rJqENay;ap&mY
TrJqENay;olrsm; pm&if;udk rSefreS fuefueftoH;k ðy-rðy?

tu,fI jynfwiG f;apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@u rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;rSeu f efwud sr_&adS &;ESihfywfoufI t}uD;tus,fp;kd &drf
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TuJo h dk@aompHpk rf;avhvmr_rsm;onf tcsed , f &l onft
h jyif u|rf;usirf _vnf;tawmftwefvkdtyfonfjzpf&m jynfwiG ;f apmifh
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onf? TuJo h dk@aom tuJjzwfcsurf sKd;vky&f mY todtrSwðf yxm;oifah omtcsufrmS rnfonfw h ikd ;f jynfrmS rS &mE_ef;jynfhrSef
uefwu d saom rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;r&Sd [laomtcsufyifjzpfonf?

(*) rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifh vlO;D a&qdik &f mtcsuftvufrsm;udk E_id ;f ,SOv f suf ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;
rJqENe,fpkpak ygif;yrm%ESifh rJqENay;Edik forl sm;. oifah wmfaomta&twGuu f kd E_id f;pm=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh rJqENay;olrsm;pm
&if;.rSeu f efwdusr_udk y%mrtm;jzifhpaf q;=unfhEikd yf gonf? vlOD;a&qdik &f mtcsut f vufrsm;udk trsK;d om;pm&if;tif;rsm;ESifh
ywfoufIwm0ef&aSd om tpd;k &at*sipf q D DrS &Edik fygonf? Tat*sipf o D nf oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf,lrw _ ckvky+f yD;wdik ;f rSm
vlO;D a&qdik &f mtcsutf vufrsm;udk topfðypkxm;jcif;&S&d rnf?(18)ESpt f xufvOl ;D a&ESihfrq J ENe,fyrm%udk E_id ;f ,SO=f unfjh cif;
tm;jzifh rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;.yrm%ESihfywfoufI jy\em&SdEikd af =umif; t}uD;tus,fawG@&ayvdrfrh nf? tu,fI rJqEN
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r&Spd pfaq;=unfh&rnf?

(C) rJay;olrsm;pm&if;ESiyfh wfoufaom ppfwrf;rsm;

tu,fI rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifhywfoufI rrSeu f efrwdusr_tawmfrsm;rsm; &Sad eonf[k pGyfpjJG cif;rsm; od@k r[kwf oHo,
rsm; jzpfyGm;aeygu/ odk@wnf;r[kwf rJay;olrsm;pm&if;ESihf vlOD;a&qdik &f mtcsut f vufrsm;udk E_id ;f ,SOvf suf ydik f;jcm;oH;k oyf
=unf&h mrS jy\emrsm;ay:xGufvmonfqdkygu rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;rsm;ESihfywfoufppfwrf;xkwEf ikd fygonf? TuJo h @kd aom
ppfwrf; rsm;rSude;f *%ef;rsm;udk tajccHI rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;. tqift h wef;/rSeu
f efwu
d sr_w@dk ESihf ywfoufIaumufcsuf
csEidk fygonf?

49
pm&if;wGif0ifaeaomtrnftawmfrsm;rsm;onf twkta,mifrsm;jzpfonf odk@r[kwf pnf;urf;csuEf iS rhf udu k n
f D[al om pGyf
pGrJ r_ sm;&Sad eygu TpGypf cGJ sufreS f-rrSef twdtusaz:jy&eftwGuf “pm&if;0iforl sm;ppfwrf;” (ac:) “vlpm&if;ppfwrf;”vky&f
rnf? pm&if;0ifolrsm;ppfwrf;vky&f jcif;.&nf±, G cf sufrmS rJay;olrsm;pm&ifrS trnfa&G;xkwx f m;aomvlrsm;udk rJqEN&iS rf sm;
ud, k pf m;ðypHerlemtjzpf az:xkwjf yo&efjzpfonf?xdk@aemuf Tvlrsm; pm&if;0ifjcif;onf rSe-f rrSe/f olwd@k onfaz:jyygvdyfpm
rsm;wGif avmavmq,f aexdkijf cif;&S-d r&SEd iS fh olwkd@onfraJ y;&efpnf;urf;csufEiS u hf u
kd fnjD cif;&Sdr&Sw
d @dk udk oufaojy&ef jzpf
onf?

pm&if;0ifolrsm;ppfwrf;xkw&f mY jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzG@J taeESihf yxrOD;pGm/ pm&if;tif;u|rf;usio f rl sm;/

vlO;D a&pm&if;u|rf;usiforl sm;ESifhtwlwI GJ rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;rS tcdik t f rm,H=k unfavmufpGm usyef;a&G;xkwx f m;aom
pHerlemjy vlpm&if;wckðypk&efjzpfonf?vlwidk ;f udk wOD;csif;ppfwrf;xkw&f efrmS vdkvnf;rvdt k yf/ vufawG@tm;jzifvh nf; rjzpf
Edik af cs? a'ocHapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taeESihf trnfa&G;xkwx f m;aomvlyk*Kd~ vfwOD;csif;udk ±SmazG/ awG@qHak r;jref;&efEiS hf
rJqENay;olrsm;pm &if;ygvdyfpmwGiaf exdik jf cif;&S-d r&S/d olwkd@.tjcm;aom rSwfyw kH ifjcif;qdik &f m tao;pdwf tcsut f vufrsm;
(touf/ arG;ouU&mZf ponfrsm;) rSeu f efjcif;&Sd-r&Sw
d dk@udo
k ufaojy&rnf? xdk@aemuf tqdkygy*k d~Kvfonf aoqH;k cJ+h yDvm;/
jynfwiG f;wae&m&modk@ajymif;a±$@oGm;+yDvm;/ Edik if jH cm;od@k xGuo f Gm;+yDvm;/ odk@wnf;r[kwf b,fwek ;f urSr&Scd o hJ lvm; qdkonf
wdk@udk pdppf=unf&h rnf? tu,fIvdyfpmrSm ±SmrawG@ygu (vdt k yfygv#i)f xdky*k Kd~ vf tdrrf Sm&Sad vmufaomtcsed frsm;rSm
tenf;qHk;oH;k }udrcf ef@ oGm;=unf&h rnf? Tppfwrf;rS&&Sad om owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk ar;cGe;f pOft& rSwfwrf;wifxm;
jcif;/ uGejf yLwmrSmxnfo h iG ;f jcif;ESifh ydik f;jcm;oHk;oyfjcif;ðy&rnf? Tod@k vkyjf cif;tm;jzif/h rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;&Sd rnfonft h 0if
pm&if;rsm;onf twkta,mifjzpfa=umif;/ odk@r[kwf pnf;urf;csufEiS hfrudkun f aD =umif; twdtus !$ejf yEdik fvrd rhf nf?

tu,fI rJay;cGi&fh o Sd t
l rsm;tjym;udk rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;rS y,fxm;onf[k ajymoHqkdo=H um;&ygu/ jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfh
avhvmolrsm;taeESifh “pm&if;oGi;f &rnfo h lrsm;ppfwrf;”[kvnf;ac:aom “y,fpm&if;ppfwrf;” aumuf&efvt dk yfEikd yf gonf?
“y,fpm&if;ppfwrf;”.&nf±, G cf sufrmS rJay;&efpnf;urf;csufEiS hfuukd n
f o
D lrsm;ESifh rSwfyw kH if&efóu;pm;cJo h lrsm; rJqENay;olrsm;
pm&if;rSm rygbJ/ b,favmufrsm;rsm;&Sad eovJqkdonfukd oufaojy&efjzpfonf? “vlpm&if;ppfwrf;” udpw P iG f/ a'ocH
apmifh=unfh avhvmolrsm;u usbrf;a&G;xkwx f m;aomvlrsm;udk awG@qHak r;jref;&onf? ,ckr/l vrf;ay:Yvnf;aumif;/
aetdrfrsm;Y vnf;aumif;/ olwdk@.trnf/ ae&yfvdypf m/ rJqENay;&efpnf;urf;csufEiS u hf kdun f jD cif;&S-d r&Sd ESihf rSwfyw kH if&ef
óu;pm;cJjh cif;&Sd-r&Sd wdk@udk ±SmazGaz:xkw&f efjzpfonf? xd@k aemuf Towif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk ar;cGef;pOft&
rSww
f rf;wifxm;&rnf? xdk@aemuf tESaD wG@qHak r;jref;cHc&hJ olrsm;udk rSwyf w kH ifay;cJjh cif;&Sd-r&Sd pdppf=unh&f eftvd@k iSm/ &&Sx d m;
aom tao;pdyt f csut f vufrsm;udk a=ujimxm;aom rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESiw hf u dk q f ikd fppfaq;&rnf? Tenf;vrf;udk
toH;k ðyjcif;tm;jzifh rJqENay;cGijfh iif;y,f (txl;ojzifh Tod@k jiif;y,fro _ nf vlenf;pktrsKd;om;rsm;tay:xdcdu k jf cif;&Sd-r&S)d
cH&olO;D a&ESifh trsKd;tpm;udk ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfEidk fygvdrhfrnf?

Tppfwrf;wckcu k dk aumuf,o l l a'ocHapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf aumif;pGmavhusix hf m;olrsm;jzpf&rnft h jyif ,Ofaus;

jyLiSmolrsm;vnf;jzpf&efvdkygonf?olwdk@onf rdrw d @kd ud,
k fpm;ðyaomtzG@J tpnf;ta=umif;ESihf rdrdw@kd ar;jref;aeaom owif;t
csut f vufrsm;udk tb,fah =umifv h t
dk yfa=umif; yGihfyiG hfvif;vif;ajymjy&rnf? ppfwrf;aumuf,lra_ =umifh a=umufvef@roGm;
atmif owdxm;&rnf?

a&G;aumufyt
GJ m%mydik frsm;qDrS y%mr rJay;olrsm;pm&if;rxkwjf yefrDrmS rnfonfhppfwrf;rsK;d udrk # aumufIrjzpfacs? tjypf
temtqmrsm;±SmawG@ygu ðyjyif&eftcsed &f atmif/ ppfwrf;rsm;udk a&G;aumufyjGJ zpfpOftrS/D apmEdik o
f r#apmapm aumuf,&l

50
rnf? wcgw&HY/ jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf A[dt k qif/h a&G;aumufytJG m%mydik frsm;qDrS y%mr rJqENay;olrsm;
pm&if;rdwLW awmif;,lI &wwfonf?Todk@awmif;,l&&Sad &;onf cufcw J wfonf? ta=umif;rSm a&G;aumufyGJ tm%mydik rf sm;
u jiif;qefwwf=uaoma=umifjh zpfonf? odk@wnf;r[kwf a'otqifrh mS om&&Sw d wfaoma=umifjh zpfonf?“pm&if;0ifolrsm;
ppfwrf;” twGuf usbrf;a&G;xkw&f mY ydrk dt k qifajyap&eftvd@k iSm jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taeeSi/hf jzpfEikd yf gu/
rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;udk tDvufxa&mepfrw d LW jzifh &atmifóu;pm;oifyh gonf?

(i) uGejf yLwmjzifph pfaq;jcif;

uGejf yLwmjzifhppfaq;jcif;wGif trSm;rsm;ESit fh vm;tvmrsm;±SmazG&eftwGuf rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if; tDvufxa&mepfrdwLW udk
ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;yg0ifonf? TuJo h dk@aomppfaq;r_rsKd;udk a&G;aumufyt JG m%mydik frsm; od@k r[kwf enf;ynmqdik &f mtwdik fyifcH
yk*~Kd vfrsm;u vkyaf vh&o Sd nf? jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzifh Todk@aomuGejf yLwmppfaq;r_rsm;. enf;pepf/ vkyf
udik yf HkEiS fh &v'frsm;udk ppfaq;=unfch iG &fh &Sd rnfth jyif/ uGejf yLwmppfaq;r_rsm;udk udk,wf ikd u
f d,
k u
f s vkycf iG hfvnf;&S&d rnf?

uGejf yLwmjzifhppfaq;jcif;onf rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;&Sd rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm;udk =unfh±u_ m/ owfrw S x

f m;aompHxm;csurf sm;
ESiu
fh dkun f aD om rSww f rf;rSw&f mrsm;ud±k SmazGjcif;jzpfonf? TuJho@kd ppfaq;=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;rSm &Sw d wf
aomtrSm;rsm;udk ±SmazGaz:xkwEf idk fygonf? TuJo h kd@aomtrSm;rsKd;rsm;wGif rSeu
f efwud sjcif;r&Sad om rSww f rf;ta&twGu/f
tcsut f vufrjynfhpaHk omrSwfwrf;rsm;/ xyfaeaomrSwfwrf;rsm;/ pnf;urf;csufEiS hfrnDaomrSww f rf;rsm;/rcsay;oifah om rJ
qENe,fajrodk@csay;jcif;/ xyfjznfhay;jcif;/y,fzsufypfjcif;/ ESihf jyefjyifay;jcif;wdk@yg0ifonf? uGejf yLwmppfaq;r_jzifv h nf; vuf&dS
rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifh ,cifrq J ENay;olrsm;pm&if;/ odk@r[kwf oef;acgifpm&if;tcsut f vufrsm;udk E_id f;,SO=f unfEh ikd +f yD;/
vuf&rSd q J ENay;olrsm;pm&if;&Sjd y\emrsm;udak y:vGiaf prnfh jcm;em;csut f awmfrsm;rsm;udk az:xkwEf ikd yf gonf? TuJo h @kd aom
ppfaq;r_rsm; toH;k 0if./r0if.qdo k nfrSm wu,fwrf;tm;jzifh ,cifrq J ENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESihf oef;acgifpm&if;tcsut f vuf
rsm; rSeu f efwu d sr_ &Sd-r&Sd[al omtcsuaf y:rSmrlwnfygonf?

rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;udk apmif=h unfah vhvm&mY tcsi;f csif;olðyif/ud, k ðf yifjzpfaeaom trsm;jynfo@l tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk csdeq f
=unf&h rnf? om"utaeESiafh z:jy&ygv#i/f vly*k d~Kvfa&;vHðk cHru _ kd xdcu kd Ef ikd af omwdik ;f jynfrsm;Y rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;ESifyh wf
oufaom tcsKd@owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk xde;f xdef;odr;f odr;f xkwjf yefoifhygonf? udp&P yftm;vH;k Y Edik if o H m;wdik ;f . at;
at;vlval ecGiufh dk xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm&rnfjzpf+yD;/ jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf Edkiif o H m;rsm;ESihfywfoufI rdrd
wdk@&&Sx
d m;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk wm0efopd dw"f gwfjzift h oH;k cs&ayrnf?

tZm&Dapmif
apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;tzGJ@u rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;wGif rrSeu
f efrr_ ssm;od
m;odod omomawG@&Sjcif
djcif;

trsm;jynfol@tusKd;aqmif tZm&D jynfwiG f;avhvmapmif=h unfha&;tzG@J (Azeri domestic group For the Sake of Civil
Society) onf ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJrwdik fr/D (2000) ckESp/f Ed0k ifbmvtwGif;Y/ rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;rSm rrSeu f efrr_ sm; odod
omom&Sad ecJah =umif;pdk;&drfruif;jzpfcJo
h nf? odk@jzpfI “pm&if;0iforl sm;ppfwrf;” a&m “y,fpm&if;ppfwrf;”yg enf; 2-enf;
pvH;k udyk g oH;k vsuf pm&if;ppf&eftzGJ@uqH;k jzwfcohJ nf? TudpPukdaqmif&u G &f eftwGu/f tzG@J onf wdik ;f jynf. e,fajrqdik &f m
a&G;aumufycGJ ±dik af ygi;f (100) teuf c±dik f (20) udak &G;cs,+f yD;aemuf/ apwemh0efxrf;(40)udk oifwef;ay;jcif;ESifh xda&muf
aom owif;ay;ydk@r_pepfwckudk wnfaqmufco Jh nf? c±dik t
f oD;oD;Y apwemh0efxrf; yk*d~Kvfwkd@u rJqENay;c±dik t f csKd@udk usyrf;
a&G;xkwcf o Jh nf? wzef rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;rS vltrnftcsKd@udk usbrf;a&G;xkwjf yefonf? xd@k aemuf xdak &G;xkwx f m;aom
vlrsm;. trnfpm&if;oGi;f r_rsm; rSeu f efwud sjcif;&Sd-r&Sd owfrw S &f eftwGuf olwkd@awG@qHkar;jref;Edik af tmifóu;pmcJhonf?

51
xduk of ifah om a&G;aumufyeGJ ,fajrrSm pm&if;oGif;xm;jcif;&Sd-r&Sd owfrw S &f eftwGuf pHerlemrJqEN&iS t f kypf kukd awG@qHk
ar;jref;cJo h nf? tzGJ@tpnf;XmecsKyfodk@ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;ay;yd@k +yD;v#i/f tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk pm&if;tif;u|rf;usiof rl sm;u ydik f;jcm;
oH;k oyfco Jh nf?&&Sd aomtcsuftvufrsm;t&/ tZm&D jynfwiG ;f avhvmapmif=h unfah &;tzG@J u tpD&ifcw H ifjyonfrmS
wwdik ;f jynfvHk; rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;. trnfpm&if;0ifol (30) &mE_ef;rSm rrSeu f efr_rsm;&Sad eonf[I
l jzpfonf?

(p) trsm;jynfoq l idk &f m owif;jyef=um;a&;v_y&Sf&mS ;r_ ;r_rsm;ud

rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;
Edik if o
H m;rsm; rJqENay;olrsm;pm&if;rSm rdrw d dk@trnfrsm;yg-rygppfaq;=unf±h a_ tmif od@k r[kwf rSwyf w kH ifatmif tpdk;&tm%m
ydik frsm; aqmif&u G af om owif;jyef=um;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;udk jynfwiG ;f avhvmolrsm;taeESihf apmif=h unf&h efvt dk yfaumif;vdk
tyfEidk yf gonf? rJay;cGi&fh o Sd lrsm;udk pm&if;roGif;bJxm;onf[lIvnf;aumif;/ xl;jcm;aom rJqENay;ol tkyfprk sm; (txl;
ojzifh vlenf;pktrsK;d om;rsm;xJrv S tl kyfprk sm;) udk yxkwx f m;onf[lIvnf;aumif;/ trnftrsKd;rsK;d wyfvsuf vltrsm;
tjym;udk pm&if; oGif;xm;onf[I l vnf;aumif; vltrsm;oHo,jzpfae=uygu Todk@ apmif=h unf&h ef vdt k yfonf? jynfwiG ;f
apmif=h unfah vhvm olrsm;taejzifh tuJjzwfEikd af omudpPrsm;rSm owif;jyef=um;r_ukd tcsderf Sv D ky-f rvky/f rSeu
f efwu d sjcif;&S-d
r&S/d rJay;cGi&fh o
Sd l Edik if H om;tkypf kwpkpu k dk yxkwx f m;jcif;&Sd-r&SEd iS hf vlrsm;Edik o
f r#rsm;rsm; rJay;Edik af vmufatmif owif;
xkwjf yefay;jcif; &Sd-r&S[ d al om udpPrsm;jzpfonf?TudpPrsm;udk atmufygtwdik f;aqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf?

Tudpu P dk owif;rD', D m-apmif=h unfah &;vkyif ef;wGif xnfo h iG ;f jcif;?

tm%mydik frsm;xkwjf yefonfh vufurf;pm&Gurf sm;/ydpk wmrsm;uJho@kd aom owif;jyef=um;r_rsm;. ta=umif;t&m/
ta&twGuEf iS fh jzef@csdyw Hk dk@udk ppfaq;=unfjh cif;?

(vlenf;pktrsKd;om;rsm;udk yxkwx f m;onf [laom jy\em&Sdv#i)f tm%mydik w f kd@xkwjf yefonfh owif;jyef=um;r_
rsm;udk “vlenf;pk”bmompum;rsm;jzif&h Edik jf cif;&Sd-r&Sd ppfaq;=unfjh cif;?

jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@taejzifh rJqEN&iS rf sm;pm&if;oGi;f rcH&[k oHo,&Sad ev#iaf omfvnf;aumif;/Tudpu P kd
“y,fpm&if;ppfwrf;” jzift h rSew
f u,fppfaq;=unfv h #iaf omfvnf;aumif;/ Edik if o H m;rsm;rSwyf w
kH ifatmifEiS hf rJqENay;olrsm;
pm&if;wGif rdrw d dk@trnfrsm;yg-rygppfaq;=unfah tmif ud, k yf ikd of wif;jyef=um;a&;Xme xm;&S&d efvt kd yfEikd yf gonf? Tod@k
xm;&Syd gu xkwjf yefay;aom twif;tcsut f vufrsm;onf rSeu f efwud s&rnft h jyif/ trsm;jynfol trsm;qH;k rJqENay;Edik f
a&;twGuf &nf±, G x f m;&rnf? jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tkypf t k aejzifh (pm&if;xJxnf&h ef tav;xm;jcif;odyrf cH&ol
rsm;jzpfonf)h vli,frsm;/ vlenf;pktrsK;d om;rsm;xJryS *k Kd~ vfrsm;uJoh @kd aom txl;tkypf rk sm;udk ypfrw
S x f m;&ef
vdtk yfwwfygonf? jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfh avhvma&;tkypf w k pktaejzifh Tv_y&f mS ;r_rsK;d vkyyf gu owdðy&efrmS bufvu kd of nf
[k Edik af &;ygwrD sm;.pGypf pGJ &m jzpfwwfonf [laomtcsuyf ifjzpfonf? od@k jzpf&m rdrad y;yd@k aom owif;tcsut f vuf
rSeof r#onf wu,fwrf;ormorwfusap&rnf?

(q) rJqENay;olrsm;rSwyf w Hk if&mXmersm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;

(Edik if o
H m;rSwyf Hkwifpm&if;rS xkwef w _ f,jl cif; od@k r[kwf wtdrfwufqif; pm&if;aumuf,jl cif;ay:rSmtajccHaompepfrsK;d r[kwf
yJ) Edik if o
H m;rsm;taejzifh owfrSwx f m;aom rSwfyw kH ifXmersm;wGif óuwifrw S fyw
kH if&ef Oya'ujyXmef;xm;ygu apmif=h unfh
avhvmolrsm;tzdk@ TrSwfyw Hk ifjcif;vkyfx;Hk vkyfenf;tqifq h ifu h kd apmif=h unfah vhvm&efvt kd yfEikd fygonf?rJqENay;jcif;ESihf rwl
bJ/ rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;vkyif ef;onf &uftcsKd@r#avmufEiS hfr+yD;/ oDwif;ygwfrsm;ESichf sDI=umwwfonf? tu,fI
apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@onf owfrw S fxm;aom rSwfykHwifXmersm;wGif rJqENay;olrsm;rSwfyw kH ifjcif;udk
apmif=h unfhrnf[k qH;k jzwfxm;ygu/ Xmewckpu D akd e@pOfapmif=h unfrh nfvm;/ rSwfyw kH ifXmersm;. erlemyHpk w H ck owfrw S fI
aqmif&u G rf nfvm; qdok nfudk óuwifq;Hk jzwfxm;&rnf? xdk@jyif/ rdr. d tzG@J i,frsm;udk ae&mtES@H a±$@ajymif;v_y&f mS ;aprnf

52
vm;/ tajcpdkux
f m;rnfvm; qdkonfuv dk nf;qH;k jzwfxm;&rnf? tu,fI/ XmetcsKd@.rSwfyw kH ifjcif;vkyif ef;onf tjcm;Xme
rsm;xuf jy\emydjk zpfzG,&f o
Sd nf[k oHo,jzpfygu Tenf;ESpfenf;pvHk;udak ygi;f pyfusio
hf kH;&ef qH;k jzwfEikd fygonf?

rSwfyw
Hk ifjcif;jzpfpOfudk rnfodk@apmif=h unfah vhvmrnft h a=umif; qH;k jzwf+yD;onfEiS /hf jynfwiG f;apmif=unfah vhvma&;tzG@J onf
apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;ESifyh wfoufI oifwef;ay;+yD;v#i/f ±d;k &Si;f aom ppfaq;csupf m&if;yHkpHEiS hf tpD&ifcHpm
a&;oGi;f &efyHkprH sm;ay;tyf&rnf? rSwfyw Hk ifXmewckukd ae@pOfapmif=h unfah om apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf atmufygwd@k udk
rSww
f rf;wif&rnf?

rSwfyw Hk ifcaJh omvlO;D a&?

pnf;urf;csufEiS u fh dkunf aD omfvnf; rSwfyw kH ifciG hf jiif;y,fc&H olO;D a&?

pnf;urf;csufEsifhrudu k fnaD omfvnf; rSwfyw kH ifciG &hf olO;D a&?

w}udrx f ufydIk rSwfyw Hk ifxm;olO;D a&?

vkyx f Hk;vkyef nf;tqifq h ifu h dk rSefreS fuefuef usifo h ;Hk jcif;&S-d r&S?d

rSwfyw Hk ifXmeonf tvG,fwul0ifxu G If &-r&? tcsdefrSezf iG jhf cif;/tcsed freS fyw
d jf cif;&Sd-r&Sd?

rSwfyw Hk ifXmerSm ±kyf0wWKypPn;f rsm;tvHt k avmuf&dS-r&Sd?

tcsut f vufrsm;udkrSeu f efpmG rSww f rf;wifjcif;&Sd-r&S?d pm&if;ðypk&eftwGuf
trsK;d om;rSwfyw Hk ifXmeodk@Ttcsut f vufrsm;udk yd@k -ryd@k ?

tpD&ifcpH ma&;oGi;f &efyHkpHrsm;onf wdusjcif;/toHk;ðy&vG,u f jl cif;/ &Si;f vif;jcif;&S&d rnf? tzG@J taejzifh rSwfyw
kH ifvkyif ef;atmif
jrifjcif;&Sd-r&Sqd Hk;jzwfEidk &f eftwGuf tpD&ifcHpmwdik f;udk tcsuftvufb%frmS xnfo h iG ;f &rnf? Ttcsuftvufrsm;onf
rSwfywHk ifE_e;f rsm;ESifhywfoufI vdt k yfaom tcsut f vuf rsm;jzpfrnft h jyif/ jy\emjzpfymG ;aome,fajrrsm;ESihf rSwyf Hw k ifr_
enf;yg;aome,fajrrsm;udv k nf; n$ejf yay;ayvdrrhf nf?

(Z) rJqENay;olrsm;rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;qdik &f m cHo k rm"dtzG@J rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;
a&G;aumufyu GJ mvtcktwGi;f Y Edik if o H m;rsm;/ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm; od@k r[kwEf ikd if aH &;ygwDrsm;onf pm&if;wifxm;aom
trnfrsm;ESifhywfoufI apm'uwufjcif;/ uef@uGujf cif;rsm;ðywwf=uonf? Ttjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk rJqENay;olrsm; rSwyf w kH if
jcif;qdik &f m cHok rm"dtzGJ@/a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sif odk@r[kwf w&m;±H;k wd@k u =um;emqHk;jzwfavh&dSonf? =um;emppfaq;aom t
&m&Srd sm; ormorwf&-Sd r&S/d rSefuefaomvkyx f kH;vkyef nf;tqifhqifu h kd a±S@aemufn!
D w $ pf mG usifo h ;kH jcif;&Sd-r&S/d uef@uGuo f u l kd
a&m uef@uGucf &H oudkyg cHk±;Hk odk@wufa&muf&eftcsdeaf y;jcif;&S-d r&Sd tuJjzwf&eftwGuf Ttjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udak pmif=h unfah vh
vmEdik fygonf? Todk@apmif=h unfhavhvm&mY/ Oya'udk ormorwf ususEiS hf a±S@aemufn! D w$ fpGmusio hf ;kH jcif; &S-d r&St
d uJjzwf
&eftwGuf jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfhavhvma&;tzG@J taejzifh tjcm;aomtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;(wr_csif;pD)rSm apmif=h unfah vhvm&eft
oH;k ðycJah om enf;pepfrsm;/ enf;vrf;rsm;udk vdt k yfovdðk yjyif,lEikd fygonf? od@k wnf;r[kwf uef@uGuo f lEiS hf uef@uGucf &H ol
rsm;. erlemyHkpw H ckupdk pfwrf; xkw, f El idk yf gonf?

(ps) a&G;aumufy-GJ c±dik ef ,fajr owfrw S rf r_ sm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;

Oa&myvHðk cHa&;ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&u
G af &;tzGJ@ (OSCE) .uwdu0wfðyr_rsm;t& wef;wlnDr#ud, k pf m;ðyEdik af &;twGuf rJtm;
vH;k onf wefz;dk csif;wln&D rnfjzpfonf? qdv k o
dk nfrmS a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufc&H aom ud, k pf m;vS,t f oD;oD;onf rSwfyw kH if
xm;aom a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufot l a&twGun f w
D n l Dr#udk ud,
k pf m;ðyxm;&rnf[I
l jzpfonf? om"utm;jzifah z:jy&rnf
qdvk #i/f trsm;pk rJpepfwiG f (majority voting system) wGif rJqENay;olyrm%onf rJqENe,fajrwckEiS w hf ckwiG f (10) &mE_e;f

53
xufausmI f ruGmjcm;ap&ay?tcsK;d tpm;tvdu k f udk,pf m;ðypepf (proportional representation system) wGif rJqENay;
olyrm% onfumG jcm;r_ &SdEidk fygonf? odk@&mwGif c±dik fe,fajrtoD;oD;twGuf udk,pf m;vS,t f a&twGuo f nf rJqENay;ol
yrm%. tcsKd;tpm;ay:rSmrlwnfonf?a&G;aumufyOJG ya'onf a&G;aumufyJG-c±dik ef ,fedrw d fowfrw S &f mY tao;pdwf us+yD;/
wnDwnmwnf;&Sad om pHxm;csufrsm;owfrSwx f m;oifo h nf? c±dik fe,fajrwckv#ifowfrw S x f m;&rnfh rJqEN&iS t f a&
twGuEf iS fh e,ferd dwrf sm;. yx0D0ift&/ tkycf sKyfa&;t&/ ordik ;f t&awmufav#mufwnf&dSvmr_wkd@udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&
rnf? Edik if aH &;t& =um;aea&;rluu dk idk fpv
GJ suf/ e,fedrw d frsm;udk yGi;f vif;jrifompGma&;qG&J rnf? taumif;qH;k rSm Edik if aH &;orm;
r[kwfaom u|rf;usifol ynm&Sirf sm;.aumfr&Sit f zGJ@ua&;qGjJ cif; jzpfonf? jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@onf
rJtm;vHk;onf wefzd;k csi;f wln&D rnf[al omrlukd jzpfEikd o f r#jzpfEikd af tmif taumiftxnfaz:a&;twGuf a&G;aumufyJG c±dik f
e,fajrrsm;udk yGiv fh if;jrifompGm a&;qGo J vm;/ od@k r[kwf pdwóf uufa&G;cs,jf cif;/ cGjJ cm;cGjJ cm;vkyjf cif;/ bufvkdujf cif; tm;jzifh
a&;qGo
J vm;qdo k nfudk tuJjzwf&rnf?

