Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Hamburg
Bremen
Berlin
Hanover
Essen
Leipzig
Contents
Cologne
Frankfurt
Mannheim
Nuremberg
28 Cologne
6 Results
32 Essen
36 Frankfurt
Stuttgart
40 Hamburg
44 Hanover
48 Leipzig
Munich
52 Mannheim
17 Methodology
56 Munich
60 Nuremberg
64 Stuttgart
study is to provide information about the environmental performance and initiatives of the
various cities to stakeholders, to support them in
making choices about additional activities in the
area of climate and environmental protection
and to stimulate a dialog about the best solutions.
The study is divided into four sections. The first
section summarizes the overall key findings of
the study. The second section presents key findings in the eight categories: CO2 emissions,
energy, buildings, transport, water, waste and
land use, air quality, and environmental governance. The third section discusses in detail the
methodology, data collection and the construction of the Index. The fourth section presents
portraits of the 12 German cities which illustrate
Overall results
Well above
average
Above
average
Amsterdam
Berlin
Bremen
Brussels
Copenhagen
Frankfurt
Hamburg
Hanover
Helsinki
Leipzig
Average
Cologne
Essen
London
Madrid
Paris
Riga
Rome
Vilnius
Warsaw
Below
average
Athens
Bratislava
Budapest
Dublin
Istanbul
Lisbon
Ljubljana
Prague
Tallinn
Well below
average
Belgrade
Bucharest
Kiev
Sofia
Zagreb
Mannheim
Munich
Nuremberg
Oslo
Stockholm
Stuttgart
Vienna
Zurich
Results
German Green City Index
CO2
Well above
average
Oslo
Stockholm
Well above
average
Copenhagen
Oslo
Vienna
Amsterdam
Berlin
Brussels
Copenhagen
Helsinki
London
Madrid
Nuremberg
Paris
Rome
Vienna
Zurich
Above
average
Amsterdam
Brussels
Leipzig
Munich
Rome
Stockholm
Stuttgart
Zurich
Average
Bremen
Cologne
Frankfurt
Hamburg
Hanover
Istanbul
Leipzig
Ljubljana
Mannheim
Munich
Riga
Stuttgart
Average
Athens
Belgrade
Berlin
Bratislava
Cologne
Dublin
Essen
Frankfurt
Hamburg
Hanover
Below
average
Athens
Belgrade
Bratislava
Bucharest
Budapest
Dublin
Essen
Lisbon
Prague
Tallinn
Vilnius
Warsaw
Zagreb
Below
average
Bremen
Bucharest
Budapest
Prague
Riga
Vilnius
Well below
average
Kiev
Ljubljana
Sofia
Tallinn
Kiev
Sofia
Buildings
Transport
Well above
average
Above
average
Well below
average
Energy
Helsinki
Istanbul
Lisbon
London
Madrid
Mannheim
Nuremberg
Paris
Warsaw
Zagreb
Stockholm
Above
average
Amsterdam
Berlin
Bremen
Brussels
Cologne
Copenhagen
Essen
Frankfurt
Hamburg
Hanover
Above
average
Amsterdam
Berlin
Bremen
Copenhagen
Essen
Frankfurt
Hamburg
Hanover
Helsinki
Leipzig
Average
Brussels
Cologne
Lisbon
London
Madrid
Rome
Sofia
Vilnius
Warsaw
Average
Bratislava
Budapest
Helsinki
Leipzig
Ljubljana
Madrid
Riga
Tallinn
Below
average
Athens
Belgrad
Bratislava
Bucharest
Budapest
Dublin
Ljubljana
Prague
Riga
Zagreb
Below
average
Athens
Bucharest
Istanbul
Kiev
Lisbon
London
Paris
Prague
Rome
Sofia
Well below
average
Istanbul
Kiev
Tallinn
Mannheim
Munich
Nuremberg
Oslo
Paris
Well above
average
Stockholm
Stuttgart
Vienna
Zurich
Well below
average
Mannheim
Munich
Nuremberg
Oslo
Stuttgart
Vienna
Zurich
Vilnius
Warsaw
Zagreb
Belgrad
Dublin
Results
German Green City Index
Water
Well above
average
Well above
average
Above
average
Amsterdam
Berlin
Bremen
Brussels
Cologne
Copenhagen
Essen
Frankfurt
Hamburg
Hanover
Leipzig
London
Madrid
Mannheim
Munich
Average
Athens
Bratislava
Budapest
Dublin
Helsinki
Oslo
Prague
Rome
Stockholm
Tallinn
Vilnius
Below
average
Istanbul
Kiev
Lisbon
Riga
Warsaw
Well below
average
Nuremberg
Paris
Stuttgart
Vienna
Zurich
Belgrad
Bucharest
Ljubljana
Sofia
Zagreb
Above
average
Amsterdam
Berlin
Bremen
Copenhagen
Essen
Frankfurt
Hamburg
Hanover
Helsinki
Leipzig
Munich
Nuremberg
Oslo
Stockholm
Stuttgart
Average
Brussels
Budapest
Cologne
Dublin
Ljubljana
London
Mannheim
Paris
Prague
Rome
Tallinn
Vilnius
Below
average
Athens
Belgrad
Bratislava
Istanbul
Lisbon
Madrid
Riga
Warsaw
Zagreb
Well below
average
Bucharest
Kiev
Sofia
Environmental
governance
Air quality
Well above
average
Well above
average
Stockholm
Vilnius
Above
average
Berlin
Bremen
Copenhagen
Dublin
Hamburg
Hanover
Helsinki
Leipzig
Mannheim
Riga
Stuttgart
Tallinn
Average
Amsterdam
Brussels
Cologne
Essen
Frankfurt
Ljubljana
London
Madrid
Munich
Nuremberg
Oslo
Paris
Prague
Rome
Warsaw
Below
average
Bratislava
Budapest
Istanbul
Lisbon
Well below
average
Athens
Belgrad
Bucharest
Kiev
Sofia
Zagreb
Vienna
Zurich
Above
average
Amsterdam
Bremen
Brussels
Copenhagen
Essen
Hamburg
Helsinki
Mannheim
Oslo
Paris
Stockholm
Stuttgart
Warsaw
Vienna
Zurich
Average
Berlin
Budapest
Cologne
Frankfurt
Hanover
Leipzig
Lisbon
Ljubljana
London
Madrid
Munich
Nuremberg
Riga
Tallinn
Vilnius
Below
average
Athens
Belgrad
Bratislava
Dublin
Kiev
Rome
Zagreb
Well below
average
Bucharest
Istanbul
Prague
Sofia
Vienna
Zrich
10
11
Overall results
of all 41 cities
16 quantitative and
14 qualitative indicators
Below
average
Average
Above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
10
11 8
Transport
13
11 6
Water
Waste and
land use
Air quality
5 12
Environmental
governance
5 10
Overall result
12
12
10
10
Amsterdam
Athens
Brussels
Copenhagen
Dublin
Helsinki
London
Madrid
Oslo
Paris
Rome
Stockholm
Vienna
Zurich
Well
below
average
CO2
Below
average
10
10
Air quality
11
5 4
10 8
Environmental
governance
Overall result
Water
5 5
Waste and
land use
Air quality
Environmental
governance
Overall result
13
14 qualitative indicators
Such as promotion of clean
energies, waste reduction efforts,
public participation in green policies
CO2
6 10
Energy
10
Average
7 1
Buildings
10
4 5
Transport
11
Water
6 4
Waste and
land use
6 4
4 3
Air quality
Environmental
governance
Overall result
10
Upshot: Environmental
policies make a decisive contribution to the good results
of German cities
Above
average
12
11 8
12 14
2
Well
above
average
12
Below
average
Well
below
average
2) Qualitative
indicators
10
12 4
4 10
10 8
4 3
10
12
Well
above
average
Above
average
Waste and
land use
Average
12
10
10 7
Transport
1 2
3 1
Well
above
average
Water
Buildings
1 3
Above
average
Energy
Average
Energy
CO2
Below
average
Transport
Scores of cities
with comparable income
16 quantitative indicators
Such as CO2 emissions, energy
and water consumption,
recycling rate
Well
below
average
12 German cities
29 European cities
1) Quantitative
indicators
Buildings
12
11
Well
above
average
10
12 13
5 10
11 8
Number of European cities
13
Transport: German cities are actively pursuing sustainable transport policies but are having
difficulty getting people out of their cars.
In detail:
Ten of the 12 German cities have adopted all
seven sustainable transport policies covered in
the European Green City Index, including using
bio-fuels or electricity in public transport, environmental zones, reducing the use of automobiles and promoting public awareness of green
transport.
Eleven of the 12 German cities are in the
above average band for transport policies. Yet
when it comes to quantitative indicators, including the density of the public transport system or
the modal split, three are below average and
only one is above average.
This is not because of a lack of public transport. German cities offer on average 2.6 km of
public transport per square kilometer, compared
with 2.4 km for the other European cities. They
also have more cycling lanes per square kilometer than in Europe, at 1.9 km per square kilometer, compared with an average of 1.2 km in the
other European cities.
Despite these options, almost half of the German residents drive to work, against about 38%
in the other European cities. Even in European
cities with a comparable income, the figure is
still higher than in the German cities, at 43%.
Given Germanys famously entrenched car
culture, it is likely to be difficult to reduce the
share of people taking their car to work.
European cities. But they do worse when compared with the 14 European cities with a similar
income, at 110 grams.
All of the German cities measure emissions
and have set their own reduction targets separate from federal targets. The city targets are
ambitious, aiming on average for a 31% reduction by 2020, twice the average of the goals of
the other European cities, at 15%.
this category. Advanced policies, including federally mandated building codes and other regulations at city level, are reducing energy consumption by buildings.
In detail:
Every city has introduced energy efficiency
standards for new buildings and requires regular
maintenance of heating and air conditioning
systems. An energy passport must be shown
when a building is rented or sold, and the cities
also inform their residents about opportunities
to improve energy efficiency.
Eight out of 12 cities also provide financial
incentives for retrofitting to save energy.
In detail:
Residents of the German cities consume on
average 59 cubic meters per inhabitant every
year, which is substantially lower than the average of the other European cities, at 107 cubic
meters.
One reason for the low consumption rate is
an impressively low level of leakage in pipelines,
at only 8%. Even the highest individual water
leakage rate among the 12 German cities, at
4) A note about methodology: When evaluating category results, the averages of the quantitative figures for the 12 German cities were compared with the averages of the 29 other European cities from
the 2009 European Green City Index (excluding Berlin). This was to better distinguish differences and similarities between German cities as a whole and cities in the rest of Europe as a whole.
14
15
16
In detail:
The structures of environmental governance
are uniform in the 12 German cities. These
include an integrated strategy endorsed by the
city administration and the mayor, a dedicated
environmental authority, support for international environmental protection initiatives, and
public awareness campaigns.
However, the German cities will need to
improve in some areas compared with the best
European cities.
Only two of the 12 German cities have
defined specific targets for each environmental
category, while the others are limited to selected
categories.
Only two German cities issue annual or biannual environmental reports on the progress of
their work. The vast majority of German cities
issue a report of this kind only every three to ten
years.
A lack of citizen involvement is another obvious weakness. Only five of 12 cities fully involve
citizens in environmental decision-making or
have a central contact point for complaints. The
European Green City Index shows a correlation
between higher levels of citizen engagement
and better environmental performance. This
suggests that citizens who act responsibly and
are environmentally aware make a decisive contribution to improving the environmental balance of cities.
Methodology
German Green City Index
Data sources: A team of independent analysts at the Economic Intelligence Unit collected
and evaluated data for the German Green City
Index over the period from May to November
2010. Publicly available data from official
sources, such as European, national, or regional
statistics offices, local city authorities, and city
and national environmental agencies, was used
whenever possible. Care was taken to use data
for 2008 whenever possible or, failing that, data
for previous years or for 2009 in order to ensure
that the pool of data was as similar as possible to
the European Green City Index. In the few cases
where gaps in the data existed, the Economist
Intelligence Unit produced estimates based on
regional figures.
cities were compared with the cities of the European Green City Index. This required normalizing the German results on the basis of the European Green City Index (see description of the
normalization method under Indicators) and
generating a new theoretical Index of 41 cities.
Berlin, which is included in both the European
and the German Green City Index, is shown only
on the basis of the results of the German Green
City Index. The final results for the German cities
are shown in performance bands instead of in
a detailed ranking (see Index construction on
page 18).
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Cluster
To analyze the effect of income, population,
industrialization, and temperature on a citys
score, the 41 cities were also divided into a
series of clusters, which were defined as follows:
Income: Low income, with per capita GDP
of less than 21,000; middle income of
21,000 to 31,000 and high income
of more than 31,000
Size: Small, with a population of less
than 1 million; mid-sized, with a population
of between 1 million and 3 million and large
with a population of more than 3 million
Industrialization: Industrial, with a 25% or
greater share of industry; service-oriented,
with a share of less than 25% industry
Temperature: Cold, with an average
temperature of 6-8 degree Celsius; temperate,
with an average temperature of 9-12 degrees
Celsius and hot, with an average temperature
of more than 13 degrees Celsius
Water
Waste
and
land use
Air quality
Environmental
governance
Indicator
Type
Weighting
Description
Normalisation technique
CO2 emissions
Quantitative
33%
Min-max.
CO2 intensity
Quantitative
33%
CO2 reduction
strategy
Qualitative
33%
Energy consumption
Quantitative
25%
Min-max.
Energy intensity
Quantitative
25%
Renewable energy
consumption
Quantitative
25%
Qualitative
25%
Energy consumption
of residential buildings
Quantitative
33%
Min-max.
Energy-efficient
buildings standards
Qualitative
33%
Energy-efficient
buildings initiatives
Qualitative
33%
Use of non-car
transport
Quantitative
29%
Size of non-car
transport network
Quantitative
14%
Green transport
promotion
Qualitative
29%
Congestion
reduction policies
Qualitative
29%
Water consumption
Quantitative
25%
Min-max.
Quantitative
25%
Wastewater
treatment
Quantitative
25%
Water efficiency
and treatment
policies
Qualitative
25%
Municipal waste
production
Quantitative
25%
Waste recycling
Quantitative
25%
Waste reduction
and policies
Qualitative
25%
Qualitative
25%
Nitrogen dioxide
Quantitative
20%
Ozone
Quantitative
20%
PM10
emissions.
Particulate matter
Quantitative
20%
Sulfur dioxide
Quantitative
20%
Qualitative
20%
Qualitative
33%
Green management
Qualitative
33%
Public participation
in green policy
Qualitative
33%
19
attributable to the citys ambitious CO2 reduction goals: by 2020 it plans to cut emissions a
total of 40% from the 1990 figure. Berlin has
already achieved its interim goal of reducing
greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption 25% by 2010. This has been the result
of a variety of programs, such as energy efficiency retrofits of the building stock (especially
in the former East Berlin), a changeover from
coal-fired to gas-fired power plants, and a sharp
reduction in coal furnaces, from 400,000 in
1990 to fewer than 60,000 in 2008. In addition,
after the Wall came down, many unprofitable
industrial operations were shut down, some of
which had especially high CO2 emissions. The
Energy-saving
partnerships
The Berlin Energy-Saving Partnership was
founded in 1996 as a joint initiative by the city
and the Berlin Energy Agency. The EnergySaving Partnership guarantees enhanced
energy efficiency in public buildings and
energy savings averaging 25% per year, while
the partners provide both expertise and
financing. Over 6% of these savings go directly
to the city budget, while the rest is used to
modernize and optimize buildings. In return,
the partners receive all savings in excess of the
guaranteed amount. The newly installed
systems remain the citys property. When the
individual contracts expire after about twelve
years, the city alone reaps the energy savings.
The retrofitting of schools, child care centers,
universities, administrative buildings and
swimming pools has already saved the city
11 million in energy costs. The initiative has
made Berlin a prime example of energy-saving
programs in public buildings.
Berlin
German Green City Index
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
Share of industry / gross value added in %
Average temperature in C
3.4 million
21,400
892
18
9
erlin is not just the capital with a population of about 3.4 million, its also the most
heavily populated city in Germany. The city was
divided by the famous Wall until 1989. Quite
apart from the political split, this meant that the
city developed differently in East and West
Berlin. Reunification in 1990 had a vast effect
on Berlins ecological footprint, because the
shutdown of most of East Berlins industrial
operations and the modernization of a large
proportion of buildings since then has cut CO2
and other pollutant emissions substantially.
Today, Berlins economy is profoundly shaped
by the service sector, particularly media companies, creative professions, and biosciences. The
metals and electronics industry also plays an
important role. Berlin is a popular travel destination, and has made a name for itself as a conference city. Compared to other German cities,
however, Berlin must contend with relatively
high unemployment, and must manage on a
relatively low gross domestic product (GDP) of
21,400 per capita.