54
55
6? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrt
H yk csKyf
fcsKyfyu
Hk dk apmif-h unfah vhvmjcif;
u? a&G;aumufyGJ pDrt
H kycf sKyfr_ wnfaqmufyHk
c? tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&mudpPrsm;

a&G;aumufyGJ pDrtH kycf sKyfrE_ iS yfh wfoufI zGJ@pnf;yH/k vkyif ef;u|rf;usifrf _EiS x
hf ad &mufrw
_ kd@udk tuJjzwfjcif;?

a&G;aumufyGJprD t
H yk cf sKyfra_ qmif&Gu&f mY ormorwf&-dS r&S/d yGiv hf if;jrifomr_&dS-r&Sdw@kd udk tuJjzwfjcif;?

ykrH eS t
f pnf;ta0;usif;yEdik af &;ESi/hf qufpyfywfouf&mowif;tcsut f vufrsm;&&Sad &;twGuf
a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sif tqift h m;vH;k ESihf aumif;rGeaf om tvkyfoabmqufqHrw _ &yf wnf
aqmufxm;jcif;?

(u) a&G;aumufypGJ rD t H yk cf sKyfr_ wnfaqmufyHk

a&G;aumufyw GJ ckprD t
H yk cf sKyf&ef wm0ef,&l aomtzG@J tpnf;wckonf yg0if,OS òf yifaom Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf trsm;jynfow l @kd .
,H=k unfru
_ vdk ufuidk ðf yxm;&rnf? trsm;tm;jzifh a&G;aumufyrJG sm;udk A[dak &G;aumufyaJG umfyaJG umfr&Sif (CEC) [k ac:qdk
avh&aSd om trsK;d om;a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Siu f 0efxrf;tzG@J od@k r[kwf twGi;f a&;r_;wOD;jzifh a&G;aumufyrJG sm;udk }uD;=uyf
onf? TtzGJ@tpnf;onf t+rJwrf;tzGJ@tpnf;jzpfavh&o dS nf? (CEC) atmufrmS aqmif&u G af e=uaomtzG@J tpnf;rsm;
onf wdik ;f jynf. pDrt H yk cf sKyfa&;c±dik f odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufycJG ±dik rf sm;rSm tajccHavh&adS om atmufqifh a&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Sirf sm;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJ c±dik t f oD;oD;twGuf rJay;Xmeaumfr&Sirf sm;jzpfonf? a&G;aumufypJG rD t H yk cf sKyfr_ tqifh
toD;oD;. zGJ@pnf;yHEk iS w fh m0efrsm;udk Oya'jzifh &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm csrw S af y;oifo
h nf?

!$ef tpD
A[dak &G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sif
=um;c &ifcH
suf a'oqdik &f ma&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm;
pm
ESifh wif
c&dik af &G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm; (¹ciG ;f csu)f
pnf;rs
Of; jcif;
rJ&aHk &G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm;
pnf; ESifh
urf;rs &v'f

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sif tkycf sKyfr_ erlem yHpk t

H qifq
h ifh

56
e,fajrtpd;k &/ jynfxaJ &;0ef}uD;Xme/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme uJho@kd aom tpd;k &.tjcm;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udv k nf; a&G;aumufyGJ
umvtwGi;f Y tcef;u¾wckcrk S yg0ifaqmif&u G &f ef vkyyf ikd cf Git
hf yfEiS ;f Edik fygonf? Todk@vkyyf kdicf iG t
hf m%mtyfEiS ;f ygu a&G;
aumufyGJpDrtH yk cf sKyfr_udk apmif=h unfo
h nfhenf;wl/ TtzG@J tpnf;rsm;udv k nf;apmif=h unfo h ifhygonf?

a,bk,stm;jzif/h apmif=h unfah vhvmr_nESd i_d ;f a&;ESihf ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@ (Observation Co-ordination and Analysis
Unit) u A[dak &G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Si. f vkyif ef;udak pmif=h unfh&rnf? a'oapmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzG@J u a'oa&G;aumufyJG
aumfr&Si.
f vkyif ef; (ESifh vdt
k yfygu c±dik af &G;aumufyaJG umfr&Si. f vkyif ef;udyk g) apmif=h unfah vhvm&rnfjzpf+yD;/ apmif=h unfah vh
vmol wOD;csi;f url rJay;Xmetqifah &G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siu f dk apmif=h unfah vhvm&rnfjzpfonf?

jynfwiG f;apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf tqift h m;vH;k &Sd a&G;aumufyJGpDrt H kycf sKyfa&;tzGJ@rsm;ESihf vkyif ef;oabmqufqrH _ r
jywf&aSd eatmifóu;pm;&rnf? apmif=h unfah vhvmr_ndSEid_ ;f a&;ESihf ydik f;jcm;oHk;oyfa&;tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESihf a'otqifah pmif=h unfah vh
vmolrsm;onf oifah wmfaoma&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;/ aumfr&Sif0efxrf;rsm;ESihf yHkrSeaf wG@qH+k yD;v#if óuwifjyifqifr_rsm;
rnfodk@jzpfay:aea=umif;udk pHkprf;avhvmoifo h nf? aumfr&Sifrsm;.yHkrSet f pnf;ta0rsm;od@k vnf;wufa&muf+yD;/ qHk;jzwfcsuf
rsm;udk a&;rSw&f rnf? &Edik fygu/ a&G;aumufyt JG m%mydik frsm;xkwjf yefaom qH;k jzwfcsu/f pnf;rsOf;ESihf !$e=f um;csufreS of r#ukd
pkaqmif;+yD;v#if/ pDppf=unf&h rnf? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf Oya'uJo h @kd tm%mwnfaomtjcm; yk'rf rsm; xkwjf yefjcif;&Sd-r&Sd
od&atmif tpd;k &jyefwrf;rsm;udk =unf±h &_ rnf? TuJo h d@k aom yk'frrsm;ESihf pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; tm%mwnfa&;twGuf
‚if;wdk@udk yHkESdyx
f w
k af 0ay;&rnf?

(c) tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&mudprP sm;

pHpk rf;avhvm tuJjzwf&rnfh tc&musaoma&G;aumufyJGpDrt H yk fcsKyfrq
_ ikd &f mudp&P yfrsm;rSm -
â a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sif zGJ@pnf;jcif; - a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sirf sm;cef@tyfjcif;/vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;owfrw S af y;jcif; wdk@ESiyhf wf
oufaomenf;emrsm;udk a&G;aumufyOGJ y a'wGif az:jyxm;&rnf? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sirf sm;udk oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG ESihf orm
orwfuspmG zGJ@pnf;&rnf?a,bk,stm;jzifh/ Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;rS aeIr#r#wwac:,lxm;aom udk,pf m;vS,frsm;udk trsm;pkt
jzpfyg0ifap&rnf?a&G;aumufyGv J kyif ef;udk t jynf t
h 0,H=k unfr&_ =dS uaom wdik ;f jynfrsm;Y w&m;ol}uD;tzGJ@0ifrsm;tygt0if t
rsm;av;pm;cH&aom/=um;aeoabmxm;&Sad om/xd@k jyif tawG@tñuH&adS omyk*Kd~ vfrsm;xnfhoiG ;f vsuf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifukd
zGJ@pnf;oifoh nf? tzGJ@0ifrsm;udkt&rf;um a&mz,f&mS ;jcif;rðyap&ay?

â a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirs frsm;. oD;jcm;vGwv f yfrE_ iS hf ormorwfusr_ - a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sirf sm;udk oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG
ESifh ormorwfuspGm zGJ@pnf;oifo h nfomru/ Taumfr&Sifrsm;onf oD;jcm;vGwv f yfpmG ESihf ormorwfuspGmvnf; aqmif
&Guo f ifo
h nf? aumfr&Siwf dk@udk pGuzf ufjcif; odk@r[kwf +cdr;f ajcmufjcif;rðyap&ay? a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifrsm;onf cGjJ cm;r_uif;
pGmESifh wnfqOJ ya'ESiafh vsmn f DpGm vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf z:cGihf/ vGwfvyfpmG oif;yif;zGJ@cGi/hf vGwfvyfpmG pka0;cGihf wd@k udt
k mrcH&rnf?
cGjJ cm;qufqjH cif; odk@r[kwf tm%mtvGo J ;Hk pm;ðyjcif;rSeo f r#onf a&G;aumufy. JG w&m;r#wr_ukd t}uD;tus,f+cdrf;ajcmuf
&ma&mufygonf?

â yGiv fh if;jrifomr_&S&jcif
djS cif; - a&G;aumufyGaJ umfr&Sif;rsm;onf yGiv hf if;jrifompGm aqmif&u G &f rnf? rdrw
d kd@vkyif ef;. rnfonfh
rsufEmS pmbufudkrqdk tppftaq;cH&efvrf;zGix hf m;&rnf? ygwDu, kd pf m;vS,frsm;udk aumfr&SifrSmxnfo h iG ;f xm;jcif;/ owif;rD
'D,mtwGuf vrf;zGix fh m;jcif;ESifh qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;udk rqdik ;f rwGxw k af 0jcif;wd@k tygt0ifenf; vrf;aygi;f rsm;pGmjzifh yGivhf if;jrif
omr_&aSd tmifaqmif&u G fEidk fygonf? odk@&mwGif apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;taejzifh aumfr&Sit f pnf;ta0;rsm;udk wdu k f±u kd x
f d

57
awG@Edik jf cif;r&Sdwwfacs?

â 0efxrf;rsm;cef@xm;jcif;ESifh avhusiafh y;jcif; - a&G;aumufyJGaumfr&Sitf zGJ@0ifEiS hf 0efxrf;tm;vH;k onf a&G;aumufyJGrwdik frD

uwnf;uyifóuwifI oifah vsmfaom/tqift h wef;rSaD omoifwef;rsm;&&Sx
d m;oifhonf?TonfrmS wm0efxrf;aqmifyx kH rf;
aqmifenf;ta=umif;udk tjynft h 0em;vnfap&efjzpfonf?a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Siw f iG f trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkvlrsKd;rsm;.
tcsK;d tpm;udk rsm;Edik t
f r#rsm;rsm;yg0ifapoifo
h nf?

â t&if;tjrpfrsm; - a&G;aumufyGJpDrt H yk cf sKyfrt

_ zGJ@wGif yGiv
hf if;jrifomr_vnf;&S/d vHak vmufrv
_ nf;&So
d nfth jyif oD;jcm;vGwf
vyfrv_ nf;&Sod nfh bwf*suw
f ck&aSd p&rnf? ,H=k unfpw d cf s&avmufaoma&G;aumufyJGwckO;D pD;usif;yEdik af &;twGuf aumfr&Sif
rsm;udk tcsdetf vHt
k avmufay;&rnft h jyif/ oifah wmfaomtcsdeYf vnf; vdt k yfaomb¾maiGa=u;ESihf ypPnf;rsm;jznfh qnf;
ay;&rnf?

a&G;aumufyGJprD t
H yk cf sKyfr_ tqifhtoD;oD;. t"duvkyyf ikd cf iG hfrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;jzifah z:jyxm;ygonf?

a&G;aumufyGypJG rD t
H yk cf sKyfa&;tm; apmih=f unf=h uyfrwfjcif;

a&G;aumufyt
GJ yk cf sKyfa&;tqifq
h ifh pDrt
H yk cf sKyfa&;qdik &f m vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ESifh vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;

 Oya'tm; ormorwfusus/ r#wr_&pdS mG

taumiftxnfaz:jcif;

 avhvmolrsm;udk w&m;0if todtrSwðf yjcif;

 rJqENe,fajr/ c&dik ef ,ferd w

d rf sm;udk abmifcwf
owfrw
S jf cif;

 pDrt
H yk cf sKyfa&;qdik &f m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; xkwjf cif;

 tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ajz&Si;f jcif;

58
  ygwrD sm;twGuf usi0fh wfou
d mQ yk'f

 rD',
D mrsm;twGuf usi0fh wfodumQ yk'f

 rJqEN&iS rf sm; rSwyf w

Hk ifjcif;udk }uD;=uyfjcif;

 Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESifh ud,

k pf m;vS,rf sm; rSwyf w
Hk ifjcif;

 a&G;aumufyb
GJ ¾maiGa=u;tm; pDrcH ef@cjGJ cif;

 a&G;aumufyq GJ idk &f m ypPn;f ypP,rsm; xkwaf 0jcif;udk

pDrcH ef@cjGJ cif;

 a&G;aumufyq
GJ idk &f m ypPn;f ypP,rsm; jzef@a0jcif;

 a&G;aumufyt GJ &m&drS sm;ESifh atmufajc

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm;twGuf oifwef;rsm;udk
}uD;=uyfjcif;

 &v'frsm;udk Z,m;jzifjh yqdjk cif;/ jzef@a0jcif;/ xkwjf yefjcif;

 ygwrD sm;/ uk,d pf m;vS,rf sm;. a&G;aumufyq GJ idk &f m

toH;k p&dwrf sm;udk apmif=h unf=h uyfrwfjcif;

a'oqdik &f m/ c&dikf af &G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm;  pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;ESifh Oya'rsm;tm; r#wpGm/
ormorwfuspmG taumiftxnfaz:jcif;

 tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk ajz&Si;f jcif;

 ygwrD sm;/ ud,

k pf m;vS,rf sm; rSwyf w
Hk ifjcif;

 usi0fh wfoud mQ yk'fEiS t

fh nD apmif=h unft
h uJjzwfjcif;
+yD;pD;jcif;

 rJqEN&iS f rSwyf wHk ifjcif;/ rJqEN&iS pf m&if;tm;

jyifqifjcif;rsm;/ }uD;=uyfjcif;

 atmufajcaumfr&Sirf sm;twGuf oifwef;rsm;udk

}uD;=uyfjcif;/ oifwef;ay;jcif;

 a&G;aumufyq
GJ idk &f m ypPn;f ypP,rsm; jzef@a0jcif;

 atmufajca&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sirf sm;tm; }uD;=uyfjcif;

59
  &v'frsm;udk Z,m;jzifh jyqdjk cif;

 &v'frsm;udk xkwjf yefa=ujimjcif;

 a&G;aumufyGJ ypPn;f ypP,rsm;udk jyefvnford ;f qnf;jcif;/

odak vSmiford ;f qnf;jcif;/

rJ&aHk umfr&Sirf sm;  pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf Oya'rsm;tm; r#wpGm/

ormorwfuspmG taumiftxnfaz:jcif;

 a&G;aumufyyGJ pPn;f ypP,rsm; vufc&H ,ljcif;

 rJqENay;jcif;udk }uD;=uyfjcif;

 rJa&wGujf cif;

 &v'frsm;ESifh ypPn;f ypP,rsm;udk jyefvnfay;tyfjcif;

jynfwiG f; a&G;aumufyaGJ pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm; xnfhoiG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfh tc&mjy\emrsm;rSm –

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf rJqENay;oltm;vH;k tay: wef;wlnrD #pGmESihf ormorwfuspGmqufqyH govm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Siw f &yfu csrwS af omqHk;jzwfcsuw f pHw
k ckonf ormorwfusr_EiS hfywfoufI jy\emrsm;

ay:ayguaf pygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf tpd;k &t&m&Srd sm; od@k r[kwf Edik if Ha&;ygwDrsm;. ta=umif;rJh odk@r[kwf
Oya'rJph uG fzufrr_ sm;rS uif;vGwfpmG aqmif&u G fEikd fygovm;?

rJqENay;yGt J wGuf a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sirf sm;.óuwifjyifqifr_rsm;onf a&G;aumufyG. J *k%o f dumQ udk
tmrcHygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf qH;k jzwfcsurf sm;csrSw&f mY yGiv hf if;jrifompGm csrSwfygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk av;pm;vdu k ef maeygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;.qH;k jzwfcsufrsm;onf w&m;r#waom/qDavsmt f yfpyfaom t,lcjH cif;twGuf
vrf;zGixfh m;ygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf Oya'jyXmef;csufyg tcsed fuef@owfcsurf sm;udk av;pm;vdu k femaeygovm;?

a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Siw f ckckonf zdtm;ay;cH&jcif; od@k r[kwf jcdr;f ajcmufc&H jcif;&Sad eygovm;?

trsm;tm;jzifh a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Sifrsm;onf yg0ifywfoufoltm;vH;k . ,H=k unfpdwcf sjcif;cH&ygovm;? tu,fI
,H=k unfpw d cf sjcif; rcH&[kqdkygu a0zefjypfwifrr_ sm;udk xkacs&iS ;f vif;jyygovm;?

vlenf;pkvrl sKd;rsm;ESifh trsK;d orD;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sifrsm;wGif vHak vmufpmG ud, k pf m;ðyyg0ifciG &hf ygovm;?

60
7?ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESifh Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; rSwyf w
Hk ifjcif;udk apmih-f unfh
avhvmjcif;?

u? Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf Hwk ifjcif;?

c? Edik if aH &;,SOòf yiforl sm; rSwyf Hkwifjcif;
*? trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkwidk ;f &if;om;rsm; rSwyf Hw
k ifjcif;

uk, d fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESifh ygwDrsm;tm;vH;k a&G;aumufyJw

G iG f 0ifa&muf,OS òf yif&mwGif wef;wlEiS fh
usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmaf om tcGifhtvrf;rsm; &-r& pHpk rf;&eftwGuf a&G;aumufyJ, G OS jf ydKifolrsm;
rSwfyw Hk ifjcif;udk teD;uyfavhvmjcif;?

rSwyf HkwifciG jfh iif;y,fc&H jcif;/ tjiif;y,fc&H r_tay: t,lcH0ifjcif;wd@k ESihf qufEG,af om taxmuf
txm;rsm; tm;vH;k . rdwLW rsm;udk &,lxm;jcif;?

61
udak ya[*ifoabmwlncD suf tyd'k f (7)wGif Edik if o H m;rsm;onf wOD;csi;f aomfvnf;aumif;/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;. odk@r[kwf
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. ud, k fpm;vS,rf sm; tjzpfaomfvnf;aumif;/ cGJjcm;qufqcH &H jcif;r&daS pbJ Edik if aH &; wm0ef/ od@k r[kwf
tpd;k &&mxl;rsm;twGuf ,SOòf yifciG &fh aSd p&rnf[k tmrcHxm;onf? Edifk if aH &;tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;tm;vH;k onf
cGJjcm;qufqcH &H jcif;r&db S J wef;wltcGit fh a&;t& ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk wifoiG ;f Edik &f rnf? Edik if aH &;tiftm;pktcsKd@tm;
csed J@apaom &nf&, G cf sujf zifh Oya'udk rw&m; od@k r[kwf cGJjcm;qufqpH mG usio hf ;kH jcif;onf 'Dru kd &ufpDenf;usaom
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf (OSCE) uwdu0wfrsm;. tESpo f m&ESihf uGJvJG aponf?

(u) Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwyf wHk ifjcif;

a&G;aumufyGJOya'onf Edikf if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh ud, k fpm;vS,frsm; rnfo h nft h csdew f iG f rnfod@k wifoiG ;f &rnfukd owfrw S o
f nf?
oD;jcm;Oya'wck (Oyrm Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;qdik &f m Oya'wck) u tkypf kwpkonf ygww D cktjzpf rnfod@k rSwfyw kH if&rnfukd
owfrw S af umif; owfrw S fEidk fonf? xdk@a=umifh Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; rSwfyw kH ifjcif;qkid &f m Oya'wckckukd a&G;aumufyJG
tjiif;yGm;r_Z,m; (tcef; 4 udk &_yg) wGif xnfo h iG ;f +yD;v#i/f ydik f;jcm;oH;k oyfoifo h nf? jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@u
av#mufxm;olrsm;onf rSwfyHkwifjcif;qdik &f mowfrSwcf sufrsm;ESihf +yD;jynfph Hk jcif; &dS- r&dSESifh pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;tm;
r#r#ww/ ormorwfusus vdu k ef musio fh ;Hk jcif; &dS- r&dS udk avhvm &rnf? ta&;t}uD;qH;k tvkyw f ckrmS jynfwiG ;f
apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@onf vkyif ef;pOfwckv;kH tm; Edik if Hwum pHcsdefp! H $e;f rsm;tjyif/ vGwv f yfpmG toif;tyif;
wnfaxmifciG fh ESifv h nf; udu k n f Dr&_ -Sd r&dS a0zefyifkd ;f jcm;oiho f nf?

(c) Edik if aH &; ,SOòf yiforl sm; rSwyf w

Hk ifjcif;

a&G;aumufyGJOya'onf ygwDrsm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm; a&G;aumufyJw G ckwiG f 0ifa&muf,OS òf yifolrsm;tjzpf

w&m;0ifrw S fyHkwifap&rnf? Oya'qdik &f mpnf;urf;uef@owfcsufukd tuJjzwf&mY Oya'yg ,if;tcef;onf Edik if H wumESihf
jynfwiG ;f pHcsdepf H!e$ ;f rsm;ESifh udu
k fnrD _ &dS- r&du S dk az:jyoifo
h nf? rSwfyw kH ifjcif;qdik &f m vkt
d yfcsufrsm;onf &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;ESihf
em;vnfv, G af omt&mrsm; jzpfoifo h nf? pay:aiGtajrmuf trsm;awmif;qdjk cif; od@k r[kwf rSwfykHwifav#mufv$mwGif
rwefwqrsm;jym;aomtrnfrsm; xnfo fh iG ;f ay;&efawmif;qdjk cif; uJo
h @kd aom Edik if aH &;t& cGJjcm;qufqrH o _ abmaqmifaom
awmif;qdck surf sm;udk rxnfo h iG f;oifah y? ygwDwck odk@r[kwf uk, d pf m;vS,f avmif;wOD; rSwyf w kH ifciG jhf iif;y,fc&H r_twGuf
t,lcw H ifciG &fh &dS rnf?

a&G;aumufyGJvyk if ef;pOf. ta&;}uD;aom tpdwt f ydik ;f wckuakd qmif±u G af epOftwGi;f / jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfh avhvm
a&;tzGJ@onf rSwyf Hw k ifxm;aom ygwDrsm;/ ud, k fpm;vS,frsm;avmif;rsm;pm&if;udo k mru/ rSwfyw kH ifciG fh jiif;y,fc&H
aomygwDrsm;/ ud, k fpm;vS,favmif;rsm;pm&if;udv k nf; ðypkxm;oifo h nf? txl;ojzifh av#mufxm;olrsm;onf
rSwfywHk ifjcif;twGuf pHxm;csufrsm;ESifh jynfph jHk cif;&Sd-r&dSEiS hf a&G;aumufyJaG umfr&Sio f nf Oya'udk r#wpGm/ ormorwfuspGm
taumiftxnf az:cJjh cif;&S-d r&dS avhvmoiho f nf? rSefuefoifah vsmfjcif; r&daS om vkyaf qmif csurf sm;rSm-
ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm; aemufq;Hk tcsdeo f wfrw S cf sufuakd omfvnf;aumif;/ udk,pf m;vS,f avmif;tjzpf
av#mufxm;&ef vdt k yfaom vkyx f ;Hk vkyef nf;udak omfvnf;aumif; vHak vmufpmG todray;jcif;/ od@k r[kwf
owfrw S x
f m;aomvdt k yfcsufrsm; (vufrw S frsm;aumuf,jl cif; od@k r[kwf pay:aiGay;&jcif;) a=umifh rvdt k yfbJ
yifyef;qif;&Japjcif;/ cGJjcm;qufqrH o
_ abmoufa&mufapjcif;wdk@ jzpfonf?

62
 vufrw S rf sm;udk rSerf rSefppfaq;aom vkyif ef;pOfonf wcgw&HwiG f wzufowfypkH rH sKd; jzpfomG ;wwf+yD;/tjiif; yGm;zG,&f mudpP
jzpfomG ;wwfonf? ,if;odk@jzpfay:&aom ta=umif;rSm wef;wlnrD #pGmESihf a&S@aemufnn D Gwpf mG usifo
h ;kH Edik af &;twGuf
vkyxf ;Hk vkyfenf;rsm;udk aphpyfaocsmpGm a&;qGJrxm;aoma=umifh jzpfonf? xd@k jyif rnfonfh tajccHrsm;tay:wGif
w&m;0ifav#mufvm$ tm; jiif;y,f&rnf[I l Oya'u &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; owfrSwrf xm; jcif;a=umifv h nf; jzpfonf? Oyrm
jyefvnfjyifqifay;I&Edikf af om toem;cHpmwGif rnfonfhtcsurf sm;u vkyx f ;kH vkyfenf;t& tm;enf;aponfukd
vnf;aumif;/ y,fcs&rnfh toem;cHpmwGif rnfonfh tcsufrsm;u tajctjrpf usustm;enf;aponfudkvnf;aumif;
Oya't"dym` ,fzGiyfh Hw k iG f tjiif;yGm;r_rsm; ay:xGuv
f mEdik o
f nf?

avhvmolrsm;onf ty,fc&H aom ygwrD sm;/ ud, k fpm;vS,frsm;ESihf Oya'csK;d azmufcaJh omfvnf; ty,fc&H jcif;r&Sd[k qdak om
ygwDrsm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk txl;tm&Hpk u kd o
f ifhonf? xGuaf y:vmor# tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk aocsmpGm
pm&if;ðypkxm;oifo h nf? xdk@jyifxt dk r_rsm;udk tqifjh rifah &G;aumufyJG tm%mydik f odk@r[kwf w&m;&H;k rsm; (Oya't&
av#mufxm;Edik af om rnfonhw f &m;&H;k rqd)k u =um;emppfaq;r_ðyaepOfrSmvnf; apmif=h unfah vhvmoiho f nf?
uk,d pf m;vS,af vmif;jzpfvadk omolrsm;ESiyfh wfoufI usKd ;a=umif;nDaom uef@owfcsufrsm; xm;&dES ikd +f yD;/ ‚wdk@rSm
wdik ;f jynftwGi;f tcsdeu
f mvwpfct k xd aexdik o
f jl zpf&efvjkd cif;/ tedrq
hf ;kH owfrw
S fxm;aom rJqEN&N iS rf sm;.
axmufcrH &_ &efvjdk cif; odk@r[kwf tedrq fh H;k owfrSwxf m;aom rJay;Edik o f tl oufxuf yd}k uD;&efvjkd cif;wd@k jzpfonf?

tcsKd@rwS yf w Hk ifjcif; vkyxf ;Hk vkyef nf;rsm;wGif txl;ojzifh Ekid if aH wmf.atmufajctqifw h iG f ud,k pf m;vS,af vmif; tcsK@d
odk@r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;tm;vH;k a&G;aumufcaH om wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESihf ygwD rsm;onf
A[dak &G;aumufyGJtm%mydik w f iG f rSwyf w
Hk if&efrvdtk yfyJ/ a'oqdik &f mESihf c&dik t f qifh a&G;aumufyJG tm%mydik x f w
H iG f
rSwyf w
Hk if&ef vdt k yfonf? wcgw&HwiG f ESpaf e&mpvH;k wGif rSwyf w kH if&ef vdt k yfEikd o
f nf? ,if;uJo h @kd aom
tajctaersm;atmufwiG f a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf ygwED iS u hf ,
dk pf m;vS,af vmif; rSwyf w kH ifjcif;ta=umif;
apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif; tpD&ifcpH mwifjcif;ðyoiho f nf? av#mufvm$ wifjcif; ESihf t,lcwH if
jcif;wdk@EiS yfh wfoufIaomfvnf;aumif; A[d&k ;Hk csKyfod@k jyefvnftpD&ifc&H rnfh enf;vrf;rsm;ESihf ywfoufIaomfvnf; aumif;
olwdk@tm;/ tusO;f oabmr# &Si;f jyxm;oiho f nf?

ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESifh Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm; rSwfyw
Hk ifjcif; vkyfx;kH vkyfenf;rsm;udk tuJjzwfa&;twGuf vrf;!$ef csurf sm;rSm

Edikf if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESiu
fh ,
dk pf m;vS,favmif;rsm; trnfpm&if;wifoiG f;jcif;twGuf w&m;0ifav#mufv$mrsm;
rSef- rrSepf pfaq;csed fwiG f wufa&mufEidk af tmifñud;pm;jcif;/

ppfaq;+yD;aomw&m;0ifav#mufvm$ rsm;udk a&G;aumufyJt G m%mydik frsm;u wajy;nD*±kpu

kd I
f ppfaq;cJjh cif;
&d-S r&dS od&dSEidk &f eftwGuf ñud;pm;pdppf=unfjh cif;/

a&;xd;k xm;aom vufrw S frsm; rSeu f efa=umif;ppfaq;&eftwGuf w&m;0if vrf;!$ecf suf odk@r[kwf !$ef
=um;csurf sm;xkwjf yefxm;jcif;&d-S r&dS az:jyjcif;/

y,fcsr_rsm;tm; ta=umif;jycsufcikd v f jHk cif; &dS-r&dSppfaq;jcif;/ ta=umif;jycsuo

f nf usdK;a=umif;qDavsmrf _
&d-S r&dS ppfaq;jcif; ESifh y,fcsc&H aom w&m;0ifav#mufvm$ rsm;ESihf y,fcsrcH&aom tjcm;aom ygwD/ ud, k f
pm;vS,af vmif;rsm;. av#mufvm$ rsm;udk Edi_ ;f ,SOaf vhvmjcif;/
63

a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Siw f pfcu
k uk, d pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;udk vufc&H ef/ y,fcs&eftwGuf qH;k jzwf
csucf s&mwGif rJay;jcif;&d-S r&dS ppfaq;jcif;/aumfr&Sit f zGJ@0ifrsm;u rnfodk@rJay;cJ=h uonfudk od&&Sd eftwGuf
,if;udpq P ;Hk jzwfcaJh om tpnf;ta0;rSww f rf;rdwLW udk awmif;cHjcif;/

vufcjH cif;cH&aomEdik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ ud,

k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESihf y,fcsc&H aom Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ ud,
k pf m;
vS,af vmif;rsm;udk rnfodk@/ rnfonft h csed w
f iG f qH;k jzwfcsut
f a=umif; today;cJo
h nfukd pHkprf;jcif;/

tu,fI w&m;0ifav#mufvm$ rsm;onf ty,fcsccH &Jh ygu ygwD od@k r[kwf udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;u ,if;
qH;k jzwfcsut
f ay: t,lcw H ifcjJh cif; &d-S r&dS pHkprf;jcif;ESihf tu,fI wifcyJh gu rnfonfah e&modk@ ‚wd@k t,l
cHwifco Jh enf;ESifh ,if;t,lcHrS rnfonf&h v'fxu G af y:cJo
h enf; ponfw@kd udk pHkprf;jcif;?