Overall, the results for the German capital rank
above average. Specifically, its performance is
above average in six of the eight categories
CO2 emissions: Berlin scores above average in this category, and along with Nuremberg
is one of only two German cities to score at this
level in comparison to the other European
cities. With CO2 emissions of 5.6 metric tons per
capita per year, Berlin leads the German pack,
and is below the European average of 6.5 metric tons. The good score in this category is also
city also achieves good results for CO2 emissions per unit of GDP, with 247 grams compared
to the European average of 326 grams.
Green initiatives: To achieve its CO2 reduction
goal, the city is trying to sign up businesses to
join the Berlin Climate Alliance. The Alliance is a
group of Berlin businesses and associations
who are making a contribution to protect the
climate. The partners support the City of Berlin
in implementing the goals of the states energy
program. Numerous major Berlin industrial,
utility and construction companies have already joined the Alliance.
scores above average. The city stands out especially for one of the lowest energy consumptions in residential buildings: 520 megajoules
per square meter. That is the second-lowest figure in both Germany and all of Europe (only
Stuttgart does better). By comparison, the European average was 857 megajoules. Berlin has
invested massively in modernizing buildings
since 1990, especially in the former East Berlin,
where there was a serious need to catch up in
terms of building standards and energy efficiency. Over the past 20 years, energy consumption has decreased very substantially. Better insulation, the conversion from coal furnaces to central heating and gas furnaces, and
easier access to information about energy efficiency made it possible. For example, energy
efficiency retrofits reduced energy consump-
Performance
Berlin
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
Waste and land use
Air quality
Environmental governance
Overall results
The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results.
20
21
average. The average nitrogen dioxide concentration, for example, is 27 micrograms per cubic
meter in Berlin, compared to 34 micrograms in
the other European cities. The daily average
of annual particulate matter concentration, at
24 micrograms, is also below the European
average, 31 micrograms. But although annual
average particulate matter figures for 2009
were within the allowable range, the tolerance
limit, at 73 days, was not maintained. Only 35
days are allowed. As in many other cities, traffic
is the main source of emissions in Berlin. It
accounts for 40% of particulate matter emissions and 80% of nitrogen dioxide emissions.
Green initiatives: Berlin has taken a number
of steps to reduce emissions from transportation, including establishing an environmental
zone in 2008, intended to reduce vehicle emissions in the inner city. It has also outfitted city
buses with particulate filters, and the Berlin
Senate has encouraged the use of natural-gaspowered utility vehicles. Apart from reducing
emissions with improved vehicle technologies,
however, the city is also concentrating on traffic
planning measures, such as optimizing traffic
lights to ensure a more efficient traffic flow.
Quantitative indicators
CO2
Eur. avg.
Ger. avg.
Berlin
Year*
6.52
9.79
5.55
2007
Energy
Source
Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office
326.46
249.77
246.97
2007
18.64
30.83
40.00
2008
85.22
95.46
68.05
2007
4.48
2.47
3.03
2007
6.30
3.43
1.64
2007
Buildings
856.97
702.18
520.12
2007
Transport
21.98
24.02
21.80
2008
City of Berlin
Water
37.40
27.21
38.40
2008
City of Berlin
1.39
1.93
1.58
2009
2.44
2.61
1.01
2009
93.12
59.21
56.40
2007
18.88
8.36
2.41
2007
Air quality
96.25
99.53
99.00
2007
516.77
527.88
451.67
2008
25.93
47.48
40.39
2008
33.98
30.51
27.18
2008
EEA Airbase
40.49
40.97
42.13
2008
EEA Airbase
31.30
21.92
23.97
2008
EEA Airbase
6.44
5.05
4.86
2006
EEA Airbase
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate
22
23
Bremen scored points for its ambitious CO2 reduction goal (see green initiatives).
Green initiatives: In December 2009, the Bremen city government approved the fourth version of its 2020 Climate Protection and Energy
Plan, which prescribes the goals for the next
few years. The primary goal is to reduce CO2
emissions 40% by 2020 from the 1990 figure.
The city has adopted a number of measures to
achieve the goal: promoting clean energy
(especially wind power), expanding district
heating, saving energy in existing residential
buildings, municipal buildings and businesses,
and monitoring CO2 emissions better. Bremen
residents are also to get better information and
be better advised about energy-saving and climate-protection programs. Moreover, the city
Bremen
German Green City Index
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
Share of industry / gross value added in %
Average temperature in C
547,000
36,700
325
25
9
Buildings: Bremen comes out above average in the buildings category. Energy consumption in residential buildings, at 722 megajoules
per square meter, is below the average of 857
megajoules for the 41 European cities. As part
of its climate policy, the city offers financial
incentives to improve heat insulation in existing
Performance
energy. One reason is its high energy consumption of 171 gigajoules per capita per year, the
highest in Europe. By comparison, the average
for the 41 European cities studied was 85 gigajoules. However, 48% of this energy consumption is attributable to the steel industry. If that
consumption is subtracted, the energy consumption is around 89 gigajoules. If energy
consumption (including the steel industry) is
set relative to economic output, at 4.6 megajoules per unit of GDP Bremen is only slightly
above the European average of 4.5 megajoules.
Renewables share of the energy mix is only
Bremen
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
Waste and land use
Air quality
Environmental governance
Overall results
The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results.
24
25
A massive expansion of
wind power
Bremen is planning on assuming a leading
position in promoting renewable energy
sources in Northern Germany. One emphasis is
on wind power. The city current operates eight
wind farms, and plans to add six more by 2020.
Since 2009, Bremen has supported the new
Fraunhofer Institute for Wind Energy and
Energy Systems Technology in Bremerhaven to
advance wind power research.
Another emphasis is generating energy from
water power. By the end of 2011 Bremen plans
to complete a 40 million, 10 megawatt
hydroelectric plant on the Weser River, which is
expected to generate 42 million kilowatt-hours
of ecologically sound electricity per year, and
to supply 17,000 homes.
pean average (1.4 km). However, the local public transport network, at 2.1 km per square kilometer, is a bit shorter than in many other European cities studied (average 2.4 km). Onequarter of the Bremen population walks or
bikes to work, and another 24% use public
transportation. For comparison, the European
average is 22% pedestrians or bikers and 37%
users of the bus or rail. Bremen is also making
an effort to reduce traffic congestion, and has
installed an electronic traffic monitoring system that allows it to control traffic flexibly.
Depending on the level of traffic, different
speed limits are signaled to drivers by way of
electronic switchboards. In other places, signal
boards in the parking control system steer drivers toward available parking spaces.
Green initiatives: To relieve downtown traffic
congestion, Bremen has set up what it calls
mobile point stations. Short-term rental cars
are available at these stations, which are near
bus and streetcar stops or taxi stands. Customers of this car-sharing initiative can park
their rental car there and board other forms of
transportation directly. The city reports that the
initiative is a great success. A study of the first
two mobile point stations showed that 170
new car sharing customers were enlisted for the
ten car sharing cars at the two stations, at the
same time eliminating 90 private cars. By now
the initiative has recruited some 5,500 private
and business customers. Another innovative car
sharing initiative, e-car4all, is currently being
tested in Bremen by the Personal Mobility Center, the project center for the Bremen-Oldenburg Electromobility Model Region. Private individuals can apply to be the caretaker or user of
an electric car. The cars are distributed among
residential areas, charged up by the caretakers,
and made available to users for short trips.
looked at are below the Index average. Bremens average nitrogen dioxide concentration
is 23 micrograms per cubic meter; the average
for the European cities is 34 micrograms. Particulate values, at 20 micrograms per cubic meter,
are likewise below the European average of 31
micrograms. The figures for sulfur dioxide are
similar: at an average of 4.8 micrograms per
cubic meter per year, they too are below the
European average of 6.4 micrograms. Ozone,
however, at 43 micrograms, is slightly higher in
Bremen than in the other European cities (40
micrograms average).
Green initiatives: As in many other German
cities, street traffic makes a significant contri-
bution to air pollution in Bremen. For that reason, the city is concentrating its air quality
improvement efforts on this area. In 2009 Bremen introduced an environmental zone that
can be entered only by cars and trucks that
comply with a certain exhaust standard. Vehicles that emit high levels of pollutants are prohibited. This mainly applies to diesel vehicles
and gasoline-engine cars without an adjusted
catalytic converter. Bremen also encourages
buying natural-gas-powered vehicles, which
emit 80% less nitrogen dioxide than vehicles
under the Euro IV standard. Bremen residents
receive up to 700 to retrofit a conventional car
for natural gas.