(*)
(*) trsKd;orD;ESifh vlenf;pkwidk ;f &if;om;rsm; rSwyf w
kH ifjcif;

jynfwiG ;f apmif=h undah vhvma&;ktzGJ@wckonf trsK;d orD;ESihf wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pk rnfr#ukd ygwDrsm;rStrnf
pm&if;wifoiG ;f onfEiS fh a&G;aumufyGJtm%mydik frsm;rS rSwfyw kH ifciG fðh yonfukd avhvmoiho f nf? (OSCE) a'o
twGi;f &dw S ikd ;f jynfrsm;u ‚f;wdk@widk ;f jynftwGi;f tpd;k &tkycf sKyfa&;wGif trsKd;orD;ESihf wkid ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;
yg0iftyk cf sKyfciG t fh wGuf tumtuG,af y;xm;aom Edik if Hwum vl@tcGit hf a&; pHcsdefp!
H $e;f rsm;udk av;pm; vduk fem ygrnf[k
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atmifjrifpmG rSwfyw Hk ifjyF;jzpfa=umif;rSww
f rf;ESifh cGJjcm;qufqcH H &r_tay: avhvmqef;ppfcsuf wpfcu k kdvnf; wifjyEdik o
f nf?

64
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u? Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESifh awG@qjkH cif;?
c? rD', D mESiafh wG@qHjk cif;?
*? tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;ESifh awG@qjHk cif;?
C? rJq, G fyGJrsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
i? vHðk cHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
p? rJqG,pf nf;±H;k r_toH;k p&dwfrsm;/ tvSLaiGyrm%ESihf tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
q? Edik if aH wmft&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGo J ;Hk pm;vkyrf _ukd apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
Z? yÉdyuQ umuG,fwmqD;jcif;ESifh a&G;aumufyJu G mvt=urf;zufr_rsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
ps? tjcm;udp&P yfrsm;udk apmih=f unfah vhvmjcif;?

yg0if,OS òf yifolrsm;ESifhyHkrSeaf wG@qHkI ‚wdk@.vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf z:ajymqdck iG /hf toif;tyif; zGJ@
pnf;cGifhEiS fh pk&;Hk cGifhrsm;ESifyh wfoufI taESmift
h ,Suwf pHwk ck ñuHawG@&jcif;&d-S r&dSppfaq;jcif;/

oufqidk &f mwm0ef&dSorl sm;ESiv

fh dkuyf gI wdik fwef;csufrsm;udk vdu
k fvaH qmif&u
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f &if;tjrpfrsm; rw&m;ojzifh toH;k ðyjcif;&dS -r&dS
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ygaomt&mrsm; jzpfonf? Edik fiaH &;wGif yg0ifolrsm;tm;vH;k onf vGwv
f yfpmG toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGiu
hf dk &&do
S ifh onf?

65
‚wdk@. rJq, G fpum;rsm;udk vGwv f yfpmG xkwaf z:ajymqdck iG &hf o Sd if+h yD;/ +cdr;f ajcmuf [ef@wm;jcif; wpHw k &m r&dSbJ
‚wdk@.rJqEN&iS rf sm;udk pkpnf;Ekdicf iG vfh nf; &doS ifoh nf? Edik if o H m;rsm;wGiv f nf; ‚wdk@. Edik if aH &;,H=k unf csuu f dk vGwv f yfpmG
az:xkwfEidk af om tcGit fh a&;&do
S ifoh nf? rJqG,yf Jq G dik &f m pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;rS yg0iforl sm; tm;vH;k
wef;wltusdK;cHpm;r_&adS pa&;twGuf ta&;}uD;aomtpdwt f ydki;f wckrmS yGihfvif;r_ jzpfonf? ,if;pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;udk
yGiv fh if;pGmESifh tESH@tjym;oabmaqmifpGm ausmom;&ifom;rcGJjcm;bJ usio hf ;kH &rnfjzpfonf? rJq, G fvy_ &f mS ;pOftwGi;f
yg0if,OS òf yifot l m;vH;k wajy;nDvy_ &f mS ;cGi&fh &dSr_ twdik ;f twmonf a&G;aumufyJv G kyif ef; wckv;kH udk tuJjzwf&mY
,H=k unfpw d cf s&avmufaom wdik ;f xGmonfh bm&dkrw D mjzpfavh&dSonf? tedrhfq;kH tm;jzif/h a&G;aumufyJw G Gi f
0ifa&muf,OS òf yifot l m;vH;k . tajccHowif;tcsut f vufEiS fh ‚wd@k .Ekid if aH &; rl0g'rsm;udk rJqEN&iS rf sm; odoifo h nf?

a&G;aumufyGJrwdik cf if&ufrsm; apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;. &nf±, G cf surf mS yg0ifolrsm;tm;vH;k twGuf wef;wl v_y&f mS ; Edik af om
tcGit fh vrf; &S-d r&dES iS fh Edkiif o
H m;rsm;. vGwv f yfpmG az:xkwcf iG /hf pk&;kH cGi/hf toif;tyif; wnfaxmifciG fhEiS hf
oGm;vmv_y&f mS ;cGifhrsm;tm; av;pm;vdu k ef mjcif; &S-d r&Sd tuJjzwfjcif;jzpfonf? yHrk Set f m;jzifh ,if; vGwv
f yfciG hfrsm;tm;
wdik ;f jynfwck. tajccHOya'wGif xnfo h iG ;f jyXmef;onf? txl;ojzifh ,if;vGwfvyfciG hf rsm;tm; a&G;aumufyJOG ya'jzifh
a&G;aumufyGJumvwckwiG f tumtuG,ðf yay;onf? ,if;tcGit hf a&;rsm;onf (OSCE) uwdu0wfrsm;ESihf
Edik if w
H umvl@tcGit fh a&; pHcsed fp! H $e;f wdk@wGif yg0if=u+yD;/ Oya'ESifh vufawG@vkyfief; vkyaf qmifcsdew f idk ;f wGif
‚tcGit fh a&;rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf&rnf jzpfonf?

a&G;aumufyGJrwdik cf ifumv apmif=h unfah vhvmr_ukd a±G;aumufyJG apmif=h unfah vhvmr_nd‡Eid_ ;f a&;ESihf ydik f;jcm;
oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@(Observation Co-rdination and Analysis Unit) .tzGJ@0ifrsm;u A[dt k qifhrSm aqmif±u G +f yD;/ a'oqkid &f m
apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;u a'oqdik &f mtqifhrmS aqmif±Guo f ifh onf? jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfh avhvma&;tzGJ@.
rsufpdEiS efh m;rsm;tjzpf a'oqkid &f m apmif=h unft h uJcwforl sm;onf rJqENay;yGJ rpwifrD tajctae
&_axmift h m;vH;k ESiyfh wfoufI jynfhp/Hk rSeuf efaom owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk axmufyhH ay;oifo h nf? xdk@a=umifh
‚wdk@tm; aumif;rGefpmG &Si;f jyxm;&rnf? ‚wd@k rSm qufo, G af &;vrf;a=umif; aumif;rGepf mG &dSoifo h nf?
a&G;aumufyGJtóuumv tpD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f jcif;yHkpu H kd aumif;aumif; em;vnf xm;&rnf jzpfonf?

a&G;aumufyGJtóuumvtwGi;f a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,f avmif;rsm;/
oufqidk &f ma&G;aumufyGJt&m&dSrsm;/ tpd;k &t&m&drS sm;ESihf yHkrSefawG@qjkH cif; ESihf vlxrk JqG,yf JGrsm;/ vlxt k pnf;ta0;rsm;udk
wufjcif;jzifh rJq, G fyGJjzpfay:wd;k wufr_rsm;udk tqufrjywf avhvmoifo h nf? vHðk cHa&; wm0ef&o Sd lrsm;/ jynfwiG ;f rD', D mrsm;/
tjcm; tpd;k &r[kwaf om tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;/ ygwD axmufcHorl sm;/ jynfolrsm;ESihfvnf; tquftoG,f
vkyof ifhonf?tywfpOftpD&ifcHpmrsm; wifjyjcif;/ tjzpf tysuf tao;pdwt f pD&ifcHpmrsm;/vlxt k pnf;ta0; wckcsi;f pD.
tpD&ifcpH mrsm; wifjyjcif;jzifh a'o qdik &f m apmih=f unfah vhvmolrsm;onf wdik ;f jynft0Sr;f rJq, G fyJrG sm;ESifhywfoufI
A[k&d ;Hk csKyfu &Si;f vif; jywfom;aom yHu k m;csyf wcsyfuakd &;qGJ&mY taxmuftulay;Edik rf nf jzpfonf?

avhvmolrsm;onf ‚wdk@wifjyaomta=umif;t&mtm;vH;k udk wdu k &f u

kd jf rifawG@orl sm; jzpfcsirf S jzpfEikd o
f nf? ,if;od@k aom
tajctaersm;atmufwiG f pGyfpGJcsufrsm;rSef-rrSeaf vhvm&efEiS fh rSefuefwu d spmG tpD&ifc&H ef
ta&;}uD;onf?usdK;a=umif;nDnw G af om oHo,wckuif;pifomG ;avmufatmif oufaotaxmuf txm;rsm;udk
ppfaq;=unf&h ef vdt k yfaom &mZ0wfr_rsm;ESihf rwlyg? a&G;aumufyaJG pmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;tzd@k oufao
taxmuftxm;uHv k Hk jynfhpaHk =umif;aumufcsucf sEdik af &;twGuf ,H=k unfpw d cf s avmufz, G f&m t&if;tjrpf tajrmuf
trsm;rS&&Sad om tvm;wl om"ursm; tqifoif&h dSae&efvt kd yfonf? apmif=h unf avhvmolrsm; taejzifh

66
‚wdk@.tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf ‚wdk@ud,
k wf ikd jf rifawG@caJh om tjzpftysurf sm; od@k r[kwf tjcm;olrsm;
ud,
k pf m;wifjytpD&ifc&H aom tjzpftysufrsm;jzpfa=umif; &Si;f vif;pGm wifjyoifhonf? tu,fI 'kw, d tcsujf zpfygu
owif;t&if;tjrpfonf *k%fodumQ &daS om/ ,H=k unfpw d cf s&aomt&if;t jrpf[w
k f - r[kwu
f kdvnf; tuJjzwfoifo
h nf?

(u) Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/

sm;/ ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESihf awG@qHjk cif;

apmif=h unfah vhvmr_nEd‡ _id ;f a&;ESifh ydik ;f jcm; oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@.tzGJ@0ifrsm;ESifh a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfah vhvmol rsm;onf
ygvDrefwiG f ud, k fpm;ðyaeolrsm;/ ud, k pf m;ðyr_r&daS omfvnf; axmufcrH t _ rsm;tjym;&&daS eolrsm; tygt0if t"du
Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh awG@qHkoifoh nf? awG@qykH JGrw S qifh ‚wd@k . rJqG,fvy_ &f mS ;r_rsm;ESihfywfoufaom
owif;tcsut f vufrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;ESifh ‚wd@k wifjyvdak om ta=umif;t&mrsm;udv k nf; em;axmifjcif;
ðyoifo h nf?tu,fI Edik if aH &;ygww D cku pGyfpJcG sufwckðyvkyfygu/a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unhaf vhvmolrsm;u tjcm;
t&if;tjrpfrsm;rSaeI ,if;pGyfpGJcsuf rSe-f rrSef oufaojy&ef óu;yrf;oiho f nf?tu,fI ygwDwcku w&m;&H;k od@k r[kwf
a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Six f Hodk@ rauseyfcsuw f ck wdik fwef;ygu/ avhvmolrsm;onf pmjzifh a&;om; az:jy xm;aomrdwLW rsm;udk
awmif;,loif+h yD;/tjiif;yGm;r_apmif=h unfah vhvma&; vrf;!$erf _rsm; twdik ;f vdu
k ef musio hf ;Hk oifoh nf?
Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESiafh wG@qaHk omtcgwiG f ygwDrsm;ESihf ‚wdk@.bufawmfom;rsm;rSm ‚wdk@ae&m &&daS &; twGuf pmem/
axmufcrH &_ atmifóu;yrf;rnf[laom uk, d fyidk t
f pDtpOf&w dS wfa=umif;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmol rsm;u owdcsyfoiho f nf?
orwa&G;aumufyGJwiG f apmif=h unfah vhvmr_n‡dEid_ ;f a&;ESihf ydik ;f jcm; oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@onf
xdyw f ef;ud,k fpm;vS,af vmif;tm;vH;k ESifh awG@qo kH ifoh nf? ygvDrefpepfa&G;aumufyJEG iS hf a'oqdki&f m a&G;aumufyJG rsm;wGif
a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf Edik if aH &;e,fy,frS udk,pf m;vS,af vmif; trsKd;rsK;d ESiafh wG@q&kH ef óu;yrf;oiho f nf?

(c) rD',
D mESiafh wG@qjHk cif;

apmif=h unfah vhvmr_nEd‡ _id ;f a&;ESifh ydik ;f jcm; oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@onf tcef; (9) wGif az:jyxm;ouJo h @dk Ekid if aH wmf tqifh wGif
rD'D,mESifh qufqo H ifhonf? a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf a'otqifh rD'D,mrsm; ESiahf wG@qI kH ‚wd@k .
ydik qf idk o
f rl sm; (ownership)/ t,f'w D mhtmabmf/ pmzwfy&d\wfEiS hf oufqikd af om owif; tcsuf tvufrsm;&,l&efEiS fh
‚wdk@awG@ñuH&aom uef@owfr/_ aESmif,
h Surf _rsm;ESihf ywfoufaom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk &,l oiho f nf?
a'owGi;f rD', D mrsm;ESiafh wG@qHjk cif;onf tjcm;aompGypf JcG sufrsm;udk wdu k qf ikd fppfaq;Edifk af om tcGihf tvrf;udk &&daS p+yD;/
ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;/ a&G;aumufyGJtkycf sKyfykHEiS fh a&G;aumufyJv G kyf ief;pOfwiG f yg0ifaom tpd;k &Xmersm;tay:
owif;axmufrsm;ESifh t,f'w D mrsm;. oabmxm;udv k nf; tuJjzwfEidk o f nf? a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfah vhvmolwkd@onf
A[k&d ;Hk rSciG ðfh ycsuf wpHw k &mr&&db S /J rD', D modk@ a&G;aumufyJv G kyif ef;pOfEiS hf ywfoufI rnfonfh xifjrif,q l csufr#
ray;oifah y?

(*) tpd;k &0ef

&0efxrf;rsm;ESifh awG@qHjk cif;

apmif=h unfah vhvmr_nEd‡ i_d ;f a&;ESifh ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@EiS fh a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf avhvma&;
tpDtpOftwGuf toH;k 0ifrnfo
h wif;tcsut f vufrsm;&,l&eftwGuf jynfo@l 0efxrf;rsm;ESiahf wG@qo Hk ifo
h nf?
awG@qrHk r_ sm;tm;vH;k wGif rawG@qcHk ifuwnf;u avhvmolrsm;taejzifh ‚wd@k rnfonht f &mudk ar;&efvt kd yfonfukd
wdwud sus óuwifq;Hk jzwfxm;oih+f yD;/ jynfol@0efxrf;wpfO;D . tcsed u f kd rjzKef;oifah y?

67
 a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGi;f avhvmolrsm;onf jynfo@l 0efxrf;rsm;. v_y&f mS ;r_rsm;ESihf ywfoufI rauseyfcsurf sm;/
pGypf GJcsurf sm; ñuHawG@Eikd o f nf? Oyrm t&m&dw S OD;u ud, k pf m;vS,w
f OD; od@k r[kwf ygwD wygwtD m; rJq, G f v_@H aqmfjcif;rS
[ef@wm;aESmif, h uS jf cif; odk@r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,w f OD; od@k r[kwf ygwwD ygwt D m; wuf wufºuºujrSiwfh ifay;jcif; ponfjzifh
pGypf GJc&H Ekid o
f nf? xduk o Jh dk@aom pGypf JcG surf sm;udk rSe-f rrSeo
f ufaojy&ef cufcJ vSonf? od@k aomf taotcsm *&kwpdu k f pHpk rf;
az:xkw&f rnf? tb,fa=umihq f adk omf ‚wkd@onf a&G;aumufyJG qdik &f m Edik if w H um uwdu0wfrsm;udk
csK;d azmufonfomru jynfwiG ;f Oya'udyk g csK;d azmufjcif;jzpf onf? xd@k tjyif =um;jzwf tkycf sKyfa&;tm%mudk
tvGJo;Hk pm;ðyaeonfo h abmvnf;onf?

tpd;k &0efxrf;rsm;.vky&f yfEiS yfh wfoufaom pGypf JcG surf sm;udk tpd;k &a&S@ae/ ykvyd w f yfzJ@G / w&m;&H;k od@k r[kwf a&G;
aumufyGJaumfr&Six f o
H kd@ wifjyEdik o f nf? ,if;uJo h @kd aom tajctaersK;d wGif avhvmolrsm;onf ‚ tjiif;yGm;r_ jzpfpOfukd
avhvmoih+f yD;/ wd;k wufrt _ vdu k f tpD&ifco H ifo
h nf? tjcm;aom tajctaersK;d wGif rsujf rifoufaorsm; onf
xkwaf zmfajymqdv k adk om qENr&d=S uonfomru/ t&m&Sw d OD;. vky&f yfo@kd r[kwf xdecf serf '_ %fuckd x H m;& olw@kd uvnf;
rdrwd dk@tzdk@w&m;r#wr_EiS fh Oya't&jyefvnfupk m;ay;r_&vdrrhf nf[k r,H=k unf wwf=uacs? apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;u
xduk o Jh dk@aom (vky&f yf odk@r[kwf xdecf serf '_ %f) cH&ol rsm;udk ‚wd@k vkyyf ikd cf iG &hf adS om
w&m;Oya'enf;vrf;rsm;twdik ;f vkyaf qmif&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f ay;oihaf omfvnf;/ twif;tusyf zdtm;ray;oifah y?
,if;uJo h dk@aom tajctaersK;d wGif avhvmolrsm;twGuf }uD;av;aom tcuftcJ}uD; um; pGypf JcG surf sm;udk rSerf rSef rnfuo Jh @kd
taumif;qH;k óu;pm;pHpk rf;rnfEiS fh pGypf GJco H t
l m; ‚wd@k bufjcrf;rSajym qdck iG u hf kd rnfonft h csed w f iG f ay;&rnf[I l jzpfonf?
pGypf GJc&H aom ygwED iS x
fh yd w
f udk af wG@qEHk ikd f aom rnfonfh qH;k jzwfcsurf sK;d rqdk A[d&k ;kH ESihf
t=uH^m%f,o l ifo
h nf?pGypf GJc&H aomygwED iS fh awG@qykH JrG sm;wGif avhvmolrsm;u ‚wkd@u, kd wf ikd Ef iS hf ‚wd@k . owif;
ay;olrsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &Smufay;&rnf?

(C) rJq,
G pf nf;±H;k r_rsm;udk apmifh=unfah vhvmjcif;

A[dtk qifw h iG f apmif=h unfah vhvmr_nEd‡ i_d ;f a&;ESihf ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@onf ygwDrsm;/ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;.
v_y&f mS ;r_tcsdefpm&if;udk xm;&So d ifo h nf? atmufajctqifhwiG f A[d&k ;kH odk@ tcsdepf m&if; rdwLW rsm;ay;ydk@oifah om
a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unft h uJjzwforl sm;onfvnf; Tod@k yifxm;&Sod ifoh nf? Tod@k xm;&Sjd cif;tm;jzifh apmif=h unfh
avhvmolrsm;tzdk@ yg0if,OS òf yifol wpfO;D csi;f pD. rJqG,v f x
l kpak 0;yGJrsm;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;. ta&twGuu f kd
tpD&ifcw H ifjyEdik fonht
f jyif/ apmif=h unfah vhvmr_nd‡Eid_ ;f a&;ESihf ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@tzd@k a&m/ a'oqdik &f m
apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;tzdk@yg rdrw d dk@vkyif ef;rsm;udkpDr&H mwGif taxmuftuljzpfEikd fonf? avhvmolrsm;onf
wufa&mufcaJh om rJq, G fyGJ pnf;±H;k yGJwckcsi;f pDtwGuf tpD&ifcpH m tjynft h pHk a&;oifo
h nf?

toH;k ðyvG,I
f pepfwusowfrw
S x
f m;onfh yHpk w
H ck ðyvkyo
f ih+f yD; atmufaz:jyyg tcsufrsm; yg0ifoiho
f nf?

vlxpk &k ;Hk yGJ/ tpnf;ta0;/ tcrf;tem;wckusi;f yaom ygwD od@k r[kwf ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;. trnf/

tcrf;tem;usi;f yaomtcsdef (tpESifh tqH;k )/ ae@pGJ ESihf ae&m/

a[majymolrsm;. trnfrsm; ESihf ‚wdk@. wm0efrsm;/ Oyrm ygwDacgi;f aqmif/ pm&if;yg uk, d fpm;vS,f avmif; rsm;ponfjzif/h
tcrf;tem;odk@wufa&mufaom vlO;D a&cef@rSe;f ta&twGu/f

tpnf;ta0;/ tcrf;tem;udk [ef@wm;aESmif, h uS rf &_ Sd- r&d/S &dSygu rnfoel nf;/

tcrf;tem;odk@wufa&muf&ef tusyu f idk cf jJh cif; &d-S r&d/S

68

rdef@cGe;f . t"duta=umif;t&mrsm;ESifh tjcm;xifjrifcsufrsm;a&;Edifk &f ef avhvmoltwGuf ae&mxdik cf if;/

a[majymolrsm;u t=urf;zufr_jzpfay:apa&; ajrSmufx;kd yifah umfpum;vH;k rsm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;ygwDrsm;/
ud,k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;/ axmufco H rl sm;tm; t=urf;zufwu
kd fcu
kd af pa&; aoG;xd;k vH@_ aqmfaom pum;
vH;k rsm; toH;k ðycJjh cif; &d-S r&dS ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

tu,fI avhvmolrsm;u rJqG,pf nf;±H;k r_wckwiG f toH;k ðycJah om pum;vH;k onf rJqG,yf Jt G =urf;zufru
_ kd jzpfay: apEdik o
f nf
odk@r[kwf tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufjzpfapEdik o f nf[k oH;k oyfrdygu xdak [majymol toHk;ðycJo h nfh pum;rsm; udk
twdtusrw S fwrf;wifoifo h nf?tu,fIa[majymolu t=urf;zufrj_ zpfay:apa&; ajr‡mufay;aeygu a'o
qdik &f mapmif=h unfhorl sm;onf A[dXk mecsKyfodk@ ‚wd@k . pd;k &drfruif;jzpfru
_ kd csucf si;f wifjyoifo
h nf?

usi;f ycGifhr&aom rJq, G fpnf;a0;yGJrsm;/ vlxkpnf;a0;yGJrsm;ESihf tjcm;tcrf;tem;rsm;udv k nf; avhvmolrsm;u

tpD&ifco H ifoh nf? tu,fI tm%mydik frsm;u tcrf;tem;wcktwGuf cGiðhf yrdef@ay;&ef jiif;qefygu rnfonfh
ta=umif;a=umifh qH;k jzwfcoJh nfudk avhvmolrsm;u od&&Sd efóu;yrf;oih+f yD;/ ,if;ta=umif;jycsurf sm;onf qDavsmrf _ &d-S
r&du
S vdk nf; tuJjzwfoihof nf?

(i) vHðk cHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;. vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;

rJq, G uf mvESifh rJay;aom vkyfief;pOfwckv;Hk twGi;f vHðk cHa&;wyfzJG@0ifrsm;wGif rJqEN&iS frsm;ESihf ud,
k pf m; vS,af vmif;rsm;tm;
tjcm;olrsm;+cdr;f ajcmufjcif;rS umuG,af y;&efEiS hf ormorwfuspmG aqmif&u G af y;&ef [laom wm0efESpfrsK;d pvH;k &do S nf?
+cdr;f ajcmufjcif;onf ud, k fpm;vS,rf sm;ESifh rJqEN&iS frsm; tay:wGif qd;k usKd ; oufa&mufr_rsm;&d+S yD;/ txl;ojzifh
vHðk cHa&;wyfzGJ@0ifrsm;u usL;vGeaf omtcgwiG f ydkrI kd tEW&m,f jzpfay:aponf? +cdr;f ajcmufru _ kd twdtusaz:jy&ef
cufcJaomfvnf; +cdr;f ajcmufr_ txl;ojzifh vHðk cHa&;wyfzJG@0ifrsm; usL;vGeaf om +cdr;f ajcmufrr_ sm;us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@jzpfay: rnfh
tvm;tvmrsK;d udkrl txift&Sm;awG@&wwfonf?

a&G;aumufyGJEiS q fh ufE, G rf &_ adS om zrf;qD;r_/ xde;f odr;f r_tm;vH;k udk avhvmolrsm;u taotcsm rSww f rf;wif oih+f yD;/
avhvmoifo h nf? Ekid if aH &;v_yf&mS ;wufºuolrsm;udk a&G;aumufyJu G mvtwGi;f zrf;qD;jcif; od@k r[kwf xde;f odr;f jcif;onf
tvGeq f ;dk 0g;aom tjzpfrsm;jzpf+yD;/ a&G;aumufyJv G kyif ef;pOfonf Ekid if w
H um pHcsdefp!
H $ef;rsm;ESihf udu
k fnrD _r&Sad =umif;
jyqdak eonf?

G pf nf;±H;k r_toH;k p&dwrf sm;/ tvSLaiGyrm%ESihf tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;

(p) rJq,

rJq, G yf GJ b¾ma&;ESifh toH;k p&dwq f idk &f m udp&P yfrsm;onf (OSCE) a'otwGi;f ESihf tjyif ESpcf pk vH;k wGif wpp
jrifw
h ufvmaeaom pd;k &drpf &maumif;onfh udp&P yfrsm; jzpfonf? Edik if o H m;rsm;onf ‚wd@k . Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;ESihf
ud,k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm; rnfou l aiGa=u;qkid &f m taxmuftyHrh sm;ay;aeonfukd odv=dk u+yD;/ rnfr#
tultnD&onfEiS fh rnfuo Jh dk@ toH;k ðyaeonfuv kd nf; odv=kd uonf? xd@k a=umifh jynfwiG ;f apmifh =unfah vhvma&; tzGJ@rsm;u
rJq, G yf GJtoH;k p&dwrf sm;ESifh tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;udk aocsmpGmpHpk rf;&efvo fkd nf[k aumufcsucf srnfh tvm;tvmrsm;
wppwd;k yGm;vmaeonf? yGiv fh if;r_EiS fh wm0efcrH u _ kd ydrk w
kd ;kd wufvmatmif Oya'tajymif;tvJ rsm; ðyvkyaf y;a&;wGif
xkwjf yefay;aom tpD&ifcpH mrsm;u taxmuftulwck jzpfEidk yf gonf?

69
rJq,G fpnf;±H;k r_b¾ma&;ESifh toH;k p&dwq
f idk &f m udp&P yfrsm;udk apmif=h unft h uJjzwf&efrmS txl; cufcJaom udp&P yf jzpfonf?
a&G;aumufyGJOya'u Edik if aH wmfXmewpfck odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyJaG umfr&Sit f m; rJq, G f pnf;±H;k r_ tvSLaiGrsm;ESihf
toH;k p&dwrf sm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvm&ef cGiðfh yay;onfhwikd af tmif/ oufqikd &f mXmersm;onf ,if;udpu P kd pDraH qmif&u
G &f mwGif
tcuftcJrsm;udk awG@&&dS onf? Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESifh axmufco H lrsm; (wwd,ygwD
toH;k p&dw[f ak c:onf?) . pkpak ygi;f toH;k p&dwu f dk rnfo h @kd aomtcgr# &Si;f jyjcif; r&daS y? ygwD odk@r[kwf
ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;tvSLaiGrsm;. Zpfjrpfukd trsm;jynfoq l ikd f &mtzGJ@tpnf; od@k r[kwf tpd;k &Xmersm;rS
ppfaq;vdkru _ v dk nf; rnfodk@aomtcgr# róuqdck aJh y?

jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf a&G;aumufyJvG kyif ef;pOfyg ,if;tcef;u¾ESiyhf wfoufI apmif=h unfah vhvm&m wGif
tcuftcJrsm;&Sad =umif;ESifh tEW&m,fyifv#i&f adS =umif; owdxm;oiho f nf? txl;ojzifh Ekid if aH wmfXmersm;uJo
h k@d
pHpk rf;ppfaq;a&;tm%m ‚wdk@xHwiG f r&daS y?

a&G;aumufyGJOya'u Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;udk ‚wd@k .toH;k p&dwfrsm;twGuf wm 0efc&H ef
ajymqdak umif; ajymqdkEidk o f nf? xdu k o Jh dk@Oya'rsK;d &dSygu tvSLaiG. Zpfjrpf (odk@r[kwf toH;k p&dw. f &nf&, G cf su)f /
aiGv$Jajymif;ay;onfh yrm%ESiafh e@&ufwdk@udv k o
l &d iS =f um; xkwaf z:ajymqd&k rnf[al omowif; tcsurf sm; a,bk,s tm;jzifh
vdtk yfonf? Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;onf a&G;aumufy-JG rJq, G fpnf;±H;k r_ b%fpm&if;wck oD;oef@ziG v hf Spf
toH;k ðy&ef vnf;vdt k yfaumif; vdt k yfEidk o f nf?tu,fI a&G; aumufyJOG ya'wGif ,if;uJho@dk om vdt k yfcsufrsm;yg&Sdygu
xdOk ya'tay:av;pm;vdu k femr_ &d-S r&du S dk avhvmolrsm;u apmif=h unfh avhvmoiho f nf? xd@k tjyif avhvmolrsm;onf
b¾ma&;tpD&ifcpH mrsm; jynfph Hkr&_ Sd-r&S/d wdusr&_ -dS r&d/S owfrw S af y;xm;aomtcsed t f wGi;f rSmxkwjf yefjcif;&S-d r&Swd kd@ukd
tuJjzwfay;&ef óu;yrf;oifo h nf? Ekid if aH &;ygwDrsm; ESihf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;onf wef;wlqufqcH &H jcif; &d-S
r&SEd iS ft
h csed frt
SD cgrD Oya' usio fh Hk;r_twdik ;f twm udkvnf; jyefvnfo;kH oyfoifo h nf?

tu,fI rJq, G yf GJtoH;k p&dwt

f ay: Oya't&uef@owfxm;ygu avhvmolrsm;onf ,if;uef@owfcsurf sm; qDavsmfr&_ -Sd r&d/S
ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;udk xda&mufaom rJq, G fyJrG sm; ðyvky&f eftwGuf vHak vmuf aom toH;k p&dwf oH;k cGihf
ay;xm;jcif; &d-S r&du S v
dk nf; tuJjzwfoifhonf?ygwDrsm;/ud,
k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;. ‚udp&P yf tay: tjrifrsm;udv k nf;
avhvmolrsm;u odatmifóu;yrf;oiho f nf?

a&G;aumufyGJOya'u Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;udk toH;k p&dwfrsm;twGuf wm0efc&H ef jyXmef;
xm;jcif;r&Syd gu jynfwiG ;f avhvmolrsm;onf vlo&d iS =f um;xkwaf z:xm;aom toH;k p&dwrf sm;udk apmif=h unfh
avhvmoiho f nf? Oyrm &kyjf rifo=H um;/ a&'D,/kd owif;pm/ a=umfjimbkwfw@kd jzifah =umfjimjcif;ESihf ygwD pmay/ ydkpwm
tajrmuftrsm; xkwaf 0jcif; ponfwdk@.wefzd;k udk od&ESd ikd &f ef óu;yrf;oifo h nf? rJqG,yf JrG sm;. ukeu f sp&dw/f txl; ojzifh
vlxpk nf;a0;yGJ}uD;rsm;. ukeu f sp&dwuf v
dk nf; cef@rSe;f Edik o
f nf?

rD'D,mwGif a=umfjimxnf&h efay;oGi;f aiGudk apmih=f unft h uJjzwfjcif;onf vGepf mG &Si;f vif;+yD;/ xda&mufonf? a=umfjim
toHvi$ o fh mG ;aom tcsdeEf Sifh t}udr/f okd@r[kwf yHkEdSyfr'D D,mwGif a=umfjim. t&G,t f pm;ESihf tqifh ae&m. ukeuf sp&dwu
f kd
wGucf sufEidk o
f nf (tcef; 9 udk &_yg?)? ,if;wGucf sufr_rsK;d rsm;udk ygww D ck od@k r[kwf ud,
k fpm;vS,af vmif;wOD;. a,bk,s
toH;k p&dwu f dk wGucf suf&mwGif toH;k ðyEkid fonf?

70
ydpk wmrsm;ESifh ygwD. a=umfjimypPn;f ypP,rsm; toH;k p&dwu f dk apmif=h unfah vhvm&ef ydkrI kd cufcJonf? ,if; ypPn;f rsm;udk
xkwv f kyaf y;aom yHkESdyw f udk o f mv#if pdwcf s&aom owif;t&if;tjrpf jzpfaoma=umifh jzpf onf? (owif;tcsut f vufEiS hf
yufoufI yxrOD;pGmtm;jzif/h ygwD odk@r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;tm; ar;jref;oihf onf? a&G;aumufyJOG ya'onf
wcgw&HY yHkESdyx f w k af 0aompm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;wGif Edik if aH &;ygwD od@k r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;.trnf/ yHkEdSyfpuf.
trnfrsm; az:jyay;&efjyXmef;xm;onfjzpf&m/ jynfwiG ;f avhvmolu yHEk ydS fr_ ta&twGuEf iS hf
tao;pdwu f ek fusp&dwu f adk r;jref;=unfEh ikd o
f nf? tu,fI ,if;owif; tcsuo f nf =uef@=umaeygu vkyaf qmifEikd af om
enf;vrf;rSm jrifawG@ae&aom ydpk wmta&twGuu f kd a&wGufI yHEk dSyx f kwaf 0 aom t&nftaoG;tvdu k f ukeu
f sp&dwu
f kd
cef@rSe;f wGucf sufEidk fonf? tcsdefuek af om tvkyw f pfcjk zpf+yD;/ wdusr_ vnf; r&dv S yS g? odk@aomf ,if;od@k vkyjf cif;tm;jzifh
toH;k p&dwyf rm%ESifh ywfoufI t!$e;f ude;f tcsKd@ukd &&SEd idk fonf?

&dar;eD
kar;eD;,m;Ed
,m;Edik if H jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfavh
havv
av h molrsm;onf rJq,
G pf nf;±H;k r_ b¾ma&;udp&P yfudk pHpk rf;ppfaq;jcif;

(1999) ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvwGif &d;k ar;eD;,m;Edik if t H wGi;f vlxq l ENppfwrf;aumuf,rl w

_ cku Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;rS
rJq,
G pf nf;±H;k r_&yH aHk iGrsm;toH;k ðyr_EiS fh &HyaHk iGZpfjrpfrsm;tay: vlx, k =Hk unfrt _ qifh xdwv f ef@p&maumif; avmufaom
tqifo h kd@ a&muf&adS ea=umif; zGix fh w k jf ycJo
h nf? ,if;udp&P yfukd vlxt k =um; pHpk rf; ppfaq;a&; ESihf
tajctwifaqG;aEG;Edik af &;twGuv f rf;zGiafh y;&efóu;yrf;onft h aeESihf 'Dru kd a&pD vkv d m;aom tzGJ@tpnf; (PDA) [k
ac:qdak om a'ocHjynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@u u|r;f usio f l tzGJ@wzGJ@tm; 2002- ckEpS f a&G;aumufyJu G mvtwGi;f
,if;udp&P yfudk pHpk rf;ppfaq;&ef txl;wm0efay;cJo h nf?

(PDA) u Edik if aH &;ygww D ygwcD si;f pDEiS fh ‚wd@k a=umfjimud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;. aiGa=u;oH;k pGJrt
_ rsK;d tpm;ESihf yrm%/
tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm;ESifh ywfoufI owif;tcsut f vufrsm; pkpnf;cJo h nf? rsm;jym;vSaom rD',D mrsm; wGif toH;k ðycJah om
ae&m/ tcsed yf rm%udk wGucf su=f u+yD;/ukeu f sp&dwuf kd wGucf sucf =Jh uonf? tcsK@d ygwrD sm; onf tjcm;olrsm;xufyI kd (PDA)
tzGJ@EiS fh ydrk dk yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G vf =dk uonf?txl;ojzifh tvSLaiGZpfjrpfrsm; ESihf ywfoufI ydrk I kd yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G v f =kd uonf?
pkaqmif;&&daS om owif;tcsut f vufrsm;rS tajccHI (PDA) u az:xkwjf yEdik af omtcsurf mS rJq, G pf nf;±H;k r_
toH;k p&dw. f tcsKd@tpdyt f ydik ;f rsm;wGif Oya'.pnf; rsO;f uef@owfcsurf sm;onf vHak vmujfcif;r&Sd [lIjzpfonf?
,if;vkyif ef;. &v'ftjzpf xkwjf yefcaJh om tpD &ifcpH mudk toH;k ðyI (PDA) onf yGiv hf if;r_EiS whf m0efcrH r_ sm;
ydrk &dk adS pa&;twGuf rJq, G pf nf;±H;k r_qidk &f m b¾ma&; Oya'rsm;wGif ðyjyifajymif;vJrr_ sm;vkyaf y;&ef pnf;&H;k aqmf=ocJo h nf?

rJq, G pf nf;±H;k r_tvSLaiGrsm;. Zpfjrpfrsm;udk apmih=f unfah vhvm&efrmS ydI

k yifcufcJonf? tb,fa=umihq f akd omf
,if;udp&P yftwGuf ,H=k unf&avmufaom owif;rsm;&&eftwGuf owif;Zpfjrpfrsm;rSm Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ ud, k pf m;
vS,af vmif;rsm; ud, k w
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tvSLaiGZpfjrpfudk xkwaf z:jy&efjyXmef;xm;jcif;r&Syd gu/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ ud,k pf m;vS,f avmif;rsm;onf
,if;owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk ‚if;wdk@qENjzifh xkwaf z:jyrnfh tvm;tvm r&Sad y? ,if;uJo h @kd aom tajctaersK;d wGif
rSe-f rrSepf pfaq;Ir&aom owif;tcsut f vufrsm; pkaqmif;xm;jcif;onf tusKd ; &S-d r&Sd wu,fyifra&&maom
udpjP zpfonf[k aumufcsucf s&rvdjk zpfaeonf? od@k aomfvnf; ygwrD sm; ESihf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;tm; tvSLaiG

71
 ZpfjrpfEiS yhf wfoufI tao;pdwf ajz=um;ay;&ef arwWm&yfcjH cif;onf vkyx
f u
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tñuHujyqdak eygonf?

_ kd apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif; 20

(q) Edik if aH wmft&if;tjrpfrsm; tvGJo;Hk pm;vkyrf u

tcsKd@ wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif a&G;aumufyJOG ya'onf Edik if aH &;t& 0ifa&muf,OS òf yiforl sm;udk Edik if aH wmft&if;tjrpf rsm;
oH;k pGJciG afh y;onf? Edik if aH wmf. wdu k &f u
dk fb¾ma&; taxmuftyHrh sm;/ Edik if aH wmf. owfrw S fxm;aom t&if; tjrpfrsm;tm;
toH;k ðycGi/fh vlxk tpnf;ta0;rsm;twGuf tpd;k &ydik t f aqmuftOD;rsm;tm; toH;k ðyydik cf iG fhEiS fh tpd;k & ydik f rD'D,mrsm;tm;
toH;k ðycGifh ponfwdk@ yg0ifonf? t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk ,SOòf yifot l m;vH;k twGuf nDwn l Dr# a0cGJay;&rnf? ygwDrsm;tm;vH;k ESihf
ud,k pf m;vS,af vmif;tm;vH;k onf wef;wlnDr# wlnDr# pGm&-r& avhvmolrsm;u pHkprf;avhvmoifo h nf? t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk
wpHw k &maom pHowfrw S cf surf sm; ay:rSm tajccHðyI &&Sad p&rnf jzpf onf?

tu,fI TuJo
h dk@&&Sad p±d;k rSeyf gu avhvmolrsm;onf atmufygtcsurf sm;udk tuJjzwfoifhonf?

pHowfrw S cf sufrsm;onf cdik rf mwdusjcif;ESifh &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;owfrw

S x
f m;jcif; &Sd-r&d/S

pHowfrw S cf sufrsm;onf usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmrf _EiS hf r#wr_ &d-S r&/dS

pHowfrw S cf sufrsm;udk ,SOòf yifoltm;vH;k tay:rSm wax&mwnf; usio hf H;k jcif; &d-S r&d/S

rnfonfh ,SOòf yifoludkrS rw&m;ojzifx h cd du
k af pjcif;r&Sad om yrm%ESihf t}udrfrsm;t& t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk
cGJa0ay;jcif; &d-S r&d/S

Edik if aH wmf. t&if;tjrpfrsm;jzpfaom vlom;ESifh ypPn;f OpPmrsm;udk tvGJo;kH pm;rðy&efrmS vuf&Sd wdik ;f jynf tkycf sKyfaeaom
ygwDrsm;. wm0efjzpfonf? 'Dru dk a&pDEidk if HwEdik if wH iG f tpk;d &ykid fypPn;f OpPmrsm;udk wdik ;f jynf twGi;f &dS vlom;tm;vH;k
wajy;nDyidk q f idk cf iG &fh o dS nf[I l a,bk,stm;jzifh vufcx H m;onf? xkd@a=umifh tpk;d &ydik f ,mOfrsm;/ &H;k Xmeae&mrsm;
ESiafh =u;eef;qufo, G af &;rsm;tm; tjcm;aom ,SOòf yifolrsm;enf;wl wef;wlcHpm;cGihf ray;xm;ygu wOD;wa,muftwGuf
toH;k rðyoifah y? xdk@tjyif jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;onf a&G;aumufyJG pDrH tkycf sKyfa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif wdu k &f u
kd yf g0if&ygu (Oyrm-
a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifemrsm;/rJ&Hkt&m&drS sm;/ w&m;ol}uD; rsm;ESihfvðkH cHa&;0efxrf;rsm;)‚wdk@wiG f
ormorwfusr_ux dk de;f odr;f &ef txl;wm0ef&o Sd nf?a&G;aumufyJG pDrt
H kycf sKyf a&;wGif wduk &f ukd fryg0if&aom
tjcm;jynfol@0efxrf;rsm;onfvnf; ‚wdk@. vkyyf ikd fciG fh od@k r[kwf =oZmudk toH;k ðy I a&G;aumufyJv G kyif ef;pOfrmS
0ifa&mufpGuzf ufjcif; rvkyo f ifhay?

a&G;aumufyGJtusKd ;&v'ftwGuf taxmuftyHhrsm; (patronage) toH;k ðyjcif;/ vlxv k kyt

f m;rsm; toH;k ðyjcif;ESihf
tvm;o¿mefwal omtpDtpOfrsm; toH;k ðyjcif;onf tpd;k &. ravsmu
f efaf om vky&f yfwckjzpfonf? ,if; vky&f yfukd
20
oD&v
D uFmEdik if &H Sd tzGJ@tpnf;wpfcjk zpfaom vl@tcGit fh a&;tzJG@ (Institute of Human Rights) u/ (2001) ckEpS f orw
a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGi;f “jynfol@yidk yf pPn;f xde;f odr;f umuG,af &;pDru H ed ;f ”[k trnfwyfI/ Ekid if yH idk f t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tpd;k &ygwrD sm;rS
tvGJo;Hk pm;vkyrf u _ dk tvGeaf umif;rGevf aS om apmif=h unft
h uJjzwfr_ wckjzifh tqH;k owfco Jh nf? xdt k zGJ@. awG@&cdS surf sm;tm; Oa&my or*~
avhvma&;rpf&iS . f a&G;aumufyGJqikd &f m ‚.tpD&ifcpH mwGif ud;k um;az:jycJo h nf? ,if;tpD&ifcpH mtm; atmufyg tifwmeuf pmrsuEf mS wGif awG@&Sd
Ekid yf gonf? http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/sri_lanka/election_report/index.htm.

72
az:xkwjf y&efEiS fh ,if;tpDtrHrsm;. xda&mufru _ dk wkid ;f wm&ef cufcJaomfvnf; ‚wd@k onf tusKd ;cHpm; cGihfrsm;udk
tpd;k &trnfjzifah y;jcif;rðybJ/Edik fiaH &;ygww
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73
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74
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21
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rJq, G uf mvtwGi;f *&kðyrdavmufaom a'oqdik &f m jcm;em;r_rsm; &dS -r&dS?

21
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tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS wGif 0ifa&muf=unf&h E_ idk yf gonf? http://www.cpalanka.org

75
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jcm;em;aeonfrsm;udk rJqEN&iS rf sm; odxm; jcif;&d-S r&dS avhvm&mwGiv f nf; taxmuftul jzpfaponf?

rJq,G fpnf;±H;k r_rsm;udk ud,

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76
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'Dru dk a&pDEiS fh owif;vGwv f yfciG fh tpOftvm&Sn=f umpGm wnf&aSd eaom wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif Edik if o H m;rsm; tvG,w f ul
od&EdS idk af &;twGuf vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG /fh owif;vGwv f yfciG /fh vGwv f yfpmG owif;&,lEikd cf iG fh wd@k EiS hf ywfoufI
apmif=h uyfumuG,af y;enf;tcsKd@ wpwpwd;k wufaumif;rGev f mcJo h nf? tvm;wlyif 'Dru kd a&pD wnfaqmufxm;+yD;aom
wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif tcsed jf ynfh owif;axmufrsm;onf bufvu kd rf q _ ef@usiaf om rdrw d @kd ud, k wf ikd v
f u
kd ef m&rnfh
usi0fh wfpnf;rsO;f rsm;udk ðypkxw k jf yef=uonf?'Drukd a&pDusio
hf ;kH p wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif ,if;uJo h @dk aomtpOftvmESihf
pHcsed pf !H e$ ;f rsm; zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_ enf;yg;=uao;onf? xd@k a=umifh xdu k o Jh @kd aom wdik ;f jynfrsm;&dS Edik if o
H m;rsm;tzd@k yI kd yif
ta&;}uD;onfrmS rD', D mt&nftcsi;f jynf0h r_&adS &; (professionalism) ESifh t*wduif;a&; wd@k ukd awmif;qd&k efo f mru/
Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;/ tpd;k &t&m&drS sm;ESifh jynfo h @l a&;&m udp&P yfrsm;ta=umif; rD', D m.
az:jycsurf sm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvm&efvnf; jzpfonf?

vlxx k ifjrifcsufrsm;tay: =oZmv$r;f rd;k &mwGif tDvufxa&mepf ESihf yHEk Syd frD',
D m yHkpHESprf sKd;pvH;k onf ta&;}uD; aom
tcef;u¾rS yg0if=uonf? w&m;r#wr_&adS om a&G;aumufyJw G cktwGuf rD'D,m/txl;ojzihf &kyjf rifo=H um; wef;wl
oH;k pGJEdik cf iG o
fh nf tvGet
f a&;ygonf? xdk@a=umifh a&G;aumufyJGumvtwGi;f a&G;aumufyJq G ikd &f m owif;az:jycsufEiS hf
rD'D,mvGwfvyfciG fh ESpcf pk vH;k udk pepfwus ESifh ormorwfuspGm apmif=h unft h uJ jzwfjcif;onf
a&G;aumufyGJapmif=h unfah vhvmr_wckwiG f ta&;ygaom tpdwftydifk ;f wpfcjk zpfonf?

22
,cktcef;onf a&mbwf Ed&k pfa&;om;aom =um;jzwfumva&G;aumufyGJtwGi;f / owif;rD', D mtm; apmif=h unft h uJjzwfjcif;/ NDI
tao;pdwv f ufpGJpmtkyf [laomacgi;f pOfjzifh 2002 ckEpS f wGif xkwaf 0cJah om Edikf if w
H uma&;&m trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@ NDI . pmapmifwckrS
taxmuftxm;tcsKd@ udk xkwEf w _ x
f m;jcif; jzpfonf? rD', D mapmih=f unfah vhvmjcif;ESifh ywfoufI ydrk odk &d v
dS ydk gu
jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;onf rD', D mapmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;tpDtpOfwck rnfuo Jh dk@ taumiftxnf az:aqmif&rnfudk tao;pdwf
az:jyxm;aom ,ckpmapmifEiS w fh udk q
f idk af vhvmoifo h nf? xdk@tjyif Article XIX u rD', D mapmih=f unfth uJjzwfjcif;ESifh pHEe_ ;f rsm;twGuf
toH;k 0ifaom vrf;!$ecf suEf pS cf u k dk xkwaf 0cJonf? pmapmifEpS cf rk mS 'Dru dk a&pDtoGiu f ;l ajymif;a&;umvtwGif a&G;aumufyGJowif;ay;ydk@
r_rsm;twGuf vrf;!$ecf surf sm; (1994) ESifh a&G;aumufyGJtpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f jcif; - rD', D mapmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;twGuf vufawG@ vrf;!$ecf suw f ck
(1998) jzpfonf? ,if;pmapmifrsm;udk Article XIX .tifwmeufpmrsuEf mS http://www.article19.org wGif &&dES idk o f nf?

78
 odk@aomf yk*v ~ ud ydik rf 'D ,
D mESifh jynfoyl idk rf 'D ,
D mrsm;. usi0fh wfou d mQ udk xde;f csKyf&mwGif odood momuGJjym; jcm;em;aom
jyXmef;csurf sm;&daS =umif; avhvmolrsm;u odxm;oifo h nf? yHEk ySd f od@k r[kwf tDvufxa&mepfenf; vnf;jzifh toH;k ðyaom
jynfoyl ikd rf 'D ,
D mwGif rJqEN&iS rf sm;udk ormorwf ESihf bufvu kd rf u _ if;aom owif; tcsuf tvufay;&ef wm0ef&o Sd nf?
jynfoyl ikd tf oHvi$ o fh rl sm; odk@r[kwf jynfoyl idk yf EkH ydS rf 'D ,
D m. oabmwl a=ujim pmwrf;rsm;ESi/hf od@k r[kwf Oya'rsm;wGif
,if;tcsuu f dk jyXmef;xm;avh&o Sd nf?tu,fI ,if;uJo h @kd jyXmef;xm;jcif; r&d[ S q
k okd nfw
h ikd /f jynfoyl ikd rf 'D ,D mrsm;onf
r#r#wwqufq&H rnf[k (OSCE) . uwdu0wf (udak ya[*if oabmwlpmcsKyf/ tyd'k f (7) rsm;wGijf yXmef;xm;onf?
ud,k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;onf tm%mydik rf sm;. wef;wl tcGit hf a&; ay;r_tay:wGif ,SOòf yifoif+h yD;/ rJq, G pf nf;±H;k r_ukd
w&m;r#wr_&adS om ywf0ef;usif tajctae atmufwiG f ðyvkyEf ikd af tmif Edik if aH wmfr0l g'u vkyaf qmifay;&rnf[k oabmwl
pmcsKyfuaz:jyxm;onf?

ygwrD sm;ESifh ud,k pf m;vS,avmif;rsm;ta=umif;udk rD',

D mu bufrvdu k af z:jy&rnf[al om &nf&, G cf sujf zifh
a&G;aumufyGJrJq, G pf nf;±H;k r_umvtwGi;f yk*v d~ u d ydik rf 'D ,
D mrsm; rnfuo Jh @dk aqmif&u G &f rnfEiS yhf ufoufaom Oya'
tcef;rsm;onf jynfwiG ;f Oya'wGiv f nf; yg0ifEikd o f nf? &Hzef&cH gqo kd vdk ,if;uJo h @kd aom pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;onf
yHEk ySd rf 'D ,
D m tay:wGiv f nf; owfa&mufr_ &dES ikd o f nf? od@k aomf ,if;uJo h @dk aom Oya'rsm;/ pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm; r&Syd gu
yk*v ~d u d ykid rf 'D ,
D mrsm;onf bufrvdu k af om owif;tmabmfrsm; &d&S rnf[al om Edik if w H um owfrw S cf suf rsm; r&daS y? Oyrm
Edik if aH &;ygww D ck.owif;pmonf ,if;Edik if aH &;ygwt D wGuf yvufazmif; ozG,f aqmif&u G af y; Edik rf nf[k ar#mv f ifEh ikd o
f vd/k
tjcm;aom yk*v ~ ud owif;pmrsm;onfvnf; wpHw k &maom ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm; od@k r[kwf ygwrD sm;udk axmufc&H efrmS
usKd ;a=umif;qDavsmaf yonf?

(c ) rD',
D mapmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;. &nf&,
G cf suf

bufvdkurf _uif;aom rD'D,mapmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;. &nf&,

G cf sufrmS

a&G;aumufyGJrJq, G u f mvtwGif; rD', D mvGwv f yfciG Ehf iS yhf wfoufaom vGwv f yfI/ ,H=k unfpwd cf s&
avmufaom tuJjzwfcsuw f ckwifjyay;&ef?

a&G;aumufyGJrJq, G u f mvtwGif; r#wpGm rD', D mtoH;k ðyr_/ owif;az:jyr_EiS hf ywfoufaom vGwfvyfI/
,H=k unfpw d cf s&avmufaom tuJjzwfcsuw f ck wifjyay;&ef?

rD'D,mtm; aESmuf,u S jf cif;/ +cdrf;ajcmufjcif;rsm;udk vlxkxo H kd@ today;&ef?

r#r#wwowif;ydk@aom tqift h wef;udk xde;f odr;f xm;atmifEiS hf t=urf;zufr_rsm;/ trke;f rsm;udk v_@H
aqmfay;aom tmCmwpum;rsm;/tjcm;vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;rS a&SmifusOaf tmif owif;axmufrsm;/
t,f'w D mrsm;ESifh ydik &f iS frsm;udk wdu k wf Ge;f &ef/

Ekid if w
H um pH!$e;f pHE_e;f rsm;ESifh udkun f rD &_ adS p&eftwGuf rD', D mOya'rsm;ESiphf nf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;wGif
taumif;bufodk@ajymif;vJrr_ sm;jzpfay:vmatmif pnf;&H;k vSKH @aqmf&ef?

D mtwGujf yXmef;axm;aom Oya'a&;&muef@owfcsuu

(* ) rD', f kd tuJjzwfjcif;

rD'D,mapmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;rpwifcifwiG /f rD',

D musihf0wfoud mQ tay:xde;f csKyfxm;aom oufqidk &f m Oya'rsm;/ pnf;rsO;f
pnf;urf;rsm;udk jyefvnfppd pf=unf&h ef vdtk yfonf? rD', D mapmifh=unfah vhvmolrsm;onf apmif=h unfh avhvmr_n‡dEid_ ;f a&;ESihf
ydik ;f jcm; oH;k oyfa&;tzGJ@wiG fyg0ifaom Oya't=uHay;rsm;ESihf yl;wGJ vkyaf qmifoiho f nf? jyefvnfppD pfjcif;wGif
oufqidk &f mzGJ@pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'yg jyXmef;csufrsm;/ Oya'rsm; ESihf tm%mydik f tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS csrSwx f m;aom

79
 qH;k jzwfcsufrsm; yg0ifoifo h nf? oufqidk &f m tm%mykid f tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; jzpfaom rD', D m pHEe_ ;f xde;f odr;f a&;tm%mydik f
(Media Standards Authority)/ vkyif ef;vdik fpifxw
k af y;aomtm%mydik f (licensing Authority)/
toHvid_ ;f toH;k ðycGicfh say;aom tm%mydik f (Frequency Licensing Authority) ponfh tm%mydik f tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf
awG@qo Hk iho
f nf? ,if;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rD', D mtay:wGif tm%mpuf}uD;}uD;rm;rm;&d=S u+yD;/ ‚wd@k .vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;ESihf
tcef;u¾udk &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; em;vnfxm;&ef ta&;}uD;onf? ‚wd@k . tcef;u¾ &Si;f vif;csuu f kd a&G;aumufyJG
tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;Z,m; (tcef; 3 ESifh 4 udk &_yg) wGif xnfo h iG ;f +yD;/ rD',
D m tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk Z,m;uGuw f iG f
oD;oef@tkyfpt k jzpf rSww f rf;wifjcif;jzifh taxmuftuljzpfEkid o f nf?

(C)toHvi$ rfh 'D ,

D mESifh yHEk ySd rf 'D ,
D mudk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;

a&G;aumufyGJrpcif tenf;qH;k wv=udKI rD', D mapmif=h unfhavhvmjcif;udk tedrq hf ;kH tqifh pwif vkyu
f ikd f oifo
h nf?
aemufq;Hk &v'frsm; xkwjf yefa=ujim+yD;onfEiS hf wòyifeuf ,if;vkyif ef;udk tqH;k owf&rnf jzpfonf? taumif;qH;k rSm
a&G;aumufyGJpDrt H yk cf sKyfaf &;u a&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGuf pwifjyifqifonfEiS hf ,if;vkyif ef;udk apmEdik o f r# tapmqH;k
pwifvkyaf qmifoih+f yD;/ a&G;aumufcH udkf,pf m;vS,rf sm;u w&m;0ifwm0efrsm; vufc&H ,lonfh tcsdef txd qufvuf
vkyaf qmifoifhonf?apmih=f unfah vhvmjcif;rsm;udk a&G;aumufyJ+G yD;onfah emufyikd ;f rSmvnf; tem*wf
rD'D,mbufvu dk rf u_ q dk ef@usiIf / rD',
D mvGwv f yfciG hfrsm;twGuf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wGif tjrJwrf;wnfjrJomG ; Edik af tmif
qufvufvkyaf qmif Ekid o f nf?

rD'D,mapmif=h unfah vhvmr_. yxrtqifrh mS rnfonfrh D',

D mtrsK;d tpm;tm; apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfoihfonfukd a&G;cs,&f ef
jzpfonf? ,if;vkyif ef;tm; atmufygtcsufrsm;u tqH;k tjzwfay;ygonf?

apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@twGu&f &SEd idk af om b¾ma&;t&if;tjrpfEiS hf vly*k ~Kd vft&if;tjrpf/

vGecf aJh oma&G;aumufyGJrsm;twGi;f &&Scd aJh om rD', D maz:jyr_qikd &f m tawG@tñuHEiS t
hf odtjrif

usi;f yrnfah &G;aumufyGJ trsKd;tpm; - orwa&G;aumufyJ/G ygvDrefa&G;aumufyJG od@k r[kwf a'oEW& a&G;aumufyJ/G

Ekid if t
H 0Sr;f rD'D,m. zGJ@pnf;yHkEiS fh ydik qf idk fr/_

rwlnaD om rD', D mtrsK;d tpm;tvdu k f pmzwfo/l em;axmifol/=unf@&@_ olrsm;. trsK;d tpm;/ta&twGuf wd@k ESihf ywfoufY
&&SEd idk af om ude;f *%ef;rsm;)/

rD'D,myHpk t H rsK;d ;rsK;d . ta&;ygyHkrsm;ESiyfh wfoufI &&SEd ikd af om jynfo@l oabmxm; tcsuftvufrsm;/

&kyjf rifo=H um;ESifh a&'D,dyk idk q
f idk rf _EiS fh ywfoufaom owif;tcsuftvufEiS hf

vlenf;pk wdik ;f &if;om; ta&;aqmif&u G af eaom rD',
D mtrsK;d tpm; ponfwkd@jzpfonf?

rnfonfrh D', D mtrsK;d tpm;udk apmif=h unhaf vhvmrnf[k a&G;cs,q

f ;kH jzwf&mwGif t"dutcsufrmS a±G;cs,f rJqEN ay;&ef
toH;k ðy&aom owif;tcsut f vuf &&d&S mae&mjzpfoifo
h nf? xd@k a=umifh vltrsm;qH;k =unfah om &kyjf rifo=H um;tpDtpOf/
vlrsm;qH;k em;axmifaom a&'D,dktpDtpOf ESifh vlajymtrsm;qH;k owif;pmrsm;udk ypfrSwf xm;oifo h nf?

(OSCE) a'otwGi;f wGif &kyjf rifo=H um;onf a&'D,kdEiS hf owif;pmrsm;xufydrk kdI xda&mufr&
_ o
Sd nf? OD;pm;ay; wcktjzpf
owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm;xkwfvi$ ahf y;aeaom Edik if aH wmfyikd f toHvi$ &hf rkH sm;udk apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfoifo
h nf?
tb,fa=umifq h adk omf ‚wdk@wGif bufrvdu k &f [laom wm0ef&aSd eaoma=umifh jzpfonf? ae&mtESH@ odk@r[kwf
vlO;D a&;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;xH v$ix fh w
k fEidk af om tjcm; &kyjf rifo=H um;rsm;udkvnf; apmif=h unfh tuJjzwfoifo h nf?