Quantitative indicators
Eur. avg.
CO2
Energy
6.52
9.79
15.90
Year*
2006
Source
Bremen State Statistics Office
326.46
249.77
429.12
2006
18.64
30.83
40.00
2009
City of Bremen
85.22
95.46
171.24
2006
4.48
2.47
4.62
2006
6.30
3.43
0.76
2006
Buildings
856.97
702.18
721.80 e
2006
Transport
21.98
24.02
25.40
2004
37.40
27.21
24.40
2004
1.39
1.93
2.51
2008
2.44
2.61
2.05
2008
93.12
59.21
57.17
2007
18.88
8.36
5.25
2008
Water
Air quality
96.25
99.53
99.65
2007
516.77
527.88
450.13
2008
25.93
47.48
57.20
2008
33.98
30.51
22.77
2008
EEA Airbase
40.49
40.97
43.03
2008
EEA Airbase
31.30
21.92
19.68
2008
EEA Airbase
6.44
5.05
4.75
2008
EEA Airbase
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate
27
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
1.02 million
37,500
405
13
Average temperature in C
10
Climate model
In October 2009, Cologne joined the environmental agency of North Rhine-Westphalia
and the German Weather Service in launching
a project to develop a new mathematical
climate model for the city.
The idea was to simulate the consequences
of climate change for Cologne. Experts predict
that the city will experience both higher temperatures and higher levels of precipitation in
the future, for example. The computer model is
designed to give policymakers a basis for taking
action against the effects of climate change
such as an increased risk of flooding and its
consequences for the drainage and sewer
system.
the transport category. The city has an expansive network of bike paths with 2.0 km per
square kilometer, much longer than the average
in the 41 European cities (1.4 km). And it is
heavily used: 37% of the population of Cologne
walks or bicycles to work the second-highest
figure in Germany and much higher than the
European average of 22%. The share of residents who commute using public transport is
relatively low at 21%, however, compared to the
European average of 37%. But the public transport network of 1.9 km per square kilometer
is also shorter than the European average
(2.4 km). Cologne scores points for its efforts to
Cologne
W
percentage among all the German cities studied. Colognes per capita gross domestic product
(GDP) of 37,500 puts it in the middle of the
pack among the German cities.
Colognes overall ranking in the German Green
City Index is average. The city earns a mark of
above average in the categories of transport and
water, posting for example the second-highest
share of the population that commutes to work
using environmentally friendly modes of transport on foot or by bicycle. Cologne ranks average in the other categories. Cologne lagged
behind other German cities in embracing cli-
Performance
Cologne
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
28
29
Ecoprofit Cologne
The Ecoprofit Cologne initiative seeks to
motivate local businesses to adopt resourceand energy-saving programs. A total of
13 businesses took part in the first round
of the initiative in 2010, which focused on
saving water and energy and reducing waste
and emissions. Businesses received advice
and support from the city and academic experts.
The city hopes that the initiative will lead to
more efficient business workflows and a
closer relationship between the city and local
businesses when it comes to promoting
sustainable energies.
30
Moreover, there was no evidence of a comprehensive strategy covering all key aspects of environmental policy. At the beginning of 2010,
however, the city did announce plans to develop
an integrated climate protection plan over a
period of two years.
Green initiatives: For over 30 years, the city of
Cologne has regularly offered an environmental protection award to encourage citizens to
share their creative ideas for the environment.
The objective is to sensitize the population to
environmental concerns. The award honors
achievements in various areas of environmental
protection: projects to preserve the countryside,
ideas to reduce waste, or new environmental
technologies.
Quantitative indicators
CO2
Eur. avg.
Ger. avg.
Cologne
Year*
6.52
9.79
10.02
2007
City of Cologne
260.63
2007
City of Cologne
Energy
Source
326.46
249.77
18.64
30.83
85.22
95.46
122.85 2e 2008
4.48
2.47
3.29 2e 2007
6.30
3.43
3.93 3e 2007
ITNRW
1,166.88 3e 2007
ITNRW
25.00 1
2010
City of Cologne
EIU estimate based on Rheinergie data
Buildings
856.97
702.18
Transport
21.98
24.02
36.50
2006
City of Cologne
37.40
27.21
21.20
2006
City of Cologne
1.39
1.93
2.01
2004
2.44
2.61
1.88
2007
93.12
59.21
66.11
2008
18.88
8.36
Water
11.49 3e 2007
96.25
99.53
98.80
2008
516.77
527.88
677.21
2007
25.93
47.48
36.70
2007
33.98
30.51
42.93 4
2008
EEA Airbase
40.49
40.97
34.13 5
2008
EEA Airbase
31.30
21.92
26.84 4
2007
EEA Airbase
6.44
5.05
7.49 5
2008
EEA Airbase
Waste and
land use
Air quality
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. 1) Current CO2 reduction target is 50% by 2030. 2) Estimate
based on energy consumption of City of Cologne. 3) Figure for the state of North RhineWestphalia. 4) Figure represents the average of one measurement station in a central urban location
close to traffic and two measurement stations in non-central urban locations. 5) Figure is the average of two measurement stations in non-central urban locations.
31
Essen
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
580,000
31,400
210
38
Average temperature in C
10
man average of 2.5 megajoules. The city is making an effort to promote clean, efficient energy
sources. And its working: the share of renewable energy sources is 7.1%, above the European average (6.3%). In fact, this is the second
highest figure among the twelve German cities.
Combined heating and power generation is
also being encouraged. For example, at the
waste incineration facility in Essen-Karnap, the
city uses waste to generate energy. The plant
generates heat and power simultaneously,
which is significantly more efficient. The generated heat is then fed into the Ruhr district heating system.
Performance
Essen
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
Waste and land use
Air quality
Environmental governance
Overall results
The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results.
32
33
34
Green initiatives: To make clear the importance of programs to combat climate change,
Essen is training interested residents as climate
ambassadors. Their job is to raise their fellow
Quantitative indicators
CO2
Eur. avg.
Ger. avg.
6.52
9.79
10.75 1e
2007
326.46
249.77
334.45 1e
2007
18.64
30.83
20.00 2
2010
85.22
95.46
103.22
2007
4.48
2.47
3.21
2007
Energy
Essen
Year*
Source
6.30
3.43
7.12
2007
Buildings
856.97
702.18
864.39
2007
Transport
21.98
24.02
10.90
2004
37.40
27.21
20.10
2004
1.39
1.93
2.38
2008
2.44
2.61
3.50
2004
93.12
59.21
61.64
2007
18.88
8.36
11.49 3e
2007
ity. Mean ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentrations are slightly above the averages for all
the German and European cities in the study,
particularly because of two factors. First, the
economy of Essen and its environs is heavily
influenced by industry. And second, there is
heavy traffic because of the dense network of
freeways and other highways. Essen has an
96.25
99.53
99.60
2007
Water
Waste and
land use
516.77
527.8
537.83
2008
25.93
47.48
32.72
2008
Air quality
33.98
30.51
35.32
2008
EEA Airbase
40.49
40.97
45.00 4
2008
31.30
21.92
27.84
2008
EEA Airbase
6.44
5.05
12.96
2008
EEA Airbase
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate, 1) Calculation of CO2 emissions is based on the
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. This approach is more extensive than the measurement method for other cities, and includes all emissions from the upstream chains of energy
production. 2) Current CO2 reduction target is 10% every 5 years. 3) Estimate for the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. 4) Measurement station is located in the urban background.
35
Frankfurt
German Green City Index
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
673,000
66,300
248
16
Average temperature in C
10
tatistically, Frankfurt ranks fifth in population among all German cities. Its roughly
670,000 residents generate a real per capita
gross domestic product of about 66,300 the
highest of any German city in the German
Green City Index. Frankfurt is an economic
agglomeration with more than 44,000 businesses and almost 490,000 jobs. About
320,000 additional workers commute into
town daily, far more than in any other German
city. Because of its location in the center of Central Europe, Frankfurt has become a transportation and logistics hub for Germany and the
entire continent. Air, rail and highway traffic
come together here overall, ideal conditions
for a highly international economy in industry,
commerce and services. For example, Frankfurt
is the headquarters of the European Central
Bank, and is now considered one of Europes
most important financial centers.