80
 “Edik if aH &;t& jy\em&dSEidk af om ae&mrsm;”[k wHqyd cf wfxm;aom a'otwGi;f &dS &kyjf rifo=H um;rsm;ESihf rD',
D mrsm;udv
k nf;
xnfo h iG ;f oifo h nf? xdk@tjyif vlenf;pkrsm; ta&;aqmif&u G af eaom rD', D mrsm;udv
k nf; apmih=f unft h uJjzwf&ef
pOf;pm;oiho f nf? txl;ojzifh wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. tcGihf ta&;ESiyhf wfoufaomjy\em &Sad eygu odk@r[kwf
emrnf=uD;aom ud, k fpm; vS,af vmif;rsm;/ ygwDrsm;onf wdik ;f &if;om; vlenf;pkrsm;rS vmonfqkdygu
‚wdk@uadk pmif=h unfah vhvm&ef pOf;pm;oifo h nf?

rD'D,mapmih=f unfah vhvmjcif;onf uk, d pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ a&G;aumufyJGprD tH kycf sKyfr_EiS hf
tjcm;qufE, G &f m ta=umif;t&m;rsm; owif;az:jyr_. ta&twGuEf iS hf t&nftaoG;udv k nf; wdik ;f wmonf?
apmih=f unfah vhvm&ef a&G;cs,fxm;aom tjcm;ywfouf&m ta=umif;t&mrsm; onf rJqEN&iS frsm;tay: =oZm
v$r;f rd;k r_t&dq
S ;Hk aom ta=umif;t&mrsm; jzpfoiho f nf? jynfwiG ;f avhvma&; tzGJ@wzGJ@onf rJqEN&iS rf sm;tay:
oufa&mufr&_ adS om t"duta=umif;t&m od@k r[kwf udpP&yfrsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;Ekid fonf? ,if;ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESihf
udp&P yfrsm;ukd az:jyjcif;onf bufvu dk frE_ iS fh udk,yf dik q
f ifqmjzwfawmufjcif;. a&csed fukd owfrw S &f mwGif ta&;yg Edik o f nf?
ygwDrsm; odk@r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;. tjrifrsm;udk tjcm;Edik if aH &;òyifbufrsm;u wdu k &f ukd af csyaom Edik if aH &;
pum;ppfx;dk yGJrsm;. a&csdeu
f tdk uJjzwf&efvnf; ta&;}uD; ygonf?

qufE,G fr&_ adS om ta=umif;t&mrsm; ( · trSwt f om;jyxm;aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;onf qufE,

G fr_ &Sd-r&Sd a&G;cs,&f ef
jzpfonf) wGif yg0ifonfrsm;rSm atmufygwdk@jzpfonf?

orw

orw.ajyma&;qdck iG &fh o dS l odk@r[kwf ajyma&;qdck iG &hf aSd om&H;k

tpd;k &

0ef}uD;csKyf

t"dutpd;k &0ef}uD;rsm; (tu,fI0ef}uD;tm;vH;k u a&G;aumufyJGwiG f yg0ifygu tm;vH;k udk qdv k dkonf?)

Edik if aH &;ygwaD cgi;f aqmifrsm;

Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ESifh xdyfwef;udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;

a'oqdik &f m jynfe,ftkycf sKyfa&;rSL;rsm; ·

a&G;cs,cf x H m;&aom jrdK@awmf0efrsm; ·

a'oEW&tkycf sKyfa&;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;. acgi;f aqmifrsm; ·

oydwaf rSmufxm;aom ygwDrsm; · (tu,fI &dyS gu)

ajr‡mufx;dk yifah umf aoG;xd;k ay;aom pum;vH;k rsm; ESihf rke;f wD;a&;rdef@cGe;f ·

wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm; ESifh vlenf;pkbmompum;udk rD'D,mwGif toH;k ðyr_ ·

“rJq, G fpnf;±H;k r_ww
d q
f dwf (Campaign Silence)” umv ·

vlxo k abmxm;aumuf,jl cif; owif;ay;ydk@csufrsm;tay: pnf;rsO;f ue@o f wfr_rsm; ·

tca=u;aiGay;I ygwED iS fh ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;a=umfjimjcif;·

rJqEN&iS f ynmay;a&;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; ·

jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@ ·

81
 rD'D,mapmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf Oya'ucGifðh yxm;avh&dSaom “tcrJh avvdi_ ;f xkwv f i$ chf sde”f ESihf tjcm;aom
owif;ay;ydk@r_wdk@udk cGJcGJjcm;jcm;jrifoifo
hf nf? ,if;udpEP iS yhf wfoufI apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;u atmufygtcsuf rsm;udk
tuJjzwfoihfonf?

tcrJah vvdKS if;xkwv f i$ cfh sdefEiS fhywfoufaom Oya'jyXmef;csufrsm;udk av;pm;vdu k femjcif; &dS-r&dS?

avv_id ;f xkwv f i$ fhr_EiS fhywfoufaom “ owfrw S cf surf sm;onf” xkwv f i$ o
hf t
l m;vH;k twGuf wef;wlr_ &d-S
r&dS (Oyrm xkwfvi$ afh omtcsdefwm)?

=unf&h o_ rl sm; =unf&h _Eikd af vmufaom xkwv f i$ chf sdeEf iS hf xkwv
f i$ hfr_ypkH t
H & xkwfvi$ chf jJh cif; &Sd-r&dS?

tcrJh avvdi_ ;f xkwv f i$ jfh cif;onf Edik if o
H m;rsm;tm; a&G;cs,pf &m&Sdonfrsm;ESihf ywfoufI em;vnf
oGm;atmif tusKd ;ðyEdik jf cif; &dS-r&d?S

rD'D,mapmif=h unft h uJjzwfjcif;wGif toH;k ðyaom enf;pepfonf owif;tpDtpOf / owif;ay;ydk@rsm;wGif a&G;cs,f xm;aom
ta=umif;t&mrsm;twGuf wifjyr_ t=udrt f a&twGufEiS fh t&nftaoG;udk pHpk rf;avhvmjcif; yifjzpfonf? TonfrSm
,if;xkwvf i$ fhrr_ sm;onf ormorwfus+yD;/ r#wr_&aSd om owif;axmufvyk if ef;. tajccH pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf
tjyeftvSeq f ufE, G fr_ &d-S r&dS pHkprf;avhvm&efjzpfonf?

yHEk ySd frD', D mESifhywfoufI ta&twGuf cGJjcrf;avhvmjcif;onf a&G;cs,x f m;aom ta=umif;t&mwcktwGuf

ay;aomae&mtus,t f 0ef;udk pwk&ef;pifwDrw D mjzifh wdik ;f wmjcif;jzpfonf? toHvi$ rhf 'D D,mwGif ta&twGuf qdik &f m
apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;onf uifr&m/zefom;rsufemS jyif wGifxu G af y:vmaom ta=umif;t&m. tcsed w f m odk@r[kwf
a&'D,w kd iG f =um;vdu
k &f aom tcsed w
f mudk csed frwS ef m&Djzifw
h ikd ;f wmjcif;jzpfonf? xd@k jyif wpfpkHwOD;u ol od@k r[kwf olrtm;
az:jyoGm;jcif;/ odk@r[kwf ud;k um;oGm;jcif;. tcsed w f mudk wdik ;f wmjcif;vnf; yg0ifonf?

owfrw S x f m;aomta=umif;t&mwckct k wGuf oH;k pGJaomtcsed w f mudk wkid ;f wmaepOf wcsed w f nf;rSmyif apmif=h unfh
avhvmolrsm;onf ydI k eufeJodraf rG@aomjy\emrsm;udk xifxifay:ay:jzpfvmapEdik af om ta=umif;tcsurf sm; tm;vnf;
wdik ;f wmEdik af o;onf? Oyrm tcsKd@ygwDrsm;. udk,pf m;vS,af vmif; od@k r[kwf ud,
k fpm;ðyolrsm;onf
t+rJvydk if/vlu, dk fwidk pf um;ajymvsuf avvdKS if;ay:wGif ay:vmwwf+yD; tjcm;olrsm;rSmrl ud;k um;cH&jcif; od@k r[kwf ‚wdk@.
xkwjf yefcsufrsm;udk owif;a=ujimolu twdck sKyfI az:jyjcif;omcH&onf? &kyo
f oH wif;tpDtpOfrsm;wGif
tcsed w f idk ;f wmr_rsm;udk atmufygtwdik ;f xyfrH cGJpdwEf dik yf gonf?

oufqidk &f mta=umif;t&mESiyfh wfoufIaz:jyaom owif;aqmifyg;wcktwGuf pkpak ygi;f tcsdefpuUe@f

(txufwiG f az:jyxm;onf)?

&kyjf rifo=H um;rsuEf mS jyifwiG f udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;wOD;/ ygww D ck xGuaf y:vm+yD;/ pum;ajymqdak om
pkpak ygi;f tcsdefpuUef@?

ud,k pf m;vS,af vmif; odk@r[kwf ygwu D k,
d pf m;ðyolwpfO;D . &kyfykH toHww d xf u
G af y:vmonfh tcsed fpuUe@f
(,if;wdik ;f wmr_rsm;udk ,cifwidk ;f wmr_rsm;ESifh Edi_ ;f ,SOaf omtcgwGif rwlnaD om ta=umif;t&mtrsK;d rsK;d
udk rnfuo Jh dk@ yHak z:onfukd awG@&vdrfhrnf?)

&ky&f iS f odk@r[kwf "gwfyHkrygonfhwidk f udk,pf m;vS,f od@k r[kwf ygwDu, dk fpm;ðyol. toHudk =um;&aom tcsed f puUef@?

&kyo f v H i$ fhxw k frw _ iG f owif;trsKd;tpm;tvdu k ef &mcsxm;yHk tpDtpOf?

82
 t&nftaoG;qdik &f mqef;ppfavhvmr_onf owif;az:jyyHak voHukd tuJjzwfjcif;jzpfonf? txl;ojzifh ta=umif; t&m
odk@r[kwf udp&P yfwckudk vdkvm;axmufco H nfoh abm od@k r[kwq f ef@usio f nfo
h abm od@k r[kwf =um;ae oabmjzifh
yHak z:xm;ovm;qdo k nfudk tuJjzwfjcif;jzpfonf? owif;az:jycsu. f wdusr_EiS hf v$r;f rd;k csKyfuikd v
f o
kd nfh oabm &d-S r&dS
avhvmpHkprf;jcif;vnf;yg0ifonf? rSeu
f efwu
d sr_r&djS cif;ESihf v$r;f rd;k csKyfuidk jf cif; om"ursm;rSm-

ygww D ck odk@r[kwf udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;wOD;udk omap/tjcm;ygwD odk@r[kwf udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;
udek mapvdak omoabmjzifh xifjrifcsuo f abmxm;aumufcjH cif;?

ygww D ck odk@r[kwf udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;wOD;ESihfywfoufaom xifjrifcsufrsm;tay: aumif;usKd ; od@k r
[kwf qd;k usKd ;oufa&mufaprnfh owif;rsm;udk xdecf sex f m;jcif;?

oufaotaxmuftxm;r&Sad om owif;wyk'u f kd tjzpfrSetf jzpfwifjyjcif;?

owif;orm;wOD;u rdr. d xifjrifcsuf odk@r[kwf ygwD0ifwOD;.xifjrifcsuf odk@r[kwf yk*~vu d tudsK;pD;
yGm;udk owif;tjzpf az:jyjcif;?

axhaigjh cif;/ taxmuftxm;rcdkiv f jkH cif;/pnf;rapmifjh cif; odk@r[kwf apmfum;jcif; oabmaqmifaom
az:jycsurf sm;/ xifjrifcsufrsm; odk@r[kwf yHak z:csufrsm;udk toH;k ðyjcif;?

uifr&mt,ltqudk &nf&, G cf suf&&dS jdS zifh toH;k ðyjcif;/ Oyrm ygwD odk@r[kwf ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;teD;
rSmjcH&aH eaomvlxu k dk ,cif&odS nfxuf ydkr}dk uD;onfhyaHk y:apjcif; od@k r[kwf ydak o;i,fonfhyakH y:apjcif;?

Ekid if aH &;t&0ifa&muf,OS òf yiforl sm;udk ydkI}uD;}uD;us,u f s,jf zpfomG ;atmif od@k r[kw/f ao;odro f mG ; atmif od@k r[kwf
avSmifajymif&,farmp&mjzpfoGm;atmif "gwfyHk od@k r[kwf toHzefw;D csufrsm; toH;k ðyjcif;?

rD'D,mapmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;wGif owif;tpDtpOfrsm;tjyif/ ud,k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;. pum;ppfx;kd yGJrsm;/

pum;0dik ;f aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;ESifh rsuaf rSmufa&;&mtpDtpOfrsm;udv k nf;xnfo h iG ;f Edkio
f nf?ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;.
pum;ppfx;dk yGJrsm;udk ydik ;f jcm;oHk;oyf&mY udfk,pf m;vS,w f OD;csif;pDonf oabmwlxm;aom pnf;rsO;f rsm; atmufwiG f
wef;wl&nfwq l ufqcH &H jcif; &dS -r&dS ESifh ‚ “pum;ppfx;kd yGJ pnf;rsO;f rsm;”ud, k Yf u a=umif;usKd ; qDavsmrf &_ Sd-r&dS
tuJjzwf&ef&nfrSe;f xm;oiho f nf? pum;0dik ;f aqG;aEG;cef;rsm;ESihf rsufarSmufa&;&m tpDtpOfrsm;. &nf±, G cf suo
f nfonf
em;axmifoEl iS fh =unf@&o _ rl sm;tm; vufiif;jzpfysuaf eaom udp&P yfrsm;tay: twGi;f usustjrifEiS hf todynmay;&ef
jzpfaoma=umif/h tpDtpOfwcktwGi;f wGif bufrvdu k af om tjrifwck ay;vdrhfrnfawmhr[kwaf y? odk@aomf tpDtpOf
pD;&D;wckv;Hk ðcHvu dk v
f #ifrl bufrvdkut f jrif usio hf ;kH onfh oabmaqmifoiho f nf? ,if;uJo h @kd aom tpDtpOfrsm;wGif
ajr‡mufx;dk yifah umfvkyaf y;aom pum;vH;k rsm;ESifh tmCmwpum;rsm;udk aocsmpGm apmih=f unfah vhvmoifo h nf?

yHEk ySd frD',

D mwGif t,f'w D mhtmabmfrsm;/ acgi;f aqmifrsm;. oabmxm;tjrifrsm;/ay;pmrsm;udk owif;az:jy csufrsm;ESihf
cGJjcm;owfrw S xf m;oifo h nf?yxrtrsKd;tpm;udk ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyf=unfhygu pmapmifpmwrf;rsm; (ygww D ck odk@r[kwf
ud, k pf mvS,af vmif;wOD;udk axmufc+H yD;/tjcm;olrsm;udq k ef@usifaom pmrsm;ESihf t,f'w
D mhtmabmf rsm;) . bufvkdurf _ukd
tusKd ;&S&d Sd rD;armif;xd;k jyEdik o
f nf? taxGaxGowif;az:jycsufrsm;url ormorwfusatmif &nfpl;xm;oifo h nf?

a&G;aumufyGJumvtwGi;f tpk;d & vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ta=umif; owif;ay;yd@k jcif;onf cufcJaomjy\em

wckay:ayguaf pygonf? tpd;k &. ta&;}uD;aom vkyaf qmifcsurf sm;ESihf oufqikd af om owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk
Edik if o
H m;rsm;tm; rD', D mrsm;u ay;oihfygonf? od@k &mwGi, f if;uJo
h dk@aom owif;ay;ydk@r_rsm;onf vuf&Sd
tkycf sKyfaeaomygwD odk@r[kwf !$ef@aygi;f tpk;d &w&yf.today;pum;rsm;udk rJqEN&iS frsm;xH a&mufapjcif;tm;jzifh xdyk gwD
odk@r[kwf xdt k pd;k &udk ododomom tusdK;jzpfxGe;f apygonf? tpd;k &ESio
hf ufqikd af om owif; ay;yd@k csufrsm;udk

83
tuJjzwf&mwGif tm%mvuf&ySd *k ~Kd vfrsm;u ‚wdk@ jyefvnfta&G;cH&a&; pnf;&H;k v_@H aqmf&ef twGuf toH;k ðyaom
“rl0g'qdik &f mxkwjf yefa=ujimcsufrsm;” ESihf “jynfov l xl t
k a&; xkwjf yefa=ujimcsufrsm;” [lI
taotcsmcGJjcm;owfrw S x
f m;&rnf? “jynfov l xl tk a&; xkwjf yefa=u jimcsufrsm;” onf aumif;rGeaf om tpk;d &w&yf.
wu,fwrf;w&m;r#waom ta=umif;jycsurf sm;a=umifh trSefwu,fvt kd yfaom t&mrsm;jzpfEikd f ygonf? Oyrm
tpk;d &ude;f *%ef;rsm; xkwjf yefjcif;wdk@jzpfonf?tjcm; wbufYrl/a&G;aumufyJu G mvwcktwGi;f rSm tm%mvuf&dSygwD
odk@r[kwf !Gef@aygi;f tpd;k &w&yfudk axmuf cHapa&;twGuf vlxkuq kd ,
G w
f &m;a[m&mwGif “rl0g'qdik &f m
xkwjf yefa=ujimcsufrsm;” udk toH;k ðyonf?

ta&twGuEf iS fh t&nftaoG;qdik &f mtcsut f vufrsm;udk txl;ðyvkyx f m;aom apmih=f unfah &;yHkprH sm;wGif
xnfo h iG ;f +yD;aemuf/tcsut f vufpak qmif;aom uGejf yLwm tcsut f vufb%fxJokd@ xnfo h iG ;f &rnf? xdkrw S qifh
tvG,w f ul zwf&E_ dik af om wifjyr_rsm;jzpfonfh a'giv f u
kd fZ,m;rsm; ESifh puf0ikd ;f yHZk ,m;rsm; tjzpfo@kd xyfqifh
ajymif;vJEidk o f nf? rSww f rf;wifxm;aom tcsut
f vufrsm;/ wdwaf cGrsm;ESihf owif;pmrsm;udk rSww f rf;
odr;f qnf;&mXmersm;wGif odr;f qnf;oiho f nf? tu,fI &v'frsm;tay: ar;cGe;f xkwfp&mrsm; &dv S mygu aemifwiG f
jyefvnfppfaq;wdu k =f unfEh dki&f ef twGuf jzpfonf?

pepfwustaumiftxnfaz:+yD;/ rSeu f efwu d spGm wifjyEdik yf gu/ ta&twGuEf iS hf t&nftaoG; qef;ppfavhvm csufrsm;onf
oufqidk o f lrsm;tm;vH;k tm; ‚wdk@.tjrifrsm;udk wifjyEdik cf iG hf ay;&mwGif rD',
D mrsm;u wef;wlnrD #pGm az:jyay;jcif; &S-d &dS ESihf
ywfoufI cdik frmaom taxmuftxm;jzpfEdik yf gonf? owif;tpD tpOfrsm;udk ta&twGuEf iS t hf &nftaoG;t&
apmif=h unfah vhvmr_rsm;rSay:xGuv f maom erlemZ,m; wckukd atmufwiG f az:jyxm;onf?TerlemZ,m;wGif
Edik if aH wmfyidk f &kyjf rifo=H um;vdik ;f wvdik ;f u tm%mvuf&o dS rwudk rsufEmS ay; aomtm;jzifh
t=uD;tus,b f ufvu
dk af z:jyxm;a=umif;awG@&ygonf?

Graph/ pages on 96

(i) tca=u;aiGay;&aom Edik if aH &;a=ujimrsm;ESihf rJqEN&iS f ynmay;a&;vk

ynmay;a&;vkyif ef;rsm;udk apmif=h unfavhvmjcif
mjc ;

tca=u;aiGay;a&aom Edik if aH &;a=umfjimrsm;udk apmif=h unft h uJjzwfjcif;onf tusdK;&do S nf? od@k aomf tcsed u f ek f onf?
a=umfjimrsm;onf (Oya'ucGifðh yygu) wae@v;Hk tcsdefra&G; vmEdkiaf oma=umifh tDvufxa&mepf rD'D , D mrsm;udk tqufrjywf
apmih=f unft h uJjzwf&ef vdt k yfonf? a=ujimrsm;. ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk ydik ;f jcm; oH;k oyfjcif;tm;jzifh rnfoludk
t"duypfrw S xf m; wduk cf u
kd af eonf/ ajrSmufxd;k yifah umpum; od@k r[kwf tmCmwpum;rsm; toH;k ðyjcif;&d-S r&dS ESihf
rsm;ajrmifvaS om ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm; odk@r[kwf ygwDrsm;. t"du trSmpum;rsm;udk awG@&dSEikd fygvdrhfrnf?
xdk@jyiftca=u;aiGay;xm;aom a=umfjim. t&nftaoG;ESihf ywfoufI ,H=k unf&aom owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udkvnf;
&&SEd idk yf gonf? xdkraS eI/ aiGa=u;rnfr# oH;k pGcJ Jhonfuv kd nf; cef@rSe;f &&dES ikd o
f nf? (rJq, G pf nf;±H;k r_b¾maiGa=u;
udak pmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;tcef;rSm &_yg?)

84
tu,fI a&G;aumufyGJqidk &f mvkyif ef;pOfEiS fh ta&G;cs,cf rH nfh tzGJ@tpnf;. tcef;u¾ESihf vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk od&rSd _
tm;enf;ygu jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wzGJ@onf rJqEN&iS yf nmay;tpDtpOfESihf jynfol@owif; jzef@jzL;a&;
tpDtpOfrsm;udk apmih=f unft h uJjzwf&ef qH;k jzwfaumif; qH;k jzwfEidk o
f nf? tu,fI rJqEN&iS pf m&if; jy\em od@k r[kwf
yl;aygi;f yg0ifaqmif&u
G fr_ tm;enf;aomjy\em&Sad eygu ta&;}uD;ae+yD[k aumufcsuf csEidk fonf? rJqEN&iS yf nmay;a&;ESihf
jynfol@owif;jzef@jzL;a&; tpDtpOfrsm;onf vlenf;pkwikd ;f &if;om;rsm;twGuf jzef@jzL;ay;aom owif;tqifEh iS hf ywfoufI
toH;k 0ifaom todynmrsm; yHyh ;dk ay;Edik o f nf? Oyrm owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;ukd wdik ;f &if;om; bmompum;rsm;jzifh
a&;om;xm;jcif; &S-d r&dS ESifh bufvu dk rf &_ adS om ta=umif;t&m rsm; yg0ifjcif; &Sd-r&dS ponfwkd@jzpfonf?

(p) rD',
D mESio
fh wif;axmufrsm;tay: +cdr;f acsmufjcif;udk apmih=f unfah vvmjcif;

jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@onf owif;axmufrsm;ESifh rD',

D mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;rS udk,pf m;vS,rf sm;udk
tquftoG,ðf yvkyI f rD', D mapmih=f unft h uJjzwfjcif;tm; rnfuo Jh @dk vyk q
f mifaeonfukd &Siv
f if;jy&ef yHrk Seaf wG@qHk oihfonf?
xdk@tjyif wdik ;f jynftwGi;f rD', D m ydik q
f ikd frE_ iS fh zGJ@pnf;yHt
k a=umif; em;vnfvmap&ef ESihf ñuHawG@ae&aom zdtm;/ od@k r[kwf
aESmuf,u S fr_rsm;udk pHpk rf;&ef twGuv f nf; jzpfonf?

yHrk eS f aESmifh,u S w f ufaom yHpk Hrsm;rSm ud, k fwikd q

f ifqmjzwfcikd ;f jcif;/ t=urf;zufjcif; odk@r[kwf wdu k &f u
kd u
f saom Edik if aH &;
zdESyd fr_ rSonf rw&m;ojzifh tcGepf pfaq;jcif;/ vkyfyidk cf iG v hf ikd fpiftjiif;yGm;r_EiS fh owif;pmuke=f urf; &&daS &; aESmuf,Sujf cif;ESihf
jzef@csaD &;wGif aESmih, f u
S jf cif;paom oG,f0u kd I f aESmif, h Suaf om yHpk HrsKd;txd &do S nf? jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tzGJ@u
aESmif, h u
S fr_EiS fhywfoufaom pGyfpGJcsufrsm;udk rSeu f efjcif;&d-S r&dS apmif=h unfah vhvm &rnft h jyif ESihf wduspGm
rSww f rf;wifxm;&rnf? jzpf&yfwckcsi;f udk aocsmpGm a&;rSwx f m;+yD;/ apmif=h unfh avhvmoGm;&rnf jzpfonf?
aESmif, h u
S fr_pGypf GJcsufrsm;onf aemufq;Hk wGif rD', D mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm; od@k r[kwf owif;axmufrsm;u Oya'a=umif;t&
wdik ;f wef;onft h jzpftxd a&mufomG ;wwfonf? xdu k Jo h @kd aom jzpf&yf rsK;d wGi/f ,if; tjiif;yGm;r_ukd tjcm;aom
a&G;aumufyGJqidk &f mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;uJo h kd@yif apmif=h unfah vhvmoiho f nf? (tcef; 4 udk &_yg)

85
10? rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGujf cif;udk apmif-h unfah vhvmjcif;
u? rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGufyuHk dk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;?
c? pifòyif rJ-Z,m;oGi;f jcif;?

ðyvky&f rnfh avhvmr_rsm;. obm0ESihf twdik ;f twmudk qH;k jzwfjcif;?

a&G;aumufyGJvyk fx;Hk vkyfenf;rsm;/ tpD&ifcHpmyHkpHrsm;/ usi0hf wf*k%o f u
d mQ rsm;ESihfywfoufIavhvmol
rsm;tm; avhusiafh y;jcif;?

avhvmolrsm;tm; tqift h m;vH;k wGif taxmuftyHEh iS hf enf;pepfrsm; tjynft h 0ay;jcif;?

aumif;rGeaf om qifu h JtpD&ifcrH _wck wnfaxmifjcif;?

tpD&ifcpH myHkpHrsm; tcsdefrjSD yefvnfay;ydk@jcif;ESihf ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;?

86
 tajccdik af eaom jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tzGJ@widk ;f eD;yg;onf rJay;jcif;ESihf rJa&wGujf cif;udk apmif=h unfah vhvm&ef óu;yrf;
tm;xkwjf rJjzpfonf? odk@aomf rJ&aHk vhvma&; apwemh0efxrf;axmifEiS chf sDI pkqnf;&jcif;onf a'owGi;f ESihf
wEdik if v
H ;Hk twdik ;f twmtwGuf vlom;t&if;tjrpf ajrmufrsm;pGm oH;k pGJ&onf? wcgw&HwiG f tjcm;avhvma&;
vkyif ef;rsm;udt k xdcu dk cf I
H toH;k ðy&onf? xdk@a=umifh jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tzGJ@wcktaeESihf a&G;aumufyJaG e@wGif
rnfonft h &mudk avhvmrnfESifh xdt k a=umif;t&mudk rnfuJho@kd taumif;qH;k jzpfatmif avhvmrnfukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;
odxm;oifo hf nf?

atmufaz:jyygar;cGe;f rsm;udk apmEdik for#tapmqH;k pOf;pm;xm;oifo h nf? taumif;qH;k rSm vdt

k yfcsufrsm;pHkprf;
avhvma&;vkyif ef;pOf (needs assessment) vkyaf qmifaepOftwGi;f pOf;pm;oiho
f nf?

avhvmolrsm;udk rJay;Xme(rJ±)Hk wdik ;f wGif xm;oifhvm; odk@r[kwf rJ&kHrsm;teuf usyrf;a±G;cs,x f m;aom

pHerlemrJ&;Hk rsm;wGio f m xm;oihfygvm;?

wae@v;Hk rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGujf cif;udk apmif=h unfah vhvm&eftwGuf avhvmolrsm;udk rJ&w kH &Hw
k iG f “tao”
xm;oifyh govm;?

rJ&aHk wmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif rJay;jcif;udk avhvm&eftwGuf avhvmolrsm;udk “t&Si”f xm;oifyh govm;?

“tao” xdik frnfh avhvmolrsm;udk Edik if aH &;t&jy\em&SEd ikd af om rJ&t kH m;vH;k wGif ae&mcsxm;oihyf g
ovm;?

rJ&w Hk idk ;f rS &v'frsm;udk apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;/ rSww f rf;wifjcif; ðyvky&f ef &nf&, G of ifhygovm;?

usyrf;a±G;cs,x f m;aompHerlemrJ&t Hk csKd@rS &v'frsm;udo
fk m apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;/rSwfwrf;wifjcif;ðy&ef
&nf&, G o f ifyh gvm;?

rnfonfh vlom;t&if;tjrpfEiS fh b¾ma&; t&if;tjrpfrsm; &&dES dkiyf goenf;?

rJay;jcif;rpwifcifumv&Snt f wGi;f toH;k ðyaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;ESihf rJay;aomae@twGuf apmif=h unfh
avhvmolrsm; pkaqmif;jcif;/oifwef;ay;jcif;twGuf toH;k ðyaom t&if;tjrpfwd@k .rSeu f efaomtcsK;d
tpm;onf tb,fenf;?

Hk dk apmif=h unfh avhvmjcif;

(u) rJay;jcif; ESifh rJa&wGuyf u

taumif;qH;k yHpk wH ckrmS avhvmolrsm;onf rJay;aecsed Ef iS fh rJa&wGucf sdew

f iG f tzGJ@ (2) zGJ@cJGI vkyaf qmifoiho f nf?
vHðk cHa&;twGuv f nf; jzpf+yD;/ aemuftcsufrmS vkyif ef;twlwuGvkyaf qmifaeaom avhvma&;tzGJ@ (2) zGJ@onf
wzGJ@.avhvmr_rsm;udk wzGJ@u jyefvnfppfaq;jcif;/ Ed_i;f ,SOjf cif;ðyI &aoma=umifh jzpfonf? od@k aomfvnf;
t&if;tjrpfjy\ema=umifh jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;ktzGJ@wzGJ@taeESi/hf apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk wOD;csi;f csxm;&ef
qH;k jzwfp&m&So
d nf?

avhvmolrsm;onf ‚wdk@.apmif=h unfah vhvma&;wm0efrsm;udk rxrf;aqmifcifwiG f tjynfht0 jyifqifxm;oihf onf?

txl;ojzifh ‚wdk@onf oifwef;tpDtpOfrsm;udk wufa&mufoif+h yD;/ a&G;aumufyJOG ya'rsm;/ jznfph u G f pnf;rsO;f
pnf;urf;rsm;udk odxm;oifo h nf? xkd@tjyif jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tzGJ@u a&;qGJxm;aom apmif=h unfh avhvma&;
tpD&ifcpH myHkpuH dk rnfodk@jznfph GuI f / jyefvnfay;ydk@&rnfukd od&x Sd m;oifo
h nf? ‚wd@k onf usi0hf wf *k%o f u
d mQ rsm;udk
av;pm;vdu k ef mygrnf[k oabmwl&efrmS rvkyrf jzpf tvkyw f pfcjk zpfonf? rdrdw@kd apmif=h unfh avhvm&rnfh e,fajrESivhf nf;
tu|r;f w0if&&Sd rnft h jyif/ rJ&aHk e&mrsm;ESifhrJa&wGufrnfh ae&mrsm;udv k nf; od&x
Sd m;oifhonf?

87
 tu,fI avhvmolrsm;udk rJ&w Hk ±HkwiG o
f m ae&mcsxm;ygu/ ‚wd@k onf rJay;jcif;jzpfpOfwav#mufv;kH rJ±kH
rSm&Sad e&rnfjzpf+yD;/tu,fI xdrk J&w Hk iG f rJa&wGufygu rJa&wGujf cif;+yD;onftxd rJ&w kH Gif &daS e&rnf? tu,fI
avhvmolrsm;onf a&$@ajymif;vkyu f idk &f aom tzGJ@wGiyf g&ySd gu/‚wd@k 0ifa&mufavhvmaom rJ&w kH ikd ;f wGif tenf;qH;k / rD;epf
oH;k q,f=um avhvmoihfonf? apmif=h unfah vhvmjcif;tzdk@ta&;}uD;onfrmS ta&twGuf r[kwf t&nf taoG;om
jzpfonf? rJ&wHk &HkwiG f a&wGujf cif; +yD;ajrmufygu avhvmolrsm;onf rJ&v'frSww f rf; rdwLW wpHkukd
t&,lxm;+yD;v#i/f &v'fpm±Gupf mwrf;rsm; rJqENv$mrsm;ESihf rJay;&mwGit f oH;k ðyaom tjcm;ypPn;f rsm; udk rJ-Z,m;oGi;f
Xmeodk@ ydk@&mwGivf dkuyf g&rnf?

avhvmolrsm;onf tcgcyford ;f rSm ormorwfusaompdwu f kd ESv;kH oGi;f xm;oifo h nf?Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ ud, k f
pm;vS,af vmif;rsm;/ tm%mydkirf sm;ESiyfh wfoufIvnf;aumif;/ a&G;aumufyJEG iS hf qufEG,af om udp&P yfwpHw k ck ta=umif;
ajymqdjk cif;wGivf nf;aumif;/ bufvdkujf cif; od@k r[kwf rdrdtóuufuakd z:jyajymqdjk cif;rsm; rnfonft h cgr# rðyvky&f ?
wbufbufudk tm;ay;axmufc&H ma&mufaom trSwt f om;rsm;/ od@k r[kwf ta&mifrsm; 0wfqifjcif; rðyoihaf y?
avhvmolrsm;onf ‚wdk@. wm0efrsm;udk ±d;k ±d;k ukyfuyk f vkyaf qmifoih+f yD;/a&G;aumufyJG vkyif ef;pOf. rnfonft h cef;u¾udkrS
0ifa&muf rpGufzufoifhay?tu,fI pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;ESihf rudu
k n f oD nfw@kd ukd awG@&dSygu/
rJ&w
Hk m0ef&dSorl sm;xHodk@today;oih+f yD;/rnfonfth cgr# !$e=f um;csuaf y;jcif; od@k r[kwf rJ&wkH m0ef&o
dS lrsm;. qH;k jzwf csuu f kd
y,fzsujf cif;rsm; rðyvkyo f ihaf y?aumufcsuqf JGr_rsm;tm;vH;k onf aumif;rGefpmG rSww f rf;wifxm;aom/
tcsut f vuft&jynfpaHk om/ cdkiv f akH om taxmuftxm;rsm;tay:wGio f m tajccHoiho f nf?

apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;onf rdrdwdk@.wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifaeaom tcsed w f ikd ;f wGif ,Ofaus;odraf rG@oihfonf?
rdrdwdk@onf apmif=h unfah vhvma&;vkyif ef;tpDtpOftwGuf wm0ef,x l m;aom jynfwiG ;f apmifh =unfah vhvma&; tzGJ@udk
ud,k pf m;ðyaea=umif; trSw&f oifo h nf? rJ&o kH @kd 0ifa&mufaomtcgwiG f rJ&OkH uUX ESihf tjcm;rJ&w kH m0ef&oSd l rsm;xHwiG f
ud,k ufh u
dk ,
dk f rdwq f ufyg? rJ&0Hk efxrf;rsm;tjyif/ avhvmolrsm;onf ygwDrsm; od@k r[kwf ud, k fpm;vS,f rsm;udk
ud,k pf m;ðya&muf&adS eaom avhvmolrsm;/ Edik if w H umavhvmolrsm;ESihf rdwq f ufoifo h nf? tu,fI rJqEN&iS frsm;ud, k fwikd f
rdrdwdk@.,H=k unfpdwcf sru
_ dk tuJjzwf&efEiS fh pnf;urf;csKd; azmufr_owif;rsm;udk em;qif&ef a&muf&aSd eygu xdo k rl sm;tm;vH;k ESihf
rdwq f ufoiho f nf?

,H=k unfpw
d cf s&avmufaom tjrifoabmxm;rsm;tm;vH;k udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;oihfonf? tcsKd@aomolrsm;onf
‚wdk@.ud, k u f sdK;twGuf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk vdkovdt k oH;k csEdik af tmif óupm;wwf=ua=umif; avhvmolrsm;
owdcsyfoiho f nf? xkd@a=umifh tajctaewckEiS hfywfoufI bufvu kd fru
_ if;pGm tuJjzwfEikd f a&;twGuf
rdrd.ud,
k yf idk q
f ;Hk jzwfcsufuo
dk m toH;k ðyoiho
f nf? jzpfEkid yf gu/ tkypf kwpfpkpDrS vltrsKd;tpm;aygi;f pHkEiS fh pum;ajymqdok iho
f nf?

rJay;jcif;ESifhrJa&wGujf cif;vkyif ef;pOfudk avhvm&mwGif atmufaz:jyyg udp&P yfrsm;udk xnfo

h iG ;f pOf;pm;oifo
h nf?

rJ&yHk wf0ef;usif

 rJ&o
Hk nf &SmazG&vG,u f yl govm;?
 rJ&oHk t
dk oGm;& cufygovm;?

88
 rJ&t Hk wGi;f okd@r[kwf tjyif odk@r[kwf ywf0ef;usiw f iG f rJqG,yf JGypPn;f rsm;/ od@k r[kwf rJq, G fvy_ &f Sm;r_
vuQ%mrsm; &daS eygovm;?
 +cdr;f acsmufjcif;/ vmbfay;jcif; odk@r[kwf aESmif, h uS jf cif;ESihfywfoufaom wpHw k &m taxmuftxm;
&dyS govm;?
 rJ&w Hk iG f wm0efEiS hfroufqdik af omolrsm; &daS eygovm;?
 vHðk cHa&;wm0ef&o dS rl sm;onf roihaf vsmaf omtðytrlrsm; ðyvkyaf eygovm;?
 rJqEN&iS frsm;tm; tm%mvuf&Sdy*k ~Kd vfrsm;u yHkpw H rsK;d rsK;d jzifh rJay;&ef rufv;kH rsm; ay;aeygovm;?

a&G;aumufyGJ t&m&Srd sm;

 rJ&tHk &m&Srd sm;onf aocsmpGmavhusiafh y;xm;+yD;/ rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGujf cif;vkyx f ;kH vkyfenf;rsm;ESihf
tu|r;f w0if&ySd aHk y:ygovm;?
 rJ&t Hk &m&Srd sm;onf ‚wdk@. wm0efrsm;ta=umif; vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG &hf ydS akH y:ygovm;?
 ‚wdk@. wm0efrsm;udk ormorwfuspGm xrf;aqmifygovm;?
 cef@tyfxm;aom 0efxrf;tm;vH;k a&muf&ydS govm; odk@r[kwf wpHw k pfO;D onf rJ&akH umfr&Siw f iG f
 xrf;aqmifjcif;rS wm;jrpfjcif; cHxm;&ovm;?

&ky0f xˆKypPn;f rsm;

 rJ&yHk pPn;f rsm; tvHt k avmuf&dSygovm;?

 rJ&yHk pPn;f rsm;udk o,f,lydk@aqmif+yD;aemuf rJ&HkrzGihfr=D um;umvwGif vkðH cHpmG xdr;f odr;f xm;ygovm;?
 rJy;Hk rsm;udk rJ&t
Hk &m&Sdrsm; twdik ;f om;jrifae&aomae&mwGif xm;ygovm;?
 rJqENvm$ rsm;onf toH;k ðy&efvG,u f yl govm;? ueOD;wGif rJ&u
kH rJqENvm$ rnfr# vufc&H &dcS Jhygoenf;?

rJqEN&iS pf m&if;

 rJqEN&iS fpm&if;wGif rJqEN&iS rf nfr#yg&o

dS enf;? trSew
f u,frJqENay;+yD;olrnfr# &Sod enf;? (,if;tcsuf
onf rJqENay;jcif;.tvm;tvmudk rSe;f q=unf&h mY axmuftuljzpfapEdik o f nf?
 rJqEN&iS fpm&if;rS rJay;cGi&fh o
Sd t
l ajrmuftrsm; z,fxw k cf x
H m;&yHak y:aeygovm;?
 rJqEN&iS fpm&if;wGif trnfrsm; rsm;vGe;f aeyHak y:ygovm;?
 rJqEN&iS frsm;onf a&G;aumufyGJ{&d,mtwGi;f aexkid forl sm; jzpf[ef&Sdygovm;?

rJqEN
qENay;jcif;qdik &f m vkyx
f ;Hk vkyef nf;rsm;

 rJy;Hk onf vHðk cHa&;twGupf w d cf s&ygovm;?

 rJqEN&iS fonf rJray;cifwiG f rSwfyw Hk ifjyo&ef vdt k yfygovm;?
 rJqENvm$ rsm;udk rJqEN&iS rf sm;xHodk@ aoaocsmcsm/ vHv k ðHk cHðcH xkwaf y;ygovm;?
 rJqENvm$ rsm;wGif oufqidk &f mrJ&Hkwq H yd w
f ;Hk ±du
k fEdSyx
f m;jcif;ESihf /odk@r[kwf rJ&t
kH &m&Sd (rsm;). vufrw
S f
a&;xd;k xm;jcif;&dyS govm;?

89
 rJay;cGi&fh oSd lrsm;udk rJay;cGiðfh yygovm;?
 rJay;cGifhr&do S l wpHkwOD;tm; rJay;&ef cGiðfh yygovm;?
 rJay;onft h cef;tjyifwiG f w&m;r0ifrJay;aeol rJqEN&iS frsm; &dyS govm;?
 rdom;pktvdu k frJay;jcif; (rJay;aomtcef;twGi;f wGif wpfO;D xufru&daS ejcif;) udk cGiðhf yygovm;?
 rJqEN&iS frsm;tm; tcGi&fh o Sd nfxufyI dk rJqENv$mrsm;ay;ygovm;?
 rJy;Hk ydwq
f dk@aeonfqadk om taxmuftxm;&dyS govm;?
 rJqENay;jcif; vkyfx;Hk vkyef nf;rsm;udk rJqEN&iS rf sm;od&ySd Hk ay:ygovm;?
 tultnDvadk om rJqEN&iS rf sm;udk aumif;rGefpmG ulnDygovm;?
 rJay;jcif;vkyif ef;pOfudk pDrt H yk cf sKyf&mwGif tvGet f rif;tcsde=f uef@=umr_ &dyS govm;?
 rJqENay;jcif;vkyif ef;pOfudk rJ&t Hk &m&Srd sm;u aumif;rGefpmG pDrt H kyfcsKyfygovm;?
 ygwDrsm; odk@r[kwf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;. at;*sirhf sm; odk@r[kwf vufaxmufrsm;tm; rJay;jcif;/
rJa&wGujf cif;wdk@udk avhvm&ef Oya'ESit fh nD cGiðhf yygovm;?
 at;*sirfh sm; odk@r[kwf vufaxmufrsm;onf +cdr;f ajcmufjcif; odk@r[kwf aESmuf,u S jf cif;rsm; cH&yg
ovm;?
 at;*sirfh sm; odk@r[kwf vufaxmufrsm;onf a&G;aumufyJv G yk if ef;pOfwiG f 0ifa&mufpu G zf uf&ef tm;
xkwjf cif;/ odk@r[kwf ud, k x f vd ufa&muf pGuzf ufjcif;ðyygovm;? od@k r[kwf ygww D ck od@k r[kwf ud, k f
pm;vS,af vmif;wOD;tm; rJay;atmif rJqEN&iS rf sm;udk qGJaqmif&ef/ +cdr;f acsmuf&ef tm;xkwjf cif; od@k r
[kw/f ud, k x f vd ufa&muf qGJaqmifjcif;/ +cdr;f acsmufjcif;ðyygovm;?

xl;jcm;aomenf;jzifh rJqENay;r_rsm;udk txl;*&kðyoifoh nf? xl;jcm;aomrJqENay;r_wiG f óuwifrJay;jcif;/ a&G@ajymif;rJ ay;jcif;

ESifh ppfom;rsm;/ tusO;f om;rsm;ESifh aq;&Hw
k ufaeaom vlemrsm;rJay;jcif;wk@d yg0ifonf?

 óuwifrJay;jcif;wGif pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;/ vHðk cHa&; ESihf yGiv hf if;jrifomr_ tjynft h 0 &dSygovm;?
 a&G@ajymif;rJy;Hk rsm;udk Oya'ESiafh vsmn f pD Gm toH;k ðyygovm;?
 tu,fI usef;rma&;raumif;ol ESifh ouf}uD;&G,t f kdrJqEN&iS frsm;twGuf tdrfwiG f rJay;aom aemuf
qufwGJrJqEN&iS pf m&if;udk toH;ðk yygu ,if;pm&if;xJrmS trnfrsm; xl;xl;uJuJrsm;aeygovm;?
 tod&&Sd aSd &G;cs,rf ð_ yvkyfEidk &f eftwGuf ppfom;rsm;/ tusO;f om;rsm; ESiahf q;&Hw k ufvlemrsm;tm; vHk
avmufaom rJq, G fpnf;±H;k r_ taxmuftxm;rsm; axmufyahH y;jcif; &dyS govm;?
 ppfom;rsm;/ tusO;f om;rsm;/aq;±Hw k ufvlemrsm;twGuf xl;jcm;aomenf;jzifhrJqENay;olrsm; rSwyf w kH ijfcif; tpDtpOfrsm;
&Syd govm;?
 ppfom;rsm;/ tusO;f om;rsm; odk@r[kwf aq;&Hw k ufvlemrsm; v#dK@0SufrJyH;k wGif rJay;&mY/ +cdr;f ajcmufr_
t EW&m,fru S if;a0;ap&ef vHak vmufaom Oya'rsm; csrSwx f m;+yD;ygovm;?
 ppfom;rsm;onf ‚wdk@. t&m&drS sm;a&S@wiG f rJay;&efpnf;urf;xkwx f m;ygovm;?
 t&m&drS sm;onf ppfom;rsm;tm; rnfodk@rJay;&rnfukd !$e=f um;ygovm;?

rJa&wGujf cif; vkyx

f ;Hk vkyef nf;

 rJa&wGujf cif;udk yGivfh if;jrifompGm aqmif&u

G yf govm;?
 rJa&wGujf cif;udk avhvmolrsm;/ at;*sirfh sm;/ ygwDrsm;/ udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;. vufaxmufrsm; tm;vH;k
=unf&h E_ ikd fygovm;?

90
  rJqEN&iS frw S fywHk ifpm&if;teuf rJqENay;+yD;a=umif;rSww f rf;wifxm;aom ta&twGuEf iS hf vufawG@rJ
ay;aom rJta&twGuf rnfuJhodk@ uGmjcm;oenf;?
 rJrsm;udk tpDtpOfwus/ vHðk cHpmG a&wGuyf govm;?
 rJa&wGu+f yD;aomtcg toH;k rðyaom rJrsm;tm; vHðk cHpmG xm; &djS cif;/ y,fzsujf cif; od@k r[kwf zsuq f ;D
jcif;ðyygovm;?
 rJqENvm$ tay:wGif a&G;aumufyGJt&m&drS sm;u trSwt f om;vkyjf cif; odk@r[kwf rSwcf suaf &;jcif; ðy
xm;ygovm;?
 w&m;r0ifaom rJqENvm$ rsm;udk rSefreS u f efuef ppfaq;jcif;/ tjcm;rJqENvm$ rsm;ESihf oD;jcm;xm;jcif;
ðyygovm;?
 w&m;r0ifrJqENvm$ rsm; rwefwqrsm;jym;aeygovm;?
 wkid w f ef;csurf sm;udk oifah vsmpf mG ajz&Si;f ay;ygovm;?
 at;*sirfh sm; odk@r[kwf vufaxmufrsm;onf rJa&wGujf cif;wGif pGufzuf&ef óu;yrf;jcif; odk@r[kwf
ud, k xf v
d ufa&muf pGufzufjcif;rsm; &dSygovm;?
 rJa&wGu&f mY wm0efEiS rfh oufqidk o f rl sm; &daS eygovm;? &daS eygu vkyif ef;pOfwiG f ‚wdk@onf
rnfonft h cef;u¾rS yg0ifaeygoenf;?

qmifjf cif;
&v'frsm; t+yD;owfjcif; ESifh o,f,yl dk@aqmi

 rJa&wGu+f yD;csdew
f iG f &v'frSww f rf; rsm;udk rSeu
f efpmG a&;om;+yD; / wm0ef&o Sd t l m;vH;k u vufrw S fx;kd yg
ovm;?
 rJa&wGu+f yD;csed w
f iG f avhvmolrsm;/ ygwDEiS fh ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;. at;*sirhf sm;ESiv hf ufaxmuf
rsm;onf &v'frw S fwrf; rdwLW rsm; &&dyS govm;?
 &v'frsm;udk vlo&d iS =f um; a=ujimygovm;? &v'frw S w f rf;rdwLW udk trsm;jrifatmifjyoxm;ygovm;?
 a&G;aumufyGJpnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;/ rJqENvm$ rsm; ESihf rJay;&mwGiftoH;k ðyrnfh ypPn;f rsm;udk txufqifh
a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sio f dk@ yGifhvif;jrifompGmESifh vHðk cHpmG o,f,yl govm;?
 a&G;aumufyGJypPn;f rsm;udk txufqifah &G;aumufyJaG umfr&Sifo@kd wdu k &f u
kd fy@kd aqmifygovm; odk@r[kwf
tjcm;wae&modk@ v$Jajymif;ygovm;?

rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGujf cif;ESifh ywfoufaom ,cifapmif=h unfah vhvmr_tawG@tñuHudk a&G;aumufyJaG e@ vkyx f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;
ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfjcif;ESiafh ygi;f pyfjcif;tm;jzifhf jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@tzdk@ rJqENay;jcif; ESifhrJa&wGujf cif; vkyif ef;pOf.
rnfo h nfth ydik ;f udk txl;tm&Hkpdku&f efvt dk yfa=umif; qH;k jzwf&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&rnf? Oyrm ,ciftawG@tñuHrmS
rJrsm;udw k oDowef;}uD;pkðyHay;jcif;onf tcsKd@ae&m rsm;wGif jy\em&dSEikd jf cif; od@k r[kwf rJ&kHrsm;od@k a&G;aumufyJq G ikd &f m
pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; aemufusrS a&muf vmjcif;wdk@ukd awG@&Edik o f nf?

rJay;jcif;ESifh rJa&wGujf cif;udk apmih=f unfah vhvmcsdew f iG f apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm; a&;jznf&h ef ðyvkyaf y;xm;aom
tpD&ifcpH myHkpxH JrmS ,if;vdtk yfcsurf sm;ukd xif[yfay:vGiaf poifo h nf?ta&;}uD;qH;k rSm tpD&ifcpH myHpk Hrsm;onf &Si;f vif;/
wdusI toH;k ðy&efv,
G ful&rnf? tzGiafh r;cGe;f rsm; rsm;pGmyg0ifaom ppfaq;csupf m&if;&Sn}f uD;rsm;onf
uGejf yLwmxJodk@oiG ;f &mwGif tcsed frsm;pGm,l&+yD;/ ydik ;f jcm;oHk;oyfrv _ yk &f mwGiv f nf; vGepf mG cufcJonf? tpD&ifcpH mrsm;
jyefvnfay;tyfaomtcgwGif pm&Guw f yHw
k yifjzpfaewuf+yD;/ qufo, G af &;vrf;a=umif;wGiv
f nf; tcuftcJrsm;udk

91
jzpfapEdkio
f nf? tpD&ifcHpmyHkpH a&;qGJorl sm;onf avhvmolrsm; vG,u
f lpmG em;vnfap&rnf[al omtcsuu f kd owdcsy&f rnf?
xdk@a=umif/h avhvmoltrsm;pkonf yHkpHrsm;udk ‚wdk@ rnfr#em;vnf&vG,u f I
l / rnfr#a&;jznfh& vG,u
f al =umif;od&atmif
a&G;aumufyGJae@rwdik cf ifwiG f prf;=unfo
h iho
f nf?

tpD&ifcpH myHpk w
H ckonf “[kwo
f nf” odk@r[kwf “r[kwyf g” [lI tajzay;Edik af om ar;cGe;f rsm;yg&rnfjzpf+yD;
tu,fIjy\emrsm;&Syd gu jy\emrsm;udk wef;pDjyxm;aomtydak r;cGe;f rsm;yg&rnf?erlemyHpk u
H kd atmuf wGif
az:jyxm;onf?

erlemyHpk H 1
awG@co
Jh nf? rawG@cyJh g?
ta&twGuf
: wpfpw
Hk pfO;D u wpfcgxufyI
kd rJay;onfudk oihaf wG@cyJh govm;?
qdik &f m
ar;cGe;f rsm;
awG@&ydS gu b,fEpS }f udrrf # oifjrifawGcyJh goenf;? -------------

“a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sio f nf rJqEN&iS fpm&if;wGif ryg0ifolrsm;udpu P kd rnfuo Jh kd@ udik wf G,af jz&Si;f cJo
h enf;?” [laom
tzGiafh r;cGe;f rsm;udk jzpfEidk o
f r# a&SmifusOo f iho
f nf? pum;vHk; trsm;tjym; toH;k ðyjcif;onf ydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfr_ vky&f mY
vGefpmG cufcJ+yD;/ txl;ojzifh tpD&ifcpH m axmifaomif;csI D zwf&aom tcgwiG f ydkrI kd cufcJaponf? tu,fI
tzGiahf r;cGe;f rsm;udk toH;k ðy &rnfqydk gu a&;om;xm;aom rSwcf surf sm; tay:wGio f m tm;xm;& jcif;xuf
avhvmolrsm;tm; óuwifowfrw S +f yD;om; tajzrsm; ay;xm;oiho
f nf? ,if;erlemyHpk Hukd atmufwiG f az:jyxm;onf?

92
 rJ&o
Hk nf rnfo
h nft
h wGuaf =umifh tcsderf DS rzGicfh o
Jh enf;? (oifah vsmaf om tajz(rsm;)wGif trSwjf cpfyg?

Oyrm
2- a&G;aumufypGJ m&Gupf mwrf;rsm; r&dI
S vm;? rJ&w Hk iG f vHjk cHKa&;udk jcdr;f ajcmufjcif;rsm;
}udKwif a&G;aumufyaGJ umfr&Siwf iG f &daS eIvm;?
wGuf vltjynft
h pHw k ufa&mufjcif; r&dI
S vm;? a&G;aumufyaGJ umifr&Sio f nf
csuf
xm;
taqmuftOD;twGi;f okd@ 0if&r&Ivm;?
aom
ar;cGe;f
rsm;
tjcm;&dyS gu (aus;Zl;jyKI a&;om;jyyg)? -----------------------------------------

toH;k 0ifEidk af om wwd,yHkpaH r;cGe;f wpfcrk Sm avhvmolrsm;tm; ‚wd@k avhvmxm;cJhrE_ iS hfywfoufI txif[yfq;kH
az:jycsuw f pfcu k dk a&G;cs,af pjcif;tm;jzifh jy\emwcktay: xifjrifcsuf ay;apjcif;jzpfonf? ,if; erlem yHpk aH r;cGe;f udk
atmufrmS awG@Edik fygonf? ,if;yHkpo H nf rJ&wkH cktay: t=urf;zsO;f ðcHiakH vhvm&mwGif txl;toH;k 0ifonf?
,ciftawG@tñuHrsm;t& avhvmolrsm;onf wef;pDjyxm;aom tuJjzwfcsuf (az:jycsuf) rsm;teuf tv,f&dS
tuJjzwfcsufuo dk m a&G;cs,jf ywwf=uojzifh a,bk,stm;jzifh yHpk aH &G;qGo
J lrsm;onf tuJjzwfcsuf (az:jycsu)f rsm;udk r
*%ef;jzifah y;jcif;/odk@r[kwf tuJjzwfcsuf (3) ck jzpfap/ (5) ckjzpfap ay;jcif;udk a&Smif&mS ;oifo
h nf?

,ckrJ&w
Hk iG f rJay;jcif;pDraH qmif&u
G cf suwf ckv;Hk tay: rnfodk@ ,lqoenf;? (oihx f ifjrifcsuEf iS yfh wfoufI
taumif;qHu k ,dk pf m;jyKaz:jyay;rnft
h ajzudk 0dik ;f Ijyyg?
erlemyHk
pH 3 -

ar;cGe;f
av;
csKd ;azgurf r_ ±Syd g tao;tzGJcsKd ;azgurf _ qd;k qd;k ±Gm;±Gm;csKd ;azgurf _ t"ducsKd ;azgurf }_ uD;rsm;
rsKd ;
tcsKd @±Sd tenf;tusO;f ±Sd trsm;tjym;±Sd
yHpkH H

93
avhvmolrsm;taeESifh tpD&ifcHpmyHpk Hudk &Si;f vif;pGm jznfhpu
G I
f tdro
f kd@rjyefcif wm0efay;tyfxm;ol od@k r[kwf ae&mwGif
tpD&ifcpH mrsm; jyefvnftyfE&SH ef ta&;}uD;a=umif;udk oifwef;umvrSm tav;wif; ajym=um;xm;oifh onf?

tu,fI jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@onf txl;wufwufºuºu&dyS gu owif;tcsut f vuf ydrk kd &&d&S ef
twGuf ydI k &_yaf xG;aom tpD&ifcjH cif;pepfwckukd a&;qGJI&Edik o
f nf? Oyrm rJ&zkH iG jhf cif;/ reufcif;rJay;jcif;udk avhvmjcif;/
ae@vnfcif;rJay;jcif;udak vhvmjcif; ESifh rJa&wGujf cif;wd@k twGuf oD;jcm; tpD&ifcpH m yHpk rH sm;udk toH;k ðyEdik of nf? tu,fI
,if;enf;emudk toH;k ðyygu jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tzGJ@ wckwiG f ydrk rkd sm;jym;vmaom tpD&ifcpH myHpk rH sm;ESit hf csutf vufrsm;
ukd pDraH qmif&u
G Ef idkf af om vkyEf idk &f nf&&dS rnf jzpfonf?

tpD&ifcpH myHkpHrsm;rS owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk uGejf yLwmtwGi;f od@k avhusiahf y;xm;aom 0efxrf;rsm;u

tcsut f vufqef;ppfcGJjcrf;ol. }uD;=uyfrj_ zifh tv#it f jref/wdwdusus oGi;f &rnf?tu,fI jynfwiG ;f apmifh
=unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@onf ‚wdk@ukd,yf dik f tcsut f vufcJjG crf;avhvma&; uGejf yLwm aqmh0J,m rxkwv f kyfEikd f ygu/
u|r;f usiaf omvlra_ &;odyyH̀ nm&Siw f OD; odk@r[kwf ude;f *%ef;ynm&Siw f OD;ESihf aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifoifo
h nf? taumif;qH;k rSm
tcsut f vufqef;ppfcGJjcrf;olEiS fh tpD&ifcHpmyHpk aH &;qGJowl kd@onf tpD&ifcpH mwGif ar;cGe;f enf;enf; jzifh
tcsut f vuftrsm;qH;k &Edik af &; yl;aygi;f vkyu
f idk o
f iho
f nf?

jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@onf ‚.apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;twGuf wdik ;f wef;pmyHpk rH sm;udyk g wygwnf; ay;vdu k &f ef
qH;k jzwfEidk o
f nf?Edik if o
H m;rsm;ESifh avhvmolrsm;onf rJ&0kH efxrf;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom w &m;0if wdik w f ef;pmrsm;wifjy&mwGif
,if;yHpk rH sm;udk toH;k ðyEkid o
f nf? avhvmolrsm;onf aqmif±u G af y;r_rsm;udk apmih=f unfh Edik af &;twGuf A[d±k ;kH od@k wikd w
f ef;aom
wdik wf ef;pmrdwLW rsm; ay;ydk@oifo
h nf?od@dk r[kwf avhvmolrsm;onf e,fajrqdik &f mudprP sm;tpD&ifc&H mY
qd;k &Gm;aompnf;urf;csK;d azmufrr_ sm;ta=umif; tao;pdwf wifjyEdik o f nf? Tenf;tm;jzifh ta&;}uD;aom jy\emrsm;.
trsK;d tpm;/ }udrEf e_ ;f / wnfae&mwdk@EiS yfh wfoufaom owif;tcsuf tvufrsm;udk pkpnf;I&Edik o f nf?

e,fajrqdik &f mudprP sm;tpD&ifccH su/f wdik w f ef;pmrsm;trsK;d rsK;d ESiyhf wfoufaomydik ;f jcm;oH;k oyfcsuEf iS hf rJay;jcif;/ rJa& wGujf cif;
avhvma&;yHpk rH sm;rS wqif&h &daS om owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk tóuxkwjf yefa=ujimcsuf xkwaf &; twGuf
tcsed rf pDS pk nf;oiho
f nf? taumif;qH;k rSm tóuxkwjf yefa=ujimcsuu f kd a&G;aumufyJaG e@rS (48) em&DtwGi;f xkwjf yefoiho
f nf?
tcsKd@tajctaersm;wGif tcsut f vufxnfo h iG ;f aomtzGJ@onf avhvmcJah om rJ&t kH m;vH;k rS tcsut f vufrsm;udk
tóuxkwjf yefrt _ wGuf tcsed rf o
SD iG ;f &efrmS rjzpfEikd af cs? ,if;uJo h @kd aom tajctaersm; atmufwiG f avhvmol tpDcpH mrsm;rS
ud,
k pf m;ðypHerlemwpfct k m; tóuxkwjf yefcsux f w k &f eftwGuf toH;k ðy oih+f yD;/ ðcHijkH ynhpf akH om qef;ppfavhvmr_tm;
t+yD;;owftpD&ifcpH mtwGuf toH;k ðyoiho f nf?