In the overall rating and four of the eight individual categories buildings, transport, water,
and waste and land use Frankfurt scores
Transport: Frankfurt also scores above average in transport. In spite of the large numbers
of commuters, there is no other city in Germany
Performance
Frankfurt
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
Waste and land use
Air quality
Environmental governance
Overall results
The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results.
36
37
only 2.4 km. Another 32% of Frankfurt residents bike or walk to work the third-highest
figure in Germany, even though the bike path
network, at 1.0 km per square kilometer of city
territory, is actually somewhat shorter than the
European average (1.4 km). On the other hand,
the number of residents who drive to work is
still relatively high; more than one-third prefer
their car.
Green initiatives: In March 2011, a new integrated general traffic control center was
opened in Frankfurt. Now employees at the
ages private households to change over to energy-saving light bulbs, and the Cariteam Energy
Saving Service founded by Caritas Frankfurt
is training recipients of one category of unemployment benefits to be electricity-savings
assistants. Low-income households receive a
no-cost electricity-saving consultation from
Cariteam, and a package of energy-saving
items. By now the project has expanded to
60 German cities.
Quantitative indicators
Eur. avg.
CO2
Year*
Source
6.52
9.79
12.79 1e
2005
326.46
249.77
184.75 1e
2005
18.64
30.83
20.00
2010
85.22
95.46
120.56
2005
4.48
2.47
1.74
2005
6.30
3.43
7.88 2e
2005
Energy
Buildings
856.97
702.18
689.17
2005
Transport
21.98
24.02
32.00
2008
37.40
27.21
32.00
2008
1.39
1.93
1.01 3e
2008
2.44
2.61
3.09
2008
93.12
59.21
61.49
2008
18.88
8.36
11.25
2008
furt comes out average in environmental governance. The citys most recent environmental
report was published in 2010. But the city lost
points because the goals in the various environmental areas were worded vaguely, except for
the reduction of CO2 emissions. A positive factor is that the city is actively encouraging its residents to change their habits for example with
96.25
99.53
99.70
2008
516.77
527.8
463.90
2008
25.93
47.48
47.00
2008
33.98
30.51
36.26
2008
EEA Airbase
40.49
40.97
39.03
2008
EEA Airbase
31.30
21.92
20.46
2008
EEA Airbase
6.44
5.05
4.62
2008
EEA Airbase
Water
Waste and
land use
Air quality
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. 1) Also includes CO2-equivalents.
2) Estimate by the City of Frankfurt am Main. 3) Estimate by the Frankfurt Street Traffic Office and Environmental Office.
38
39
Hamburg
German Green City Index
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
Share of industry / gross value added in %
Average temperature in C
40
1.8 million
42,800
755
16
8
ith a population of some 1.8 million, Hamburg, in the north of the country, is Germanys second largest city. The port city is a
major industrial and commercial location, and
generates a gross domestic product (GDP) of
42,800 per capita. The port of Hamburg is the
second largest in Europe, after Rotterdam, and
is of key significance for the German economy.
It makes the city a major international trading
and transshipment site, as well as an attractive
location for shipbuilders. Other important
industrial sectors in Hamburg include civil aviation, food processing, and steel- and metalworking heavy industry. But industry contributes only a total of 16% of total gross value
added. The service sector is dominated mainly
by transportation and commerce, tourism,
information technology, and media.
In the German Green City Index, Hamburg
scores above average on the whole. The city
sets a high priority on environmental protection, with positive effects on the score. Hamburg is above average in six categories. In two
to more than double wind energy capacity within the medium term.
Zemships
Green initiatives: In March 2010, the Hamburger EnergieAgentur was founded to help
support the citys climate protection measures.
This new agency is intended to help private
households reduce their energy consumption
the source of 25% of the total energy consumption for the whole city. The EnergieAgentur is
also a partner for businesses, which it assists in
activities to improve their energy efficiency.
Performance
Transport: Hamburg comes in above average on transport. The citys bicycle path network, at 2.3 km per square kilometer, is very
well developed longer than the European
average of 1.4 km and is also extensively
used. Thirty-eight percent of the population
bikes or walks to work each day, the highest figure for any of the twelve German cities. On the
other hand, the share of the population that
takes public transport to work, at 19%, is considerably lower than in the other European
metropolises (average 37%), and the lowest
Hamburg
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
Waste and land use
Air quality
Environmental governance
Overall results
The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results.
41
Renewable energy in
Hamburg
Energy efficiency is another of the main themes
in Hamburgs climate protection concept. One
of its goals is to increase investment in local
wind energy. In the medium term, wind energy
capacity in Hamburg is to be more than
doubled. Moreover, a financing program for
using geothermal energy is under examination.
Encouraging the use of renewable energy
sources is also the goal of the Hamburg
Renewable Energy Cluster, which is currently
being set up by representatives of business,
science and the citys office for urban
development and the environment. The
initiative aims to strengthen the fast-growing
renewable energy industry in the Hamburg
metropolitan region. The focus is on marketing
Hamburg more vigorously as an attractive
international headquarters location for sales
and administration in the renewable energy
business.
Water: Hamburg likewise ranks above average in water. The annual per capita water consumption of 59 cubic meters, as in other German cities, is well below the European city
average of about 93 cubic meters. Although
Hamburg loses more water through leakage
from the pipeline network, at 11%, than the
other German cities, the figure is still well below
the average for the full set of European cities
studied (19%).
Green initiatives: Hamburg has set up a project to study the consequences of larger volumes of rainwater. These appear more and
more likely first of all because of climate
change, but also because of the further hardscaping of the city as urban development continues. In the RISA rain infrastructure adjustment project, the city and the local water utility,
Hamburg Wasser, are developing possible solutions to be applied in urban development and
planning. The paramount goals of the RISA project include protection from flooding and protection of water bodies. In the Aqua Agents
project, Hamburg Wasser also plans to teach
children in the third and fourth grades about
dealing with water in an aware way. It offers
experimentation kits for classes and field trips
to various water locations in Hamburg, where
the children can expand their understanding of
water.
Environmental governance: Hamburg is above average in environmental governance. In fact the city on the Elbe leads Germany in this category. It was designated
European Green Capital 2011 by the European
Quantitative indicators
CO2
Eur. avg.
Ger. avg.
Hamburg
Year*
6.52
9.79
9.12
2007
Energy
326.46
249.77
208.22
2007
18.64
30.83
40.00
2010
Klima Hamburg
85.22
95.46
99.33
2007
4.48
2.47
2.27
2007
6.30
3.43
2.22
2007
856.97
702.18
600.27
2007
21.98
24.02
38.00
2008
HVV
Buildings
Transport
Water
Source
Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein
37.40
27.21
19.00
2008
HVV
1.39
1.93
2.25
2004
2.44
2.61
1.85
2004
93.12
59.21
58.82
2007
18.88
8.36
10.85 e
2007
96.25
99.53
100.00
2007
516.77
527.8
482.24
2007
25.93
47.48
25.44
2007
33.98
30.51
26.08
2008
EEA Airbase
40.49
40.97
42.33
2008
EEA Airbase
31.30
21.92
20.53
2008
EEA Airbase
6.44
5.05
4.24
2008
EEA Airbase
Waste and
land use
Air quality
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate
42
43
Hanover
German Green City Index
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
Share of industry / gross value added in %
Average temperature in C
518,000
46,800
204
23
7
in five of the eight individual categories buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, and
air quality. One remarkable feature is the very
low energy consumption of its residential buildings, about one-third lower than the average for
the 41 European cities, and the third best in Germany. Hanover also scores especially well in the
transport category, in comparison with both all
of Europe and the rest of Germany. It has Germanys densest network of alternative means of
transportation bike paths, bus routes and rail
lines taken all together. In the categories for CO2
emissions, energy and environmental governance, the city scores average, in part because
of its relatively high CO2 emissions per capita
and relatively high per capita energy consumption.
Energy: Hanover scores average in the energy category. One reason is its relatively high
energy consumption of 105 gigajoules per capita, well above the average of 85 gigajoules for
the 41 European cities. Moreover, the use of
renewable energy sources, at 1.2%, is lower
than in the studied European cities, which
derive an average of 6.3% of their energy
demand from renewable sources. But this may
change soon, because Hanover has set an example in promoting clean energy. Some of the most
significant measures in this area are financial aid
for the use of renewable energy sources in
homes, and plans for the construction of new
wind turbines. When Hanovers energy consumption is referred to the citys economic
output, the picture is already positive today: At
2.4 megajoules per euro of GDP, the citys ener-
ProKlima
Performance
Hanover
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
Waste and land use
Air quality
Environmental governance
Overall results
The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results.
44
45
already been applied in Hanover in the construction of two new childcare centers and a new fire
station.
Environmental education
for business Ecoprofit
In 1999, Hanover was one of the first German
cities to introduce an Ecoprofit program.
Ecoprofit stands for Ecological Project for
Integrated Environmental Technology, and is a
cooperative project that brings environmental
agencies and groups together with local private
enterprise. The project also finances workshops,
and encourages exchanges of professional
expertise about matters of the environment and
costs. More than 100 major-name companies
have become involved in Ecoprofit in Hanover
over the past ten years.
46
Quantitative indicators
CO2
Eur. avg.
Ger. avg.
Hanover
Year*
6.52
9.79
11.52
2005
326.46
249.77
261.22
2005
18.64
30.83
40.00
2010
85.22
95.46
104.74
2005
4.48
2.47
2.37
2005
6.30
3.43
1.19 1
2005
856.97
702.18
560.42
2005
Green initiatives: Since new construction projects constantly cut down green space, the city
government has pledged to reactivate and use
unused business and industrial areas, rail yards,
military installations and other idle space.
According to the city government, some 62 idle
lots, with a total area of 210 hectares, are available for restructuring, many of them suitable for
residential or business buildings. In the Limmer
district, for example, the 20-hectare site of a former automotive parts factory will be transformed into a residential neighborhood. The city
is also working to expand green space in its
existing districts: Stcken, with 11,900 residents, is one of Hanovers most densely populated areas, and is being renovated as a district
with a special need for development. The urban
renewal goals for the area, with its large industrial facilities, include expanding and upgrading
green space and open space that can particularly be used as play areas for children.
ment. Aside from its clear goals for CO2 reduction, however, the report is sometimes vague in
setting targets for other environmental factors.
On the other hand, Hanover gained points for its
membership in the Covenant of Mayors, and for
signing the Aalborg Charter in 1995 and the Aalborg Commitments in 2004.
Energy
Source
Buildings
Transport
21.98
24.02
19.00
2002
37.40
27.21
21.00
2002
1.39
1.93
2.60
2008
Waste and
land use
2.44
2.61
3.61
2009
93.12
59.21
58.47
2008
18.88
8.36
4.00
2008
Stadtwerke Hannover
96.25
99.53
99.84
2008
Stadtentwsserung Hannover
516.77
527.88
474.79 2
2008
25.93
47.48
49.62 2
2008
33.98
30.51
21.00
2008
40.49
40.97
45.00
2008
31.30
21.92
19.00
2008
6.44
5.05
3.00
2007
Air quality
(g/m3)
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate
1) This value includes consumption of renewable energy in transportation.
2) Figure for the Region of Hanover.
47
Leipzig
German Green City Index
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
Share of industry / gross value added in %
Average temperature in C
515,000
23,300
297
23
9
Green initiatives: The renovation of an elevenstory prefab building on Hans-MarchwitzaStrasse in 2005 was funded as a showcase project. To lower the energy needs, the focus was on
better heat insulation, thermal-insulated windows, ventilation systems, and a heating system
using combined heat and power. Solar collectors
in the balcony balustrades also provide hot water
for the 167 residential units. With the work com-
Performance
Green initiatives: The city launched the
Leipzig City of Energy network with the objective of bundling common interests and efforts.
Business, academic, and political leaders join
forces here in search of innovative ideas and
solutions for sustainable energy and climate policies. Members include Leipzig-based businesses
and leading energy research institutes. Expert
roundtables and events are held each year to promote the exchange of ideas. An example of a current project is the Energy-Efficient City, which is
developing a sustainable strategy for energyoptimized urban development in East Leipzig.
The aim is to reduce energy consumption even
while meeting the business, environmental, and
social needs of the city.
Leipzig Environment
Days and Ecofestival
Leipzig Environment Days and Ecofestival
are events held to coincide with World
Environment Day and sponsored by kolwe
Umweltbund Leipzig e.V., a non-profit
organization for environmental protection and
education run by the city of Leipzig. Leipzig
Environment Days aims to sensitize the citizens
of Leipzig to environmental topics, solutions,
and initiatives. The two-week program includes
environmental events, discussions, and guided
tours in and around Leipzig presented by
associations, grass-roots initiatives, the city,
research institutions, and businesses.
Ecofestival is a springtime event for the entire
family that takes place during Leipzig
Environment Days and offers some 100 booths
and a stage program for a hands-on celebration.
With over 10,000 visitors, it is also the largest
environmentally themed festival in the city.
Leipzig
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
Waste and land use
Air quality
Environmental governance
Overall results
The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results.
48
49
1.4 km. To make transportation more environmentally friendly in the future, Leipzig has set socalled modal split targets and spearheaded a
series of corresponding initiatives: promoting
bicycling, building and expanding the local transportation network, and reducing car traffic in the
city center (see green initiatives). Automobile
traffic is also managed using a state-of-the-art
traffic control system.
Green initiatives: In 2009, Leipzig launched a
low-car city center initiative, part of an overall
transportation concept to reduce motorized individual transport and lower the number of cars in
the city center. Measures intended to reach this
goal include redirecting the flow of traffic,
restricting traffic into the city center, changing
road markings and signage, introducing retractable bollards, and increasing parking fees. The
city would also like to motivate its citizens to
cycle. City administrators have created a multidepartmental bicycle working group that
includes consultants from Germanys national
bicycle coalition ADFC. Thanks to the efforts of
the working group, the bike path network has
doubled in size since reunification and the laws
have been changed to allow cyclists to ride
against traffic on one-way streets. Today, the city
has 60 km of designated bike routes, and there
are plans to add new bike racks by 2012. An environmental zone was also introduced this year in
the city center in which only low-emission vehicles are allowed.
Green initiatives: In 1993, the citys waterworks launched a project to convert the former
Podelwitz sludge drying plant into a wetland
biotope. The area was heavily contaminated with
toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium,
and nickel, posing a threat to groundwater. But
since rare communities of plants and animals
had found a home in this marshland over time,
the decision was made to maintain the area
while removing the contaminants from the toxic
sludge. The level of contaminants has since fallen thanks to special plant cultures that can
absorb heavy metals, nitrogen, and phosphorous
from the sludge. The area is the site of frequent
school projects and guided tours.
European average (6.4 micrograms). Sulfur dioxide concentrations have fallen sharply since the
decline of industrial and commercial activities in
the early 1990s. Automobile traffic is now the
primary source of air pollutants. But Leipzigs
nitrogen dioxide concentrations of 19 micrograms per cubic meter are still below the European average of 34 micrograms. The ratio of
average particulate levels is similar, with 19 micrograms in Leipzig compared to a European
average of 31 micrograms.
Green initiatives: In December 2009, Leipzig
adopted a new clean air program with 48 measures to reduce air pollution. The program focuses on combating traffic-related pollution and
introducing an environmental zone in the city
Green initiatives: The environmental information center, founded in 1993 and located in
Leipzig City Hall, offers citizens and educational
institutions comprehensive information on environmental topics and hosts exhibitions and
events.
Quantitative indicators
CO2
Eur. avg.
Ger. avg.
Leipzig
Year*
6.52
9.79
6.15
2005
Energy
Source
City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections
326.46
249.77
277.70
2005
18.64
30.83
20.00
2010
85.22
95.46
50.36
2006
4.48
2.47
2.15
2006
6.30
3.43
5.55 1e 2008
856.97
702.18
602.85
2006
(MJ/m2)
Buildings
Transport
21.98
24.02
22.00
2008
37.40
27.21
24.00
2008
1.39
1.93
1.00
2008
2.44
2.61
4.39
2008
93.12
59.21
51.40
2007
18.88
8.36
13.10
2008
96.25
99.53
98.30
2007
516.77
527.88
355.99
2008
25.93
47.48
81.33
2008
33.98
30.51
19.00
2008
40.49
40.97
46.25
2008
31.30
21.92
19.00
2008
6.44
5.05
2008
Waste and
land use
Air quality
2.33 2
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. 1) Estimate based on the
share of renewable energy sources in electrical production. 2) Measurement station in a central urban location close to traffic.
50
51
Monthly initiatives
To strengthen environmental awareness among
its citizens, Mannheim launched the 12 months
12 climate protection projects initiative in
2009. A new project was introduced to the
public each month the renovation of the city
nursery, free environmental consultations, a
trade-in program for old bicycles, etc. The city
believes these initiatives helped sensitize the
public to environmental issues. After its
successful debut in 2009, the city extended
the program for another twelve months. Projects
in 2010 include opening a photovoltaic facility
on the site of a former dump, retrofitting
streetlights with LED bulbs, and another trade-in
incentive, this time for old refrigerators.