94
(c) òyif rJ-Z,m;oGi;f jcif; 23
(c) pifòyif
òyi

pifòyif rJ-Z,m;oGi;f jcif; (PVT) . &nf&, G cf sufrmS Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ ud, k fpm;vS,af vmif;rsm;ESihf jynfov l l xktwGuf
&v'frsm;.w&m;0ifru _ dk tuJjzwfEidk af tmif ,H=k unfpw d cf s&aom owif;tcsut f vufrsm; axmufyahH y;&efjzpfonf?
(PVT) ðyvky& f ef vdk-rvdu k dk tapmydik ;f wGif óuwifI qH;k jzwfxm;&efrmS ta&;}uD;onf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf
‚udpaP qmif±uG af omtzGJ@tpnf;. apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udw k ikd ;f jynf w0Sr;f vH;k ae&m csxm;r_EiS yhf wfoufI pOf;pm;
p&m&daS oma=umihf jzpfonf?

tzGJ@tpnf;wckonf rJ&t Hk m;vH;k rS &v'frsm;udk pkpnf;vkyaf qmifvakd omfvnf; vufawG@wGif vltiftm;ESihf qufo, G frr_ sm;
tajrmuftrsm; vdt k yfjcif;a=umifh t[ef@twm; jzpfEikd o f nf? xdo k kd@jzpfygu rJ&wkH csK@d wGif wduspGm
jyifqifxm;owfrw S x
f m;aom usyrf;erlemyHkpHrJ±rkH sm;onftvGefreS u f efwu
d sEdik of nf? xd@k jyif aocsmoyf&yfpmG ðyvkyf
xm;ygu jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;ktzGJ@wzGJ@tzdk@ wpHv k ;kH qdik &f m &v'fEiS hfywfoufI ,H=k unf pdwfcs&avmufaom a[mude;f rsm;
xkwEf idk yf gonf?

jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;ktzGJ@wzGJ@onf usyrf;erlemyHpk H. taetxm;ESifh t&G,t f pm;udk qH;k jzwfaom tcgwGif
u|r;f usiaf om vlr_oyd yH̀ nm&Si/f pm&if;tif;ynm&Sif od@k r[kwf vlxt k jrifrsm;aumuf,al om tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf
wdik yf ifoiho
f nf? vlO;D a&ESiofh ufqidk af om tcsut f vuf acgi;f yg;onft h jyif/ vlO;D a&tpdyftusJ rwluJjG ym;r_rsm;&daS om
ae&mrsm;wGif tawmftwef}uD;aom erlemyHpk Hukd oH;k &efvt kd yfa=umif;/ Oyrm rJ&kHrsm;. q,f&mckid Ef _e;f xnfhoiG ;f &ef
vdtk yfa=umif; tawG@tñuHrsm;u jyqdo k nf? Tonf ESifh ajymif;jyeftajctaersKd;wGif erlemyHkpHao;ao;udk omtoH;k ðyEdik +f yD;/
TerlemyHpk aH o;ao;rSaeI wwdik ;f jynfv;kH &Sad ±G;aumufyJGrsm;twGuf tjynft h 0vnf; ,H=k unfpdwcf s&/
tjynft h 0vnf;rSeuf efwu d saom&v'frsm;udk &&SEd ikd fygonf? trsm;pkrJjzifh qH;k jzwfaompepf (majoritarian voting system)
udk toH;k ðyaom jrdK@jytkyf csKyfa&;a&G;aumufyJGrsm; od@k r[kwf rJqENe,fajrtrsm;udk t"dutm;jzift h ajccHaom
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;rSm apmif=h unfah vhvmygu rJqENe,fajrwpfck odk@r[kwf c&dik t f qifwh iG f erlemyHkp.
H taetxm;ESihf
t&G,t f pm;udk txl;*&kðyoiho f nf? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf a'oEW&qkid &f m rwlx;l jcm;csufrsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&ef
vdtk yfaoma=umihjf zpfonf?

usyrf;erlemyHkpw H iG f xnfoh iG ;f &rnfh rJ&Hkrsm;udk a&G;cs,&f efEiS hf uGejf yLwmy&dk*&rfwck jyifqif&eftwGuf (PVT) 'DZikd ;f tzGJ@onf
rJ&rHk sm;tm;vk;Hk twGi;f &dS rJay;rnfo h rl sm;. ta&twGu/f ae&m/t±G,t f pm;wdk@ESihf ywfoufaom owif; tcsut f vuf
twdtus vdt k yfvdrrfh nf? PVT twGuaf &G;cs,v f u
kd af om rJ&kHrsm;rS &v'frsm;udk pmrsufEmS w&Gupf m erlemyHkpt H pD&ifcpH m
pm±Gurf sm;wGif avhvmolrsm;u rSeu f efwu d spGm rSww f rf;wif &rnf?

tu,fI Oya'u jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvmolrsm;udk rJ&kHrsm;twGi;f rJa&wGujf cif;udk apmif=h unfch iG hf ray;ygu/ jynf
wGi;f avhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@onf ‚. avhvmolrsm;tm; rJ&kHrsm;jyifywGijf yoxm;aom &v'f rdwLW rsm;rS rJ&&kH v'frsm;udk

23
pifòyifr-J Z,m;oGi;f jcif;ESifh ywfoufI ydrk o
dk &d v
dS ykd gu tvsit
f jrefa&wGujf cif;ESifh a&G;aumufyGJapmih=f unfah vhvmjcif;/ vlxt
k ajcðy tzGJ@
tpnf;rsm;ESifh Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;twGuf NDI vrf;!$ecf suf (2002) ckEpS ?f The Quick Count and Election Observation, An NDI Guide for
Civic Organizations and Political Parties, NDI, 2002. Edik if w H uma&;&m trsK;d om;'Dru dk a&pDtzGJ@rS xkwaf 0onf) udk =unfyh g//

95
rSww f rf;wifcidk ;f Edik o
f nf?tjcm;enf;vrf;wckrSm rJa&wGucf sed fumvtwGi;f rJ±Hk rsm;wGi&f aSd eaom rJ&akH umfr&Sit
f zGJ@0ifrsm;
odk@r[kwf Edik if aH &;ygw/D udk,pf m;vS,af vmif;rsm;. vufaxmuf rsm;rSwqifh &v'frw d LW rsm; &&dSEkdio
f nf?

jynfwiG ;f apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@wzGJ@tzdk@ (PVT) vufawG@rvkyaf qmifcifumvtwGi;f ‚. tpD&ifcjH cif;/

qufo, G jf cif;pepfrsm;udk prf;oyf=unfjh cif;onf tusdK;&do
S nf? Tod@k prf;oyf=unfjh cif;tm;jzifh ,H=k unfpw d cf s& avmufaom
(PVT) wckvyk af &;twGuf enf;pepftay:wGif ,H=k unfr& _ jSd cif;ESifh tpktzGJ@. vkyfEidk fprG ;f udk aumif;pGm jrifawG@&jcif;
tusKd ;aus;Zl;rsm;udk &&dES dik o
f nf? Todk@jzifh a&G;aumufyJvG drn f mr_rsm;udk [ef@wm;Edik fonf? (PVT) wck. &v'frsm;
xkwjf yefcsdeof nf ta&;}uD;onfjzpf&m/ jynfwiG ;f avhvma&; tpk tzGJ@wzGJ@ taeESihf rnfonfh tcsed w f iG f xkwjf yefoiho
f nfukd
óuwifI qH;k jzwfxm;oiho f nf?

yÉdyuQtajctaersm;atmufwGif qmAD;,m;jynfwiG ;f avhvmolrsm;u pifðydif rJ-Z,m;oGi;f jcif;vkyif ef;udk

aqmif&uG jf cif;?

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1997 ckEpS f ESifh 2000 ckEpS t
f =um;wGif qmAD;,m; (tJeef *f sDt)dk wckjzpfaom CeSID onf qm;AD;,m; a&G;aumuf
ˇ yGJrsm;udk avhvmjcif;rjyKvky&f ef tm%mydik frsm;. wm;jrpfjcif;udk cHc&Jh onf? xdu k Jho@dk aom tajctaewGif CeSID
onf 2000 ckESpf pufwifbmv z,f'&,fa&G;aumufyJGrsm;umv twGi;f pifðydifr-J Z,m;oGi;f jcif;vkyif ef;
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Jh nf? CeSID u ‚. apwemh 0efxrf;rsm;tm; rJa&wGuf tjyD; w&m;0if vlo&d iS =f um;
wckvyk &f ef qH;k jzwfco
uyfxm;aom &v'frsm;ESifh ygwDu, dk pf m;vS,rf sm;udk avhvmpH;k prf;&ef rJ&jkH yif ywGif ae&mcsxm;cJo h nf?

10 rJray;cif &ufowWywftvdw k iG f ‚wdk@. A[kXd mecsKyfukd ykvyd rf sm;u 0ifp;D jyD;/ qufwu kd q
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Z,m;oGi;f jcif;vkyif ef; twGuf ñudwifjyifqifru _ kd v#Kd @0u S pf mG vkyaf qmif&ef qH;k jzwfco Jh nf? &_y&f y_ f
axG;axG;Edik af om vkyif ef;pOfwckjzpfonfaomfvnf; w,fvzD ek ;f ESihf tifwmeufrq S ifh qufo, G af om
txl;vHðk cHa&;pepfudk backup Server qmAmESit hf wl wnfaxmifco Jh nf? rJay;onfah e@rwdik cf ifwiG yf if aemufq;kH
!$e=f um;csurf sm;ESifh yHpk rH sm;udk ay;ydk@co
Jh nf?

‚. vkyif ef;rsm; tm;enf;csed J@atmif óu;yrf;r_rsm; &dcS aJh omfvnf; CeSID onf rJay;jyD; eHeufcif; (4) em&D (30)
rdepfwiG f rJ&aHk ygi;f / (1096) xufruaom rJ&rkH sm;rS &v'frsm;udk xkwjf yefEidk cf o
Jh nf? Kostunica twGuf
atmifyGJudk ,if;&v'frsm;u cef@reS ;f wGujf yxm;aomfvnf; jynfaxmifpak &G;aumufyJaG umfr&Sirf S xkwjf yefaom
rDvqdk AD pfonf a&S@wef;rSO;D aqmifaejyD;/aemufw}udrf xyfIa±G;aumuf&efvt kd yfrnhf ta=umif; xkwjf yefcsuEf iS hf
vm;vm;qef@usiaf ecJo h nf? qmAD;,m;vlxuk jynfaxmifpk aumfr&Si. f &v'frsm;udk todtrSwrf ðycJah y? a&S@qifh
aemufqifq h o
dk vdyk if aumfr&Siof nf Kostunica onf orwae&m tEdik &f onfqakd om 'kw, d &v'fwpHu k kd
a=ujimcJo h nf?

96
11?
11?pm&if;oGi;f jcif;/ xyfqifyh dk ah qmifjcif; ESihf xkwjf yefa-ujimjcif;tm; apmih-f unfh
tuJjzwfjcif;?

u? &v'fpm&if;oGi;f jcif;tm; apmih=f unft h uJjzwfjcif;. ta&;}uD;r_

*? a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;ae@ zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_rsm;tm; apmih=f unfth uJjzwfjcif;?
c? uGejf yLwmjzifh &v'frsm;ydk@aqmifjcif;udk apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfjcif;?

&v'frsm; pm&if;oGi;f jcif;ESifh xyfqifjh zef@a0jcif; vkyif ef;pOfrsm;ESihf tu|r;f w0if&aSd eapjcif;?

tqifw h idk ;f wGif &v'fpm&if;oGi;f jcif;ESif xyfqifjh zef@a0jcif;rsm;tm; apmih=f unft h uJjzwf
aom pepf wpfck wnfaqmufjcif;?

a&G;aumufyGJtvGefzGH@òz;wd;k wufrr_ sm; txl;ojzifh a&G;aumufyJG&v'ftm; Oya'a=umif;t&
pdeaf c:r_rsm;udk aocsmpGm apmif=h unft h uJjzwfjcif;?

97
u? &v'fpm&if;oGi;f jcif;tm; apmih=f unft h uJjzwfjcif;. ta&;}uD;r_
&v'frsm;pm&if;oGi;f jcif;ESifh pm&if;xkwjf yefjcif;onf txl; rSm;,Gi;f Edik af om/ csKyfuikd t
f oH;k csc&H Edik af om vkyif ef;rsm;jzpfonf?
xdk@a=umifh jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfco k nf a&G;aumufyJv
G kyif ef;pOf. ,if;u¾rsm;udk aocsmpGm/ pnf;pepfusus
apmih=f unfth uJjzwfoiho f nf? avhvmolrsm;onf &v'frsm; rJpm&if;oGi;f jcif;ESihf pm&if;xkwjf yefjcif;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif
awmufav#muf&adS ejcif;jzifh csKyfuidk t
f oH;k csjcif;udk umuG,w
f m;qD;Edik of nf?

a&G;aumufyGJae@twGi;f rJqEN&iS fta&twGuu f de;f *%efrsm;udk wcsKd@u az:jy=u+yD;/ wcgw&HwGif uGejf yLwmpepfut dk oHðk yI
owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif=uonf? jynfwiG ;f avhvma&; tpktzGJ@wpfco k nf ,if;tcsut f vuf. rdwLW rsm;udk
&,loih+f yD; aemiftcgwiG f rJqEN&iS f ta&twGuf ude;f *%ef;wGif &kww f &wf xljcm;pGm jrifw h ufvmygu rSefrrSef jyefvnf
ppfaq;I &Edik o f nf? rJqEN&iS f ta&twGuuf de;f *%ef;onf rJ&&kH v'fygtcsut f vufEiS hf udu
k fnrD &_ Sdr&dS ppfaq;I &Edik of nf?

ykrH eS t
f m;jzifh rJ&w
Hk pf&.
Hk &v'fta&twGurf sm;tm; a'oqdik &f ma&G;aumufyJaG umfr&Siw f pfckxo H @kd yd@k ay;&onf? xdk@aemuf
a'oqdik &f m&v'frsm;udk pkpnf;I Edik if aH wmftqifh A[dak &G;aumufyJaG umfr&Six f Ho@kd yd@k ay;&onf? jynfwiG ;f avhvm
a&;tpktzGJ@wpfco k nf &v'frsm;pkpnf;jcif;ESifh o,f,lyd@k aqmifjcif;yHpk u H dk tjynft
h 0 em;vnf&rnf? avhvma&;tpktzGJ@onf
rJpm&if;oGi;f jcif;tqifw h pfcjk cif;pDwiG f &do
S if+h yD;/ vufajymif;vufvJv
$ kyaf omae&mrsm;wGif txl;avhusix hf m;aom tpktzGJ@
rsm;udk wm0efcsxm;oiho f nf? jzpfEidk fygu rnfonfah e&mwGirf qdk &v'frsm;udk wae&mrSwae&mod@k tv$Jtajymif;wGif
vdu k v f Hydk@aqmifoihof nf?

avhvmolrsm;onf w&m;0ifpm&if;oGi;f xm;aom&v'frw d LW rsm; od@k r[kwf pm&ifoiG ;f vkyif ef;pOf tqihw
f idk ;f rS pnf;rsO;f
oabmwlcsurf sm;udk &,loihfonf? rjzpfEdik yf gu xkwjf yefa=ujimaom tqifw h ikd ;f twGuf txl;jyifqifxm;aom wmvD
pm&Gufrsm;&dS &v'ftao;pdwfrsm;udk rSww f rf;wifoifo fh nf? ,if;&v'frsm;udk rJ&rkH sm;wGif avhvmolrsm;pkaqmif;&rdaom
&v'frsm;ESifh wdu k =f unfhoif+h yD;/ ygw/D ud, k fpm;vS,f avhvmolrsm;/ tjcm;a'owGi;f ESifh Edik if w H umavhvmolrsm;rS
&&dx
S m;aom&v'frsm;ESiv fh nf; wdu k =f unfhEidk o
f nf? avhvmolrsm;onf rJpm&if;oGi;f jcif;ESihf xyfqifyh kd@aqmifjcif;rsm;twGuf
pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;yg vkyx f H;k vkyef nf;rsm;tm; vku d femjcif;&drS &dS tpD&ifcwH ifjyoih+f yD;/ rJjyefvnfa&wGufygu rsufjrif
oufaotjzpf &So d iho f nf?

c? uGejf yLwmjzifh &v'frsm;ydk@aqmifjcif;udk apmih=f unft

h uJjzwfjcif;?

tcsKd@widk ;f jynfrsm;wGif wifóu&v'frsm;udk A[dak &G;aumufyJaG umfr&Six f Ho@kd tD;ar;vfjzifh yd@k ay;onf? avhvmolrsm;onf
,if;vkyif ef;pOfudk óu;pm;apmif=h unfoh iho
f nf? taumif;qH;k rSm rJ&w kH pfcjk cif;pD. &v'frsm;udk a&G;aumufyJt G &m&dwS pfO;D OD;u
zwfjyrnfjzpf+yD;/ uGejf yLwmtoGi;f odk@ owif;tcsut f vufoiG ;f aom yk*d~KvfrS twnfðyay;&rnf jzpfonf? tcsK@d
wdik ;f jynfrsm;wGif uGejf yLwmtwGi;f tcsut f vuf rdwLW udk y&ifx h w k If vufco H rl S vwfrSwx f ;kd ay;onf? xdu
k Joh d@k aom
tajctaersK;d wGif avhvmolrsm;onf vufcHrw d LW wpfcu
k kd awmif;cHoih+f yD;/ uGejf yLwmtwGi;f od@k xnfo h iG ;f &aom
‚wdk@vuf0,fwiG &f adS om wmvDp&Gufrsm;jzifh ,if;&v'frsm;udk ppfaq;oifo h nf? jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfco k nf
&v'frsm;v$Jajymif;ay;ydk@&mwGif toH;k ðy&ef uGejf yLwmy&d*k &rf &drS &dS ar;jref;oih+f yD;/ xdrk o
S m uGejf yLwmu|rf;usiof w l pfO;D ESifh
,if;y&d*k &rfudk rJray;cif óuwifI ppfaq;Edik frnf jzpfonf?

*? a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;ae@ zGH@òz;wdu
k w
f ufrr_ sm;tm; apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfjcif;?

98
a&G;aumufyGJ&v'frsm; xkwjf yef&mwGif aESmifah ES;jcif;/ a&G;aumufyJ&G v'frsm;ESihf ywfoufaom owif;tcsut f vuf jynfph rkH _
r&djS cif;/ rajz&Si;f &aom wdik fwef;csufrsm; od@k r[kwf &v'frsm;xkwjf yeft+yD; rnfo@kd qufjzpfrnf[al om aumvm
[vrsm;a=umifh a&G;aumufyGJwpfct k +yD; aemufwpfae@onf wif;usyrf _rsm;/ ra&&mr_rsm;ESihf a&mjyGe;f jynfhEHS@aewufonf?
xdk@a=umifh jynfwiG ;f avhvma&; tpktzGJ@wpfckonf a&G;aumufcu H ,
kd fpm;vS,frsm; wm0ef,ljcif;tygt0if/ a&G;aumufyJG
tvGefzGH@òz;wd;k wufrr_ sm;udk aocsmpGm apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfoifhonf?

jzpfEidk o
f r# ae&mrsm;wGif jynfwGi;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@onf a&G;aumufyJt G m%mydik frsm;rS xkwjf yefaom aemufq;kH &v'frsm;
rSef-rrSef ppfaq;jcif; tao;pdwv f yk if ef;udk aqmif&u
G of iho
f nf? &v'frsm;tm; a&G;aumufyJOG ya'wGif jyqdx k m;ouJoh d@k
a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; aemufwae@ owfrSwx f m;aom tcsed w f iG f xkwjf yefoihfonf? pkaqmif;jcif;/ rSefrrSefppfaq;jcif; ESihf
aemufq;Hk &v'fxw k jf yef&mwGif rvdt
k yfaom aESmifah ES;r_rsm; od@k r[kwf uGm[csufrsm;udk rSwo f m;I pHpk rf;az:xkwof iho
f nf?

jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfcrk S &v'frsm; rSefrrSefppfaq;jcif;onf a&G;aumufyJw G pfc. k &v'ftay: vlxk,=kH unfr_ ydrk kd
aumif;rGefEidk af pjcif; odk@r[kwf tu,fI pnf;urf;ESihfrnD!w
$ frr_ sm;&dyS gu &v'frsm;udkyg pHpk rf;jcif;rsm; ðyvkyfEikd fonf?

(OSCE) a'otwGu;f &Sd Edik if Htrsm;pkwiG f ygwDrsm;ESihf ud,

k fpm;vS,rf sm;onf a&G;aumufyJGwpfc.
k &v'fukd pdeaf c:Edik af om
tcsed u
f mvudk owfrw S af y;xm;onf? ,if;uJo
h kd@aom tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;udk tcef; 4 wGif az:jyxm;aom enf;emudk toH;k ðyI
aocsmpGm apmih=f unft h uJjzwfoihof nf? ‚if;udp&P yfrsm;onf vH;k 0 "dG[jzpfz, G f ta=umif;t&mrsm;jzpfonf?
jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@rsm;onf w&m;&H;k tr_wpfc.k wd;k wufr_rsm;udk apmih=f unft h uJjzwfoih+f yD;/ owif;rD',
D m
odk@r[kwf tr_onfrsm;xHrS owif;tay:wGif rtm;xm;oihaf y?

a&G;aumufyGJtvGeu f mvrsm;wGif jynfwiG ;f avhvmolrsm;onf aemufq;kH &ufowfrw S cf sufrsm;vGJacsmjf cif;/ qH;k jzwfcsuf
vkyx f ;Hk vkyfenf;rsm;wGif pnf;urf;vGJacsmrf r_ sm;&djS cif;/ pnf;urf;vGJacsmfr_rsm;ESihf ywfoufI pGwfpJcG sufrsm;udk
pHpk rf;az:xkw&f mwGif aESmifah ES;jcif;/ avhvmolrsm;odk@r[kwf Edik if Ha&;ygwrD sm; ESiyhf iG v
hf if;r_enf;yg;jcif;paom vkyif ef;rsm;qdik &f m
jy\emrsm;udk apmih=f unfo h ihof nf? a&G;aumufyJw G Gif yg0ifrJqENay;cJah om Edik if o H m; od@k r[kwf ud, k fpm;vS,f
wpfO;D wpfa,mufudk rJay;cJah oma=umifh vufwkH@jyefjcif; od@k r[kwf vufwkH@jyef&efjcdr;f ajcmufjcif;rsm;udv k nf; pHpk rf;
az:xkwo f ifhonf? rD',D mrS wcsKd@aomtkyfprk sm;onf jynfolvx l tk m; rJ&v'fvrd v f nfrw _ pfcðk yvky&f eftwGuf jyifqifae
aom tcsut f vufrsm;udv k nf; apmih=f unfo
h iho f nf?

jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfco k nf pepfwusóu;udik cf s,fvS,yf kHpw

H csKd@ xGuaf y: vmjcif; odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyJw G pfc. k
&v'ft}uD;tus,x f cd dkuEf dikf zf G,&f adS om jy\emrsm;tm; pHkprf; az:xkw&f ef jyifqifxm;oihfonf? tao;pdwf wdwu d sus
udp&P yfrsm;udk pHpk rf;az:xkw&f ef txl;tvkyt f zGJ@rsm;udk cef@tyfay;jcif;rsm;vnf; ,if;jyifqifrw _ iG f yg0ifonf? jynfwiG ;f
avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfco k nf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/ vl@abmiftzGJ@tpnf;twGi;f &dS tjcm;aom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;awG@qo kH ih+f yD;/
rJqEN&iS frsm;xHwiG f &dSEidk af om pdk;&drcf sufrsm;udk em;axmifjcif;/ rJvdrrf _EiS hfoufqikd af om oufao taxmuf txm;rsm;udk
vufc&H ,ljcif; odk@r[kwf vdt k yfEidk af om tjcm;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udv k nf; &,loihfonf?

99
12?
12? tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f jcif;ESifh axmufct
H -uHðyjcif;
u? tpD&ifcHpmwifoiG ;f jcif;. ta&;ygr_
c? a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unft h uJjzwfolrsm;rS tpD&ifcpH mwifjcif;
*? xdyw
f udk &f ifqidk rf q
_ dik &f m tpD&ifcpH mrsm;
C? xkwjf yefcsufrsm;
i? aemufq;Hk tpD&ifcHpm
p? tpD&ifcHpm jzef@a0jcif;?

avhvmoltpktzGJ@rsm;twGi;f oufqikd &f mowif;tcsufrsm;udk owfrw S cf surf sm;qD;od@k

tcsed frSD xkwv f i$ fhEidk af paom tpD&ifcpH mwifjcif; vkyif ef;abmifwpfck wnfaqmufjcif;?

tpD&ifyHkpHrsm;/ &_a'gifph t Hk ywfpOftpD&ifcpH mrsm;/ rJq,
G fyJx
G dyw
f kduaf wG@rt_ pD&ifcHpmrsm;ESihf
a&G;aumufyGJae@ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk wnfaqmufjcif;?

xkwjf yefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESifh tpD&ifcpH mrsm;onf wdusr_&jSd cif;/ aumif;rGepf mG xkwv f yk jf cif;
ESifh oufqidk &f mtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh woD;yk*~vu d rsm;xHodk@ jzef@a0jcif;?

100
u/ tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f jcif;. ta&;ygr_
a&G;aumufyGJavhvma&;wGif tpD&ifcpH mwifjcif;onf r&drS jzpfta&;ygaom u¾wpfcjk zpfonf? tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f jcif;onf
avhvmxm;cJo h r#udk jynfol@rSww
f rf;tjzpf wifjyEdik o
f vdk tem*wf a&G;aumufyJGrsm;twGufvnf; tud;k tum;wpfct k jzpf
toH;k ðyEdik fonf? tpD&ifcHpmtm; vlo&d iS =f um; wifjyEdik &f eftwGuf yHkrSet
f wGi;f pnf;tpD&ifcHpmrsm; xkwjf yef&efvtkd yf+yD;/
,if;tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udv k nf; qef;ppfavhvmr_rsm; ðyvky&f ef vdt k yfonf? tpD&ifcHpmwifoGi;f jcif;pepf. zGH@òz;wd;k wufr_EiS hf
pepfusaom tpDtpOf &d&S efvdktyfvdrrhf nf?

jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfco k nf a&G;aumufyJw G pfcrk ðyvkycf ifwiG f vlo&d iS =f um; tpD&ifcpH m wpfapmif xkwjf yef&ef
odk@r[kwf a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;rSom tpD&ifcHpm xkwjf yef rjyefukd qH;k jzwfoifhonf? oihaf wmfaom tcsed t f cg odk@r[kwf
yHrk eS t
f ajccHwpfctk ay:wGif az:jyvdu k fonfEiS tfh nd a&G;aumufyJrG wdik frDS tpD&ifcóH uwifxw k jf yefjcif;onf tkyfpw k pfpt
k m;
vkyif ef;pOfwpfcv k ;Hk tm; tðyoabmaqmifaom ,lqcsufwpfcu k kd ay;pGr;f Edik o
f nf? jynfwiG ;f avhvma&; tpktzGJ@
trsm;pkonf xdu k o Jh kd@enf;emudk toH;k ðy=uonf? odk@aomf wjcm;tkypf krsm;url a&G;aumufy+JG yD;onft h cgrSom ‚if;wd@k .
oH;k oyfcsufudk ay;vd=k uonf? rnfuo Jh dk@aom enf;emudk toH;k ðyonfjzpfap jynfwiG ;f avhvma&; tpktzGJ@wpfco k nf y%mr
xkwjf yefcsufEiS fh a&GaumufyGJt+yD; aemufq;Hk ydwt f pD&ifcHpmudk xkwjf yef&ef &nf&, G foiho
f nf? ,if;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf
a&G;aumufyGJvyk if ef;pOfwckv;Hk ESifh oufqidk af om wdusaom avhvmcsurf sm; jzpfayvdrrhf nf?

avhvma&;tpDtpOfwpfcrk ðyvkycf ifwiG /f jzpfEidk af csawG@&cSd sufrsm;. tus,t f 0ef;udk pOf;pm;xm;oifo

h nf? jzpfEikd af om tajc
taersm;udk rnfodk@tpD&ifcHpmwifjy&rnfudk qH;k jzwf&eftwGuf pkaygi;f pOf;pm;r_rsm; (Brain storming) ðyvkyfoiho f nf?
jzpfEidk af csrsm;udk jzpfEidk af cs&aSd om &v'frsm;ESifh wGJzwfI owfrSwf&rnf?

apmih=f unft
h uJjzwfr._ tpydik f;wGif ,if;udp&P yfrsm;udk pOf;pm;xm;jcif;/ r[mAsL[mESihfenf;AsL[mrsm;udk tcsdefyifkd ;f tvdu
k f
jyefvnfo;Hk oyfjcif;tm;jzifh jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfckonf &&dv S maom owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk xdxd
a&mufa&muftoH;k ðy&eftwGuf aumif;rGefpmG jyifqifxm;+yD; jzpfvrd hfrnf jzpfonf?

c? a'oqdik &f mapmif=h unft

h uJjzwforl sm;rS tpD&ifcpH mwifjcif;

a'oqdik &f mapmih=f unft h uJjzwforl sm;onf a&G;aumufyJrG pcif&ufyikd ;f tajctaersm;ukd yHkrSet f pD&ifcpH m wifoiG ;f &eftwGuf
jyifqifr_rsm; ðyvky&f ef vdt k yfonf? ta&;}uD;aom tjzpftysuf ESifh rJq, G fyJq
G idk &f m ykpH rH sm;tjyif/ ‚if;wdk@onf
yHrk eS t
f usO;f csKyftpD&ifcHpmudk tenf;qH;k wpfywfwcg ðypkoihfonf? aumif;rGeaf om tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f jcif;pepfwpfcjk zpf&ef
‚if;tywfpOf tpD&ifcHpma&;om;enf; yHpk w H pfct
k m; óuwifI csrSwx f m;oiho
f nf? ‚if;tpD&ifcpH monf owfrSwcf sdef
twGi;f jzpfco Jh nfrsm;udk ar;cGe;f jzifh yHak z:oihfonf? u¾wpfckpDwiG f óuwif oabmwlxm;aom acgi;f pOfwpfckpD yg0if&rnf?
,if;yHpk HwiG f

a,bk,sEdik if aH &; tajctaetusO;f csKyf? ? tao;pdwf tjzpftysufrsm; od@k r[kwf ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk

yHak z:jy+yD; &ufowWywftwGi;f a'owGi;f Edifk if aH &;tajctae. tusO;f csKyfwpfcjk zpfonf?