Mannheim
German Green City Index
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
311,000
43,600
145
39
Average temperature in C
10
58 cubic meters, the city is well below the European average of 93 cubic meters. Whereas an
average of nearly 19% of water is lost to pipeline
leakage in the 41 European cities studied, the
rate of loss in Mannheim is just 5%. Mannheim
also ranks favorably when it comes to renewable
energies, with the second-highest share among
the industrialized cities of Europe. In the categories of CO2 emissions, energy, and waste and
land use, Mannheim ranks average.
Performance
Mannheim
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
52
53
Green initiatives: City administrators are aggressively promoting energy efficiency initiatives in municipal buildings. In the past year, for
example, the old natural gas furnace system in
the city offices in Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld was
replaced by a pellet furnace system. The old
1970s-era heating system used 220 megawatts
of energy each year. The new system planned,
installed, and financed by the city utility company uses only 130 megawatts. It has been up
and running since November 2009. Similar systems are to be installed in other city administration buildings in the coming years.
Transport: Mannheim also ranks above average in the transport category. One reason for
this is the bike path network, which at 1.8 km per
Smart grid
Mannheims local utility company recently
launched the Mannheim Model City project.
At the heart of the project is a field test for the
construction of a smart grid. The initiative is
designed to give researchers insight into how
smart grids and smart meters can help make
the energy provider more efficient and reduce
CO2 emissions. Customers can use their online
accounts to access detailed information on
their energy use, benefit from flexible rate
structures and lower their overall energy costs.
The smart meters can also automatically
switch household appliances on or off.
In the future, this will make it possible to have
electric vehicles charge when the electricity rate
is low and feed back into the grid during peakrate hours.
Green initiatives: Mannheim operates a consultation center to help businesses and individuals get all the information they need about recycling and waste prevention. The center has a
special program to educate schoolchildren on
the topic of waste and recycling. On the subject
of land use, the city is unrolling the big urban
development project Mannheim 21 from now
until 2012. Mannheim 21 will transform old
industry and railroad property adjacent to the
main station into a mixed residential-commercial neighborhood. Plans for the 28-hectare
space include open and green spaces and generously proportioned bike and pedestrian paths.
Quantitative indicators
CO2
Eur. avg.
Ger. avg.
Mannheim
Year*
6.52
9.79
11.00
2007
Energy
326.46
249.77
260.95
2007
18.64
30.83
40.00
2010
85.22
95.46
93.36
2005
4.48
2.47
2.25
2005
5.89 1e 2007
6.30
3.43
856.97
702.18
713.59
2005
21.98
24.02
29.00
2007
37.40
27.21
20.00
2007
1.39
1.93
1.77
2008
2.44
2.61
2.33
2008
93.12
59.21
58.46
2007
18.88
8.36
4.50
2009
96.25
99.53
99.87
2007
516.77
527.88
640.79
2008
Buildings
Transport
Water
Source
BW State Office of Statistics; Mannheim City Office
of Statistics
Waste and
land use
25.93
47.48
43.40
2008
Air quality
33.98
30.51
30.37
2008
EEA Airbase
40.49
40.97
40.05
2008
EEA Airbase
31.30
21.92
21.50
2008
EEA Airbase
6.44
5.05
4.31
2008
EEA Airbase
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. 1) Figure for Baden-Wuerttemberg.
54
55
Germany and the highest share of the population that commutes to work by bus or light rail.
Munich
German Green City Index
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
Share of industry / gross value added in %
Average temperature in C
1.4 million
49,100
310
28
8
Green initiatives: Munichs Climate Protection Program 2010 was published in May 2010.
The program outlines a total of 55 initiatives to
be implemented from 2010 to 2012 with the
aim of reducing CO2 emissions by 10% every five
years. The first package of initiatives deals with
buildings, urban development, mobility and
transportation, energy efficiency in industry,
energy production and distribution, and energy
use in municipal buildings. The climate protection program is to be updated every two years.
average in five of eight individual categories.
The city, for example, scores particularly well in
CO2 intensity the ratio of CO2 emissions to economic output where it takes the top spot in
Germany. Munich also scores high in energy
intensity energy consumption per unit of real
GDP ranking second in Germany behind
Stuttgart. The achievements in the transport
category are also worth noting: Munich has the
most highly developed network of bike paths in
Performance
Munich Environmental
Award
Since 1994, the Bavarian capital has awarded
the Munich Environmental Award to honor
exemplary commitment to the environment on
the part of businesses, associations, educational
institutions, and individuals. The 10,000 prizes
are awarded primarily for innovative climate and
environmental protection projects such as
environmentally friendly production methods or
outstanding energy conservation or production
programs. The prize money must be reinvested
in environmental programs or projects.
Munich
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Energy: The city earns a grade of above average in the energy category. One of the decisive
factors here is the relatively low annual energy
consumption of 65 gigajoules per resident compared to the European average of 85 gigajoules.
The results are even better when economic output is taken into consideration: the people of
Munich consume 1.3 megajoules per euro of
GDP. In Germany, only Stuttgart scores better.
Transport
Water
Waste and land use
Air quality
Environmental governance
Overall results
The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results.
56
57
Reinventing Riem
On Munichs east side, a new community is
arising on the site of the old Munich-Riem
airport. The project, slated for completion in
2013, will realize the concept of combined
living and working in the countryside. Plans for
the 560-hectare site, situated adjacent to the
Munich exhibition and trade fair center, call for
combining new office buildings with more than
6,100 residential units and generous amounts
of open space. The concept follows the ten
guidelines of the Munich Perspective plan for
strategic urban development. These guidelines
are based on the interplay of three core ideas:
compact, urban, and green. Compact means
the efficient use of space.
which offers financial assistance to organic agricultural business on the outskirts of Munich with
the aim of protecting the citys water reserves.
So far, more than 100 farmers have converted
their operations to organic practices. Together,
they maintain the largest organic farming zone
in Germany, encompassing some 2,500 hectares.
58
Green initiatives: In the fight against particulates, Munich introduced a truck-free zone at the
beginning of 2008 so that through traffic is now
redirected onto highway A99 around the city.
This closed off the city to most of the trucks that
used to drive through Munich.
grams per cubic meter, which is above the average of 34 micrograms measured in the 41 European cities. The ozone levels of 41 micrograms
are more or less in line with the European average (40 micrograms). The particulate matter
concentration of 22 micrograms, on the other
hand, is below the European average of 31 micrograms. Munichs 4.8 micrograms of sulfur
dioxide also compares favorably with the other
European cities (6.4 micrograms).
and climate protection in five different categories: energy supply; buildings; urban planning
and mobility; land use and ecosystem; and user
behavior, lifestyles, and health. The aim was
to gain new ideas and insights into these fields
by tapping into the community. Drawing upon
numerous events, the exhibition Munich: Controlling the Climate, and a wealth of information on the Internet, a draft guideline was
finally published in 2010 the result of a broadbased consensus, according to the city council.
The website www.gemeinsam-fuer-das-klima.de
served as a forum for soliciting public input in
the revision of the guideline. The result was presented to the city council in late 2010 for final
deliberations.
Quantitative indicators
CO2
Eur. avg.
Ger. avg.
Munich
Year*
6.52
9.79
7.28
2006
City of Munich
147.30
2006
City of Munich
2010
City of Munich
Energy
Source
326.46
249.77
18.64
30.83
25.00 1
85.22
95.46
64.78 2e 2008
4.48
2.47
1.34 3e 2008
6.30
3.43
2.10
2008
856.97
702.18
783.19
2008
Buildings
Transport
21.98
24.02
17,30
2004
37.40
27.21
41.30
2004
1.39
1.93
3.87
2009
2.44
2.61
2.00
2008
93.12
59.21
62.60
2007
18.88
8.36
2007
96.25
99.53
99.80
2004
516.77
527.88
556.93
2008
7.81 e
Waste and
land use
25.93
47.48
42.95
2008
Air quality
33.98
30.51
35.35
2008
EEA Airbase
40.49
40.97
40.52
2008
EEA Airbase
31.30
21.92
21.67
2008
EEA Airbase
6.44
5.05
4.83
2006
EEA Airbase
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. 1) Current CO2 reduction
target is 50% by 2030. 2) City data does not include energy consumption for transportation an estimate of 30% has therefore been added. 3) City data
does not include energy consumption for transportation an estimate of 30% has therefore been added; GDP figure from 2007.
59
energies is still relatively low, though it is comparable to that of the other German cities. The
European average is 6.3%. Nuremberg has
launched a series of initiatives to make its energy supply more environmentally friendly. Households that switch to district heating receive cash
awards of up to 2,000, for example.
Smart subways
As part of its climate protection program
2010/2020, Nuremberg added a new,
automated line to its subway system. The
five-kilometer stretch is the first to use centrally
controlled, driverless trains. Full automation
allows the trains to operate at high energy
efficiency, optimizes braking and acceleration,
and places less strain on the system.
The system was also designed so that the
energy accumulated when one train brakes
can be used to accelerate the next train.
The system operator reports that subway
ridership has grown by some 100,000 since
the U3 line opened in 2008.
Nuremberg
German Green City Index
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
Share of industry / gross value added in %
Average temperature in C
60
504,000
39,300
186
25
8
Energy: Nuremberg scores average in the category of energy. Per capita energy consumption
of 91 gigajoules is a bit higher than the average
in the 41 European cities (85 gigajoules), but relatively low compared to the economic output of
the city: at 2.3 megajoules per euro of GDP, the
city consumes only half as much as the European average of 4.5 megajoules. Nuremberg
also gets points for promoting the use of clean
energy. Nurembergs 2.3% share of renewable
Performance
and medium-sized businesses as well as assistance and subsidies to improve energy efficiency.
Green initiatives: The local housing industry
business group has committed to improving
energy efficiency in its buildings through the
Innovative Housing modernization program.
The group manages some 18,000 residential
buildings, some 10% of the total building stock
in Nuremberg. About half are new construction,
the rest were built before 1960. The group aims
to retrofit all its buildings by 2012 to the sevenliter standard, meaning seven liters or less of
fuel oil per square meter and year. The city
Nuremberg
well below
average
below
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
Waste and land use
Air quality
Environmental governance
Overall results
The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results.
61
approximately 93 cubic meters that is the average in the 41 European cities. Nurembergs rate
of water loss from pipeline leakage is, at 7%, also
much lower than the European average of 19%.
Green initiatives: To teach elementary school
students how drinking water makes its way from
its source to the water faucet, the regional student radio station school+radio has, with the
support of Bavarian State Radio and local energy
company NERGIE, produced a water-themed
program. Three fictional sisters Mirella, Lara,
and Laura explore the key stations of Nurembergs drinking water supply in a radio play for
children. The piece was subsequently posted to
the school radio station website.
berg ranks average in the category of environmental governance. Although the city updated
its CO2 balance sheet from 2006 in the latest climate protection plan for 2010 and identified
areas in need of action, the environmental
report does not include a comprehensive assessment of the current situation in each category
with detailed targets. Nuremberg does get high
marks, however, for providing easy public
access, especially online access, to information
on the citys environmental performance and
initiatives.
Green initiatives: The Keep Energy in Mind
project gets schoolchildren actively involved in a
water and energy conservation project that is
designed to raise awareness of the threats posed
by climate change and the scarcity of resources.
One class designed stickers to put on light
switches to remind children to turn off the light
when no one is in the room.
Nuremberg
Year*
6.52
9.79
7.40
2008
326.46
249.77
184.30
2008
18.64
30.83
40.00
2010
85.22
95.46
90.75
2007
4.48
2.47
2.26
2007
Energy
Quantitative indicators
into effect in December 2010 and is focused primarily on traffic. The objective is to expand the
availability of public transportation and bicycling incentives. In the short term, the plan also
seeks to improve traffic flow by optimizing traffic lights, for example, or striping extra bus
lanes. The long-term goals include the expansion of the subway network.
6.30
3.43
2.28
2008
856.97
702.18
814.97
2007
21.98
24.02
19.50
2007
37.40
27.21
33.10
2007
1.39
1.93
1.56
2010
Buildings
Transport
1e
Source
2.44
2.61
2.87
2008
93.12
59.21
57.20
2008
18.88
8.36
7.00
2008
96.25
99.53
99.85
2004
516.77
527.88
506.45
2008
25.93
47.48
55.90
2008
33.98
30.51
36.39
2008
EEA Airbase
40.49
40.97
34.04
2008
EEA Airbase
21.92
23.30
2007
EEA Airbase
5.05
4.08
2008
EEA Airbase
Waste and
land use
Air quality
6.44
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. 1) GDP figure from 2007.
2) Measurement station is not away from road traffic and therefore meets the criteria only to a limited extent.
62
63
Stuttgart
German Green City Index
Background indicators
Population
GDP per person (PPP) in
Administrative area in km2
Share of industry / gross value added in %
Average temperature in C
600,000
52,200
207
36
9
CO2 emissions: The category of CO2 emissions is the only category in which Stuttgart
ranked average. Although the CO2 emissions of
10.1 metric tons per capita per year are more
or less on a par with the German average of
9.8 metric tons, they are much higher than the
average in the 41 European cities of 6.5 metric
tons. The citys CO2 emissions can be broken
down to 60% for private households, offices,
Performance
Stuttgart
well below
average
average
well above
average
CO2
Energy
Buildings
Transport
Water
Waste and land use
Air quality
Environmental governance
Overall results
The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results.
64
65
Concept
Stuttgart Four-Pack
Stuttgart has introduced a Four-Pack concept
aimed at promoting electromobility through
four different projects. The first project involves
revamping the call-a-bike rental system run
by Deutsche Bahn, which has 400 bicycles and
450 electric bicycles at 45 locations. The plan
is to integrate this system into the local
transportation network. The second project is
a comprehensive pilot program with electric
scooters to be conducted in collaboration with
the regional power company. The plan is to
introduce 500 e-scooters that will be able to
recharge at some 200 gas stations. City
administrators have been using 25 e-scooters
in various offices for several months. The third
project calls for testing various electric vehicles
as part of the Stuttgart model region.
The city is reviewing options for deploying
such vehicles for test purposes. Finally, the
fourth project involves the local transportation
company testing several hybrid buses in
day-to-day operations.
Transport: Stuttgart also scores above average in the transport category, thanks primarily
to programs that promote the use of alternative
transportation and reduce traffic and to the relatively expansive public transport network,
which at 2.8 km per square kilometer is more
developed than the average of 2.4 km in the
41 European cities. The 32% share of the population that uses public transportation to commute to work is slightly above the German average but below the European average of 37%.
Stuttgarts bike path network, on the other
hand, is much less developed than in the other
European cities. The city has 0.6 km of bike
paths per square kilometer, compared to an
average of 1.4 km in Europe and 1.9 km in Germany. Only 17% of city residents walk or bicycle
to work each day compared to the European
average of 22%, though this is certainly related
to Stuttgarts especially hilly topography.
Air quality: Stuttgart also rates above average when it comes to air quality. Stuttgarts average sulfur dioxide concentration of 3.1 micrograms per cubic meter is less than half the
average of 6.4 micrograms in the 41 European
cities. The level of 19 micrograms per cubic
meter of particulates is also well below the European average of 31 micrograms. The ozone and
nitrogen dioxide levels, on the other hand, are
close to the average levels found in the other
European cities.
Quantitative indicators
CO2
Energy
Eur. avg.
Ger. avg.
Stuttgart
Year*
6.52
9.79
10.05
2007
Source
BW State Office of Statistics
326.46
249.77
201.59
2006
18.64
30.83
20.00
2009
City of Stuttgart
85.22
95.46
56.32
2008
City of Stuttgart
4.48
2.47
1.06
2006
City of Stuttgart
6.30
3.43
0.60
2008
City of Stuttgart
856.97
702.18
388.45
2008
Buildings
Transport
21.98
24.02
16.80
2004
37.40
27.21
32.00
2004
1.39
1.93
0.60
2004
2.44
2.61
2.76
2008
SSB
93.12
59.21
60.70
2008
18.88
8.36
11.21
2004
96.25
99.53
99.91
2004
516.77
527.88
736.58
2008
Water
1e
Waste and
land use
25.93
47.48
57.10
2008
Air quality
33.98
30.51
33.50
2008
EEA Airbase
40.49
40.97
40.10
2008
EEA Airbase
31.30
21.92
19.20
2008
EEA Airbase
6.44
5.05
3.10
2008
EEA Airbase
Eur. avg. = Average of a total of 41 European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the 12 German cities.
* If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. 1) Estimate of the City of Stuttgart.
66
67
www.siemens.com/greencityindex