101

a&G;aumufyGJ pDrt H kycf sKyfa&;? ? a&G;aumufyJt G m%mydik rf sm;onf tcsed fEiS hfwajy;nD rJqENay;rnfh aetwGuf
jyifqifjcif; &dS r&d/S rJ&t Hk a&twGuq f ikd &f m tcsutf vufrsm;ESihf tjcm;aom oufqdik &f m udp&P yfrsm;tm;
jyifqifjcif; &dSr&dS tpD&ifcjH cif;

a&G;aumufyGJqidk &f mtjiif;yGm;r_rsm;? ? tao;pdwt

f jiif;yGm;r_tpD&ifcpH mrsm;tjyif a'oqdik &f m apmif=h unfh
tuJjzwfolrsm;onf ‚if;wdk@a'otwGi;f &dS tjiif;yGm;r_e,fy,fEiS hf jyefvnf wHk@jyefcsufrsm;udk pm&if;ðypk/
tr#irf jywfap&ef ,cktcef;udk toH;k ðyoihof nf?

rJqEN&iS fynmay;jcif;? ? rnfolu xkwjf yefxm;aom t&m/ rnfonft

h a=umif;t&mESihf rnfonfh
t&m oufa&mufr&_ dSonfwdk@jzpfonf?

Edik if aH &;rJq,
G fpnf;&H;k r_? ? ygwDrsm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,frsm; vkyaf qmifaeaom t&mrsm;/ ‚if;wd@k .
tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ wm;qD;ydwfyifc&H jcif; od@k r[kwf jcdr;f ajcmufc&H rsm;tm; ‚if;wd@k &ifqfkdiaf e&jcif; &drS &d/S
wifjyvmaom pd;k &drzf , G f udp&P yfrsm; ESihf jynforl sm;xHrS rJq,
G yf JGrsm;tay: wH@k jyefcsuf wdk@yg0ifonf?

owif;rD', D m? ? a&G;aumufyJGrJq, G fyJrG sm;tay: a'owGi;f rD', D mrsm;. tpD&ifcyH /kH rD', D mrsm;u
yg0if,OS òf yifolrsm;tm; oihwf ifhaom toH;k ðycGirhf sm; axmufyhHay;jcif; &drS &d/S owif;wifjyyHk r#wr_ &drS &d/S az:jyyg
owif;wifjycsut f ay: ygwDrsm;/ ud,
k fpm;vS,frsm;ESihf jynfolvlxrk sm;. wHk@jyefcsuf ponfwd@k jzpfonf?

0efxrf;tkycf sKyfa&;? ? vlxt k zGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rJq, G fyGJwiG f bufvukd fr_ &dSr&d/S

Edik if aH wmftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf rJq,G fyJrG sm;udk uef@owfyw d fyifjcif; od@k r[kwf ygwDrsm;/ ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf
‚if;wdk@. axmufcHorl sm;tay: rsuEf mS vdu k qf ufqjH cif;qdik &f m tpD&ifcrH sm; xGufvmjcif; &drS &dS ESihf
vlxt k zGJ@tpnf;rsm;onf Oya'abmiftwGi;f vkyu f dik af qmif&u
G jf cif; &drS &dS wdk@jzpfonf?

rJqEN&iS frsm;tm; jcdr;f ajcmufjcif;ESifh yÉdyuQ? ? ygwDrsm; odk@r[kwf tjcm;olrsm; (tao;pdwf twdtus
az:jy&rnf?) rS rJqEN&iS rf sm;tay: jcdr;f ajcmufaom tjzpftysufrsm; &drS &d/S yÉdyuQwpfck jzpfymG ;Edik af om
tajctae!$ejf ycsufrsm; &drS &d/S &dyS gu ,if;yÉdyuQrsm;tm; wpHkw&mumuG,xf m;+yD;jcif; &drS &dS ESihf yÉdyuQ odk@r[kwf
t=urf;zufr_rsm; &dSr&dS ponfwdk@jzpfonf?

trsK;d orD;rsm; yl;aygi;f yg0ifr_? ? a&G;aumufyJv G kyif ef;pOftwGi;f trsK;d orD;rsm;onf wdu k &f ukd f od@k r[kwf
oG,0f dkuaf omenf;jzifh cGJjcm;qufqcH &H jcif; &drS &dS odk@r[kwf wpHkw&m pd;k &drrf uif;zG,fupd &P yfrsm; ay:aygujf cif; &drS &dS
ESifh trsKd;orD;rsm;onf ta&twGurf sm;rsm;jzifh vkyif ef;pOftwGi;f yl;aygi;f aqmif&u G jf cif; &dSr&dw
S kd@jzpfonf?

wdik ;f &if;om;vlenf;pkrsm;. yl;aygi;f yg0ifr?_ ? tu,fI ae&mwpfco k nf wdki;f &if;om; vlenf;pkrsm; aexkid f&m
ae&mwpfcjk zpfygu ‚if;wdk@onf vkyif ef;pOftwGi;f tuef@towfr&dS yg0ifciG hf &r&/ ‚if;wdk@ylaygi;f yg0ifr_ &dSr&dS ESihf
txl;pd;k &drzf ,
G &f adS om udp&P yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;xm;jcif; &drS &dw
S kd@jzpfonf?

102

rSwo f m;p&m tjcm;udp&P yfrsm;
tpD&ifcpH monf uspfvpf/ &Siv
f if;+yD;/ tcsutf vufrSeu f ef&rnfjzpfonf? a&mf,rf;csurf sm;udk
a&SmifusO&f rnfjzpf+yD;/ ud, k w
f ikd favhvmxm;aom ta=umif;t&mESihf apmif=h unft h uJjzwfolxH ay;yd@k xm;aom
ta=umif;t&m ESpcf t
k m; aocsmpGmcGJjcm;I tpD&ifco
H iho f nf? pGwpf JGcsuw f pfck ðyvkyxf m;ygu
apmih=f unftuJjzwfolonf ,if;pGwfpJcG sut f m; aemufxyf t&if;tjrpfwpfckEiS hf rSefuefa=umif; &drS &d/S
oufaojyEkid jf cif;&drS &dS !$ejf yoiho f nf? A[d&k ;kH ylaygif;avhvma&;ESihf qef;ppfcJjG crf;a&;,lepf twGi;f &dS
tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk zwf&&_ ef/ tpDtpOfwusxm;&d&S ef/ trsK;d tpm;cGJ&ef ESihf tusOf;csKyf&ef wm0ef&o Sd l
twdtusxo H dk@ tpD&ifcHpmrsm;udk vHjk cHKpGmay;yd@k oiho f nf? aemufxyfpkHprf;&efvt kd yfaom ta&;udp&P yfrsm;&dyS gu
xdyk k*K~d vfonf qufo, G &f ef t"duae&m jzpfoiho f nf? jzpfEdik yf gu/ a'oqdik &f mapmih=f unft h uJjzwfoo l nf
yHrk eS af qG;aEG;yGJrsm;ðyvky&f eftwGuf A[d&k ;kH od@k oGm;a&mufoiho f nf? wcsKd@udp&P yfrsm;wGif
tpD&ifcpH mtusO;f csKyfrsm;udk apmih=f unft h uJjzwfol xHjyefvnfy@kd aqmif ay;oiho f nf? xdrk Som ‚if;wd@k taeESihf
Edik if tH 0Sr;f tjzpftysufrsm;ESifh ywfouf+yD; od&SdEikd frnfjzpf+yD;/ yHkpHtrsK;d tpm;udkvnf; cGJjcm;owfrSwEf ikd frnfjzpfonf?

*? xdyw
f u
dk &f ifqidk rf q
_ idk &f m tpD&ifcpH mrsm;

A[d&k ;Hk csKyfonf a&G;aumufyGJEiS fhqufE,

G af om xdyw
f kdu&f ifqikd rf r_ sm; tjrefq;kH odxm;&rnf? owif;tcsut f vufrsm;onf
uspv f pf/ &Si;f vif;I oufaojyEkid af om owif;rsm; jzpfEidk o f r# jzpfoihfonf? apmih=f unft h uJjzwfolrsm;tm; xdyfwu kd f
&ifqidk rf _rsm;udk tpD&ifc&H eftwGuf wd;k awmif;I/ em;vnf&efv, G fual om atmufygacgi;f pOfrsm;jzifh yHkpw
H pfcu k kd
ay;xm;oiho f nf?

xdywf dkurf . _ tao;pdwaf jymjycsufrsm;

apmih=f unft h uJjzwfolrsm;rS pDpOfxm;aom aemufqufwJv G kyif ef;rsm;

A[d&k ;Hk csKyfrS awmif;cHxm;aom aemufqufwJv G kyif ef;rsm; wkd@jzpfonf?

C? xkwjf yefcsurf sm;

tapmydik ;f wGif ajymqdck oJh nft

h wdik ;f yif jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfck a&G;aumufyJu G mvwpfct k wGi;f
=um;jzwftpD&ifcHpmrsm; odk@r[kwf xkwjf yefa=ujimcsufrsm; xkw&f ef qEN&SdEikd o f nf? ‚if;vkyif ef;obm0. oH;k oyfcsuo f nf
tðyoabmaqmifaomfvnf;/ ,if;vkyif ef;obm0rSwqifh zdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk vrf;zGiahf y;aom yHkprH sK;d jzpfEikd o f nfuv kd nf;
tpktzGJ@wpfcu k owdðyoihfonf? *k%fou d mQ &dI
S pepfwus okawoeðyvkyfxm;aom tpD&ifcHpmrsm;onf
a&G;aumufyGJqidk &f mvkyif ef;pOf. tqift h wef;qdik &f m ta&;}uD;aom owif;tcsut f vufrsm;udk vlxt k m;
axmufyaHh y;Edik frnfjzpf+yD;/ aemufxyf vGJrmS ;aom vkyaf qmifcsufrsm; od@k r[kwf t=urf;zufr_rsm;udk wm;qD;Edik frnfjzpfonf?

jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfcrk S xkwjf yefonfh ta&;}uD;aom vlxx k ifjrifcsuo f nf a'owGi;f ESifh Edik if t
H 0Sr;f .
pdwf0ifpm;r_tjrifq h ;Hk &daS ecsde/f a&G;aumufyGJt+yD;vwfwavmtcsed w f iG f jzpfEikd fz,
G &f o
Sd nf? ,if;xkwjf yefa=ujimcsufonf
y%mrxkwjf yefa=ujimcsufjzpfonf? tb,fa=umihq f adk omf ‚if;xkwjf yefa=ujimcsuo f nf a&G;aumufyJv
G yk if ef;pOf (Oyrm
wkid =f um;csurf sm; ESifh t,lcHrsm;) . u¾rsm;tm;vH;k jynfph jkH cif;r&daS o;csed f xkwjf yefjcif;jzpf+yD;/ avhvmxm;or# vkyif ef;pOf.
u¾rsm;tm;vH;k tay: qef;ppfavhvmcsuw f pfcuk o kd m xkwjf yefoifhonf? xkwjf yefa=ujimcsuf xkwjf yeft+yD;

103
xyfavmif;pk;d &drrf uif;r_rsm; ay:xGuv f mjcif; odk@r[kwf owif;tcsut
f vuftopfrsm; ay:xGufvmygu
aemufxyfxw k jf yefa=ujimcsufwpfct
k m; y%mrxkwjf yefa=ujimcsu.
f aemufqufwJG tjzpf xkwjf yefEikd o
f nf?

xkwjf yefa=ujimcsuo
f nf atmufyg ta=umif;t&moH;k &yftay:wGif xnfo
h iG ;f pOf;pm;oiho
f nf?

1? a&G;aumufyGJqdik &f m t"duta=umif;t&mrsm;udk pHpk rf;avhvmjcif;

aemufco H rdik ;f a=umif;

Oya'abmif

a&G;aumufyGJtyk cf sKyfa&;

a&G;aumufyGJrJq, G fyGJEiS fh rD',
D mtygt0if a&G;aumufyJt
G óutajctae

a&G;aumufyGJqikd &f m wdik fwef;csufrsm;ESihf t,lcrH sm;

a&G;aumufyGJae@

rJpm&if;oGi;f jcif; ESifh &v'ftygt0if a&G;aumufyJt G vGetf ajctae

2? owif;tjzpfxw
k jf yefoihaf om xdww
f u
dk af wG@r_rsm;

ta&;}uD;aom pd;k &drcf surf sm;udk jzpfay:apcJah om xdyw

f kduaf wG@r_rsm;. tao;pdwf? txl;ojzifh a&G;aumufyJEG iS fh
qufE,G af om t=urf;zufrr_ sm;?

3? oH;k oyfcsuf - a&G;aumufyGJqidk &f m ðcHiHk avhvmcsufrsm;

Edik if w
H umuwdu0wfrsm; ESifh 'Dru
dk &ufwpfa&G;aumufyJGrsm;qdik f&m pH!$e;f rsm;tm; vdu
k femjcif; ESihf txl;ojzifh a&G;aumufyJG
Oya'ESifh tajccHOya'rsm;ponfh oufqidk &f m Edik if aH wmfOya'rsm; jyXmef;jcif; paom a&G;aumufyJGvyk fx;kH vkyfenf;rsm;ukd
pHpk rf;avhvmjcif;?

y%mra&G;aumufyGJtvGef xkwjf yef a=ujimcsut f m; jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfck. t"duawG@&cSd surf sm; ESihf
oH;k oyfcsufrsm; tjzpf &_jrifEidk fonf? xdk@a=umifh xkwjf yefa=ujimcsuo f nf t"dutcsufrsm;tay: &Si;f vif;xm;aom az:jy
csurf sm;ESit
fh wl &Si;f vif;I uspfvpfr&_ &dS rnf? tqH;k r&dS tao;pdwrf sm; ESihf ta&;}uD;aom ta=umif;t&m enf;yg;r_ukd
a&SmifusOo f iho
f nf? &Snv f sm;aom yHak z:csufrsm;ESiOhf yrmrsm;udk aemufq;kH tpD&ifcpH mtwGuf csefxm;oiho
f nf?

aemufq;Hk taeESifh avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfco k nf awG@&cSd sufrsm;tm; pkpnf;I aemufq;kH ydwf qef;ppfavhvm

csuvf yk af qmif&ef vdt
k yfonf[al om t,ltqESihf ESiq fh ef@usiI
f apmvsifpmG xkwfvi$ ahf om oH;k oyfcsut
f wGuf rD',
D m.
zdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk xde;f !d&S rnf? vkyif ef;pOfu¾rsm;qdik &f m tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk qef;ppfrr_ sm; ðyvky+f yD;onfEiS hf wòyifeuf
rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGujf cif;ESifh pm&if;oGi;f jcif;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;tay: oH;k oyfcsufrsm;ESithf wl a&G;aumufyJt G =udK umvESihf

104
oufqidk af om xkwjf yefa=ujimcsu. f tcsut f vufrsm;tm; a&G;aumufyJGrwdkicf ifwiG f jyifqifEidk of nf?
jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfco k nf y%mrxkwjf yefa=ujimcsuf tcsderf DSxw k jf yefEikd &f ef twGuf tpD&ifcHpm wifoiG ;f jcif;
vkyif ef;abmifwpfcu
k dk wnfaqmufoiho f nf? tkyfpw k pfpo k nf y%mr xkwjf yefa=ujimcsuf wpfck xkwjf yef&eftwGuf
tavmoH;k q,frjzpfoihaf y? tb,fa=umihq f akd omf ‚if;.oH;k oyfcsufrsm;onf pdwf0ifpm;r_trsm;qH;k jzpfvrd frh nf jzpf+yD;/
a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; aemufyidk ;f &ufrsm; wGif jynfov l x
l kEiS hf rD'D,monf txl;pdw0f ifwpm;&daS ecsdewf iG f owfa&mufrt _ &dq
S ;kH
jzpfaoma=umihf jzpfonf?

i? aemufq;Hk tpD&ifcpH m

aemufq;Hk tpD&ifcHpmudk a&G;aumufyGJwpfctk +yD; ESpv

f twGif; xkwjf yefoiho
f nf? ,if;tpD&ifcpH mwGif avhvmxm;or#
a&G;aumufyGJvyk if ef;pOf. u¾tm;vH;k tay: tao;pdwf qef;ppfoH;k oyfcsurf sm; yg0ifoiho f nf? tpD&ifcpH monf
&Si;f vif;pGma&;om;xm;+yD;/ a&G;aumufyGJu|rf;usio
f rl [kwo
f lrsm; em;vnfEikd af pa&; taotcsm tm&Hpk kduof ihof nf?
tpD&ifcpH myg xkwaf z:ajymqdck surf sm;tm;vH;k onf rSefuefaom taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh oufaojyEdik &f efrmS
r&drS jzpfvtdk yfonf? oHo,&dSz, G f taxmuftxm;rsm;udk rxnfhoiG ;f oifah y? aemufq;kH tpD&ifcpH mwGif atmufyg
tcef;rsm; yg0ifoiho f nf[k t=uHðyxm;onf?

tusO;f csKyf

ed'ge;f ESifh todtrSwðf yjcif;rsm;

Edik if aH &;aemufco H rdik ;f

Oya'a=umif;qdik &f m qef;ppfavhvmjcif;

rJqEN&iS frw S fyw
Hk ifjcif;vkyif ef;pOf ESifh ppfaq;xm;aom rJqEN&iS fpm&if;. &v'frsm;udk qef;ppfavhvmjcif;

a&G;aumufyGJpDrt H yk cf sKyfa&;tm; apmif=h unfth uJjzwfjcif;

ud, k pf m;vS,rf Swyf Hw k ifjcif;tm; avhvmjcif;

a&G;aumufyGJrJq, G fyGJtm; avhvmjcif;

rD'D,mapmif=h unft h uJjzwfjcif;

rJay;jcif;/ rJa&wGujf cif; ESifh rJpm&if;oGi;f jcif;tm; avhvmjcif;

w&m;0if &v'frsm;ESifh oH;k oyfcsuf

wdik w f ef;csurf sm;tay: ajz&Si;f csufrsm; ESihf vHak vmufaom aphpyf!SdEi_d ;f a&;pepf

axmufct H =uHðycsurf sm;

axmufct H =uHKjycsufrsm;tm; a&G;aumufyGJvyk if ef;pOf wd;k wufaumif;rGeaf pa&;twGuf tðyoabmaqmifaom t=uHðy

csurf sm; ay;rnf[al om tjrifwpfcjk zifh &Si;f vif;pGm yHak z:oiho
f nf?

pmjzifah &;om;az:jyaom xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESihf tpD&ifcHpmrsm;tjyif jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@ wpfck onf

awG@&cdS sufrsm; ESifh axmufct H =uHðycsurf sm;. tusOf;csKyfukd a&G;aumufyJt G m%mydik frsm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;/
vlxt k ajcðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm; ESifh Edik if w
H umrdom;pkxo H d@k E_wt
f m;jzifw
h ifjy&ef qEN&aSd umif; &dSEkdio f nf? ,if;vkyif ef;rSwqifh
ydrk adk umif;rGeaf omvkyif ef;pOfwck&&daS &; tjrifzvS,Ef idk af om tcGit hf vrf;wpfc&k &dES ikd +f yD;/ jynfwGi;f avhvmoltpktzGJ@wpfckEiS hf

105
t"duaqG;aEGolrsm; t=um; txl;ojzifh tm%mydik frsm;ESifh a&G;aumufyJpG Drt
H kyo
f lrsm; t=um;
,H=k unfrw_ nfaqmuf&mwGifvnf; taxmuftulðy Edkio f nf? E_wt f m;jzifh tpD&ifcpH mrsm;udk pmtm;jzifhwifjyaom
tpD&ifcpH mrsm;tm; vlo&d iS =f um; xkwjf yef+yD;csucf si;f odk@r[kwf rxkwjf yefcif/ a&G;aumufyJGumvtwGi;f yHkrSef tcsdefyikd ;f
odk@r[kwf tm%mydik frsm;/ Oya'ðytrwfrsm; ESihf a&G;aumufyJpG rD t H kycf sKyfa&;tygt0if pdwf0ifpm;olrsm;jzifh
us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ðyvkyaf om a&G;aumufyGJt+yD; ES;D aESmzvS,yf JGrsm;wGiv
f nf; wifjyEdik o
f nf?

p? tpD&ifcpH m jzef@a0jcif;

xkwjf yefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESifh tpD&ifcpH mESpfrsK;d pvH;k udk wdik ;f jynf. t"dubmompum; (pum;rsm;) jzifh xkwjf yefoihfonf?
jzpfEidk fygu wdik ;f &if;om;bmompum;rsm; ESihf Edik if Hwumjzef@a0jcif;twGuf t*Fvyd fbmomESihfyg xkwaf 0oiho f nf?
xkwjf yefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESit fh pD&ifcpH mrsm;udk a'owGi;f ESifh Edkif if HwumrD', D m/ Edik if w
H umtzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf tefe*f st
D rkd sm;/
oH&;Hk rsm;/ Edik if aH wmftm%mydik frsm;/ Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;/ ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;/ tvSL&Sirf sm; ESihf Edik fiw
H umrdom;pkxHo@kd jzef@a0
oihof nf? xkwjf yefa=ujimcsufrsm;ESit fh pD&ifcHpmrsm;udk jynfwiG ;f avhvma&;tpktzGJ@wpfck. tifwmeufpmrsufEmS wGif
vnf; az:jyoiho f nf?

106
(OSCE) ESifh (ODIHR) ta-umif;

'Drdu
k &ufpt D zGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESihf vl@tcGit
fh a&;&H;k (ODIHR) onf (OSCE) . t"dutzGJ@tpnf;jzpf+yD;/ ‚if;onf
yl;aygi;f yg0ifaomEdik if Hrsm;tm; “vl@tcGit fh a&;ESit
hf ajccHvw G fvyfrr_ sm;udk tjynfth 0vdkuef m&ef w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k r_ukd
qkyu f idk &f ef/ 'Drdu
k a&pD. tajccH Oya'orsm;udk jr‡iw fh if&ef ESihf vl@tzGJ@tpnf;twGi;f onf;cHrw _ &m; jyef@yGm;ap&efenf;wl
'Drku
d &ufwpftzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; wnfaqmuf&ef/ tm;aumif;vmap&ef ESihf tumtuG,af y;&ef (1992 [,fvfpifuD
a=ujimpmwrf;) ” paom vkyif ef;rsm;wGif ulnDyhHy;kd ay;onf?

ydv
k effEidk if H0gaqmjrdK@wiG f tajcpdu k af om (ODIHR) tm; (1992) yJ&pfxyd o f ;D aqG;aEG;yGJwiG f vGwv f yfaom
a&G;aumufyGJrsm;qdik &f m&H;k tjzpf wnfaqmufc+Jh yD;/ (1991) ckEpS /f arvwGif vkyif ef;rsm; pwifaqmif&u G cf o
Jh nf? wpfEpS =f um
aomtcgwiG f vl@tcGit fh a&;ESifh'rD du
k a&pDðykjyifajymif;vJa&; tygt0if vkyfyikd cf iG fw
h ;kd csJ@vmjcif; tay: xif[yfr&_ aSd p&eftwGuf
&H;k . trnftm; ajymif;vJco Jh nf?

(ODIHR) onf Oa&my&dS a&G;aumufyGJavhvmr_e,fy,fwGif OD;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;wpfcjk zpfonf? (ODIHR) onf

(OSCE) a'o twGi;f &dS a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf Edik if w
H iG ;f Oya'rsm;/ Edik if w
H umpHcsdefp!
H $e;f rsm;ESihf udu
k fnrD &_ Sdr&dS pHkprf;avhvm
&eftwGuf axmifcsaD om avhvmolrsm;ESit fh wl rsm;jym;vSaom avhvma&;rpf&iS frsm;udk pDr/H wm0efcaH qmif&u
G af eonf?
‚. olrwlx;l jcm;aomenf;emrsm;jzifh a&G;aumufyJv G kyif ef;pOfyg tcef;u¾rsm;ESifh ywfoufaom twGi;f usus
owif;rsm;udk axmufyaHh y;onf? taxmuftyHah y;a&;ya&m*sufrsm;rSwqifh (ODIHR) onf yl;aygi;f yg0ifaom Edik if Hrsm;
twGuf ‚if;wdk@. a&G;aumufyGJvyk if ef;pOfrsm; wd;k wufapa&; tultnDay;onf?

(ODIHR) . 'Drkdua&pDðyjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif atmufyg aqG;aEG;p&mta=umif;t&m e,fy,frsm; yg0ifonf?

‚if;wdk@rSm w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;/ vl@xt k ajcðyvl@tzGJ@tpnf;/ vGwv f yfpmG vSKyf&mS ;oGm;vmcGi/hf vdiw
f ef;wla&; ESihf vluek u
f ;l
jcif; ponfwdk@jzpfonf? (ODIHR) onf (OSCE) uwdu0wfrsm;+yD;jynfp&kH efEiS hf 'Drkdua&pDtaqmuftOD;rsm; wd;k wufz@HG òz;
vmapa&; ESprf sKd;pvH;k twGuf 0dkfi;f 0ef;ulnaD qmif&u
G &f ef ESppf Of ypfrw
S x
f m; tultnDay;a&;tpDtpOf (100) xufrenf;
taumiftxnfaz:aeqJ jzpfonf?

(ODIHR) onf vl@tcGit

hf a&;umuG,af pmifah &Smufa&;tm; twufynmqkid &f m tultnDay;a&; ya&m*sufrsm;ESifh
vlom;tcef;u¾udp&P yfrsm;twGuf oifwef;rsm;yd@k csjcif; ponfvh yk if ef;pOfrsm;rSwqifh jr‡iw
hf ifonf? xd@k tjyif (ODIHR)
onf yl;aygi;f yg0ifaom Ekid if Hrsm;. (OSCE) vlom; tcef;u¾qdik &f m uwdu0wfrsm; taumiftxnfaz:jcif;ESifh
ywfoufI ESpfpOf jyefvnfo;Hk oyfonf? ‚if;. t=urf;zufqef@usiaf &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif (ODIHR) onf vlom; tcef;
u¾udp&P yfrsm; em;vnf odjrifvmapa&; ESihf t=urf;zufrt _ m; jzpfay:apaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk tajccHusus
&Si;f vif;Edik af om ya&m*sufrsm;udk aqmif&u
G v
f #uf&o
Sd nf?

(ODIHR) onf yl;aygi;f yg0ifaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tm; a&mr ESif pifwD (Roma and Sinti) qdik &
f m ‚wd@k . rl0g'rsm;ESihf
ywfoufI t=uHn%fay;onf? (ODIHR) onf a&mrESihf pifwDEikd if Hrsm;t=um; t&nftaoG;jrSiw hf ifa&;vkyif ef;rsm;/
uGe,
f ufwnfaqmufjcif;rsm;udk jrSiw
fh ifay;+yD;/ a&mrESihf pifwu
D kd,pf m;vS,rf sm;tm; rl0g'csrSwaf &;vkyif ef;rsm;wGif

107
yg0ifapa&; tm;ay;tm;ajrSmufðyonf? (ODIHR) onf Ekdiif w H iG ;f ESihf Edik if w
H umaqmif&u
G o
f rl sm;t=um; a&mr ESifh
pifwu D dp&P yfrsm;ESifh oufqidk faom owif;tcsutf vufrsm; zvS,&f eftwGuf owif;tcsut f vufrsm;pkpnf;&m/
jzef@cGJ&mae&mwpfct k jzpf aqmif&u
G af y;onf?

(ODIHR) vkyaf qmifcsut

f m;vH;k tm; (OSCE) tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ uGi;f qif;pDrcH sufrsm;enf;wl tjcm;aom Edik if w
H um
tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESiv
fh nf; eD;eD;uyfuyf yl;aygi;f wm0efcaH qmif&u
G o
f nf? ydrk do
k &d v
Sd kdygu (ODIHR) tifwmeufpmrsufEmS
(www.osce.org/odihr) wGif &&dES idk o
f nf?

108
aemufausmtzH;k

r=umao;rDEpS frsm;wGi/f a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESihf jynfol@qENcH,yl GrJ sm;udk apmifh =unfah vhvmonfv h kyfief;rsm; xGe;f um;
vmcJ+h yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk 'Dru
dk a&pDtoGiuf ;l ajymif;a&;ESihf vl@tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk axmufcHyHhy;kd ay;&ef/ ta&;}uD;onfh vkyif ef;
aqmifwmrsm;tjzpf aqmif&u G fvmcJ=h uygonf? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;onf 'Dru kd a&pDpepftwGuf r&Sdrjzpfta&;yg+yD;/ jynfov l x
l k
rsm;u tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;tay: ,H=k unfu;dk pm;r_&jdS cif;ESihf a&G;aumufyJGrsm;ESihf oufqdik af omvkyif ef;pOfrsm;onfvnf; rnfod@k
aom'Dru dk a&pD tpdk;&rqdk. tm%mtajccHtw k jf rpftjzpf xlaxmifay;&ef ta&;}uD;ygonf?

Edik if w
H um. }uD;=uyfapmifh =unfrh o
_ nf vltrsm;. tm&Hpk l;pdkurf t
_ &&Sq d ;kH jzpf+yD;/ ydkrv kd o
l drsm; xif&mS ;aponfh
tcsed w
f iG /f jynfwiG f;Y apmif=h unfah vhvmaeolrsm;. tcef;u¾ onfvnf; ydI k ta&;ygvmcJhygonf? jynfwiG ;f &Sd apmifh
=unfah vhvma&;tzGJ@rsm;a=umif/h Oya'csKd;azmufr_rsm;udk umuG,w f m;qD;Edik +f yD;/ a&G;aumufyv JG kyif ef;pOftay: oef@&Si;f
pif=u,fr_EiS fh cdik rf mwnf=unfr_tay: vlxk,=Hk unfr_ wd;k wuf&&Sad pygonf?

TvufpGJpmtkyfonf/ jynfwiG ;f &Sd apmif=h unfah vhvma&;tzG@J rsm;twGuf enf;emrsm;ESifh vkyif ef;oH;k enf;vrf;
u&d,mrsm;udk azmfjyay;xm;+yD;/ ‚if;wdk@udk toH;k ðyI/ pepfusaom zufpjkH ynfhpakH om a&G;aumufyJGavhvmapmif=h unfah &;
vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u
G fEidk fygvdrfhrnf?

109
 xkwjf yefa=ujimcsurf sm; ESifh tpD&ifcpH mrsm;

oif t

wef; pD

ESifh pDrcH ef@cGJa&; ESifh t,f'w

D mtzGJ@ &if

t cH

axm tkycf sKyfa&; ESifh oifwef;tzGJ@ yl;aygi;f avhvma&;ESifh jcif;

uf ydik ;f jcm;qef;ppfa&;,lepf
ESifh
tyHh
&
rsm;
a'oqdik &f mapmih=f unft
h uJjzwforl sm; v'f

avhvmolrsm;

jynfwiG ;f a&G;aumufyGJ avhvma&;tpktzGJ@ erlemyHpk H

110